nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Volmageddon

Volmageddon, a blending of the words volatility and Armageddon, refers to the extraordinary U.S. stock market activity that took place on February 5, 2018.
== Market action == 
On February 5, 2018 the Cboe Volatility Index (VIX) increased from an opening value of 18.44 to 37.32 at close, after about a
year of low stock market price volatility. The stock market, along with price indexes tied to its performance, rallied strongly throughout January 2018 after having mostly risen for the previous few years. Market volatility as measured by the VIX had been mostly subdued. But in early February, market sentiment turned negative and the stock market sold off substantially on February 2, a Friday. On Monday, the stock market continued its plunge and the VIX began to rise, more than doubling from open to close.
== Failure of the XIV ==
The tale of Volmageddon is really the story about what happened to the short-sellers of volatility on February 5.
 
Ever since the stock market began its long rebound from the 2008 recession, shorting volatility had become increasingly popular with funds and asset managers. Several exchange-traded products tied to the inverse of Cboe Futures Exchange VIX futures started trading on securities exchanges. Among them was the VelocityShares Daily Inverse VIX Short-Term note, whose ticker was XIV and which were issued by Credit Suisse Group. The low volatility of the 2017 stock market fed interest in leveraged short volatility trades, especially in the XIV. 
In the Armageddon aspect of Volmaggedon, XIV notes shrank from $1.9 billion in assets to $63 million during that one trading day. On February 6, the next day, a half dozen volatility instruments did not open for trading. Credit Suisse Group announced that day that it was "acclerating" a final payment to holders of XIV notes on February 22. 
Some academic researchers and market observers noted that the structure of inverse exchange-traded volatility instruments like XIV that call for rebalancing might have created a feedback loop, especially in light of the absence from the marketplace of many other natural shorts. According to this view, the rise in VIX futures was exacerbated by these products having to buy futures as the futures price was already rising to maintain the products' balance.
 
=== Litigation against Credit Suisse Group ===
 
A little more than a month after Volmageddon, Credit Suisse was sued by an investor who claimed that the bank had manipulated the futures price causing the price of the XIV to plummet and that it had profited from the market move. Credit Suisse responded that its trades were part of its well-documented, previously disclosed hedging strategy and could not therefore evidence a manipulative intent. The suit was dismissed by the federal district court in New York which first heard it but that decision was later overturned on appeal in April 2021. As of June 2021, the case was moving forward.
== References ==	
Category:Volatility
Category:Definitions
Volume

Volume in financial markets refers to the amount of a given security or other financial product that is bought and sold, usually measured on an exchange, in a given time frame. Volume can be measured either in numbers (trading volume) or value (dollar volume or notional value).
Volume is very important to trading markets because it illustrates the extent of market liquidity, which in turn makes those markets more competitive by lowering volatility and slippage and by narrowing spreads. It is usually measured as trading volume but dollar volume - average security price multiplied by total number traded - is preferred for some stocks.
==Driving Volume==
Security exchanges try to push up volume to increase liquidity, and to do this larger exchanges have begun acquiring smaller ones. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), for example, chalked up record volumes in 2007-2008 helped by its acquisition in 2007 of the European derivatives group Euronext.
== The Earnings Announcement Premium and Trading Volume ==
Volumes are also affected by factors like time of the year and even individual trader psychology. Trading volume on a stock, for example, usually surges in the period leading up to the company's earnings announcement, which pushes up the "announcement premium" of the stock. Individual traders considered "overconfident" in their abilities also trade more often than more realistic traders.
== Technical Analysis==
Volume readings are used by some traders as a technical analysis tool to help determine the health of the market or particular trend.
== References ==
Category:Technical Analysis
Category:Definitions
Volume-Weighted Average Price

