nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Foreign currency futures

Also see: foreign currency
Foreign currency trading can be done on three main venues: the Interbank market, cash forex firms or exchange-traded futures and options. Although the term "FOREX" is widely used for cash trading in global currencies, exchanges steer away from using FOREX to describe their foreign currency futures and options business to avoid being categorized as part of the growing retail FOREX markets, which in some quarters have experienced regulatory and enforcement difficulties.
Foreign currency futures and options on futures can be used to hedge against exposure to adverse market moves.
Some of the advantages of trading forex futures are: 
 
*price transparency and efficiency
*the elimination of counterparty credit risk
*accessibility for all types of market participants
*tight bid/ask spreads
== References ==
Category:Currencies
Forex Scandal

The Forex Scandal began in 2006 when the Bank of England's FX Joint Standing Committee discussed "evidence of attempts to move the market around popular fixing times by players that had no particular interest in that fix. It was noted that 'fixing business' generally was becoming increasingly fraught due to this behaviour." The scandal truly broke, however, in June of 2013 when Bloomberg reported that electronic chat rooms were being used to manipulate Forex benchmarks. The scandal would culminate in a $5.7 billion fine on five banks on May 20th, 2015.
=== Background ===
Amidst other institutional scandals, notably the LIBOR scandal, it emerged that electronic chat rooms were being used to fix Forex benchmarks. Bloomberg first reported the story in June of 2013, and it since grew into a major international scandal. Traders would use the chat rooms to move benchmark rates at the same time right before the 4pm fix. This collusion would net the traders profits on their FX trading. The FCA and the US Department of Justice began criminal inquires into the scandal in 2013. The scandal led to billions of dollars in fines, including the biggest UK bank fine in history leveled at Barclays, as well as guilty pleas from several major banks.
=== Banks Involved in Scandal ===
The probe into the scandal implicated:
*Barclays
*Bank of America
*Royal Bank of Scotland
*JP Morgan Chase
*UBS
*HSBC
*Citigroup
=== Timeline of Events ===
In reverse chronological order:
* May 20th, 2015 Barclays, BoA, RBS, and JP Morgan Chase plead guilty to felony charges and are fined $5.7 billion by U.S. Regulators 
* November 2014, $4.3 Billion of fines were handed down by US, Swiss, and UK regulators 
* September 2014, FCA concludes investigation 
* October 2013, US and UK authorities begin investigations into forex scandal
* June of 2013, Bloomberg reports that traders used electronic chat rooms to manipulate benchmarks
=== Table of Fines ===
Bank Name	Total US Fine 	Total Fines
HSBC 	$275,000,000 	$618,000,000
B.o.A 	$455,000,000 	$455,000,000
Citigroup	$1,927,000,000	$2,285,000,000
RBS 	$959,000,000 	$1,303,000,000
JP Morgan	$1,552,000,000	$1,904,000,000
Barclays 	$1,937,000,000	$2,378,000,000
UBS 	$835,000,000 	$1,345,000,000
=== References ===
Fortis Clearing Americas

Fortis Clearing Americas was a unit of France's BNP Paribas that later became part of ABN AMRO. 
BNP Paribas acquired the investment operations of the Belgo-Dutch financial services group Fortis when Fortis was forced to sell 75% of its Begium and Luxembourg holdings due to a solvency crisis. The business was originally formed with the 2006 merger of Fortis Clearing Chicago and Chicago-based O'Connor & Company.
== History ==
Fortis launched its US operation in 2001, tripling the scale of its clearing operation with the acquisition of O'Connor & Company in November 2005. The deal closed in September 2006.
O'Connor & Company was established in 1959 by Edmund and William O'Connor, who helped launch the Chicago Board Options Exchange. In 1972, the O'Connor brothers founded First Options of Chicago which grew to become the largest clearing firm for option market makers in the world. First Options was later acquired by Spear Leeds & Kellogg in 1977.
In July of 2010 Fortis Bank (Nederland) merged with ABN AMRO Bank, creating a combined entity called ABN AMRO Bank N.V. Before the merger, ABN AMRO Clearing Bank N.V. was named Fortis Bank Global Clearing N.V. As a consequence of the merger, branches and subsidiaries of Fortis Bank Global Clearing N.V. were renamed, replacing the Fortis name with ABN AMRO.
== References ==
Category:Fortis
Category:BNP Paribas
Category:Futures Commission Merchants
Fortune

