nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Laid paper

== Description ==
A type of paper, typically hand-made that has a visible fine grid watermark over the entire sheet. The pattern in laid paper is produced by the wire screen used in its manufacture. The parallel lines in one direction are heavier and more widely spaced than those in the orthogonal direction.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
wire line; wire mark; papier vergé (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Bernard Toale, The Art of Papermaking, Davis Publications, Portland OR, 1983
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Lake

== Description ==
An organic pigment prepared by precipitation of a dye on a powdered, inorganic substrate. Because of its transparency, alumina trihydrate, is the most commonly used substrate or carrier. Baryte (barium sulfate), produces an opaque lake pigment. Other compounds used as carriers are: chalk, clay, gypsum, zinc oxide, white earth, and green earth. Often a mordant, such as tannic acid, lactic acid, or sodium phosphate, is used to fix the dye to the substrate. Many natural dyes were made into lake pigments, such as cochineal, kermes, madder, and lac for use in oil painting. Some modern synthetic dyes, such as aniline dyes, are also prepared in this manner for use as paint pigments. Lake pigments are used in painting, printing inks, plastic colorants, and coated fabrics.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lakes; lake pigments; laca (Esp., Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Lake Superior brownstone

== Description ==
A general name for brownstone quarried near Lake Superior (Lent 1925). Lake Superior brownstones have a uniform texture and range in color from a bluish-brown to a bright red. It has been widely used for buildings. One example is Port Wing brownstone.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Port Wing brownstone
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Lamb's wool

== Description ==
A fine, soft wool, sheared from a young sheep. Lamb's wood is clipped when the lamb is about 7-8 months old.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lambswool
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 Comment: 7 months old
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I Natural Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England, 1984 Comment: 8 months old
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Lambskin

== Description ==
The tanned skin from a young sheep. Lambskin is lighter in weight than sheepskin. Vegetable tanned lambskin was used as a bookbinding leather in the second half of the 19th century. It was valued for its softness and blemish-free surface. Lambskins obtained from Tuscany were highly valued. They were used to make doeskin and chamois. Lambskin, obtained shortly after shearing, is also prepared with the fleece intact and used for soft, warm clothing, and padding.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
piel de cordero (Esp.); cuir d'agneau (Fr.); agneau (Fr.); lamshuid (Ned); pele de cordeiro (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 705
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* American Leather Chemists Association Glossary at www.leatherchemists.org
Category:Materials database
Lamella

== Description ==
1) (biological) A thin plate or membrane found in bone, tissue or cell walls.
2) (geological) A thin sheet or scale. Some silicates, such as kaolinite, have thin, plate-like (lamellar) crystals in a layered (laminar) structure.
3) (polymer) A single unit in a crystalline polymer, usually seen as a scale or plate.
4) (construction) A supporting beam of wood or metal used to form a vault.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lamellar (adjective)
==Resources and Citations==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Theodore J. Reinhart, Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol. 2: Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Laminar flow

== Description ==
The smooth, nonturbulent flow of a liquid or gas through a passage. Laminar flow provides the fastest flow rate while minimizing any mixing or diffusion in the liquid stream. Fume hoods are designed with laminar flow to efficiently remove the maximum air volume with minimal recirculation or dead spots. Additionally, the lack of turbulence in laminar flow fume hoods minimizes particle contamination.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
viscous flow; streamline flow; low-Reynolds number flow, laminares Fluß (Deut.); flux laminaire (Fr.); escoamento laminar (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Laminate

== Description ==
When used as a noun, laminate refers to a substance constructed from multiple individual layers. The layers in a laminate are usually held together by an adhesive. Multiple layers are used to increase strength, thickness, and to provide surface protection. Examples of laminates are plywood and Formica.
When used as a verb, laminate refers to adding a protective film or sheet to a substrate, The purpose of a laminate is to seal a substrate, such as wood from emitting volatile organics. Such a laminate is referred to as a Barrier material. Examples include Marvelseal, Aclar and ESCAL.
For information on using laminates in case construction, see AIC wiki page here.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
laminé (Fr.); stratifié (Fr.); laminado (Port.); laminates (pl.); laminant (sp); lamination (process); laminating;
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory:Laminates
Laminated glass

