nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Trench drains: Gallery

Grateandgate.jpg|Combination of trench drain and winter shut off gate: King Street, Kitchener, ON
Trenchdrain.JPG|Trench drain that outlets to a bioswale at the LSRCA Office in Newmarket, ON
EBW trenchdrain.jpg|Trench drain in parking lot of Evergreen brickworks, Toronto ON
Bioretention system, or rain garden, in Portland, US.jpg|Bioretention system, or rain garden with a decorative trench drain cover, in Portland, US Taken in April 2013. Photo credit:EmilyBlueGreen
Liftable trench.jpg|This trench drain has easily opened, hinged sections for maintenance, Singpore
Category:Gallery
Turf

Resilient turf grasses are particularly useful in the design of vegetated filter strips, dry ponds and enhanced grass swales. 
The Ministry of Transportation have standardized a number of grass mixesOntario Provincial Standard Specification. (2023). Construction Specification and for Vegetative Cover OPSS.PROV 803. Retrieved from https://tcp.mto.gov.on.ca/notice/000-0140. The 'Salt Tolerant Mix' is of particular value for low impact development applications alongside asphalt roadways and paved walkways. 
Canada #1 Ground Cover (salt tolerant mix)
Common name 	Scientific name 	Proportion
Tall Fescue 	Festuca arundinacea 	25 %
Fults Alkali Grass 	Puccinellia distans 	20 %
Creeping Red Fescue	Festuca rubra 	25 %
Perennial ryegrass 	Lolium perrenne 	20 %
Hard Fescue 	Festuca trachyphylla	10 %
==Best practices for mowing==
Close mowing removes leaves and increases shoot production, leading to a denser 'velvety' appearance. 
But the damage also reduces the plant's photosynthetic processes and stunts its growth. Notably, when grass is stressed by close pruning, it doesn't have the resources to develop deeper roots. The shallow roots in turf grass make it particularly susceptible to drought conditions and significantly weakens the resiliency of the grass. Any pruning (including mowing) introduces cut edges on the leaf blades, increasing the potential for disease.
Turf grass mixtures in Ontario often contains high proportion of Kentucky Bluegrass OMAFRA Lawn Establishment July 2008 http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/08-025w.htm#turf Accessed Dec 19, 2017. For optimal long term health and resiliency, this turf should be cut no shorter than 7 cm. Karen Panter, Turf and Water, Sept 12, 2013 https://www.slideshare.net/kpanter/turf-and-water Accessed Dec 19, 2017
Permitting the grass to grow longer also increases the roughness of swales or vegetated filter strips which are turfed. 
----
category:Green infrastructure
Turf reinforcement

Turf reinforcement mats (TRM) may be required in swales which are designed to convey higher velocity events. Most TRM are made of synthetic fibres and intended as a permanent part of the construction (unlike a temporary erosion control blanket). 
Mats should be applied with soil fill technique:
#Grade the swale and smooth the top soil, removing any debris and large rocks,
#Seed with turf grass mixture,
#Dig 150 mm anchor trench at the top of the channel,
#Secure blanket into the trench with staples every 300 mm. Backfill and compact soil into the trench,
#Unroll mat in the direction of flow. Staple as recommended by manufacturer,
#Overlaps should be 150 mm and stapled. Upstream mat should always overlay the downstream mat,
#Anchor the bottom end of the channel in a similar fashion to the top,
#Apply 15-20 mm of topsoil over the TRM, without the use of heavy machinery which can tear the mat and/or compact the soil,
#An erosion control blanket may be applied to protect the surface through the first one or two years,
#Irrigate until turf grass is established.
category: materials
Understanding rainfall statistics

