nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
UpTrader

UpTrader LLP is a fintech firm that creates brokerage software. The company offers both custom software development and ready-to-use SaaS products such as UpTrader CRM. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
*CRM - Manages client relations for forex brokers.
*MetaTrader 4 / MetaTrader 5 - Offers white labels of two popular trading terminals from MetaQuotes used by 90% of traders.
*UpTrader Web Terminal - Standalone, turnkey trading terminal accessible from any web browser.
== Key People ==
*Vasily Alexeev, CEO
== References ==
Upbit

Upbit is a South Korean cryptocurrency exchange. It offers 267 trading pairs, many of which include the Korean won, South Korea's fiat currency. According to CoinMarketCap on March 11, 2018, Upbit was the 14th largest cryptocurrency exchange in the world measured by the U.S. dollar value of its trading volume over the prior 24 hours. Its most actively traded cryptocurrency pair was the Cosmo Coin against the won. 
== Background ==
Upbit's key investor is Kakao Corp, the largest developer of smartphone apps for the South Korean market. Kakao is owned by Dunamu, a Korean company that also helps operate Upbit.
== Products and Services ==
While the UPbit website is entirely in Korean, it does prominently feature simply the name and logo of Bittrex, a major U.S. cryptocurrency exchange. According to press reports, Bittrex provides the trading platform for non-Korean won cryptocurrency trades on Upbit.
Upbit's affiliate Upbit Singapore Pte. Ltd operates Upbit Global, a distinct exchange which supports English language usage on its platform. Upbit also launched a Thai affiliate in January 2021.
== Cybersecurity ==
In May 2019, hackers allegedly from North Korea targeted Upbit users with a phishing scam. The users targeted by the scam received an email from the address, "events@UpBit.co.kr," which requested account information and contained a file called “Event Winner Personal Information Collection and Usage Agreement.hwp,” a malicious file designed to activate when the email was opened. Upbit issued a statement warning its customers not to open the email. According to the head of the ESRC Center at South Korean cybersecurity firm East Security, Mun Jong-hyun, the attacks came from Kim Soo-ki, a known North Korean hacking group, as part of an ongoing malware campaign called "Operation Fake Striker."
Attempting to help protect customer funds from hacks and other frauds, Upbit instituted a 24-hour delay for cash withdrawals against cash deposits on November 27, 2020. 
== References ==
Category:South Korea
Category:Exchanges
Category:cryptocurrency
Category:bitcoin
Category:Asia
Category:cybersecurity
Category:trading
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Upstairs broker

Virtually every stock market is accompanied by a parallel "upstairs" market, where brokers take calls from large traders and help them to locate counterparties and negotiate the terms of a trade. Even after the switch from open outcry to mostly computerized markets, upstairs markets still exist. They are based on relationships. Upstairs brokers seek out counterparties mostly from traders who are known to them. They then negotiate transactions that might otherwise be executed at an inordinate cost or delay. 
Electronic trading lowers the cost of trading for relatively liquid stocks in block sizes unlikely to overwhelm the market. However, parties who wish to make large block trades, or trade in illiquid stocks, frequently use the upstairs market. 
== References ==
Category:Brokers
Category:Types of Brokers
Uptick rule

The uptick rule is a former rule established by the SEC as part of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Also known as Rule 10a-1, it required that every short sale transaction be entered at a price that was higher than that of the previous trade, i.e. it only permitted short sales when stock prices were stable or rising. Created in the wake of the stock market crash of 1929, it was intended to prevent short selling in a declining market.
After years of economic studies that showed the rule wasn't having an impact on market volatility, the SEC eliminated the rule on July 6, 2007. 
The uptick rule did not apply to certain types of financial instruments such as futures, single stock futures, currencies or ETFs such as the QQQQ or SPDRs. Because these instruments are highly liquid, there are generally enough buyers willing to take a long position, thereby preventing the price from being driven down too far. 
 
In March 2009, amid blame for the rapid decline of many stocks over the past couple of years, the Securities and Exchange Commission
said it would consider bringing back the uptick rule. On March 24, NYSE Euronext, Nasdaq OMX Group Inc. and Bats Exchange Inc. proposed bringing back a modified version of the uptick rule, which would apply to stocks that had fallen a certain amount, such as 10 percent. It would be used in conjunction with a circuit breaker that would kick in if a stock's value dropped sharply. 
The SEC responded by proposing two short-selling restrictions; one that would apply on a permanent, market-wide basis, and one that would only apply to a particular security in case of a severe decline in value. The market-wide restriction would be a modified uptick rule, as the exchanges suggested, based on the national best bid, or a reinstatement of the old uptick rule, which is based on the last sale price or tick.
For the temporary security-specific restriction, the SEC proposed a circuit breaker that, if a particular security's value were to drop severely, would either ban short-selling in the security for the rest of the day, impose the national best bid uptick rule for the security for the rest of the day, or impose the last sale price uptick rule on the security for the rest of the day.
In the end, the SEC voted 3-2 in favor of what is known as the alternative uptick rule. 
== References ==
Category:Trading
Urs Rüegsegger

Urs Rüegsegger is CEO of Swiss Financial Market Services, the holding company for the SWX Group, operator of the SWX Swiss Exchange, the SIS Group clearing business and Telekurs Group, a payment systems provider. SFMS was created on Jan. 1, 2008. 
 