== Description ==
Two sheets of glass with a thin layer of plastic adhered between. Laminated glass was invented in 1903 by Édouard Bénédictus in France after he accidentally knocked over a glass test tube containing a dried film of Cellulose nitrate and noticed that the glass fragments remain attached to the plastic rather than scattering. During World War I, laminated glass was used to strengthen the windshields of military vehicles as well as for the eyepieces in gas masks. After the war, safety glass was adapted for use in automobile windshields. When broken, the glass fragments remain attached to the plastic rather than scattering. The interlayer can be polycarbonate, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), or thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU). The polymer interlayer gives the glass a much higher sound insulation rating, due to the damping effect, and also blocks most of the incoming UV radiation (88-99.9%).
For additional information, see:
* Exhibit Guidelines Technical Notes: Selecting Exhibit Glazing
* Exhibit Guidelines Technical Notes: Security Glazing for Exhibit
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
safety glass; verre laminé (Fr.); verre calandré (Fr.); gelaagd glas (Ned.); vidro laminado (Port.)
==Applications==
* Architecture, glazing, automobile windows
* UV protection, skylights
* Weather resistance (hurricanes, wind, etc.) in store fronts and windows.
* Sound reduction
==Environmental Risks== 
* Laminated glass is not recyclable (as of 2024) Methods are being tried for the component separation.
* In Europe, laminated glass in no longer allowed in landfills
==Working Properties==
The plastic interlayer makes cutting the glass difficult. It is recommended that the glass be scored and broken then a heat lamp or hot air blower be used to melt the polymer along the break.
Minor damage can be visibly reduced by drilling a hole up to the lamination layer then injecting a clear UV-curable adhesive to fill the crack lines in the glass
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Laminated glass Accessed Nov. 2024
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory:LaminatesCategory:Glazing
Laminated paper

== Description ==
A sheet of paper adhered to one or more other plies of either paper sheets, paper board, plastic film, or metal foil. Laminated paper is stronger and thicker than a single ply of paper. The adhesive for paper laminates may be either a water solution of glue, casein or starch or a thermoplastic wax or resin (American Paper Institute, 1980)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
paste board
==Applications==
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Coated paper Accessed Nov 2024
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory:Laminates
Lampas

== Description ==
A fabric with decorative weft weaving pattern in which two warps, binding and main, are used to produce a double weave effect.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lampas du japon; lampas (oosterse gebloemde zijde) (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Lamé

== Description ==
A brocade-type fabric interwoven with flat metallic threads. Lamé is prepared from silk, wool, rayon, or cotton and woven with gold or silver threads. The metal is used for either the background or the pattern.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lame (sp); metal cloth; lamé (Esp.); harnasplaatje (Ned.); lamé = goud/zilverlamé (Ned.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Lanark serpentine

== Description ==
A medium-grain, white calcite with green serpentine clouds quarried in Lanark County, Ontario (Lent 1925). Other varieties have a white background with buff clouds and a lavender background with green clouds. Lanark and North Lanark marbles were used for interior building decoration.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
North Lanark marble
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Lancewood

== Description ==
A durable and elastic wood obtained from several tropical American trees, especially, Oxandra lanceolata, Guatteria virgata and Calycophyllum candidissimum. The hard wood has an smooth close grain. Its elasticity has made it useful for making bows, fishing rods, billiard cues, and tool handles. Lancewood is also used for carriage shafts, wheel spokes, and cabinetry.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Oxandra lanceolata; Guatteria virgata; Calycophyllum candidissimum; yaya; degami wood
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Color = Sapwood is pale yellow (normally harvested); heartwood is darker golden yellow
* Grain = straight with very fine, even texture and natural luster
* Durability = High resistance to abrasin and wear, but poor resistant to weathering and insects. 
* Density = 5265 ppcf
==Working Properties==
* Good results to most machining operations; high cutting resistance will slow work. 
* Moderate blunting effect on cutting edges. 
* Turns superbly.
==Resources and Citations==
* The Wood Database: [httpancewood]s://www.wood-database.com/lancewood/ 
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 436
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Landscape marble

== Description ==
A pale color marble that has dark markings resembling the trees, shrubs, streams, and other types of outdoor scenery.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fortification marble; pagoda stone; river marble; graphic granite; forest marble
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Languedoc marble

== Description ==
A red marble with white spots that has been quarried near Languedoc in the French Pyrenees since the 16th century. It is considered on of the best red marbles (Mayer 1969).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
French red; griotte; marbre du Languedoc (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Luciana and Tiziano Mannoni, Marble: the history of a culture, Facts on File Publications
Category:Materials database
Lanital

== Description ==
[Snia Viscosa] A trademark for the first commercially manufactured regenerated protein fiber. In the early 1930s, an Italian chemist, Antonio Ferretti developed a successful method to make regenerated protein fibers. Lanital was patented in 1935 and sold in 1936. Lanital is made from casein. Casein is processed with formaldehyde or benzaldehyde and metal salts then pressed through spinnerets to form long, silk-like fibers. Casein fibers are softer and smoother than wool and contain less sulfur. They are not susceptible to moths but can be degraded by some bacteria. Casein fibers are usually cream colored and they accept dyes well but have poor washfastness. Most often casein fibers are blended with wool in fabrics and hat felts. Lanital, along with other regenerated protein fibers, have been replaced by other synthetic fibers, because casein fibers are weak when wet and susceptible to microbiological growths.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|LanitaFiberkj1.jpg~FTIR|lanital250m.jpg~SEM|lanital750m.jpg~SEM]]]
See also photomicrographs at Lanital fibers in Fiber Reference Image Library.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Lanitol (sp)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Insoluble in dilute acids, hydrogen peroxide and most organic solvents. Affected by alkalis. 
* Filaments are smooth. 
* Cross sections = circular, bean-shaped. 
Density 	1.25-1.3
Diameter 	20-30 micrometers
Tenacity 	0.9-1.1 g/denier (dry); 0.3-0.6 (wet)
Elongation 	60-70%
Moisture regain	14%
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Joan Kiplinger 'Vintage Fabrics' at Fabrics.net
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 153
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Marjory L. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Fort Worth, TX, 1986
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:II Man-made Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England
Category:Materials database
Lanital fibers