This article presents a step-wise approach to give design practitioners an idea of where figures like the 90th percentile event and concepts like 5 mm retention = 50% annual water balance target = 0.5 runoff coefficient come from.
The Ontario Ministry of the Environment Conservation and Parks, and other regulatory agencies perform much more rigorous statistical analyses than the example presented, and their resultant stormwater management targets vary accordingly.
===Example: City of Barrie, using only years 2015 to 2017===
Daily rainfall records from BARRIE LANDFILL weather station were obtained for the years 2015 - 2017, from the Environment Canada historical data record.
The example will only consider rainstorm events, although the records also contain data for 'precipitation'. Precipitation is more useful if snowfall were also of interest to the analyst. (For example, if the analyst wished to calculate annual retention or runoff from a facility.)
This graph shows the data as a time series:
The number of times each depth of storm occured can be counted and grouped like this:
These same data can be fitted to a single equation which would then allow predictions to be made. In this example an exponential distribution function has been selected and an online tool used to find the fitting parameter 'λ'. 
f\left(x,\lambda\right)=\lambda e^{-\lambda x}
The fitting found λ to be 0.11. When the equation is plotted, the graph looks like this:
But the frequencies of the different rainstorms aren't very easy to understand like this. 
The cumulative distribution function uses the same λ and is a more useful way to read the data. 
F\left(x,\lambda\right)=1- e^{-\lambda x}
Plotted, it looks like this:
The 90th percentile event is the rainstorm for which 90% of all rainstorms are this depth or less. In this example, using a very limited data set it was found to be 20 mm.
i.e. 90% of all storms ≤ 20 mm. 
Storms of ≤ 5 mm represent 40% of the total in this example.
==See also==
Drainage time
Updates

==The Water Sampler==
This is issued approximately monthly from the STEP office, and covers many items related to LID, including notices of significant updates to the Planning and Design Guide. You can sign up on the STEP website.
==ATOM==
If you use an RSS or atom feed reader in your web browser, you can subscribe to automatic updates from the planning and design wiki on the page Special:RecentChanges. 
The link appears in the left menu labelled 'ATOM'.
==Manual==
If you want to conduct your own check for updates since your last visit; again the page Special:RecentChanges automatically logs all changes.
You can filter results by total number and by number of days history (up to one month).
Vines: List

Sortable table, click on header you wish to select climbing plants by:
Scientific Name 	Common Name 	Native	Soil Moisture1=Dry2=Med3=Wet	Partial shade tolerance	Drought Tolerance1=Low2=Med3=High	Salt Tolerance1=Low2=Med3=High	Pollution tolerance	Compaction tolerance	Illustration
Clematis virginiana 	Virginia Virgin-bower	Y 	1-3 	Y 	2 	1 	 	 	
Parthenocissus quinquefolia	Virginia Creeper 	Y 	2 	Y 	2 	3 	Y 	Y 	
Vitis riparia 	Riverbank Grape 	Y 	2 	Y 	2 	3 	Y 	Y 	
===Links===
*Plants
*Grasses
*Trees
*Shrubs
WASCOB

==To review==
*http://thamesriver.on.ca/wp-content/uploads//farmlandbmps/Erosionstructure-factsheet.pdf
*https://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/OpenNonWebContent.aspx?content=29139.wba
*http://www.latornell.ca/wp-content/uploads/files/presentations/2016/Latornell_2016_TH2C_Ross_Wilson.pdf
*http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/designsheets.htm
Water squares

A waterplein (water square) is a landscape structure designed to flood and provide temporary detention of surface stormwater in an highly urbanized context. 
They are similar in function to a concrete or paved detention basin. 
They have been designed and constructed in several large cities of the Netherlands including:
*Rotterdam - Benthemplein
*Tiel - Tiel 'snake' water square
==See also==
Visit this dutch site to see how they manage both frequent and infrequent events by having infiltration crates beneath a floodable landscape. 
https://www.rainproof.nl/toolbox/maatregelen/waterpleinen
Water treatment residuals

