nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Alligator leather

[[File:2005.495-SC179378.jpg|thumb|Alligator skin bag
File:crocodilewp2.jpg|Crocodile
File:kcrocodile.jpg|Crocodile Caiman acutus
==Resources and Citations==
* B.Willis, "A Review of the Conservation Treatment of a Romano-Egyptian Cuirass and Helmet made from Crocodile Skin The Conservator, no. 24, 2000, p.80-88.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 28
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Howard L. Needles, Handbook of Textile Fibers, Dyes & Finishes, Garland Publishing Co., New York, 1981
* American Leather Chemists Association Glossary at www.leatherchemists.org
Category:Materials database
Alloy

== Description ==
A solid mixture of two or more elements (usually with at least one metal). The properties of the alloy can be significantly different from any of the constituents. For example, copper and nickel individually have high electrical conductivities, but their alloy is a poor electrical conductor. Small amounts of additional materials can also produced major changes in a metal. For example, iron can be changed into steel with the addition of 1% of carbon. In general, alloys are harder and more corrosion resistant than the individual metals. An amalgam is a specific type of alloy containing mercury and any other metal. Examples of some common alloys are: cast iron, stainless steel, brass, bronze, and sterling silver.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
slitina (Ces.); legering (Dan.); Legierung (Deut.); aleación (Esp.); alliage (Fr.); lega (It.); legering (Ned., Nor., Sven.); stop metali (Pol.); liga metálica (Port.); liga (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Wikipedia: Alloy (Accessed Mar. 15, 2006 and October 2024)
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Website: http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/a/htm
Category:Materials database
Alluvium

== Description ==
A fine sediment composed of sand, silt, and mud deposited by a stream on its bank or floodplain. Alluvium may contain rich deposits of clay.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Alluvium (Deut.); Alluvalböden (Deut.); aluvión (Esp.); alluvion (Fr.); aluvião (Port.); alluvium (Ned.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 905
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvium (Accessed Mar. 15, 2006) -for non-English terms
Category:Materials database
Allyl resin

== Description ==
A class of thermosetting polyester resins made from ally alcohol and a dibasic acid. Allyl resins are resistant to chemicals, moisture and abrasion in addition to good dimensional stability over a wide temperature range. Examples are diallyl phthalate, diallyl isophthalate, diallyl maleate, and diallyl chlorendate. Allyl resins are used in adhesives and coatings, laminated materials, casting and molding compounds, heat-resistant varnishes, encapsulation of electronic components, and as a shellac substitute.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
allylic resin; resina alílica (Esp.); résine allylique (Fr.); resina allilica (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 30
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Almandine

== Description ==
A red garnet composed of iron aluminum silicate. Almandine can range in color from pale violet to bright red to purplish to brownish black. It was popular as a gem in Roman times and was also commonly found in Egypt. Gemstone quality almandine is mined in Asia Minor, Sri Lanka, Australia, Alaska, Africa, Norway, Sweden, and Japan. It is frequently cut en cabochon then called carbuncle.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
almandite; carbuncle; garnet; Ceylon ruby; Syrian garnet; Australian ruby; alabandicus (Pliny); Almandine (Deut.); almandino (Esp.); almandyn (Pol.); almandina (Port.); almandien (Ned.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
 
* Fracture = conchoidal. 
* Luster = vitreous to resinous. 
* Streak = colorless. 
* Birefringence = none. 
* Pleochroism = none. 
* UV fluorescence = inert
Composition 	Fe3Al2Si3O12
Mohs Hardness 	7.0-7.5
Density 	4.05 - 4.3 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.79-1.83
Dispersion 	0.024
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* Mineralogy Database: Almandine
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 752
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: 'almandine" [Accessed May 8, 2003]
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Sue Fuller, Rocks and Minerals, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1995
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almandine (accessed June 2004)
Category:Materials database
Almendro

