Turmeric

== Description ==
A natural yellow or brown dye obtained from the root the Curcuma domestica (or C. longa) plant native to India and southeast Asia where it was used as a flavoring and colorant (textiles and skin). It was also known in Mesopotamia and used by the ancient Greeks and Romans. When imported to Europe is 1612, turmeric became a popular yellow dye for silk scarves. In 17th and 18th c. Japan, turmeric was the most commonly used yellow colorant for woodblock prints.
When sold as a powder, turmeric was prepared by drying either the grated roots, or the hot water extract. The primary color component in turmeric is curcumin. It is a water-soluble dye that forms a bright yellow color on cotton without a mordant. Darker orange to brown shades are produced with alum, tin, chromium, and copper mordants. Iron mordants produce a dull green shade. The fugitive colorant was also used to make yellow pigments and to tint varnishes. Turmeric is currently used as a flavoring agent in curry powder and as a yellow colorant in mustard, cheese, paper, wood, and wax.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tumeric (sp, AAT); Curcuma domestica; Curcuma longa; Natural Yellow 3; CI 75300; curcumin; safran des Indes (Fr.); Gelbwurz (Deut.); terra merita (It.); cúrcuma (Esp.); curcuma (Ned., Port.); merita earth; camotilla; haide; halad; Indian saffron; safran d'Inde; souchet; ukon (Jap.); tumerick; turmerech; terre merite; yellow ginger; yellow root; yo-kin
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Turmeric, ground, McCormick.TIF~FTIR (MFA)|Turmeric EEM ref.jpg~EEM (MFA)]]]
== Risks ==
* The colorant is sensitive to light and will fade.
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Curcumin is soluble in water, ethanol and ether. 
* Turmeric is yellow in neutral and acidic solutions but will turn brownish-red in alkaline solutions. 
* Turmeric is fluorescent in UV light* 
* ISO R105 Lightfastness Classification = 1
* Composition = C21H20O6
* CAS = 458-37-7
* Melting Point = 183 C
* Molecular Weight = mol. wt. = 368.39
== Additional Images ==
File:turmeric_powder.jpg|Ground turmeric
File:turmeric.jpg|Turmeric
File:13 Turmeric root_detail.jpg|Ukon
== Resources and Citations ==
* Palmy Weigle, Ancient Dyes for Modern Weavers, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1974 Comment: Gives plant name as Curcuma longa
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982 Comment: Gives plant name as Curcuma longa
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
* R.Feller, M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Japanese Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', Japanese Woodblock Prints, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876 Comment: Gives plant name as Curcuma longa
* J. Thornton, 'The Use of Dyes and Colored Varnishes in Wood Polychromy', Painted Wood: History and Conservation, The Getty Conservation Insitute, Los Angeles, 1998 Comment: lists Curcuma domestica as currently accepted name; C.longa as former; also C.tinctoria, C.verdiflora as additional names
* Sigma Dyes, Stains and Natural Pigments, Infrared Library, Nicolet, 1991-1995 Comment: OMNIC: formula= C21H20O6, CAS= 458-37-7, plant name as C.longa
* Helmut Schweppe, Schweppe color collection index and information book
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 9955
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Colour Index International online at www.colour-index.org Comment: CAS= 458-37-7
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 360
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing) Comment: Gives plant name as Curcuma longa
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* "Violin Varnish Glossary" at www.violins.on.ca/luthier.vargloss.html - gives plant name as Curcuma longa
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Wikipedia: Turmeric
Category:Materials database