nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Sphalerite

== Description ==
An important zinc ore commonly called zinc blende. Sphalerite is composed of zinc sulfide. The ore may contain massive transparent, yellow, green, red or brown zinc sulfide crystals with a resinous luster. Gem-quality sphalerite crystals are mined in Mexico (Sonora), and Spain (Santander). The ore is mined in Poland, Belgium, North Africa and the U.S. (Mississippi River valley).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
blackjack; black-jack; blende; zinc blende; mock lead; false galena; Zinkblende (Deut.); Sphalerit (Deut., Ned); esfalerita (Esp.); esfalerite (Port.); staleryt (Pol.); sfaleriet (Ned.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Sphaleriteitaly5.jpg~Raman]]]
==Resources and Citations==
* Soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
* Crystal system = isometric 
* Cleavage is perfect in six directions to from dodecahedron. 
* Fracture = conchoidal. 
* Streak is yellow or light brown. 
* Luster = adamantine 
* Some specimens are highly fluorescent.
Composition 	ZnS
Mohs Hardness	3.5 - 4.0
Density 	3.9-4.1 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Sphalerite
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "sphalerite" [Accessed December 4, 2001].
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite (Accessed Sept. 17, 2005)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Sphene

== Description ==
Small yellow, green or brown crystals (officially called titanite) occasionally used as gemstones. Sphene is composed of calcium titanium silicate and is often found associated with granite. Sphene has good luster and fire but is too soft for general wear. Gem quality sphene crystals come from the Austrian and Swiss Alps, Myanmar, Canada (Ontario) and the U.S. (California, New York, Montana).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
titanite; esfena, titanita (Esp.); esfena (Port.); Sphen, Titanit (Deut.); sfeen (Ned.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|TitaniteRS.jpg~Raman (RASMIN)|Titaniteitaly1.jpg~Raman (U of Parma)]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Monoclinic system, often forming wedge-shaped, twinned crystals; sometimes compact, massive 
* Distinct cleavage in one direction; good in another 
* Luster = adamantine to resinous 
* Fracture = conchoidal to splintery
* Streak = reddish-white
* Fluorescence = none
* Pleochroism = moderate to strong trichroic (colorless - yellow to green - red to yellow-orange)
* Dispersion = very strong fire
Composition 	CaTiSiO5
Mohs Hardness 	5.0 - 5.5
Density 	3.48 - 3.60 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.84 - 2.11
Birefringence 	0.100 - 0.160 (visible doubling)
==Resources and Citations==
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* Mineralogy Database: Titanite
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "sphene" [Accessed December 4, 2001]
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: Titanite (Accessed Sept. 17, 2005 and Dec 2022)
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Spherical aberration

== Description ==
A lens defect which produces a blurred image. Spherical aberrations inhibit the optical system from focusing the image in one plane. A lens with spherical aberration refracts rays passing through its outer edges to a different focal plane than rays passing through the center of the lens.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sphärische Aberration (Deut.); aberration sphérique (Fr.);
Category:Materials database
Sphinxstone

==Description== 
[Sphinx-Tone Acoustical Company] An acoustic cast stone produced by the Sphinx-Tone Acoustical Company of Washington, D.C. In 1934, Sphinxstone was used in the construction of the Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium in Federal Triangle, Washington D.C., designed by architect Arthur Brown Jr. During restoration of the building, visual inspection of the deteriorated sections of the concrete blocks indicated the stones contain mollusk shells and white Portland cement. Samples extracted for testing are undergoing analysis in preparation for cleaning and repairs (2022). 
==Additional images==
File:Sphinxstone 03.jpg|thumb|Closeup of Sphinxstone columnCourtesy of Citadel DCA
File:Sphinxstone Mellon.jpg|thumb|Closeup of Sphinxstone column baseCourtesy of Citadel DCA
File:Sphinxstone 01.jpg|thumb|Closeup of Sphinxstone column baseCourtesy of Citadel DCA
==Resources and Citations==
* Lynn Scott Paden, Citadel DCA contributed information, June 2022.
* Richard Pieper, 'The Maintenance, Repair and Replacement of Historic Cast Stone' NPS, Technical Briefs #42 Link
Category:Materials database
Spider

