nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Loam

== Description ==
A rich, crumbly soil that is composed of sand, silt, clay, and humus. Loam, usually when mixed with straw and/or lime, has been used for mortar, brick, and foundry molds.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
terreau (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Loblolly pine

== Description ==
A coniferous tree, Pinus taeda, found in the southeastern United States. The loblolly pine has a reddish brown heartwood. The wood is strong with an even, coarse grain. It is used for framing, millwork and paper pulp. The loblolly pine was primarily lumbered from 1870 to 1915 (Bucher 1996). It is often related to the longleaf pine.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pinus taeda; southern pine; yellow pine
==Resources and Citations==
* W. Bucher, Dictionary of Building Preservation, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996.
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Loctite

== Description ==
[Loctite UK Ltd.] A trademark for a series of adhesives. Products are available based on acrylic, polyurethane and epoxy resins. The acrylic based Loctite® adhesives remain soft as long as they are exposed to air, but when exposed to ultraviolet light or placed in a confined space, such as between two closely fitted parts, the polymer hardens. Loctite® adhesives are available in a wide range of viscosities and strengths.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Loctite adhesives
==Resources and Citations==
* Loctite: Website
Category:Materials database
Locust bean gum

== Description ==
A polysaccharide produced from the seeds of the carob tree, Ceratonia siliqua, native to the Mediterranean region. Locust bean gum, or carob gum, is composed of proteins (albumins, globulins, prolamins, gluteline), carbohydrates (sucrose, dextrin pentosan, mannose, galactose), ash, fat, fiber, and moisture. Locust bean gum is produced from grinding the bean kernels of the carob tree to a fine powder. It dissolves in hot water (82 C) and cools to form a stable gel that is unaffected by pH changes or additions of salts. Solutions of locust bean gum may be gelled with an addition of 4% borate then reversed by the addition of mannitol or an acid. Locust bean gums have been detected in the wrappings of Egyptian mummies. They are excellent film formers and are currently used as dye thickeners and sizes for food, cosmetics, textiles, and paper.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiLOCUSTGUM.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
locust kernel gum; carob bean gum; carob-seed gum; carob gum; St. John's bread; algarroba; Johannisbrotmehl; Arobon; Ceratonia siliqua
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in hot water, cools to form gel.
CAS 	9000-40-2
Molecular Weight	MW about 310,000
==Resources and Citations==
* R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 475-494.
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* The Merck Index, Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: Entry # 5384
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
* I.W. Cottrell, J.K. Baird, gums chapter
Category:Materials database
Loden

== Description ==
A thick, soft, waterproof, windproof material. Loden is made from wool and typically has a dark olive green color. The shaggy fabric is used for coats and jackets in cold climates.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
loden green; loden cloth
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Website: www.fabrics.net
Category:Materials database
Lodgepole pine