__NOTOC__
Fortune magazine, the flagship publication of parent company Time Warner's Fortune/Money media group, is best known for its annually published Fortune 500 list of 
the largest corporations in America, plus several other widely-cited business ranking tables. Fortune's global circulation is around one million and it gains valuable worldwide television presence by linking with Time Warner media stablemates CNN and Money magazine.
==Background ==
Fortune magazine was founded in 1930 by legendary Time magazine founder Henry R. Luce and today claims circulation of one million and a global readership of five million. The magazine's website is part of the CNNMoney.com site that claims to be the Internet's largest business destination with 10 million unique monthly visitors.
Fortune ranked number 26 on Advertising Age's Magazine 300 list of the leading magazines in the U.S. by estimated total gross revenue, down from 23 in 2006, in a competitive marketplace. Main rival Forbes improved from 19th place to 18th on the list another strong competitor, BusinessWeek, also dropped three spots to number 20 in the 2007 list. The Magazine 300 estimated Fortune's total gross revenue for 2006 at $338 million compared to $400 million for Forbes and $371 million for BusinessWeek.
== The 500 ==
Fortune's own yearly Fortune 500 ranking list of America's largest corporations by annual revenue is one of business publishing's best-known franchises and has expanded both abroad (Fortune Global 500) and domestically (Fortune 100 Best Companies to work). Wal-Mart Stores topped the 2007 Forbes 500, displacing former titleholder and now fourth-placed General Electric, and also topped the 2007 Forbes Global 500 over Exxon-Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, BP and Toyota.
== Key People ==
Managing editor Andy Serwer, appointed in October 2006, is a familiar face to cable-news viewers as the former business anchor for CNN's American Morning broadcast and a commentator on financial issues. He was previously Fortune's editor-at-large from 1998 until 2006, when he wrote the popular "Street Life" column. Serwer became boss at Fortune several months after former Fortune editor-in-chief John Huey was promoted from Time Inc. editorial director to editor-in-chief in early 2006. Huey had previously served as editorial director since 2001 following his promotion from Fortune. 
== Latest News ==
Fortune recently teamed up with Dubai-based private investment firm Legatum to launch a $1 million prize for a technology development that improves the quality of life of impoverished people worldwide. Competitors will be nonminated by a panel of global technology experts and the judging panel will be headed by Iqbal Z. Quadir, Director of the Legatum Center for Development and Entrepreneurship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 
== References ==
Forum for Sustainable and Responsible Investment

