nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Barton Biggs

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Barton Biggs was a famed money manager who was said to have called the technology bubble of the late 1990s and the deep recession that followed it. He died in 2012.
== Background ==
In 1973, Barton joined Morgan Stanley as a partner. Biggs established Morgan Stanley's research department, and founded Morgan Stanley Investment Management in 1975.
== Education ==
Biggs graduated from Yale University in 1955.
== References ==
Category:Deceased
Category:Money Managers
Category:Bios - Executives
Base metals

Base metals include Copper, Aluminum, Zinc, Lead, Nickel and Tin.
Compared to the precious metals, Gold, Silver, Platinum and Palladium, base metals are less malleable and more chemically reactive. They are also more abundant than precious metals. They are widely used in commercial and industrial applications.
Base metals corrode and oxidize when when exposed to air and water. With the exception of copper, they all react with hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen.
Contracts for copper, lead, nickel and zinc are traded on the London Metal Exchange.
== References ==
Category:Metals
Basel Accord

The Basel Accord is an agreement made among various country representatives in 1988 in Switzerland to develop standardized risk-based capital requirements for banks across countries. The group that formed the accord was composed of representatives from central banks and regulatory authorities from Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States and Luxembourg. Banks were subject to an 8 percent capital requirement.
In the early 1990s, the Basel Committee decided to update the 1988 accord (Basel II) to include bank capital requirements for market risk. This change had implications for non-bank securities firms.
In 1991, the Basel Committee entered discussions with the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) to jointly develop a framework to harmonize market risk capital requirements for banks and securities firms on a global basis. The finalized Basel II Accord was released in June 2004.
== References ==
Category:Banking
Basel II

Basel II refers to the updated version of the original Basel Accord that determined global risk-based capital requirements for banks and other financial-service companies. Basel II, which loosened capital requirements under some conditions, was first implemented in 2005 and is now held partly responsible for the global credit crisis.
The process of developing Basel II began in 1991 in discussions between the Bank for International Settlements' Basel Committee and the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) to bring risk-capital requirement for banks and securities firms into balance. The agreement was finalized and released in June, 2004 followed by a 'revised' version in November, 2005 and since then has undergone several additional revisions. In 2007 Basel II was adopted by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), Federal Reserve, Office of Thrift Supervision and the Comptroller of the Currency.
More recently, Basel II has received criticism and calls for its repeal over its share of blame for excessive risk-taking by banks in the run-up to the 2007-2008 credit crisis and subsequent U.S. investment-bank meltdown. Basel II's looser risk-capital requirements encouraged banks to off-load capital by buying riskier securities like credit default swaps from insurers like AIG, one commentator argued, setting up the insurer for the downward spiral that followed the markdown of those securities. Another argued that although Basel II had been implemented too recently to be implicated in the crash, they have the potential to makie it worse and must be eliminated.
== References ==
Basel III

Basel III was introduced by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in December 2010. It is the third iteration of the 1974 Basel Accord, a set of international supervisory standards and best practices designed to promote global harmonization of banking standards.
== Background ==
In 1988, the Basel Committee introduced the original accord, in which members agreed to an eight percent capital reserve requirement as a credit risk buffer. In 2004, Basel II was introduced, which added to the original accord's credit risk assessment to require members to also monitor systemic, concentration, and liquidity risks. Capital requirements, risk management and supervision, and market discipline are known as "The Three Pillars" of Basel II. 
In June 2024, the finalization of Basel III was again delayed by the European Union for a year, so that the EU’s lenders would not be disadvantaged by continued arguing over the standards in the US, according to Bloomberg. The EU was due to implement the wider package starting Jan. 1, 2024.
==Summary of Basel III==
In response to the financial crisis of 2008, the committee decided to augment the three pillars that made up the Basel II framework. Changes include:
*A greater focus on common equity (must be at least seven percent),
*Required Tier 1 capital moves from four to six percent,
*Expanded corporate governance requirements, and
*Loss-absorbency requirements for global systemically important banks (G-SIBs).
Higher capital requirements for the trading of derivatives and securitizations were expected by the end of 2011. Requirements for common equity and conservation buffers were to be phased in beginning January 1, 2013.
==References==
Category:Bank for International Settlements
Basic Attention Token