== Description ==
An arthropod member of the order of Arachnida. Spiders are distinct from insects in that they have eight legs (not 6) and a two-part body (not 3). About 50,000 species of spiders exist with some on every continent in the world. Spiders spin a strong silk thread as a snare for their prey. They feed almost entirely on insects. The presence of spiders in a storage area usually indicates that insects are also present. Spiders do not pose major dangers to artifacts themselves, however, their droppings can be detrimental to artifacts. Spider excrement usually have a thick consistency in a highly viscous liquid form that contains uric acid. The tiny splatters will quickly dry making it more difficult to remove. The droppings usually occur near their cobwebs.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
*. Simon Moore, Comment from ConsDistList Global Conservation Forum, August 3, 2023.
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: 'spider' [Accessed February 26, 2002].
* Wikipedia: Spider Accessed July 2023
Category:Materials database
Spider beetle

== Description ==
A large family (Ptinidae) of over 500 insects in the order Coleoptera. Spider beetles have round-shaped, wingless bodies with long, thin legs. The reddish-brown to black beetles range in size from 1-5 mm. These ubiquitous insects feed on plant and animal remains, stored food products, dry wood, and museum specimens. First mentioned by Linnaeus in 1766, spider beetles can cause severe damage to books, leather, and ethnographic collections. The white-marked spider beetle (Ptinus fur) and the shiny American spider beetle (Mezium americanum) are are found throughout North America.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Ptinus fur; Mezium americanum
==Resources and Citations==
* MuseumPest.net at Link
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "spider beetle" [Accessed November 5, 2002].
Category:Materials database
Spider mite

== Description ==
Any of several small plant-feeding mites of the family Tetranychidae (subclass Acari). Spider mites obtained their name because they spin fine webs over the infested plant. They feed on house and garden plants, and can be a major problem in conservatories and orchards. The mites winter in cracks, crevices, mulch, and trash. Their development from egg to adult is 2 - 3 weeks. The adult insects are 0.5 - 0.7 mm long. While most mites are red, they can also be brown, yellow, orange, or green. The spider mite has become resistant to many pesticides; the current treatment is often the introduction of a predatory mite Phytoseiulus simili.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
red spider mites; two-spotted spider mite; European red mite; glasshouse spider mite
== Additional Images ==
File:Spider_mites_infest_forestryimages.org.jpg|Spider mite
File:Twospottedspider_mites_forestryimages.org.jpg|Spider mite
File:Twospottedspider_mites_infest_forestryimages.org.jpg|Spider mite
==Resources and Citations==
* Link: Phytoseiulus mites
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "red spider" [Accessed June 17, 2002].
Category:Materials database
Spider silk

== Description ==
Thin, uniform, protein filaments spun from a spider. A strand of spider silk is about 25 micrometers (0.00001 in) in diameter. It is strong and dimensionally stable. Spider silk is currently used for crosshairs in optical instruments. A few times in the past, attempts have been made to produce fabric from spider silk. Examples were shown at the Academy of Science in Paris in 1710 and at the Paris Exposition in 1900. However, it took an enormous number of spiders and work to produce a fabric that was so sheer that it was of little use.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
spider web; spiderweb; tela de araña (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I. Natural Fibres, 5th edition, Merrow Publishing Co., Durham, England, 1984. 
* M.Maggen, "Conservation of aquarelles on spiderwebs" preprints ICOM Commettee for Conservation 12th Triennial meeting at Lyon, Aug. 1999, p.525.
Category:Materials database
Spiderwire

== Description ==
[Pure Fishing, Spirit Lake, IA] A brand name for a tightly braided synthetic fishing line typically made from 100% gel-spun polyethylene microfibers. Spiderwire is found in fish and tackle stores. It is extremely strong but soft and flexible. The most common Spiderwire is composed of ultrathin polyethylene filaments with a round cross-section. Numerous colors (colorless, yellow, green, or camoflauge) and strengths (4 lb up to 80 lb) are available. Other options include Teflon coated filaments or fluorocarbon filaments.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
spider wire (sp)
==Resources and Citations==
* Pure Fishing: Spiderwire
Category:Materials database
Spike oil

