nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Series 7

Series 7, officially known as the General Securities Representative Examination, is a lengthy examination that candidates must pass clearly to become a registered representative (RR) of an investment firm - the federal equivalent of the Series 63 exam.. The test is administered by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) and graduates are eligible to register with trading self-regulatory organizations (SROs), allowing them to buy and sell securities.
== First hurdle ==
The Series 7 exam aims to test a wide range of market knowledge as well as all the functions and responsibilities of an RR and candidates must score at least 70% to pass. FINRA states on its website that the Series 7 "is intended to safeguard the investing public by helping to ensure that registered representatives are competent to perform their jobs." The actual exam lasts for six hours and contains 260 multiple-choice questions, of which 250 are scored.
Failing the tough exam first time means waiting at least one month to re-take it and paying additional registration fees, so most candidates use study guides and online resources like wiki website SevenHelp.com. SevenHelp, like MarketsWiki, accumulates knowledge from site users - mostly Series 7 exam-takers but also tuition and related services - to educate all its users.
== References ==
Category:FINRA
Sernova Financial

Sernova Financial is a UK-based company that provides cloud-based post-trade services for the clearing, collateral, and risk management sector. Founded in 2015, the company offers solutions aimed at lowering barriers to entry for end users and regional banks looking to become clearing members or clearing brokers.
It covers asset classes that include: futures and options, equities and forex. 
== History ==
Sernova's founders, Venkatesh Ramasamy and Richard Thompson, previously ran clearing for some of the top tier banks as well as at Calypso Technology. Both left Calypso to start Sernova in 2015 and recreate the infrastructure of a top tier bank that enables market participants to access clearing as direct members. 
The pair started Sernova because of major shifts in financial markets, driven by new regulations and capital requirements after the 2008 financial crisis, that created problems for traditional client clearing models. Those capital requirements for large banks and clearing member firms forced them to trim clients from their exchange traded and OTC derivatives clearing operations. Sernova was designed to fill that void and help assist regional banks (or Tier 2 and Tier 3) and buy-side firms with the direct clearing membership infrastructure they need. 
The platform, launched on March 1, 2017 with FirstRand Securities Limited as their initial client, clearing through LCH SwapClear. It aimed to address the stricter capital and intra-day funding requirements and leverage ratio considerations of regulations such as EMIR, Dodd-Frank, MiFID II and Basel III. 
In July 2017, Calypso Technology announced a minority stake in the firm.
== Products and Services ==
*DirectLINK enables market participants to transition from client to self-clearing or expand and enhance existing memberships.
*InterLINK enables regional market participants to exploit revenue opportunities by offering client clearing services.
*EndLINK provides end users with seamless integration across multiple models.
== Key People ==
*Venkatesh Ramasamy, Executive Chairman and Co-Founder
*Richard Thompson, Chief Operating Officer and Co-Founder
*Jaki Walsh, Chief Product Officer
*Sanjay Patel, Chief Financial Officer 
*Ian Holmes, Chief Technology Officer
*Ulf Bacher, Partner – Global Head of Sales
== References ==
Category:Fintech
Category:Clearing
Category:Post-Trade
Category:Risk Management
Category:Collateral Management
Category:Cloud Computing
Category:Derivatives
Seth Johnson

__NOTOC__ 
Seth Johnson is chairman of the board of Tradefeedr. He is also a strategic advisor at LedgerEdge, a role he was appointed to in June 2022. 
He was previously CEO of CME Group Cash Markets, which was previously EBS BrokerTec Markets, NEX's electronic fixed income trading platform. NEX is the successor to ICAP, which was rebranded after the sale of its brokerage business to Tullett Prebon. NEX in turn was acquired by CME Group. Johnson took over the CEO role in September 2016 from Gil Mandelzis, who left the company in July. 
== Background ==
Johnson joined ICAP’s electronic markets division in November 2011 to lead the expansion of its product portfolio. He joined ICAP as a graduate trainee and worked in the company for more than 20 years. For ten years, he was the managing director of the interest rates options and inflation swaps desks. He oversaw the introduction of new trading solutions including the volume match system.
Johnson was chief executive officer of ISDX, but stepped down from the company in 2014 to concentrate on leading BrokerTec.
== Education ==
He attended Harvard Business School's Advanced Management Program and received a B.S. in International Business from Aston University Business School.
== References ==
Seth Merrin

__NOTOC__ 
Seth Merrin is the founder of Liquidnet Holdings. He has served as its president and chief executive officer since November 1999.
 
