nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Pele's hair

== Description ==
An unusual rock made of mineral fibers. Pele's hair is a mass of golden-brown fibers of basalt glass that are formed from the lava spray of basaltic magma during a volcanic eruption. It was named after the volcanic eruption of Mount Pele on Martinique in 1981.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
mineral wool
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 513
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pele%27s_hair (Accessed Mar. 20, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Pelican

== Description ==
a genus of large water birds that make up the family Pelecanidae. They are characterized by a long beak and a large throat pouch used for catching prey and draining water from the scooped-up contents before swallowing. They have predominantly pale plumage, except for the brown and Peruvian pelicans. The bills, pouches, and bare facial skin of all pelicans become brightly coloured before the breeding season. The eight living pelican species have a patchy global distribution, ranging latitudinally from the tropics to the temperate zone, though they are absent from interior South America and from polar regions and the open ocean
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: [
Category:Materials database
Pellon

== Description ==
[PCP, Florida] Originally a registered trademark developed in conjunction by Freudenberg Nonwovens and Pellon in 1950. This early interfacing was a nonwoven fabric made from nylon (75%) with cotton and Rayon fibers bonded with a synthetic rubber. By 1997, production had shifted to primarily polyester. Pellon® interfacing is sold as both a fusible and nonfusible interfacing to maintain shape in quilts, collars, cuffs, waistbands, and belts. Additionally the company sells numerous other products including tapes, foams, batting and hobby kits.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pelon (sp)
==Applications==
* Storage and packing
* Lining
* Exhibit mounts
== Example Products ==
Name 	Composition 	Characteristics
P44 Lightweight Fusible Insterfacing	100% polyester 	non-woven, ultra lightweight
281 Woven Stretch Fusible 	100% polyester 	lightweight woven, two-way stetch
82 Two-sided Decor Bond 	90% polyester, 10% rayon	non-woven, medium weight, fusible on both sides
985F Two-sided Fusible Fleece 	100% polyester 	needle punched fleed, fusible on both sides
== Resources and Citations ==
* Pellon: Website 
* Safe Plastics and Fabrics for Exhibit and Storage, Conserve O Gram 18/2, National Park Service, September 2010.
* P.G.Tortora, R.S. Merkel, Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Fairchild Publications, New York, 1996, p. 415.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 552
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Meredith Montague, contributed information, 1998
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Pen

== Description ==
A writing and drawing tool that uses ink such as a ball-point pen, felt-tipped pen, or a fountain pen. The earliest ink implement (aside from a brush) was a reed cut to a point and dipped in ink used by the Romans in the 1st century CE. The reed was replaced by the quill pen. Although metal pens were available since Roman time, their use did not become widespread until the early 19th century. Fountain pens, patented in 1884, were the primary writing tool in the early 20th century. The ball-point pen did not gain success until an oil-based viscous ink was developed in 1938. Porous-tipped or felt-tipped pens, made with fiber tips impregnated with a dye, were introduced in 1963.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ball-point pen; felt-tipped pen; fountain pen
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Pencil

== Description ==
A tool for drawing and writing. The word "pencil" is derived from the Latin word for a fine-pointed brush, penicillum. The word was later used to describe a tool for holding a stick of dry media, such as chalk, lead, or graphite. The first picture showing a lead pencil appears in a 1565 woodcut as an ornate wood tube holding a tapered lead stick. Early lead pencils contained soft metallic lead points encased in wood shafts. In the mid 19th century, the graphite pencil became more popular. The shafts of graphite pencils are made primarily from graphite mixed with clay. The earlier name of lead pencil transferred and, though incorrect, its use continued. 
Drawing pencils are available in several grades of hardness depending on the relative concentrations of clay, binder and graphite. 9H contains the most clay and is the hardest, while 6B contains little clay and is very soft. Standard writing pencils are graded on a scale of 1 (soft) to 4 (hard). 
Colored pencils are essentially crayons encased in a shaft. 
See also colored pencil, wax crayon and grease pencil.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lead pencil; graphite pencil; art pencil; colored pencil; wax pencil; grease pencil; charcoal pencil; carbon pencil; blyant (Dan., Nor.); Bleistift (Deut.); lápiz (Esp.); crayon mine (Fr.); matita (It.); potlood (Ned.); o³ówek (Pol.); lápis (Port.); blyertspenna (Sven.)
== Comparisons ==
== Additional Images ==
File:Pencil of Gessner .jpg|thumb|Illustration from a book written in 1565 by Konrad Gesner
File:Pencils.jpg|thumb|Present-day artists' pencils
==Resources and Citations==
* Henry Petroski, The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1990.
* James Watrous, The Craft of Old-Master Drawings, The University of Wisconsin Press, 1957.
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Pencil." Accessed 29 Apr. 2004 .
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Pencil hardness test

== Description ==
A test used to evaluate the hardness of a soft material such as a coating. A set of pencils of varying grades of hardness are sharpened to a point. Starting with the softest, each pencil is drawn across the surface to be tested. The test results is hardness of the hardest pencil that does not scratch the surface. This test has many variable that cannot be easily controlled such as pressure and pencil angle. Thus it should just be used for a rough comparison of materials.
Category:Materials database
Penetrant