== Description ==
Oil extracted from the leaves of lavender plants (Lavandula latifolia or Lavandula spica) from the mint family. Spike lavender oil is a nondrying oil that was first used as a retardant and thinner in oil paints in the 16th century (Mayer 1969). Although similar to turpentine, spike oil evaporates slower and can become gummy. It is a powerful solvent that can make oil paints and varnishes sticky.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Lavandula latifolia; Lavandula spica; spike lavender oil; esencia de espliego (Esp.); olio di lavanda (It); oil of spike
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Yellowish to greenish color with strong odor.
* Boiling Point = 170-200 C
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 589
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Spinifex resin

== Description ==
A perennial grass of the genus Triodia native to arid regions of Australia. Spinifex resin is obtained from the base of the stem. It melts to form a black putty-like material.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
triodia resin
==Resources and Citations==
* Sue Gatenby, Contributed information, 17 June 1992 (letter with sample of reference material)
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Spionkopite

== Description ==
A rare copper sulfide mineral. Spionkopite occurs naturally in copper deposits in Alberta, Canada and was named after its discovery locality, Spionkop Creek valley. It has also been found as a corrosion product on copper alloy ring recovered from a shipwreck (Nord et al. 1993).
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Composition = Cu39S28
* Hardness = 2.5-3
* Density = 5.13 g/ml
* Appearance = opaque blue with metallic luster
==Resources and Citations==
* A.Nord, K.Lindahl, K.Tronner, "A Note on Spionkopite as Corrosion Product on a Marine Copper Find" Studies in Conservation, 38:133-135, 1993.
* Mindat: Spionkopite
* Webmineral: Spionkopite
* Wikipedia: Spionkopit (German)
Category:Materials database
Spirit duplicator

== Description ==
A low-volume duplicating machine invented in 1923 by Wilhelm Ritzerfeld. Spirit duplicators, more commonly known as ditto machines, use a two-ply master copy. The master was typed or written on, then the waxed surface of the second sheet was placed on a drum. The drum was alternately rolled through an ink bed then a blank printing page. Most ditto machines were replaced by xerographic copiers by the early 1980s. See also mimeograph.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ditto machine
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_duplicator (accessed Nov. 30, 2004)
Category:Materials database
Spirit of wine varnish

== Description ==
A protective finish composed of a natural resin dissolved in alcohol. Spirit of wine varnish was used in the 18th century as a fast drying finish. Recipes often used a mixture of resins such as sandarac, spermaceti, elemi, and mastic. The finish was used for varnishing gilt leather and picture frames. See spirit varnish.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Spirit varnish

== Description ==
A quick-drying protective film produced by solvent evaporation. Early recipes in 16th century Europe used soft natural resins, such as benzoin, anime or balsam dissolved in alcohol. By the 19th century, picture varnishes primarily contained dammar and mastic resins dissolved in turpentine. Popular furniture varnishes contained shellac or copal dissolved in ethanol. Spirit varnishes harden by the evaporation of the solvent to form a clear solid film. Natural resin varnishes yellow and become brittle with age.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
barniz al alcohol (Esp.); vernice ad alcol (It); vernice a spirito (It); alcohol varnish; alcohol-resin varnish; French polish; spirit of wine varnish
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 842
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Paint in America, Robert Moss (ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994 Comment: Ian Bristow "House Painting in Britain "
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Spodumene

