nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Polysexuality

Polysexuality (not be confused with polyamory) is a sexual orientation closely related to bisexuality and pansexuality. While bisexuality is defined as being attracted to two or more genders, and pansexuality is defined as being attracted to individuals regardless of their gender This is a highly simplified definition. For a more in depth distinction between the two sexualities, see Difference between bisexuality and pansexuality., polysexuality is defined as being attracted to multiple genders, but not necessarily all. 
==Examples==
A polysexual may find themselves attracted to men, women, and bigender people and find themselves completely unattracted to other non-binary gender identities. A different polysexual person may find themselves attracted to women and agender people, but no other genders. Keep in mind, that some people may experience such forms of attractions and label themselves as being bisexual. There are no hard and fast rules here. The distinction between bisexuality and polysexuality often boils down to how one feels about the word "multiple" in the description of their sexuality, and whether or not they want to carry the common connotations of being attracted to both men and women that frequently characterizes bisexuality. It really comes down to what word one prefers, and how one feels best describes how they experience sexual attraction. Some may insist upon only being polysexual, while others may insist upon being both bisexual and polysexual. There is no singular "correct" way to identify here, though that doesn't necessarily entail anything goes. 
In short, polysexual people are attracted to multiple genders, but not necessarily all. That being said, some polysexual people may see themselves as also being omnisexual, that wouldn't contradict being polysexual. 
==See also==
*Pansexuality
*Bisexuality
==Notes==
Category:Sexuality
Polystrate fossils

Polystrate fossils are fossils that cut through fossil layers. Creationists like to use the fossils to "prove" evolution could not have happened. Their arguments are discussed below.
==Their arguments==
===Polystrate trees===
===="How can you explain the trees then, if God doesn't exist?"====
This has been explained for 145 years. In Acadian Geology, J.W. Dawson wrote:Acadian Geology: an account of the geological and mineral structure and mineral resources of Nova Scotia and portions of the neighbouring provinces of British America by John Will Dawson (1855) Oliver and Boyd, p. 146
Basically, this means that all these trees have roots in clay, which is not possible if they were torn up by Noah's flood. The clay was once river sediment. Either the trees were immersed in water and slowly covered with river sediment, or the trees were buried in a quick river flood. Coal is always above the trees, formed by the plant life growing with the trees.http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/polystrate/trees.html
===="The trees were buried by Noah's flood!"====
Not true. Some trees can survive being partially buried and some polystrate trees show roots attempting to grow facing the surface. If the trees were buried all at once, the fossils wouldn't show root growth.
===="Some of the trees are slanted or upside down!"====
Yeah, it's not like, you know, rocks move over time or something. Continental plates totally don't move. And it's not like if a tree happens to be in the rock, it would be angled the direction of the rock movement.
===Polystrate whale===
===="The whale was found in a vertical position!"====
Actually, it was found lying at an angle 50-40 degrees from horizontal.
===="What about diatoms?"====
Talk Origins sayshttp://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/polystrate/whale.html:
==References==
Polyvagal theory

Polyvagal theory is an unproven neuroscientific and psychological theory focused on the vagus nerve's role in social psychology. First developed by in the 1990s, polyvagal theory purports to explain how the vagus nerve is involved in emotional regulation, the fear response, and social connection. It is not endorsed and often criticized by mainstream psychologists or neuroscientists and may be found in the company of other pseudoscientific theories.
==Theory==
There are three major tenets of polyvagal theory:
# Hierarchy, how the autonomic nervous system reacts in three reaction patterns, which are activated in a specific order
# Neuroception, a cognition without awareness, triggered by a stimulus such as danger
# Co-regulation, the need to feel safe enough to allow oneself to be in relationships
According to polyvagal theory, there are essentially three pillars of the autonomic nervous system. In the traditional view, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems activate the "fight-or-flight", mobilization response and the "rest-and-digest", immobilization response, respectively. Polyvagal theory elaborates by adding a third, social response. It splits the parasympathetic nervous system into two parts: the ventral vagal system and the dorsal vagal system. The dorsal vagal system concerns the relaxation response, but the ventral vagal system supports social engagement. The ventral vagal system allows one to feel safe, and thus open to interaction.
As may be apparent, polyvagal theory thus is a theory of social neuroscience that places great emphasis on how socialization influences emotional regulation. It comes up often in some branches of trauma studies.
A major part of polyvagal theory is how it interprets the "frozen" response which many experiences when they are afraid. According to polyvagal theory, this response is caused by a conflict between the mobilization and immobilization responses without feeling safe.
==Criticism==
Polyvagal theory has been criticized for inaccuracies in both its neurological and evolutionary claims. It also may not be falsifiable, and thus pseudoscientific.
==See also==
* Éiriú Eolas – A pseudoscientific "breathing and meditation program" which draws on the polyvagal theory.
Category:Psychology
Category:Medicine
Category:Pseudoscience
Pope Joan

