nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Gouache

== Description ==
A matte, opaque watercolor paint that primarily uses gum arabic, Gum senegal, or dextrin as a binder. Gouache paints have opaque pigments rather than the transparent pigments used in typical watercolor paints. Chalk and other white fillers may be added to some colors. Developed over a thousand years ago, gouache paints provided artist with a fast-drying, rewettable paint with body and high hiding power. Gouache was used for Persian miniatures, illuminated manuscripts, and opaque watercolor paintings. It was also popular for decorative paintings on interior walls, printing wall paper patterns and creating backgrounds on animation cels. Poster paints are an inexpensive version of gouache. Most commercial gouache paints contain an acrylic base. The opaque paint has been used on many types of surfaces including canvases, paper, cardboard, glass, plastic sheeting, wood, and walls.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
poster paint; bodycolor; body colour (Br.); Guasch (Deut.); gouache (Fr.); guazzo (It.); guache (Esp., Port.)
See also Schmincke Gouache
== Applications ==
* Posters, illustrations, comics
* Fast-drying outdoor painting (en plein air)
* Interior wall painting
* Printing wall-paper
* Animation cels
== Resources and Citations ==
* Wikipedia: Gouache Accessed August 2024
* J.Stephenson, "Gouache" The Dictionary of Art Grove's Dictionaries Inc, New York, 1996
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* D. van der Reyden "Identifying the Real Thing" at www.scmre.org/analysis.htm
* Multilingual Glossary for Art Librarians at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/pub/mgl.htm
* M.Phillips, 'A Survey of Paint Technology', Paint in America, R. Moss, ed., Preservation Press, New York, 1994
* Conservation termlist : www.hants.org.uk/museums
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Gourd

== Description ==
Any of over 700 species of ornamental shelled fruits from the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. Gourds plants are fast growing vines that are native to tropical and sub-tropical regions. Evidence indicates that gourds were domesticated in the Andes about 11,000 BCE (Mackay 1996). Use of gourds in China dates to at least the Neolithic period. While some gourds, such as squashes, were cultivated for food, most of the hard-shelled fruits were utilitarian (bottles, bowls, storage containers, and musical instruments).
== Additional Images ==
File:gourdpd1.jpg|Gourd Cucurbita palmata)
== Resources and Citations ===
* W.I.Mackay, "Gourd", The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries, Inc., New York, 1996.
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "gourd" [Accessed May 5, 2004].
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Africa: Gourds"
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Graff "C" stain

== Description ==
A chemical stain used for general analysis of paper fibers using optical microscopy. The stain can help distinguish common pulping methods and fibers due to the range of colors presented. Stain color can range from vivid yellow with high lignin pulps such as mechanical wood pulp, to red with high alpha cellulose pulps such as cotton. "C" stain is a solution prepared from aluminum chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride, and potassium iodide. "C" stain can be used as a spot test for the presence of lignin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
"C" Stain
== Other Properties ==
When used for fiber analysis, "C" stain will create a vivid yellow color when used on pulps that are high in lignin. With decreasing amounts of lignin (increased cooking of pulp), the degree of yellow will decrease to greenish yellow or brown/yellow. Bleaching will result in a reddish tint that becomes more pronounced with increased bleaching. Pulps that are high in alpha cellulose and free from lignin will stain bright red. The red tones can be difficult to see in hardwood pulps. Some specific fibers can produce additional colors. "C" stain will permanently discolor fibers, but diagnostic colors are temporary and will darken with oxidation.
== Additional Images ==
File:SUBK 10x2 label.jpg|Softwood kraft paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
File:SWGW 40x label.jpg|Softwood groundwood paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
File:SWBS puget 10x label.jpg|Softwood bleached sulfite paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
Sycamore 10x2.jpg|Hardwood kraft paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
Ash 10x.jpg|Hardwood kraft paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
UBK sugar pine 10x.jpg|Softwood kraft paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
Euc vessel 40x.jpg|Eucalyptus paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
Flax 40x nodes bastshive.jpg|Flax paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
Cotton linter 40x taperlabel.jpg|Cotton paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
Esparto 40x se commas.jpg|Esparto paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
* J. H. Graff "Color Atlas for Fiber Identification" The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, WI, 1940.
* Walter Rantanen. 'Fiber ID Course.' Integrated Paper Services. June 2013. Lecture.
*TAPPI Official Standard T401 om-08. Fiber analysis of paper and paperboard. 2008. http://www.tappi.org/Downloads/Test-Methods/UNTITLED-0104T401pdf.aspx
Graffiti

