nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Insecticide

== Description ==
Chemical products designed to kill insects. Insecticides can be classified as: 
1. Inorganic toxic compounds (e.g., soluble salts of arsenic, lead, mercury, and copper) are consumed and act as stomach poisons. Silica absorbs the outer waxy covering and desiccates insects. 
2. Natural organic compounds (e.g., pyrethrin, rotenone, nicotine, copper naphthenate, petroleum derivatives) are contact insecticides. 
3. Synthetic organic compounds such as chlorinated (e.g., DDT, aldrin, chlordane, lindane) contact insecticides are nonbiodegradable and many have been banned. Organic phosphates (e.g., parathion, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, malathion) are toxic contact insecticides that are still in use. 
4. Insect growth regulators (e.g., methoprene, hydroprene, and fenoxycarb) prevent larvae from becoming adults. 
5. Fumigants (e.g., sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide) are vapor phase insecticides that penetrate inaccessible locations. 
6. Anoxic storage using oxygen scavengers (Ageless, VELOXY) in an airtight container kills all stages of insects (adults, eggs, larvae, and pupae).
== Risks ==
All insecticides are potentially toxic to humans and animals. Pyrethrins, rotenone and methoxychlor are the least toxic because they quickly decompose.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, A Guide to Museum Pest Control, FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988
* J. Dawson, CCI Technical Bulletin, 'Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control' , Canadian Conservation Institute, Ottawa, No. 15
* Caring for your Collections, Arthur W Schulz (ed.), Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , New York, 1992
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Insecticide." Accessed (7 Sept. 2004).
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Instant-Dip

== Description ==
[Casabar] A registered trademark for a silver cleaning solution. Instant-Dip® contains thiourea in a sulfuric acid-based solution. It was developed in 1946 for use in museums as a quick, non-abrasive cleaner. Instant-Dip® removes black tarnish from silver pieces but will etch the surface of other materials such as steel, aluminum, zinc, marble, pearls, paint, and lacquer.
As of 2022, this product no longer seems to be availalble. Multiple other products, such as W. J. Hagerty Instant Silver Dip; JAX Instant Silver Cleaner; Kassoy Silver Blue Instant, were found but not information was availalbe on their composistions.Silver Clear
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
silver dip cleaner; InstantDip; Instant Dip
== Risks ==
* Usually corrosive. 
* Skin contact will cause burns. 
* Thiourea is carcinogenic.
==Resources and Citations==
* W. J. Hagerty: Instant Silver Dip
* JAX: Instant Silver Cleaner
* Kassoy: Silver Blue Instant Silver Cleaner
* InstantDip: Website
* Product Information from label - 1998
Category:Materials database
Insulated glass

== Description ==
A window composed of two or more sheets of plate glass separated by a sealed air space. Introduced in 1944, Thermopane was the first insulated glass. The dead air space provides high thermal resistance. Lead strips were used to seal the perimeter of early insulated windows. When the seal is broken, moisture may condense between the two panes forming a haze. The fogging is remedied by drilling small weep holes at the bottom of the inner pane to provide better circulation. The insulation value is only slightly decreased.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
double glazing; vitre isolante (Fr.); 
Brand names: Thermopane [Libbey-Owens-Ford]; Twindow [PPG]
==Resources and Citations==
* K.Konrad, K. Wilson, W. Nugent, F.Calabrese, "Plate Glass", in Twentieth-Century Building Materials, T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
Category:Materials database
Insulating fabric

== Description ==
Any of several types of coated fabric used as moisture-proof insulation for electrical wires. Insulating fabric was usually made from cotton or linen prepared with multiple baked coatings or a mixture of boiled linseed oil, natural resin, and benzine (Cook and Ferro 1983). Other types included cloth treated with linseed oil and cloth treated with asphalt.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
varnished cloth; tejido aislante (Esp.); solatiemateriaal (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Cook, M.Ferro, "Electric Lighting and Wiring in Historic American Buildings" Technology & Conservation, 1/83, p. 28-48.
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Insulating paper

== Description ==
Any of several types of paper coated with linseed oil, asphalt or resin to provide a moisture resistant insulated wrapping for electrical wires. Insulating papers were made from kraft paper and from Japanese mulberry paper. It was used until the 1930s when insulation made from lacquer coated cellophane became popular.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cable paper
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Cook, M.Ferro, "Electric Lighting and Wiring in Historic American Buildings" Technology & Conservation, 1/83, p. 28-48.
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Insulating thread

== Description ==
Any of several types of coated threads that were braided around electrical wires to provide moisture resistant insulation. Early types of insulating thread were made from cotton impregnated with asphalt (Cook and Ferro 1983). Other types included cotton or silk impregnated with wax or varnish. Felted asbestos was also used.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
insulating yarn; hilo aislante (Esp.); isolatiegaren (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Cook, M.Ferro, "Electric Lighting and Wiring in Historic American Buildings" Technology & Conservation, 1/83, p. 28-48.
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Insulation

== Description ==
A material used to minimize the transmission of electricity, sound, or heat. Insulation can be made from a wide variety of materials such as plastic, rubber, paper, wood, cork, fur, mineral fibers, and metal foil.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
insulating material (AAT preferred); insulator; isolant (Fr.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Insulator." Accessed: 7 Sept. 2004 .
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Intaglio

