nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Mexican peso

__NOTOC__
The Mexican peso has been Mexico's official currency for more than 200 years, when it became popular across North America as a set weight of silver and so temporarily became the official currency of the United States and Canada. The peso has rebounded strongly since it collapsed in value in the early 1990s and is now on a upswing again following a downturn after the financial crisis of 2008.
==Background==
The peso, which means 'weight', was introduced to Mexico during the Spanish colonial rule as a tamper-proof coin that became a weight measurement of pure silver direct from the colony's mines. The peso was adopted as legal tender in the U.S. in 1785 and was still an accepted currency until 1857. The first minted coin with '1 peso' stamped on it appeared in 1866, but from the turn of the century the silver content of peso coins was gradually reduced 
In more recent decades the Mexican peso's value has taken two significant financial blows. The first followed a balance-of-payment crisis in 1982 after more than a decade of high government deficits and an expanding state. The second followed a single 13% devaluation of its trading bands in December 1994, when the Mexican peso lost 50% of its value against the U.S. dollar by February 1995. 
At the currency level, Mexico's central bank, the Bank of Mexico (Banco de Mexico), is responsible for producing and circulating sufficient Mexican pesos to meet the stat'e financial obligations. The Bank of Mexico currently prints banknotes in denominations of 20, 50, 100, 200. 500 and 1,000 pesos, plus coins of 5, 10, 20 and 50 centavos and 1, 2, 5, 10 and 100 pesos. The 200 peso note (top left) is a relatively new issue featuring a colonial-era writer and nun, Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz.
==Exchange rates==
The forex rates in the table below are from August 27 and are intended to show intra-currency differences for the value of the Mexican peso. The first column show the rate per Mexican peso, the second shows the rate of pesos per the currency.
 
* American dollar	0.077	13.025
* Brazilian real	0.143	6.982
* Chinese yuan	0.524	1.907
* Colombian peso 157.43	0.006
* Euro	0.054	18.587
* Hong Kong dollar	0.595	1.681	
* Indian rupee	3.754	0.266
* Saudi riyal	0.288	3.473
==Latest news==
The Mexican peso value suffered badly following the 2008 global financial crisis but has been on a tear since mid-July 2009, gaining more than 7% in value on the back of a strongly performing Mexican Stock Exchange. Higher stock prices are in turn expected to drive the peso's value up further as global investors bet that the Mexican economy will soon drag itself out of recession. 
== References ==
Meyer (Sandy) Frucher

__NOTOC__
Meyer S. (Sandy) Frucher is a veteran exchange executive who served as the Chairman and CEO of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange and later as vice chairman of Nasdaq, after PHLX was acquired by Nasdaq. He currently serves as a senior advisor to Nasdaq. He was a long serving member of the OCC board, retiring in 2024.
He previously served as a member of the World Federation of Exchanges. 
He assumed the role of vice chairman of Nasdaq in July of 2008 when Nasdaq completed its acquisition of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange (PHLX). On October 21, 2019, Nasdaq announced that Frucher would end his 11-year tenure as vice chairman and assume the role of strategic advisor effective January 1, 2020.
Frucher was chairman and chief executive officer of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange from 1998 to 2008. He was responsible for global exchange relationships and served as a senior advisor to Nasdaq’s senior management team on a broad range of industry and regulatory issues.
 
He received the Joseph W. Sullivan Award at the annual Options Industry Council (OIC) conference in 2013.
== Background ==
Frucher was appointed chairman and chief executive officer of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange (PHLX) in June 1998. In 2004, he oversaw the demutualization of the PHLX, which became the first floor-based exchange in the U.S. to convert from a seat-owned, mutual cooperative institution to a for-profit, shareholding company. He also led the revitalization of the Philadelphia Board of Trade (PBOT), the futures market subsidiary to the PHLX. 
Before joining the PHLX, Frucher served as a management consultant to organizations including World Financial Properties Inc. (formerly Olympia and York). He served as executive vice-president of development for Olympia and York from 1988 to 1996. He served from 1984 to 1988 as president and CEO of the Battery Park City Authority in New York City. Frucher was chief labor negotiator for the state of New York from 1978 to 1983. 
He is the founding chairman and emeritus board member of the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art, having served from 1992 to 2002. 
== Education ==
Frucher received a bachelor's degree in government from Columbia University and earned a Master of Public Administration degree from the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
== References ==	
Category:Exchange CEOs
Category:OCC Board of Directors Members
Category:World Federation of Exchanges Board Member
Category:Former Exchange CEOs
Category:NASDAQ OMX
Category:Philadelphia Stock Exchange - Former Employees
Category:Philadelphia Stock Exchange
MiFID Connect

