nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Basic copper carbonate

== Description ==
Basic copper carbonate occurs naturally in two crystalline forms, blue (azurite) and green (malachite). Azurite and malachite have been used as gemstones and paint pigments since antiquity. They are prepared as pigments by careful selection, grinding, washing, and levigation. As coarsely ground particles, they give a deep opaque color, but when finely ground, the pigments give a lighter more transparent tone. Azurite and malachite are lightfast but are sensitive to acids and sulfur fumes. Basic copper carbonate can also be made artificially by coloring chalk with copper sulfate. The equivalent synthetic pigments, called blue verditer and green verditer, tend to have regularly sized particles with rounded edges.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
basic cupric carbonate; azurite; malachite; carbonato básico de cobre (Esp.); carbonato basico di rame (It.); carbonato básico de cobre (Port.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|basic copper carbonate.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Risks ==
* Skin contact and inhalation may cause irritation or allergic reactions. 
* Chronic exposure may cause anemia. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Insoluble in water and ethanol. 
* Decomposes in acids with the evolution of carbon dioxide bubbles. 
* Turns black with warm alkalis, hydrogen sulfide or sulfur fumes.
Composition 	2CuCO3òCu(OH)2
CAS 	12069-69-1
Mohs Hardness 	3.5 - 4.0
Melting Point 	200 C (dec)
Density 	3.7-4.0 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 221.13
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. Gettens, and E. West Fitzhugh, "Azurite and Blue Verditer", Artists Pigments, Vol. 2., A. Roy ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993.
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 231
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 2697
Category:Materials database
Basic dye

== Description ==
A class of synthetic dyes containing a basic functional group, such as an amide. The first basic dye was mauve, discovered in 1856 in England by William Perkin. Basic dyes will attach directly to an acidic site, such as those found in wool, silk, leather, acrylics, and polyesters. These dyes can be used on cotton and paper after the cellulose is mordanted with a tannin. Basic dyes produce bright colors with poor colorfastness; this can be improved by the use of tannin mordants. Despite their poor stability, basic dyes are still used for coloring construction paper and some silks because of their bright, clear hues.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
colorante básico (Esp.); coloranti basici (It.); corante básico (Port.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in alcohols 
Proteins are usually dyed in weak alkaline solutions.
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 284
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* A.Scharff, 'Synthetic dyestuffs for textiles and their fastness to washing', ICOM-CC Preprints Lyon, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1999
Category:Materials database
Basic rock

== Description ==
Igneous rocks with more than 45 % and less than 52 % of silica. Basic rocks, sometimes referred to as mafic, are generally dark in color with a density greater than 3. Common examples include basalt and gabbro.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
básica (Port.); mafic
==Resources and Citations==
* José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, Submitted information, 2009.
Category:Materials database
Basics of Fiber Microscopy