== Description ==
A liquid additive that increases the penetration ability of another material. Penetrants may decrease viscosity and surface tension. They are used in the textile, tanning, and paper industries for improving dyeing and finishing. Examples of some penetrants are solvents, surfactants, wetting agents, soaps, and sulfonated alcohols.
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com
Category:Materials database
Pennsylvania bluestone

== Description ==
A fine-grain, dense blue-gray sandstone quarried in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania bluestone it used for buildings, trim, and paving.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Wyoming valley stone
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Pennsylvania green marble

== Description ==
Any of several green marbles quarried near Easton in Northampton County, Pennsylvania. These serpentine stones polish well and have been used for interior and exterior decoration. Some brand names for Pennsylvania Green marbles are: 
* Easton marble: a variegated green that is also called frozen green 
* Sylvan Green (or Royal Green): a leaf green serpentine that occurs either mottled or veined
* Verdolite: a green stone with pink dolomite crystals that was used formerly extensively before the quarries were closed in the early 20th century.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Easton green; Easton marble; frozen green; Royal Green; Sylvan Green; Verdolite
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Pennsylvania white marble

== Description ==
A sugary, white dolomitic marble quarried in Montgomery and Chester counties of Pennsylvania. The quarries have been worked since before the Revolutionary War (Lent 1925). Pennsylvania white was widely used for buildings. It was also used for the sarcophagi of General and Martha Washington (Lent 1925).
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Penta resin

== Description ==
An ester gum made from rosin and pentaerythritol (ASTM). See Pentalyn H.
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
Category:Materials database
Pentachlorophenol

== Description ==
Colorless, crystalline powder that was made by the chlorination of phenol. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was used as a fungicide, bactericide, and algicide. It was used commercially for the preservation of wood, paper, starch, dextrin, and glue. When tested as a potential fungicide in a closed container, PCP produced enough hydrogen chloride to corrode iron fasteners within 24 hours. The sodium salt, sodium pentachlorophenate or PCPNa (Santobrite and Dowicide G), is sometimes used as a replacement to minimize acid formation. Some objects (paper, textiles, leather, and historic wood buildings) may still contain toxic levels of PCP due to its wide use prior to 1987 when its use in the U.S. was banned.
PCP is on the ILFI Red list of building materials.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|pentachlorophenol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
PCP; Penta; penchlorol; pentachlorphenol; Santophen 20 [Monsanto]; Santobrite (PCPNa) [Monsanto]; Dowicide EC7 [Dow Chemical]; Dowicide G (PCPNa) [Dow Chemical]; Weedone
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. LD50 = 146=175 mg/kg 
* Can corrode metals. May discolor wood, textiles, and pigments. 
* Noncombustible. 
* Restek: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Needle-like crystals. 
* Soluble in dilute alkali, ethanol, ether, benzene. Slightly soluble in water.
Composition 	C6Cl5OH
CAS 	87-86-5
Melting Point 	190-191 C
Density 	1.978 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt.=266.4
Boiling Point 	309-310 C
== Resources and Citations ==
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, A Guide to Museum Pest Control, FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art, ICCROM, Rome, 1991
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 7242
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 413
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentachlorophenol (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Pentacryl

== Description ==
[Preservation Solutions] A registered trademark for a wood stabilizer used to keep green wood from splitting while drying. Pentacryl contains a mixture of silicone polymers and paraffin wax dissolved in aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents (like mineral spirits). The pale amber color liquid is nonhygroscopic and does not discolor wood.
== Risks ==
* Preservation Solutions: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water. pH = 2.8-3.2
Density 	0.92 g/ml
Boiling Point	> 138 C
==Resources and Citations==
* Preservation Solutions: Website
Category:Materials database
Pentaerythritol

== Description ==
White, crystalline powder that reacts readily with organic acids. Pentaerythritol is used to make alkyd resins, rosin esters, and other compounds that are used in synthetic resins, adhesives, paints, and varnishes.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|pentaerythritol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
PE; tetramethylolmethane; monopentaerythritol; pentaresin; tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)methane; 2,2-bis-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol
== Risks ==
* Combustible. Flash point = 4 C. 
* Contact may cause irritation 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water, ethanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, formamide. 
Insoluble in acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ether, ligroin.
Composition 	C(CH2OH)4
CAS 	115-77-5
Melting Point 	262 C
Density 	1.399 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 136.15
Refractive Index	1.54-1.56
Boiling Point 	276 C
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 7245
* Guy Weismantel, Paint Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1981
Category:Materials database
Pentalyn H