MiFID Connect is a joint project established by eleven trade bodies in January 2006 designed to assist regulated firms to come in compliance with some of the more difficult requirements of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID). The implementation of MiFID in the UK will be carried out by the HM Treasury and the FSA. 
The Association of British Insurers (ABI), The Association of Private Client Investment Managers and Stockbrokers (APCIMS), Association of Foreign Banks (AFB), The Bond Market Association, the British Bankers’ Association (BBA), Building Societies Association (BSA), the Futures and Options Association (FOA), The International Capital Market Association (ICMA), Investment Management Association (IMA), The International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) and the London Investment Banking Association (LIBA) established a program for reducing the legal risk and simplifying the implementation of MiFID. 
The associations's program includes these five points: 
*Developing a set of industry guidelines to assist firms in areas of MiFID implementation which carry a high degree of legal risk and/or legal uncertainty.
*Producing specimen industry documentation necessary to comply with the new MiFID requirements.
*Providing, through 2006, a series of implementation courses and individual specialist workshops on the practical problems and issues surrounding implementation of MiFID.
*Publishing a two-part “Survival Guide”, the first part of which (to be issued in the second half of 2006) will comprise a timetable and strategy for firms to manage progressively a programme of implementation. The second part (to be issued in 2007) will comprise a “tick box” checklist covering all the changes that firms will be expected to introduce by the final agreed date of implementation.
*Issuing, through 2006, periodic releases and updates covering timelines and regulatory progress towards finalising the new requirements. 
The British Bankers' Association is secretariat to the group.
== References ==
Micah S. Green

__NOTOC__ 
Michah S. Green is a lawyer and a senior counselor in the firm Steptoe LLP. He is also the principal for the firm Democracy Solutions LLC, a strategic and public policy advisory firm that offers new clients non-legal advisory and public policy advocacy services.
He was previously a partner in Steptoe LLP for eight years before transitioning to senior counselor. 
Also, Green was previously a partner and co-chair of the financial services and tax public policy practice at Squire Patton Boggs in Washington, DC.
Green joined Patton Boggs in 2007 after serving as the president and co-CEO of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association ("SIFMA"), which was formed by a merger between The Bond Market Association and the Securities Industry Association. Prior to the merger that created SIFMA, Green served as the president of the Bond Market Association for seven years among a total of 20 at the association.
Green has focused the last last three decades on working directly with key policy makers who impact the regulation of the financial services sectors, financial products and capital markets, as well as those who draft tax laws and regulations.
== Background ==
Green started his Washington career as a legislative intern of Congressman Ronald Sarasin (R-CT). He later took a full-time legislative assistant position with the congressman. 
He was also tax legislative counsel at MCI Communications.
Green took over as CEO of the Bond Market Association in 2001 from Heather L. Ruth. Ruth had led the BMA for 18 of its then 25 years, while Green had been there for 14 years at that point. He was chief operating officer before becoming CEO and headed the BMA's Washington office for most of his years there.
Green served as a assistant director, legislative liaison for the National Association of Realtors. He also served as staff director for the Subcommittee on Human Resource.
Green resigned abruptly as co-CEO of SIFMA in 2007 amid a review of internal financial controls at the newly merged association.
Green also served as a member of the board of trustees for the Institute for Financial Markets, stepping down from the board in March of 2015.
== Education ==
*The George Washington University Law School, JD, Law, 1980 – 1984
*The George Washington University, BBA, Finance, 1975 – 1979
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Legal
Category:Lawyers
Category:Patton Boggs LLC
Category:SIFMA
Category:The IFM Board of Trustees - Former Members
Michael A.J. Farrell

__NOTOC__ 
Michael A.J. Farrell built Annaly Capital Management Inc. into the world’s largest mortgage real estate investment trust. He passed away in October of 2012 after being diagnosed with cancer.
 
