nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Binds to cell surface receptors on hematopoietic cells and stimulates proliferation, differentiation, and some end-cell functional activation. The Neulasta formulation involves Filgrastim (Neupogen) being covalently conjugated to monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG), increasing its half-life.Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) package insert Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) package insert (locally hosted backup)Neulasta manufacturer's website
Route: SC
Extravasation: n/a
*"Do not administer Neulasta between 14 days before and 24 hours after administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy."
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias such as Micromedex, Lexicomp, or the prescribing information. 
==Patient drug information==
*Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) package insert
*Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) patient drug information (Chemocare)Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) patient drug information (Chemocare)
*Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) patient drug information (UpToDate)Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) patient drug information (UpToDate)
==History of changes in EMA indication==
*2022-08-22: Initial authorization
==Also known as==
*Generic names: pegylated GCSF, pegylated G-CSF, pegylated granulocyte colony stimulating factor
*Brand names: G-Lasta, Neulasta, Neupopeg, Onpro
==References==
Category:Drugs
Category:Subcutaneous medications
Category:Pegylated medications
Category:Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors
Category:EMA approved in 2002
Category:FDA approved in 2002
Peginterferon alfa-2a (Pegasys)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Immune system activator; binds to human type 1 interferon, activating downstream intracellular signal transduction pathways initially mediated by the JAK/STAT pathway. Interferon α-2a activates multiple biologic effects which are not fully understood. Pegylation results in a much longer half-life compared to Interferon alfa-2a (Roferon-A).Peginterferon alfa-2a (Pegasys) package insertPeginterferon alfa-2a (Pegasys) package insert (locally hosted backup)
Route: SC
Extravasation: n/a
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias such as Micromedex, Lexicomp, or the prescribing information. 
==Diseases for which it is used==
*Chronic myeloid leukemia
*Essential thrombocythemia
*Hypereosinophilic syndrome
*Polycythemia vera
==Diseases for which it was used==
*Osteosarcoma
==Patient drug information==
*Peginterferon alfa-2a (Pegasys) patient drug information (UpToDate)Peginterferon alfa-2a (Pegasys) patient drug information (UpToDate)
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2002-10-16: Initial approval for the treatment of adults with chronic hepatitis C who have compensated liver disease and have not been previously treated with interferon alfa.
==History of changes in EMA indication==
*2001-07-05: EURD
==Also known as==
*Brand name: Exxura, Pegasys, Pegnano
==References==
Category:Drugs
Category:Subcutaneous medications
Category:Pegylated medications
Category:Interferon alfas
Category:Chronic myeloid leukemia medications
Category:Essential thrombocythemia medications
Category:Hypereosinophilic syndrome medications
Category:Polycythemia vera medications
Category:Osteosarcoma medications (historic)
Category:FDA approved in 2002
Category:EMA approved in 2001
Peginterferon alfa-2b (Sylatron)

