nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Envenenar o poço

Envenenar o poço é uma técnica retórica e uma falácia lógica que usa a associação de emoções para distrair alguém da evidência do argumento em questão.
Envenenar o poço é um apelo ao ódio.
O método usual é apontar para a natureza da pessoa fazendo o argumento oposto, nesta situação é um caso especial de ataque pessoal ou ad hominem. Em geral, "envenenar o poço significa prover qualquer informação que poderia produzir uma opinião enviesada do raciocínio, positivo ou negativo".
Pode ser feito sutilmente ou explicitamente. Uma maneira sutil de envenanr o poço seria usar adjetivos particulares ao introduzir algo que influenciaria as pessoas que escutarão o argumento. Um bom exemplo seria introduzir um argumento que você discorda usando a frase "Você acredita nessas bobagens?". A palavra bobagem envenena o poço.
Em uma maneira mais explícita, alguém pode fazer um ataque pessoal direto na introdução. Por exemplo, relembrar que a pessoa esteve na prisão antes de escutar o que ela tem a falar; o poço agora está "envenenado", porque as pessoas tendem a desconfiar da pessoa fazendo o argumento, sabendo que ele foi um prisioneiro, independente do raciocínio que eles apresentem.
==Veja também==
==Links externos==
*
*Poisoning the Well, Fallacy Files
*Poisoning the Well, About.com
*Poisoning the Well, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
*Fallacy: Poisoning the Well, Nizkor Project
==Referências==
Category:Ad hominem
Category:Fallacious arguments
Category:Português
Environmental determinism

Environmental determinism, also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism, is the theory that the physical environment sets hard limits on human society and development. Proponents of this theory claim that we can look to simplistic patterns of environmental change or geographical difference (e.g. latitude) and from there we can see why some societies have flourished and will continue to flourish while others haven't and won't. This is bullshit.Jim Blaut, 2000"Neo-Environmental Determinism, Intellectual Damage Control, and Nature/Society Science"
Environmental determinism, like Social Darwinism, poisoned academic disciplines such as anthropology, economics, and geography in the 19th century, where it had a huge appeal among advocates of colonialism and slavery. According to these (invariably European) advocates, cold northern climates produced "hardy and thrifty" people who were destined to rule the world; meanwhile, the unrelenting heat along the equator produced lazy people condemned to forever languish in poverty, unless a strong northerner arrived to "enlighten" them.Painter & Jeffrey, "Political Geography", Sage Publications, 2009, pg.177Shirlow, Peter, Gallaher, Carolyn, Gilmartin, Mary, "Key Concepts in Political Geography", SAGE Publications Ldt, 2009, pg.127. It continued its popularity into the early 20th century, as people like Ellsworth Huntington worked on expanding the theory and created "climatic determinism", which stated that the economic development in a country can be predicted based on its distance from the equator. The farther away from it, the more successful it is.
The theory was buried in the 1950s as decolonization scholars ripped it apart. replaced it in geography.Are we really prisoners of geography? The Guardian, Daniel Immerwahr, November 10, 2022
==Further reading==
*Guns, Germs and Steel (1997), Jared Diamond ISBN 9781784873639
*Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (2005), Jared Diamond ISBN 0-14-303655-6
*Why the West Rules—For Now (2010), Ian Morris ISBN 978-0-374-29002-3
*Prisoners of Geography (2016), Tim Marshall ISBN 9781501121470
*The Power of Geography (2021), Tim Marshall ISBN 9781783965373
*Geography is Destiny (2023), Ian Morris ISBN 9780374157272
==References==
Eon8

