nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Pierre Gay

__NOTOC__ 
Pierre Gay is the group treasurer for Newedge. In June 2010, Gay had been named head of fixed-income, currency and commodities.
== Background ==
Previously, at Newedge he was Asian CEO. In that role, he was responsible for global product management and development, working with regional heads on fixed income, currency and commodities regional performance. He reported to Nicolas Breteau, global head of sales and front office.
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Newedge
Pierre Nyquist

__NOTOC__ 
Pierre Nyquist is a visiting assistant professor in the Department of Mathematics at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. His main areas of research are probability theory and mathematical statistics, specifically large deviations and stochastic numerical methods.
== Background ==
Before returning to KTH, Nyquist was a postdoc at the Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University. 
He has also been a visiting scholar at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the Institute for Computational and Experimental Research in Mathematics, and a researcher at RUAG Space AB.
== Education ==
He received a Ph.D. in Applied and Computational Mathematics in June 2014. 
==MarketsWiki Education==
Nyquist participated in the MarketsWiki Education World of Opportunity series in Stockholm, Sweden in March of 2017.
== References ==	
Category:MarketsWiki Education World of Opportunity Speaker
Category:Professors
Category:Stockholm
Pierre Slechten

__NOTOC__ 
Pierre Slechten is currently chief executive officer of Euroclear Belgium, Euroclear France and Euroclear Nederland. As of October 6, 2009, he will switch roles with Valérie Urbain to become managing director and head of human resources for the Euroclear Group. 
 
== Background ==
Slechten joined Euroclear in 1985 in the New Issues department and took on increased managerial responsibilities over the years, eventually becoming Managing Director and head of the Custody and Information Services Division and a member of the Euroclear Group Management Team in 1996.
He also spent four years as head of the Product Management Division until 2006, when he was appointed Chief Executive Officer of Euroclear France. In February 2009, Slechten became the first Chief Executive Officer of the Belgian, Dutch and French CSDs, which are currently served by a single transaction-processing platform known as ESES (Euroclear Settlement of Euronext-zone Securities).
== Education ==
== References ==
Pinar Emirdag

__NOTOC__ 
Pinar Emirdag is a business development professional focusing on disruptive technologies and market structure. She is the founder of SciencePeers. She is also a founding member of the UK Digital Currency Association, and a member of the advisory board for SenaHill Partners, LP.
She is the former head of professional business development at London Stock Exchange Group Plc. She joined the LSE in 2010 and left in August of 2013. 
== Background ==
Before joining the LSE, Emirdag was head of business development at ICAP Plc. She was previously at Liquidnet and before that was director of global business development at Citigroup Inc. in London. She was a founding member of the board of directors on the electronic platforms Turquoise and BOAT. 
Emirdag was born in Istanbul.
== Education ==
She holds a Ph.D in Physics and a M. Sc. in Electrical Engineering from Brown University in the U.S.
==Video==
Pinar Emirdag, Managing Director, Head of Business Development, ICAP
== References ==	
Category:ICAP - Former Employees
Category:London Stock Exchange - Former Employees
Category:Liquidnet - Former Employees
Category:Citigroup - Former Employees
Category:Business Development Professionals
Ping Orders

Ping orders, often referred to within the context of high-frequency trading (HFT) and electronic trading, are small-sized orders sent to an exchange, dark pool or other trading venue to gauge or "ping" the market for existing hidden orders or liquidity. By detecting these hidden orders, traders can gather information about the market's potential direction or interest levels.
The advent of electronic trading and the evolution of market structure have paved the way for more sophisticated trading strategies. High frequency trading firms, in particular, utilize advanced algorithms and rapid order execution to capitalize on small price discrepancies and market patterns. One such strategy involves the use of ping orders to detect hidden or iceberg orders on exchanges.
==Regulatory Concerns==
Some market participants argue that the use of ping orders can be manipulative or disruptive. They believe that by continuously sending out these small orders, traders can flood the market with "noise," making it challenging for other participants to discern genuine order interest. This can lead to concerns about market integrity and fairness. Given the potential for misuse, several regulatory bodies worldwide are closely monitoring the use of ping orders and other HFT strategies. While not inherently illegal, malicious or excessive use of ping order.
== References ==
Category:Market Manipulation
Category:Types of Orders
Category:Types of Fraud
Category:Fraud
Category:Regulation
Pipeline Financial Group Inc