'''
== Basics of Fiber Microscopy ==
'''
The Fiber Reference Image Library is built upon images of individual fibers or groups of fibers taken under a microscope using differing techniques. Interpretation of these images relies on knowledge of microscopy and how these techniques each provide different information. 
{| 
Brightfield image
Using standard techniques of illumination, some of the light that is impinged on a fiber specimen is absorbed. The image observed has a bright background with features of the fiber seen as levels of dark color. 
{|
Darkfield image
Using a different configuration of light impinged on the fiber specimen, the light reflected from the surface of the fiber is observed. The image has a dark background and features of the fiber are seen as levels of brightness.
{|
Polarized light image
Employing techniques of polarized light microscopy with two polarizers crossed (one above the fiber specimen, the other below the fiber specimen), the image observed has a dark black background. Depending on the molecular order within the specimen, the features of the fiber are seen as brilliant colors of the spectrum (the Michel-Levy chart). In fibers with less order, a paler color is observed. 
{|
Differential interference contrast image
With this form of microscopy, polarized light techniques are used with the addition of a compensator which can enhance small differences in structure of the specimen.
{|
Polarized light image with addition of the Red I plate. 
By aligning the fiber length and width in parallel or perpendicular to the long axis of the Red I plate, a known amount of retardation of light is added and the consequences observed. This is useful in determining the sign of elongation of the fiber, which can be a distinguishing feature. Properly aligned and observed the color difference at the nodes of bast fibers is indicative of the spiral direction of the fibrils. 
{|
Other techniques. 
Additional methods employed in identifying the fibers in the Fiber Reference Image Library include the observation of the Becke line, thereby determining the refractive Index of the fiber relative to the mounting medium, the use of alternative mounting media including air mounting of hair fibers for better observation of the scales on the surface, and microsolubility, in which a fiber is dry mounted on a slide and a chemical agent is introduced. The consequent behavior of the fiber is observed under the microscope. 
{|
Useful reference texts
Petraco, N. and Kubic, T. Color Atlas and Manual of Microscopy for Criminalists, Chemists, and Conservators. CRC Press Boca Raton. 2004. This book alone is invaluable in explaining fiber microscopy and in providing useful examples. 
McCrone, W.C., McCrone, L.B., and Delly, J. G. Polarized light Microscopy. McCrone Research Institute, Chicago, 1984.
{|
Useful websites
The following websites are useful for explaining microscopy and differing techniques, but have less information on fibers in particular. 
Microscopy University. https://www.microscopyu.com/ 
Molecular Expressions, Optical microscopy primer, https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/
Category:FRIL
Basil

== Description ==
1) A sweet spice prepared from the dried leaves of the herb Ocimum basilicum native to India and the Middle East. Basil is used for flavoring and scent. Its primarily oil components are methyl chavicol and d-linalool. 
2) A vegetable tanned sheep or lamb skin prepared with mimosa bark. The tanned or tawed skin was used in books in the early 20th century (Roberts and Etherington 1982).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
1) sweet basil; Ocimum basilicum
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Britannica-Online, Comment: "Basil." Accessed 9 May 2004.
Category:Materials database
Basket weave

== Description ==
A plain weave fabric structure in which two or more threads are alternatively interlaced with an equal number of filling threads. Basket weave produces a decorative, checkered pattern that resembles a basket. It is a loose weave that stretches easily. Examples of fabrics with a basket weave are Monk%27s%20cloth and Oxford suiting.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
esterilla (Esp.); hopsack weave; matt weave; mat weave; Monk's cloth; Oxford suiting;
==Resources and Citations==
* Weaving library: Basket weave
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Basketry

== Description ==
Plant parts, such as wood strips, bark, roots, twigs, stems, vines and leaves, have been used to make baskets since at least 8000 BCE (Mowat 1996). Types of materials used in baskets include osier (willow), split ash, hazel shoots, straw, flax, sedge, ferns, grass, reeds, rushes, bamboo, yucca, cane, [raffia|raffia]], and palm leaves.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
basketwork
==Resources and Citations==
* L.Mowat, "Basketwork", The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996.
* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
Category:Materials database
Bassanite

== Description ==
A naturally occurring mineral composed of an intermediate hydrate form of calcium sulfate that lies between the dihydrate (gypsum) and the anhydrous (anhydrite) states. Synthetic particles of bassanite occur when gypsum is calcined to form plaster of Paris.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Microscopically similar to gypsum and plaster of Paris
Composition 	CaSO4-xH2O
Refractive Index	1.55, 1.57
Category:Materials database
Bassorin

== Description ==
A muciliginous component the forms about 60-70% of gum tragacanth. Bassorin is also found in some gum-resins, such as olibanum and cherry gum. The water insoluble long-chain polysaccharide will absorb water and swell to form a gel.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cerasin
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Insoluble in hot and cold water, ethanol, and ether. 
* Swells in water and ethanol.
Category:Materials database
Basswood