Eon8 was an infamous Internet event lasting from December of 2005 to July of 2006. The website itself was designed to appear as mysterious and ominous as possible. The site included random strings of MD5 hash codes, a deployment map highlighting heavily populated areas, titles for what would eventually be revealed as non-existent operations, password-protected sections, and a mysterious timer counting down to July 1, 2006 at midnight. Word of the site spread quickly as denizens of the Internet immediately began theorizing as to what it was, ranging from the sensible to crazed paranoia. Viral marketing schemes, an alternate reality game, widespread release of a major computer virus, references to the Third Reich, terrorist attacks, and the end of the world as we know it were common explanations. As time grew nearer to the "zero hour" as it was known, the hysterics spread to the point that it generated a hostile reaction from some groups who tried to take down the site but all attempts ultimately failed. All of the commotion ended up catching the attention of not only the media but both the Pentagon and CIA respectively. Their presences were logged in the unapproved referrer archives which was also a significant part of the site. 
When the timer ran out, it was revealed to be that of sociological experimentation. Its purpose was to study how Internet users would react to a lack of information. The experiment was claimed to be conducted by a single male who only identified himself as Mike from Florida. There were also rumors that a second male identified as Chris from Australia had some level of involvement as well. The original site was eventually replaced with pages of answers to frequently asked questions. The site's creator also conveyed disappointment that so many people automatically assumed the site had evil intentions, and reaffirmed the pattern recognition behavior the more savvy among us already knew existed. Since the end of the countdown in 2006, the website has lived on mainly as a general discussion forum covering a wide variety of topics in the same maleficent theme.
==External links==
*Current incarnation of Eon8
*YTMND investigation
*Eon8 is for suckers, repost of the post-countdown text.
Category:Conspiracy theories
Category:Florida
Category:Hoaxes
Category:Internet
Category:Websites
Ephesians

Paul's epistle to the Ephesians is a letter that Paul of Tarsus supposedly wrote to those in the Christian church at Ephesus.
==Themes==
* Paul takes ten verses to say that Jesus died so that you could live in Heaven and do good works ().
* There exists no distinction between Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians ().
* There is to be a clearly defined hierarchy in the household involving neither utter dominance nor egalitarianism, but rather an echo of that between Christ and the Church. Husbands are to lovingly preside over wives, parents over children, and masters over slaves ().
==Commonly cited passages==
* is some tripe about "the Armor of God"; the passage uses a suit of armor as a metaphor for virtues and spiritual warfare.
**One verse in this passage can be interpreted to discourage warfare or activism in the name of Christ: <bible book=Ephesians chapter=6 verse1=12/>
*The passage that tells wives to submit to husbands () is used to justify things ranging from gender roles to wife beating.
==See also==
*RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Ephesians
==Notes==
Category:New Testament
Category:Pauline Epistles
Epistle of James

The Epistle of James is a rather short book in the New Testament. It consists mostly of admonitions to live holy lives, to refrain from quarrels among the believers, to be patient, slow to speak, and slow to wrath, and to care for widows and orphans. It also contains instructions on how to conduct faith healing, by anointing the sick with oil.
Of particular note is chapter 5, a section dealing with the rich. They shall weep and moan over their lost riches, which they have made on the backs of the poor by exploiting their labor. They have unjustly withheld wages from their workers who toil in the fields, and the workers cry out for vengeance against the rich. Their riches shall be as eaten by moths and rotted away. Wait, is this the Bible, or is this Eugene V. Debs speaking? 
On the other hand, James says that wars and quarrels among people come from passions waging war in our members. Sigmund Freud could probably have a field day with this one.
In chapter two, James clarifies a misunderstanding which had arisen from the teachings of Paul of Tarsus concerning whether works such as circumcision are necessary for salvation. Paul says no. James agrees that works of law are not required, but he says that faith which is not accompanied by good works (like feeding the poor) is dead. This didn't sit well with Martin Luther, who called this book an "epistle of straw" and tried to get it tossed out of the canon.
Although supposedly written by Jesus's brother James, it says almost nothing about Jesus.Raphael Lataster, Jesus did not exist, p68 It was most likely written in the late 1st or early 2nd century (despite James being martyred in the '60s). Whoever wrote it was someone with strong literary skills in Greek, which doesn't exactly fit with authorship by James. One possibility is that it was later modified or edited. Another is that it may have been written by a disciple of James on James' orders. It only gradually entered into the canon, with Origen in the early 3rd century apparently the first to mention it.
==See also==
*RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/James
==References==
Category:General Epistles
Category:New Testament
Epistle of Jude