== Background ==
Merrin was named one of Treasury & Risk magazine's 100 Most Influential People in Finance for 2011 , and in 2008 was named Ernst & Young's Entrepreneur of the Year Metro New York in Financial Services. He also ranked 7th among Institutional Investor magazine's 2008 Online Finance 40. 
Prior to Liquidnet, Merrin co-founded VIE Systems, Inc., a financial services application integration software company, in 1997. In 1985, he founded his first company, Merrin Financial, which launched the industry's first order management, compliance and electronic order routing systems for asset managers. Merrin Financial was sold to ADP in 1996.
== Education ==
Merrin graduated from Tufts University in 1982 with a degree in political science. He was elected to the Tufts University Board of Trustees in 2004. 
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Liquidnet Securities
Seth Waugh

__NOTOC__ 
Seth Waugh spent several years working in the field of banking. In 2012 he announced that he would step down as chief executive officer for the Americas at Deutsche Bank AG. He was expected to remain as CEO through the selection and transition process at the company.
 
His exit from Deutsche Bank coincided with the accession of Anshu Jain, head of the corporate and investment bank at the company, and Juergen Fitschen, who ran the bank's operations in Germany, to co-CEO roles at Deutsche Bank.
== Background ==
Waugh was CEO for the Americas, Deutsche Bank AG since April 2000, after joining from Merrill Lynch & Co.. At Deutsche Bank, he helped oversee expansion in trading and advisory in the U.S.
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Deutsche Bank
Settlement

Settlement in derivatives markets takes place when a transaction is finalized between a buyer and a seller upon the contract's maturity at a price determined after regular trading hours. It usually takes place at the official daily closing prices of a futures contract. Settlement isn't common in derivatives markets, since most traders exit positions and most contracts are traded out before maturity.
Cash settlement is the most widespread form of settling derivatives contracts like futures and options. It involves closing out the position on maturity by receiving or paying cash. Physical delivery, by contrast, means the investor physically takes possession of the underlying asset on maturity. 
"Settlement" can also mean the settlement price, which is determined at the end of the regular trading hours; it is used to calculate gains and losses in futures market accounts, performance bond calls and invoice prices for deliveries. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Trading Terms
Sh*tcoin

"Sh*tcoin" is a colloquial term for a cryptocurrency that is either fraudulent or useless. 
The term gained attention in the general public when the American economist Nouriel Roubini claimed that referring to those cryptocurrencies in such a way constituted "a grave insult to manure that is a most useful, precious and productive good as a fertilizer in agriculture" during testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs On October 11, 2018. The written text of the testimony provided by Roubini does not use an asterisk. 
==References==
Category:Coins
Category:Sh*tcoin
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Shad-Johnson Accord

The Shad-Johnson Jurisdictional Accord, reached in 1981 between the former chairman of the Commodities Futures Trading Commission, Philip McBride Johnson, and the then-chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, John S. R. Shad, defined the boundaries of the two agencies' regulatory jurisdiction. 
The accord was a landmark agreement that established a clear line between the two agencies’ jurisdiction over equity derivatives and allowed futures on broad-based stock indices to trade without jurisdictional disputes. The agreement was ratified in 1982. 
== History ==
Explaining the motivation behind the Shad-Johnson Accord, Gary DeWaal, special counsel and chairman of Financial Markets and Regulation at Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP, wrote that "[F]rom the inception of the CFTC in 1975, the SEC had very expansive views regarding its jurisdiction over futures, consistently arguing that all futures and options based on securities (even futures and options traded on CFTC-designated contract markets) were securities and subject to its jurisdiction."
Following a series of lawsuits on that issue, Johnson and Shad entered into a jurisdictional compromise that was later enacted into law. "Under this compromise, among other things, the CFTC would have exclusive jurisdiction over futures contracts and options on broad-based-securities indices, foreign currencies (other than options on foreign currencies traded on SEC-approved national securities exchanges) and certain exempt government securities," DeWaal said. 
 
