nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Laser pointer

== Description ==
A small, handheld diode laser that emits an intense beam of light. Laser pointers were originally sold as tools for lectures in classrooms, conventions, and meetings. Low energy red light lasers (class 2) are generally acceptable for use in gallery talks as the UV-free, low energy wavelengths are not permanently fixed to a single position. 
Laser pointers fall into the following classes: 
* Class 2: power output of less than 1 milliwatt (mW). These red (630-680 nm) light lasers are generally considered safe. They should have an FDA label of CAUTION: Laser Radiation. Most laser pointers made before 1993 are class 2. 
* Class 3a: maximum power output between 1 and 5 mW. These are also red (630-680 nm) lasers but increased power increases potential hazards to the eye. They should have an FDA label of DANGER: Laser Radiation. 
* Class 3b: emit green light (532 nm) with a maximum power up to 15 mW. These laser pointers, usually imported from China or Russia, exceed permissible exposure levels and are hazardous. They are unlabeled.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Laserpointer (Deut.)
== Risks ==
Direct laser light in the eye for an extended period of time may cause damage. Short exposures should not cause permanent damage, but may cause temporary flash blindness, headaches, afterimages, or glare.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Laser Institute of America: Laser Pointer Safety
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: laser." (Accessed 10 Mar. 2005).
* Princeton: http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/LabPage/laserpointersafety.htm
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_pointer (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Laserdisc

== Description ==
An early videodisc that used reflected laser beam to playback audio and video signals to a television. Optical disk technology was patented in 1961 but Laserdiscs did not reach the market until 1978. They were made from thin circular plates of metal, glass, or polycarbonate with a reflective metallic surface. They varied in size form 4.7 to 11.8 inches in diameter. The signal was recorded as a sequence of holes. The laserdisc reader used a laser to scan the patterns then translated the variations in light intensity into video and audio signals. Laserdiscs were superseded in 1995 by the introduction of digital videodiscs (DVD).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
laser disc; laser disk; optical disc; Reflective Optical Videodisc System (initial name); Disco-Vision (2nd name; 1969); DiscoVision (3rd name, 1978, first product marketed); LaserDisc (4th name, 1981); Laserdisc (revised produce name and later common name)
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "laserdisc" [Accessed 25 Jan. 2006].
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserdisc (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Lastex

== Description ==
[Filati Lastex] A former trademark for an elasticized fabric used in the 1930s for swimsuits and girdles. Lastex fibers were made from polyisoprene. They were superseded by the introduction of Spandex (1959) with superior properties. The company now produces extruded rubber threads under the trademark of Filatron® that is used in textiles, diapers and medical support garments.
== Risks ==
Degrades in sunlight
==Resources and Citations==
* Filati Lastex: Website
Category:Materials database
Latewood

== Description ==
The denser portion of the xylem formed in the slow, later summer growing period of a tree. Latewood is also called summerwood. The latewood portion of the growth ring is often darker than the early wood region, thus providing good delineation of the rings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
summerwood; bois d'été (Fr.); madera tardía, de verano (Esp.); lenho de Outono (Port.); legno tardivo (It.)
Category:Materials database
Latex

== Description ==
1) A viscous, milky sap produced from numerous plants such as rubber trees, fig trees, spurge, hevea, guayule, and milkweed. The sap from the rubber tree, Hevea brasilienes, can be coagulated with acid then dried to form insoluble sheets of natural rubber. The sap is unstable and begins to decompose within hours of collection unless a small amount of ammonia (less than 1%) is added for stabilization. Latex contains about 33% hydrocarbon, 2% protein, and some sugars and salts suspended in 60% water. Latex rubber is hardened into a usable product by vulcanization (see also caoutchouc). 
2) The term 'Latex' has been commonly, but confusingly, applied by commercial manufacturers to aqueous emulsions of synthetic resins. It is most often used for house paints. See latex paint.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
1) liquid rubber; rubber latex; látex (Esp.); latex (Fr.); latex (Port.); caoutchouc; guayule; gutta percha 
Examples: Vultex
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Latex Spackel

== Description ==
[Beckers Farg, Stockholm, Sweden] A brand name for a commercial fill material. Latex Spackel is a mixture of a polyvinyl acetate and calcium carbonate. It dries to a hard white fill with little shrinkage but may evolve trace amounts of acetic acid as it cures. Latex Spackel can be overpainted with water-based or alkyd paints after drying for 1-3 hours (depending on fill thickness).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Latexspackel (Swe.); Latex Spackle (Eng.); Latexsparkel (Neth.); Latex spartelmasse (Den.)
== Risks ==
* Beckers: See Latexspackel in ProductGuide
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
White. Hardens in 1-3 hours.
==Resources and Citations==
* Product Information Comment: Tube label
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Latex adhesive paste

== Description ==
A rubber-like adhesive paste that is often used for photographic mounting. Latex pastes produce a thick, transparent film that can be rubbed-off with fingers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pasta de látex (Esp.);
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
Category:Materials database
Latex foam