==What is it?==
Water treatment residuals (WTR) are primarily sediment, metal (alumunium, iron, or calcium) oxide/hydroxides, activated carbon, and lime removed from raw water during the water purification process. The effectiveness of WTR in reducing soluble phosphorus depends on several factors, including source water characteristics, water treatment methods, and length of residual storage time prior to land application. Different water treatment facilities create different physical and chemical compositions and phosphorus sorption capability of WTR.Agyin-Birikorang S, O’Connor G, Obreza T. Drinking Water Treatment Residuals to Control Phosphorus in Soils. UF/IFAS Extension. 2016.
==How is it being used?==
No projects have been found in Ontario to date.
==Benefits==
Past research done on the efficiency of the use of WTR for phosphorus reduction is promising. Laboratory studies have shown that WTRs adsorb large amounts of phosphorus and increase the phosphorus-sorbing capacity of soils. This decreases phosphorus losses in runoff and leaching. Surface application of WTRs showed an 88% reduction in runoff and leachate dissolved phosphorous. Agyin-Birikorang et. al. also state that phosphorous sorption by aluminum-based WTRs is practically irreversible. Results from another study state that WTR can be used for phosphorous removal in engineered wetlands and it carries the benefits of reuse of a by-product that promotes sustainability. Babatunde AO, Zhao YQ, Burke AM, Morris MA, Hanrahan JP. Characterization of aluminum-based water treatment residual for potential phosphorus removal in engineered wetlands. Environmental Pollution 157 (2015) 2830-2836. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.016 It is estimated that the phosphorous adsorptive capacity of amended bioretention filter media, which was mixed with 4% of WTR, was 4 times as high as the traditional media under the same conditions. Wang JJ, Li T, Zhang Y. Water treatment residual as a bioretention media amendment for phosphorus removal. Huan Jing ke xue: Huanjing kexue 12:35 (2014) 4642-4647. 
==References==
category: materials
category: phosphorus
category:water quality
Weirs

The most common form of weir in LID practices is a rectangular weir, in the form of a check dam or flow control in a swale or other open channel. 
The flow (Q), may be calculated by measuring the height of water on the sill of the weir:
Q=\frac{2}{3}C_{d}\cdot L\sqrt{2g}\cdot H^{\frac{3}{2}}
==More flow related pages==
*Flow in a swale
*Flow through perforated pipe
*Flow through an orifice
Wetlands: Gallery

File:Rouge Wetlands.jpg|thumb|Wetlands on the Rouge River, Toronto ON. Photo credit: Vlad Litvinov (flickr)
Emergent wetland vegetation.jpg|Emergent wetland vegetation supported by stormwater runoff at Kino Environmental Restoration Project. Photo by Matthew Grabau, US Fish and Wildlife Service
Constructed Wetland.jpg|Azalea Park, Charlottesville VA - "This side of the park, formerly located along a runoff channel that led into Moore's Creek, has been converted into a wetland which supports a surprising amount of insect and amphibian life." -Credit and Photo: Scott Clark (certhia on Flickr).
Enjoying the marshes - geograph.org.uk - 1106348.jpg|Walberswick Mill sluice, part of the water level control and coastal defence infrastructure within the marshes, UK
Category:Gallery
Wetlands: Plants