== Description ==
Wood from the tonka bean tree, Coumarouna panamensis, native to Panama. Almendro produces a yellowish brown wood that is sold as a substitute for greenheart wood. It is dense and is resistant to weather, fungi and insects.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Coumarouna panamensis; tonka bean tree
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 377
* Gordon Hanlon, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Almond

== Description ==
Hardwood trees in the Rosaceae family (Prunus amygdalus, P. dulcis - sweet almond and P. dulcis amara - bitter almond) native to Asia and northern Africa. Almond trees are now common in Europe, east Africa and California. The fruit and oil from the sweet almond are used for food while the oil from the bitter almond is used for flavoring. Although the tree is grown commercially for its fruit and oils, the wood has been used for inlays, small turned articles, tools, bowls and fine cabinet work. Almond wood is strong and hard with a fine straight grain. The water soluble gum that exudes from wounds on the tree has been mentioned as a watercolor binder. Almond trees are closely related to cherry trees.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
mandler (Dan.); Mandel (Deut.); almendro (Esp.); amandier (Fr.); amandel (Ned.); Mandorlo (It.); amendoeira (Port.)
== Additional Images ==
File:95_Prunus_amygdalus_100X_Tan.jpg|Almond tree (Prunus amygdalus) tangential section
File:95_Prunus_amygdalus_100X_Tran.jpg|Almond tree (Prunus amygdalus) transverse section
File:95_Prunus_amygdalus_100X_Rad.jpg|Almond tree (Prunus amygdalus) radial section
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "almond" [Accessed May 24, 2003].
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond (Accessed Mar. 15, 2006) -for non-English terms
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
* R.Gale, P.Gasson, N.Hepper, G.Killen, "Wood" , Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 334-371., 2000
Category:Materials database
Almond oil

== Description ==
A light color, semidrying oil extracted from the seed kernels of the almond. Almond oils contain glycerides of oleic acid (66-77%), linoleic acid (17-23%), palmitic acid (5.5-7.5%), and stearic acid (1.2-3%) (Serpico and White 2000). Sweet almond oil is a pale yellow oil that can be pressed from the fruit of the sweet almond tree (Prunus dulcis). It is used for perfumes, lotions, and food. Bitter almond oil is a colorless liquid that is distilled from the fruit of the bitter almond tree (Prunus dulcis amara). The poisonous oil contains hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde. It is also used as a food flavoring after the hydrocyanic acid is removed. 
See also nondrying oil.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Prunus dulcis; oleum amygdalae; aceite de almendras (Esp.); huile d'amende (Fr.); olio di mandorle (It)
== Risks ==
* Almond kernels and oil, unless distilled, from the bitter almond are toxic by ingestion. 
* Chemistry Connection: SDS
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Serpico, R.White, "Oil, fat and wax" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 390-429.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 32
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Aloes

== Description ==
The juice from the Aloe genus of plants characterized by their spiny leaves. Examples of these lily-like plants include: Aloe vera (True aloe or common aloe); Aloe vulgaris (Barbados aloes), A.sinuta, A. socotrina (Socotrine or Bombay aloes), and A. capensis (Cape aloes). Heating the juice produces a thick, dark brown resin that has been used as a varnish to protect gilding. Aloes has also been heated to dryness to produce a brown residue that is ground to form a pigment. It contains barbaloin and small amounts of the C-glycoside of aloe-emodin (White 1986). Aloes was also used as a dye forming a yellowish brown color on wool or pale gray on cotton with an alumina mordant.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
socotrine aloes; hepatic aloes; Caballine aloes; Aloe vera (True aloe or common aloe); Aloe vulgaris (Barbados aloes); A.sinuta; A. socotrina (Socotrine or Bombay aloes); A. capensis (Cape aloes).
== Other Properties ==
* Soluble in hot water, alcohol, ether and essential oils. 
* Aloe has a bitter flavor and strong odor.
* Refractive Index = 1.619
==Resources and Citations==
* R.White "Brown and Black Organic Glazes, Pigments and Paints" National Gallery Technical Bulletin, 10:58-71, 1986.
* Wikipedia: Aloe: species list at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aloe_species
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 671
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: Aloe" [Accessed May 8, 2003].
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876 Comment: p.278
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: ref. index=1.619
Category:Materials database
Alpaca