== Description ==
Any writing, drawing, or marking that is deliberately, and usually illegally, placed on private or public property. Graffiti is popularly used for commentary by political activists and for territory marks by street gangs. Although the term 'graffiti' became commonly used in the 1960s, ancient examples of defacement have been found on Egyptian monuments, Pompeian walls, and Maya temples. More recent examples include hobos marking of freight trains in the 1930s and 'Kilroy was here' graffiti placed during World War II. Currently graffiti is usually made with spray paints (e.g., Rustoleum, Krylon, Red Devil), chalk, or permanent markers. Graffiti removal techniques include the use of solvents (e.g., acetone, toluene) and high pressure abrasives. Some anti-graffiti coatings are available that minimize paint penetration and adherence.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
graffito (singular); grafitti (sp)
== Resources and Citations ==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "graffito." (Accessed 1 June 2005).
* History of Graffiti at http://www.at149st.com/ hpart1.html
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti
Category:Materials database
Graft copolymers

== Description ==
A copolymer molecule built by the attachment of one type of polymer onto the backbone of a different polymer. This process is used to make copolymers of cellulose with synthetics thereby creating modified fibers with improved flame resistance and dimensional stability.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
copolímeros por injerto en una cadena (Esp.); copolymères greffés (Fr.); copolímeros de enxerto (Port.)
Category:Materials database
Grain

== Description ==
Some definitions for grain are: 
1) A cereal plant such as wheat, corn, barley, etc. 
2) The direction or pattern of the fibers in wood. 
3) The threads in a textile parallel to the selvage. 
4) The side of leather or parchment which formerly had fur. 
5) The lengthwise fibers in paper aligned with the machine direction. 
6) The natural pattern in wood, leather, stone or other material. 
7) Fine crystalline particles found in metals. 
8) The smallest unit of weight in many systems. 
9) A small, fine particle. 
10) An alternate name for kermes. 
11) The granular texture or appearance of any material.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
paper grain; wood grain
==Resources and Citations==
* (5) R.P.Grant, "About Paper Grain" Skin Deep Newsletter, Vol 10, Autumn, 2000. http://www.hewit.com/sd10-pape.htm
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* R. Bruce Hoadley, Identifying Wood, The Taunton Press, Newton, CT, 1990
Category:Materials database
Grain split

== Description ==
A leather produced from a thick cowhide that was split or peeled apart to form two thinner skins. The former outside portion is known as the skiver (sheepskins and goatskins) or grain split (cowhides). The grain split retains the pattern of the hair follicles and pores. The layer obtained from the flesh side of the skin is called the hide split.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
skiver;flor curtida (piel) (Esp.)
Category:Materials database
Gram

== Description ==
A unit of weight that is equivalent to 1/1000 of a kilogram. A gram is also the weight of one milliliter of water at 4C. One U.S. pound contains 453.5 grams.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
g; gm; Gramm (Deut.); gramme (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Granite

== Description ==
A dense, hard, coarse-grain, mottled igneous rock. Granite is composed of silica (quartz) and silicates (chiefly orthoclase and albite feldspars). It may also contain small amounts of mica, hornblende, or augite. Granite is widely distributed over the world and is found to a great extent within most mountain ranges. The multicolored stone usually contains white and gray grains mixed with speckles of black, red, pink, yellow or green. Granite is difficult to carve, but is very strong, durable, and polishes to a high gloss. It is an important indoor (countertops, flooring, tables, decoration) and outdoor building stone (monuments, curbing, statuary). Granite is also used for paper mill rollers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
granit, granite (Fr.); granito (Esp., Port.); Granit (Deut.); graniet (Ned.)
== Risks ==
Powder contains silica. Inhalation may cause silicosis.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Mohs Hardness	> 5.5
Density 	2.63-2.75
== Additional Images ==
File:granite.jpg|Granite
File:granite mag.jpg|Granite
File:LavBlue_Granite.jpg|Lavender blue granite
File:Granite.adamant2.p1.jpg|Granite
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
* Anne Grimmer, Glossary of Building Stone Terms, A Glossary of Historic Masonry Deterioration Problems and Preservation Treatments, National Park Service, Washington DC, 1984
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "granite" [Accessed January 22, 2002].
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=2.64-2.76
Category:Materials database
Granoblastic