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The Volume-Weighted Average Price (known more commonly by the acronym "VWAP") is the ratio of the value of a traded security to that security's total volume traded over a particular time period. It is a means to determine a security's average trading price during a set time, taking into consideration both the price and the number of shares being traded.
== VWAP Formula ==
:(total value traded) / (total volume traded)
where total value traded is the dollar sum of all transactions during the period of measurement, and total volume traded is the total number of shares traded in those transactions.
The period of measurement can be any interval. Brokerages that offer clients the ability to buy and sell at VWAP prices often have a short interval, e.g. one minute windows. The interval can be longer or shorter to suit other technical analysis purposes (e.g. hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, etc).
== VWAP Example ==
A brokerage accepts buy orders for a stock based on a one-minute VWAP. During a one-minute period, three transactions take place:
*100 shares traded at $25.00, for a dollar value of $2,500
*3000 shares traded at $25.10, for a dollar value of $75,300
*1000 shares traded at $25.15, for a dollar value of $25,150
The total dollar value of the shares traded was $102,950. The total number of shares traded was 4,100. The VWAP is $102,950 / 4,100 or $25.11 (rounded up) for that minute of time.
== VWAP uses ==
VWAP is sometimes used as a trading benchmark, allowing traders to measure the effectiveness of their order execution over time by comparing their own fill prices against the average price for the volume. Traders employing technical analysis may create a variety of trading strategies based on the VWAP's relationship to other price measurements. VWAP algorithms were the nearly universal equity execution algorithms used in the early days of algorithmic trading.
== References ==
Category:Trading Terms
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
W. Daren Coppock

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W. Daren Coppock is chief executive officer of the National Association of Wheat Growers, a position he assumed as of Aug. 6, 2001. 
He is responsible for implementing policy created by the board and directing advocacy before Congress and federal agencies on topics such as federal farm policy, environmental regulation, biotechnology, transportation and taxes. He is responsible for all aspects of the organization as well as the activities of its affiliated nonprofit foundation and political action committee.
== Background ==
Coppock joined NAWG after serving as the executive vice president of the Oregon Wheat Growers Leaguefor five years. Prior to that he was member services director for the league and served as administrator of the Oregon Grains Commission. He is a past national vice president of the Futures Farmers of America (FFA) and past state president of the Oregon FFA.
== Education ==
Coppock graduated from Oregon State University with a degree in agricultural and resource economics.
== Resources ==
* LinkedIn Page
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
W. David Wilson

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W. David Wilson serves as chairman and chief executive officer of the Ontario Securities Commission (OSC), a position he assumed in 2005.
== Background ==
Prior to joining OSC, Wilson served as vice chairman of the Bank of Nova Scotia and chief executive officer of Scotia Capital Markets, an organization formed by a combination of the capital markets business of the Bank of Nova Scotia and Scotia McLeod. Previously, Wilson had enjoyed a 30-year tenure with McLeod Young Weir Limited in positions of increasing responsibility. 
== Affiliations ==
Wilson is past chairman of the Investment Dealers Association of Canada, and was a member of the Five Year Review Committee, reviewing the Securities Act (Ontario). He is currently a member of the board of directors of Rogers Communications, Inc., a member of the governing council of the University of Toronto, a director of the University of Toronto Asset Management Corporation and trustee of the Art Gallery of Ontario. He previously served as director for the University of Toronto Press, National Ballet of Canada and the United Way of Greater Toronto.
== Education ==
Wilson received his Bachelor's degree in Communications from the University of Toronto and his M.B.A. from York University.
== References ==
Category:Regulators
Category:Canada
W. Paul Ellis

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Paul Ellis is former head of MarketAxess Europe, based in London. He was responsible for managing all European business initiatives. 
== Background ==
Prior to joining MarketAxess in April 2010, Ellis was chief executive officer of CreditTrade, Inc., where he led the business development of a leading voice broker for credit derivatives, specializing in credit default swaps (CDS), indices and structured products. 
Previously, Ellis was chief executive officer of Mutant Technology Ltd., a financial software company specializing in internet technology applications.
Ellis began his career in financial services at Barclays Bank International, where over the course of 12 years his responsibility grew to managing director of the Financial Products Group, a global cross-asset class structured derivatives business. 
Earlier in his career, Ellis served as Captain in the British Army.
== Education ==
Ellis graduated with honors with a B.S. in Physics from Imperial College in London.
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:MarketAxess
W. Robert Felker