== Description ==
A light, spongy rubber sourced from the rubber tree Hevea Brasiliensis. First produced in 1929, it is made by mechanically whipping air into the rubber latex prior to curing. Foam rubber turns yellow and becomes powdery when exposed to sunlight. Latex foam is known for its elasticity, comfort and breathability.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
foamed rubber; foam rubber; caoutchouc mousse (Fr.); schuimrubber (Ned);
==Applications==
* Mattresses, pillows, cushions 
* Insulation
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Eco-friendly
* Open-cell foam
* Weight = 5.5 lb/cft
* Density = 3-5 gm/ml
* Lifespan = 15 years
==Resources and Citations==
* Foam How: [https://foamhow.com/what-is-latex-foam-uses-pros-cons-comparisons-guide/ What is Latex Foam/}
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 754
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Latex paint

== Description ==
The term 'Latex' has been commonly, but confusingly, applied by commercial manufacturers to aqueous emulsions of synthetic resins that dry by water evaporation. It is most often used for house paints. The term originated in the 1940s when a water-based paint with a rubber binder was introduced. Later aqueous emulsions of other resins (such as acrylic, styrene-butadiene, polyvinyl acetate, polyurethane, Alkyd and epoxy) replaced the natural rubber binder, while the latex name was retained. Synthetic water-based 'latex' paints are made by emulsion polymerization. They are more properly called emulsion paints or polymer dispersion paints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
rubber-based paint; water-based paint; emulsion paint; polymer dispersion paint; pintura latex (Esp.); tinta de latex (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Paint in America, Robert Moss (ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994 Comment: M.Phillips, "A Survey of Paint Technolology"
* Monona Rossol, 'Water-Based Latex Paints', in handout for NYCOSH webinar on paints, 2019.
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Lath

== Description ==
A thin strip of wood or metal used in construction of houses to support shingles, plaster, or tile. Lathes were commonly used as a base for plaster walls in the U.S. from 1720. The early lathes were hand split with irregular sizes in two directions. After 1820, lathes were sawn from wide planks then split into thin rails, producing irregular widths but stable thicknesses. Lathes sawn in two directions were introduced in 1825 and widely used by 1835. Expanded metal lathes were patented in England in 1840 and made in the U.S. after 1896.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lathes (pl.); lathing; latte (Fr.); ripa (Port.);
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Ferro, "New Directions in Architectural Conservation: The Role of Physical Evidence" Technology & Conservation, 1/76, p. 14-17.
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Latten

== Description ==
A sheet of a brass alloy containing tin and sometimes lead. Latten was used from the Middle Ages to the 19th century for inexpensive utensils and bowls as well as for decorative metalwork. Other terms include: white latten (tin-plated iron), black latten (thin sheets of brass), and gold latten (brass foil).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pewter; white latten; black latten; gold latten; Latten (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 595
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latten (Accessed April 10, 2006)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Lauan

== Description ==
Wood obtained from any of several trees of the genera Shorea. Lauan wood is typically sold as Philippine mahogany on the American market. The reddish- brown wood resembles mahogany in texture, weight, and strength but is not dimensionally stable with changes in relative humidity. Lauan wood is used for furniture, cabinetry, veneers, and boat building.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Shorea; Philippine mahogany; seraya
==Resources and Citations==
* The Wood Database: Lauan
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 438
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Laundry blue

== Description ==
A fine particle, blue pigment used in washing white cotton and linen fabrics to counteract the yellowing caused by alkaline soaps. Laundry blue used in the late 18th to mid-19th century usually contained Prussian blue or indigo. Sometimes smalt was also used to whiten paper during this time. Reckitt's Blue, introduced in the 1850's, contained synthetic ultramarine blue. It was sold in the form of a powder, block or coated on a sheet of paper. Starch, gum arabic, and/or carrageenan were used as a binders. In the early part of the 20th century, some water soluble synthetic dyes, such as methyl violet, were introduced as blueing agents and optical brighteners.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
laundry bluing; bluing agent; blauwsel (Ned); washing blue; blueing agent; Reckitt's Blue; Dolly Blue; Robin Blue; Bag Blue; Bleu de Bale
==Resources and Citations==
* N.Odegaard, M. Crawford, "Laundry Bluing as a Colorant in Ethnographic Objects: ICOM Preprints 11th triennial meeting, Vol II, Edinburgh, 1996. G. Barton, S.Weik, ""Blue in the Pacific" SSCR Journal, Vol. 9 (4), 1998.
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* S.R.Trotman, E.R. Trotman, Textile Analysis, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1932
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Laundry paper

== Description ==
1) A sheet of paper that has a bluing agent coated to one or both sides with a thin layer of starch, dextrin, or soap. Each page contains the correct amount of bluing for one load of laundry. Also called leaf bluing, early forms contained a paste of Prussian blue bound with dextrin, while sheets made after the mid-19th century usually contained synthetic ultramarine blue. 
2) Moisture resistant papers that are used to separate articles of wet clothing and prevent color bleeding from one fabric to another during laundering.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
leaf bluing; sheet bluing; leaf blueing; blauwachtig vel papier? (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
Category:Materials database
Laundry soda

