nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Fish glue

== Description ==
A proteinaceous, water soluble adhesive made from fish parts containing collagen, keratin, or elastin. The agglutinating agents are remove by extraction with hot water, then cooled and dried to produce gelatin or glue. Varied production techniques can produce poor-quality fish glues. The highest quality is made from the swim bladders of sturgeons. It is clear, bluish white and very flexible. Isinglass is a fine glue made from a specific type of sturgeon. it is generally sold in narrow soft translucent strips. In general, fish glues are lighter in color than hide glue and form a weaker adhesive bond. It dries to a hard, sandable surface and adheres well to glass, ceramics, metal, wood, cork, paper, and leather (Norland 1977). Fish glue is sold in liquid form and is used in painting, gilding, bookbinding, casemaking, gummed tapes, blueprint paper, and letterpress printing plates.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
colle de poisson (Fr.); cola de pescado (Esp.); colla di pesce (It) 
Examples include: isinglass; sturgeon glue; Sea Gel; StewMac
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in water (pH = 6.5-7.2). 
* Insoluble in organic solvents.
==Resources and Citations==
* R.Norland, "Fish Glue" in Handbook of Adhesives, I.Skeist (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1977, p.152-157.
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Fish oil

== Description ==
An oil obtained from a water or solvent extraction of fish or fish meal. The oil content of fish can vary from about 1 to 15 % with cold water fish usually having a higher oil content than warm water fish. Most fish oil is obtained from cod, halibut, shark, herring, sardine, and salmon. Fish oil is purified and deodorized prior to use as a food product, lubricant, candle, leather dressing, soap, and plasticizer. It is occasionally added to commercial paints to decrease costs. Fish oil flows poorly and can produce a stipple finish.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
huile de poisson (Fr.); aceite de pescado (Esp.); olio di pesce (It)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Fish Oil." Accessed 14 Apr. 2004.
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Guy Weismantel, Paint Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1981
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Fish skin

== Description ==
Fish skins and sharkskins provide a close texture, impervious surface that have been used as abrasives for polishing veneer (Kuhn 1986). In northern Pacific regions, fish skins were also used for clothing, footwear, and waterproof covers for windows, boats, and sleds (Kite 1999). 
See also salmon skin, and shagreen.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pele de peixe (Port.)
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* M.Kite, "The Conservation of a 19th Century Salmon Skin Coat" in ICOM Preprints, Lyon, 1999. p.691-696.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 332
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Fisher

== Description ==
A small, dark weasel-like animal (Marten pennanti) native to North America. Fishers, or fish martens, were named because of their tendency to steal fish bait from traps without being caught. The dark, shiny fur from fishers has been used for coats, trim, and brush fibers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fish marten; fisher cat; Pennant's marten; Pennant's cat; big marten; black fox; black cat; Pekan (species Martes pennanti)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Guard hair is coarse, dark brown, and shiny. Length is up to 2 inches.
==Resources and Citations==
* Zora Sweet Pinney, 'A Handle on the Terms used for Artists' Brushes', unpublished glossary, 1999
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: fisher" [Accessed October 16, 2003].
Category:Materials database
Fissility

== Description ==
Property of certain rocks to easily split into regular thin sheets. Fissility occurs because the platy phyllosilicate grains have been preferentially aligned to form a layered structure. Examples of rocks that exhibit fissility are shale, and slate.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fissilidade (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, Submitted information, 2009
* Wikipedia: Fissility (accessed March 2010)
Category:Materials database
Fitch Foundation