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W. Robert Felker is the former chairman of J.P. Morgan Futures Inc., a futures commission merchant (FCM), and a former chairman of the board of directors of the National Futures Association. Felker also served on the NFA Executive Committee.
==Background==
Felker was a long-time member of the Futures Industry Association board and served as FIA chairman from 2001 to 2002. He founded First Chicago Futures in 1982 and guided the futures commission merchant through several mergers, first with Bank One, then J.P. Morgan.
In 2005, Felker was inducted into the Futures Industry Association's Futures Hall of Fame, which was established in that year to commemorate outstanding contributions to the global futures and options community. 
In 2011, Felker was re-elected chairman of the Board of National Futures Association.
==Registration Information==
*
*
==References==	
Category:NFA Board of Directors - Former Members
Category:NFA Executive Committee - Former Members
Category:Futures Hall of Fame Members
Category:NFA
Category:National Futures Association
WH Trading

WH Trading is a proprietary trading firm founded by Will Hobert that specializes in trading a wide range of financial instruments, including equities, options, futures, and other derivatives. Headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, WH Trading has a reputation for its quantitative trading strategies and innovative technology solutions.
== History ==
WH Trading has its roots in the open outcry markets of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. WH Trading was founded by Will Hobert in 1994 in a small office above the CME trading floor. Since that time, WH Trading has grown and developed astride the markets it trades. 
Among the notable individuals integral to the firm's success is Alvin Dodek, who transitioned to WH Trading from a background in Intellectual Property law. Joining the firm as its second employee in 1994, Alvin Dodek currently holds the position of Member within the organization, contributing to its continued growth and prosperity.
Community Involvement
Beyond its trading activities, WH Trading is involved in various community initiatives and philanthropic efforts. The company and its founder, Will Hobert, have shown a commitment to giving back to the community through charitable contributions and volunteer work.
A former employee of the company, Jahmal Cole, founded the non-profit My Block, My Hood, My City after working at WH Trading. Employees and senior management at the firm were essential to supporting Cole in creating and launching the non-profit.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Will Hobert
== References ==
Category:Principal Trading Firms
WL Ross & Co.

WL Ross & Co. is an investment company specializing in company turnarounds. It operates under parent company Invesco Ltd..
== History ==
WL Ross & Co. was founded by CEO Wilbur L. Ross Jr. in 2000. He used $440 million in investor capital to launch the company. WL Ross & Co. joined Invesco in 2006. 
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Wilbur L. Ross Jr., CEO & Chairman
*James B. Lockhart III, Vice Chairman
*David H. Storper, Senior Managing Director
*Stephen J. Toy, Managing Director
*Wendy L. Teramoto, Managing Director
*David L. Wax, Managing Director
*Pamela K. Wilson, Managing Director
*David G. Shirreffs, Managing Director
*Israel M. Wallach, Managing Director
*Josh R. Seegopaul, Senior Vice President
*Shaia D. Hosseinzadeh, Principal
*Harvey L. Tepner, Principal
*Stephen L. Johnson, Vice President
*Patrick J. Machir, Vice President
*William W. Morton Jr., Vice President
*Jie Zheng, Vice President
*Darren J. O'Brien, Senior Associate
*Denny Kim, Associate
*David M. Koziol, Associate
*Adam S. Perold, Associate
== Awards ==
*2009 Top 20 Closed LBO Deals for BankUnited Financial Corp, Buyouts Magazine
*2008 Turnaround Deal of the Year for International Automotive Group North America, The Merger & Acquisition Advisor Turnaround Awards
*2007 Best Deal More than $100 million for International Automotive Components Group, Crain's M&A Awards
*2006 International Deal of the Year for the Turnaround of Plascar Participacoes Industriais S.A, The Merger & Acquisition Advisor
*2006 One of the Twenty Most Influential Private Equity Funds of All time: WLR Recovery Fund II, Crain's M&A Awards
*2006 Private Equity Firm of the Year, The Merger & Acquisition Advisor
*2005 Alternative Manager of the Year Nominee, Money Management
*2003 Boutique Middle Market Private Equity Firm of the Year, The Merger & Acquisition Advisor
*2003 Turnaround of the Year, Buyouts Magazine
*2002 Public to Private Deal of the Year, Buyouts Magazine
*2002 Middle Market Deal of the Year, Buyouts Magazine
== References ==
Category:Investments
Category:Investors
Category:Investment Companies
WSI