Note: Merck has announced plans to discontinue Sylatron by December 2019 for business reasons.
==General information==
Class/mechanism: Immune system activator; binds to human type 1 interferon, activating downstream intracellular signal transduction pathways initially mediated by the JAK/STAT pathway. Also has been seen to activate NFκB (NF kappa B) in many cell types. Interferon α-2b activates multiple biologic effects which are not fully understood. Pegylation results in a longer half-life compared to Interferon alfa-2b (Intron-A).Peginterferon alfa-2b (Sylatron) package insertPeginterferon alfa-2b (Sylatron) package insert (locally hosted backup)Sylatron manufacturer's websitePeginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) package insertPeginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) package insert (locally hosted backup)PegIntron manufacturer's website
Route: SC
Extravasation: n/a
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias such as Micromedex, Lexicomp, or the prescribing information. 
==Diseases for which it was used==
*Melanoma
==Patient drug information==
*Peginterferon alfa-2b (Sylatron) patient drug information (Chemocare)Peginterferon alfa-2b (Sylatron) patient drug information (Chemocare)
*Patient counseling information can be found on page 11 of the Peginterferon alfa-2b (Sylatron) package insert
*Peginterferon alfa-2b (Sylatron) patient drug information (UpToDate)Peginterferon alfa-2b (Sylatron) patient drug information (UpToDate)
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2001-01-19: FDA approved (as PegIntron) for treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C (CHC) in patients with compensated liver disease.
*2011-03-29: FDA approved for the adjuvant treatment of melanoma with microscopic or gross nodal involvement within 84 days of definitive surgical resection including complete lymphadenectomy. (Based on EORTC 18991)
==History of changes in PMDA indication==
*2015-05-26: New additional indication and a new dosage for the adjuvant treatment of melanoma.
==Also known as==
*Code name: SCH-54031
*Generic names: PEG-IFN alfa-2b, pegylated interferon alfa-2b, polyethylene glycol IFN-A2b, polyethylene glycol interferon alfa-2b
*Brand names: PEG-Intron, PegIntron, Sylatron, ViraferonPeg
==References==
Category:Drugs
Category:Pegylated medications
Category:Subcutaneous medications
Category:Interferon alfas
Category:Melanoma medications (historic)
Category:FDA approved in 2001
Category:PMDA approved drugs
Pemigatinib (Pemazyre)

==General information==
Class/mechanism from the NCI Drug Dictionary: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) types 1, 2, and 3 (FGFR1/2/3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Pemigatinib binds to and inhibits FGFR1/2/3, which may result in the inhibition of FGFR1/2/3-related signal transduction pathways. This inhibits proliferation in FGFR1/2/3-overexpressing tumor cells. 
==Diseases for which it is used==
*Cholangiocarcinoma
*FGFR1+ myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms (site-agnostic)
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2020-04-17: Granted accelerated approval for the treatment of adults with previously treated, unresectable locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with a fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion or other rearrangement. (Based on FIGHT-202)
*2022-08-26: Approved for adults with relapsed or refractory myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms (MLNs) with fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) rearrangement. (Based on FIGHT-203)
==History of changes in EMA indication==
*2021-03-26: Initial conditional authorization as Pemazyre.
==History of changes in Health Canada indication==
*2021-09-17: Initial notice of compliance with conditions for the treatment of adults with previously treated, unresectable locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with a fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion or other rearrangement.
==History of changes in PMDA indication==
*2021-03-21: Newly indicated for the treatment of unresectable FGFR2 fusion gene-positive biliary tract cancer that has progressed after cancer chemotherapy.
==Also known as==
*Code name: INCB-054828
*Brand name: Pemazyre
==References==
Category:Drugs
Category:Oral medications
Category:Mutation-specific medications
Category:FGFR inhibitors
Category:Cholangiocarcinoma medications
Category:EMA approved in 2021
Category:FDA approved in 2020
Category:Health Canada approved in 2021
Category:PMDA approved in 2021
Penpulimab (Anniko)

