nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Chequing account

A chequing account is a transactional deposit account held at a financial institution that allows for withdrawals and deposits. Money held in a chequing account is very liquid, and can be withdrawn using cheques, automated cash machines and electronic debits, among other methods. 
A chequing account differs from other bank accounts in that it often allows for numerous withdrawals and unlimited deposits, whereas savings accounts sometimes limit both. Chequing accounts can include business accounts, student accounts and joint accounts along with many other types of accounts which offer similar featuresChecking Account, on Investopedia.
In exchange for the liquidity, chequing accounts typically pay little or no interest. If held at a chartered banking institution, the account balance will be covered by deposit insurance, up to set limits. Chequing accounts, like most bank accounts, typically have fees (transaction, service, minimum balance, and NSF cheque feesChequing account fees | Bank accounts | Investor Education Fund, viewed August 20, 2013.) associated with the account. Most financial institutions offer a variety of fee plans.
==Cheques==
Cheques are on means of transferring money between parties. Financial institutions have no involvement in the agreement between you and the person who owes you money, but simply act on the instructions provided by the cheque and withdraw the money from one account and deposit it into another. Cheque use is steadily declining as electronic alternatives gain in popularity, but Canadians still use close to a billion cheques each year. Generally cheque processing in Canada is very efficient and few problems arise. 
The Payment Canada rules and standards do not address what a financial institution needs to verify on a cheque. It is a business decision on their part to determine what they verify on deposited items (ex. signature, endorsement, etc.)
===Common problems===
Common problems with cheques include:
* non-sufficient funds (NSF), 
* post-dated cheque cashed early, 
* cheque cashed by a different individual (counter-signed cheques), 
* stop payment,
* fraudulent cheques.
==See also==
*Credit card
*Debit card
*Low cost banking
==References==
== Further reading == 
* 
==External links==
* 
* 
* 
* 
Category:Account types
Category:Cash management
Category:Financial management
Closed-end fund

A closed-end fund (CEF) is organized as a publicly traded investment company. Like a mutual fund, a closed-end fund is a pooled investment fund with a manager overseeing the portfolio; it raises a fixed amount of capital through an initial public offering (IPO). The fund is then structured, listed and traded like a stock on a stock exchange.
Generally, these products use funds raised through a public offering to invest in a portfolio of securities which may be actively or passively managed. The objective of most funds is to create an income stream for investors from dividends, capital gains, interest payments or capital appreciations from underlying investments. These funds employ various investment management tools from leverage to derivative investment strategies to enhance the returns of the fund or for capital protection. These funds are not related to or hold a significant position in any single business.
==Distinguishing features==
A closed-end fund differs from an open-end mutual fund in that:
* It is closed to new capital after it begins operating.
* Its shares (typically) trade on stock exchanges rather than being redeemed directly by the fund.
* Its shares can therefore be traded at any time during market opening hours. An open-end fund can usually be traded only at a time of day specified by the managers, and the dealing price will usually not be known in advance.
* It usually trades at a premium or discount to its net asset value. An open-end fund trades at its net asset value (to which sales charges may be added; and adjustments may be made for e.g. the frictional costs of purchasing or selling the underlying investments).
==See also==
* Exchange traded fund
* Mutual fund
==Further reading==
* 
==References==
==External links==
Category:Glossary
Category:Equities
Category:Bonds
Category:Mutual funds and ETFs
Category:Investment management
Common shares

