nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Devil's claw

== Description ==
An uncommon annual plant (Proboscidea altheaefolia, Proboscidea parviflora) that is native to arid area in southwestern United States. Devil's claw was named for its large seed pods with hooked ends. The pods are edible before they ripen and become woody. The mature pods turn black or brown and split open releaseing the seeds. Fibers from these pods were used for weaving baskets.
Another plant, found in South Africa Harpagophytum procumbens is also called "devil's claw".
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Proboscidea altheaefolia; Proboscidea parviflora; black martynia; devil's horn; unicorn plant
== Additional Images ==
File:Devils claw plant Vorderbruggen.jpg|Devil's claw plant; image credit Burr Williams
File:Devils claw flower Vorderbruggen.jpg|Devil's claw flower; image credit Burr Williams
File:Devils claw flicker.jpg|Devil's claw seed; image credit Terri Cox
File:Proboscidea_parviflora_MHNT.BOT.2011.18.23.jpg|Proboscidea parviflora - Capsule and seeds - [MHNT]
== Resource and Citations ==
* Foraging Texas [website]
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscidea_(plant) (Accessed Oct 2020)
Category:Materials database
Devitrification

== Description ==
A microscopic change from an amorphous, anisotropic material to a crystalline, isotropic substance. The term 'devitrification' is usually applied to man-made glass or ceramic glazes but may also apply to natural glass minerals such as obsidian. Devitrification occurs when the normally amorphous form of glass may slowly or rapidly becomes crystalline resulting in lost transparency and cohesive structure. Rapid devitrification may occur when molten glass is cooled too slowly thus allowing components to separate and crystallize. Slow devitrification may occur in moist soils or similar environments where alkaline components leach out, thus allowing the remaining silica-rich material to crystallize. Devitrified glass or ceramic glazes have decreased transparency and may appear to have a whitish haze or an iridescent sheen.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
glass sugaring; desvitrificación (Esp.); dévitrification (Fr.); devetrificazione (It.); devitrificatie (Ned.); desvitrificação (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, E1142, 695-696, Jul-94
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Devitrified glass

== Description ==
Devitrification occurs when the normally amorphous form of glass may slowly or rapidly becomes crystalline resulting in lost transparency and cohesive structure. Rapid devitrification may occur when molten glass is cooled too slowly thus allowing components to separate and crystallize. Slow devitrification may occur in moist soils or similar environments where alkaline components leach out, thus allowing the remaining silica-rich material to crystallize. Devitrified glass or ceramic glazes may appear to have a whitish haze or an iridescent sheen.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sugar glass; gedevitrificeerd glas (Ned.); vidro desvitrificado (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, E1142, 695-696, Jul-94
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Dew point

== Description ==
The temperature at which air is saturated with water vapor and below which dew begins to form. The dew point depends on the amount of moisture in the air. The amount of water vapor that air can hold decreases with temperature.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
dew point temperature; Taupunkt (Deut.); température de rosée (Fr.); ponto de orvalho (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Conditioning, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, E41, 23-24, Sep-92
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Dextran

== Description ==
A polysaccharide that contains only macromolecules of glucose units. Dextran is naturally produced from sucrose by some bacteria and occurs as slimes in fermenting vegetables and dairy products. Dextran is used in confections, lacquers and was formerly used in blood plasma.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
macrose; dextrano (Esp.); destrano (It)
== Risks ==
* Combustible.
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in water producing a viscous solution.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 138
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
Category:Materials database
Dextrin

== Description ==
A water soluble polysaccharide produced by the hydrolysis of starch. Patented in 1867, dextrin is produced when starch is hydrolyzed with dilute acid and heat, then neutralized with alkali. Pure dextrin is a white, amorphous powder that has a sweetish taste. It is used as an adhesive for envelopes, gummed paper, postage stamps, and mounting photographs. Dextrin is also used for sizing paper and textiles, for printing inks, as a thickening agent, and as a paint binder in poster paints and cheap tempera colors. Dextrin is sensitive to moisture, weathers poorly, and is susceptible to biodegradation. Two forms of impure or partially hydrolyzed dextrin are also available: 
* British gum: a dark, brown powder that forms a tacky adhesive in warm water. 
* Canary (yellow) dextrin: a water-soluble yellow powder.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
dextrine (AAT preferred); starch gum; amylin; British gum; gommeline; vegetable gum; artificial gum; leiocom; sago dextrin; tapioca dextrin; canary dextrin; starch syrup; Dextrine (Deut.); dextrine (Fr.); dekstryna (Pol.)
==Risks==
*IntegraChem: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in hot water. Insoluble in ethanol, ether. 
* Fluoresces a blue-white in ultraviolet light. 
* Iodine gives a red to blue color.
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: iodine gives red to violet color
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 263
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextrin (Accessed Mar. 1, 2006)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Dextrose

