nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Albite

== Description ==
A sodium plagioclase feldspar mineral composed of sodium aluminum silicate. Albite is found throughout the world, with major locations in the Alps, Urals, Harz Mountains, France, Norway, and the U.S. (Maine, Virginia, Colorado). The mineral is translucent to opaque with a pearly luster. Although usually white, the brittle, glassy crystals that may be colorless, yellow, pink, green, or black. Albite is used in ceramics and in the manufacture of artificial teeth. It can cause unwanted bubbles in glazes at temperatures above 1200 C (Fournier 1996).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
albus (Lat.); albita (Esp.); albite (Fr.; Port.); Albit (Deut.); albiet (Ned.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Albite PMA.TIF~FTIR|Albiteitaly3.jpg~Raman (U of Parma)|albitelyon.jpg~Raman (ENS-Lyon)]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Crystalline system = triclinic with tabular crystals, twinning is common. 
Cleavage occurs at 86o24' angles
Composition 	Na[AlSi3O8]
Mohs Hardness	6.0
Density 	2.62 g/ml
== Resources and Citations ==
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992.
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: albite" [Accessed March 4, 2002].
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albite (Accessed Mar. 15, 2006)
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=2.62-2.65
Category:Materials database
Albumen

== Description ==
An alternate spelling for the protein mixture (albumin) found in egg whites. This spelling, albumen, is preferred by the food industry. It is also used to refer to the egg white medium in mid-19th century photographic and lithographic prints. Albumen has been, and is, used for baking, textile dyeing, clarification of wines, and as an adhesive, coating, and binder. Albumen protein will remain water soluble used unless heated to temperatures above 50C (122F) or exposed to intense or long-term light. Medicinally, it is used as an antidote for mercury poisoning.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
egg white; albumin
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 22
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Website: http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/a/htm
Category:Materials database
Albumen paper

== Description ==
A photographic printing out paper widely used from about 1850-1890. Albumen paper was invented by Louis Desiré Blanquart and presented to the French Academy of Sciences in 1850. Blanquart used a thin layer of egg white protein to disperse and bind photosensitive salts. Egg white was whipped then allowed to settle to a liquid; this formed a homogeneous liquid which was mixed with small amounts of salt (usually sodium chloride or ammonium chloride) and citric acid, then spread as a thin layer over a high quality cellulosic paper. After drying, the layer was activated by treatment with silver nitrate to form silver chloride, a light sensitive compound. To create an image, a negative was placed in direct contact with the paper, then exposed to daylight. Once the development was complete, it was stopped by treating the paper with a fixing agent such as sodium thiosulfate. Albumen prints were a golden to purplish brown color with a glossy surface. It was replaced in the 1890s by silver gelatin paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
albumen print; albumen photograph
== Comparisons ==
== Additional Images ==
File:2002.621-SC53938.jpg|Alfred, Lord TennysonMFA# 2002.621
File:Kodak_Albumen_overall.jpg|Albumen print
File:Kodak_Albumen_spec.jpg|Albumen print
File:Family_albumen_18.jpg|Albumen print
File:Landscape_Albumen_overall.jpg|Albumen print
File:Landscape_Albumen_spec.jpg|Albumen print
File:Landscpe_albumen_18.jpg|Albumen print
File:Albumen print Sample 17 200x Refl.jpg|Albumen print sample
File:Albumen print Sample 17 200x UV.jpg|Albumen print sample
==Resources and Citations==
* James M. Reilly, The Albumen & Salted Paper Book: The history and practice of photographic printing, 1840-1895. Light Impressions Corporation. Rochester, 1980
* Timothy Vitale, Paul Messier, "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Albumen Photographs" JAIC 33(3):279-99, 1994.
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969 Comment: dates of use = 1850-1890
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: final date of use = 1895
* Luis Nadeau, Encyclopedia of Printing, Photographic, and Photomechanical Processes, Atelier, New Brunswick, 1997 Comment: Invented by Louis Desire Blanquart in the late 1840s and presented to the French Academy of Sciences on May 27, 1850.
* Caring for your Collections, Arthur W Schulz (ed.), Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , New York, 1992 Comment: Debbie Hess Norris chapter; dates of use = 1855-1885
* Preservation 101 Glossary of Terms -invented in 1850 by Louis-Desire Blanquart-Evrard
Category:Materials database
Albumin