== Background ==
Farrell, who graduated high school at 16 with plans to become a commercial artist, instead went to Wall Street, beginning at E.F. Hutton & Co. in 1971. After stints at Morgan Stanley and Merrill Lynch & Co., he started Annaly in 1997 and increased assets to about $128.3 billion at the end of June, turning the firm into one of the largest buyers of home loan debt backed by the U.S. He branched out with separate companies that buy non-agency bonds and commercial real estate securities.
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Deceased
Michael A. Meisner

__NOTOC__ 
Michael A. Meisner is a trader who ran the company Phoenix Diversified Investment Corp. The company was pushed into bankruptcy by three investors shortly before Meisner and Phoenix were accused by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) of commodity pool fraud in 2008. Meisner personally filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization.
Meisner was registered with the CFTC as an associated person of Diamond Head Capital, LLC, a registered commodity trading advisor, from March 2005 until April 21, 2008, when his registration was withdrawn by his sponsor. Meisner was the branch office manager of Diamond Head until April 2008.
== Background ==
Around 140 investors claimed they were owed more than $40 million by Phoenix. A group of angry investors forced Phoenix into Chapter 7 bankruptcy after Meisner wrote in an e-mail that $30 million in investment funds was gone,with a number of them also filing lawsuits against Meisner.
The frustration of the investors who had given money to Phoenix grew when Meisner reportedly threw a lavish wedding for his daughter and her husband at Donald Trump's private club in Palm Beach, Florida. Reports were that the Meisners even invited dozens of the money-losing investors to the wedding.
The 2008 CFTC complaint stated that Meisner and Phoenix fraudulently solicited at least 26 investors for at least $8 million. The accounts associated with the commodity pool allegedly suffered net losses between May 2003 and March of 2008 this year.
According to the CFTC’s complaint, Meisner solicited pool participants by claiming that Phoenix owned a valuable software program that dictated trading patterns in the futures markets and guaranteed high profits.
 
According to the CFTC complaint, the defendants in the case misappropriated pool participant funds by, among other things, paying themselves compensation based on the purported profits of the pool. The defendants were able to issue monthly interest checks to some pool participants during the relevant time because the defendants were repaying "earlier" pool participants with "new" pool participant funds, in a Ponzi-like manner. The defendants spent the misappropriated funds on purchases of expensive personal items such as real estate and luxury automobiles.
== Education ==
== Resources ==
* CFTC Complaint Against Michael A. Meisner
* Petrillo et al v. Phoenix Diversified Investment Corp. et al
== References ==
Category:Commodity Pool Operators
Michael A. Petronella

__NOTOC__ 
Michael A. Petronella is the president of Dow Jones Indexes, a unit of Dow Jones & Company. He is responsible for the strategic direction of these businesses and operations for the unit that markets and licenses all the Dow Jones, Dow Jones-AIG Commodity and Dow Jones Wilshire indexes. 
Petronella is a member of the Supervisory Board of STOXX Ltd., a joint venture with Deutsche Boerse AG and SWX Swiss Exchange. 
Since May 2006 he has been a member of the Board of Directors of Copyright Clearance Center, a provider of copyright licensing and compliance for the information content industry.
== Background ==
== Education ==
Petronella received a bachelor's degree in accounting and an M.B.A. from Rider University in Lawrenceville, N.J.
== References ==
Michael Adolphi

__NOTOC__ 
Mike Adolphi is the chief technology officer at bcause. 
He is the co-founder of Professional Software Engineering, Inc., a company with more than 300 employees. 
== Background ==
Adolphi originally joined bcause in March 2014 as its president and chief executive officer. He has more than 30 years of executive management and operations experience. Before joining bcause, he was president and co-chairman of the telecommunications company Picus, LLC, from 1998 - 2000.
Before founding PROSOFT in 1984, he was an electrical engineer with Naval Sea Combat Systems Engineering Station in Norfolk, Virginia. He participated in the AN/SQQ-28(V) sonar system reviews, system installation and testing. He also functioned as the system manager and software engineer for the Sonar System Integrated Support Complex (SSISCOM).
== Education ==
Adolphi earned a Bachelor's Degree in electrical engineering from Virginia Tech and a Master's Degree in electrical engineering from Old Dominion University.
== References ==
Michael Aitken