== Description ==
[Hercules] A brand name for a synthetic thermoplastic resin used as a tackifying agent in elastomeric adhesives. Pentalyn® H is a stabilized penta resin composed of pentaerythritol ester of wood rosin. The hydrogenation stabilization process increases its resistance to oxidation, discoloration, and adhesion loss. Pentalyn® H is a tackifying agent in natural rubber, neoprene, and SBR formulations for use as pressure sensitive and hot-melt adhesives.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pentalyn H
== Risks ==
Long-term exposure to elevated temperatures may result in oxidation causing darkening and decreased solubility.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Insoluble in water
* Softening point = 94-102 C 
* Acid number = 7-16
== Resources and Citations ==
* Hercules: Product Data Sheet
Category:Materials database
Pentane

== Description ==
A volatile, colorless hydrocarbon. Pentane is used as a blowing agent in plastics and as a pesticide.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
amyl hydride
== Risks ==
* Highly flammable, dangerous fire explosion risk. Flash point = -49 C. 
* Narcotic by inhalation. 
* Fisher Scientific: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in ethanol and most organic solvents. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	CH3(CH2)3CH3
CAS 	109-66-0
Melting Point 	-129.7 C
Density 	0.62624 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 72.2
Refractive Index	1.35748
Boiling Point 	36.074 C
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 596
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 7255
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Pentelic marble

== Description ==
A white, fine-grain marble that has been quarried at Mt. Pentelikon north of Athens since the 1st millennium BCE. Pentelic marble was used for sculpture as well as for buildings. Pentelic marbles often contain inclusions or veins of quartz , iron oxide, graphite, mica, or pyrite. Graphite inclusions in marble, called graphitic marble, show as gray or silver flakes when polished. The Parthenon, including the Elgin marbles, were made of Pentelic marble (Mayer 1969).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
marbre pentélique (Fr.); Pentelycus; Mount Pentelicus; graphitic marble
==Resources and Citations==
* Ancient Trade Routes: Website
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Luciana and Tiziano Mannoni, Marble: the history of a culture, Facts on File Publications
* John Herrmann, MFA, Submitted information
* Janet Burnett Grossman, Looking at Greek and Roman Sculpture in Stone, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2003
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penteli (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Peperino stone

== Description ==
A light gray or brown volcanic tuff with small black pieces of basalt. Peperino stone is quarried at Marino near Lake Albanus in Italy and it was used from ancient times for sarcophagi, monuments, and buildings in Rome. The name is from the resemblance of the black inclusion to peppercorns.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lapis albanus; lapis gabinus; peperine
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
* Olympus Microscopy Resource Center at http://www.olympusmicro.com/galleries/polarizedlight/pages/peperinotuffsmall.html (Accessed Sept. 17, 2005)
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peperino (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Peppermint oil

== Description ==
An essential oil with a strong, refreshing taste. Peppermint oil is extracted from the leaves of the herb Mentha piperita. It is used as an odorant in paints and as a flavorant in food products.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Mentha piperita; esencia de pipermín (Esp.); olio di menta (It); brandy mint; lamb mint
Category:Materials database
Pepsin

== Description ==
A protease type enzyme found in the digestive system that breaks down proteins into peptides.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pepsinum; puerzym; Pepsin A; Pepsin NF
== Risks ==
* Contact may cause irritation and allergic reactions: 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol, chloroform and ether. Optimum pH is 3 to 5.
CAS 	9001-75-6
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. about 34500
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 7289
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Percale

== Description ==
A closely-woven, smooth finished cotton fabric. Percale is used for sheets, dresses and shirts. The lightweight fabric has a higher yarn count than calico, more sizing than muslin and less gloss than cambric. It is often used used for sheets, dresses and shirts.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
percal (Esp.)
== Additional Images ==
File:Image3_802538.jpg|Unbleached percale sheeting
File:Image3_802537.jpg|Percale sheeting
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 247
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Website: www.fabrics.net
Category:Materials database
Perchloroethylene

== Description ==
Colorless chlorinated hydrocarbon with an ether-like odor. Perchloroethylene is used as a dry-cleaning solvent and as a vapor-degreaser for metals.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|perchloroethylene.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tetrachloroethylene; TCE; tetrachloroethene; ethylene tetrachloride; Perclene; Vaclene [DuPont]
== Risks ==
* Irritating to eyes and skin. 
* Potential carcinogen. 
* Nonflammable, but may decompose in the presence of flames, hot surfaces or UV light to form toxic and corrosive fumes (hydrogen chloride, phosgene, chlorine). 
* Decomposes slowly on contact with moisture producing trichloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid.
* Cisco: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Miscible in ethanol, ether, chloroform, benzene. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	Cl2C:CCl2
CAS 	127-18-4
Melting Point 	22 C
Density 	1.6230 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 165.8
Refractive Index	1.5055
Boiling Point 	121 C
==Resources and Citations==
* The Merck Index, Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
Category:Materials database
Perforation

== Description ==
== Images ==
File:Perforation-01_ICOMOS.jpg|thumb|PerforationPhoto: P. Bromblet
File:Perforation-02_ICOMOS.jpg|PerforationPhoto: G. Fronteau
File:Perforation-03_ICOMOS.jpg|Perforation
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
Category:Materials database