The Epistle of St. Jude is yet another really short "book" in the Bible. It is St. Jude's only contribution to the literature of the civilized world, and boy does he let fly in this one which is probably why he was not allowed to contribute a second book to the Bible.
Jude is the quintessential True Believing Fanatic, spewing forth flowery language about the Chains of Darkness, God's Holy Judgment, Those Long Ago Marked Out For Condemnation, Blasphemy, Woe To Them, etc etc etc, and a long run-on sentence about wild waves of the sea foaming up their shame, or something. Whatever. One gets the impression St. Jude had unkempt hair, a thousand-yard stare, hadn't bathed in several weeks, launched into wild "repent!" sermons at the drop of a hat, and probably kept a can of paint and painted "Trust Jesus" everywhere he went.
Jude paraphrases an incident in a book that has been lost about Satan and Michael quarrelling over the body of Moses. If the holy angel Michael did not rebuke Satan himself, but only said "the Lord rebuke thee" how much more so should we not rebuke human enemies of the faith but only pray for the Lord to make the rebuke. Well and good. But at the same time Jude calls unbelievers "filthy dreamers" who "defile the flesh, despise dominion, and speak evil of dignities." Thus he is the quintessential Christian preacher.
The Epistle of Jude is beloved by heresy-hunters everywhere because it contains the oft-quoted verse about "contending for the faith once delivered to the Saints." Roman Catholics used that verse to burn Protestants at the stake, and Protestants used that verse to denounce the Great Satanic Papal Whore of Babylon to eternal damnation in the Lake of Fire, so Jude must have been onto something there if both sides agreed he was right. 
Jude's real name was Judas, but Judas Iscariot did for that first name what Adolph Hitler did for those little square mustaches. He might have been Judas Thaddaeus, or Jude/Judas, Jesus's brother (see also James, brother of Jesus who is blamed for some by the Epistle of James, making them the wackiest sibling authors till the Brontës). Since the book of Jude talks about persevering in the midst of hopelessness, Catholics often take out ads in the newspaper praying for St. Jude to do something about their life savings invested in Washington Mutual stocks.
==See also==
*RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Jude
==References==
Category:Blasphemy (probably)
Category:New Testament
Category:General Epistles
Epistle to Philemon

Philemon is one of Paul's letters, written from jail. Philemon is a stub, but at least it is a bit longer than 2 John and 3 John.
Paul is apparently planning a jailbreak, because he asks Philemon, leader of the Colossian church to prepare a lodging for him, in the hope that through their "prayers" (or perhaps a get out of jail free card) he might be restored to them.
Paul also pleads on behalf of Onesimus, a former slave of Philemon whom Paul converted in prison. Paul is sending Onesimus back to them, and please don't make him a slave again. This part of Philemon was later cited by the abolitionism movement in support of ending slavery in the United States, which just goes how sparse Biblical condemnations of slavery are. 
There is another later letter attributed to Paul written to the Christians of Colossae, but it's probably not actually by Paul, or at any rate written for him: Colossians.
==See also==
*RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Philemon
==References==
Category:New Testament
Category:Pauline Epistles
Epistle to Titus

Titus is a New Testament book supposedly written by Paul to his fellow evangelical, Titus. Scholars typically doubt that the three pastoral letters (Titus, Timothy 1 & 2) were written by Paul.
Titus advises the reader to always obey princes and authorities, slaves to obey their masters, and to avoid foolish controversies and genealogies. Foolish genealogies? This could either mean don't marry your cousin, or don't hang around with those who foolishly trace their ancestry so they can baptize their dead relatives. Titus also contains some choice words about Them. Them? You know, them. "Those of the circumcision". (Wink wink). "These must be rebuked, for they upset whole households" … "Hence rebuke them sharply that they may not listen to Jewish fables" … "Being abominable and unbelieving and useless for any good work". Blah blah blah. Nope, doubt that the circumcised Rabbi Paul wrote this at all.
Blatant anti-Semitism aside, Titus is a fairly boring letter.
Titus 1:12-13 gives insight to the famous 
<bible book="Titus" chapter=1 verse1=12 verse2=13/>
Where the Cretan prophet said "The Cretians are alway liars", which pretty much includes the prophet him/herself. See also self-refuting idea.
(This is not a stub, how can it be a stub. The letter is shorter than this article.)
==Notes==
==See also==
*RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Titus
Category:New Testament
Category:Pauline Epistles
Epistle to the Hebrews