__NOTOC__ 
Michael Aitken is the founder of SMARTS Group, maker of a real-time market surveillance system now in use at over 40 exchanges and regulators worldwide. He is also the chief scientist at the Capital Markets Cooperative Research Center (CMCRC), as well as a professor and leading researcher at the University of New South Wales. 
== Background ==
In 1997, Aitken founded the Securities Industry Research Center for Asia-Pacific (SIRCA), a non-profit company that hosts and manages financial data for use by over 50 leading universities throughout the world. 
In his work with SMARTS, he designed the world's first "off-the-shelf" trading surveillance software now in use at 40 national exchanges and regulators (including the London Stock Exchange, NYSE Euronext, Nasdaq OMX, HKEx, the Swiss Exchange and the Australian Securities Exchange). 
Aitken has written several books, including:
*The Development of Accounting Theory - Significant Contributors to Accounting Thought in the 20th Century with M Gaffikin, (1982)
*Investing on the Australian Sharemarket, with A Burrowes and R Mullholland (1983) (Fifth reprint 1987)
*Accounting and Financial Management, with M Hirst (1989)
*The Microstructure of the Australian Stock Exchange: An Introduction, with A. Frino, E. Jarnecic, M. McCorry and R. Winn (1997).
He has also written dozens of articles and working papers.
== Education ==
Aitken holds a Ph.D. from the Australian Graduate School of Management.
== References ==
Michael Babel

__NOTOC__ 
Michael Babel is a managing director for the U.S. options business for InternContinental Exchange.
Babel has represented NYSE AMEX at various industry events and committees such as the Options Linkage Authority, OIC, Options Symbology and SOSA. He has also worked with the SIFMA Options Committee for options related matters.
== Background ==
Previously, Babel served as vice president of business planning for the options business of the American Stock Exchange before its acquisition by NYSE Euronext.
He also served as managing director for options marketing for AMEX from 2002 to 2006. He was also manager ETF marketing & research at AMEX from 1998 to 2002.
Prior to joining AMEX in 1998, Babel was at Morgan Stanley Dean Witter where he held Series 3, Series 7, Series 63 and Series 65 licenses.
== Education ==
He holds a bachelor degree from State University of New York at Albany in English. 
== References ==	
Category:NYSE Euronext
Category:NYSE AMEX
Category:American Stock Exchange - Former Employees
Michael Barston

__NOTOC__ 
On February 10, 2009, Michael Barston was named director, equity products at CME Group. 
== Background ==
Prior to joining CME Group, Barston was senior relationship manager at Credit Suisse, where he was responsible for coordinating relationships with hedge funds. He also has worked in Credit Suisse's equity research sales and financial products areas.
== Education ==
Barston earned a bachelor's degree in Business Administration from Georgetown University and an MBA from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. He is a Series 3, 4 and 7 Registered Representative. 
== References ==
Category:CME Group
Michael Bass

__NOTOC__ 
Michael Bass is the global head of Commodities for Standard Chartered Bank, a position he assumed in April 2008. Bass also served as a member of the Board of Directors of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association. 
== Background ==
Previously Bass served as global head of Interest Rates and Foreign Exchange for the bank . Bass joined Standard Chartered in 2001, from HVB, in the role of global head of Interest Rate Derivatives. He has been based in Singapore since 1996, having previously been employed in derivatives trading by Nomura in London and Hong Kong.
== Education ==
Bass has an M.A. in Economics from Trinity College, Cambridge.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:ISDA Board of Directors Members
Michael Berry