==Mechanism of action==
PD-1 inhibitor
==Diseases for which it is used==
*Classical Hodgkin lymphoma
*Non-small cell lung cancer, squamous
==History of changes in NMPA indication==
*2021-08-05: Initial approval for treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory ("r/r") classic Hodgkin’s lymphoma ("cHL") after at least second-line systemic chemotherapy treatment.
*2023-01-15: Approved in combination with chemotherapy as the first-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic squamous non-small cell lung cancer (sq-NSCLC). (Based on AK105-302)
==Also known as==
*Code name: AK-105
*Generic name: pianprizumab
*Brand name: Anniko, Annikol
Category:Drugs
Category:Intravenous medications
Category:Anti-PD-1 antibodies
Category:Classical Hodgkin lymphoma medications
Category:Non-small cell lung cancer, squamous medications
Category:NMPA approved in 2021
Pentamidine (Nebupent)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Antifungal, known to have activity against Pneumocystis jiroveci. Mechanism not fully understood, but mechanism hypothesized to involve inhibition of DNA, RNA, phospholipid, and protein synthesis.Pentamidine (Nebupent) package insertPentamidine (Nebupent) package insert (locally hosted backup)
Route: inhaled, IM, IV
Extravasation: no information
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias such as Micromedex, Lexicomp, or the prescribing information. 
==Patient drug information==
*Pentamidine (Nebupent) patient drug information (UpToDate)Pentamidine (Nebupent) patient drug information (UpToDate)
==Also known as==
*Generic name: pentamidine dimesilate
*Brand names: Benambax, Lomidine, Nebupent, Pentam, Pentamidina, Pneumopent
==References==
Category:Drugs
Category:Inhalation medications
Category:Antifungals
Category:PCP prophylaxis
Category:FDA approved in 1989
Pentostatin (Nipent)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Purine (adenosine) analog, inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (ADA), causes elevated intracellular levels of dATP, and inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, which interferes with DNA synthesis. Pentostatin can also inhibit RNA synthesis and has been observed to cause DNA damage. ADA enzymatic activity is greater in T-cell malignancies compared to B-cell malignancies. Exact mechanism of action in hairy cell leukemia is not fully understood.Pentostatin (Nipent) package insertPentostatin (Nipent) package insert (locally hosted backup)Nipent manufacturer's website
Route: IV
Extravasation: neutral
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias such as Micromedex, Lexicomp, or the prescribing information. 
==Diseases for which it is established==
*Hairy cell leukemia (FDA)
==Diseases for which it is used==
*Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
*Indolent lymphoma
**Waldenström macroglobulinemia
*T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
==Diseases for which it was used==
*B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
==Patient drug information==
*Pentostatin (Nipent) patient drug information (Chemocare)Pentostatin (Nipent) patient drug information (Chemocare)
*Pentostatin (Nipent) patient drug information (UpToDate)Pentostatin (Nipent) patient drug information (UpToDate)
==History of changes in FDA indication==
* 1991-10-11: Initial approval for treatment for adult patients with alpha-interferon-refractory hairy cell leukemia. (Based on SWOG 8691)
==Also known as==
*Generic names: 2'-deoxycoformycin, dCF
*Brand name: Nipent
==References==
Category:Drugs
Category:Intravenous medications
Category:Neutral
Category:Antimetabolites
Category:Purine analogs
Category:Chronic lymphocytic leukemia medications
Category:Hairy cell leukemia medications
Category:Indolent lymphoma medications
Category:T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia medications
Category:Waldenström macroglobulinemia medications
Category:B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia medications (historic)
Category:FDA approved in 1991
Periampullary adenocarcinoma

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Are you looking for a regimen, but can't find it here? For placebo or observational studies in this condition, please visit this page. If you still can't find it, please let us know so we can add it! 
Note: there is some overlap, especially in the earlier literature, between treatment regimens for periampullary adenocarcinoma and those for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder cancer; please see those pages for additional regimens.
Last updated on 2024-07-23:0 regimens on this page
0 variants on this page
=Guidelines=
Given the rapid change in evidence in many areas of hematology/oncology, readers are encouraged to consider any guideline published 5+ years ago to be for historical purposes, only.
==ESMO==
*2024: Chen et al. Pan-Asian adapted ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with biliary tract cancer EuroPMC
*2022: Vogel et al. Biliary tract cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
**2016: Valle et al. Biliary cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
**2011: Eckel et al. Biliary cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
**2010: Eckel et al. Biliary cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
**2009: Eckel & Jelic. Biliary cancer: ESMO clinical recommendation for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
==NCCN==
*NCCN Guidelines - Ampullary Adenocarcinoma
**2023: Chiorean et al. Ampullary Adenocarcinoma, Version 1.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. EuroPMC
Category:Periampullary adenocarcinoma regimens
Category:Disease-specific pages
Category:Biliary tract cancers
Periampullary adenocarcinoma - null regimens