== References ==
Shadow Open Market Committee

Founded by Prof. Karl Brunner of the University of Rochester and Prof. Allan Meltzer of Carnegie-Mellon University, the Shadow Open Market Committee (SOMC) was started to evaluate the policy choices and actions of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). It held its first semi-annual meeting on Sept. 14, 1973. 
The SOMC is an independent organization whose members are drawn from academic institutions and private organizations. The Committee's deliberations are intended to improve policy discussions among policy makers, journalists and the general public with the hope that wiser policy decisions will result.
Since 1973 the SOMC has met on a regular basis to discuss economic policy. Over the years the Committee has broadened its scope to cover a wide range of macroeconomic policy issues ranging from monetary and fiscal policy to issues pertaining to international trade and tax policy. 
== Meetings ==
At each SOMC meeting a number of papers are prepared by Committee members on a variety of macroeconomic and public policy topics. Based on these papers and the Committee's deliberations, a policy statement is prepared that summarizes the most important policy recommendations of the Committee.
== References ==
Archived SOMC Reports: 
Category:Federal Reserve System
Shadow Trading

Shadow trading is a type of insider trading that involves buying or selling the shares of one company that is correlated in some way to another company in the same relatively small industry.
The legal concept of shadow selling is a novel, undocumented unusual event that corporate insiders can use to circumvent insider trading regulations and SEC scrutiny. The U.S. Securities and Exchange brought a complaint against a biopharmaceutical executive in the case SEC v. Panuwat, which alleges insider trading even though the defendant did not trade in shares of his employer. The SEC had never brought a case before based on shadow trading.
==Research==
In 2015, Mihir N. Mehta of MIT Sloan & Temple University, David M. Reeb* of National University of Singapore and Wanli Zhao of Southern Illinois University published a paper titled "Shadow Trading:Do Insiders Exploit Private Information About Stakeholders?"
Their paper suggested that "target firms," are those competing firms with a correlation to competitors. These target firms "experience a 12% to 17% change in symptoms of informed trading activity prior to the release of private information by a business phttps://www.ft.com/content/b91eb144-0696-4f1b-b09f-604bc8aeef5a|
The authors suggest five reasons why shadow trading arose more readily when source firms:
# "Have no explicit policy restricting shadow trading by their employees"
# "Experience regulatory shocks to own firm insider trading"
# Encounter exogenous employee mobility shocks"
# Internally promote their CEOs" 
# f=Face the sudden deathof the CEO and promote internally. 
The authors informally estimated each typical shadow trading event they studied generated profits of up to $678,000.
== References ==
Category:Trading
Category:Insider Trading
Shane Finemore

__NOTOC__ 
Shane Finemore is a managing partner at the hedge fund Manikay Partners. Finemore raised $300 million for the new hedge fund and secured backing from Goldman Sachs.
He reportedly contributed $25 million of his own money for the fund. 
 
Finemore was elected to a term as a non-executive director at the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) in 2007. In September of 2013, Finemore stepped down following his hedge funds involvement in an U.S. Securities Exchange Commission action accusing 23 firms of manipulating markets.
He was also named a director of Australian trucking company Ron Finemore Transport (RFT).
== Background ==
Finemore is a former head of the U.S. Fundamental Investment Group for UBS. He was head of equities proprietary trading at UBS for 17 years. Under Finemore's leadership, UBS made major investments in exchanges including CME, CBOT and the Sydney Futures Exchange (SFE). He was a member of the UBS Investment Bank Board, U.S. Equities Operating Committee and co-chaired the U.S. Equities Trading Committee.
When asked in a Q&A interview what advice he would give to Australians thinking about working in the U.S. financial services industry, he said the Australian talent pool is "every bit as good as the U.S. talent pool" and that there is "a perception if you're an Aussie and you've been in a smaller market that the U.S. and Wall Street might be too big to get your hands around." He said there is a greater pool of people who should make the jump and come and compete in the U.S., because they can do it successfully. 
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category:Manikay Partners
Shane Stiles