__NOTOC__ 
Michael Berry is the founder and chief executive officer of Discovery Investing, which has developed a method and model for pinpointing lucrative opportunities for discovery companies. Berry publishes Morning Notes and is a co-developer of the Discovery Investing Scoreboard software.
== Background ==
Berry believes that global resource constraints, in addition to quality of life demands in emerging nations, will require increased discovery by natural resources, bio tech, high tech and infrastructure development sectors. He was a Wheat First Professor of Investments at James Madison University and an assistant professor of business administration at The University of Virginia. Berry is a Wall Street money manager, a keynote speaker at the Federal Reserve in Washington, D.C. twice per year, and has testified before Congress regarding extractive resource and national security issues.
== Education ==
*PhD, Investments Theory, Arizona State University
== References ==
Category: Bios - Executives
Michael Blaugrund

__NOTOC__ 
Michael Blaugrund is the chief executive officer of the fintech investing company DriveWealth. He joined the company in that role in August 2023. 
He was previously the chief operating officer of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), part of the Intercontinental Exchange. He was also a member of the board of directors of tZERO Group from June 2022 to August 2023.
He was responsible for the NYSE Group's five equity and two options markets, as well as the Securities Industry Automation Corporation (SIAC). 
Blaugrund is an exchange representative on the OCC board of directors. At the OCC's Annual Stockholder meeting on April 28, 2023, he was appointed to the position of exchange director, filling a vacancy created in 2023.
== Background ==
Before joining NYSE, Blaugrund was director of business development at Tower Research Capital, where he focused on expanding the firm's global market access and developing strategic assets. Earlier, he led U.S. equity product strategy at NASDAQ OMX and held product management roles at Thomson Reuters.
== Education ==
Blaugrund holds a B.A. in government from Harvard University. He also is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA).
== References ==	
Category:OCC Board of Directors Members
Michael Bodson

__NOTOC__ 
Michael Bodson is a board member, office of finance at Federal Home Loan Banks. He was previously president and chief executive officer of the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC) from 2012 to 2022. He succeeded the retiring Donald F. Donahue as CEO of DTCC on July 1, 2012. 
Bodson also served as CEO of the DTCC's three operating subsidiaries: Depository Trust Company, National Securities Clearing Corporation and Fixed Income Clearing Corporation. 
Bodson also serves as chairman of the board of Omgeo, the post-trade processing and risk subsidiary of DTCC. He was named chairman in October 2013, after the completion of DTCC's acquisition of Omgeo. Previously, Omgeo was a joint venture between DTCC and Thomson Reuters. 
He was named to the FDIC advisory committee on June 3, 2011.
== Background ==
When Bodson joined DTCC in 2007, he was the executive managing director for business management and strategy. His responsibilities involved consolidating the product management of all DTCC business lines, strategic planning, relationship management and marketing. In October 2010, Bodson was named chief operating officer of the company and its operating subsidiaries. He retained that title until stepping into the CEO position on July 1, 2012. 
Before DTCC, Bodson served as the global head of the institutional, retail and asset management operations department at Morgan Stanley as well as other senior executive positions in his 20 years with the company. He has also worked for the Institutional Securities Group, serving as the divisional operations officer and head of the Enterprise Information Group. 
Earlier in his career, Bodson worked at Bear Stearns and Price Waterhouse.
== Education ==
Bodson graduated summa cum laude from Boston College and received his degrees in Accounting and English.
== Five Minute Interview ==
*April 2012
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category: CEOs
Category: Clearing House Executives
Michael Boss

__NOTOC__ 
Michael Boss works as a capital introduction/sales executive for ADM Investor Services. He took the post in October 2019 and is responsible for helping extend the firms business in the managed futures space.
== Background ==
Prior to that, he was vice president for capital introduction in the price brokerage group at Societe Generale.
Before joining Societe Generale, Boss was at Newedge and its predecessor firm Calyon Financial, Boss was a vice president at Aubrey Langston, where he serviced a book of clients on the floor of the Chicago Board of Trade. He concentrated on fixed income derivatives and his clients included banks, hedge funds, corporations and central banks. 
Additionally, Boss ran the CME and CBOT trading floor business of Chase Manhattan Bank from 1986 to 1195. At Chase Manhattan he was a senior vice president, manager of the Chicago trading floors.
== Education ==
University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1979 — 1983
== References ==	
Category:Futures Brokers
Category:Newedge USA LLC
Category:Aubrey Langston - Former Employees
Category:Newedge - Former Employees