== Background ==
== Education ==
== References ==
category:Exchange CEOs
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:SWX Group
Urs Widmer

__NOTOC__ 
Urs Widmer is chief operating officer of SIX Swiss Exchange. He was named to the post in December 2012, and is also a member of the executive board.
 
== Background ==
Before joining SIX Swiss Exchange, Widmer was a member of the executive board at AXA Winterthur since 2007 and CEO of AXA Bank in Switzerland.
He began his professional career at McKinsey & Company and moved onto to UBS, where he was responsible for the products and services for the financial intermediaries area. Later, he moved to the financial planning life insurance sales department. 
== Education ==
Urs Widmer has a degree in business management and an MBA from INSEAD in Fontainebleau.
== References ==
Utility token

A utility token is a digital asset which gives the token holder access to services or products provided, usually, by the token issuer. U.S. regulation does not provide a safe harbor for utility tokens from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's rules on securities issuance and trading. Some regulators have taken the position that a utility token is "just another form" of security token.
The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority, or FINMA, gave this definition of a utility token: "a utility token is a digital token that is purchased in order to provide digital access to an application or service." One example of a utility token may be Ether, the native currency of the Ethereum platform. It, along with similar tokens, are considered "utility" tokens because they are not bought as an investment: they are bought in order to enable a user to utilize a digital service. Without them, a user cannot pay for services that are available only through the Ethereum platform.
==References==
 
Category:Securities
Category:definitions
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
VDM Structured Products

Van der Moolen Holdings NV, a publicly traded company (NYSE: VDM), is a parent company of VDM Structured Products, LLC, as well as the majority owner of VDM Specialists USA, LLC which represents over 400 leading issues as specialists on the NYSE, including Pfizer, Hewlett-Packard, Disney, and Tiffany & Co. Another VDM company recently began market-making in equity and index options traded on the Chicago Board Options Exchange. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
VIXH

The First Trust CBOE S&P 500 VIX Tail Hedge Fund (VIXH) is a tail-risk hedge ETF rolled out on August 30, 2012, by First Trust.
The fund will track the CBOE VIX Tail Hedge Index (VXTH) with an annual expense ratio of 0.60 percent.
The VIXH will hold a basket of S&P 500 stocks and to hedge against a downturn will buy options on the VIX Index.
More specifically, from their filing:
"A steep and sudden drop in equity market prices, such as a downward move of 20% or more in a month, is thought of as an unlikely or "tail" occurrence. The Index is designed to help cope with these extreme downward movements in the market by hedging its portfolio through purchasing call options on the VIX Index, or "tail hedging." Historically, there has been a negative correlation between the VIX Index and the S&P 500; during periods of time when the S&P 500 declines in value, the VIX Index tends to rise. Therefore, the Fund's purchase of call options on the VIX Index may offset some of the losses incurred in the S&P 500 due to a tail occurrence; however, there is no guarantee that the tail hedging strategy utilized by the Index, and in turn the Fund, will offset such losses. Additionally, under certain circumstances, the Index, and in turn the Fund, may be invested only in stocks in the S&P 500, which would prevent the Fund from hedging against any losses caused by increased volatility due to an unexpected event." 
== References ==
VJ Angelo

__NOTOC__ 
VJ Angelo is a financial markets and exchange executive. He currently serves as the CEO of the London Derivatives Exchange.
He is the inventor of the Constant Maturity Futures.
== Background ==
Previously, Angelo served as president and MD of Global Markets Exchange Group (GMEX), which was later renamed London Derivatives Exchange in 2106. He was a co-founder of GMEX with Hirander Misra.
He has primarily worked with interest rate derivatives, fixed income and FX, and has worked in Asia, Europe and the US. He began his career on the floor of the Sydney Futures Exchange in the 1980s.
He has developed several businesses across numerous asset classes and regions and worked with inter dealer brokers such as Tullett Prebon, Tradition, GFI and BGC Partners.
In 2017, Angelo was involved an accident while riding his motorcycle in London that nearly causes him to lose his leg. 
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category:Tullet Prebon - Former Employees
Category:Tradition - Former Employees
Category:BGC Partners - Former Employees
VN Index

__NOTOC__
The VN index - short for Vietnam Stock Index - is a capitalization-weighted index comprising all equity listings on the HoChiMinh Stock Exchange, Vietnam's larger and more established market. It has shed much of its value since 2008's global credit crisis but is expected to recover soon as economic growth picks up.
== Background ==
The VN Index was launched by the HoChiMinh Stock Exchange (HSX) in July 2000 with a base value of 100 and denominated in Vietnamese dong. It is considered the benchmark index for larger, more established stocks and blue chips compared to the newer, smaller-cap listings on the HaSTC Index at the electronic Hanoi Securities Trading Center.
 