== Description ==
Several species of large deciduous trees of the genus Tilia, such as T. americana (linden). The light-brown wood from these trees has a straight grain, fine texture and is easily worked. Because pale brown linden wood is soft and workable, it has been used since at least the 1600s for decorative items with intricate carvings, such as picture frames and sculptures. The wood has been commonly used for inexpensive millwork, furniture, plywood, novelties, excelsior, boxes, and crates. Additionally, the tough, fibrous inner bark has been used to make ropes.
* For basswood fiber identification, see http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Category:FRIL:_American_Basswood
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Tilia americana; Tilia glabra; Linden (Deut.); lime tree (Br.); limewood; basswood (N. America); tilleul (Fr.) ; tiglio (It.); tilia (Port.); tilo (Esp.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Height = medium sized tree (18-37 m) with trucnks of 1-1.5 m
* Bark = light brown to gray with narrow fissures
* Leaves = long and broad (10-15 mc long) with serrated margins; occur singularly and alternately on branches
* Fruit = small, hard, cream-colored nutlet (8-10mm)
* Specific gravity = 0.40-0.45 (air dry)
* Density = 20-40 ppcf
==Working Properties==
The close-grain wood does not split easily. It has low strength and poor bending ability but stains, polishes and holds screws and nails well. Additionally, the wood is a favorite for electric guitars because it is lightweight and resonant even though unattractive grain pattern was often painted. 
== Additional Images ==
File:26_Basswood.jpg|Basswood (Tilia glabra)
File:10_Basswood_100x_Tan.jpg|Basswood (Tilia americana) tangential section
File:10_Basswood_100x_Tran.jpg|Basswood (Tilia americana) transverse section
== Resources and Citations ==
* Alden Identification Services, Microscopic Wood Identification: Link
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilia_americana (Accessed October 13, 2020)
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965 Comment: 23-40 ppcf
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Hardwood Manufacturers Institute, Memphis Tenn.: air-dry weight = 26 ppcf
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=20-37ppcf (0.32-0.39g/cm3)
* Gordon Hanlon, contributed information, 1998 Comment: density=25-35 ppcf (0.40-0.45g/cm3)
Category:Materials database
Bast fiber

== Description ==
Strong, woody fibers obtained from the phloem tissues of many plants. Bast fibers are obtained from the stems and leaves of the plants. Examples of bast fibers are flax, hemp, ramie, jute, abaca, cantala, henequen, sisal, Pineapple, mitsumata, gampi, and kozo. Bast fibers are used for textiles, rope, and paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bast fibers; bast fibre (Br.); fibra blanda del folema (Esp.); fibra liberiana (Esp.); bastvezel (Ned); phloem fiber; pericyclic fiber; cortical fiber
== Comparisons ==
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Paper fiber type: non-woody/bast. Using transmitted light microscopy, bast fibers are identified by their prominent nodes, and long fibers. Width of the lumen varies with species. Appearance with Graff "C" stain: varies with species, but typically pinkish red due to high alpha cellulose, nodes may stain red. Average dimensions of fibers: varies with species. Common pulping method: Soda. For specific paper fiber properties see: flax, jute, hemp, ramie, abaca, and sisal.
==Additional Images==
Hemp 40x2.jpg|Hemp paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Flax 40x nodes bastshive.jpg|Flax paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Ramie 40x striations.jpg|Ramie paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
Ramie 10x.jpg|Ramie paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Abaca 40x.jpg|Abaca pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
File:Jute40x.jpg|Jute fibers stained with Graff "C" stain
== Resources and Citations ==
* Mary-Lou Florian, Dale Paul Kronkright, Ruth E. Norton, The Conservation of Artifacts Made from Plant Materials, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1990
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Bernard Toale, The Art of Papermaking, Davis Publications, Portland OR, 1983
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 333
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Bat

