nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Radiograph

== Description ==
A photographic image produced from film exposed to x-rays, gamma rays, or nuclear radiation. When photographic film is placed behind an object that is irradiated with a high energy source, any radiation passing through the object will expose the film. Thus a radiograph that shows the radiopacity of the object. Dense regions such as bones, lead white pigments or metal pins will block the radiation, while less dense regions such as muscle, chalk or a ceramic will pass the rays. Radiographs are used to examine the interior construction of objects and paintings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Röntgenaufnahme (Deut.); radiogramme, cliché radiographique (Fr.); shadowgraph; skiagram; skiagraph; x-radiograph
Category:Materials database
Radiographic flat panel detector

== Description ==
These detectors permit to realize digital radiography of objects. Radiographic Flat Panel Detectors are classified in two main categories:
1 - Indirect FPDs
The most common structure of such detectors combines an amorphous silicon (a-Si) photodiodes layer coupled with a scintillator in the detector’s upper face, which is made from gadolinium oxysulfide (Gd2O2S) for low energy X-rays or caesium iodide (CsI) for high energy X-rays, gamma rays or accelerator radiation. Such scintillators convert ionising radiation to light. The emitted light is channeled through the a-Si photodiode layer where it is converted to a digital output signal. The digital signal is then read out by thin film transistors (TFT) or fiber-coupled CCDs. The image data file is sent to a computer for display & eventually image processing.
2 - Direct FPDs
Amorphous selenium (a-Se) FPDs are known as “direct” detectors because X-rays are converted directly into charge. The outer layer of the flat panel in this design is typically a high-voltage bias electrode. X-rays create electron-hole pairs in a-Se, and the transit of these electrons and holes depends on the potential of the bias voltage charge. As the holes are replaced with electrons, the resultant charge pattern in the selenium layer is read out by a TFT array, active matrix array, electrometer probes or microplasma line addressing. The, the image data file is sent to a computer for display & eventually image processing.
The use of these detectors is presently increasing in the cultural heritage field.
== Synonyms and related terms ==
Flat Panel Detectors; FPD; Digital Detector Arrays; DDA: Solid state radiographic detectors; detecteurs radiographiques digitaux (Fr.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* R.H.Bossi, F. Iddings, G.C. Wheeler, P.O. Moore, Nondestructive testing handbook, vol 4, Radiographic testing, 3rd edition, Columbus OH, ASNT, (2002)
Category:Materials database
Radiographic imaging plate

== Description ==
The "radiographic imaging plate" (IP) or “photo-stimulable phosphor” is a film-like radiographic detector comprised of specifically designed phosphors that trap and store the radiation energy. The stored energy is stable until scanned with a laser beam, which releases the energy as luminescence ("photostimulated luminescence" (PSL) phenomenon). This phosphor technology, launched in its first application to the medical X-ray diagnostic field, begins to be used for radiography of cultural heritage artefacts. In practical, the Imaging Plate is a flexible image sensor in which bunches of very small crystals (grain size: about 5 µm) of photo-stimulable phosphor like barium fluorobromide BaFBr (Eu2+), are uniformly coated on a polyester support film. Exposure of samples with the Imaging Plate is performed in a manner similar to that of radiographic film. The imaging plate is housed in a special cassette and placed under the object to be examined and the X-ray exposure is made. Hence, instead of taking an exposed film into a darkroom for developing in chemical tanks or an automatic film processor, the imaging plate is run through a scanner equipped with a focused laser beam. The PSL released upon the laser is collected by a photomultiplier tube (PMT) through a light collection guide and is converted to electric signals, subsequently converted to digital signals of 8 to 16 bits, depending on the intended purpose. The digital image can then be viewed and/or enhanced using software such as contrast enhancement, brightness adjustment, filtration, zoom.
Imaging plates can theoretically be re-used thousands of times if they are handled carefully. An image can be erased by simply exposing the plate to a room-level fluorescent light. Most laser scanners automatically erase the image plate after laser scanning is complete. The imaging plate can then be re-used.
== Synonyms and related terms ==
imaging plate; IP; photo-stimulable phosphor; écran photo-stimulable (Fr.); détecteur photo-stimulable (Fr.) 
== Resources and Citations ==
* R.H.Bossi, F. Iddings, G.C. Wheeler, P.O. Moore, Nondestructive testing handbook, vol 4, Radiographic testing, 3rd edition, Columbus OH, ASNT, (2002)
Category:Materials database
Radiometer

== Description ==
Any of several instruments used to measure the intensity of radiant energy. A crooks radiometer consists of a partially evacuated glass bulb that contains a small rotating vanes on an axis. One side of each vane is a black, strongly absorbing surface while the other side is a metallic reflective surface. Placing the instrument in a beam of infrared radiation (solar light) results in a differential heating pattern which causes the vane to rotate about the axis. The speed of rotation is proportional the the intensity of radiation.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Radiometer, Strahlungsmessgerät (Deut.); radiomètre (Fr.);
Category:Materials database
Radioscopy

== Description ==
A radiographic technique, in which the X-ray detector, different from a radiographic film, like a fluorescent screen sensitive to X-rays, coupled with an image intensifier and a video monitor, permits to get real time radiographic images. It can be used to make multi angle radiographs of 3D objects, in order to understand internal structures (statues, mummies, musical instruments, archaeological objects...). It could also be used for studying real time casting process dynamic, through the sides of the mould.
As with conventional radiography, radioscopy is broadly applicable to any material or object through which a beam of penetrating radiation may be passed and detected including metals, stone, ceramics, wood… In addition to the benefits normally associated with radiography, radioscopic examination may be either a dynamic, filmless technique allowing the examination part to be manipulated and imaging parameters optimized while the object is undergoing examination, or a static, filmless technique wherein the examination part is stationary with respect to the X-ray beam. Different types of detection device are now available, like systems with digital detector arrays, or analogical component such as an electro-optic device or an analogical camera. Recent technology advances in the areas of camera techniques, and digital image processing provide acceptable sensitivity for a wide range of applications.
== Synonyms and related terms ==
Radioskopie (Deut.); radioscopie (Fr.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* ASNT Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Third Edition: Volume 4, Radiographic Testing 
* ASTM E1255 - 09 Standard Practice for Radioscopy: http://www.astm.org/Standards/E1255.htm
Radish oil

== Description ==
A nondrying oil expressed from the tiny seeds of the radish plant (Raphanus sativus) that grows wild in Asia and Europe. Radish seeds are low in oil. The oil contains erucic acid (35%), oleic acid (22%), linoleic acid (11%), arachidic acid (10%), linolenic acid (9%), palmitic acid (6%), and stearic acid (2%) (Serpico and White 2000). It was used for cooking and annointing.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Raphanus sativus; aceite de rábano (Esp.); olio di rafano (It)
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Serpico, R.White, "Oil, fat and wax" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 390-429.
Category:Materials database
Radium

== Description ==
A naturally occurring radioactive element. Radium occurs in uranium ores, such as pitchblende, at concentrations of approximately 10-7 ppm. Radium was discovered in 1898 by the Curies. It is a disintegration product of uranium. Radium is a bright white metal. It undergoes spontaneous disintegration to form radon gas and alpha rays. Radium was formerly used to make luminous paints used in clock dials, doorknobs, and other glow-in-the-dark items prior to the 1970s.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Ra
== Risks ==
* Highly toxic radioactive element. 
* Destroys living tissue.
* NIST: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in water with the evolution of hydrogen. Radium salts burn with a carmine red flame color. Half life = 1622 years.
Composition 	Ra (atomic no. 88)
CAS 	7440-14-4
Melting Point 	700 C
Density 	5.0-5.5 g/ml
Molecular Weight	atomic wt = 226.026
Boiling Point 	1140 C
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 649
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8277
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Radon

== Description ==
A gaseous radioactive element that was discovered by Owens and Rutherford in 1900. Radon is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, inert gas. It is formed in the decay chain of uranium and is constantly being produced in the rock and soil and migrating to the surface. In some areas, radon enters buildings, usually through the basement walls, and can result in low level exposure.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Rn; Thoron; radium emanation; emanation (Em); niton (Nt); actinon (An)
== Risks ==
* Radon emits alpha radiation which is carcinogenic.
* NIST: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in water and organic solvents. 
* Half-life = 3.825 days.
Composition 	Rn (atomic no. 86)
CAS 	10043-92-2
Melting Point 	-71 C
Molecular Weight	atomic wt = 222
Boiling Point 	-61.8 C
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 650
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8278
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Raffia

== Description ==
A strong, flexible fiber obtained from the leaves of the raffia palm, Raphia ruffia, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar. Raffia fibers are used in their natural state by splitting apart thick sections and knotting the ends together. The fibers are a pale cream color and are often dyed to bright colors. Raffia is woven into baskets, hats, bags, and mats. It is also used to make a fine grade of paper similar to Japanese papers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
raphia; ráfia (Port.); rafia (Esp.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Fiber length 1.2 - 1.5 m (4-5 feet)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I Natural Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England, 1984
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Rag

== Description ==
A scrap or small piece of cloth. In Western papermaking, rag refers to cloth scraps used for paper pulp. Historically, the preferred rags for papermaking were linen and cotton, but other textile scraps such as wool and rope made from jute or hemp were also used. Recycled cloth scraps obtained from clothing and household furnishings are called old rag. New rag refers to excess cuttings from the textile industry. Rag produces long cellulose fibers that make a strong durable paper. High proportions of rag were used for artists' papers as well as ledger, blueprint, map, and currency papers. Currently many rag papers actually contain cotton linters instead of rag.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
rag pulp
==Additional Images==
Cotton rag 40x endslabel.jpg|Cotton rag paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
Hemp 40x2.jpg|Hemp paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Flax 40x nodes bastshive.jpg|Flax paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
==Resources and Citations==
* D. Hunter, Papermaking – The history and technique of an ancient craft, Dover Publications, New York (1978)
Category:Materials database
Rag board

== Description ==
A cotton-based mat board, that is placed under or over a drawing, painting, or photograph to serve as a frame or provide a border between the picture and the frame. Rag boards are available in a variety of colors and surface finishes.  Most rag mat boards are made with a cotton core and backing with acid-neutralized facing. An archival quality board made of 100% cotton is generally specified as 'museum rag'.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ragmat; rag matboard
Category:Materials database
Rag felt

== Description ==
A thick waterproof paper mat made from felted rags coated with asphalt.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Rag paper

== Description ==
High quality, durable paper containing at least 25 % rag content. Rag paper was the only type of paper produced in Europe prior to the 19th century. It was made from textile scraps, old fabric, rope, and nets. Currently, only a small amount of rag paper is made and it may contain up to 35% cotton linters. Rag paper is used for artists' papers, currency, ledgers, maps, blueprints, and writing paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lompenpapier (Ned.); papier de chiffon (Fr.); papier chiffons (Fr.); Hadernpapier (Deut.); Lumpenpapier (Deut.); carta di stracci (It.); papel de tela (Esp.); lumppapper (Sven.)
==Additional Images==
Cotton rag 40x endslabel.jpg|Cotton rag paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Flax 40x nodes bastshive.jpg|Flax paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/r/htm
* Multilingual Glossary for Art Librarians at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/pub/mgl.htm
Category:Materials database
Raid

== Description ==
[SC Johnson] A registered trademark for a series of insecticides sold primarily for home use. Raid products are available for killing ants, roaches, fleas, flys, wasps, bees and spiders. 
Formerly contained propoxur, pyrethrin, and chlorpyrifos. 
== Risks ==
* Flammable
* Toxic to aquatic species
* SCJohnson: List of all Raid MSDS sheets
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Contains:
* Isobutane 75-28-5 5.00 - 10.00
* Propane 74-98-6 1.00 - 5.00
* Isopropanol 67-63-0 1.00 - 5.00
* Cypermethrin 52315-07-8 0.10 - 1.00
* Imiprothrin 72963-72-5 0.0001 - 0.10
Category:Materials database
Rain

== Description ==
Liquid water that falls from the atmosphere to the earth. Temperatures below 0C cause the rain to become sleet or snow. When the liquid drops are suspended in the atmosphere as clouds, they may absorb components from the air such as carbon dioxide or pollutants. Carbon dioxide will form carbonic acid and decrease the pH of rain as low as 5.6. Acid rain occurs when pH levels are below this point due to the presence of other types of pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
precipitation; chuva (Port.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Diameter of drops = greater than 0.5 mm (0.02 inch) but smaller than 4 mm
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "rain." Accessed 2 June 2005 .
Category:Materials database
Rain Drop stone

== Description ==
A brand name for some brownstones that have a characteristic dark circles due to partial separation of the iron oxides (Lent 1925). Rain Drop stone was popular for building construction in the late 19th century. One variety is quarried in Wisconsin.
==Resources and Citations==
* F.Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries, Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925.
Category:Materials database
Rainbow granite

== Description ==
A granite with numerous mottled colors in a wavy pattern than can resemble a rainbow. Rainbow granite quarried in Morton, Minnesota, has a dark black or green background with pink, yellow and red crystals producing a variegated pattern (Brady 1971). Another type, called African Rainbow Granite, is quarried in Nambia and has a white to ivory background with multiple color pink and blue veins.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, 10th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971.
* Martus Stone at https://www.martusstone.com/product/rainbow-granite/
* MSI Surfaces at https://www.msisurfaces.com/granite/african-rainbow/
Category:Materials database
Raking light

== Description ==
An topographic examination technique that uses visible light directed at a low angle to the surface of an object, paper, or painting. Raking light emphasizes the conformation of a surface by creating contrast between high and low relief areas. Cracks, blisters, pits, tears, scratches, cockles and other types of damages or distortions are revealed. Multiple raking light images are usually obtained during an examination with each using light angled from a different direction.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
schiefes Licht (Deut.); schräge Beleuchtung (Deut.); lumière rasante (Fr.); luz rasante (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Nathan Stolow, 'Examination modes of lighting'
* AMOL reCollections Glossary -http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/r/htm
* David Bomford, Jo Kirby, John Leighton, Ashok Roy, Art in the Making: Impressionism, National Gallery, London, 1990
* Janet Burnett Grossman, Looking at Greek and Roman Sculpture in Stone, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2003
Category:Materials database
Rakkasei (Peanut shell) - left (222 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_07-23-2009_222.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 222
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 3rd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (222 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| light brown
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| 落花生 : Rakkasei
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Peanut
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Arachis hypogaea L.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| peanut shell /dried (?)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| lime water
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| Use of the nuts for dyeing was noted in the Senryo Shokubutsu-fu () published in 1972, Japan, but not that of the shells.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Rakkasei (Peanut shell) - right (222 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_07-23-2009_222.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 222
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 3rd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (222 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| dark brown
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| 落花生 : Rakkasei
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Peanut
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Arachis hypogaea L.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| peanut shell /dried (?)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| Use of the nuts for dyeing was noted in the Senryo Shokubutsu-fu () published in 1972, Japan, but not that of the shells.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Raman spectroscopy

== Description ==
An analytical technique used to identify some materials. Raman spectroscopy was discovered in 1928 by an Indian physicist, Sir C.V. Raman, whose work in the field of light scattering earned him the 1930 Nobel Prize for Physics. It measures the shift in wavelength that occurs when a material scatters monochromatic light. Raman spectroscopy provides information of the internal vibrational motion of a molecule.
In the cultural heritage area, Raman spectroscopy is used to study and characterise materials like: amber, dyes, glass, glazed ceramics, ivory, pigments, polymers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
spectroscopie Raman (Fr.); Ramanspektroskopie (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* H.G.M. Edwards & J.M. Chalmers, Raman Spectroscopy in archaeology and art history, Springer (2006) 
* RAA 2013 - 5th International congress on the application of Raman spectroscopy in Art & Archaeology - LJUBLJANA (2013) : http://raa13.zvkds.si
* C2RMF : http://www.c2rmf.fr/pages/page_id18370_u1l2.htm
Category:Materials database