== Description ==
The dextrorotatory form of glucose that is commonly called glucose. See glucose, and sugar.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
glucose; dextroglucose
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 368
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Dezincification

== Description ==
A form of corrosion that occurs at the surface of some brasses in which the proportion of zinc is depleted from the alloy either by vaporization during heating or by solubilizaton. The remaining surface is copper-rich, porous, and weak.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Entzinkung (Deut.); dezinkificatie (Ned.); deszincificação (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
Category:Materials database
Dhawa

== Description ==
A tree, Anogeissus latifolia, native to India. The dhawa tree produces a gummy exudation called ghatti gum that is very similar to gum arabic. The leaves of the dhawa tree yield 30-50% tannins that produce soft, light color leather with a firm texture.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
country sumac; Indian sumac; ghatti gum; Anogeissus latifolia
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Diabase

== Description ==
A dark-gray to black igneous rock composed of plagioclase, feldspar, augite, and pyroxene with small quantities of magnetite and apatite. Diabase is found in Canada and along the east coast of the United States from New England to Virginia. It is used as a building and monument stone as well as for paving and cement aggregate.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
dolerite; diabase (Port.); Diabas (Deut.); diabaas (Ned.)
== Risks ==
May contain free silica that can cause silicosis with inhalation.
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942 Comment: p. 273
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Diacetin

== Description ==
A hygroscopic liquid composed of a mixture of isomers of glycerol diacetate. Diacetin has been used as a plasticizer in glyptal resins and shellac.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|diacetin.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
glyceryl diacetate; glycerol diacetate; glycerine diacetate; 1,2,3-propanetriol diacetate
== Risks ==
* Combustible. 
* Hygroscopic. 
* Contact may cause irritation. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Miscible with water, benzene and ethanol.
Composition 	C7H12O5
CAS 	25395-31-7
Melting Point 	-30 C
Density 	1.184 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 176.17
Refractive Index	1.44
Boiling Point 	259 C
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 3005; bp = 259 C
* MSDS Sheet Comment: Fisher Scientific: bp = 280 C
Category:Materials database
Diacetone alcohol

== Description ==
A strong solvent with a minty odor that can soften dried linseed oil films (Mayer 1969). Diacetone alcohol is used as a solvent for cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, oils, resin, waxes, fats, tars, lacquers, dyes, and oil stains. It is also used for preserving wood, leather, and animal tissue and for cleaning metals and textiles. Toch (1931) mentions diacetone alcohol for coalescing crackle on old varnish films.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|diacetone alcohol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
diacetone; 4-hydroxy-4-methylpentanone-2; pyranton
== Risks ==
* Flammable, fire risk. 
* Overexposure may cause irritation of the respiratory system. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Miscible with alcohols, aromatics, halogenated hydrocarbons, esters and water.
Composition 	CH3COCH2C(CH3)2OH
CAS 	123-42-2
Melting Point 	-44 C
Density 	0.9306 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 116.16
Refractive Index	1.4232
Boiling Point 	167.9 C
== Resources and Citations ==
* M. Toch, Paint, Paintings and Restoration, D.Van Nostrand, New York, 1931.
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 9
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 3008
Category:Materials database
Diallyl phthalate

== Description ==
A colorless, oily liquid commonly used as a plasticizer in many types of polymers. Diallyl phthalate will self-polymerize unless it is inhibited. As a polymer, it is used for low-pressure laminated cloth and paper.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|diallyl phthalate.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
DAP; diallyl ester o-phthalic acid; di-2-propenyl ester-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion. 
* Irritating to eyes and skin
* Combustible. Flash point = 166 C 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in most organic solvents. Partially soluble in glycols, gasoline, mineral oil and glycerol. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	C14H14O4
CAS 	131-17-9
Melting Point 	-70 C
Density 	1.120 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 246.3
Refractive Index	1.517
Boiling Point 	158-165 C
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 31
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: ref. index=1.517
Category:Materials database
Diaminophenol hydrochloride

== Description ==
An aqueous solution of the white crystals is used primarily as a photographic developer. Diaminophenol hydrochloride, or amidol, is also used for fur and hair dyeing and chemical tests for formaldehyde and ammonia.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|diaminophenol hydrochloride.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
amidol; acrol
== Risks ==
* Skin contact causes severe irritation. 
* Inhalation may cause asthma. 
* Ingestion may cause gastritis, vertigo, convulsions, coma. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in water. Slightly soluble in ethanol.
Composition 	C6H8(NH2)2OH.2HCl
CAS 	137-09-7
Melting Point 	205 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt.=197.07
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 3026
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Diamond black