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The purpose of this page is to provide references to "null therapy" such as placebo and observation. These references provide further insight into the historical development of the treatment landscape. See the main periampullary adenocarcinoma page for regimens that include active anticancer treatment.
=Adjuvant therapy=
==Observation==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Takada et al. 2002 	1986-1992 	Phase 3 (C)	5-FU & Mitomycin 	Did not meet primary endpoint of OS
Neoptolemos et al. 2012 (ESPAC-3)	2000-2008 	Phase 3 (C)	1. FULV2. Gemcitabine	Did not meet primary endpoint of OS
No adjuvant therapy.
====Preceding treatment====
*Surgery
===References===
# Takada T, Amano H, Yasuda H, Nimura Y, Matsushiro T, Kato H, Nagakawa T, Nakayama T; Study Group of Surgical Adjuvant Therapy for Carcinomas of the Pancreas and Biliary Tract. Is postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy useful for gallbladder carcinoma? A phase III multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial in patients with resected pancreaticobiliary carcinoma. Cancer. 2002 Oct 15;95(8):1685-95. link to original article EuroPMC
# ESPAC-3: Neoptolemos JP, Moore MJ, Cox TF, Valle JW, Palmer DH, McDonald AC, Carter R, Tebbutt NC, Dervenis C, Smith D, Glimelius B, Charnley RM, Lacaine F, Scarfe AG, Middleton MR, Anthoney A, Ghaneh P, Halloran CM, Lerch MM, Oláh A, Rawcliffe CL, Verbeke CS, Campbell F, Büchler MW; European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer. Effect of adjuvant chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus folinic acid or gemcitabine vs observation on survival in patients with resected periampullary adenocarcinoma: the ESPAC-3 periampullary cancer randomized trial. JAMA. 2012 Jul 11;308(2):147-56. Erratum in: JAMA. 2012 Nov 14;308(18):1861. link to original article EuroPMC NCT00058201
Category:Periampullary adenocarcinoma regimens
Category:Disease-specific pages
Category:Biliary tract cancers
Category:Null regimens
Perifosine (KRX-0401)

==Mechanism of action==
From the NCI Drug Dictionary: An orally active alkyl-phosphocholine compound with potential antineoplastic activity. Targeting cellular membranes, perifosine modulates membrane permeability, membrane lipid composition, phospholipid metabolism, and mitogenic signal transduction, resulting in cell differentiation and inhibition of cell growth. This agent also inhibits the anti-apoptotic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and modulates the balance between the MAPK and pro-apoptotic stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK/JNK) pathways, thereby inducing apoptosis.
==Also known as==
*Code name: KRX-0401
Category:Drugs
Category:Oral medications
Category:AKT1 inhibitors
Category:MEK inhibitors
Category:Investigational drugs
Peripheral smear findings

==White blood cells (WBC)==
===Neutrophils===
*Hypolobated/Pelgeroid
*Hyperlobated
*Hypogranular
*Toxic granulation
===Lymphocytes===
*Atypical lymphocytes
*Large granular lymphocytes
*Smudge cells
==Red blood cells (RBC)==
*Microcytic
*Macrocytic
*Hypochromic
*Target cells
*Intracellular organisms
*Basophilic stippling
*Burr cells
*Spur cells
*Schistocytes
*Helmet cells
*Tear drops
*Anisocytosis
*Poikilocytosis
*Sickle cells
*Howell-Jolly bodies
*Nucleated RBCs
*Hemoglobin crystals
==Platelets==
*Platelet clumps
*Giant platelets
Category:Hematology reference pages
Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab hyaluronidase (Phesgo)