STEP stars
These are species which have demonstrated good performance in projects designed, installed and monitored by the Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program.
These are not the plants recommended for bioretention cells, rain gardens etc. 
Bioretention cells, bioswales and similar structures normally have dry to moderate 'soil' conditions.
If you're looking for bioretention plants, you may choose from all of these grasses, perennials, shrubs, and trees. 
----
The most common types of emergent vegetation used in North American wetlands are:
*cattails (Typha spp.), 
*bulrushes (Scirpus spp.), and 
*reeds (Phragmites spp.), 
although a variety of other wetland vegetation can be used as well. In many cases, planting a monoculture may be recommended rather than attempting to support biodiverse vegetation, since the more “aggressive”, stress-resistant wetland plants (e.g., cattails) will quickly displace others if they are present. In surface flow wetlands, cattails and bulrushes are the most common types of emergent vegetation used. The most common type of plant used in sub-surface flow wetlands is reeds, but cattails, bulrushes, reed canary grass (Pharis arundinacea) and managrass (Glyceria maxima) have also been used.Jacques Whitford Consultants, 2008. CONSTRUCTED & ENGINEERED WETLANDS p. 1-21
 Sortable table, click on header you wish to select wetland plants by:
Scientific Name 	Common Name 	Native	Partial shade tolerance	Drought Tolerance1=Low2=Med3=High	Salt Tolerance1=Low2=Med3=High	Pollution tolerance	Compaction tolerance	STEP star!	Illustration
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (Scirpus validus)	Soft-stem Bulrush 	Y 	 	1 	2-3 	Y 	 	 	upright=0.35
Scirpus atrovirens 	Dark-green Bulrush 	Y 	 	1 	2 	Y 	 	 	
Scirpus cyperinus 	Cottongrass Bulrush	Y 	 	2 	2 	 	 	 	
Typha latifolia 	Broad-leaf Cattail 	Y 	 	1 	2-3 	Y 	 	 	
===Links===
*Plants
==External links==
*List of invasive aquatic plants Ontario MNR (includes Glyceria maxima) 
*Phalaris arundinacea BMP Ontario MNR
*Phragmites BMP Ontario MNR
*Ontario Phragmites Working Group
==References==
1000: 1000th Root of Minus Garfield

==Explanation==
==The author writes:==
This is what 1000 Square Root of Minus Garfield strips look like.
It turns out that there's a lot less variation in a thousand SRoMG strips than in the more than 27,000 panels available for #208. It's also tricky to assemble them into a rectangle. In the end I cheated a bit by superimposing the outline of the original over the mosaic, and leaving some gaps so that it didn't have to pack together perfectly.
Admin note: We wanted to include an image map in the above strip, linked to all of the strips, but our site code couldn't handle it without a major restructure. So here's a link to a separate page with a clickable image map version. And here's a link to a separate page with a huge version of this strip (40 megabyte image).
Concept by Lubaf, assembled by David McLeish.
Original strip: .
==Transcript==
{A mosaic of Garfield, Jon, and Odie celebrating with a large cake; the mosaic is made of small copies of every Square Root of Minus Garfield strip from #1 to #1000}
Category:David McLeish
Category:Lubaf
Category:Milestone strips
1001: Party Like it's 999

:This article's title is incorrect due to technical limitations. The correct title is 1001: Party Like it's #999.
----
==Explanation==
In the original, Garfield explains his desire to look into an open catsup bottle twofold: cats can be very curious, and can also be very stupid. In this edit, Garfield looks into the catsup bottle in honor of the 1000th Garfield strip; after being drenched in catsup, he declares that he'll be mad if it's not the 1000th. Well, as it turns out, this edit was too late: #1000 was "1000th Root of Minus Garfield", in which a mosaic of the previous Square Root of Minus Garfield strips formed a picture.
The title is a reference to the Prince song "Party Like It's 1999".
==The author writes:==
For reference, Jon is too poor (despite his supposed cartoonist job) to afford a real party so Garfield's using a ketchup bottle.
Original strip: .
==Transcript==
{Garfield has a bottle of ketchup aimed at his face}
Garfield: In honor of the 1000th SROMG strip.
{Garfield opens the ketchup; it squirts onto his face}
SFX: SPLOOCH!
Garfield: It better be the 1000th strip or I'll be mad!
Category:Negative N
1002: Garfachu 1