== Description ==
Any small flying mammal of the order Chiroptera. Bats are found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. Their acoustical system allows them to accurately locate items by emitting a sound and evaluating its echo (echolocation). Bats primarily feed on insects but may also eat fruits and pollen. Bats often live in historic sites and public buildings, such as churches, where they can be a nuisance due to their noise, droppings (guano), and odor.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bats; Chiroptera; flagermus (Dan.); Fledertiere (Deut.); murciélagos(Esp.); chiroptère (Fr.); pipistrello (It.); vleermuizen (Ned.; nietoperze (Pol.); morcego (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* English Heritage: Bats in Churches
* Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Britannica-Online, Comment: "bat." Accessed 31 Jan. 2005.
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat (Accessed Oct. 8, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Batesville marble

== Description ==
A light gray- or cream-color oolitic limestone quarried in the northern part of Arkansas. The hard, fine-grain, crystalline stone takes a good polish and has been used for monuments and buildings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Batesville limestone
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Bathurst granite

== Description ==
A medium-grain, gray granite with pink feldspar crystals quarried in Gloucester County, New Brunswick (Lent 1925). Bathurst granite was used for buildings and bridges.
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Batik

== Description ==
A wax resist-dyed textile. The batik technique for dyeing textiles originated in southeast Asia. It is still commonly found in Indonesia (especially Java), Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. The pattern is applied to the cloth with melted wax, the the fabric is dipped in dye. Sometimes a series of wax/dye steps are used. The wax is removed with a solvent or ironed between paper towels.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
batique; resist-dyed textile; Batik (Deut., Fr., Port., Sven.); batikken (Ned.);
== Additional Images ==
File:Batik_App.1986_4up.jpg|Demonstration of Batik technique
File:MFA111296 batik.jpg|Wax resist batikMFA# 11.1296
File:MFA21538 Batik.jpg|Wax resist batikMFA# 21.538
File:93.1452_Tjap-print_overall.jpg|Batik sarongMFA# 93.1452
File:Batik_App.1986_final.jpg|Closer view of above Batik sample
File:11.1296_vein.resist-print.jpg|Expanded viewMFA 11.1296
File:21.538_batik_wax.resist_det.jpg|Expanded viewMFA# 21.538
File:Batik black and white MFA931452.jpg|Black and white patternMFA# 93.1452
Category:Materials database
Batiste

== Description ==
A fine, sheer, plain weave fabric originally made from linen during the 13th century. Cotton replaced linen for making batiste in the 19th century, and now it also made from cotton blends and synthetic fibers. The fine, linen-like fabric is used for lingerie, blouses, shirts, dresses, and handkerchiefs. Some plain weave, sheer fabrics made from wool and silk are also called batiste.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
batiste de soie (Fr.); batista (Esp.); batist (Ned); baptiste;
==Resources and Citations==
* Weaving Library: Batiste
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Marjory L. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Fort Worth, TX, 1986
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 247
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Batt insulation

== Description ==
A flexible insulating material composed of loosely felted fiberglass fibers. Batt insulation is usually one inch thick and 17-36 inches wide. It provides both thermal and acoustical insulation. A long, continuous roll of batt insulation is also called blanket insulation.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
blanket insulation; quilt insulation; roll insulation
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Comment: Examination of samples at Home Depot (May 2002)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Battery

== Description ==
An electrochemical device that stores and/or generates electrical energy. A simple single cell battery contains an anode and a cathode immersed in an electrolyte solution. The ion flow from the anode to the cathode produces an electric current. Benjamin Franklin coined the word 'battery' in 1748, to describe an array of charged glass plates (Wikipedia, 2005).
== Additional Images ==
File:Prim.batt__diag_nps.gov.jpg|Primary Battery
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Britannica-Online Comment: "battery." Accessed 27 Jan. 2005.
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29
Category:Materials database
Battery acid

== Description ==
The acid, usually a very pure but dilute sulfuric acid, used in a lead-acid battery.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
electrolyte acid
== Risks ==
* Corrosive to skin and tissue
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database