[[File:1992.573-E10137CR-d1.jpg||thumb|Bolivian alpaca cloth]MFA# 1992.573]]
== Description ==
A silky wool obtained from a domesticated llama (Lama pacos, Vicugna pacos) found mainly at high altitudes in Bolivia and Peru. Two breeds of alpaca, the huacaya and the suri, were developed in pre-Columbian times. The wool of the suri is fine and silky while the wool of the huacaya is shorter and slightly coarser. The straight, silk-like wool grows about 8 inches annually and will touch the ground if the animal is not sheared. Alpaca wool is lightweight, strong, lustrous, and can be white, light brown, or black. Because it is high in insulation value and resistant to rain and snow, alpaca is used in parkas, sleeping bags, and coat linings. The fibers are used alone or blended with cotton, polyester, or sheep's wool to make dress fabrics and suit fabrics. Imitation alpaca fabric is made of cotton, rayon, or acetate yarns interwoven with a mohair filling.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Lama pacos; Viguna pacos; Alpaka (Deut., Pol.); alpaca (Esp., It., Ned., Port.); alpaga (Fr.); Luster (Ned); huacaya; suri;
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
*Fiber length = 8 cm (undercoat)
*Alpaca fiber comes in a range of diameters. Fiber quality is determined by the diameter of the fiber. Smaller fiber diameters are considered more luxurious and higher quality because they create softer wools. The following table has been adapted from the International Alpaca Association. 
Fiber Classification	Avg.Fiber Diameter (microns)
Super Baby 	≤20
Baby 	20.1-23
Fleece 	23.1-26.5
Medium Fleece 	26.6-29
Huarizo 	29.1-31.5
Gruesa (Coarse) 	>31.5
 
Alpaca fibers typically over 30 microns are often prickly to the skin. 
*IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern
*CITES Status: Unlisted; There are special regulations for the trade of Vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) and Guanacoe (Lama guanacoe) fibers and cloth, yet alpaca fibers and cloth are not listed. See CITES
== Comparisons ==
== Additional Images ==
File:26 alpaca 200X.jpg|Alpaca
File:alpacanaturalcharcoallarge.jpg|Alpaca
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: alpaca" [Accessed May 8, 2003].
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p... 32
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I Natural Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England, 1984
* Marjory L. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Fort Worth, TX, 1986
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpaca (Accessed Oct. 18, 2005), (Accessed Oct. 25, 2019)
Category:Materials database
Alpha alumina

== Description ==
The synthetic, hexagonal crystalline form of aluminum oxide that occurs naturally as the mineral corundum. As an abrasive, alpha alumina removes silver tarnish effectively but also removes a significant amount of silver (Wharton, et al, 1990).
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* G.Wharton, S.Lansing, W.Ginell, "A Comparative Study of Silver Cleaning Abrasives" JAIC 29:13-31, 1990. LINK
Category:Materials database
Alpha brass

== Description ==
Alpha brass is an alloy of brass that contains less than 38% of zinc. The zinc is dissolved in the copper and the alloy has the same structure as copper. Alpha brass is ductile, has high tensile strength and can be cold-worked. Most ancient brasses do not contain over 28% zinc as this was the proportion that was adsorbed by the copper when the zinc ore was reduced (Scott, 1991).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Alpha-Messing (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 114
* David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
Category:Materials database
Alpha cellulose