= James Marston Fitch Charitable Foundation =
"The James Marston Fitch Charitable Foundation, Inc., was established in 1988 to recognize the unique contribution of Dr. James Marston Fitch to the field of historic preservation in the United States. Its purpose is to advance the study and the practice of the preservation of the historic architectural heritage of the United States. The Foundation supports preservation through a research grant program as well as through such educational activities as publications, seminars, and lectures.... The Foundation will award a $25,000 research grant to mid-career professionals who have an advanced or professional degree and at least ten years experience in historic preservation or related fields, including architecture, landscape architecture, architectural conservation, urban design, environmental planning, archaeology, architectural history, and the decorative arts. Other, smaller grants, up to $10,000, are made at the discretion of the trustees. The grants are intended to support projects of innovative original research or creative design that advance the practice of historic preservation in the United States." (from website)
Web Address 	http://www.fitchfoundation.org/
Postal Address 	James Marston Fitch Charitable Foundation
c/o Neighborhood Preservation Center 
232 East 11th StreetNew York, New York 10003USA
Phone 	+1 212 252 6809
Fax 	+1 212 471 9987
Contact 	FitchFoundation@aol.com
Information Online	Grants / funding
Grant forms available online
Searchable 	No
Categories 	Grant / funding organization
Website Languages 	English
Category:Directory
Category:Directory: Grant / funding organization
Fitch hair

== Description ==
The tail hair from any of several small weasel-like animals of the family Mustelidae. White hairs are obtained from the tails of the Asiatic fitch (Mustela eversmanni) native to Asia and Continental Europe. Also known as a ferret, tan or black hairs are produced by the European fitch (Mustela putorius). Marten, or sable hairs are obtained from the Russian fitch (Martes zibellina). Fitch hairs are usually mixed with bristle or camel hair for flat-sided writing brushes. These hairs have also been used by fishermen for fly tying.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
European polecat; foul marten; ferret; iltis (Deut.); Asiatic fitch (white fitch -Mustela eversmanni); European fitch (black fitch, polecat, Polish fitch-Mustela putorius); Russian fitch (Martes zibellina: black sable, Russian sable, marten)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Length = 3-4 cm (1.5-1.7 inches)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Zora Sweet Pinney, 'A Handle on the Terms used for Artists' Brushes', unpublished glossary, 1999
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 124
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* F. Kidd, Brushmaking Materials, Bristish Brush Manufacturers, London, 1957
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: polecat" [Accessed October 16, 2003].
Category:Materials database
Fixative

== Description ==
A consolidant or varnish that physically binds a powdery material, such as charcoal or pastel, to the substrate. A common fixative for charcoal drawings has been a weak alcohol solution of shellac, mastic, or sandarac applied with a sprayer or atomizer. However, these resins tend to discolor with age, so current commercially available fixatives contain dilute solutions of synthetic resins such as acrylics, cellulose nitrate, and cellulose acetate. Aqueous solutions of starch, gum arabic, funori, and casein have also been used as fixatives. While fixatives may protect and hold the pigments in place, they can also cause numerous problems over time such as changing the refractive index and gloss, darkening, cracking, and becoming insoluble.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fixatives (pl.); fijativo (Esp.); fixatif (Fr.); fixativo (Port.) 
Examples include: Krylon® spray; Duro-Fix; Spray-Fix; Tuffilm; Paper-Cote; Fix-O-Spray; Plasti-Lac; Zapon-lack [Dulux]; Cellit
== Risks ==
Potential problems: wax (attracts dirt), natural resins (discolor), casein (insoluble), agar with polyvinyl alcohol (shrinks), Parylene (insoluble), cellulose derivatives (poor adhesion)
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Ellis, "The Shifting Function of Artists' Fixatives" JAIC, 35:239-54, 1996. Link
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Fixative'
* Marjorie Shelley, The Care and Handling of Art Objects, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* C.V.Horie, Materials for Conservation, Butterworth-Heineman, London, 1997
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Flagstone

== Description ==
An evenly layered sedimentary rock, such as shale, bluestone, slate, quartzite, or sandstone, that can be split into flat slabs. These flat slabs are often used for paving, walkways, and patios.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
dalle (Fr.); xisto (Port.); shale; bluestone; slate; sandstone
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.729
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Anne Grimmer, Glossary of Building Stone Terms, A Glossary of Historic Masonry Deterioration Problems and Preservation Treatments, National Park Service, Washington DC, 1984
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Flake white