== Description ==
A naturally occurring, water-soluble protein found in egg white , milk, and blood. When spelled as albumen, the use generally refers to egg white proteins used in the food industry and in 19th century photographic emulsions. Albumin is a strong, coagulating protein that is used in adhesives, paper coatings, lithographic, and photographic emulsions, textile dyeing, gilding leather, paint binders, and varnishes. Dried albumin powder is yellowish and forms a colorless solution in water. Albumin protein will remain water soluble used unless heated to temperatures above 50C (122F) or exposed to intense or long-term light. Medicinally, it is used as an antidote for mercury poisoning. 
See also casein.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
albumen; egg white; albúmina (Esp.); albumine (Fr.); albumina (It.); albumina (Port.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water, ethanol.
== Resources and Citations ==
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 22
* Matte Paint: Its history and technology, analysis, properties and conservation treatment, Eric Hansen, Sue Walston, Mitchell Bishop (ed.), J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, Vol. 30 of AATA, 1993
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Alcoa

== Description ==
[ALCOA, Pittsburgh PA] A company name and registered trademark for its line of aluminum products. Started in 1907, the Aluminum Company of America, changed their name to ALCOA, in 1999. The term ALCOA had been used since 1910 for their manufactured aluminum products. These included sheet, wire tubing, castings, powder, foil, extrusion, collapsible tubes, closures, etc.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ALCOA; Aluminum Company of America; Alcan (Canadian subsidiary Aluminum Limited);
==Resources and Citations==
* ALCOA: Website
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: pp. 40-43
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoa
Category:Materials database
Alcohol

== Description ==
A classification of organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groups at the end of a hydrocarbon chain. Alcohols with one hydroxyl group are called monohydric. Examples are: methanol, ethanol, phenol and sterol. Alcohols with two hydroxyl groups are called dihydric or diols. An example is glycol. Glycerol is a trihydric alcohol (3 hydroxyl groups). As a group, compounds with more than one hydroxyl are referred to as polyols. Many alcoholic compounds occur naturally in plants while others are synthetically produced. They are used for solvents, beverages, plasticizers and fuels. Commonly, the term alcohol refers to ethanol and intoxicating beverages containing ethanol. Prior to 1800s, alcoholic compounds were called spirits.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ethanol; spirits
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Alcohol colors

== Description ==
Name given to alcohol-soluble aniline dyes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
alcohol colours (Br.); colores al alcohol (Esp.); colori all'alcool (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Aldehyde

== Description ==
A classification of organic compounds that have an unsaturated carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of a hydrocarbon chain. They have the general formula of RCHO. With the exception of formaldehyde, which is a gas, the shorter chain aldehydes (up to C11) are pungent, volatile liquids. As the carbon chain length increases, their water solubility decreases, however, all aldehydes are soluble in alcohol. Aldehydes can be oxidized to form acids and reduced to form alcohols. Aldehydes are most often used as starting materials or intermediates in chemical syntheses and polymer production. Examples include acetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
alkanal (IUPAC); aldehyd (Dan., Nor., Pol., Sven.); Aldehyde (Deut.); Alkanale (Deut.); aldehído (Esp.); aldéhyde (Fr.); aldehyde (Ned.); alkanal (Ned.); aldeído (Port.);
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in ethanol and ether.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 24
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde (Accessed Mar. 15, 2006) -for non-English terms
Category:Materials database
Aldehyde green

== Description ==
An intense aniline green dye patented in 1862 by M.Cherpin. Aniline green was discovered by accident when Cherpin mixed photographic fixer (sodium hyposulfite) with an alcoholic solution of aniline and acetaldehyde. The brilliant green color was primarily used for dying silk.
== Resources and Citations ==
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
Category:Materials database
Aldehyde leather