== Description ==
1) Another name for carbon black.
2) The first chrome black dye. Diamond black was discovered in 1901. It forms a deep, permanent black color on wool.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
diamante negro (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Diaper cloth

== Description ==
1) A soft, absorbent cotton or linen flannel cloth used for baby diapers. Diaper cloth may be may in any of several types of weave including plain, twill, knit, or bird's eye.
2) Originally a high quality fabric of linen or silk woven in a small diamond-shaped pattern. During the Middle Ages, it was made in Belgium (Tortora and Merkel, 1996). The term is now used generically for any fabric with a bird's eye weave.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
diapers; diaper linen; baby napkins (Br.); toile d'ypres
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Weaving Libary: Diaper
Category:Materials database
Diaphragm

== Description ==
In an optical system, a diaphragm is a fixed or variable size aperture used to restrict the amount of light passing through an opening. Diaphragms can minimize stray light that affects the quality of the image.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Scheidewand (Deut.); diaphragme (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology of Microscopy, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, E175, 75-78, May 1982
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Diarylide dye

== Description ==
A class of synthetic yellow, orange, and red organic colorants. Diarylide dyes are insoluble direct azo dyes that were first synthesized from benzidine in 1911. They were not widely used until the 1930s. Diarylide yellows have good tinting strength, opacity and solvent resistance. They have fair to good lightfastness and are primarily used in printing inks, plastic, rubbers, as well as architectural and artists paints. 
See also arylide.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
diarylide dyes; disazo dye; benzidine yellow; Pigment Yellow 12; Pigment Orange 13; Pigment Red 41; Pigment Yellow 83; benzidine orange
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|PY12 Diarylide yellow.TIF~FTIR PY12(MFA)|PY013 sun diarylide AAMX yellow rs 275-1149.TIF~FTIR PY13(MFA)|PY14 Diarylide yellow (magruder ya1161-lu).PNG~FTIR PY14(MFA)|PY17 Sunbright Yellow 17.PNG~FTIR PY17(MFA)|PY083 diarylide AADMC yellow 275-0570.TIF~FTIR PY83(MFA)|PY127 Diarylide Yellow.PNG~FTIR PY127(MFA)|PO034 sun diarylide tolyl orange 282-0034.TIF~FTIR PO34(MFA)]]]
== Comparisons ==
Pigment number	Manufacture	Pigment name 	Manufacture CI number	Comments
PY012 	unknown 	diarylide yellow 	unknown 	
PY013 	Sun 	diarylide AAMX yellow_rs 	275-1149 	
PY014 	Sun 	diarylide AAOT yellow 	274-1744 	FTIR spectra appear the same for all PY014
PY014 	Magruder 	diarylide yellow AAoT t-p lumps	ya1161-lu 	FTIR spectra appear the same for all PY014
PY014 	Magruder 	diarylide yellow AAoT s_o 	ya1283-dc 	FTIR spectra appear the same for all PY014
PY017 	Sun 	diarylide AAOA yellow 	275-0023 	
PY083 	Magruder 	diarylide yellow 	yr1300-dc 	FTIR spectra are the same for Sun and Magruder PY083
PY083 	Sun 	diarylide AADMC yellow 	275-0570 	FTIR spectra are the same for Sun and Magruder PY083
PY127 	unknown 	diarylide yellow 	unknown 	
PO034 	Sun 	diarylide tolyl orange 	282-0034 	
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Resistant to alkalis and heat.
== Risks ==
Highly toxic. Suspected carcinogen and teratogen. May cause bladder cancer. .
== Resources and Citations ==
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Monona Rossol, The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide, Allworth Press, New York, 1994
* Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
* B. Berrie, S.Q. Lomax, 'Azo Pigments: Their History, Synthesis, Properties and Use in Artists' Materials', Studies in the History of Art , National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, No. 57, 1997
Category:Materials database
Diaspore

== Description ==
A hydrated aluminum oxide mineral. Diaspore occurs naturally with bauxite, corundum, and emery. It is a white or pale colored mineral ranging from transparent to translucent. Diaspore has been found in Hungary, Greece, Asia Minor, the Ural Mountains and the United States (Massachusetts). It is used as an abrasive and a refractory clay.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aluminum hydroxide; diásporo (Esp.); Diaspor (Deut.); diaspoor (Ned.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|diasporeRS.jpg~Raman]]]
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Prismatic orthorhombic crystals. 
* Brittle with conchoidal fracture. 
* Luster = vitreous to pearly
Composition 	AlO(OH)
Mohs Hardness	6.5 - 7.0
Density 	3.3-3.5 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspore (Accessed Sept. 7, 2005)
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database