== Description ==
Fabric of metamorphic rocks in which the grains are of nearly equal size. Granoblastic texture is usually found in quartzite and marble. The grains are often visible to the eye.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
granoblástica (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, Submitted information, 2009
* Wikipedia at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: Granoblastic (accessed March 2010)
Category:Materials database
Granodiorite

== Description ==
A plutonic igneous rock resembling granite but with less alkali feldspar and with more plagioclase. Granodiorite usually is dark in color and contains biotite mica and hornblende. Examples of granodiorite are found in the Rosetta Stone and in Plymouth Rock.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
granodiorito (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, Submitted information, 2009
* Wikipedia at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: Granodiorite (accessed March 2010)
Category:Materials database
Grape leaves (Vitis vinifera) LC

== Description ==
Vitis vinifera (common grape vine) is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and southwestern Asia, from Morocco and Portugal north to southern Germany and east to northern Iran.[1] It is a liana growing to 35 yards (32 m) in length, with flaky bark. The fruit is a berry, known as a grape; in the wild species it is 6 mm (0.24 in) diameter and ripens dark purple to blackish with a pale wax bloom; in cultivated plants it is usually much larger, up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long, and can be green, red, or purple (black). The species typically occurs in humid forests and streamsides.
The leaves were used to dye yellow.
== Historical importance ==
== Summary of results ==
Flavonoid glycosides were identified, mainly quercetin 3-glucuronide as the major compound.
== Analytical instrumentation and procedures ==
HPLC-DAD-MS analysis was performed with an Agilent 1100 liquid chromatography system consisting of an automatic injector, a gradient pump, a HP series 1100 DAD, and an Agilent series 1100 VL on-line atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. Separations were done on a Vydac 214TP52 analytical column (2.1 mm diameterX250 mm; 5-ím particle size). The column was eluted at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min with a tertiary gradient of water (A),acetonitrile (B), and 1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid (C) with the following elution program: 0 min, 90% A, 5% B, 5% C; 0-55 min, a linear gradient to 35% A, 60% B, 5% C; 55-60 min, a linear gradient elution to 15% A, 80% B, 5% C; 60-62 min, isocratic elution at 15% A, 80% B, 5% C; 62-70 min gradient elution to 90% A, 5% B, 5% C; and reequilibration with the latter solvent for 15 min. The mass spectrometer was run both in the positive and negative ion mode.
== Chromatograms ==
center|frame|Absorbance at 350nm (mAU)
== Sample information ==
center|frame|sample information, By R. A. Laursen, Boston University 
== Identified compounds ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|~HPLC-DAD|Quercetin 3-glucuronide UV.PNG~Quercetin 3-glucuronide UV-Vis]]]
Compound 	RT (min.)	MW 	UV/vis	Other 	
Rutin 	31.7 	610	354 	minor peak 	
Quercetin 3-glucuronide	32.6 	478	354 	Major component	
Luteolin glucoside? 	34.8 	448	348 	Possible 	
== References ==
[1] Euro+Med Plantbase Project: Vitis vinifera.
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Reference Materials
Category:Natural Dyes
Grapefruit seed oil

== Description ==
An oil expressed from the seeds of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) usually collected from citrus canning plants. The dark oil is used as a lubricant for leather and textile fibers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pomelo seed oil; totonja; pamplemousse; Citrus paradisi
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Melting Point	-10 C
Density 	0.92 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "grapefruit." Accessed 29 Oct. 2004 .
Category:Materials database
Graphic granite

== Description ==
A granite whose coloration pattern resembles Hebrew lettering or cuneiforms.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Hebrew granite; granito gráfico (Port.); Schriftgranit (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Graphite fiber

== Description ==
A strong black, whiskery fiber composed of carbon. Carbon fibers are made by heating either rayon, polyacrylonitrile or petroleum pitch to their carbonization temperatures. The fibers are usually 7-8 micrometers in diameter. They are sold in the form of filament, yarn, fabric, or whiskers. Graphite fibers are used to heating pads, fire protective clothing, jet engines, electrodes, and additives in polymers. Graphite cloth is used in laminates as a substitute for sheet metal in the construction of lightweight aircraft and spacecraft.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
carbon fiber; graphite fibre; fibra de carbono(Esp.)
== Risks ==
* Fire risk
Category:Materials database
Graphite paper