Pope Joan was, supposedly, a Mome female pope who reigned during the Middle Ages. Most modern scholars believe the story likely arose out of satire directed at the Holy See, in attempts to belittle a particular pope, or the papacy itself. 
==The story==
According to the legend, a woman disguised herself as a monk and then rose through the ranks until she was elected to the See of Rome. According to the earliest printed retelling of the story, credited to a Dominican priest named Jean DeMallie, Joan went into labor while riding a horse, and was killed either by an angry mob, or perhaps by, well, going into labor on a horse. Another Dominican priest named Stephen of Bourbon retold the story, calling this Pope "John". In this version, she is discovered upon giving birth, this time during a holy processional. She was subsequently stoned to death and then buried as befitting a woman lying about being a man (much less ascending to the rank of Pope). A different account suggests she and the baby were not stoned; instead, she was incarcerated and her son later became a bishop and had his mother buried in a cathedral.
Perhaps the most remarkable aspect to this story is that it tells of an improbable event (a man giving birth) so embarrassing that even the Church won't declare it a miracle so as to avoid the criticism.
There are no records supporting the actual existence of a female pope, and given the obvious opportunities such an event would have on those that were enemies to the papal system, it is unlikely such a stunning event would have gone unremarked. The Female Pope: The Mystery of Pope Joan, by Rosemary and Darroll Pardoe By 1601, the Catholic Church officially declared the story to be a legend. Several modern scholars have studied the way such legends might have come about, and why they would have been so popular, all commenting at length about the connection of women to "insignificance", "weakness", and "guile", suggesting that saying the pope was, at any time, a woman weakened the whole concept in the eyes of followers and critics.
It has been argued that was an inspiration for the story.The Woman who Ruled the Papacy. medievalists.net, 3 March 2014.Rosemary and Darroll Pardoe, The Female Pope: The Mystery of Pope Joan. users.globalnet.co.uk, 1988.
A 2018-published bookLegends of a Medieval Female Pope May Tell the Truth (in German) examines the subject in view of purported new evidence.
==Legacy (sort of)==
Joan lives on in Tarot decks, where the second trump card ("The Popess", in occult decks "The High Priestess") is sometimes said to represent her, with early Tarot decks for gaming as well as some modern ones for divination having on such card a woman dressed in Papal robes.
==See also==
*Mary Magdalene
==External links==
*A book by this guy's wife's aunt.
*Ghaddafi may have been a woman too
==References==
__NOTOC__
Category:Catholicism
Category:Pseudohistory
Category:Religious leaders
Posse Comitatus

The Posse Comitatus organization was an extreme right-wing tax resistance movement active in the U.S. in the 1970s and early 1980s. It was strongest in the rural Midwestern states, where a farm foreclosure crisis gave them an appealing recruiting target. Less an organized group than a decentralized movement, they generally held that the only legitimate form of government was at the county level (posse comitatus is Latin for "power of the county") and did not recognize the state or federal government. They believed the county sheriff was therefore the head of state, and the unorganized militia of the county (themselves) was the sheriff's enforcement arm under their admittedly bizarre reading of common law (See: pseudolaw). It is not documented exactly how Posse Comitatus activists felt that this would work in areas of the country with weak or non-existent county governments (such as New England or Alaska, and the parts of Alaska organized at that level use instead of counties); in places such as the cities of Virginia, Carson City, St. Louis, and Baltimore, which are by intentional design not part of any county; or in New York City, where the governments of five counties (the Five Boroughs) have been completely subsumed by the city government. Or in Louisiana, which has parishes rather than counties, and also doesn't operate under the common law system.
The movement was also closely tied to Christian Identity beliefs and anti-Semitism. One of its leaders, James Wickstrom, is an Identity church pastor who believes in the serpent seed doctrine and often preaches on the subject, "Communism is Jewish". Other founders included Henry Lamont Beach, a former member of the pro-Axis "Silver Shirts" (a group active in the U.S. just before World War II), and William Potter Gale, an anti-Semite who is ironically of part-Jewish ancestry himself. 
Gordon Kahl of Medina, North Dakota was probably their best known member; he died in a 1983 shootout with law enforcement in Arkansas while fleeing federal tax charges and a gunfight during an earlier botched arrest attempt in Medina, North Dakota.
While Posse Comitatus is not active in any significant sense, its ideology led to the sovereign citizen movement as well as the closely related militia movement. The anonymous propaganda tract known as the Citizen's Rule Book is also believed to have been written by either members or sympathizers of PC due to its ideological slant.
Following the Haiti earthquake of January 2010, Wickstrom's Comitatus blog headlined with: "PRAISE YAHWEH FOR DESTROYING THESE BUTCHERS OF WHITES & VODOO CREATURES!!"Really
==References==
Category:Pseudolaw
Category:Vigilantes
Category:Tax protesters
Category:Fascism
Category:Neo-Nazism
Category:Racism
Category:Antisemitism
Category:Militia movement
Post-designation