The Forum for Sustainable and Responsible Investment (US SIF) is the US membership association for professionals, firms, institutions and organizations engaged in socially responsible and sustainable investing. It is a non-profit 501(c)(6)organization. Its activities are supported by the US SIF Foundation, a non-profit 501(c)(3), which is responsible for and manages educational, research and programmatic activities.
== History ==
US SIF and US SIF Foundation were called the Social Investment Forum Ltd. and the Social Investment
Forum Foundation in 2010. Their names were changed in 2011.
== Products and Services ==
US SIF provides research, education, and advocacy services to investors, asset managers, financial advisors, and policymakers. It promotes the integration of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors into investment decision-making while advancing policies and regulations that support sustainable and responsible investing. US SIF’s and the US SIF Foundation’s primary activities and strategies for advancing sustainable investing include:
* Research, including a biennial Report on US Sustainable Investing Trends, as well as fact sheets and guidebooks on sustainable investing;
* Education and training through online, live virtual and in-person courses for financial professionals and retail investors. It offers, in collaboration with the College for Financial Planning, the only sustainable investment designation in the United States; 
* Outreach to legislators and regulators while providing members opportunities to engage in advancing public policy; 
* Public awareness campaigns for sustainable investing by educating the media and speaking at key investor events; 
* Opportunities for US SIF members to enhance their professional expertise through US SIF webinars, other programs and networking; 
* Opportunities for the sustainable and impact investing community to convene at annual national conference and at local events.
== Membership ==
The members of US SIF represent $5 trillion in assets under management or advisement in 2022. They include investment management and advisory firms, mutual fund companies, ​asset owners, data and research firms, financial planners and advisors, broker-dealers, banks, credit unions, community development financial institutions and non-profit associations. In 2022, US SIF modified its methodology. Asset manager reporting changed as well. These changes resulted in sustainable investment AUM of $8.4 trillion, significantly lower than in past years. U.S. professionally
managed assets (non-sustainable investment) at year end 2021 totaled $66.6 trillion.
== Key People ==
Lisa Woll, CEO
Diederik Timmer, Chair
== References ==
Forward Markets Commission

The Forward Markets Commission is a commodities market regulatory authority overseen by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution of the government of India. 
== History ==
The Commission was established under the Forward Contracts Regulation Act of 1952, legislation created to provide for the regulation of certain matters relating to forward contracts, the prohibition of options in goods and for matters connected therewith.
== Products and Services ==
The functions of the Forward Markets Commission are:
* To advise the Central Government in the recognition or the withdrawal of recognition from any association or with respect to any other matter arising out of the administration of the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act 1952.
* To keep forward markets under observation and take such action in relation to them, as it may consider necessary, in exercise of the powers assigned to it by or under the Act.
* To collect and, whenever the Commission thinks it necessary, publish information regarding the trading conditions in respect of goods to which any of the provisions of the Act is made applicable, including information regarding supply, demand and prices, and to submit to the Central Government, periodic reports on the working of forward markets relating to such goods.
* To make recommendations generally with a view to improving the organization and working of forward markets.
* To undertake the inspection of the accounts and other documents of any recognized association or registered association or any member of such association whenever it considers it necessary. 
The commodities overseen include:
*Fibres and Manufacturers
*Spices
*Edible Oilseeds and Oil
*Pulses
*Energy Products
*Vegetables
*Metals
*Others 
== Key People ==
 	
Shri B.C. Khatua is chairman of the Commission. Dr. Kewal Ram and Shri Rajeev kumar Agarwal are members of the Commission.
== References ==
Category:International Regulatory Organizations
Category:India
Forward contracts

A forward contract is a private, cash-market agreement between a buyer and seller for the future delivery of a commodity at an agreed upon price. Unlike futures contracts, forward contracts are not standardized and not transferable. A clearing house does not stand between buyer and seller to guarantee performance of a forward contract. 
A non-deliverable forward is a cash-settled, short-term forward contract on a foreign currency or commodity, where the profit or loss at the settlement date is calculated by taking the difference between the agreed upon exchange rate and the spot rate at the time of settlement, for an agreed upon notional amount of funds. NDFs are often used in circumstances where there is low liquidity, such as to hedge local currency risks in emerging markets where local currencies are not freely convertible, or when there are restrictions on capital flows.
== History ==
Standardized forward contracts were essentially the first futures contracts. 
According to CME Group's educational resources, in 1848 the Board of Trade of the City of Chicago was formed as a member-owned organization that offered a centralized location for cash trading of a variety of goods as well as trading of forward contracts. As business grew, it was decided that standardizing the contracts would streamline the trading and delivery processes.
Market participants were asked to trade contracts that were identical in terms of quantity, quality, delivery month and terms as established by the exchange. The only thing left for traders to negotiate was price and the number of contracts.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Foundation for Managed Derivatives Research