WSI Corporation has been used by many of the energy, power and weather trading desks for weather data, forecasting and weather updates which they can utilize as guides to their trading decisions. Now, WSI offers weather services to the agriculture, insurance and other weather-impacted industries. WSI was bought by NBC (GE), Blackstone and Bain Capital.
==Products and Solutions==
Energy & Risk Solutions
*The energy and risk services marketplace is constantly impacted by weather. At WSI, their solutions are to provide weather intelligence, manage risks and make critical decisions with confidence. Top energy trading groups, financial institutions, and utility companies turn to WSI for easy-to-use, timely, and accurate weather information that is delivered and tailored to their specific needs. 
Agriculture Solutions
*To help agriculture trading professionals and meteorologists stay ahead of how the weather affects key growing regions around the globe, WSI has developed a comprehensive agricultural weather service - WSI AgTrader. 
== Interesting Facts ==
* About 375 television stations worldwide use WSI weather data. Clients include CNN, The Weather Channel, FOX News Channel, ABC News, CBS News and local network affiliates throughout the United States.
 
*Over 100 million people view WSI products daily. 
*Over 80 percent of all domestic flights are briefed with WSI weather before departure. 
WSI serves major airlines including American, Delta, US Airways; air carriers including Federal Express, UPS and the FAA. 
*WSI is a sister company to The Weather Channel and weather.com.
== References ==
Category:Weather
Waddell & Reed Financial Inc

Waddell & Reed Financial Inc is a money manager. 
== History ==
According to a media report published on May 14, 2010, Waddell sold on May 6 of 2010, the day of the so-called "flash crash," a large order of e-mini contracts during a 20-minute span in which U.S. equity markets plunged, briefly wiping out nearly $1 trillion in market capital, the internal document from CME Group Inc said.
In a statement released May 14 of 2010, Waddell & Reed said that "on May 6, 2010, as on many trading days, Waddell & Reed executed several trading strategies, including index futures contracts, as part of the normal operation of our flexible portfolio funds. Such trades often are executed in response to market activity, and are undertaken to protect fund investors from downside risk. We use futures trading as part of this strategy, broadly known as hedging. This is a longstanding and well monitored practice in certain of our investment portfolios. We believe we were among more than 250 firms that traded the "e-mini" security during the time frame the market sold off."
Further, the firm said in a letter to advisers that trades of the size the firm initiated on that date normally are absorbed easily in the market. The firm estimated that it was one of 250 firms engaging in e-mini trading during the market selloff. The firm said in the letter that as part of an equity hedging strategy, its managers used the e-mini S&P 500 index futures contract, which is highly liquid and widely traded. Waddell said its selling of the e-minis that day was just 1 percent of overall trading volume, or 75,000 contracts out of 5.7 million traded that day.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Mutual Fund Companies
Walid Chammah

