nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Vietnam

Vietnam was once a popular high-growth destination for global investors but has suffered a similar fate to other frontier markets since 2008's financial crisis and global securities-market meltdown: sliding asset prices, a weakening currency and falling interest rates. MarketsWiki has recently posted its Vietnam financial markets profile 2008-09, adding to those already posted on Kenya and Hungary, which summarises the current market climate and some possible directions for 2009 with emphasis on Vietnam's commodity and currency markets.
Vietnam Commodity Exchange

The Vietnam Commodity Exchange (VNE) launched in January 2011 with contracts based on coffee, steel and rubber. The exchange chose Patsystems as their technology provider. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Nguyen Duy Phuong, CEO
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Commodity Exchanges
Category:Asian Exchanges
Category:Viet Nam
Vietnamese dong

__NOTOC__
 The dong has been issued by the the State Bank of Vietnam as the official currency of Vietnam since that country's official unification in 1978. The dong is not traded openly on global forex markets and is the third-lowest valued currency against the U.S. dollar - plus it is expected to weaken further throughout 2009 as the Vietnamese government boosts exports.
== History ==
The Vietnamese adopted the dong as their currency in 1945 and from then until Vietnam's official post-war unification in 1978, the northern and southern parts of the country minted their own version of the dong, which means "copper" and was divided into 10 hào. After the fall of Saigon in 1975, southerners were forced to exchange their dongs for a new "liberation dong" at a rate of 500 to one; three years later on unification, North Vietnamese exchanged their old dong for new at a one-to-one rate while South Vietnamese got only 8 new hào for their old "liberation dongs".
Over the years, inflation has so eroded the dong's value that it is now worth around 17,000 to the U.S. dollar. The dong itself is printed in denominations ranging from 200 to 500,000 (the 500-dong note shown above features communist state founder Ho Chi Minh, after whom the HoChiMinh Stock Exchange is named) and the hào is no longer minted at all. The dong became the world's third-weakest currency in 2005 behind the Zimbabwean dollar and the Mozambican metical.
== In the black ==
The Vietnamese government does not allow the dong to trade freely on world currency markets, leading to a flourishing black market in the currency that usually trades the dong at rates well below its official conversion rate. Last August, for example, the dong traded at 18,500 to the U.S. dollar compared to the official rate of 16,000. The government has also effectively 'pegged' the dong's value to the U.S. dollar by allowing it trade only within a narrow band - although that tight policy is now starting to loosen.
== Latest news ==
A decision in late March 2009 by the State Bank of Vietnam to widen the dong's trading bands with the U.S. dollar from three percent to five percent brought an immediate drop in its value to just over 17,700. The widening is part of Vietnamese government policy to further weaken the dong to stimulate exports after weaker growth in 2008. 
== References ==
Vikas Shah

__NOTOC__ 
Vikas H. Shah is managing director at 7RIDGE, a specialized growth equity and private markets asset management firm based in London. 
In this role, which he has held since 2023, he is responsible for 7RIDGE's investment and portfolio management activities. 
== Background ==
From 2009 to 2022, Shah served as managing director at Rosenblatt Securities, where he was charged with launching Rosenblatt's investment banking business. His coverage areas included tech/media/telecom firms (TMT) and financial institutions (FIT) businesses. 
Before Rosenblatt, he was vice president, investment banking at Credit Suisse from May 2007 to Jun 2008.
== Education ==
Shah earned his Bachelor of Science in electrical and electronics engineering from the University of Mumbai. He also earned an MS in computer science from Stevens Institute of Technology and an MBA in finance from NYU Stern School of Business. 
== References ==	
Category:Rosenblatt Securities - Former Employees
Vikesh Patel