:This article's title is incorrect due to technical limitations. The correct title is 1002: Garfachu #1.
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==Explanation==
Despite being titled with a #1, there is no strip titled "Garfachu #2"; a subsequent strip that did invoke "Garfachu" in the title, 2024: Garfachu, did not invoke a number.
==The author writes:==
Honestly I have no idea why I made this. A couple days prior, I'd read an "I hate Mondays" tweet that inspired me to do a horrible MS Paint drawing of Garfield as a Pikachu, a slobbery Mankey version of Odie, and Garfachu thinking "I hate Mankeys." From there I got to thinking how easy it would be to switch in Ash and Garfachu in Garfield #1. The dialogue's basically the same, I just swapped some key words. I've never seen the show, but I've played the video games, so instead of Jon's drawing table and drawers, it's Ash's computer table and TV from his bedroom. I put it up on my comics page and emailed the link for a laugh, but it was judged worthy of official submission, so here it is.
Original strip: .
==Transcript==
Ash: Hi there, I'm Ash Ketchum. I'm a trainer and this is my mon, Garfachu.
Garfachu: Hi, there. I'm Garfachu. I'm a mon, and this is my trainer, Ash.
Ash: Our only thought is to challenge you.
Garfachu: Pika.
Category:crashsuit
Category:Anime and manga references
1004: Garfield Plus Seriousness

==Explanation==
The original Garfield strip had Garfield wanting to speak seriously to Odie but deeming it to be an impossible task; this strip changes the line implying it to be impossible for Garfield to speak seriously to Odie and uses that bubble to deal a devastating medical diagnosis.
==The author writes:==
Original strip: .
==Transcript==
Garfield: Odie, I would like to speak seriously to you.
{beat}
Garfield: You have an inoperable brain tumor.
==Trivia==
2645: Garfield Plus Seriousness (8-Bit Style) is a remake of this strip done in 8-bit video game assets.
Category:Robot Fencer
1007: Invisible Jon

==Explanation==
==The author writes:==
Garfield's making fun of Jon in the original, but what if Garfield was serious?
Original strips: , .
==Transcript==
Garfield: If Jon's personality was any less colorful, he'd be invisible.
{beat}
Garfield: Right, Jon?
Jon: {invisible} Yup.
Category:pookypal
1009: Garfield Plus Superlatively Updated Palaeontology

==Explanation==
==The author writes:==
When looking at unstattedCommoner's and then Lunatic Person's submission, I noticed that a lot of the absurd humour that was seen in the original comic had been substituted for accuracy. Continuing this trend, I noted that contemporary taxonomists are more likely to consider the archaeopteryx a "non-avialan dinosaur". If it cannot be considered a bird, then Garfield is either lying or misinformed by referring to the archaeopteryx as a bird he's eaten in his time. Thus, this comic is updated for accuracy by categorising by phylum, rather than class.
And now it's perfectly accurate and unfunny.
Original strip: .
==Transcript==
Garfield: Yep, I've eaten a lot of vertebrates.
Nermal: Really?
Garfield: Went to the south pole once and ate a penguin.
Nermal: Wow!
Garfield: Went back in time and ate an archaeopteryx.
Nermal: Wait a minute...
Category:MadDogBV
100: Recursive Garfield Redux

==Explanation==
In the original comic, Garfield was drawing fish bones on the wall as a means of tallying how many he'd eaten. Here, he's drawing the strip he's in, which means the Garfield in the strip is drawing the strip he's in, which means the Garfield in the strip is...
Despite the title, this strip is not particularly related to #3: Recursive Garfield.
==The author writes:==
Original strip from .
==Transcript==
Jon: Oh, Garfield.
Garfield: {drawing a picture of the current strip on the wall} Yes?
Jon: Oh, Garfield.
Garfield: {drawing a picture of the current strip on the wall} Yes?
Jon: Oh, Garfield.
Garfield: {drawing a picture of the current strip on the wall} Yes?
Jon: Oh, Garfield.
Garfield: {drawing a picture of the current strip on the wall} Yes?
Jon: Oh, Garfield.
Garfield: {drawing a picture of the current strip on the wall} Yes?
Jon: Oh, Garfield.
Garfield: {drawing a picture of the current strip on the wall} Yes?
Category:Madkaugh
101: Garfield Retold Retold