== Description ==
Leather tanned with the use of aldehydes, such as formaldehyde. Aldehydes react with the proteins in a hide to form insoluble, stable compounds that are resistant to putrefaction. The use of formaldehyde is a standard tanning method for washable skins from sheep or lamb. It produces a strong, white, pliable, leather that is resistant to water (Kuhn 1986).
== Resources and Citations ==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Alder - left (369 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_10-08-2009_369.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 369
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 5th shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (369 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| ochre
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| leaf / air dried
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| 5g of the air dried leaves were boiled in 100cc (= 100ml) of water, from which 10cc was used for the dyeing. The silk used weighed 0.5g.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Alder - right (369 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_10-08-2009_369.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 369
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 5th shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (369 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| ochre
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| leaf / air dried
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| 5g of the air dried leaves were boiled in 100cc (= 100ml) of water, from which 10cc was used for the dyeing. The silk used weighed 0.5g.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Aldol

== Description ==
Clear, syrupy liquid formed from the condensation of acetaldehyde in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. Aldol is used in rubber vulcanization, perfumes, engraving, on printer's rollers, as a dyeing assistant, in synthetic polymers, as a solvent, and as a fungicide.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acetaldol; 3-hydroxybutyraldehyde; 3-hydroxybutanal; aldol adduct;
== Risks ==
* Combustible; moderate fire risk. 
* Acts as a sedative when ingested.
* Echemi: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Miscible with water, ethanol and ether.
Composition 	CH3CH2OCH2CHO
Density 	1.1098 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 88.11
Boiling Point 	83 C
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 24
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 225
Category:Materials database
Aldrin

== Description ==
A toxic, chlorinated hydrocarbon that occurs as white to brown crystals. Aldrin was first introduced as an insecticide in 1948. The former insecticide was primarily used for cockroaches, subterranean termites, and mothproofing. However, it irreversibly reacts with keratin and other proteins. Because of its toxicity, it is no longer manufactured or used in the US since 1987.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
HHDN; Octalene [Hyman & Co.]; Compound 118; 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro- 1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aldrinir.jpg~FTIR|aldrinstructure.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Risks ==
* Extremely hazardous. 
* Toxic by inhalation, skin absorption, or ingestion. 
* LD50=36-60 mg/kg. Suspected teratogen and carcinogen. 
* Chem Service: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Very soluble in most organic solvents. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	C12H8Cl6
CAS 	309-00-2
Melting Point 	104 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 364.9
Boiling Point 	145 C
==Resources and Citations==
* Nancy Odegaard, Alyce Sadongei, and associates, Old Poisons, New Problems, Altimira, Walnut Creek, CA, 2005
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: history of agriculture [Accessed March 26, 2002] for date of introduction
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art, ICCROM, Rome, 1991
* Stephen R. Edwards, Bruce M. Bell, Mary Elizabeth King, Pest Control in Museums: a Status Report 1980, Association of Sytematics Collections, Washington DC, 1980
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002 Comment: Interior use
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldrin (Accessed Mar. 15, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Alegar

== Description ==
An informal British name for ale vinegar or sour ale beginning in the 16th century.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ale vinegar; sour ale
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Alenon lace

== Description ==
A delicate needlepoint lace originally manufactured in the city of Alenon in northwest France. Alenon lace has solid, flowery designs outlined with a twisted yarn. The lace usually has a delicate, hexagonal mesh background and is 36 inches wide with one edge scalloped. Machine reproductions of Alenon lace have been made since the mid-19th century.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Alencon lace; point d'Alencon; encaje de Alencon (Esp.); Alencon kant (Ned)
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Rosalie Rosso King, Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Alençon lace

== Description ==
A delicate needlepoint lace originally manufactured in the city of Alençon in northwest France. Alençon lace has solid, flowery designs outlined with a twisted yarn. The lace usually has a delicate, hexagonal mesh background and is 36 inches wide with one edge scalloped. Machine reproductions of Alençon lace have been made since the mid-19th century.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Alencon lace; point d'Alencon; encaje de Alencon (Esp.); Alencon kant (Ned)
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Aleppo gall

== Description ==
An abnormal growth on oak, Quercus infectoria, trees, commonly found in the Turkish province of Aleppo. Aleppo, or oak, galls can contain up to 50% tannins. They were used for making iron gall inks. 
See also gall.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Nutgalls Aleppo (powdered), Penick Co. NY.TIF~FTIR(MFA)]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
oak gall; Quercus infectoria
==Resources and Citations==
* Judith Hofenk-de Graaff, Natural Dyestuffs: Origin, Chemical Constitution, Identification, Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, 1969
Category:Materials database
Aleppo pine