The Basic Attention Token, BAT, was issued by Brave Software in an initial coin offering (ICO) on May 31, 2017. By raising $35 million it became the largest ICO at that time. It was fully subscribed within 30 seconds of the start of the offering. BAT is based on the Ethereum platform. 
Brave Software was co-founded by Brandon Eich, a co-founder and former CEO of the Mozilla Foundation, the not-for-profit company that developed and maintains the Firefox browser. Like Firefox, Brave is committed to using open source software. 
BATs function as the payment token for the Brave browser, an alternative web browser that scrubs sites of third-party advertising and replaces it with sponsored advertising for display to registered Brave users. Brave users earn BATs, which can then be used to purchase premium content or enhanced features.
Lawyers representing 1700 newspapers and other publications sent Brave Software a cease-and-desist letter in April 2016 threatening legal action if the Brave browser did indeed commence to remove advertising from newspaper sites. "Your plan to use our content to sell your advertising is indistinguishable from a plan to steal our content to publish on your own website," they wrote.
According to a video provided on the BAT website, in 2018 Eich foresaw a staged development for Brave. In the then current first stage, Brave would simply block ads on websites that browser users loaded and it would continue to develop the automated ledger system that would measure and record user engagement with sites. The second phase would involve the implementation of an advertising exchange the currency for which would be BAT. Advertisers would pay publishers with BATs and reward viewers with BATs. In a third phase, this form of rewarding viewers and publishers, in Eich's view, would dominate the economics of web advertising.
In March 2018 the Washington Post joined two other media outlets, The Guardian and Vice, to accept payments in BAT tokens. On April 18, 2018 Dow Jones Media Group announced that it was working with Brave Software, the team behind the Brave browser, to use BATs in testing the browser's platform for digital advertising and media publication. The tests will be used on several of the Dow Jones brands, including Barron’s, the Wall Street Journal and MarketWatch.
Coinbase, the digital wallet and exchange company, began supporting the BAT token on November 2, 2018, on its Coinbase Pro platform. According to data reported by CoinMarketCap, a cryptocurrency industry data service, BAT was the 33rd most actively traded coin for the month prior to November 5, 2018.
In July 2015, the Brave partnered with cryptocurrency exchange Gemini so that Brave users could buy, sell, store, and trade cryptocurrency within the browser.
 
==References==
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Basis point

A basis point is a unit equal to 1/100th of a percentage point. It is frequently used to express percentage point changes of less than 1%. It is common practice in the financial industry to use basis points to denote a rate change in a financial instrument (such as a bond).
For example, a rate change from 6.7% to 6.9% reflects a change of 0.2 of a percentage point or 20 basis points. 
== References ==
Basis swap

A basis swap is a floating-floating interest rate swap. It is intended to eliminate basis risk. For example, a swap of 1-month USD Libor for 6-month USD Libor. Such a swap can be used to customize exposures to specific points on the yield curve. Basis swaps are most commonly between two floating indexes from different segments of the money market. A bank that lends at prime but finances itself at Libor would be a natural user of a prime-Libor basis swap.
== References ==
Bats Options

Bats Options refers to both of the options markets owned by Bats Global Markets: BZX Options (formerly BATS Options) and EDGX Options. Bats options was first launched as an electronic options on February 26, 2010. EDGX Options was launched on November 2, 2015. 
Bats Global Markets, along with its subsidiary Bats Options, was acquired by the Chicago Board Options Exchange on February 28, 2017.
Bats BZX Options operates with price-time priority: orders at the best price are filled based on when they were received with the earliest executed first. It offers a maker-taker structure and will be the first U.S. options exchange to use flat pricing, charging 30 cents per contract to all liquidity takers and giving a rebate of 20 cents per contracts to all market makers, who add liquidity. 
EDGX Options is based on a customer priority/pro rata allocation model and is designed to complement Bats' BZX Options market.
This across-the-board price structure differs from the tiered pricing at NYSE Euronext’s Arca platform and Nasdaq NOM platform, the two exchanges that also have a maker-taker model. 
== History ==
In its first year of trading, Bats Options was ranked as the world's 36th-largest derivatives exchange by volume in 2010, according to the annual volume survey published by the Futures Industry Association (FIA). The FIA report, published in March of 2011, notes that the exchange's total volume for the year was about 25.1 million contracts.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Joe Ratterman, Bats Chief Executive Officer
*William O’Brien, Bats President
Ken Conklin and Jeromee Johnson provided leadership in developing Bats Options Exchange.
== References ==
Category:Options
Category:BATS Global Markets
Bayesline Limited