==Explanation==
This strip is an extension of SRoMG #44, which depicted a live narration of a random Garfield strip. As such, it is a live narration of that narration, with the author grasping more (but not quite all) of the context as they run through it.
==The author writes:==
I got this idea and had to do it. Mostly because there's not a meta-joke that can't be extended one place further in the world. I dare someone to describe my comic. Really, I dare ya! By the way, President James A. Garfield's proof of the Pythagorean Theorem.
Original Garfield strip: .
==Transcript==
You're all familiar with comics, right? Those things where the artist draws pictures and they tell some sort of joke? Well, I was reading this book the other by this guy, and he sort of laid out a definition of a comic based on the placement of the pictures and things. It was really insightful.
Well, anyway, I've been reading this webcomic (that's a comic on the internet) and there was this comic where a description of another comic was written out! I know, it sounds weird, but that's what it was. And I guess the person who made it defined it as a comic, which I have to say it really cool, because it didn't have any pictures or anything.
Basically, he separated it into four paragraphs, each representing a single panel of the comic (comics usually are divided in this way, and the comic he was talking about had four, so that's why he used four paragraphs) and the paragraphs were placed in a sort of diagonalish pattern that goes down and right. It was a pretty cool effect, because it really feels like time is going by even though there aren't any pictures to guide you.
Okay, so the text described this comic. I'm not really sure what the comic is, but it had cool descriptions. He goes back and mentions things he forgot a few times. I wish he would've just told us from the start what it was since he probably could have gone back and rewritten that part since it was on a computer (because remember this was a webcomic on the internet) or at least... I don't know, it was just a little but confusing.
I just looked at something on the website this was on just now. I guess it was three panels. Oh and there was a short paragraph at the end too.
Anyway, it's about this guy called Garfield (like the President of the United States with that proof of that... what was it?) and I guess he's a friend of this other guy Jon. I'm not really sure. The guy named Garfield is really funny. I'm not sure I've ever read anything as funny as that guy. So this guy Garfield is making fun of his friend Jon because Jon gets electrocuted and Garfield thinks that's funny. At least, I'm pretty sure that's what happened. The last part was a little confusing. Apparently Jon is an electrician.
My neighbor is an electrician. Maybe it's one of those nerdy comics where you have to be an electrician to get it. I'll ask him about it. He'll know.
Category:Xyzzy
Category:Callbacks
Category:Retellings
Category:Text-Only
102: Pulp Media Garfield

==Explanation==
The "author"'s comment actually explains this fairly well; the only thing worth adding is a link to Wikipedia's article on color printing, and a note that newspapers frequently have completely separate layout and color layers when they're being composed, because (except for cartoons and graphs) the two layers almost never overlap.
==The author writes==
Actually, the Comic Irregulars write:
The Manhattan Mercury is the daily newspaper of Manhattan, Kansas. It publishes editions Monday-Friday plus Sunday. The Sunday edition runs Monday Garfield strips in colour. From the looks of this, someone in the layout department saw Garfield was apparently defying gravity and decided the strip must be upside down, so inverted it. But they only did it for the black ink layer, leaving the colour in the intended orientation, with this result. This is an actual scan from the Manhattan Mercury print edition of 26 April, 2009. (Apparently they get Monday's strip a day early.)
And even better, it fits Garfield's dialogue in the strip. We couldn't make this stuff up if we tried. Thanks to Dave Van Domelen for spotting this and sending it in.
Original strip from .
==Transcript==
{Garfield is shown hanging upwards from a tree limb in colour, but a black outline of him is inverted, showing him apparently hanging down from the limb. The colour and the black linework are thus badly misregistered.}</br>
Garfield: Some days I can't do anything right.
Category:The Manhattan Mercury