Pipeline Financial Group, based in New York City, operates institutional electronic brokerages in the U.S. and Europe.
The company was formerly known as e-Xchange Advantage Corporation. Pipeline Financial Group, Inc. was founded in 1999.
== History ==
On November 15, 2011, Pipeline Financial Group announced a management shakeup intended to restore credibility to its alternative trading system, Pipeline ATS. The company named Jay Biancamano as its new executive chairman, replacing Alfred Berkeley. Biancamano was previously global head of marketplace and corporate strategy at Liquidnet, and prior to that a VP and director at ITG.
== Products and Services ==
Pipeline Financial Group's subsidiary, Pipeline Trading Systems LLC, operates the Pipeline Alternative Trading System (ATS), a dark pool that enables institutions and brokerage firms to trade blocks of NYSE listed companies, NASDAQ stocks, ADRs and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
In April of 2011, Pipeline announced that it planned to launch a dark pool in Europe in May.
== Key People ==
*Executive Chairman, Jay Biancamano
*Founder, Fred J. Federspiel
*Chief Financial Officer and Vice President, E. Reid Curley
*Vice President of Product Development, Ray Cirincione
*Principal Architect, John Lopez
== References ==
Pippa Malmgren

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Pippa Malmgren is president of Canonbury Group.
She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Royal Institute for International Affairs, the Institute for International Strategic Security, The National Association of Business Economists, and the British Institute of Directors.
 
== Background ==
She served as an advisor on international economic issues to George W. Bush during his presidential campaign. Then she joined the White House and served as Special Assistant to the President for Economic Policy on the National Economic Council. She was a member of the President's Working Group on Financial Markets and the President's Working Group on Corporate Governance. 
While in the White House, she was responsible for all financial market issues for the President, which included corporate governance, bank regulation, Government Sponsored Enterprises, mortgages, deposit insurance, terrorism insurance issues, anti-money laundering, and international finance issues. 
She was in charge of liaison between the White House and all the financial regulators including the Federal Reserve and the SEC. She was assigned to the White House Office of Homeland Defense Working Group on Terrorism Risks to the Economy. Before joining the administration, she was President of Malmgren and Company, in London, England.
Prior to founding Canonbury Group, she was the Deputy Head of Global Investment Strategy at UBS Warburg in London, England. She was the chief currency strategist for Bankers Trust Company. She previously headed the Global Asset Management business for Bankers Trust in Asia, out of Hong Kong. Prior to her career in investment banking, she was a trade policy specialist with the Trade Policy Research Centre in London and the OECD in Paris. 
The WEF in Davos (2000) named Malmgren a Global Leader for Tomorrow. 
== Education ==
She has a B.A. from Mount Vernon College and an M.Sc. and a Ph.D. from the London School of Economics. 
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Pit

A pit, trading pit, ring, or trading ring is a specially constructed area on the trading floor of some exchanges where trading in futures or options is conducted. All futures trading was conducted in one of these physical areas until the beginning of the 1990s when electronic futures trading debuted, and the move to electronic in the U.S. has been rapid, but not as rapid as in Europe where Liffe and French exchange MATIF did virtually "overnight" moves from trading floor to electronic trading. 
Today electronic trading has taken over the majority of transactions in both futures and options, and newly established exchanges have come on board as fully electronic from the git-go, including Eurex, Intercontinental Exchange, the International Securities Exchange, and numerous others.
The move to electronic trading by the traditional floor-based futures markets has been especially pronounced on futures contracts, with electronic trading of options on futures not nearly as high on the adoption scale. However, adoption rates vary by market.
 
== References ==
== Resources ==
*"It's Not the Pits," Forbes.com, 1/6/06
*"Life in the Trading Pit"
*"Down and Dirty in Chicago's Trading Pits," BBC News
Category:Definitions
Pivot Inc.

Pivot Inc. is a technology company that provides instant messaging software to brokers, traders, analysts and other market professionals. Pivot services primarily high touch markets, largely cash equities, and equity options, in addition to over-the-counter energy and weather derivatives.
In July, 2012, Pivot was acquired by the CME Group to head up the exchange's new instant messaging platform, CME Direct Messenger. The service will integrate itself into energy brokers' pre-trade and post-trade workflows. 
== History ==
Pivot Inc. was founded in 2004 and now has offices in New York and Boston. Pivot Inc. is backed by venture capital firms Boldcap Venture Partners, Draper Fisher Jurvetson Gotham Ventures, EPIC Ventures, Eze Castle Integration, Hudson Ventures, and Softbank Capital.
== Products and Services ==
The company's first product was IMTRADER, a software solution designed to combine FIX with instant messaging. Pivot now offers the online community Pivot Point Network, as well as Pivot 360° - a messaging network that allows professionals to quickly share market, pricing, and liquidity information.
== Key People ==
*John H. Eley, CEO
*Robert Warshaw, Chairman of the Board
*Bob Barlow, VP of Operations
*Daniel Conte, Managing Director, Head of Sales
*Dean Efkarpidis, VP of Finance, Reporting and Analysis
*Steve Reich, Managing Director Business Development and Product Development
== References ==
Category:Technology Firms
Category:Pivot
Platts

