Managing Xen Patches with Git

This document assumes that you are familiar with the following documents
* Xen Project Repositories
* Submitting Xen Project Patches - the document explains conventions related to cover letters, *-by tags, etc. as well as the tooling involved in sending patches and patch series
This document lays out basic examples and best practice of how to use Git to manage Xen patches as part of the patch submission process. 
Similar documents exist for 
* StGit, a Python application providing similar functionality to Quilt (i.e. pushing/popping patches to/from a stack) on top of Git. You can find instructions at Managing Xen Patches with StGit.
* git-series is a tool on top of Git that tracks changes to a patch series over time, including cover letter for the patch series, formats the series for email, and prepares patch submission. You can find instructions at Managing Xen Patches with Git-series.
== Generating an initial Patch or Patch Series ==
Begin by cloning the git repo from XenProject.org:
$ git clone git://xenbits.xenproject.org/xen.git
$ cd xen
At this point you should have xenbits set up as the remote repostiory called "origin":
$ git branch -a
* master
 staging
 ...
This process automatically creates a local branch called master that will track the XenProject.org branch called master.
The branch called staging is the bleeding-edge of commits: this branch is tested regularly with the xenproject.org build and regression testing system, and when it passes, changes are pushed to the master branch. However, master can be significantly behind staging. 
=== Developing against staging or master? ===
From the contributor's point of view, this gives a choice of
* Use staging as a development baseline and have it apply easily to the tree when all changes are approved. This exposes you to the risk of importing showstopper bugs which prevent you from building or testing. 
* Use master which may mean that your change wont apply to staging. When this occurs your committer ought to try and resolve merge conflicts: however this does not always happen. Thus, it makes sense to rebase against staging when you are close to completing the code review process.
We would recommend to
* Develop smaller or shorter-lived changes against staging
* Develop a big series which are going to go through multiple rounds against master and deal with rebasing it to staging at the end
The remainder of this document assumes you develop against the staging branch.
=== Create a branch for your changes ===
When you want to introduce a change, start by making a new branch based on the most recent change in the staging branch.
$ git checkout -b out/trondle-calls staging
Switched to a new branch 'out/trondle-calls'
=== Develop and Test your change ===
Then edit the source files you want to change. You can see which files have changed by using git status.
=== Commit your change to your branch ===
When you're done editing, use git add to specify which file changes you want included in the changeset, and then use git commit to make a commit. You will be prompted to make a changset description. The conventions related to what should be in commit messages are described in Submitting Xen Project Patches. The example below is merely intended to explain the necessary git commands: when you submit patches you will likely need more detail than shown in this document.
 
$ git status
# On branch out/trondle-calls
# Changes not staged for commit:
# (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
# (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#	modified: foobar/zot.c
#	modified: foobar/zot.h
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
$ git add foobar/zot.c foobar/zot.h
$ git commit
Alternatively, you can commit all changes using "git commit -a":
$ git commit -a
 
foobar: Add a new trondle calls
Add a some new trondle calls to the foobar interface to support
the new zot feature.
Signed-off-by: Joe Smith <joe.smith@citrix.com>
=== Patches vs. Patch Series ===
Every single commit you make on your branch becomes a patch when you submit it. If your change consists of multiple commits, you will be committing a patch series. Information related to Xen Project conventions around patches and patch series can be found here.
== Sending a Patch or Patch Series to xen-devel@ ==
You can find instructions on how to send patches in our Patch Submission Guide.
== Addressing Review Comments ==
Once you sent the initial patch or patch series, you are likely to get review comments on each patch or just some of them. Let's assume you have just sent v1 of a series on my-feature which is made up of the following three patches.
$ git log --oneline --decorate
6711b87 (HEAD -> my-feature) My third patch
8db8b21 My second patch
8efb660 My first patch
e18393d (staging) Old stuff on staging
You got feedback that needs to be addressed on the first patch and the second patch which requires re-working these patches. When re-sending the series, you are expected to retain the order and number of patches in the second revision, unless the maintainer asked you to refactor the series. 
You could just commit these two changes with a message like “Fix first patch” and "Fix second patch" and worry about squashing it later, but then you have to remember which commit fixes which patch and manually re-order the list of commits in an interactive rebase. Git can do all of this automatically.
=== Creating outbound version branches ===
Generally, it is a good idea to create an outbound branch after you sent a patch for review. This allows you to go back to previous versions easily. If you share a branch of a complex series in your cover letter as suggested here, it is important to do this, such that the branch remains static and code reviewers do not get confused by unexpected changes in the shared git branch.
$ git branch my-feature-v1
$ git branch -a
* my-feature
 my-feature-v1
 staging
 master
=== Using autosquash to optimize the workflow ===
During an interactive rebase there are two ways to combine commits: fixup and squash. There are two corresponding options for the git-commit command called --fixup and --squash. These options instruct Git to write a commit message for us, expressing the intention that this new commit will eventually be squashed (or fixed up) with some existing commit.
Note that --fixup is typically not useful for the patch submission workflow, as you are always expected to add a change-log to a patch that has been modified. 
For your first fix, you can use --squash and pass the commit that you want the changes to become part of:
$ git add .
$ git commit --squash 8efb660
[my-feature cf02946] squash! My first patch
Then you add the change history, which may look something like this:
Changes in v2:
- add #define LIBXL_HAVE_MEMORY_POLICY
- ability to part the memory policy parameter even if gfn is not passed
- rename cache_policy to memory policy
- rename MEMORY_POLICY_DEVMEM to MEMORY_POLICY_ARM_DEV_nGRE
The git history now looks like:
cf02946 (HEAD -> my-feature) squash! My first patch
6711b87 (my-feature-v1) My third patch
8db8b21 My second patch
8efb660 My first patch
e18393d (staging) Old stuff on staging
For the first fix, you had to tell Git which commit the new changes should be merged with by using the respective SHA from the output of the git log. However, you could have referred to the commit in any of the various ways Git supports. One of the more useful one in code reviews is referring to the commit using some text that appears in its commit message: Git will interpret :/foo as the most recent commit that contained the string foo in the first line of its commit message. 
To use this in your second code review, you can use:
$ git add .
$ git commit --squash :/second
[my-feature 5d1ea0a] squash! My second patch
And don't forget to add the change history:
Changes in v2:
- ...
The git history now looks like:
$ git log --oneline --decorate
5d1ea0a (HEAD -> my-feature) squash! My second patch
cf02946 sqash! My first patch
6711b87 (my-feature-v1) My third patch
8db8b21 My second patch
8efb660 My first patch
e18393d (staging) Old stuff on staging
You can now prepare for sending out v2 of the series by rebasing the series with the following command, which only picks up on commits that begin with fixup! or squash!. Git still gives you the chance to move things around in your editor like a regular interactive rebase.
$ git rebase --interactive --autosquash HEAD~5
The git history now looks like:
$ git log --oneline --decorate
7e82927 (HEAD -> my-feature) My third patch
7b4d943 My second patch
32b81e1 My first patch
e18393d (staging) Old stuff on staging
And you can send out version 2 of the series following the steps outlined here
== References ==
* All git docs
* git-commit
* git-rebase
Category:Developers
Category:Development Process
Category:Xen