Source: Historic Costume & Textiles Collection
001.lanitol.11-22-2013.BF.200X.glycerine	
{| Class="wikitable" border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse;"
Accession Number 	none
Title 	Lanitol in glycerine
Image Identification information	001.lanitol.11-22-2013.BF.200X.glycerine
Image capture 	digital image
Date of image capture 	11/22/13
Microscopist 	jakes
Microscope 	Zeiss
Mounting agent and RI 	glycerine, 1.473
Microscopic technique 	Brightfield
002.lanitol.11-22-2013.POL.200X.glycerine_(c1)	
{| Class="wikitable" border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse;"
Accession Number 	none
Title 	Lanitol in glycerine
Image Identification information	002.lanitol.11-22-2013.POL.200X.glycerine
Date of image capture 	11/22/13
Microscopist 	jakes
Microscope 	Zeiss
Mounting agent and RI 	glycerine, 1.473
003.lanitol.11-22-2013.POLFOR.200X.glycerine_(c1)	
{| Class="wikitable" border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse;"
Accession Number 	none
Title 	Lanitol in glycerine
Image Identification information	003.lanitol.11-22-2013.POLFOR.200X.glycerine
Date of image capture 	11/22/13
Microscopist 	jakes
Microscope 	Zeiss
Mounting agent and RI 	glycerine, 1.473
Sign of elongation 	negative sign of elongation
004.lanitol.11-22-2013.POLFOR.200X.glycerine_(c1)	
{| Class="wikitable" border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse;"
Accession Number 	004.lanitol.11-22-2013.POLFOR.200X.glycerine
Title 	004.lanitol.11-22-2013.POLFOR.200X.glycerine
Image Identification information	004.lanitol.11-22-2013.POLFOR.200X.glycerine
Date of image capture 	11/22/13
Microscopist 	jakes
Microscope 	Zeiss
Mounting agent and RI 	glycerine, 1.473
Sign of elongation 	negative sign of elongation
Category:FRIL
Category: FRIL: Manufactured Fibers
Lanolin

== Description ==
A semisolid waxy material that is purified from the grease, or degras, extracted from wool. Lanolin is a complex mixture of 33 high molecular weight alcohols and 36 fatty acids, including cholesterol. It also contains about 5% free alcohols and free acids. One of the unique properties of lanolin is that it can incorporate up to 25-30% water without separation. Since it is readily absorbed by skin, lanolin is used as an emollient in leather dressings as well as for cosmetics and ointments. It is also used as a rust preventative.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lanoline; animal wax; wool wax; wool grease; wool fat; lanoline; Lanain; Lanum; adeps lanae; oesipos; Agnolin; Lantrol; Loanilin (Deut., Sven.); Lanolina (Pol);
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Lanoline, Anhydrous Adeps Lanae, Gettens 100.C20.TIF~FTIR(MFA)]]]
== Risks ==
Contact will cause of reaction in persons with wool allergies.
Fisher Scientific: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in benzene, chloroform, ether, carbon, acetone, ligroin, carbon disulfide and ethanol. Insoluble in water.
Refined: iodine value=15.0-46.9, acid value=5.6-22.0, saponification value = 80-127
Melting Point 	36-43 C
Density 	0.932-0.9457 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.478-1.482
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 5371
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Lanolin" [Accessed 18 Oct. 2005].
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanolin (Accessed Jan. 10, 2006)
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: melting point = 36-43C, density=0.932-0.9457, ref. index = 1.478-1.482, iodine value=15.0-46.9, acid value=5.6-22.0, saponification value = 80-127
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 880
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Lantern slide

== Description ==
A glass slide with a positive transparent image made for projection with a magic lantern. Lantern slides are usually 3 1/4 inch square pieces of glass. The image is either photographically produced on the slide or transferred to the slide from another picture. Lantern slides were in use from about 1870 to the mid 20th century when 35 mm size slides became more popular and easier to handle. Glass slides sized for lantern slides can still be purchased for use as covers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
magic lantern slide
Category:Materials database