Post-designation (also fishing for data) is a logical fallacy that occurs when a conclusion is drawn from correlations observed in a sample, but only after collection of the sample and without declaring in advance what correlations the experimenter was expecting to find. This fallacy thus circumvents the scientific method of having a pre-designated experimental hypothesis and testing for the null hypothesis or worrying about statistical significance before looking at the data.
The fallacy is a circular fallacy, since any given data will always support some conclusion. Because we were looking for anything, we are bound to find it.
==Examples==
*In looking at the difference between 100 Christians and 100 atheists, we found that Christians were significantly more likely to eat tuna fish.
*Three of my four children were born in February, and all three were left-handed. Apparently most people born in February are left-handed.
*We took a survey of our class and discovered that, out of 30 students, seven were born in January. We conclude that college students are much more likely to be born in January than in any other month.
==Legitimate use==
Using peculiarities in a sample to suggest new lines of research is not a bad idea, but requires going through the scientific process all over again. When this is done, the sample is the minor premise of a retroduction rather than the major premise of an induction.
==See also==
*Correlation does not imply causation
==External links==
*POST-DESIGNATION, Logically Fallacious
*Fishing for Data (Post-Designation), Bruce Thompson
Category:Informal fallacies
Post-normal science

Post-normal science is a concept developed by Jerome Ravetz and Silvio Funtowicz in the 1990s to describe certain fields in which high-cost decisions must be made but there is a good deal of uncertainty with relation to the relevant scientific facts. The phrase "post-normal science" is a spin-off of Thomas Kuhn's concept of "normal science". Ravetz and Funtowicz have mostly applied this concept to ecological economics and to public-health policy. One of the key components of post-normal science is that it is not value-free, but used in the service of an outcome decided by value judgments (which makes it in some ways similar to decision theory). 
Because of this, Ravetz and Funtowicz argue for a "democratization" of scientific knowledge through an "extended peer community" to integrate "local knowledge, values, and interests".S. Funtowicz and J. Ravetz. Post-Normal Science. Internet Encyclopaedia of Ecological Economics. The authors feel that these perspectives and "other forms of knowing" have been unfairly excluded from science despite the fact that they're, well, not really scientific, so they'd like to abolish the underlying method and the discrimination between fact and fancy that it entails. The resulting hollowed-out shell would then be stuffed with nonsense, to be legitimized by keeping the description "science" as a mark of "quality". Perhaps they should cut out the middleman and simply call it "post-science"...
==Usage by cranks==
The concept has gained some currency in popular discourse recently. Due to its similarities to postmodern critiques of science, it has also been latched onto by cranks attempting to give their ideas a veneer of legitimacy much in the same way that postmodern rhetoric has.
Its most common usage is probably in the arena of global warming, where the term is sometimes bandied about by denialists.A few examples: This article by James Delingpole, Wotts Up on a Pat Frank column, this post from a denialist blog. It's also been picked up by some creationists.Uncommon Descent jumps on the post-normal bandwagon. This is especially ironic considering that postmodernism is often a bogeyman for right-wingnuts as well as the fact that post-normal science was coined by leftist academics and discussions revolving around it often read like watered-down Paul Feyerabend or Bruno Latour.
==See also==
*Sound science
==External links==
*Post-normal times
*The appliance of science, Mike Hulme
*Post-normal meltdown in Lisbon, Deep Climate
*Post-normal science or (pseudo-) sort of science?, Policy Lass
==References==
Category:Economics
Category:Environmentalism
Category:Global warming
Category:Neologisms
Category:Political theory
Category:Postmodernism
Category:Science
Category:Pseudoscience
Category:Philosophy of science
Post hoc, ergo propter hoc (español)