Platts, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, is a leading global provider of energy and metals information. With nearly a century of business experience, Platts serves customers across more than 150 countries. From 14 offices worldwide, Platts serves the oil, natural gas, electricity, nuclear power, coal, petrochemical and metals markets.
Platts' real time news, pricing, analytical services, and conferences help markets operate with transparency and efficiency. 
== References ==
Category:Media Companies
Category:McGraw-Hill
Platts forward curve data products

Platts, an energy and commodities information provider and a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, and global commodity exchange operator Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), have an agreement to integrate market data generated by trading in ICE's over-the-counter (OTC) markets into Platts forward curve data products.
The forward-pricing data products provide risk managers, planners, traders and analysts with daily assessments of pricing in the forward markets.
== References ==
Category:Platts
Plywood futures

Plywood futures were introduced in the U.S. by the New York Mercantile Exchange in 1969. The Chicago Board of Trade followed later in the year with its own contract.
The NYMEX Contract traded 5299 its first year. The CBOT traded 394 contracts in 1969 and 47,426 in 1970. Ultimately, the NYMEX contract ceased attracting trade and the CBOT contract grew in volume.
==History==
The CBOT plywood futures contract started trading on December 1, 9169 after a long process to create the new contract. This was before the CFTC was created.
The first step of developing the contract was in the research stage. Volatility in plywood prices played a role in its development.
The second part was a feasibility study, consulting members of the industry about futures for lumber, researching supply and demand and educating market participants. The results of the feasibility study was to recommend the creation of a plywood futures contract.
As part of the feasibility, the exchange also used gaming to simulate using the contracts in a trading setting.
After this, the contract was approved by the CBOT board of directors, then a vote by the CBOT members. The vote to approve was 514 to 25.
As the contract moved through the approval process, it was modified time and time again, reflecting input from the industry and market participant.
Richard Sandor, the chief economist of the Chicago Board of Trade in the early 1970s, wrote a paper about the plywood futures markets and the planning and development that went into the contract.
== References ==
Category:Futures
Point Carbon

Point Carbon is a provider of independent news, analysis and consulting services for European and global power, gas and carbon markets. Point Carbon’s services provide professionals with information by monitoring fundamental information, key market players and business and policy developments. 
Point Carbon's staff includes experts in international and regional climate policy, mathematical and economic modeling, forecasting methodologies, risk management and market reporting.Point Carbon now has more that 15,000 clients, including the world’s major energy companies, financial institutions, organizations and governments, in over 150 countries. Reports are translated from English into Japanese, Chinese, Portuguese, Polish, French, Spanish and Russian.
== Products and Services ==
Point Carbon provides market intelligence on the world’s carbon markets through a real-time news service, daily, weekly and bi-weekly reports on energy and carbon markets.
== Carbon Market Research Services ==
A business intelligence and analysis tool that covers the global carbon markets. 
== Point Carbon Trading Analytics ==
Provides the market with independent analysis of the power, gas and carbon markets. The service offers 24/7 accessible web tools, aimed at providing clients with the latest market information.
== More Products ==
*Carbon Market Trader
*Project Manager'''
*Power Market Trader EEX
*Power Market Trader Nordpool
*Gas Market Trader NBP
=== Point Carbon Advisory ===
Capitalizes on access to Point Carbon’s world class databases, models, networks and team of carbon and energy analysts. These assets make Point Carbon uniquely positioned to meet existing as well as new clients’ needs for customized and in-depth analysis of a wide range of specific issues. Our clients range from energy, financial and industrial corporations to government organizations.
=== Conferences ===
Point Carbon hosts the annual Carbon Market Insights conference which brings together financial, political and academic leaders in the carbon markets. Point Carbon also arranges frequent training courses within the carbon and power comunities. 
== Recent Awards ==
*2007 – Energy Business Awards Point Carbon with its gold award for Energy Marketing and Communications services
*2006 – Energy Risk has awarded Point Carbon their Research Provider of the year award
*2005 – Environmental Finance awards Point Carbon with their "Best Advisory GHG Emissions" award
== Resources ==
*Point Carbon Website
== References ==
Category:Carbon Consulting Companies
Category:Point Carbon
Pol de Win