==General information==
A combination of pertuzumab and trastuzumab, to be given by subcutaneous injection
==Diseases for which it is established==
*HER2+ breast cancer
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2020-06-29: Initial approval in combination with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment of patients with HER2-positive, locally advanced, inflammatory, or early stage breast cancer (either greater than 2 cm in diameter or node positive) as part of a complete treatment regimen for early breast cancer. (Based on NeoSphere, TRYPHAENA, BERENICE, APHINITY, FeDeriCa)
*2020-06-29: Initial approval in combination with chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment of patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer at high risk of recurrence. (Based on NeoSphere, TRYPHAENA, BERENICE, APHINITY, FeDeriCa)
*2020-06-29: Initial approval in combination with docetaxel for treatment of patients with HER2 positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) who have not received prior anti-HER2 therapy or chemotherapy for metastatic disease. (Based on CLEOPATRA & FeDeriCa)
==History of changes in EMA indication==
*2020-12-21: Initial authorization
==History of changes in PMDA indication==
*2023-09-25: New combination drugs with a new active ingredient indicated for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.
*2023-09-25: New combination drugs with a new active ingredient indicated for the treatment of unresectable advanced or recurrent HER2-positive colon or rectal cancer that has progressed after cancer chemotherapy.
==Also known as==
*Generic name: pertuzumab/trastuzumab/hyaluronidase-zzxf
*Brand name: Phesgo
Category:Drugs
Category:Subcutaneous medications
Category:Anti-HER2 antibodies
Category:Breast cancer medications
Category:EMA approved in 2020
Category:FDA approved in 2020
Category:PMDA approved in 2023
Category:Stub
Pexidartinib (Turalio)

==Mechanism of action==
From the NCI Drug Dictionary: A small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor of proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT), colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), with antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, pexidartinib targets, binds to and inhibits phosphorylation of KIT, CSF1R and FLT3 harboring an internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation. This results in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.
==Toxicity management==
*Link to REMS
==Diseases for which it is established (work in progress)==
*Tenosynovial giant cell tumor
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2019-08-02: Approved for the treatment of adult patients with symptomatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) associated with severe morbidity or functional limitations and not responsive to improvement with surgery. (Based on ENLIVEN)
==Also known as==
*Code name: PLX-3397
*Brand name: Turalio
Category:Drugs
Category:Oral medications
Category:CSF1R inhibitors
Category:KIT inhibitors
Category:FLT3 inhibitors
Category:Tenosynovial giant cell tumor medications
Category:REMS program
Category:FDA approved in 2019
Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Anti-epileptic, used for some supportive purposes in hematology/oncology. No known antineoplastic properties.
==Also known as==
*Brand names: Dilantin, Epanutin, Epsotoin, Eptoin, Fentinol
Category:Drugs
Category:Oral medications
Category:Supportive medications
Category:FDA approved in 1953
Philosophy

=HemOnc.org Core Philosophy=
The practice of hematology/oncology involves extensive knowledge about numerous drugs and complex treatment regimens. This information is constantly evolving, and when we conducted a needs assessment in 2011, there was no freely available, comprehensive, centralized repository of such information. HemOnc.org was created to address this unmet need.
HemOnc.org has grown organically since its founding in 2011. In 2017, the website had reached a level of maturity where formal incorporation of HemOnc.org LLC, as the content owner of HemOnc.org, was undertaken. Along with this incorporation, five guiding principles were identified and are listed here:
* Complete and continuously updated, including historical information for educational purposes. (although we won't have everything all the time, we will keep adding to work towards being as complete as possible)
* Accurate information for clinical use, always with primary sources cited
* Standardized means of describing regimens to clearly communicate information and minimize errors
* Free and open to all users, regardless of nationality, with links to full free texts whenever possible
* User-first organization and design. Oncology professionals made the reference we wanted. Most useful content is linked regardless of affiliation. 
=HemOnc.org Overarching Goals=
The goals of the HemOnc.org project are displayed on the main landing page and are replicated here:
Note that while these goals may evolve over time, they have been relatively static since the founding of the website in 2011.
Category:General reference pages