== Description ==
A commercial name for artist quality lead white pigment. 
See also lead carbonate, basic
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bianca (It.); blanc d'argent (Fr.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Slide18 F524.PNG~XRF]]]
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Flaking

== Description ==
The separation of small, thin pieces of a coating from its substrate. Flaking is generally due a combination of adhesion loss and cracking.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
scaling
== Additional Images ==
File:Scaling_ICOMOS.jpg|Contour scaling on magmatic stonePhoto: J.P. Bozellec
File:Spalling_ICOMOS.jpg|Spalling on flat dimension stonesPhoto: J-D Mertz
File:Flaking_ICOMOS.jpg|Flaking due to salt crystallizationPhoto: V. Vergès-Belmin 
File:Contour.scaling_ICOMOS.jpg|Contour scaling on facePhoto: Atelier E. Pummer, Wachau & J. Nimmrichter
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
Category:Materials database
Flame detector

== Description ==
An automatic fire detection device that contains an optical sensor system. This line-of-sight system detects the presence of any infrared emitting source, such as flames or embers. A flame detector is the least commonly used of three types of fire detection devices; the other types are smoke detectors and heat detectors.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Flammendetektor (Deut.); détecteur de flamme (Fr.); detector de chama (Port.);
Category:Materials database
Flame emission spectrophotometry

== Description ==
An early 20th century analytical method used to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the elemental content of materials. Flame emission (FE) spectrophotometry separates and detects the emission bands produced when an element is vaporized. Using the same principal as the flame test, a material is heated to incandescence using a controlled flame source, then its emission colors are analyzed. A prism or monochromator is used to separate the wavelengths, then a photodetector is used to measure the intensity of the radiation at each point. An electrical system records the results. While these instruments were once common, elemental analysis is more often done now using atomic absorption (AA) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrophotometers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
FE spectrophotometer; spectrométrie d'émission de flamme (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
Category:Materials database
Flame retardant

== Description ==
A material or additive that does not support combustion. Flame retardants are often added to susceptible materials, such as textiles, plastics, paints, or wood to slow or inhibit the spread of fire. Types of fire retardant chemicals (FRC) are usually classified in four categories:
* Minerals: clays, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum trioxide, magnesium hydroxide, red phosphorous, and boron compounds (borax, boric acid, sodium borate).
* Organohalogens: organochlorines, chlorinated paraffins, brominated polymers, etc. Most halogenated flame retardants (HFT) are used in conjunction with forms of antimony, such as antimony trioxide. 
* Organphosphorous compounds: organophosphate (e.g., triphenyl phosphate), phosphonate and phosphinates. They can also be combined with halogens (e.g., tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate. 
* Other Organics: carboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid, and some sulfates.
Note: Halogenated Flame Retardants (both option 2 and 3 above) are on the ILFI Red list of building materials.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fire retardant; retardateur de feu (Fr.); retardador de fogo (Port.); retardador de incêndio (Port.); intumescent coating; FRC; fire-retardant paint
==Personal Risks==
* Chlorinated flame retardants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are toxic and were banned in the US in 1977 
* Phosphorous flame retardants may be related to allergies, asthma and dermatitis
* Brominated flame retardants may be related to implications in maternal health and fetal development
* Most companies have been phasing out chlorinated and brominated flame retardants
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Flame retardant (Accessed June 2023)
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Flame test

== Description ==
A simple, visual qualitative test for some inorganic elements that is sometimes hard to interpret. When vaporized, every element has a characteristic set of emission bands which produce colors in the visible range. Flame tests have been used for over 200 years to distinguish the metallic cations in salts, minerals, and metals. For the test, a particle, the size of a pin head or larger, is heated in a flame to incandescence and observed to determine its emission color. The following list provides some visible range emission flame colors with corresponding elements: 
* Violet: potassium, rubidium, cesium
* Pale blue: lead, arsenic, selenium
* Blue-green: copper salts with halides
* Green-blue: phosphates with sulfuric acid
* Emerald green: copper salts except halides
* Weak green: antimony, ammonium
* White-green: zinc
* Yellow-green: barium
* Carmine: lithium
* Scarlet: strontium 
* Yellow-red: calcium
* Yellow: sodium
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Brennprobe (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980
Category:Materials database
Flame treatment