== Description ==
A tall, narrow pine tree (Pinus contorta) native to the western parts of North America. The lodgepole pine has a stiff, straight-grain wood. It is used for lumber, log cabins and telephone poles. Lodgepole pines are also used for making kraft paper, paperboard and book paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pinus contorta; shore pine (Pinus contorta subsp. contorta); lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta subsp. latifolia); tamarack pine (Pinus contorta subsp. murrayana); jack pine; Küstenkiefer (Deut.); Drehkiefer (Deut.); Sosna wydmowa (Pol.);
== Risks ==
Considered an invasive species in New Zealand.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Grows to 30-40 m, usually tall but may be bent and twisted along the coast. Leaves=needle-like and paired (3-7 cm) Woody cones: often tightly closed; scales have spines at tip, may remain closed for years.
Paper fiber type: Softwood, hard pine. Using transmitted light microscopy, fibers are identified by the presence of variable-sized pinoid pits in irregular groups of 2-4 across. Compression wood is common. Dentate ray tracheids are present. Appearance with Graff "C" stain: varies with pulping and bleaching . Average dimensions of fibers: length 3.1mm, width 35-45μm. Common pulping method: kraft and sulfite.
== Additional Images ==
File:Pinuscontortavt.jpg|Distribution chart of lodgepole pines
File:Lodgepole pine 40x compression.jpg|Lodgepole pine paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Lodgepole pine 40x.jpg|Lodgepole pine paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Lodgepole pine 40x d.jpg|Lodgepole pine paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodgepole_pine (Accessed Jan. 25, 2006)
* Marja-Sisko Ilvessalo-Pfäffli. Fiber Atlas: Identification of Papermaking Fibers (Springer Series in Wood Science). Springer, 1995. 
* Walter Rantanen. "Fiber ID Course." Integrated Paper Services. June 2013. Lecture.
Category:Materials database
Logwood - center (105C)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_05-29-2009_105.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 105
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| center (105C)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| dark brown
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ログウード : Log wood
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Logwood
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| extract of wood/ liquid
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled with water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| lime water; iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| Without mordant, the resultant color would be red brown. The color appeared more red in the dye bath, but became more brown as oxidized in the air.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Logwood - center (111 C)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_05-29-2009_111.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 111
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| center (111 C)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| dark purple (slightly reddish)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ログウード : Log wood
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Logwood
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| extract of wood/ liquid
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled with water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| alum
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| vinegar (small quantity)
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| The dye bath contained vinegar and alum, along with the dye extract. For the preparation, firstly, vinegar was added, which shifted the color of the bath from red to more yellow. Secondly, alum was added, which changed the color into red. Use of vinegar prevented the precipitation of aluminum oxide lake (). The resultant color was reddish purple. The same phenomena would happen when copper would be used as mordant instead.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Logwood - center (171 C)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_07-09-2009_171.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 171
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 3rd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| center (171 C)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| dark brown
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ログウード : Log wood
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Logwood
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| heartwood /dried
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water (?)
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| Calcium hypochlorite
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Logwood - left (107 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_05-29-2009_107.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 107
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (107 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| dark brown (slightly reddish)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ログウード : Log wood
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Logwood
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| extract of wood/ liquid
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled with water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| copper
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| The sample achieved deep color. The lighter shade one is found in the folder M.83.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Logwood - left (108 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_05-29-2009_108.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 108
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (108 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| purple (slightly reddish)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ログウード : Log wood
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Logwood
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| extract of wood/ liquid
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled with water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| alum
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Logwood - left (109 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_05-29-2009_109.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 109
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (109 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| pale cream
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ログウード : Log wood
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Logwood
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| extract of wood/ liquid
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled with water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| lime
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| The lighter color of the M.79. The resultant color of the one mordanted with ash water was similar to that with lime water.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Logwood - left (110 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_05-29-2009_110.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 110
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (110 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| pale gray (yellowish)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ログウード : Log wood
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Logwood
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| extract of wood/ liquid
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled with water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| copper
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| The light color of the M.80.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Logwood - right (107 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_05-29-2009_107.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 107
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (107 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| black
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ログウード : Log wood
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Logwood
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| extract of wood/ liquid
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled with water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| chromium
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| The sample achieved deep color. The lighter shade one is found in the folder M.83.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Logwood - right (108 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_05-29-2009_108.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 108
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (108 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| dark purple
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ログウード : Log wood
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Logwood
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| extract of wood/ liquid
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled with water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| tin
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Logwood - right (109 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_05-29-2009_109.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 109
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (109 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| pale brownish gray
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ログウード : Log wood
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Logwood
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| extract of wood/ liquid
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled with water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| The lighter color of the M.79. The resultant color of the one mordanted with ash water was similar to that with lime water.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Logwood - right (110 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_05-29-2009_110.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 110
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (110 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| pale gray (bluish)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ログウード : Log wood
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Logwood
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| extract of wood/ liquid
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled with water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| chromium
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| The light color of the M.80.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Logwood ekisu - left (106 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_05-29-2009_106.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 106
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (106 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| ochre
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ログウード　エキス :	Log wood ekisu
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Logwood
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| extract of wood/ liquid
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled with water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| lime
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| The sample achieved deep color. The lighter shade one is found in the folder M.82.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Logwood ekisu - right (106 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_05-29-2009_106.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 106
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (106 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| black
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ログウード　エキス :	Log wood ekisu
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Logwood
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| extract of wood/ liquid
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled with water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| The sample achieved deep color. The lighter shade one is found in the folder M.82.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Lokao

== Description ==
A natural green dye obtained from the powdered bark of the buckthorn bushes (Rhamnus globosa, Rhamnus chlorophorus, and Rhamnus utilis) that are native to China and Russia. The dye is extracted from the leaves, roots and bark with an alkaline solution. Lokao was a popular green in the 19th century because it appeared green in both daylight and artificial light. It was used for dyeing silk and cotton. The color, however, was not lightfast and was superseded by aniline greens.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lo-kao; Chinese green; buckthorn bark; vert-venus; vert-azof; vert-lumiere; Rhamnus globosa; Rhamnus chlorophorus; Rhamnus utilis
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in alkalis (turns violet) and acids. Slightly soluble in water. Insoluble in alcohol, ether, carbon disulfide.
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Rhamnales" [Accessed October 9, 2001]
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876 Comment: p. 301
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 283
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
London clay

== Description ==
A yellow clay containing a high proportion of illite that is obtained in and around London. London clay is used for brick called London Stocks. It becomes vitreous at about 1000C (Fournier 1996).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
London stocks
==Resources and Citations===
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Brick"
Category:Materials database
London plane

== Description ==
A deciduous tree, Platanus acerifolia, that is similar to the American sycamore. The London plane tree has hard, tough wood with a fine texture that polishes well. The light reddish-brown wood can be difficult to work but is commonly used for construction, tool handle, furniture, cabinetry, flooring and veneers. The quarter sawed boards are sometimes sold commercially as lacewood because the quarter-sawed wood has a grain pattern with characteristic flake-shaped markings. London plane trees are widely planted as ornamental trees.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Platanus acerifolia; Platanus hybrida; Platanus hispanic; Almindelig Platan (Dan.); London-Platane (Deut.); platane commun (Fr.); gewone plataan (Ned.); plátanos (Port.); plátano de sombra (Esp.); English sycamore; hybrid plane; lacewood
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Large trees growing to 40 m with oblong crown. 
* Bark = light brown with irregular exfoliating patches. 
* Leaves = alternate simple palmately veined with coarse teeth (12-20 cm long) 
* Fruit = spiny ball (3 cm) containing hundreds of tufted achenes. 
* Density = 35-45 ppcf
* Wood color is similar to maple (white to tan); mostly sapwood with darker streaks from heartwood
* Grain is straight with fine, even texture
* Susceptible to decay and insect attack
==Working Properties==
* Works easily with both hand and machine tools, though tearout can sometimes occur in the rays of perfectly quartersawn sections during planing. 
* Turns, glues, and finishes well.
==Resources and Citations==
* The Wood Database: Londond Plane
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
* Virginia Tech Dendrology website at www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm (Accessed Dec. 9, 2005)
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Plane (Accessed Dec. 9, 2005)
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database