Foundation for Managed Derivatives Research (FMDR) provides grants for economics, business and financial research that examine, on a scholarly basis, the use of derivative instruments - including futures contracts, options on futures contracts, forward contracts, and swaps - as an investment vehicle. 
FMDR is a foundation established by Managed Funds Association (MFA) in
1994 to support scholarly research on the use of derivative instruments. MFA is the primary
association representing professionals in the hedge fund industry.
Managed Funds Association, headquartered in Washington, D.C., has over 1,000 members, which manage a significant portion of the over $1.2 trillion invested in hedge funds, including professionals affiliated with over three-quarters of the 50 largest hedge funds. Since its inception in 1991, MFA has provided industry leadership in government relations, communications, media relations, and education to MFA members and investors.
Grants up to $25,000 are available to universities, colleges, academic foundations, academic institutions, individuals, and research entities.
 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
Foundry

Foundry is a bitcoin mining and mining consulting firm in Rochester, New York.
Foundry was established by the Digital Currency Group (DCG) in 2019, according to the August 27, 2020 press release in which DCG revealed Foundry's existence as a fully-owned subsidiary. DCG committed to investing more than $100 million into Foundry through 2021. 
Foundry had been operating below the radar since 2019, running its own mining operations and also providing equipment and financing to crypto startups.
At the time of the announcement, Foundry already offered "equipment financing and procurement; mining and staking; and consulting and advisory services." 
Mike Colyer, the CEO of Foundry, said he believed access to a new generation of energy-efficient mining equipment, as well as Foundry's transparent business culture, would help it succeed. The company has launched mining operations in Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, British Columbia, and Quebec, as well as in upstate New York.
== References ==
Category:Mining
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Category:bitcoin
FpML

FpML stands for Financial Products Markup Language, an industry standard protocol for complex financial products. It is based on eXtensible Markup Language, or XML, the standard meta-language for describing data between share applications.
FpML, which is developed and promoted under the guidance of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA), is the business information exchange standard for electronic dealing and processing of financial derivatives instruments. It establishes a protocol for sharing information on, and dealing in swaps, derivatives and structured products, and uses ISDA derivatives documentation as its basis. 
The standard, which is freely licensed, is intended to automate the flow of information across the entire derivatives partner and client network, independent of the underlying software or hardware infrastructure supporting the activities related to these transactions. 
FpML is of value when the direct communication of derivative trade descriptions and environment information between two firms is desired. Ultimately, it will allow for the electronic integration of a range of services, from Internet-based electronic dealing and confirmations to the risk analysis of client portfolios. 
==Background==
 
As the interest rate swap market grew throughout the 1980s and 1990s, and as demand grew for electronic transfer and storage of market data and messaging, it became clear that a standard would be needed. In 1997, JP Morgan a research project to develop the methodology by which these instruments can be traded using e-commerce technologies. By 1999, with the aid of accounting and consulting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers, a draft standard was announced and other financial firms were brought in to help develop the standard. Together they established FpML.org as an independent organization. 
FpML 1.0, which covered vanilla interest rate swaps and forward rate agreements (FRAs) was released for public review in early 2001, and was formally endorsed later that year. Subsequent versions of the standard added more complex interest rate swaps, as well as additional asset classes such as FX, credit default swaps and agricultural swaps. On November 14, 2001 ISDA and FpML.org announced their intention to integrate the development process of the FpML standard into the ISDA organizational structure.
Now in its fifth generation, FpML covers the full spectrum of derivative products, including interest-rate, foreign exchange, credit derivatives, equities and commodities. In May 2013, ISDA announced its recommendations for version 5.5, which includes technical standards approved by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), as well as new coverage of certain equity and FX derivative products. For more on the current status and future versions of FpML, view the FpML technical roadmap. 
==References==
Category:Definitions
Category:FIX
Category:FIX API
Fractional Reserve Banking