== Rebound? ==
The value of the VN Index grew rapidly for several years until 2008, when it lost more than two-thirds of its value in the wake of a global financial meltdown. In early February 2009 it again slid below the key psychological 300 mark and in late March 2009 the index was trading around the 265 mark. However, several Vietnam stock analysts expect the VN Index to ally back over 300 in 2009, some by the end of the year and some by the end of April on anticipated improved investor sentiment.
== Latest news ==
Optimism was looking justified by late March 2009 as trading volumes on the HSX jumped sharply, recording a one-year high on March 18 of 23.72 million shares, and pushing the VN Index above 273 compared around 240 earlier this month. In the following days the VN Index stabilized at around the 265 level.
== References ==
Valar J. Mihan

Valar "Val" Mihan is a managing director at Bank of America Merrill Lynch, a position he has held since 2009. In this role, he is responsible for the company's equity derivatives, convertible, quantitative and other equity-linked trading strategies in the region.
==Background==
Mihan served on the board of directors of the OCC from 2010 to 2012. Prior to his current role, Mihan was COO of the Global Equity-Linked business at Merrill Lynch from 2007 to 2009, with oversight of the group's global strategy, risk management and business management functions.
In 2005, he was head of a newly combined equity-linked and cash emerging markets trading desk for the Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) region at Merrill Lynch. Prior to that, Mihan had been head of EMEA convertible, ETF, emerging market derivatives and FF&O execution.
Mihan first joined Merrill Lynch in New York in 1995.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Bank of America Merrill Lynch
Valerie Bannert-Thurner

__NOTOC__ 
Dr. Valerie Bannert-Thurner is executive vice president and chief revenue officer of the Financial Technology Division of Nasdaq. She serves as Nasdaq's global head of Sales and Revenue Operations. She is responsible for the SMARTS Trade Surveillance, SMARTS Market Surveillance, and TradeGuard businesses.
Previously, she was head of the European market technology business for Nasdaq.
== Background ==
Bannert-Thurner is an expert in electronic trading with a deep understanding of the underlying technologies, market structure, and business models involved.
Before joining the Market Technology business within Nasdaq, Bannert-Thurner held the position of Managing Director at FTEN, a Nasdaq Company. She ran the FTEN trading and risk management business across European and Asian. 
Previous roles included managing director at Skyler Technology Europe Ltd. and VP of Business Development at Skyler Technology Inc.
== Education ==
She holds a bachelor degree in mechanical engineering, a master degree in business engineering and industrial management, and Ph.D. in Strategic Management from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich. 
She authored articles on finance, risk, and technology, published a book on strategic acquisition management, lectured at Cambridge University and the University of California, Santa Barbara, and spoke at several industry conferences worldwide.
== References ==	
Category:London
Category:FTEN - Former Employees
Value Reporting Foundation

The Value Reporting Foundation (VRF) developed tools that connect sustainability, disclosure and financial statements using as its basis the merged work of the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC), London, and the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), San Francisco. Its goal was to give investors and companies a unified sustainability reporting framework. The VRF was consolidated into the IFRS Foundation on Aug. 1, 2022. 
== History ==
The VRF hosted the work of the 2020 cooperative effort led by the Climate Disclosure Project, now CDP, to bring together five standard-setting institutions to develop a shared vision of the elements necessary for comprehensive corporate reporting of ESG. Partners in this initiative are the International Organization of Securities Commissions(IOSCO), the International Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS), the European Commission, and the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum. The five framework-setting partners are the CDP, the Climate Disclosure Standards Board (CDSB), the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) and the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB). 
The August 1, 2022, consolidation of the VRF into the IFRS Foundation brought together staff and resources to support the work of the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB). It followed the consolidation of the Climate Disclosure Standards Board into the IFRS Foundation in February 2022. The consolidation was approved by both governing boards formally in June 2022. 
Founders of the the VRF held a sunsetting event July 19, 2022, to celebrate the consolidation of the VRF into the IFRS Foundation. 
== Products and Services ==
The Value Reporting Foundation was an umbrella organization that offers tools designed to help businesses and investors develop a shared understanding of value and how it is created, preserved, or eroded. It has developed three main resources: integrated thinking principles, the integrated reporting framework, and SASB standards. 
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
Staff included Janine Guillot, CEO; Matthew Welch, president & COO; and Whitney Pollack, chief of staff. The Value Reporting Foundation has two chair emeriti: Michael Bloomberg and Prof. Judge Mervyn E. King.
== References ==
Valérie Urbain