== Description ==
A passificaton method used to produce an inert surface on a metal or thermoplastic material. Flame treating uses an open flame to form a thin oxide film of the surface. For a metal, the treatment can make it less susceptible to corrosion. Flame treatment of thermoplastics can make them more receptive to inks, lacquers, paints and adhesives.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
corona treatment; tratamento de passivação na chama (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Flamingo

== Description ==
A tall, bright pink-color wading bird of the family Phoenicopteridae. The American flamingo (Phoenicopetrus ruber) is native to the Atlantic and Gulf coast regions while the greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus) is native to Africa, southern Europe, and southern Asia. Their flamboyant feathers are often used for decoration. The pink coloring is caused by carotene naturally obtained from a diet rich in shrimp and blue-green algae.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
American flamingo (Phoenicopetrus ruber); greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus)
==Images==
File:flamingowp2.jpg|thumb|Flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber
File:Flamingo.HI.Zoo.jpg|thumb|Flamingo
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "flamingo." Accessed 2 Jan. 2005 .
Category:Materials database
Flammable

== Description ==
Any material, solid, liquid or gaseous, that can be ignited easily and will burn rapidly under normal environmental conditions. Combustion usually requires a heat source and oxygen, but some materials may ignite spontaneously at room temperature. Historically, flammable and inflammable have always meant the same thing. Currently, the trend is to only use 'flammable' since it is grammatically correct and less likely to be misconstrued. Nonflammable is the opposite of flammable.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
inflammable material; flammability; inflammability
Category:Materials database
Flannel

== Description ==
A soft, slightly napped fabric made of wool or cotton. A medium weight twill weave flannel may be made into shirts, jackets, or trousers, while a lighter weight, often plain weave flannel, is used for children's sleepwear, sheets and undergarments. Flannel may be napped on one or both sides, while a similar fabric, flannelette is only napped on one side.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
flannelette; Flanell (Deut., Sven.); flanela; (Pol.); franela (Esp.); (flanellen) doekje; flanel, katoenflanel; flanellen kleding (Ned);
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
If fibers are too short, cotton flannel may shed or pill.
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Website: www.fabrics.net (Accessed Sept. 1, 2001)
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannel (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Flash bulb

== Description ==
A glass bulb, that produces a single, momentary, high-intensity light flash for taking photographs. Invented in 1930, the flash bulb replaced the use of photographic flash powder. The glass bulb is filled with small pieces of a metal like aluminum, magnesium or zirconium in an oxygen atmosphere. The metal is instantaneously ignited by electricity producing fast but brilliant illumination.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
photoflash; flashbulb
==Resources and Citations==
* T.Brill, Light: Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities. Plenum Press, New York, 1980.
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Website: www.gelighting.com/na/institute/ul_last100.html
Category:Materials database
Flash glass

== Description ==
A sheet of clear glass dipped in molten colored glass to produce a thin, colored coating on one side. Flash glass was prepared in the 13th century using with very thin films of densely colored ruby glass. Other colors of flash glass were prepared with vitreous coatings of metallic oxides. The degree of transparency depended on the thickness of the coating layer. Additional colors were obtained by grinding away portions of the flashed layer and by staining the abraded areas with silver salts. Examples of early flash glass are found in the church at Mussy-sur-Seine in France.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
flashed glass; vidro de dupla camada (Port.); laminated glass; case glass; covered glass; coated glass; doubled glass; stained glass; ruby glass
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "stained glass" [Accessed May 5, 2004].
Category:Materials database