Fractional Reserve Banking is a banking system in which banks maintain only a certain liquid-cash ratio of deposits to cover immediate demand from their clients. In most banking systems a minimum reserve ratio is required by law.
The sum of deposits then equals the amount of the reserves times the deposit multiplier.
The primary benefit of such as system is that it creates an opportunity for the bank to lend capital and earn interest on it while expanding the supply of money. That in turn increases the velocity of money and stimulates both spending and investment.
Detractors are typically 'hard money' or 'sound money' proponents, i.e., those who argue in favor of a gold standard, or silver standard, i.e. currencies exchangeable for a prescribed amount of physical materials, and against fiat currencies. Their primary criticism is that fractional reserve banking leads to an expansion of credit and inflation.
 
Murray N. Rothbard, a member of the Austrian School of Economics, goes further, characterizing the practice as "swindling or counterfeiting." 
Fractional reserve banking is the standard practice in the United States and all major global economies.
== References ==
Francesco Vanni d'Archirafi

__NOTOC__ 
Francesco Vanni d’Archirafi is Chief Executive Officer for Citigroup Global Transaction Services for Europe, Middle East and Africa. In 2001 he was named Chairman and CEO of Citibank International plc and the European Customer Group Executive for Citigroup’s Corporate Bank.
He serves on several boards including those of Citibank International plc, Citigroup Global Markets Ltd, Citigroup Global Markets UK Equity Ltd, Gemmo SpA, Mapfre America SA, Clearstream International and LCH.Clearnet Group; and is Chairman of Citibank Holdings Ireland Ltd. 
== Background ==
== Education ==
D’Archirafi has a BSBA degree from the American University in Washington DC and an MBA in Finance and International Business from Columbia University.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Francis Canterini

__NOTOC__ 
Francis Canterini is the president of AFCanterini Conseil, based in Paris.
He was previously President of Newedge from November 2011 to December 2013. Before that, he was deputy chief executive officer of global corporate and investment bank Credit Agricole, where he was responsible for compliance, cash management and distressed asset management starting on April 1, 2011. 
== Background ==
Canterini was with Crédit Lyonnais beginning in 1991, as the head of the issuer business, the head of investor relations and the head of corporate finance. He was appointed as the chief financial officer there in 2003, and he became a part of the executive committee in 2006. He worked as the deputy CEO of international banking group Cariparma beginning in 2007. Canterini was the head of risk management and permanent control in beginning in February 2009, and assumed the role of deputy CEO in December 2010.
Early in his career, he was a lecturer at the University of Economics in Algiers from 1973 to 1981. He was a special advisor and later, the head of financing and treasury at the Agence Française de Développement (AFD) from 1981 to 1991.
== Education ==
Canterini earned a bachelor's degree in economics in 1972 and a higher degree in economics in 1973.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Newedge
Category:Newedge
Francis Troise

__NOTOC__ 
Frank Troise is the chief executive officer and president of ITG. He joined ITG in January 2016 from J.P. Morgan, where he was head of J.P. Morgan Execution Services, a global cross-asset execution group. Previously, he was global head of electronic trading at Barclays Capital and head of U.S. electronic trading at Lehman Brothers.
== Background ==
Before joining Lehman, he spent eight years at ITG, including serving as managing director in charge of client site sales and trading. He has also held management consulting positions at Booz Allen and Accenture. He previously served on the boards of BIDS Holdings, Chi-X Global Holdings, and Neovest.
== Education ==
Troise earned a bachelor of science degree in electrical engineering at Boston University, a master of science in operations research at Columbia University, and an MBA at MIT’s Sloan School of Management.
== References ==
Franck Borgel

__NOTOC__ 
Franck Borgel is global head of commodities agency at SGCIB.
Previously, he was co-head of commodities and currencies at Newedge, along with Francois Combes. Borgel oversees Newedge's global currencies business while retaining his responsibilities as chief operating officer for both commodities and currencies. 
== References ==	
Category:Newedge