nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Refinitiv

Refinitiv is a financial markets data and infrastructure company that came out of a 2018 deal between Thomson Reuters Corp and Blackstone Group. Refinitiv's Eikon terminals are one of the main rivals to Bloomberg. 
The firm, formerly the Financial and Risk business of Thomson Reuters, offers market data and infrastructure services to more than 40,000 customers in more than 190 countries. 
Refinitiv was acquired by the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG) in 2021. 
== History ==
Refinitiv is the rebranded name of an entity formed in 2018 when Thomson Reuters sold a majority stake, 55 percent, in its Financial & Risk unit to the private equity firm Blackstone Group LP. David Craig, previously head of the F&R unit, became CEO of Refinitiv following the completion of the deal, which valued Refinitiv at $20 billion. 
Thomson Reuters retained a minority stake in the division.
In July 2019, it was confirmed that the London Stock Exchange had offered to buy Refinitiv for $27 billion. The move, when finalized, would expand the LSE information services business.
Refinitiv already held a 54% economic interest in the LSE’s MTS and Tradeweb, both of which have an extensive share of European sovereign debt trading.
In November 2020, the LSE and Refinitiv made commitments to Brussels antitrust authorities to keep trading and clearing of interest rate derivatives separate, in an effort to satisfy one of the regulator’s key concerns with the $27bn deal, the Financial Times reported. The offer was part of a package of measures the two sides submitted, which included the €4.3bn sale of Borsa Italiana to Euronext, intended to fend off another significant regulatory issue.
The LSEG completed the acquisition of Refinitiv in 2021 after the European Commission gave its approval for the deal in January 2021. The deal transformed the 300-year-old London Stock Exchange exchange into a group for which market data and analytics are larger than all its other business lines combined.
== Products and Services ==
The company works across a number of markets and business sectors in financial data and technology. It may be best known for its Eikon trading and market data/information platform for desktops and mobile devices. 
It offers the largest FX trading platform with more than 1,700 institutional clients and more than $400 billion of FX trading on the platform per day. It also offers bond trading and auctions for central banks.
It also provides financial market data and analysis tools for investments, wealth management, regulatory compliance, market data management, enterprise risk and fighting financial crime.
On January 6, 2021 Refinitiv announced its plan to launch the Refinitiv Term SONIA benchmark on January 11, 2021. This followed the previous announcement in July 2020 that Refinitiv would launch the prototype version of the same rate.
== Key People ==
*David Craig, CEO
*Brian West, CFO
*Debra Walton, Chief Revenue Officer
*Phil Wellard, Chief Information Officer
== References ==
Reg NMS

Reg NMS, or Regulation National Market System, is a set of rules proposed by the SEC in the wake of advances in electronic markets and order routing "to modernize and strengthen the regulatory structure of the U.S. equity markets" adopted under Section 11A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The rule was passed and published in The Federal Register in 2005. 
Reg NMS encompasses several rules. The Order Protection Rule, also known as the Trade-Through Rule, requires trading centers to route orders to the market that shows the best price. The Access Rule requires markets to display automated quotes that are both electronically accessible and instantaneously executable. The Sub-Penny Rule prohibits market participants from trading in increments smaller than a penny. 
 
Reg NMS was passed in spite of opposition from electronic markets such as The Nasdaq Stock Market, Archipelago and Instinet, as well as big institutions, because they wanted the ability to choose speed and certainty of execution over best price. 
Reg NMS (along with Reg ATS) has had a dramatic effect on the structure of the U.S. options markets. Both rules have led to fragmentation of trading venues, the rise of dark pools, a rapid growth in equities trading volume, and the arrival of new players. Many studies suggest that the rules have made the markets more efficient and have decreased trading costs and tightened spreads.
== Resources ==
Securities and Exchange Commission 17 CFR Parts 200, 201, et al. Regulation NMS; Final Rule
== References ==
Category:SEC Regulations
Category:Regulation
Reg T

Regulation T is a Federal Reserve Board regulation that governs customer cash accounts and the extension of credit by broker/dealers to customers to purchase and carry listed stocks, convertible bonds, and many over-the-counter stocks. The initial margin requirement has varied from 40 to 100% since the regulation was established under provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. It applies to certain securities transactions, and is not applicable to commercial banks or thrifts.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Federal Reserve Regulations
Category:Regulation
Category:Margin Requirements
Regina G. Thoele