== Description ==
A mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. Laundry soda is a strongly alkaline cleaner that was used in textile processing and commercial laundry soaps. A slightly weaker soap, called textile soap was used for cleaning fine wool and cotton fabrics. Both of these alkaline soaps cause cottons to yellow.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
textile soap; zeep voor textiel (Ned);
Category:Materials database
Laundry starch

== Description ==
An aqueous solution of starch used to add stiffness to clothes. Laundry starch is water soluble and must be reapplied after each washing.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|MFA- liquid laundry starch, dried.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
clothing starch; stijfsel voor wasgoed (Ned);
Category:Materials database
Laurel

== Description ==
An aromatic evergreen tree, Laurus nobilis, native to the Mediterranean region. The laurel tree, or bay laurel, is grown commercially for the aromatic oil that is pressed from its berries. The leaves are used for cooking as well as medicinally as an aqueous extract. The wood from the laurel tree is strong and elastic. It is typically used for small novelties, carving and marquetry. 
See also California laurel.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Laurus nobilis; laurier (Fr.); laurel (Esp.); loureiro vulgar (Port.); alloro (It.); bay laurel; sweet bay; wax myrtle
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Variable evergreen shrub or small tree (7-18 m). 
* Leaves = elliptical (6-12 cm) and aromatic when crushed. 
* Fruit = berry-like drupe (1 cm) that contains one seed 
* Density = 50 ppcf
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_laurel (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Lauric acid

== Description ==
A fatty acid with a 12 carbon chain. Lauric acid occurs naturally in coconut oil and laurel oil. At room temperature, lauric acid is a solid. The waxy compound is used to make alkyd resins, wetting agents, soaps, detergents, and insecticides.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Lauric Acid, Chem Service O-18.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
dodecanoic acid; laurostearic acid; dodecoic acid
== Risks ==
* Combustible. Flash point = 112 C. 
* Contact may cause skin and eye irritation 
* CDH Fine Chemicals: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in benzene and ether. Slightly soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	CH3(CH2)10COOH
CAS 	143-07-7
Melting Point 	44 C
Density 	0.869 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 200.31
Boiling Point 	160-165 C
==Resources and Citations==
* The Merck Index, Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: entry 5396
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Laurionite

== Description ==
A rare halide mineral composed of lead chloride hydroxide. Laurionite crystals occurs as colorless, transparent, striated prisms. They were first identified in ancient lead slags at Laurium, Greece. Deposits are also found in Wheal Rose, England. Laurionite forms when saline containing water comes in contact with lead.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Laurionite.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lead chloride hydroxide
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Fine, colorless, orthorhombic, tabular crystals. 
* Fracture= uneven 
* Luster = pearly to adamantine 
* Streak = white
Composition 	PbClOH
Mohs Hardness 	2.5-3.5
Density 	6.24 g/ml
Molecular Weight	259.66
Refractive Index	2.077; 2.116; 2.158
==Resources and Citations==
* Mindat at http://www.mindat.org/min-2343.html (accessed Nov 19, 2008) Hardness=3.0-3.5
* Web Minerals at http://www.webmineral.com/data/Laurionite.shtml (accessed Nov 19, 2008) Hardness=2.5-3.0
Category:Materials database
Lava

== Description ==
Molten rock, or magma, emitted from a volcano or fissure. The term lava is used for both the molten liquid and the cooled solid material. The main varieties of lava rocks are rhyolite, basalt, and obsidian. Lava typically has a high iron content. It has been used for dark-color, temmoku-type glazes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lava (Esp., Ned., Port.); lave (Fr.); Lava (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 440
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Lavender

== Description ==
Any of a variety of plants of the genus Lavandula, such as Lavandula latifolia or the Lavandula angustifolia. The clusters of small purple flowers produce an essential oil, called lavender oil, that is used in perfumes. Lavender is also used for fumigating and is placed in sachets in closets as a moth repellent. A related nondrying oil expressed from the plant leaves is called spike oil and has been used as a retardant and thinner in oil paints (Mayer 1969). Both oils are powerful solvents and can make oil paints and varnishes sticky.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Lavandula angustifolia; Lavandula latifolia; lavanda (Esp.); lavande (Fr.); lavanda (It); lavender oil; lavander (sp); lavendar (sp)
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry # 5403
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 587
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* "Violin Varnish Glossary" at www.violins.on.ca/luthier.vargloss.html - gives plant name as Lavendula latifolia
Category:Materials database
Lavender oil

== Description ==
An essential oil extracted from the small purple flowers of lavender plants of the genus Lavandula, such as Lavandula angustifolia. Lavender oil is used in perfumes and toilet water. It has also been used for fumigating and is placed in sachets in closets as a moth repellent. It is a powerful solvent and can make oil paints and varnishes sticky. Lavender oil is sometimes mentioned as a retarder for oil paints, but it is more likely that spike lavender oil was used in the recipes (see spike oil).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Lavandula angustifolia; oleum lavandulae (Lat.); esencia de lavanda (Esp.); huile de lavande (Fr.); olio di lavanda (It); lavander oil (sp); lavendar oil (sp); oil of lavender
==Risks==
* NE Oils: SDS
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database