== Description ==
1) One of the basic types of printing processes that includes engraving, etching, mezzotint and drypoint. For intaglio prints, the pattern is cut or etched into the surface of a woodblock or metal plate. The incised pattern is filled with ink, the excess ink wiped away, then the plate or block is pressed onto the paper. Thus lines are produced as a raised region of ink that is susceptible to abrasion. Intaglio uses either solvent or water based inks that tend to be pasty and tacky but nonelastic. Some of the inks may bleed. 
2) A darkened watermark on paper. The shadow design of an intaglio watermark is made with thicker, denser regions. 
3) A brocade type pattern knitted into tricot fabric. 
4) An incised decorative carving method used on glass, seals and gemstones in medieval Rome and later revived for glass decoration in the 17th century.
==Resources and Citations==
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* D. van der Reyden "Identifying the Real Thing" www.scmre.org/analysis.htm
Category:Materials database
Intarsia

== Description ==
A decorative pattern of wood inlaid in a background of contrasting wood.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
marqueterie (Fr.); marquetería (Esp.); tarsia (It.); inlay; marquetry; marqueterie
==Resources and Citations==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Integrated Pest Management

== Description ==
A long-term preventative strategy used to control pests in museums, archives, libraries. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) relies primarily on non-chemical means to minimize pest infestations. IPM involves several steps that include: 
* Identify and monitor the type and number of pests. This involves careful examination of artifacts for damage and the use of insect traps to monitor active infestations. 
* Minimize routes of access. This includes locating and sealing holes and cracks, screening windows and ducts and examining all materials brought into the controlled space. 
* Make area inhospitable for breeding. Insects require food and water, thus damp areas, garbage, and debris are attractive and must be eliminated. 
* Use non-chemical eradication methods (such as freezing, heating or anoxia) when possible to eliminate infestations.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
IPM
==Resources and Citations==
* AIC Wiki: IPM
* Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education: IPM Checklist 
* Northeast Document Conservation Center: IPM
Category:Materials database
Interface

== Description ==
The surface that is a common boundary between two different materials.
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Interfacial tension

== Description ==
The tension of the surface at the boundary between two immiscible liquids.
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
Category:Materials database
Interference

== Description ==
The overlap of two or more wave of light to form a new wave pattern. Interference can be constructive, where the amplitude of the two waves add to form a greater signal, or destructive, where the overall amplitude of the two waves is less than the sum of the individual components. A moiré pattern is an example of interference.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
interferens (Dan., Sven.); Interferenz (Deut.); interferencia (Esp.); interférence (Fr.); interferentie (Ned.); interferencja (Pol.); interferência (Port.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference (Accessed Sept. 20, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Interference color

== Description ==
A pattern of colors created when two offset vectors of white light are recombined and some wavelengths are amplified while others diminished. Interference colors will be seen in anisotropic crystals and fibers examined under crossed polars.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
polarization color
==Resources and Citations==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
Category:Materials database
Interleaving paper

== Description ==
A thin, separating paper placed between pages of a book or between stacked prints, works of art, or photographs. Interleaving paper prevents the transfer of ink from one page to another. It can also minimize abrasion between the two surfaces and reduce moisture transfer.
Examples of interleaving paper include: tissue paper, tengujo, gampi, glassine.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
separator; barrier sheet; interleaf
== Applications ==
* Separate inked pages
* Line packages
* Protect metal surface from scratches
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* Silvie Turner, Which Paper?, Design Press, New York, 1991
Category:Materials database
Interlining fabric

== Description ==
A lightweight fabric placed between a textile and its lining. Interlining fabrics are used to add strength, shape stabilization, and/or warmth.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
interleaf; interleave
==Resources and Citations==
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Intonaco

== Description ==
The thin, fine-grain, upper layer of plaster prepared as a base for fresco painting. Intonaco is typically made from equal parts of lime and marble dust. The fresco pigments are added while the intonaco is still wet.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
scialbo
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Thickness is about 2-4 mm
==Resources and Citations==
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Intrusive rock

== Description ==
Igneous rocks which have invaded a pre-existing rock. Intrusive rocks are formed by magma that has solidified beneath the surface of the Earth.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
plutonic; roche intrusive (Fr.); rocha intrusiva (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, Submitted information, 2009.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
Category:Materials database
Intumescent coating

== Description ==
A fire-retardant paint that slows the spread of flames. An intumescent coating, when touched by flames, swells to form a protective foam that is about 50 times as thick as the original paint layer (Harp 1981). The foam insulates the wall with millions of microscopic air cells. The coating not only slows the spread of the fire, but it also minimizes the production of smoke and toxic gases.
==Resources and Citations==
* D.Harp, "Intumescent Paints" Technology & Conservation, 1/81, p.30-31.
Category:Materials database
Iodine