__NOTOC__
 
Regina G. Thoele is the National Futures Association's senior vice president of futures compliance. Her current responsibilities include overseeing the compliance department's exam, investigation, financial surveillance and risk management programs; working on enforcement cases; advising members on compliance issues; assisting NFA Member committees; participating in industry conferences; and developing and monitoring compliance department goals. 
Thoele also works with NFA’s General Counsel's office to develop rules and interpretive guidance, makes presentations to NFA’s Executive Committee and Board of Directors and to other outside organizations and develops strategic plans and initiatives for NFA’s Compliance department. From 1994 until 1998, she was responsible for managing NFA's arbitration program as NFA's arbitration manager. Thoele has also served as an adjunct faculty member at the Illinois Institute of Technology, where she taught a compliance course.
Thoele is also a former member of the Women In Listed Derivatives' Steering Committee.
==Background==
Thoele was one of four executives at NFA whose bonuses were cut by the NFA board after the revelations of the Peregrine Financial Group came to light in 2012.
==Education==
Thoele attended Indiana University and received a bachelor's degree in finance. She also holds a Certified Regulatory and Compliance Professional designation from the NASD Institute at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, as well as a Certified Fraud Examiner designation through the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners.
==References==	
Category:Regulators
Category:NFA Staff
Regional Banks Association of Japan

The Regional Banks Association of Japan is an association of regional banks in Japan. It has about 64 members. The association engages in activities that address various management issues common to all the regional banks, with the aim of fostering their sound development and contributing to the prosperity of regional economies. 
The association aims to perform and improve the following functions: providing information and assisting to establish their business strategies; acting as the representative and the window of the industry; promoting cooperative operations and development; acting as a forum for the exchange of information among regional banks' carrying out surveys and conducting research and providing educational services.
In 2008, representatives from the Regional Banks Association of Japan and the Japanese Bankers Association called for relaxation of accounting rules related to securities to help lenders avoid losses.
 
== History ==
There are three types of financial institutions in Japan: the central bank (Bank of Japan), private financial institutions, and public financial institutions. Private financial institutions can be divided into two main types, namely, institutions that accept deposits and others. In addition, institutions that accept deposits can be further broken down into banks, cooperative financial institutions, and the federations of cooperative financial institutions.
Regional banks are banks licensed under the Banking Law, as are city banks and member banks of the Second Association of Regional Banks (most of which were mutual banks and have been registered as banks since 1989), and play a main role as commercial banks in Japan. Whereas city banks offer banking services to relatively many large corporate customers, regional banks (and member banks of the Second Association of Regional banks) focus their business mainly on retail banking.
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
*Chairman, Tadashi Ogawa, who is also president of Bank of Yokohama Ltd., Japan's biggest regional lender by assets. 
== Key People ==
== Resources ==
 Regional Banks Association of Japan's COMMENTS ON THE CONSULTATIVE DOCUMENT THE NEW BASEL CAPITAL ACCORD OF THE BASEL COMMITTEE ON BANKING SUPERVISION, 2001
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
Category:Japan
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative

The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) is the US's first mandatory regional carbon cap-and-trade market. RGGI is made up of 10 Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states - Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont, with New Jersey rejoining the program in January 2020. New Jersey pulled out of the program in 2012. 
 
RGGI caps carbon emissions from 233 power plants in the region, with each state setting its own level. RGGI held its first carbon allowances auction on September 25, 2008.
The market launched on January 1, 2009 and called for the signatory states to stabilize power sector carbon emissions from 2009 to 2014. Thereafter, emissions levels were reduced 2.5 percent per year from 2015 to 2020. States sell nearly all of the allowances through auctions and invest the earnings in various energy efficiency, renewable energy and other programs.
Two US exchanges list futures contracts on RGGI carbon allowances: Intercontinental Exchange and Nodal Exchange.
 