Common shares are a form of equity capital in Canadian or foreign (e.g., US) companies. They are called 'common' to differentiate them from preferred shares.Ontario Securities Commission, How stocks work - 2 main types of stock, viewed February 3, 2018 If both common shares and preferred shares exist, then common share owners cannot be paid dividends until all preferred share dividends are paid in full. A company can also have multiple classes of common shares, typically with different voting rights (e.g., Tara Gry, Dual-class share structures and best practices in corporate governance, Parliamentary Information and Research Service, Library of Parliament, Canada, August 2005, report PRB 05-26E, viewed February 12, 2018). Common shareholders are last in line behind creditors, debt holders, and preferred shareholders to make a claim for a company's assets in the event of a liquidation.TMXmoney, Stock Market Terms - Stock Market Vocabulary: Glossary of Terms, viewed February 12, 2018.
Some Canadians include individual stocks in their portfolios. Such stocks may be selected according to several different investment styles, depending upon the investor. The dividend income from such stocks is generally eligible for the dividend tax credit when the stocks are held in non-registered accounts. However, trusts and real estate investment trusts (REITs) may distribute only a minor part of their payments as dividends. In such cases, detailed breakdowns of distribution type are usually available on each company's website.
Note that REITs, gold, and commodities, are also considered elsewhere. Index funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) containing common shares from Canadian companies, and the lack of diversification of the Canadian stock market, are covered under Canadian equities.
==Dividend income==
Dividend paying companies mostly pay dividends quarterly, although some pay monthly. Over the course of a year, there are three dividend cycles that occur. Companies that make their quarterly dividend payments in:
* January, April, July and October
* February, May, August and November
* March, June, September and December.
A consideration for those seeking dividend income, you can select your stock holdings knowing which companies pay dividends in which cycle. This can result in you earning dividend income in each month. Another approach would be to match dividend income to expected monthly expenses.
==See also==
*US equities
*International equities
*Emerging markets
*Bonds
*Preferred shares
==References==
==External links==
* Ontario Securities Commission, Stock market basics
* Ontario Securities Commission, How to buy and sell stocks
Category:Equities
Category:Asset classes
Contrarian investing

A contrarian investing style is when one attempts to achieve investment outperformance by going against the crowd - "buying straw hats in winter".Wikipedia, Contrarian investing, viewed March 13, 2018. It is often considered a type of value investing. A contrarian believes that certain crowd behavior among investors can lead to exploitable mispricings in securities markets.
Being a contrarian can be rewarding, but it is often a risky strategy that may take a long period of time to pay off.
Famous contrarian investors include David Dreman and Sir John Templeton.
==See also==
* Beating the TSX
* Indexing
* Passive investing
==References==
==Further reading==
* David Dreman, Contrarian Investment Strategies - The Next Generation, Simon and Schuster, 1998. ISBN 978-0684813509
==External links==
* Tom Bradley, Three ways to be a great contrarian investor, The Globe and Mail, updated March 25, 2017
* Forbes, 5 Rules Of Contrarian Investing, April 28, 2014
Category:Glossary
Category:Investment styles
Category:Investment management
Credit score

A credit score comes from the information in your credit report. It shows how risky it would be for a lender to lend you money. Your credit score is a three-digit number, typically between 300 and 850. You can access your credit score online from Canada’s main credit bureaus. Other companies may also offer to provide your credit score for free. Some may ask you to sign up for a paid service to get your score.
==Credit bureaus in Canada==
There are two main credit bureaus in Canada, Equifax and TransUnion. These are private companies that collect, store and share information about how you use credit.
==How a credit score is calculated==
A credit score is based on credit history: number of open accounts, total levels of debt, repayment history, and other factors. Credit bureaus and lenders don’t share the actual formulas they use to calculate credit scores.
According to the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada (FCAC), factors that may affect your credit score include:
* how long you’ve had credit
* how long each credit has been in your report
* if you carry a balance on your credit cards
* if you regularly miss payments
* the amount of your outstanding debts
* being close to, at or above your credit limit
* the number of recent credit applications
* the type of credit you’re using
* if your debts have been sent to a collection agency
* any record of insolvency or bankruptcy
==How to improve your credit scores==
Some of the steps you can take that can help increase your credit score are:
* Review your credit reports to ensure there are no inaccuracies, unpaid balances or past-due accounts
* Paying debts on time is an important consideration in your credit score. Payment history is a significant factor so it is important to avoid late payments
* Keep credit utilization rate low. Your credit utilization ratio is the amount of overall credit you have compared to the balance that is reported to the credit bureau. 
* Limit new account applications. New credit account applications usually involve a hard inquiry on your credit report, which has the potential to negatively affect your credit score
* Keep old accounts open. A factor in credit scores is average age of accounts” so keeping the accounts open can help maintain the length of your credit history.
==See also==
* Credit card
* Managing debt
==References==
==Further reading==
* 
* 
==External links==
* 
* 
* 
Category:Financial management
Category:Debt management
Category:Personal finance
Category:Consumer credit
Debit card