The Epistle to the Hebrews is one of the books in the New Testament. The primary purpose of this Epistle is to exhort Christians to persevere in the face of persecution. Its content mostly revolves around the doctrine of the Person of Christ and his role as mediator between God and humanity. Because it is written in much better Greek than most of the New Testament there is dispute over its authorship.
==Authorship==
Its author is not known and there is no mention in the text; it is traditionally attributed to St Paul of Tarsus despite being completely different from any of his other epistles, and this attribution is largely based on a guess by the authors of the King James Version although a few earlier writers had guessed likewise. Other proposed candidates include Pope Clement I, Barnabas, Luke the Evangelist, and two of Paul's associates, Apollos and Priscilla. If it was by Priscilla, that would be neat as it would be one of the very few Biblical writings by a woman, but the author uses masculine gender to talk of themself which is problematic for that guess.
Conservapedia suggests it was a sermon given by the actual Jesus on the Road to Emmaus.http://www.conservapedia.com/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews Mainstream scholarship based on textual clues dates it to 63 or 64 CE and does not agree with the illustrious writers of the right-wing encyclopedia; it's implausible that Jesus would have had such a nice prose style unless he was actually God (and even then, the other parts of the Bible supposedly written by God are hardly known for their concision, comprehensibility, or consistency). But apparently it's a sign of "liberal denial" to believe anybody other than Jesus wrote it.Liberal Denial at Conservapedia
==See also==
*RationalWiki Annotated Bible on Hebrews
*Hebrew, for the language of the actual Hebrews
==References==
Category:New Testament
Category:General Epistles
Epistle to the Philippians

The Epistle to the Philippians is an epistle of Paul to the church in Philippi, in Macedonia, Greece. He claimed that he wanted to hurry up and be called home by the Lord because "to die is gain."Philippians 1:21 However, at a great personal sacrifice, Paul decided to remain on the Earth so he could write more epistles.
The heart of this letter is Paul's theology of the atonement of Christ, who was equal to the Father but humbled himself and was obedient even to the point of accepting death by crucifixion.Philippians 2:8 By so doing, he pleased God more than all of humanity displeased God through sin. Philippians forms the basis of Anselm's satisfaction theory of atonement, an alternative to the substitution theory of atonement that counts as one of the five fundamentals of fundamentalism. Paul argues that Christians are to follow Christ's example by their own obedience.
==See also==
*The RationalWiki Annotated Bible: Philippians
==References==
Category:New Testament
Category:Pauline Epistles
Epperson v. Arkansas

Epperson v. Arkansas is a 1968 court case, handled by the Supreme Court of the United States, to challenge a 1920s statute preventing the teaching of evolution (specifially, human evolution) in Arkansas public schools (in lieu of creationism, specifically that which is found in the Book of Genesis).
The Supreme Court found in favor of the plaintiff, stating the statute was in violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. In addition, their decision asserted that the State of Arkansas (and, by extension, any other state) had no right nor any interest to prevent the teaching of theories critical to the views of any religion.
==See also==
* Edwards v. Aguillard
* Scopes trial
Category:Creationism
Category:First Amendment cases
Category:Constitutional law
Category:United States Supreme Court cases
Equivocation