Bayesline Limited is a company that creates software tools for the financial sector. The company offers online trading services through its B-Validus platform. Additionally, its offerings include risk management, real-time monitoring, and analysis solutions.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
*B-Validus monitors a trader's position and provides real-time, early alerts when a trader’s risk tolerance is threatened by market conditions. The product was launched in early 2009. According to the firm, the product aims to improve decision making of traders in financial, energy and commodity markets by calculating trading decisions consistent with maximizing profits within a defined risk framework.
== Key People ==
*Chairman, Dr. Robert (Bob) Parish
*Managing Director, John Merrell
*Development Director, Stuart Fairful
*Chief Scientist, David Wooff
*VP Sales & Marketing North America, Ted Ehret
== References ==
Category:Independent Software Vendors
Category:Bayesline
Bclear

Bclear, which was launched in 2005, is Liffe NYSE Euronext's cleared service for equity derivatives. Its main users are investment banks and buy-side firms to process over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives business. Bclear was developed to repatriate much of the OTC ‘exchange look-alike’ business back to the exchange.
Bclear can either be used as a stand-alone service or in conjunction with Cscreen, the exchange's pre-trade price discovery platform.It offers futures and/or options on over a thousand underlying companies from more than 20 countries, as well as a broad range of index derivatives. Both Bclear and Cscreen have been deployed by customization of Cinnober's TRADExpress technology.
 
On Dec. 22, 2008 Liffe began offering Credit Default Swaps (CDS) on Bclear. As of early February, however, the platform had not handled any contracts because of delays in firms connecting to the platform.
== Resources ==
* All The Benefits Of OTC, Without The Downside : Liffe’s Bclear Is Seeing A Massive Increase In Trading Volume, The Hedgefund Journal, June 2008
* Special Focus: Bclear With Liffe, The Nordic Hedge Fund Journal, March/April 2008
* Liffe NYSE Euronext Sponsored Statement: Clearer With Bclear
== References ==
Category:Liffe NYSE Euronext Products
Bear

A stock market "bear" is an investor who believes that a particular stock or market, or the market as a whole, is headed downward. Bears often try to profit from a decline in prices. The term can be applied to many markets, including commodities/futures and bonds. 
An investor who believes a particular stock or market will trend downwards is referred to as "bearish" on that stock/market. 
 
The opposite is a "bull", who believes that the market or a particular security will go up. In the long term, the stock market has had a bullish trend. 
A "bear market" is one in which the prices of securities are falling, and widespread pessimism causes the negative sentiment to be self-sustaining. A downturn of 20% or more in multiple broad market indexes, such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) or Standard & Poor's 500 Index (S&P 500), over at least a two-month period, is considered by most to be an entry into a bear market. 
 
A bear market is not the same as a correction, which is a short-term trend lasting less than two months. 
== References ==
Beaxy

Beaxy is a cryptocurrency exchange that originally launched in June 2019. At that time, it offered cryptocurrency trading services for residents of 43 states in the U.S., as well as 184 countries around the world. Its trading services supported 25 different cryptocurrencies, including bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, XRP, and Beaxy's native digital token, BXY. 
After launch, the exchange began suffering from multiple serious issues. Two months after the platform went live, a hacking attack caused a major crash on its BTC/XRP trading pair, allowing the hacker to abscond with 3.6 BTC and 111,000 XRP. This attack was reportedly due to the exchange's poor implementation of an XRP wallet.
== Products and Services ==
In March 2020, Beaxy launched Beaxy 2.0. The company said via a blog post that its redesigned platform included a number of new features, including an updated UI, improved back-end technology (including new custody features), new mobile applications and "healthy" order books. 
The exchange allows customers to purchase cryptocurrencies using USD, EUR, GBP, JPY, CAD, and AUD. 
== Key People == 
*Artak Hamazaspyan, CEO and Co-founder
*Mittal Patel, CTO and Co-founder
== References ==
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: blockchain
Category: regulation
Category: exchanges
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Become an Editor

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Beijing Environment Exchange

Beijing Environment Exchange (BEE) was officially established on August 5, 2008 along with the Shanghai Environment and Energy Exchange (SEEE). The exchange is designed to offer trading in energy efficiency, environmental technologies and emissions such as sulphur dioxide, water and carbon dioxide.
The two exchanges are likely to compete with the Tianjin Climate Exchange, a joint venture exchange from the Chicago Climate Exchange, China National Petroleum Corp Assets Management Co. and government agency Tianjin Property Rights Exchange.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Environmental Markets
Beijing Environmental Exchange