== Description ==
A dark color crystalline element of the halogen family. Iodine was discovered in 1811 by Bernard Courtois while studying kelp. It has an abundance of 300 ppb in the earth's crust and 0.3 ppb in seawater. Iodine is commercially extracted from caliche (Chile, Japan, Indonesia, Michigan, Oklahoma) and seaweed. Crystalline iodine occurs as dense, shiny, bluish-black plates or granules. It sublimes at room temperature forming a corrosive violet vapor. Iodine dissolves in aqueous solutions containing inorganic iodide salts to form a dark brown solution. These solutions are used as indicators for the presence of starch. Iodine reacts with amylose to form a dark blue color and with amylopectin to produce a red to purple stain (Book and Paper catalog). It will form a brown stain on raw cotton and a blue stain on mercerized cotton. Alcoholic iodine solutions were used for over a century as antiseptics and germicides. It is still used as an additive to salt (iodized salt) and as tablets to sterilize drinking water. Iodine is also used in dyes, x-ray contrast media, photographic film, printing reproductive processes, and as a reagent to detect unsaturation in organic compounds.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
I; Jood (Ned.); iode (Fr.); Iod (Deut.); iodio (It.); Iodo (Port.); yodo (Esp.); Jod (Sven.)
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Skin contact causes irritation and burns. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in ethanol, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, glycerol, acetic acid. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	I (atomic no. 53)
CAS 	7553-56-2
Melting Point 	113.5-113.6 C
Density 	4.98 g/ml
Molecular Weight	atomic wt = 126.9045
Boiling Point 	184-185 C
== Resources and Citations ==
* Web Elements: Website
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976 Comment: discovery = 182
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 5034: discovery = 1811
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998 Comment: discovery = 1811
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Category:Materials database
Iodine green

== Description ==
An important aniline green dye patented in 1865 by Wanklyn. Iodine green is the trimethyliodide of trimethylrosaniline.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in water and ethanol. Insoluble in benzene and ether.
* Composition = C20H16(CH3)3N3(CH3I)2
Category:Materials database
Iodine number

== Description ==
A measure of the degree of unsaturation of a fat or oil. The iodine number is the number of grams of iodine absorbed by 100 grams of a fat or oil. A drying oil will have a high iodine number, such as 120, thus indicating a high degree of unsaturation. Materials with low iodine numbers, such as a wax or nondrying oil, will not oxidize rapidly.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Jodzahl (Deut.); iodine value
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Iodine scarlet

== Description ==
A brilliant red compound composed of mercuric iodide. Iodine scarlet fades to yellow in sunlight and is highly toxic. It was manufactured and sold as a paint pigment for a few years at the beginning of the 19th century.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
mercuric iodide; brilliant scarlet; pure scarlet; royal scarlet
== Risks ==
* Highly toxic.
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Iodoform

== Description ==
Yellow crystals or powder with a strong odor that has historically been used as a disinfectant.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
triiodomethane
== Risks ==
* Decomposes when mixed with mercuric oxide, calomel, silver nitrate, and tannins.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in benzene, acetone. Slightly soluble in alcohol, glycerol, chloroform, carbon disulfide and ether. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	CHI3
CAS 	75-47-8
Melting Point 	115 C
Density 	4.08 g/ml
Molecular Weight	393.73
Category:Materials database
Ion chromatography

== Description ==
An analytical method for the separation and detection of anions or cations. Ion chromatography uses ion-exchange resins to exchange either hydrogen or hydroxyl ions to the existing anions and cations in the sample. For example, in the analysis of a salt solution for anions, the sample will be passed through a cation exchange column and the cations will be replaced by hydrogen ions. Thus, both potassium chloride and sodium chloride will be converted to hydrogen chloride and eluted as a single chloride peak. The exchange resins must be flushed or regenerated periodically to restore their capacity of hydrogen or hydroxyl ions.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
IC; Ionenchromatographie (Deut.); chromatographie ionique (Fr.); ion-exchange chromatography (IEC); 
Brand names: DIONEX
Category:Materials database
Ion exchange resin

== Description ==
A synthetic polymer or modified zeolite that has the capacity to reversibly substitute cations or anions with salts in aqueous solutions. For example, cation exchange resins contain reactive anionic end groups (sulfonic, carboxylic, phosphonic acid, phenolic, etc.) that have a loosely bound cation, such as a hydrogen or sodium ion. In an aqueous solution this loosely bound cation will exchange places with a more reactive cation, such as calcium or magnesium ions in hard water. Ion exchange resins are used for purification of chemicals, softening of water, recovery of trace metals, removal of salts and for chromatographic analysis.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ion exchanger; Ionenaustauscher (Deut.); échangeur d'ions (Fr.); permutador iónico (Port.)
Category:Materials database
Ion microprobe

== Description ==
An analytical instrument used for the qualitative and semiquantitative analysis of elements. An ion microprobe used a high energy focused beam of electrons to sputter a microscopic amount of material from the surface of a sample. The sputtered particles are electrostatically charged and are measured with a mass spectrometer according to their mass-to-charge ratio. The resultant spectrum represents the elemental composition of the sampled area which can range from 2 to 500 micrometers. Ion microprobes have been used to determine rubidium-strontium ratios for dating stones.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
IMA; IMMA; microsonde ionique (Fr.);
Category:Materials database