== Description ==
Paper that has a thin coating of colloidal graphite on one side. Graphite paper is used to make tracing copies. Once transferred, the lines from graphite paper are as erasable as pencil lines. This is unlike the transfer lines obtained from carbon paper which contains an oil or wax binder to keep the carbon from smearing. Graphite paper has also been used as an antitarnish paper for shiny iron and steel objects.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
carbon paper; copy paper; papier graphité (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Graphite pencil

== Description ==
Naturally occurring graphite was used as a writing tool in the 16th century. The soft greasy graphite produces dark, easily smeared lines. A graphite deposit was discovered in the Cumbrian Mountain region of England and mined for two centuries. Graphite was produced as small lumps of wadd, or black lead, for use in writing. In 1795, the procedure for preparing graphite with clay for use in pencils was developed concurrently by N. Conte (France) and J. Hardmuth (Austria). The graphite was mixed in a slurry with clay then extruded to form thin rods known as leads. These were fired at temperature of 1000-1100C then glued into shaped pieces of wood to form a pencil. The ratio of clay to graphite determines the hardness of the lead with an average hardness have a ratio of 2 parts graphite to one part clay. The common, though incorrect, use of 'lead' for the graphite point was a carry over term because lead points were previously used in drawing pencils.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lead pencil; charcoal pencil; wadd; black lead
==Resources and Citations==
* Henry Petroski, The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1990.
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* James Watrous. The Craft of Old-Master Drawings, University of Wisconsin Press, 1957.
Category:Materials database
Grass

== Description ==
Any of over 9000 species of grass. Grass is a perennial plant with long, cylindrical leaves that have been used for making paper, ropes, baskets, and fabric. For examples see: arundo donax, bear grass, cuscus grass, eelgrass, elephant grass, elk grass, esparto grass, grass cloth, horsetail, papyrus, ramie, reed, sedge, silk grass, and sorghum.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Gras (Deut.); gazon (Fr.); gräs (Sven.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Paper fiber type: non-woody/grass. Using transmitted light microscopy, fibers appear thick-walled, short and cylindrical with pointed ends. grasses can be identified by associated cells, such as comma-shaped cells are (unique to Esparto grass), and serrated epidermal cells (tricomb cells), which are present in all grasses except bamboo. Many grasses have barrel shaped parenchyma cells, unwound spiral thickenings, or other cells that can help with identification. It is difficult to distinguish cereal straws from each other. Appearance with Graff "C" stain: dark blue. Common pulping method: Soda. 
For specific paper fiber characteristics see: esparto grass, bamboo, and straw.
== Additional Images ==
File:grasscm.jpg|Several types of grasses
File:timothygrasspollenlarge.jpg|Grass
File:Esparto 40x serratedepi.jpg|Esparto paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Rice 40x.jpg|Rice paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Rice 40x smallvessels.jpg|Rice paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Oat 40x serratedepi.jpg|Oat straw paper pulp
File:Oat 40x unwoundspirals.jpg|Oat straw paper pulp
File:Bamboo 10x.jpg|Bamboo pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
== Resources and Citations ==
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Grass cloth

== Description ==
A loosely woven fabric made from long slender fibers obtained from any of several grasses. In China the name is used for fabric made from ramie fibers. Grass cloth is a strong durable fabric used for clothing, table linens, upholstery and lining book spines.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
grasscloth; grass linen; Canton linen; China grass cloth; ramie; tela de ramio (Esp.); graslinnen (Ned);
Category:Materials database
Gravel

== Description ==
A general term used for stone aggregate ranging in size from 4 mm to 64 centimeters. Natural gravel deposits are found are found near rivers or beaches. The stones typically have rounded edges due to abrasion and weathering. Clay accumulations in the gravel can form a cemented stone called a conglomerate.
==Resources and Citations==
* Fred Gamble, Submitted information, October 2007
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Gravel." Accessed 13 May 2004 .
Category:Materials database
Gray Canyon sandstone

== Description ==
A fine-grain, light bluish-gray sandstone quarried near Amherst in Lorain County, Ohio. Gray Canyon sandstone has an even texture and is fire resistant. It was used for the interior and exterior of buildings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
blue Amherst
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database