== Description ==
A thin evergreen tree, Pinus halepensis, native to Syria and Palestine that is very resistant to heat and drought. The Aleppo pine produces a resinous wood that is fairly strong. In ancient Egypt, it was used for boats, weapons, general construction and coffins (Gale et al 2000). The resin is used to flavor retsina, a Greek wine.
==Resources and Citations==
Pinus halepensis; pin d'Alep (Fr.); pinho-de-Alepo (Fr.); Pino d'Aleppo (It.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Medium size tree (15-25m) with trunk diameter to 60 cm
* Thick bark is a dark orange-red with deep fissures
* Needle-like leaves are 6-12 cm long and produced in pairs
* Cones are narrow ( 2-3 cm), long (5-12 cm), and ripen when 24 months old
==Resources and Citations==
* R.Gale, P.Gasson, N.Hepper, G.Killen, "Wood" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 334-371.
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_halepensis (accessed April 2020)
Category:Materials database
Aleuritic acid

== Description ==
A constituent of shellac composing approximately 40%. Aleuritic acid forms a complex polyester upon esterification. It is also used in perfumes and chemical synthesis. Synthetically prepared aleuritic acid is often used as a component in cellulose nitrate lacquers. It can also act as a surfactant.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
9,10,16-trihydroxyhexadecanoic acid; 9,10,16-trihydroxypalmitic acid
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aleuritic acid.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Risks ==
Santa Cruz Biotech: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in ethanol and methanol.
Composition 	C16H32O5
CAS 	533-87-9
Melting Point 	100-101 C
Density 	1.114 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 304.41
==Resources and Citations==
* The Merck Index, Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: entry 222; mp = 100-101 C
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 706
* C.V.Horie, Materials for Conservation, Butterworth-Heineman, London, 1997
* MSDS Sheet Comment: Fisher Scientific - mp= 100-105 C
Category:Materials database
Alexandrit glass

== Description ==
A type of dichroic glass that appears blue in daylight and red in artificial light. Alexandrit glass was first made by Kolo Moser in Bohemia in the early 20th century. It contains about 3% neodymium oxide. Alexandrit glass was named after the dichroic mineral, alexandrite. It is not the same as Alexandrite glass, which is a colored glass produced by Thomas Webb in the late 19th century.
Category:Materials database
Alexandrite

== Description ==
A transparent, dichroic gemstone that appears emerald green in daylight and dark red in artificial light. Alexandrite was named for Czar Alexander II, because the stone was discovered in the Ural Mountains in 1830 on his 12th birthday and because the red and green were the Imperial colors. It is a type of chrysoberyl composed of beryllium aluminum oxide (BeAl2O4) with traces of chromium. These natural stones are very rare and expensive. Outside of Russia, alexandrite stones have been discovered in Sri Lanka (about 1900), Brazil (Minas Gerais in 1987), Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and Myanmar. Synthetic alexandrite made from chrysoberyl may have a metallic luster and contain inclusions of flux. Artificial alexandrite stones made with synthetic corundum (sapphire) are red-violet in incandescent light and blue-violet in daylight.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chrysoberyl; alexandrite sapphire; alejandrita (Esp.); Alexandrit (Deut.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Orthorhombic crystal system. 
* Good cleavage in one direction. 
* Fracture = uneven to conchoidal. 
* Luster = vitreous. 
* Streak = colorless to white.
* Fluorescence = inert to moderate red under LW and SW
* Strong pleochroism with red, orange and green colors.
Mohs Hardness 	8.5
Density 	3.5-3.8 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.745-1.754
Birefringence 	0.008 to 0.010
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* Yasukazu Suwa, Gemstones: Quality and Value, Volume 1, Sekai Bunka Publishing Inc., Tokyo, 1999 Comment: RI=1.746-1.755; Specific gravity=3.73;
* Michael O'Donoghue and Louise Joyner, Identification of Gemstones, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2003 Comment: RI=1.74-1.75; Specific gravity=3.71; DR=10.008-0.010;
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "chrysoberyl" [Accessed May 8, 2003].
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
Category:Materials database