== History == 
*RGGI was first conceived in April 2003 by former New York governor George Pataki, who sent out letters to governors from 11 Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states, inviting them to develop a regional greenhouse gas cap-and-trade program.
*In August 2003, staff representatives were assembled from the nine participating states' environmental agencies, as well as many of the state energy regulatory agencies. This group, called the "RGGI Staff Working Group," drafted an action plan that lays out the process to develop a regional cap-and-trade program covering carbon dioxide emissions from power plants. On Sept. 29, 2003, the environmental commissioners and many of the energy regulatory agency chief executives endorsed the action plan.
*In December 2005, the governors of seven Northeastern states - Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Vermont - announced the creation of RGGI.
*In August 2006, the seven states released the final model rule.
*In January 2007, Massachusetts and Rhode Island joined RGGI.
*In April 2007, Maryland announces commitment to join RGGI, bringing the number to 10.
In addition, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, the Eastern Canadian Provinces, and New Brunswick and the District of Columbia are observers in the process. 
*On May 6, 2015, the Carbon Trade Exchange announced the launch of the CTX RGGI Exchange, an exchange platform for buying and selling allowances from the RGGI.
*After a long process, on June 17, 2019 New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy adopted the rule to rejoin RGGI, starting on January 1, 2020.
== References ==
Category:Environmental Initiatives
Category:Environmental Markets
Registered Futures Association

A Registered Futures Association (RFA) is an organization authorized by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) to regulate the practices of firms and individuals involved in the futures industry. The concept and regulatory framework for RFAs are outlined in the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) and were significantly shaped by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act of 1974.
== Commodity Exchange Act ==
The Commodity Exchange Act (CEA), enacted in 1936, provides federal regulation of all commodities and futures trading activities in the United States. It mandates that all futures and commodity options be traded on organized exchanges to ensure transparency and fairness in the markets. The CEA has undergone several amendments to adapt to the evolving financial landscape, including the establishment of the CFTC in 1974 to oversee the futures markets.
=== Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act of 1974 ===
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act of 1974 was a pivotal amendment to the CEA. It created the CFTC, an independent federal agency with the authority to regulate commodity futures and options markets in the United States. This act also introduced the concept of RFAs, allowing for the creation of self-regulatory organizations within the futures industry.
=== Section 17 of the Commodity Exchange Act ===
Section 17 of the CEA is specifically dedicated to the establishment and regulation of RFAs. This section grants the CFTC the authority to register and oversee these associations, ensuring they adhere to rules designed to promote fair dealing and protect market participants. RFAs are required to enforce compliance among their members with the CEA and CFTC regulations.
=== National Futures Association ===
The National Futures Association (NFA) is the most prominent example of an RFA. Established in 1982, the NFA was created to provide a self-regulatory framework for the futures industry, operating under the oversight of the CFTC. The NFA's formation was a response to the need for a dedicated body to enforce industry standards and protect investors, following the guidelines set forth in Section 17 of the CEA.
== Regulatory Responsibilities ==
RFAs like the NFA are responsible for several key regulatory functions:
* Registration and Membership: Ensuring that firms and individuals conducting business in the derivatives industry are properly registered and comply with regulatory requirements.
* Compliance and Enforcement: Monitoring member activities to ensure adherence to industry rules and taking disciplinary actions against violators.
* Education and Training: Providing resources and training for market participants to promote understanding of regulatory requirements and best practices.
* Dispute Resolution: Offering mechanisms for resolving disputes between members and their customers.
== References ==
Category:National Futures Association
Category:Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Category:Regulation
Registered Investment Advisor

A registered investment advisor is an individual who registers with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and manages the assets of individuals and institutional investors. They receive management fees and do not receive commissions. 
An SEC registered adviser is a person who is registered under Section 203 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (1940 Act) or who is not registered under the 1940 Act because he is excepted from the definition of investment adviser under Section 202(a)(11) of the 1940 Act. 
According to the SEC, as of October 2022, there were more than 15,000 registered investment advisors in total, advising over 60 million accounts with combined assets under management of more than $100 trillion.
== Guidelines According To The SEC ==
*Investment Advisers Are Fiduciaries
*Investment Advisers Must Have Compliance Programs
*Investment Advisers Are Required to Prepare Certain Reports and to File Certain Reports with the SEC
*Investment Advisers Must Provide Clients and Prospective Clients with a Written Disclosure Statement
*Investment Advisers Must Have a Code of Ethics Governing Their Employees and Enforce Certain *Insider Trading Procedures
*Investment Advisers are Required to Maintain Certain Books and Records
*Investment Advisers Must Seek to Obtain the Best Price and Execution for Their Clients’ Securities Transactions 
== Resources ==
* SEC: How To Register as an Investment Advisor
* SEC Division of Investment Management Information
*SEC: Investment Adviser Act of 1940
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Registered representative