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Vikesh Patel became president of Cboe Clear Europe (formerly EuroCCP), Cboe's pan-European clearing house, on January 1, 2023. He is also head of its management board. Patel's mandate is on improving the company's risk, control, and operational frameworks, developing and implementing the company's strategy, and strengthening client relationships by encouraging greater adoption and use of Cboe Clear Europe's products and services.
He joined the clearing house as its president after serving at SWIFT for five years, most recently as head of securities. Patel previously held other key roles at SWIFT, including head of UK and Ireland before expanding his responsibilities to head of Americas in 2021. Additionally, Patel served as a senior diversity & inclusion sponsor, with a focus on race and ethnicity initiatives.
Patel is a member of the advisory board of City Hindus, a not-for-profit organisation created to promote networking, personal development and charity amongst Hindu professionals in London.
Before joining SWIFT in 2017, Patel spent nearly five years with LCH, most recently as chief operating officer for its EquityClear and RepoClear services.
== Background ==
Patel has more than fifteen years of experience in financial market infrastructure. 
At Cboe Clear Europe, Patel replaced Arnoud Siegmann, Cboe Clear Europe's chief operating officer, has been serving as the interim president at Cboe Clear Europe after Cécile Nagel had resigned in September of 2022. 
Before LCH and SWIFT, he also served in global executive roles at Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley, with a primary focus on market infrastructure and post-trade strategy. He began his career at HM Treasury working on a range of domestic and international policy areas and served as a private secretary to both the Financial Secretary to the Treasury and Economic Secretary to the Treasury.
== Education ==
King's College London
Molecular Genetics, Molecular Genetics
== References ==	
Category:SWIFT - Former Employees
Category:LCH - Former Employees
Category:Goldman Sachs - Former Employees
Category:Morgan Stanley - Former Employees
Vikram Limaye

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Vikram Limaye is the chief executive of India's National Stock Exchange. He was named to that position in February of 2017 as the exchange geared up for its initial public offering that year. The appointment, which will have to be approved by the market regulator, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), and NSE's shareholders, is for five years. He is also the CEO of the infrastructure lender IDFC Ltd.
Limaye will be the first head of NSE to come from outside the ranks of the exchange's founding team since it was set up in 1992. He has been with IDFC since 2005.
== Background ==
Limaye was also appointed by the Indian Supreme Court last month to a four-member committee to oversee the functioning of the Board of Control for Cricket in India. He is a chartered accountant. He has worked on Wall Street in a variety of roles in investment banking, capital markets and structured finance and has been part of various government committees and industry associations. 
== Education ==
Limaye has an MBA in finance from the Wharton School.
== References ==
Vikram S. Pandit

Vikram S. Pandit is a longtime banking industry executive. 
He was most recently the chief executive officer of Citigroup. He took the position in December of 2007. In November of 2008, Pandit took radical action to cushion the blows of the financial turmoil and revive Citigroup's falling share price. In part, he announced plans to cut 52,000 jobs, or one in seven employees, and slash costs by about $10 billion. The moves were a dramatic escalation of Citi’s efforts to deal with a crisis that forced it to record a loss in each of the previous four quarters. The company’s poor performance and continued slide in its shares raised pressure on Pandit amid internal disagreements and a boardroom upset over Citi’s failure to buy U.S. regional lender Wachovia.
In October of 2012, it was announced that Pandit would resign from his position at Citigroup as chief executive.
“Given the progress we have made in the last few years, I have concluded that now is the right time for someone else to take the helm at Citigroup,” Pandit said in a statement. The move by Pandit came just one day after the firm reported stronger-than-expected third-quarter earnings. “I could not be leaving the company in better hands.” 
The Wall Street Journal reported that Pandit had stepped down from his position at Citigroup following a clash with the New York company's board over strategy and operating performance.
Upon his resignation, Pandit said in a memo to staffers that "by going back to the basics of banking to serve the real economy, putting clients at the center of everything we do, and embracing the principles of Responsible Finance, we have put Citi in a great position for continued success."
From Dec. 11, 2007, the day Pandit was named CEO of Citigroup, to the week his departure was announced, Citigroup's stock tumbled a split-adjusted 89 percent.
 