A debit card (also known as a bank card or client card) is a payment card that provides the cardholder electronic access to his or her bank account(s) at a financial institution.Financial Consumer Agency of Canada, Using debit cards, updated May 8, 2020, viewed October 17, 2021. Some cards have a stored value with which a payment is made, while most relay a message to the cardholder's bank to withdraw funds from a payer's designated bank account. The card, where accepted, can be used instead of cash when making purchases. A debit card has an its associated personal identification number (PIN) for security of transactions. 
Unlike credit cards, payments using a debit card are immediately transferred from the cardholder's designated bank account, instead of them paying the money back at a later date.
Debit cards usually also allow for instant withdrawal of cash, acting as the ATM card for withdrawing cash. Merchants may also offer cashback facilities to customers, where a customer can withdraw cash along with their purchase. Debit cards are also used to facilitate telephone and online banking. 
Debit card fraud has become a major concern and utmost care should be taken in guarding your PIN and card.Financial Consumer Agency of Canada (FCAC), Debit card fraud, updated May 3, 2021, viewed October 17, 2021.
==See also==
*Savings account
*Chequing account
==References==
==External links==
*Financial Consumer Agency of Canada (FCAC), Canadian Code of Practice for Consumer Debit Card Services
===Financial Wisdom Forum discussions===
*Bank and Credit Card Fraud
*Credit vs. Debit
*VISA debit cards
Category:Personal finance
Category:Financial management
Deposit Brokers

A Deposit Broker is an independent financial professional who specializes in guaranteed investment products such as Guaranteed Investment Certificates and term deposits. These products may be taxable or held in registered accounts such as Tax-Free Savings Accounts (TFSAs), Registered Retirement Savings Plans (RRSPs), Registered Retirement Income Funds (RRIFs), Life Income Funds (LIFs), or Registered Education Savings Plans (RESPs).Registered Deposit Brokers Association, What is a Deposit Product?, viewed November 25, 2021.
Generally you pay no fees for their service, Deposit Brokers are paid a commission directly by the financial institution that issues the deposit.Registered Deposit Brokers Association, How Does a Deposit Broker Get Paid?, viewed November 25, 2021.
==Depositing funds==
Deposit Brokers may accept only cheques payable to the financial institution or to the client, stamped on the reverse and endorsed over to the financial institution for the purchase of fixed term deposits.
Deposit Brokers may use a trust account provided they have received authorization from the provincial securities commission or any other applicable regulatory body. In these cases cheques could be payable to the Deposit Broker in trust.
==Regulation==
The Registered Deposit Brokers Association (RDBA), founded in 1987, is the deposit industry's professional standards Self-Regulatory Organization (SRO). RDBA was formerly the Federation of Canadian Independent Deposit Brokers (FCIDB). The RDBA represents its members and is organized for the purpose of regulating the operations and business conduct of its members and their representatives, with a view to promoting investor protection and the public interest.
==Alternatives==
Deposit brokers give you access to GICs from smaller financial institutions, which may offer better rates than the big banks. However, many of these smaller financial institutions also sell GICs directly to the public and through discount brokers, so you can do your own shopping and purchase your GICs yourself. Current GIC rates are available from GIC rates comparison chart, along with GIC rates from a few deposit brokers. When comparing rates, make sure to take into account the minimum investment required, and what type of deposit insurance is offered (CDIC or a provincial program).
==See also==
*Mortgage broker
==References==
==Further reading==
* 
==External links==
* Ratehub.ca, How to Buy GICs: compares buying GICs from deposit brokers, discount brokers, and banks
Category:Cash management
Equities