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Walid Chammah was named co-president of Morgan Stanley on Nov. 29, 2007. 
== Background ==
Walid Chammah joined Morgan Stanley in 1993 as head of U.S. Debt Capital Markets. In 1996, he was promoted to worldwide head of Debt Capital Markets Services. In 2001, Chammah's responsibilities were extended to include Worldwide Leveraged Finance, and in 2002 he formed and headed the Global Capital Markets Group, which combined the Firm’s debt and equity capital markets activities. In 2005, Chammah was named global head of Investment Banking and in July 2007 he was named chairman and CEO of Morgan Stanley International overseeing all of the firm’s operations in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
Before joining Morgan Stanley, Chammah was a managing director of Credit Suisse First Boston, responsible for U.S. Taxable Fixed Income Capital Markets and Structured Finance Groups. He had previously been a senior vice president with Blyth Eastman PaineWebber, responsible for liability management swaps. 
== Education ==
A native of Lebanon, Mr. Chammah graduated from the American University of Beirut with a Bachelor of Business Administration in 1976 and received a Masters Degree in International Management from American Graduate School of International Management in 1977.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Morgan Stanley
Category:Morgan Stanley
Wall Street

The lower Manhattan, New York thoroughfare known as Wall Street has become synonymous with the upper echelons of American finance because of the large number of brokerages and investment banks located on what's known as "The Street." The darker side of their activities was memorably (if fictionally) dissected in director Oliver Stone's 1987 feature film, Wall Street. The film turned Michael Douglas's creepy deal-maker, Gordon Gekko, into a Street hero and parts of his memorable "greed is good" speech are still quoted there today. Wall Street bond traders Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken and corporate raider Carl Icahn were all cited as Gekko's real-life inspiration.
The geographic Wall Street lost a long-standing fixture recently when the offices of the eponymous Wall Street Journal moved to the midtown Manhattan offices of its new parent, media conglomerate News Corporation. The Journal's staff, along with colleagues at Barron's and MarketWatch, had previously been based at Wall Street's landmark World Financial Center. 
== References ==
Category:Industry Terms
Wall Street Transparency and Accountability Act of 2010

The Wall Street Transparency and Accountability Act of 2010 (S. 3217) is a bill that was approved by the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry on Apr. 21, 2010. The bill aims to bring 100 percent transparency to the financial market. It was included as an amendment to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010. It provides for comprehensive regulation of derivatives markets, including for the first time bi-lateral over-the-counter transactions.
The bill was introduced by Committee Chairman Blanche Lincoln. It is similar in many ways to the derivatives reform titles of the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2009 and the Restoring American Financial Stability Act but will impose additional requirements that could have a profound impact on the derivatives markets. 
Some of the provisions are:
* It gives the CFTC and SEC expansive authority to adopt rules and issue interpretations, including as necessary or appropriate to prevent evasion of the legislative objectives.
* The amendments do not affect the authority that the FERC or a state regulatory authority (as defined in §3(21) of the Federal Power Act) has over transactions entered into pursuant a tariff or rate schedule approved by FERC or a state regulatory authority. At the same time, it also provides that the amendments do not limit the CFTC's authority over such transactions.
* The legislation establishes a nine-member Energy and Environmental Advisory Committee to be appointed by the CFTC. The committee is authorized to conduct public meetings, submit reports, and make recommendations to the CFTC regarding energy and environmental markets and their regulation by the CFTC.
* Defines which transactions are considered a "swap", thereby defining the expanded range of derivatives over which the CFTC has jurisdiction. The definition covers options, traditional swap structures where a fixed payment is exchanged for a floating payment on one or more scheduled dates, event contracts, instruments that become commonly known in the trade as swaps or by more specific names linked to an underlying physical commodity or other reference, and combinations or permutations of, or options on, the foregoing. The broad definition describes derivatives that are economically equivalent to traditional futures contracts, but at the same time excludes futures (and options on futures) from the definition.
*Makes it unlawful for a person to enter into a swap that is not submitted to a clearing facility, if the swap is required to be cleared, unless the end-user exception is available. (The exception is available if one of the parties is not a financial entity; it is using swaps to hedge or mitigate commercial risk; and it can demonstrate to the CFTC how it generally meets its financial obligations under its non-cleared swaps.)
== Resources ==
* The Wall Street Transparency & Accountability Act of 2010 Summary
* Dodd-Lincoln Substitute Amendment to S. 3217
== References ==
Category:Legislation