== Background ==
Prior to joining Citi, Pandit was a founder and chairman of the members committee of Old Lane, LP, a multi-strategy hedge fund and private equity fund manager that was acquired by Citi in 2007. Pandit received $165 million for his low performing hedge fund which was purchased by Citi in 2007. Before that, he was president and chief operating officer of Morgan Stanley's institutional securities and investment banking business.
== Education ==
Pandit earned a PhD in Finance from Columbia University in 1986. He also received an MS degree in 1977 and a BS degree in electrical engineering in 1976 from Columbia.
== Other Affiliations ==
Pandit serves on the boards of Columbia University, Columbia Business School, the Indian School of Business, and Trinity School. He is a former board member of NASDAQ, the New York City Investment Fund, and the American India Foundation.
== References ==
Category:Citigroup
Category:Citibank
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Vincent A.F. Sergi

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Vincent A.F. Sergi is chairman emeritus of Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP. Based in Katten's Chicago office, he oversees the strategic direction and growth of the firm. He has chaired the board of directors and executive committee and was co-chair of the firm’s compensation committee. 
== Background ==
Sergi was elected as national managing partner in 1995. During his tenure, the firm grew dramatically through a merger, lateral acquisitions and foreign expansion. He has had a major rule in recruiting people to the firm, which nearly doubled in size since he took the helm. The firm also expanded geographically under his leadership. 
He joined the firm in 1974. He previously served as chair of the Commercial Finance group, focusing his practice on counseling lenders in all types of financing transactions.
== Education ==
== References ==
Vincent Cicco

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Vincent Cicco is vice president of Livevol for institutional sales. He is based in New York.
== Background ==
Previously, Cicco was an emerging markets ETF options portfolio manager at Trinity Derivatives. H was also a proprietary options trader and portfolio manager at Vista Capital LLC (formerly Alphabet Trading). Additionally, he was an options specialist at Kellogg Capital (formerly Cohen, Duffy, McGowan LLC).
== Education ==
Cicco holds a bachelor of science degree from Purdue University in mechanical engineering. He also holds a masters of business administration from New York University - Leonard N. Stern School of Business.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Livevol
Category:Livevol
Vincent McGonagle

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Vincent McGonagle is a senior director for the Commodity Futures Trading Commission's division of enforcement (DOE). He was previously director of the CFTC's division of market oversight. He was appointed on September 16, 2013 and assumed his new role on October 7, 2013.
== Background ==
McGonagle joined the CFTC's enforcement division in 1997 and recently served as the senior deputy director. Before that he served at the CFTC in various management capacities in the Division of Enforcement, including serving as principal deputy and acting director.
One notable accomplishment was in 2008, when McGonagle opened an investigation into the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) that led to settlements with UBS, Barclays and Royal Bank of Scotland Group Plc. The three banks paid a total of about $2.5 billion in fines for colluding to rig benchmark interest rates for profit or to hide their original cost of borrowing.
== Education ==
McGonagle earned a B.A. in Economics from LaSalle University and a J.D. from Pepperdine University School of Law.
==Testimony==
*Testimony of Vincent McGonagle, Director Division of Market Oversight, Commodity Futures Trading Commission Before the Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection Subcommittee Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
== References ==	
Category:CFTC
Category:CFTC - Employees
Category:Lawyers
Category:Bios - Legal
Vincent Tese

Vincent S. Tese is a director for Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), a position he has held since 2004, and serves as chairman of ICE's Compensation Committee. 
He currently serves as chairman of Wireless Cable International, Inc., a position he has held since 1995. Tese is a member of the boards of directors of The Bear Stearns Companies, Inc., Bowne & Co., Inc., Cablevision, Inc., Cabrini Mission Society, Catholic Guardian Society, Custodial Trust Company, Magfusion, Inc. Municipal Art Society, Wireless Cable International, Inc., Xanboo Inc., Mack-Cali Reality Corporation and Gabelli Asset Management and serves as a trustee of New York University School of Law and New York Presbyterian Hospital.
== Background ==
Tese served as New York State superintendent of banks from 1983 to 1985, chairman and CEO of the Urban Development Corp. from 1985 to 1994, director of Economic Development for New York State from 1987 to 1994, and commissioner and vice chairman of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey from 1991 to 1995. 
Tese also served as a partner in the law firm of Tese & Tese from 1973 to 1977. He was a partner in the Sinclair Group, a commodities trading and investment management company from 1977 to 1982, where he traded on the COMEX. He was also a co-founder of Cross Country Cable TV. 
== Education ==
Tese holds bachelor of arts degree in accounting from Pace University and a juris doctor degree from Brooklyn Law School. 
He earned a LL.M. degree in taxation in 1973 from New York University School of Law. 
== Registration Information ==
*
== References ==
Category:ICE
Category:InterContinentalExchange
Category:ICE Board Member
Vincente Martinez