__NOTOC__ 
Valérie Urbain was selected by the board of Euroclear as its Group Chief Executive Officer in January of 2024, succeeding Lieve Mostrey. Mostrey and Urbain will work together to ensure a smooth and orderly transition period until the renewal of the Euroclear board member mandates at the general meeting on May 3, 2024, after which Urbain will officially become Group CEO. 
Urbain became the CEO Of Euroclear Belgium, Euroclear France and Euroclear Nederland on October 6, 2009.
== Background ==
Urbain joined Euroclear’s commercial division in 1992 to cover clients in France, Israel, Portugal and Spain. Her responsibilies expanded to include more teams of relationship managers covering more markets. She then moved to Network Management before heading up the product management team at what is now Euroclear UK & Ireland (EUI) and becoming a member of EUI’s executive committee. Urbain was promoted to managing director, head of human resources for the Euroclear Group and a member of the Euroclear Group Management Team in 2005. 
Between 2009 and year-end 2014, she was the CEO of the three ESES Central Securities Depositories (CSDs), namely Euroclear Belgium, Euroclear France and Euroclear Nederland.
Before joining Euroclear in 1992, Urbain worked in the investment banking and bond sales departments of Banco Hispano Americano and in the corporate banking division of Continental Bank (both in Brussels).
== Education ==
She holds a degree in Commercial Engineering from the Solvay Business School, Belgium.
== References ==
Van der Moolen

Van der Moolen was an international securities trading and brokerage firm active in securities, futures, derivatives indexes and exchange traded funds. Prior to its bankruptcy in September 2009, the 117 year old firm was active on the major securities exchanges in the United States and Europe.
The firm specialized in providing low-cost liquidity in worldwide markets.
== History ==
Van der Moolen was founded in 1892 as a securities firm and, before its ultimate demise was considered to be one of the top market maker names in New York. 
The firm struggled, however, in the mid-2000s, as it racked up losses in an attempt to adjust to electronic trading environments. In November 2007, in order to raise money, Van der Moolen sold its U.S. sspecialist operations to the now-defunct Lehman Brothers investment bank. It would prove to be too little, too late, however, and on September 9, 2009, the firm declared bankruptcy.
In 2013, a Dutch court found two executives, Richard Den Drijver and Hans Kroon, liable for having mismanaged the firm into bankruptcy. Both men went into hiding and, as of late 2013, had not been apprehended. 
== References ==
Category:Brokerage Firms
VantagePoint Intermarket Analysis Software

Building upon his achievements as a pioneer in technical analysis, Louis Mendelsohn recognized early-on that the emerging globalization of the world’s financial markets would permanently alter the scope of technical analysis and its application to the financial markets. As a result of that, in the mid-1980s he focused Market Technologies Corporation's research efforts on the development of intermarket analysis software, rather than continuing to minimize its usefulness due to a single-market analysis approach. By doing this, the linkages between related global financial markets could be quantified and their influences on one another determined. This breakthrough in technical analysis thereby allowed traders for the very first time to have access to highly accurate market forecasts based upon these intermarket linkages. 
By applying artificial intelligence technologies to intermarket analysis, which utilizes a mathematical tool known as neural networks, Market Technologies Corporation, after many years of extensive research, succeeded in developing an extremely powerful, yet easy-to-use software tool that captured the intricacies that underlie today's global markets. This tool, VantagePoint Intermarket Analysis software, first introduced by Market Technologies Corporation in 1991 and improved since then through enhancements to its capabilities, provides today’s traders with remarkably accurate forecasts of market trend direction that anticipate changes in direction rather than merely identifying trends after the fact. 
The Predictive Technologies Group which has the exclusive license to Market Technologies Corporation’s trading software technologies focuses solely on future research and development of the market forecasting trading tools including upcoming versions of VantagePoint Intermarket Analysis software.
Variance

Variance is a measure of the level of variation of an asset’s price over time. Even though volatility is the more commonly used term in the financial markets, an asset’s volatility is actually derived from its variance. An asset with high volatility is expected to move around more, in percentage terms, than a low-volatility asset.
Variance contracts permit the trading of 'variance risk' -- the risk that the (squared) volatility of stock returns changes randomly over time. 
== References ==
Category:Technical Analysis
Category:Options
Category:Volatility