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc es una locución latina que significa «después de esto, entonces a causa de esto». El término se refiere a una falacia lógica que correlaciona dos eventos ocurridos sucesivamente, y afirma que el primer evento causó al segundo.The Fine Art of Baloney Detection, Carl Sagan
Concorde a un argumento post hoc, ergo propter hoc, es importante saber que correlación no implica causalidad.
El pensamiento mágico es una forma de falacia post hoc, ergo propter hoc, en el cual las supersticiones son formadas en base a ver una serie de coincidencias. Por ejemplo: «Este es mi anillo de la suerte. Algunas veces pasan cosas buenas cuando me lo pongo». 
==Nombres alternativos==
*Post hoc
*Correlación coincidente
*Causalidad falsa
==Forma del argumento==
==Otros ejemplos==
Muchas supersticiones usan esta falacia. Cuando iba camino a la escuela, un gato negro pasó frente a mí. Ese día tenía el escrito de física y lo perdí. Si usara esta falacia, podría concluir que fallé culpa del gato, ignorando otros factores, como mi tiempo de estudio y mis ganas.
*El gallo canta antes del amanecer, por lo tanto el gallo crea el amanecer.
*Un científico alcohólico conduce un experimento para ver por qué tiene resaca. Para ello decide crear un diario personal. El lunes por la noche: whisky y soda; el martes por la mañana: resaca. Martes por al noche: ginebra y soda; miércoles por la mañana: resaca. Miércoles por la noche: vodka y soda; jueves por la mañana: resaca. Jueves por la noche: ron y soda; viernes por la mañana: resaca. El viernes por la noche, antes de ir por su bebida, el científico tuvo una epifanía. "¡Ajá!", se dijo a sí mismo, "¡Lo tengo! ¡La soda causa resaca!". 
*Según Andrew Schlafly: "En Rumania, el aborto era ilegal bajo el mandato comunista del dictador Nicolae Ceausescu, y el país disfrutaba de bajas tazas de cáncer de seno, incluso si lo comparamos con muchos países occidentales".Strange bedfellows. Solo porque el cáncer de seno era anormal no quiere decir que el aborto lo causaba.
*Cuando comparamos en un gráfico las muertes por caer en una piscina, el número de muertes se correlaciona con el número de películas en las que está Nick Cage. Esto es completamente una coincidencia...o tal vez no.Cage movies and drowning, Tyler Vigen
==Véase también==
===Versiones en otros idiomas===
==Enlaces externos==
===En inglés===
*
*Do you know why we lost Texas?
*Post Hoc, Fallacy Files
*Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc, Bruce Thompson
*Spurious correlations, Tyler Vigen
==Referencias==
Category:Español
Category:Latin phrases
Category:Causation fallacies
Pragmatic fallacy

A pragmatic fallacy is a logical fallacy that occurs when, because something helped someone, it is assumed that it will help for everyone.
The fallacy is the bastard child of hasty generalization and anecdotal evidence; it is therefore an informal fallacy.
The fallacy is sometimes confused with an appeal to consequences; this is incorrect. An appeal to consequences uses the effects of holding a belief to argue for the truth value of a proposition, while a pragmatic fallacy uses an example where something "worked" to argue for its general efficacy.
==Alternate names==
*It worked for me!
==Form==
==Explanation==
The only way to know whether something is likely to work in all cases is to try it in a representative sample of all cases. (In medicine, usually via double blind studies.) One or two people are not representative of the human race.
A big part of the fallacy is the vagueness of the term "works" — for some people, yoga "works" to make them happy, while for others, it "works" to bring them closer to brahman. This vagueness is exploited by woomeisters worldwide. Customer satisfaction is often used as an argument for a treatment's effectiveness, when it may be nothing more than a placebo effect or their personal regression to the mean.
==Examples==
*Deepak Chopra was a successful doctor, yet overworked, over-caffeinated, and a smoker. After he practiced Transcendental Meditation, he lost some of these habits. Twenty years later, he's still preaching its benefits.
*I don't know how magnetic bracelets relieve pain, I just know that they do.
==See also==
*Appeal to consequences
*Magical thinking
*Wishful thinking
==External links==
*pragmatic fallacy, Skeptic's Dictionary
*Pragmatic Fallacy, TheAlmightyGuru
Category:Imprecision fallacies
Category:Informal fallacies
Pranic healing

Pranic healing is a pseudoscientific alternative medicine that claims to utilise "prana", or "life energy", to heal the body. "Prana" is the Sanskrit word for qi. It also uses chakras and acupuncture meridians. Deepak Chopra is quite a fan.
==History==
For a practice claiming roots going back thousands of years, it is quite recent, the book Pranic Healing having been published only in 1984. The woo-meister who synthesized the present form of pranic healing was Choa Kok Sui, the Grand Master, whose variant is called MCKS Pranic Healing.GrandMaster Choa Kok Sui: A Modern Spiritual Teacher
MCKS Pranic Healing claims only to complement medicine that works, not replace it. They focus on healing, not curing, don't you know. The possibility of being arrested for practicing pseudomedicine has, of course, nothing to do with this.
==Practice==
The practitioner does not touch the patient, who sits eyes closed, palms upward, tongue on roof of mouth. The practitioner scans the client's energy body, to determine the size and state of the chakras. The energy body is cleansed and energised using a crystal.
==Evidence of effectiveness==
==See also==
*Reiki
*Therapeutic touch
*Qi
==References==
Category:Alternative medicine
Category:Energy therapy
Category:Indian medicine
Category:Orientalist woo