__NOTOC__
Shane Stiles is the president of Gate 39 Media. He is also a member of the National Introducing Brokers Association (NIBA). He serves on the boards of NIBA and the Japan America Society of Chicago.
== Background ==
Stiles is the president and founder of Gate 39 Media, a web development and marketing firm that works with brokers (futures and securities), FCMs, CTAs, funds, exchanges, and others in the financial industry.
 
He has over 20 years of experience in web development, technology and marketing experience and was of the first web developers at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) prior to founding Gate 39 Media.
 
He conceived and supervised the development of the Clarity Portfolio Viewer by Gate 39 Media for viewing managed futures performance as a portfolio based on actual account liquidating values directly from the FCM.
== Appearances ==
He has delivered lectures and contributed articles for various FCM conferences including the NIBA Broker Conferences, CTA Expo, The University of Chicago Booth School of Business and US Small Business Administration.
== Education == 
He graduated with honors from Eastern Michigan University with a degree in Japanese Language and International Marketing.
== References ==	
Category:Gate 39 Media
Category:National Introducing Brokers Association (NIBA)
Category:Public Relations Professionals
Category:CTA EXPO
Shang Fulin

__NOTOC__ 
Dr. Shang Fulin is Chairman of the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC). He was appointed to that position in October 2011.
He was previously the chairman of the China Securities Regulatory Commission from 2002 to 2011. He also serves as a member of the 17th, CPC, Central Committee. 
== Background ==
Dr. Shang began a career in banking in 1973 when he joined the People's Bank of China. Over the ensuing years, he served in a variety of positions and assumed increasing responsibility within the bank. From 1998 to 2000, he headed China's nationwide taskforce to address Y2K issues in the banking industry. In 2000, he was appointed president of the Agricultural Bank of China. 
 
== Education ==
Shang Fulin graduated from the Finance Department of Beijing Finance and Trade College. He received his Ph.D. in Finance from Southwestern University of Finance and Economics in Chengdu, China.
== Publications ==
*2002 - The Situational Analysis of State-Owned Commercial Banks 
*2000 - A Study on the Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy
*1999 - Encyclopedia of Financial Guarantees
*1997 - China's Success in Controlling Inflation and Its Future Policy Orientation
*1996 - The Operation, Efficiency and Development of Central Banks
*1995 - China's Monetary Policy and Credit System of China
== References ==
Category:Regulators
Shanghai CIFCO Futures Co., Ltd.

The Shanghai CIFCO futures Co., Ltd. (SHCIFCO) is an independent incorporated company approved by China Securities Regulatory Commission and State Administration for Industry & Commerce. The company has 2 billion RMB in registered capital. 
Shanghai CIFCO Futures Co., Ltd. is member of Shanghai Futures Exchange, Dalian Commodity Exchange and Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange.
== History ==
The Shanghai CIFCO futures Co., Ltd. (SHCIFCO) was founded on Feb. 28, 1993.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:China
Category:Futures Brokerage Companies in China
Shanghai Clearing House

The Shanghai Clearing House is an interbank clearinghouse that was set up for the settlement and clearing of financial products. The clearing entity was established in November of 2009.
As of late 2009, China Foreign Exchange Trade System, China Government Securities Depository Trust & Clearing Co., China Banknote Printing and Minting Corp. and China Gold Coin Inc. held 46.67 percent, 33.33 percent, 10 percent and 10 percent stakes in the new body, respectively.
Shanghai Clearing House is a Primary Member of CCP Global, the global association of Central Counterparties (CCP), which represents 42 members who operate more than 60 individual CCPs across EMEA, the Americas and the Asia-Pacific region. 
== History ==
In December of 2009 it was announced that Euroclear Bank and Shanghai Clearing House had signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) as a basis to build a co-operative relationship.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Clearing Houses
Category:China
Category:CCP Global Primary Members
Shanghai Environment and Energy Exchange