== Description ==
One of three classes of cellulose, alpha cellulose has the highest degree of polymerization and is the most stable. The other two classes, known as hemicelluloses, are beta cellulose and gamma cellulose. Alpha cellulose is the major component of wood and paper pulp. It may be separated from the other components by soaking the pulp in a 17.5% solution of sodium hydroxide. The pure white, alpha cellulose is insoluble and can be filtered from the solution and washed prior to use in the production of paper or cellulosic polymers. A high percent of alpha cellulose in paper will provides a stable, permanent material. Linen and cotton contain high proportions of alpha cellulose.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Paper pulp that is high in alpha cellulose can be identified using Graff "C" stain, which will stain pinkish red. Examples of common paper fibers that are high in alpha cellulose include cotton, flax, ramie, and kozo. Alpha cellulose pulps can be created from wood pulps using extended sulfite, or mercerized kraft pulping methods.
== Additional Images ==
File:SBA 40x pinoidpitslabel.jpg|Softwood Bleached Alpha Fiber stained with Graff "C" stain
Cotton rag 40x endslabel.jpg|Cotton rag fibers stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Flax 40x nodes bastshive.jpg|Flax pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Kozo 40x.jpg|Kozo fibers stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Ramie 10x.jpg|Ramie fibers stained with Graff "C" stain
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 169
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* J. H. Graff "Color Atlas for Fiber Identification" The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, WI, 1940.
* Roy Perkinson, contributed information, 1998
* Walter Rantanen. "Fiber ID Course." Integrated Paper Services. June 2013. Lecture.
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Website: http://www.archivalsuppliers.com/glossary.html
Category:Materials database
Alpharag Artcare Museum Board

== Description ==
[Nielsen & Bainbridge] A registered trademark for a lightweight rigid cotton rag board. Alpharag® Artcare (TM) Museum board is made using MicroChamber® technology. The boards are constructed from cotton rag pulp embedded with zeolites to absorb offgassing products and buffers (calcium carbonate) to neutralize harmful acidic vapors. The rigid, strong, flat panels are water-resistant and dimensionally stable.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Alpharag® Artcare (TM) Museum Board
== Resources and Citations ==
* CRI website page: Bainbridge Alpharag Artcare Boards
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* MSDS Sheet at MFA
* Product Information: Conservation Resources Int.: Microchamber
* www.nielsen-bainbridge.com/html/info.html
Category:Materials database
Alstonia

== Description ==
A cream-color wood obtained from evergreen Altsonia trees such as Alstonia congensis. Alstonia trees are native to western Africa, southeast Asia, central America, Polynesia, and Australia. The lightweight wood has a straight grain and fine texture that polishes to a medium luster. Alstonia is primarily used locally for veneers, moldings, and decorative boxes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
emien; stool wood; pattern wood; Indian devil tree; pala tree; batangforo (Senegal); kaiwi (Sierra Leone); sindru (Gold Coast); ahun, uhu, uguwa, ebwu, ebo (Nigeria); bokuk, ekouk, kuge, kokomat, (Cameroons); tsonguti, otondo (Belgian Congo); mujwa (Uganda); songati (Port.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Some trees grow to 60 m. 
* Leaves=leathery, long with pinnate veins. 
* Specific gravity = 0.31 - 0.48 (air dry)
* Density = 25-30 ppcf
==Resources and Citations==
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
* Kribs, Commercial Foreign woods on the American market
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstonia (Accessed Mar. 15, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Alteration

== Description ==
Changes of the mineralogical composition of a rock brought about by physical, chemical or biological means, including actions of hydrothermal solutions and weathering processes. Differs from metamorphism in being milder, more localized and not restricted to high temperatures.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Verwittterung (Deut.); altération (Fr.); alteração (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Submitted information: Jose Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, 2009.
Category:Materials database
Alternating copolymer

== Description ==
A copolymer in which the molecules of different monomers alternate as repeating units in the polymeric chain.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
alternating polymer; copolímero alternado (Esp.); polímero alternado (Esp.); copolimero alternato (It.); copolímero alternado (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database