__NOTOC__ 
Vincente Martinez is the head of the Securities and Exchange Commission Office of Market Intelligence (OMI). He was named to the position in February 2013 after serving as director of the CFTC Whistleblower Office since December 2011.
== Background ==
Martinez rejoined the OMI in 2013 after a brief stint as director of the CFTC's whistleblower office. The OMI was created in 2010 by then-enforcement head Robert Khuzami to "oversee and drastically improve" the handling of consumer tips, complaints, and referrals. Martinez was among the first assistant directors. He first joined the SEC in 2003 as a staff attorney and later becoming a senior counsel, before joining the newly-created OMI.
Early in his career, he spent several years in private practice as a litigator, and as a corporate transactional attorney in Washington, DC and New York.
== Education ==
Martinez earned his bachelor's degree from Georgetown University and his J.D. from the University of California, Berkeley School of Law.
== References ==	
Category:CFTC
Category:SEC
Category:Whistleblower
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Viral Tolat

__NOTOC__ 
Viral Tolat is CEO of TradAir, an institutional FX and crypto trading system. He took over that role in May 2018.
He was previously global head of product for EBS, ICAP's electronic FX platform.
He joined EBS in January 2013 as chief technology officer.
== Background ==
Before joining EBS, Tolat was at Integral Development Corp., an FX trading technology provider he co-founded in 1993. Prior to Integral, he worked on a number of startups and was a developer for several joint NASA-Stanford University Space Shuttle missions. 
== Education ==
Tolat has a doctorate and a master's degree in Computer Engineering from Stanford University and a bachelor's degree from University of Miami.
== References ==
Virginie Saade

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Virginie Saade is currently a managing director for KCG Europe. She was previously with Getco before it merged with Knight Capital to form KCG.
She had previously been head of NYSE Arca Europe. She left on September 6, 2010 to join alternative trading system Getco Execution Services in Europe as head of sales. 
== Background ==
At NYSE Arca Europe, Saade was responsible for developing the new pan-European market and building the brand in Europe.
Before NYSE Arca she was head of Europe/U.S. Cross-Selling for NYSE Euronext from 2007 to 2009, based in London and New York. Prior to that, Saade was Deputy Director of Sales and Relationship Management for NYSE Euronext in London from 2004 to 2007. She also worked as an advisor for the Euronext Sales and Marketing department in Paris from 2003 to 2004 after she served in the Euronext Membership Department for 3 years.
== Education ==
Saade is a graduate of Toulouse University (France) with a BA in Politics and a MA in Media and Communication Management. She also earned an MBA in 2001 from the Montpellier Graduate Institute of Business (France). 
== References ==	
Category:Euronext - Former Empoloyees
Category:NYSE Euronext - Former Employees
Viridian S.A.

Viridian S.A. is a technology firm which specializes in development and testing of trading systems, particularly customized FIX protocol and algorithmic trading platforms.
The firm also provides overnight support for companies in the Pacific Rim and Australia on order execution.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Chairman of the Board, Braden Janowski
*CEO, Andrés J. D'Alessio
*President, Viridian North America, Brett Paulson
== Resources ==
*Viridian S.A. LinkedIn Company Page
== References ==
Category:Independent Software Vendors
Virtual Commodity Association Working Group