Shanghai Environment and Energy Exchange was formed in August 2008 as a trading platform for asset rights, creditors rights, stock rights, IPR which focus on environmental and energy sectors. The exchange is backed by the Shanghai United Assets and Equity Exchange and aims to provide consulting, project design and evaluation for Certified Emission Reduction projects under the United Nations Clean Development Mechanism, according to a government press release and China Daily.
The main focus for the exchange is on property rights, equity and capital from pollutant discharge reduction, environmental protection and energy saving.
The entity was established at the same time at the Beijing Environment Exchange.
 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
Luo Xinyu, general manager of SUAEE
== References ==
Shanghai International Energy Exchange

The Shanghai International Energy Exchange Co., Ltd., or INE, is an international exchange jointly established by entities including the Shanghai Futures Exchange, and open to global futures participants. It is a self-regulated entity approved by the China Securities Regulatory Commission.
Registered in the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone on November 6th, 2013, INE provides the listing, clearing and delivery of energy derivatives including crude oil, natural gas, petrochemicals, and others.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
The exchange offers trading in crude oil, natural gas and petrochemical derivatives.
Its crude oil futures contract, launched on March 26, 2018, was the first CSRC-approved futures product in mainland China open to foreign participation. The contracts are Renminbi-denominated and each contract is for a volume of 1,000 barrels. Seven oil grades are deliverable against it, including China’s Shengli crude and six from the Middle East, such as Dubai crude and Basrah Light.
Since their launch, the Shanghai crude futures have stolen some market share from the incumbent benchmarks, Europe’s Brent and U.S. West Texas Intermediate, which trade oil derivatives worth trillions of dollars every year. Volumes have also risen past other crude futures, such as those on the Dubai Mercantile Exchange.
== Key People ==
== References ==
Shanghai Petroleum and Natural Gas Exchange

The Shanghai Petroleum and Natural Gas Exchange is a state-backed exchange launched in September of 2021 with the introduction of pricing for spot pricing index for liquefied natural gas imports. 
The index is quoted in U.S. dollars per million British thermal units and will track prices on a delivered (ex-ship) basis of between 90,000 and 210,000 cubic million of LNG.
SPHGX lists its philosophy and values as the following: historical responsibility, creative thinking, spirit of service and extraordinary character.
== History ==
The Shanghai Petroleum and Natural Gas Trading is a national energy trading platform approved by the Shanghai Municipal People's Government under the direct guidance of the National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration.
It officially began operations on November 26, 2016 after a trial operation began on July 1, 2015. It was registered and established in the Shanghai Free Trade Zone on March 4, 2015.
There are ten shareholders in the Shanghai Petroleum and Natural Gas Exchange. The shareholders with a registered capital of 10 100 million yuan in the limited liability company are:
*Xinhua News Agency
*PetroChina
*Sinopec 
*CNOOC
*Shenergy Group 
*Beijing Gas
*ENN Energy 
*China Gas 
*Ganghua Gas 
*China Huaneng
== Products and Services ==
*Spot Index for LNG
== Key People ==
*Ye Guobiao - Chairman
== References ==
Category:Commodity Exchanges
Category:Chinese Exchanges
Category:China
Shanmei Lim

__NOTOC__
Shanmei Lim is the Singapore-based senior vice president for corporate development of the Abaxx Exchange. 
 
== Background ==
Before joining the Abaxx Exchange in 2019, Shanmei served four years as a director of Mirexa Capital. 
Shanmei has a strong background in FX options brokerage based on five years' experience with Tullett Prebon and BGC Partners. Previously, she spent half a dozen years trading FX options for Barclays Investment Bank, based both in New York and London. 
== Education ==
Shanmei holds a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Carnegie Mellon University.
== References ==	
Category:Abaxx Exchange Category:Exchange ExecutivesCategory:Mirexa Capital - Former EmployeesCategory:Tullett Prebon - Former Employees
Category: Bios
Category: Exchange Executives