== Description ==
A transparent to translucent colored gemstone. Spodumene is composed of lithium aluminum silicate. It can occur as a colorless, gray, green (hiddenite), yellow, pink (kunzite), lavender, or gray crystals. Spudomenes are only found in granite pegmatites. They are mined in Sweden, Ireland, the Malagasy Republic, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, and the U.S. (South Dakota, California, North Carolina). Spudomene is used industrially as a source of lithium. It is also used in the manufacture of Ceramics, Enamel, and glass. It undergoes an irreversible expansion from its alpha to beta form at 900C.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hiddenite (green); kunzite (pink to lavender); triphane; Kunzit, Spodumen (Deut.); espodúmeno (Esp.); spodumen (Pol.); espodumena (Port.); spodumen (Ned.); spudomene (sp.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Monoclinic system with flat, prismatic, striated crystals 
* Cleavage is good in two directions (87 degrees) 
* Fracture = uneven and splintery
* Luster = vitreous to pearly
* Streak = white
* Fluorescence = inert (spodumene); strong pink to orange in LW (kunzite)
* Pleochroism = moderate to strong in kunzite; pink, light purple and colorless
* Inclusions = may have growth tubes or trapped liquid
Composition 	LiAlSi2O6
Mohs Hardness 	6.5 - 7.0
Density 	3.03 - 3.23 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.648 - 1.679
Birefringence 	0.014 - 0.016
== Resources and Citations ==
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* Mineralogy Database: Spodumene
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "spodumene" [Accessed December 4, 2001]. (tech info)
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: Spodumene (Accessed Sept. 17, 2005 and Dec 2022)
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Sponge

== Description ==
1) A class of primitive, multicellular animals of the phylum Porifera. Sponges sold commercially are the fibrous skeletal remains of these animals. The sponge skeleton is flexible and absorbent. It is a porous structure composed of siliceous cells bound in a spongin (fibrous protein) matrix. Natural sponges were used by the ancient Greeks and Romans for applying paint, cleaning and for drinking. 
2) Absorbent cellulose fibers from several types of fruits or gourds that are used as a washing sponges and filters. See loofa sponge. 
3) A foamed plastic that simulates the absorbency of natural sponges. See also cellulose sponge, rubber sponge and PVA sponge.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
1. spongia officinalis; Spongia graminea; poriferan; svampedyr (Dan.); Schwämme (Deut.); esponja (Esp., Port.); éponge (Fr.); poriferi (It.); spugne (It.); sponsdieren (Ned.); g¹bki (Pol.); porifera (Port.); svampdjur (Sven.)
== Additional Images ==
File:Sponge King.jpg|Sponge-King sponge
File:wonder sponge.jpg|Wonder sponge
File:commercialspongefiberslarge.jpg|Sponge fibers
== Resources and Citations ==
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 753
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Sporicidin

== Description ==
[Sporicidin International, Rockville, MD] A trademark for a series of antimicrobial solutions and wipes. Sporicidin products appear to contain 1.56% phenol and 0.06% sodium phenate (Trinkley 2002). In 1991, EPA testing of Sporidicin Cold Sterilizing Solution (SCSS) resulted in failed efficacy tests (EPA 1991).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Sporicidan (sp)
==Resources and Citations==
* M. Trinkley, Conservation DISTLIST 13 Sep 2002 at : Link 
* EPA: "Federal Regulatory Action Against Sporicidin Cold Sterilizing Solution", Dec. 1991. Link
Category:Materials database
Spot test

== Description ==
A microchemical drop test for the detection of specific compounds. Positive reactions are usually based on visual changes, such as color changes, precipitation, gas evolution, or fluorescent emission.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Tüpfelprobe (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* N.Odegaard, S.Carroll, W.Zimmt, Material Characterization Tests for Objects of Art and Archaeology, Archetype Publications, London, 2000
Category:Materials database
Sprayed asbestos

== Description ==
A fire-resistant coating used in building construction in the early 20th century. Sprayed asbestos was prepared as a slurry of asbestos fibers mixed with cement and water then sprayed on steel frameworks.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
flocage à l'amiante (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996 Comment: used in the US ca 1900-1986
Category:Materials database
Springwood

== Description ==
The less dense portion of the xylem produced during the rapid springtime growing season. It is typically lighter in color than the denser portion of the growth ring that forms more slowly during the summer.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
earlywood; bois de printemps (Fr.); madera temprana, de primavera (Esp.); lenho de Primavera (Port.); legno primaticcio (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Sprinkled calf

== Description ==
A speckled leather prepared from calfskin used as early as the 17th century in England. Sprinkled calf was speckled with drops of dye or particles of ferrous sulfate (Roberts and Etherington 1982).
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Roberts, D.Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1982.
Category:Materials database