__NOTOC__ 
Pol de Win is a Singapore-based exchange executive and former banker who serves as the senior managing director, head of global sales and origination at SGX. 
He is also an angel investor in CashKaro.com, India's largest cashback & coupons website that offers its 4m+ customers exclusive cash back deals. He is also an angel investor in Orbiit and a fund investor in 4impact. 
== Background ==
De Win joined SGX from Goldman Sachs, where he worked in Hong Kong, London and New York over a 20-year banking career. He left Goldman in 2021 as a managing director, head of AEJ fintech and south east Asia FIG, investment banking division. He was head of Goldman's investment banking advisory practices for fintech clients in Asia, excluding Japan, as well as traditional financial services clients in South East Asia.
== Education ==
De Win earned a Master of Science in Financial Economics from Erasmus University Rotterdam, where he studied from 1996 to 2001. 
==Video==
===2024 FIA Boca===
== References ==	
Category:Goldman Sachs - Former Employees
Category:Former Investment Bankers
Category:Angel Investors
Polish Power Exchange

The Polish Power Exchange joined the NASDAQ OMX carbon market in June of 2009 providing them access to NASDAQ OMX's global carbon market as a non-clearing member. 
== History ==
Polish Power Exchange SA was set up within the framework of the privatisation and liberalisation programme of the power sector in Poland. The shareholders of the founding Consortium were selected through a tender announced by the Minister of State Treasury in July 1999. 
The Company launched its operations on December 7, 1999, and the first transactions were concluded over the coming six months with the power exchange up and running with physical delivery and settlements from June 30, 2000.
== Products and Services ==
*Electricity,
*Liquid and gaseous fuels,
*Production limits, specifically for electricity generation,
*Emission allowances,
*Property rights arising under the certificates of origin referred to in Article 9e section 1, Article 9l section 1 and Article 9o section 1 of the Energy Law Act of 10 April 1997 (Dz. U. 2006 No. 89, item 625, as amended),
*Property rights other than financial instruments, the price of which is directly or indirectly linked to the price or value of the things specified as to their kind, specific kinds of energy, gaseous fuels, production measures and limits, emission allowances or property rights referred to in point e) above;
*Property rights arising under the energy efficiency certificates referred to in Article 25 par. 1 of the Energy Efficiency Act of 15 April 2011 (Journal of Laws No. 94, item 551),
== Key People ==
Management Board
*Piotr Zawistowski - President of the Management Board.
*Paweł Ostrowski - Vice President of the Management Board
*Piotr Listwoń - Vice President of the Management Board
Supervisory Board
*Iwona Zatorska-Pańtak - President of the Supervisory Board
*Piotr Kajczuk - Vice President of the Supervisory Board
*Marek Wodnicki - Secretary of the Supervisory Board
*Marek Gudima
*Dr Wojcech Nagel
*Tomasz Poznański
*Aleksander Zawisza
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Power Exchanges
Category:Polish Exchanges
Category:Poland
Politically Exposed Person

Politically Exposed Person (PEP) is a term used in financial regulation to describe individuals who have been entrusted with prominent public functions and are considered to present a higher risk for potential involvement in bribery, corruption, and money laundering due to their position and influence.
== Definition ==
The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) defines a PEP as "an individual who is or has been entrusted with a prominent public function." This definition extends to their family members and close associates.
== Types of PEPs ==
There are three main types of Politically Exposed Persons:
# Domestic PEPs: Individuals who hold or have held prominent public positions within their own country.
# Foreign PEPs: Individuals with prominent public positions in a foreign country.
# International organization PEPs: Individuals who have been entrusted with a prominent function by an international organization.
== Examples of PEPs ==
Politically Exposed Persons may include:
* Heads of state and government
* Senior politicians
* Senior government officials
* Judicial or military officials
* Senior executives of state-owned corporations
* Important political party officials
* High-ranking military officers
* Diplomats
* Directors of key financial institutions
* International sports committee executives
== Regulatory Measures ==
Financial institutions are required to implement enhanced due diligence procedures when dealing with PEPs to mitigate the risks associated with money laundering and terrorist financing. These measures include:
* Identifying PEPs through screening processes
* Conducting enhanced due diligence on PEP accounts
* Obtaining senior management approval for establishing business relationships with PEPs
* Determining the source of wealth and funds
* Conducting ongoing monitoring of the business relationship
== History ==
The concept of Politically Exposed Persons emerged in the late 1990s following the "Abacha Affair," involving the systematic theft of assets from the Central Bank of Nigeria by dictator Sani Abacha and his associates. This led to international efforts to recover stolen funds and prevent similar occurrences in the future.
In 2003, the United Nations Convention against Corruption formally recognized the concept of PEPs, which was later incorporated into European Union law in 2004.
== Challenges ==
Identifying and managing relationships with PEPs presents several challenges for financial institutions, including:
* Varying definitions of PEPs across jurisdictions
* Determining the scope of family members and close associates
* Balancing risk management with customer privacy
* Keeping PEP lists up-to-date
* Managing the duration of PEP status after leaving office
== References ==
Category:Regulation
Category:Anti-Money Laundering
Category:Compliance
Category:Financial Crime
Category:Risk Management