Registered representative is the official title - along with 'account executive' - given to an individual who is licensed by industry regulatory group FINRA (formerly NASD) to sell securities to the public. 'Registered Representative' is also the name of a trade magazine (usually shortened to 'Registered Rep.') that publishes news and information relevant to these individuals.
== Examined ==
To gain the official designation of 'registered representative' (RR), an individual most pass the federal-level Series 7 exam and the state-level Series 63 exam. As of year-end 2022, FINRA reported approximately 620,873 registered representatives across the securities industry. This figure encompasses individuals actively involved in investment banking or securities business within FINRA-registered firms. It's important to note that some representatives may be registered with multiple firms, potentially leading to counting individuals more than once in the total. Additionally, the number of registered representatives can fluctuate over time due to factors such as industry growth, regulatory changes, and individual career movements. As of the end of 2022, FINRA reported approximately 3,378 registered brokerage firms.
Registered representatives are also subject to regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the New York Stock Exchange NYSE while those who work for futures commission merchants (FCMs) are also registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).
== Covered ==
Registered Rep. is the best known trade magazine covering the RR profession and claims a monthly readership of over 125,000 brokers, financial planners and financial advisors. 
== References ==
Registry

__NOTOC__
Currently there are developing registries at both the federal and state levels in the USA as well as a number of non-governmental organizations that have developed accounting protocols. The Kyoto Protocol is also included in the table below since it is the benchmark by which many of the other protocols are judged. Currently, the USA is not a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol so the developing protocols and regestries in the USA may differ in the acceptable approaches for carbon sequestration or carbon accounting.
A system that tracks greenhouse gases Kyoto units (tonnes of assigned amounts of CO2). A firm can move their Kyoto units can be moved from one country to the next so the registry needs to be able to track these units at all times, no matter the location. In addition to recording the holding of Kyoto units, these registries will handle settlement of the emissions trades by delivering units from the accounts of sellers to the buyers. Each registry will operate through a link established with the International transaction log put in place and administered by the UNFCCC secretariat. Domestic or regional trading schemes that use Kyoto units also undertake their settlement through these registry systems. 
==Types of Registries==
The two types of registries that are being implemented are:
*Governments of the 38 Annex B Parties are implementing national registries, containing accounts within which units are held in the name of the government or in the name of legal entities authorized by the government to hold and trade units.
*The UNFCCC secretariat, under the authority of the CDM Executive Board, has implemented the CDM registry for issuing CDM credits and distributing them to national registries. Accounts in the CDM registry are held only by CDM project participants, as the registry does not accept emissions trading between accounts.
==Registries==
*California Climate Action Registry
*APX Environmental Markets Registry
*Georgia Forestry Commission
* Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
*Chicago Climate Exchange
==Resources==
National Registries 
== References ==
Category:Weather
Category:Environmental Markets
Regular Trading Hours

Regular trading hours (RTH) refer to the "traditional" floor trading hours established by the board of directors of an exchange. 
A distinction has become necessary because electronic trading hours (ETH) have expanded the trading day. Thus, a trader can be in the market during RTH, ETH, or both. Some exchanges such as Eurex offer only electronic trade.
U.S. options and securities exchange hours currently have set hours for trading, not one for trading floor hours and one for electronic hours, since their hours are more typically from approximately 9:30 a.m. - 4:15 p.m. (eastern time). After "regular hours sessions" have not yet developed as in the futures arena.
== Examples Of Trading Hours At Exchanges ==
*CME Group
*NYSE Euronext
*ICE Futures Europe
*ICE Futures US
*Eurex
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Regulation D

Regulation D allows for some exemptions from registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Under the Securities Act of 1933, any offer to sell securities must either be registered with the SEC or meet an exemption. The commonly termed Reg D provides three exemptions from the registration requirements, allowing some smaller companies to offer and sell their securities without having to register the securities with the SEC.
Companies that meet the Reg D requirements must still file a form known as a Form D after they first sell their securities. Form D is a brief notice that includes the names and addresses of company owners and stock promoters, but contains little other information about the company.
The SEC suggests that if an individual is thinking about investing what they believe is a Reg D company, they call the SEC's public reference branch or send an email to publicinfo@sec.gov to determine whether a company has filed Form D or to obtain a copy. If the company has not filed a Form D, the company may not be in compliance with the federal securities laws.
== Resources ==
*504 of Regulation D
*505 of Regulation D
*506 of Regulation D
== References ==
Category:SEC Regulations
Category:Regulation