On August 20, 2018 the Virtual Commodity Association Working Group announced its formation by four cryptocurrency trading platform members, Bitstamp, bitFlyer, Bittrex, and Gemini Trust Company. The announcement also said that it would hold its initial meeting in September 2018. According to CoinMarketCap, an online data aggregator and reporting service, at about the time of the formation of the association, each of the members was one of the 35 largest cryptocurrency trading platforms in the world. The use of the uncommon term "virtual commodity" was implied that the association would be focused on transactions in bitcoin and Ethereum, the two digital currencies most likely to fall under the regulatory jurisdiction of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. 
Already by January 2021, the association, which evidenced little activity since its founding more than two years earlier, was down to two members, Gemini and bitFlyer, according to the website. BitFlyer remained a top 10 trading platform at the time while Gemini had slid to 49th place in trading volume according to online data aggregator CryptoCompare. 
== VCA SRO ==
The August 2018 announcement followed a springtime proposal by Cameron Winkelvoss, one of the Gemini Trust Company's founding co-owners, to create a self-regulatory organization (SRO) called the Virtual Commodity Association (VCA). 
The group's goal is to establish a self-regulatory organization for oversight of virtual currency marketplaces. It was headed up on an interim basis by Maria Filipakis who previously, as the executive deputy superintendent of the New York Department of Financial Services, had been involved in the drafting and implementation of the "Bitlicense," the only licensing program for cryptocurrency exchanges in the U.S. The working group also announced that its agenda for the September 2018 meeting would address membership, best business and regulatory practices and organization.
In July 2019, the VCA launched six committees to write white papers explaining best practices, KYC, AML (especially pertaining to the Bank Secrecy Act), custody and security, insurance standards, market integrity, and taxation for digital asset markets and blockchain-based companies. The VCA's president, Yusuf Hussain, said that these committees "directly address the concerns of regulators that are trying to figure out the crypto space,” and that the VCA is “not a replacement for but a supplement to traditional regulatory bodies.” The VCA said it would model itself after FINRA and will collaborate with experts from mainstream financial services organizations in order to design regulations and consumer protections.
== Key People ==
*Yusuf Hussain - President 
*The Winklevoss Twins - Founders
== References ==
Category: digital assets
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: altcoins
Category: regulation
Category: distributed ledgers
Category: blockchain
Category: New York
Virtual Trade tool

CBOE, as part of its ongoing educational initiatives, teamed with one of its member firms to allow investors the opportunity to test strategies without putting money on the line. Investors test either straightforward or more advanced strategies on stocks, options, spreads, straddles and covered call trades. 
Some features include the ability for investors to: 
*Analyze their performance thoroughly by downloading their positions. 
*Set reminders for themselves by using a program notes feature for positions. 
*Get up to speed quickly using program links to glossary terms and how-tos. 
*Access free live chat support whenever needed. 
*"Reset" their account and start over. 
The only requirement is that users sign up with CBOE to use the Virtual Trading tool.
CBOE makes the following disclaimer on its site. "The Virtual Trading System accessible via CBOE.com is provided by optionsXpress, Inc. ("OX"). OX is an independent, registered broker-dealer not affiliated with Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated ("CBOE") or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates. OX provides account services and support for the Virtual Trading System. Acceptance and execution of virtual trading orders or administration of your virtual trading account with OX constitutes assent to the OX Terms and Conditions delivered and then posted on the OX Website and in effect regarding virtual trading. CBOE is not accepting or otherwise involved in virtual trading orders or involved in any manner in your virtual trading account with OX."
==References==
Category:Trading
Visa, Inc.

Visa, Inc. is a global payments company specializing in debit cards, credit cards and prepaid cards. On March 18, 2008, Visa became a publicly held company, raising $17.9 billion in an initial public offering, the largest ever in the United States.
== History ==
The precursor to Visa was launched by Bank of America in 1958 as the BankAmericard. After a period of growth, including its launch outside the U.S., BankAmericard changed its name to Visa in 1976. 
== Products and Services ==
Global payments - debit cards, credit cards, prepaid cards.
== Key People ==
*Joseph Saunders, Chairman, CEO - retiring November 1, 2012
*Charles Scharf, CEO, November 1, 2012
== References ==