In the context of investing, an equity is a stock or any other security representing an ownership interest.Investopedia, Equity definition, viewed June 18, 2012
== Classifications ==
Canadian investors generally classify equities by type and/or geographically, depending on the context of their use, typically for asset allocation reasons. The following classifications are not mutually exclusive. 
*Canadian equities
**Common shares
**Preferred shares
**Hybrid Securities
**Real estate investment trust
**Split share corporation
**Debenture
*US equities
*International equities
*Emerging markets
*Hedge funds
*Private equity
*Flow-through shares
*Warrants and Rights offerings
*Limited Partnerships
==How to invest==
There are a number of ways to invest in equities. Products such as exchange-traded funds and mutual funds can be used to invest in broad based coverage of these classifications. Another way to invest is to build a portfolio holding individual stocks purchased on a stock exchange, such as the Toronto Stock Exchange for Canadian equities.
==Security regulators==
Security regulation in Canada is under provincial and territorial jurisdiction.
==See also==
*Asset allocation
*Portfolio design and construction
==References==
==External links==
*Fund Category List, from the from Canadian Investment Funds Standards Committee. Defines the standard classifications of Canadian-domiciled mutual funds.
Category:Asset classes
Category:Investment management
Executor

An executor is someone who is responsible for executing, or following through on, an assigned task or duty. The feminine form, executrix, may sometimes be used. The executor is named in a will. In general, the executor gathers up the estate assets, pays the deceased’s debts, and divides what remains of the deceased’s estate among the beneficiaries. The beneficiaries, in turn, are the people named in the will to inherit the testator’s estate.CBA British Columbia - Your Duties As Executor. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
Executors also known as estate trustees in Ontario and liquidators in Quebec. The executor is a fiduciary and has legal obligations to the estate.Ontario Securities Commission, Choosing an executor 
If you are named a executor in someone's will, it does not mean that you have to do it: you can say no (e.g., you don't have the time, etc.). There might be an alternate executor named in the will. Or a corporate executor can be named.The Blunt Bean Counter (a blog), Is a Corporate Executor the Right Choice?, April 26, 2011, viewed July 12, 2020.
==Overview==
Typically, the executor is the person responsible for offering the will for probate, although it is not required that he fulfill this. The executor's duties also include disbursing property to the beneficiaries as designated in the will, obtaining information of potential heirs, collecting and arranging for payment of debts of the estate and approving or disapproving creditors' claims. 
An executor will make sure estate taxes are calculated, necessary forms are filed, and tax payments are made. They will also assist the attorney with the estate. 
Additionally, the executor acts as a legal conveyor who designates where the donations will be sent using the information left in bequests, whether they be sent to charity or other organizations. In most circumstances, the executor is the representative of the estate for all purposes, and has the ability to sue or be sued on behalf of the estate. The executor holds legal title to the estate property, but may not use the title or property for his/her own benefit, unless permitted by the terms of the will.
==See also==
*Estate planning
*Settling an estate
==References==
==Further reading==
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
==External links==
* Canada Revenue Agency, What to do when someone has died
* Certified General Accountants of Ontario, EXECUTORSHIP A Guide for Those Called Upon to Act as an Estate Trustee
* 
* 
* 
* Government of Ontario, What to Do When Someone Dies
* Ontario Securities Commission, Choosing an executor
* Ontario Securities Commission, Role of the executor
* Ontario Securities Commission, Paying your executor
Category:Estate planning
FWF contests