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China has launched an environmental exchange in Beijing, marking the first stage in its efforts to create a nationwide emissions trading platform. The China Beijing Environmental Exchange will allow trade in environmental technology as well as sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen demand permits. Other regions, including the heavily polluted Lake Tai region in east China's Jiangsu province, have already established pilot emission trading schemes. 
"The Beijing Environment Exchange will fully play its role as a market platform bringing together domestic and foreign companies, agencies, banks and investment banks," Xiong Yan, chairman of the exchange, said in the statement. The exchange will report directly to government departments including the environmental protection ministry and the National Development and Reform Commission, China's top economic planning agency. 
The establishment of the market is expected to further open up the lucrative Chinese carbon credit market. Under the Kyoto protocols clean development mechanism carbon credits are issued by the UN to investors in projects in developing countries that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The going rate for a credit in the international markets is in the $15-$18 range. According to the World Bank, during the first nine months of 2006, $3 billion (2.3 billion Euro) in carbon credits from developing countries were traded. Many of the credits issued in China so far have come from the installation of equipment to curb emissions of HFC-23, a much more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, generating large profits for a small outlay. 
== References ==
Category:Weather
Category:Environmental Markets
Category:Exchange products
Category:China
Beirut Stock Exchange

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The Beirut Stock Exchange (BSE) is one of the oldest in the Middle East, although trading was suspended for 13 years during Lebanon's recent civil wars and political turmoil. Since re-opening in the mid-1990s the BSE has achieved remarkable growth in both market capitalization and trading volume but the 2008 financial crisis may have slowed down local equities trading. 
== Background ==
 
The BSE was launched in 1920 and initially traded gold and forex before branching out into the shares of locally-mandated French companies that were also listed on the Bourse de Paris. Trading continued growing until the mid-1970s, when the equities market slumped after the onset of Lebanon's sectarian civil war. The BSE shut down completely in 1983 and reopened in 1996 with a new system of electronic trading in place, which was later updated to the continuous-trading NSC-UNIX-EURONEXT electronic brokerage system. 
The Beirut Stock Exchange today is governed by a committee of ten members, including the BSE's chairman, vice-chairman and members appointed by the Ministry of Finance from among bankers, brokers, listed companies and the ministry. The BSE's total market capitalization is currently around US$9.4 billion and the exchange presently lists 24 shares - most of which are banks - plus two funds and 21 eurobond issues. However, recent reports indicate that although Lebanon's banking sector largely survived the 2008 gobal financial crisis, the BSE's market capitalization fell 30% in the year to April 2009.
== Latest news ==
Shares in the the BSE-listed family company of new Lebanese prime minister Saad al-Hariri soared 15% in a day following the declared victory June 8 of a Hariri-led coalition in Lebanese elections held several days earlier. Property developer Soldiere, founded in 1994 by Hariri's father and former prime minister Rafik al-Hariri, surged 15% on the BSE in heavy trading June 8 to a closing price of $23.01 for A-shares and B-shares. The BSE itself also rallied on news that Hariri's U.S.-backed coalition had been declared victor.
== References ==
Belvedere Trading

Belvedere Trading is a proprietary trading firm focused on equity index options. They utilize proprietary technology systems and also have floor traders at the Chicago Board Options Exchange and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
Belvedere Trading is a member of the Chicago Board Options Exchange.
== Key People ==
*Thomas Hutchinson, Owner
*Yezdaan Baber, Director of Technology
== References ==
Belzberg Technologies Inc.

Belzberg Technologies Inc. is a provider of technology-based brokerage services, trading equities and options through its wholly owned, self-clearing broker-dealer, Electronic Brokerage Systems.Belzberg Technologies is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (ticker-BLZ).
 
== History ==
Belzberg Technologies Inc. was founded in January 1993 by Sid Belzberg and Alicia Belzberg with the stated goal of making true electronic trading a reality and to provide traders with tools.
The company, initially incorporated as Belzberg Financial Markets & News Inc., introduced its first product to the market in August of 1993. The product was a spreadsheet–based, real–time basket trading application. The company then went on to rapidly develop a full spectrum of trading products. The company changed its name to Belzberg Technologies Inc. in 2000. 
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*CEO, Robert C. Sheehan
== References ==
Ben Craig

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Ben Craig is president of the NASDAQ OMX Futures Exchange. He was previously vice president of Strategy & Futures for NASDAQ OMX U.S. transaction services. He is based in NASDAQ OMX's Philadelphia, PA offices. Craig joined NASDAQ OMX following the acquisition of The Philadelphia Stock Exchange in 2008. 
== Background ==
Craig, who worked as a manager with Agora-X, LLC, was formerly first vice president, corporate development for the PHLX, where he was responsible for executing strategic investments/transactions, including the acquisition of the PHLX by NASDAQ OMX. In addition, he led a group that analyzed market structure issues and other developments in the securities industry. He also directed the state and local government relations and corporate affairs efforts for the PHLX. 
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives