nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Balsa

== Description ==
A very lightweight wood obtained from several trees of the Bombacaceae family, genus Ochroma, such as O. pyramidale and O. lagopus. Balsa trees are native to the Caribbean region, Central and South America. It is the lightest and softest wood used commercially. The white to tan-color, soft wood has a straight grain, coarse texture and is relatively strong. Balsa wood is easily carved and often used for model airplanes and toys. Balsa is also used as a substitute for cork in insulation, flats, life preservers, and buoys. 
See also balsa fiber.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Ochroma pyramidale; Ochroma lagopus; balsatræ (Dan.); Balsabaum (Deut.); balsa (Fr., Sven., Esp., Port.); corkwood
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Specific gravity = 0.12-0.2 (oven dry)
* Density = 7-12 ppcf
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 82
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsa (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Gordon Hanlon, contributed information, 1998
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=7-9 ppcf (0.11-0.14 g/cm3)
Category:Materials database
Balsa fiber

== Description ==
A dark brown granulated fiber obtained from the balsa tree, Ochroma pyramidale, native to the Caribbean region, Central and South America. Balsa fibers have lengthwise striations. They are used for as padding for mattresses, cushions, and upholstery. Sometimes kapok is called balsa fiber.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Ochroma pyramidale; balsa fibre (Br.); fibra de balsa (Esp.).)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 430
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I Natural Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England, 1984
Category:Materials database
Balsam

== Description ==
An oleoresinous exudate from Coniferae trees, especially of the Pinus family. Balsams have been used since antiquity for medicinal purposes and as sealers. The exudate is a soft, semi-liquid consisting of terpenes of resinous character and a large amount of essential oils. Upon distillation, a liquid portion, called turpentine, and a solid residue, called rosin, are produced. Balsams have been used in varnishes and paint mediums; however, they deteriorate easily unless a harder resin is mixed with them. The U.S., France and Spain are the largest producers of balsams. Examples of balsam resins include Venice turpentine, Strasbourg turpentine, Canada balsam, and copaiba balsam.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
turpentine; colophony; rosin; Greek pitch; Venice turpentine; gum thus; Canada balsam; Copaiba balsam; pine resin; gemme; larch balsam; Strasbourg turpentine; tolu balsam; burgundy pitch; oleoresin; baume (Fr.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Pine resin, Gettens wall cabinets (HUAM).TIF~FTIR(MFA)]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Insoluble in water
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 298
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entries 973-977
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Balsam Wool

== Description ==
[Wood Conversion Co.] A trademark for an insulation made from shredded wood. First made in the 1920's by Forest Weyehaeuser, balsam wool insulation contained wood fibers treated with borax (fire-retardant) and asphaltum (for loft) then sealed in kraft paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Forest Weyerhaeuser Balsam Wool Sealed Insulation
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 389
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Phil Hardwicke on Bob Vila website at http://www.bobvila.com/wwwboard/messages/127078.html
Category:Materials database
Balsam fir

== Description ==
An evergreen coniferous tree, Abies balsamea, native to the northeastern United States and Canada. The fragrant, light yellowish brown balsam fir timber has a coarse but even grain. The wood is brittle and not very durable. It is used for packing boxes and paper pulp. Balsam fir produce a viscous oleoresin called Canada balsam.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Abies balsamea; bálsamo de abeto (Esp.); fir balsam; pine fir; balm of Gilead fir "
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Paper fiber type: Softwood. Using transmitted light microscopy, fibers are identified by large taxodiod ray parenchyma pits. Pits are frequently 2-3 across in horizontal rows. Appearance with Graff "C" stain: varies with pulping and bleaching. Average dimensions of fibers: length 3.5mm; width 30-40μm. Common pulping method: sulfite or kraft.
== Additional Images ==
File:30_Balsam Fir_100x_Tan.jpg|Balsam fir (Abies balsamea)
File:30_Balsam_fir_100x_Tran.jpg|Balsam fir (Abies balsamea)
File:Baldcypress 40x 5.jpg|Balsam fir paper pulp
File:Balsam fir 10x.jpg|Balsam fir paper pulp
== Resources and Citations ==
* Alden Identification Services, Microscopic Wood Identification: Link
* H. A. Alden, A.C. Wiedenhoeft, "Qualified Determination of Provenance of Wood of the Firs (Abies spp. Mill) Using Microscopic Features of Rays: An Aid to Conservators, Curators and Art Historians" AIC Poster, reprinted online at http://www.si.edu/scmre/abies.html
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 83
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Kurt Wehlte, The Materials and Techniques of Painting, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975
* Marja-Sisko Ilvessalo-Pfäffli. Fiber Atlas: Identification of Papermaking Fibers (Springer Series in Wood Science). Springer, 1995. 
* Walter Rantanen. "Fiber ID Course." Integrated Paper Services. June 2013. Lecture.
Category:Materials database
Balsam poplar

== Description ==
A fragrant deciduous poplar tree, Populus balsamifer or Populus tac a ma haca, which grows in swampy soils in northern U.S. and Canada. The balsam poplar has soft, straight-grain wood that is weak. It is mainly used for crates, excelsior, and pulpwood. Occasionally it is used for painted millwork.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Populus balsamifer; Populus tac a ma hac; Ontario poplar; tacamahac; hackmatack
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 250
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "poplar" E[Accessed November 7, 2001].
* Gordon Hanlon, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Baltic oil

== Description ==
A high-quality, fast drying linseed oil. Baltic oil naturally has a high number (190-200) because of the warm growing conditions in the region. Baltic oil was used as a standard to measure the drying power of other oils (Brady 1971).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aceite del báltico (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 457
Category:Materials database
Bamboo wood borer

== Description ==
A wood-boring beetle, Dinoderus minutus (family Bostrichidae) that primarily attacks bamboo. It was originally from Asia, and is now found world-wide.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Dinoderus minutus; bamboo powderpost borer; bamboo powderpost beetle;
==Resources and Citations==
* Website: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-566X2002000200011
Category:Materials database
Banana - center (125 C)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_06-04-2009_125.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 125
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| center (125 C)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| light ochre
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| バナナ : Banana
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Banana
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Musa paradisiaca L. (M. sapientum L.)
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| peel
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| It was difficult to achieve a deeper color.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Banana fiber

== Description ==
Any of several type of fibers obtained from the leaves of banana plants from the family Musaceae. Banana plants, such as the Musa sapientum, are grown in most tropical areas, such as the Philippines, Central and South America, the Caribbean and Africa, for its fruit. Additionally, the leaves of the plant are used for making cordage, mats, paper, and paint brushes. The most important type of hemp-like banana fiber is abaca.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
banana fibre (Br.); fibra de plátano (Esp.); vezel van de bananenboom (Ned); abaca; cloth from banana fibers = banana-fiber cloth; banana cloth; basho-fu;
== Resources and Citations ==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Banana." (Accessed 25 Apr. 2004).
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Zora Sweet Pinney, 'A Handle on the Terms used for Artists' Brushes', unpublished glossary, 1999
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Meredith Montague, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Banana oil

== Description ==
A common name for amyl acetate because it smells and tastes like bananas.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
amyl acetate
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 69
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Britannica-Online Comment: "Banana." Accessed 25 Apr. 2004.
Category:Materials database
Banana paper

== Description ==
A handmade, decorative paper produced from the pulp of banana stalks (family Musaceae). Banana paper has a warm sandy color, fibrous texture and a delicate woody aroma. It has no fillers and is acid-free. A thin, translucent tissue paper made also from banana pulp is called banana skin. Banana paper is used for drawing, collage, printmaking, stationery, and decoration.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
banana skin
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Britannica-Online Comment: "Banana." EAccessed 25 Apr. 2004.
Category:Materials database
Banana starch

== Description ==
A high quality starch obtained from plaintain banana (Musa x paradisiaca). Banana starch grains are lenticular in shape and a little smaller than potato starch. It forms a starch paste similar to cornstarch.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Starch content is about 25%; 
* Granule size is 5-70 microns
* Gelatination temperature = 77.6°C
==Resources and Citations==
* L. A. Bello-Pérez et al, Morphological and Molecular Studies of Banana Starch, Food Science and Technology International, Vol. 11, No. 5, 367-372 (2005).
Category:Materials database
Banana tree

== Description ==
A plant from the family Musaceae. Banana plants, such as the Musa sapientum, are grown in most tropical areas, such as the Philippines, Central and South America, the Caribbean and Africa, for its fruit. Several type of fibers obtained from the leaves of banana plants (see banana fiber). Banana paper is a handmade, decorative paper produced from the pulp of banana stalks.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Musaceae; Musa sapientum; bananplante (Dan.); Banane (Deut.); plátano (Esp.); banana (Esp., It., Port.); banano (Esp.); cambur (Esp.); guineo (Esp.); banane (Fr.); banaan (Ned.); banan (Nor., Pol., Sven.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Palm-like tree growing to 25 m with large arching leaves (10 feet long) that are often split and torn.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Virginia Tech Dendrology website at www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm (Accessed Dec. 9, 2005)
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana (Accessed Dec. 9, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Bancha (Tea) - left (70 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_04-23-2009_070.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 70
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 1st shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (70 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| brown
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| 番茶 :	Bancha
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| tea
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze var. sinesis
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| leaves /dried
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto Murasakino
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Bancha (Tea) - right (70 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_04-23-2009_070.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 70
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 1st shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (70 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| dark brown
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| 番茶 :	Bancha
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| tea
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze var. sinesis
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| leaves /dried
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| One of the dyeing technique, which had been used since the 8th century AD in Japan. "". Unless the mordant solution was directly added to the warmed dye bath, it was difficult to deepen the dyed color.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto Murasakino
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Bandalasta

== Description ==
An early 20th century (about 1928) proprietary name for a urea thiourea formaldehyde resin. Bandalasta was a precursor to Beetle resins. The resins were naturally light colored and often produced in numerous pastel shades. Some were sprinkled with pigments to simulate variegated colors of marble and alabaster. However Bandalasta resins had poor heat and moisture resistance and many tableware items from the 1930s exhibit severe discoloration because of their use with hot liquids.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Linga Longa; urea-thiourea formaldehyde; urea thiourea formaldehyde
Commercial Products: Beetle [American Cyanamid]; Beatl; Beetleware; Plaskon; Duroware; Hemocoware; Uralite
== Risks==
* Fading, cracking
* Susceptible to insects because of fillers
== Resources and Citations ==
* Care and Identification of Objects Made from Plastic, Conserve O Gram 8/4, National Park Service, September 2010.
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Plastics"
Category:Materials database
Banyan tree

== Description ==
An unusual shaped fig tree (Ficus benghalensis) with wide-spreading aerial roots. Banyan trees are native to tropical regions of India.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Ficus benghalensis; baniano (Esp.); figuier des Banyans (Fr.); banyan de l'Inde (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, ==Resources and Citations== Comment: "Banyan." Accessed 22 Jan. 2004.
Category:Materials database
Baobab

== Description ==
A large, potbellied tree from the bombax family (Adansonia digitata) native to tropical Africa. Fibers obtained from the peeled bark of the baobab tree are used for making cloth, rope, and paper. The soft, easily carved timber has been used for many functional items. The baobab tree also produces a large, gourd-like fruit whose woody shell has been carved into bowls, utensils, and ornamental items.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Adansonia digitata; baobab (Fr.); African baobab
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 578
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Britannica-Online Comment: "baobab" [Accessed April 5, 2002].
Category:Materials database
Baptisia

== Description ==
A pale green dye produced from the leaves and blue flowers of Baptisia australis. This medium size perennial herb from the pea family is native to the central and eastern United States. The leaves and flowers can be boiled in water to produce a green dye with aluminum or orange dye with chrome. A dark green is obtained with iron. Baptisia dye contains flavones (spartein, luteolin, apigenin), flavonols and indican. A similar plant called false indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) is in the same family.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Baptisia australis (wild blue indigo); Baptisia tinctoria (false indigo); indaco selvatico (It.); yellow indigo; rattle flower;
== Additional Images ==
File:findigocm.jpg|False indigo plant (Baptisia tinctoria)
==Resources and Citations==
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: p. 985
Category:Materials database
Barathea

== Description ==
A tightly woven, pebbly-surface fabric. Barathea may be made from silk, rayon, cotton, wool, or mixtures of any of these. It is used for dresses, neckties and lightweight suits.
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Marjory L. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Fort Worth, TX, 1986
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Barbed wire

== Description ==
A fencing wire with double-pointed barbs attached at regular intervals. Barbed wire was patented in 1867 and a machine was made for its manufacture in 1873 by Joseph Gidden in De Kalb, Illinois. Barbed wire quickly became important for farmers, ranchers, and military operations. It is made from galvanized steel wire for rust resistance. Some varieties of barbed wire have two or three twisted wire strands for strength.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
barb wire; barbwire; barbed-wire; fence wire; razor wire; devil's rope; ostnatý drát (Ces.); Stacheldraht (Deut.); fil de fer barbelé (Fr.); prikkeldraad (Ned.); piggtråd (Nor.); drut kolczasty (Pol.); taggtråd (Sven.); arame farpado (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 353
* Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Britannica-Online Comment: "Barbed Wire." Accessed 4 Sept. 2004 .
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbed_wire (accessed Mar. 24, 2006) for non-English terms
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database