FWF contests are typically annual events that take place on the (FWF) where members take educated guesses, throw darts, consult their crystal ball or use their Ouija board to forecast how the current year will end. 
This article serves to both capture the results but also draw some conclusions on the futility of predicting the future. 
==Contests==
The Predictions contest continues to be run annually on FWF. There was a Hedge fund contest that was last run in 2017.
===Predictions contest overview===
At the start of the year contestants make guesses or forecasts for the values at year end for the following items: S&P 500 index; S&P/TSX Composite index; GOLD; OIL (crude oil price); and CAD (Canadian / US Dollar exchange rate). In 2018, there was a change and the S&P500 replaced the DOW.
===Hedge fund contest overview===
Members were asked to pick up to three stocks to go long and up to three to short. Equal dollar amounts are placed on each position, long or short. No trades during the year, except that you can elect at any time during normal exchange business hours to "freeze" a price for any individual position at that day's closing price, i.e. liquidate any position.
== Contest results==
===Active contests===
The 2025 Predictions contest was announced on December 24, 2024 with an entry deadline of Monday January 27 at 9:30 AM EST
The standings are updated at month's end. The most recent standings are:
===Previous year's contests===
The 2024 Predictions contest was announced on December 28, 2023 with an entry deadline of January 22 at 9:30 AM EST
The final 2024 standings are:
===Historical contests and results===
Year	Predictions contest	Hedge fund contest
2023	 	
2022	 	
2021	 	-
2020	 	-
2019	 	-
2018	 	Not contested
2017	 	
2016	and 	and final results
2015	and 	and final results
2014	and 	and final results
2013	and 	and final results
2012	and 	and final results
2011	and 	and final results
2010	and 	and final results
2009	and 	and final results
2008	and 	
2007	and 	
==Takeaways from the results ==
There has been no clear, repeat winner in either contest. The unpredictability demonstrates the variation of year-to-year investor returns and reinforces the advantages of holding a diversified portfolio, which contains several asset classes.
==See also==
*Periodic table of annual returns
*Canadian asset class returns
==References==
==External links==
*Bogleheads wiki, Bogleheads® contests
Category:Annual updates
Category:Portfolio design and construction
Category:Financial theory
Category:Annual updates
FWF contests/2023 predictions contest

The 2023 Predictions Contest entries, Retrieved 2023-02-02 are:
 Sortable table showing the 2023 entries 
Participant 	S&P 500	TSX 	GOLD 	OIL 	CAD
Atlas^3 	3579 	20246	1975 	$86.42 	$0.9750
bbsj 	4600 	25000	1950 	$80.00 	$0.7700
biker 	4450 	22575	1850 	$79.00 	$0.8000
formerpatriot 	4247 	21933	1930 	$82.00 	$0.7400
jubatus 	3650 	20500	1700 	$73.00 	$0.7500
kcowan 	4560 	21100	1970 	$84.00 	$0.7610
kukucanuck 	4350 	22600	2023 	$81.25 	$0.8000
kumquat 	4280 	22333	1861 	$91.40 	$0.7800
LadyGeek 	4147 	19999	1999 	$76.54 	$0.7890
milo 	4000 	20000	1900 	$79.00 	$0.7500
Mudcrab 	4700 	24000	2250 	$88.00 	$0.7700
nile 	4050 	21750	1985 	$75.00 	$0.7500
Nortel'd 	3762 	18997	1785 	$83.50 	$0.7554
northbynorthwest 	3880 	23480	2310 	$103.00	$0.8800
optionable68 	4224 	22517	2020 	$84.45 	$0.7600
par4 	4046 	20073	1925 	$75.40 	$0.7450
Peculiar_Investor	4236 	22122	1960 	$81.63 	$0.7605
poedin 	4415 	21323	1776 	$85.00 	$0.7500
scmuck 	4610 	23300	1990 	$84.00 	$0.7400
SoninlawofGus 	4588 	22310	2013 	$75.00 	$0.7700
vandefrosty 	4200 	22459	1618 	$83.14 	$0.7071
Averages 	4272 	21839	$1943	$82.50 	$0.7763
Medians 	4247 	22122	$1960	$82.00 	$0.7605
==Current standings==
The current standings are:
==See also==
*Periodic table of annual returns
*Canadian asset class returns
==References==
Fractional investing

Fractional investing involves fractional, or partial, shares which represent a piece, or fraction, of a company’s stock or Exchange-traded fund (ETF). If the stock pays dividends to shareholders, owners of fractional shares will receive dividend payments as well. Dividend payments are relative to the percentage of a share you own.
== External links ==
* Fractional Investing | Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization
* Fractional trading puts pricey stocks within reach of new and younger investors - MoneySense
* Fractional share ownership | GetSmarterAboutMoney.ca
Category:Glossary