Equivocation is a logical fallacy that relies on implicitly alternating between the different meanings a single word can have in different contexts.
When the switch is purposefully made obvious, the result is often humorous (see above quote). The term for this is a . When the switch is done as quietly as possible, however, the result becomes misleading instead.
It is a favorite fallacy of creationist and woo hucksters alike. It can be used both to seemingly belittle a concept or idea, or to raise one up to false pretenses. It can be used to disguise bullshit such as in quantum woo where people like Deepak Chopra use equivocation to make their ideas sound like they have some basis in reality.
Equivocation is an informal fallacy and a fallacy of ambiguity, although its parent fallacy, the four-term fallacy, is a formal fallacy.
==Form==
With letters representing words, this may seem obviously false, but when words are introduced, the fallacy becomes much less apparent.
==Examples==
===Obviously false===
In this case, the word "is" in the two premises is used differently in meaning than "is equivalent to" in the conclusion.
In this case, "Nobody" is used first in the literal sense, and then in the metaphorical sense of "I'm not an important person."
===Less obvious===
*"Because it's called the theory of evolution, evolution is an unproven assumption!"
*:This is fallacious because it equivocates two different meanings of the word "theory."
*"Because the New World Order is a conspiracy theory, it is fact.
*:This is fallacious because it equivocates two different meanings of the word "theory," but in the inverted case.
*"You have faith in science, and I have faith in God."
*:This exploits the fact that "faith" is often used to mean "confidence", that is having a solid reason to be confident of something due to its past performance — this argument is an effort to equate science with religion, when in reality science does not require faith (meaning belief without evidence). Although assuming the word faith always implies "blind faith" is an extremely common example of this fallacy.
*"The theory of relativity is immoral because it promotes moral relativism."
*:This equivocates two different meanings of the word "relative."
==See also==
*Fallacy of ambiguity
*Fallacy of accent
*Fallacy of amphiboly
*Illicit observation
*Quote mining
*Rationalist taboo
*Technobabble
*Deepity
*Woo
==External links==
*"Equivocation", Fallacy Files
*Attacking Faulty Reasoning, T. Damer
==References==
Category:Fallacies of ambiguity
Category:Informal fallacies
Category:Philosophy of science
Erasmus Darwin

Erasmus Darwin , was an English physician, natural philosopher, physiologist, inventor and poet. He was one of the founding members of the Lunar Society, a discussion group of pioneering industrialists and natural philosophers. His more famous grandsons were Charles Darwin and Francis Galton, though the latter may or may not be more infamous. He developed a theory of evolution,In his Zoonomia and the posthumously published Temple of nature he postulated that animals and plants developed from simpler forms. which, though similar to Lamarckism,His version was in fact proposed before Lamarck's, but renaming Lamarckism Darwinism would be far too confusing, and "Erasmism" would be unlikely to catch on for other reasons. probably inspired Charles's thoughts on the subject. His first name, Erasmus, is after the Dutch Humanist philosopher of that name. As a Freemason, he is frequently attacked by Conspiracy Theorists who believe the Theory of Evolution was inspired by Masonic philosophy.
==Other achievements==
*Inventing the horizontal windmill,According to anyway... a speaking machine and an artificial bird.
*Campaigning against slavery.
*Making a sketch of a liquid-fueled rocket.
*Customizing a table with a semicircle cutout, which his being enormously fat necessitated.
==Notes==
==External links==
*Works of Erasmus Darwin on Project Gutenberg
Category:British people
Category:Evolution
Category:Philosophers
Category:Scientists
Eric Hufschmid

Eric Hufschmid is an American conspiracy theorist who has been "avoiding Zionist traps since 2002". He spews forth a wide variety of conspiracy theories, mostly centered around Jews and/or Zionists. He seems to think that Jews are reptilians, who "use their intelligence to kill, sabotage and blackmail their competition [that's us humans]".http://www.hugequestions.com/Eric/Reptilians.html This is probably inspired by (though not directly connected to) David Icke's Reptoid theory. Anyone even remotely close to sane can recognize his penchant for doing all his hard-hitting data research in his ass.
He believes the (which was a Zionist correct flag operation, as the Irgun took responsibility for the bombing), 9/11, JFK assassination, and the holocaust were all Zionist false flag operations. His paranoia goes so far that he believes his potential wife-to-be is a Zionist agent and that it's best to break off the relationshiphttp://www.hugequestions.com/Eric/Peggy_sequel.html, and that Michael Jackson's death was a conspiracy to "divert attention away from Zionism, Israel, and Jews in general".http://www.hugequestions.com/Eric/Jackson-inside-job.html
He also believes in the moon landing hoax and that Paul McCartney was killed in 1966 and replaced by someone else.http://www.hugequestions.com/Eric/Paul-McCartney.html
He appeared in the episode "Conspiracy Theories" of Penn & Teller: Bullshit!.
==External links==
* hugequestions.com, his homepage; here be dragons lions wackos.
*Channel at YouTube
==References==
Category:Antisemites
Category:Authors
Category:Conspiracy theorists
Category:Holocaust denialists
Category:Living people
Category:Racists