nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Cantor Futures Exchange, L.P.

The Cantor Futures Exchange, L.P. or The Cantor Exchange was one of the first exchanges planning to launch derivatives contracts based on motion pictures. The Cantor Futures Exchange, L.P. received regulatory approval from the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) on Apr. 21, 2010 to operate as a designated contract market. The exchange is owned and operated by Cantor Fitzgerald.
The CFTC also approved the Cantor Clearinghouse, L.P. ("Cantor Clearinghouse"), a sister company of the Cantor Futures Exchange on Apr. 21, 2010 to settle all trades between buyers and sellers and to ensure the integrity of the marketplace. All participants in the exchange, once approved, will automatically become participants in Cantor Clearinghouse upon funding of their accounts.
== History ==
The Cantor Futures Exchange is an outgrowth of The Hollywood Stock Exchange, a fantasy trading venue that launched in 1996 and Cantor Fitzgerald bought in 2001.
== Products and Services ==
The exchange hopes to offer Domestic Box Office Receipt contracts, also known as Movie Box Office Contracts or DBOR Movie Futures. The exchange would let people bet, with a minimum of $50, against other participants on whether certain movies will do better or worse than expected. As of late April of 2010, Cantor was still awaiting CFTC approval on the contracts. 
The Motion Picture Association of American (MPAA) has vehemently opposed the idea of movie exchange. They believe it will bring about insider trading as well as tarnish the reputation and integrity of the movie business. 
== Key People ==
*Howard W. Lutnick, Chairman and CEO
*Richard Jaycobs, President
*Andrew Weis, Compliance Director
*Nolan Glantz, Chief Operating Officer
*Melanie Gordon-Felsman, Vice President, Marketing and Communications
*James (Les) Walker, Chief Technology Officer
*Alex Costakis, Market Director and DBOR Specialist
== Resources ==
* Cantor Futures Exchange Order Of Designation As A Contract Market
== References ==
Category: Futures Exchanges
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Cantor Gaming

Cantor Gaming is a division of the bond trading specialist Cantor Fitzgerald. 
== History ==
Cantor Gaming's former director of risk management and chief bookmaker, Michael Colbert, was charged in federal court in 2013 with accepting illegal wagers and taking part in an illegal gambling conspiracy. He pleaded guilty in August to fraud conspiracy. State and federal court filings by prosecutors also alleged links between Cantor's operation and an illegal gambling world encompassing New York bookmakers, offshore gambling companies that aren't allowed to do business in the U.S., and "runners" paid to move money and bets in and out of Nevada casinos. 
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Capital

Capital has both general and specific meanings that could be broadly summarized as 'money used to generate wealth through investment'. 
== Marx to markets ==
 In the fourth chapter of Karl Marx's classic 1865 political-economic treatise "Das Kapital", entitled: The General Formula for Capital, Marx introduced the now-accepted idea of the accumulation of capital through investment as a never-ending cycle under 'capitalism' by showing how societies had progressed from using money as a means to buy commodities to using money to produce commodities as a means to increase value. Today most such value-producing capital is held by retail banks, investment banks and other institutional investors who manage capital on behalf of investors. Such capital was previously subject to strict definition and regulation only at the retail-banking level, but similar restrictions have recently been expanded to the investment-bank level.
== Kinds of capital ==
 
The standard accounting view of business capital focuses on the claims side of the balance sheet that represent sources of funding, such as shareholders' equity and paid-in earnings. But regulators of financial insitutions like the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Federal Reserve and the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) also take account of risk factors associated with different kinds of capital assets. Regulators assign different 'tiers' to bank assets when deciding what percentage of total assets must be held as required liquid capital, also called regulatory capital, at each tier. Such capital ratios are generally around 10 percent.
The Swiss-based BIS several years ago enacted the so-called Basel II accord that revised its supervisory regulations governing all global banks, which domestic regulators generally base their measurements on. However, its strict guidelines have been criticized as rigid and out-of-touch with shareholder expectations by advocates of measuring 'economic capital', which focuses on risk from the point of view of the risk bearer.
== References ==
Category:RTS Broker Connection
Capital Asset Pricing Model

The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is designed to predict expected returns on risky assets. CAPM involves using Beta (a measure of the asset's correlation to market returns) to calculate the expected return of a particular asset above the risk free rate, according to a significant list of simplifying assumptions.
The basis for the model was laid down by Harry Markowitz in his research on modern portfolio theory in 1952. CAPM was then developed over the next decade in a series of papers written by William Sharpe, John Lintner, and Jan Mossin.
== References ==
Category:Technical Analysis
Capital Control

Capital control is any action taken by a government, central bank or regulatory body to curtail the flow of foreign capital in and out of the domestic economy. Introduced in the Bretton-Woods institutions' (IMF, World Bank) mandates, the controls were viewed as a necessity to the Keynesian Model. Capital controls are used similarly to tariffs and the two have been subject to much of the same scrutiny by modern economists. Capital controls are seen as actions which are detrimental to economic efficiency, have slowly been phased out of mainstream economics. 
Six fears that support the implementation of capital controls capital controls: 
*Fear of appreciation: massive and rapid capital inflows may generate upward pressure on the real exchange rate, damaging export competitiveness.
*Fear of ‘hot money’, short-term capital inflows may cause destabilising distortions and increase exposure to capital flow reversal.
*Fear of large inflows that can disrupt the financial system.
*Fear of loss of monetary autonomy, the ‘trilemma’ of international macroeconomics means that a country cannot achieve simultaneously perfect capital mobility, monetary policy autonomy and exchange rate stability. 
*Fear of asset bubbles, large inflows of foreign capital may feed unsustainable asset price bubbles.
*Fear of capital flight, herding behaviour by international investors may expose a country to the risk of sharp reversals in capital flows in the event of a crisis.
Today, Most developed countries believe that the benefits from the free movement of capital across borders outweigh the costs. Inflows such as direct investment lead to improved technology, management techniques and access to international networks. Though in developing states, where foreign direct investment is sporadic, the lack of capital controls can lead to currency depreciation while a sudden increase in FDI leads to appreciation and a subsequent lack of net export competitiveness.
== References ==
Category:Market Definitions
Capital Market Authority of Saudi Arabia

The Capital Market Authority oversees key market participants such as member firms, mutual funds, investment banks and rating companies in the Saudi Arabian Capital Market. 
The Capital Market Authority was established by the Capital Market Law on June 16, 2003. The CMA is a government organization with financial, legal and administrative independence. It reports directly to the Prime Minister.
Its primary mission is to protect investors and maintain the integrity of the securities market, including the Cairo Alessandria Stock Exchange (CASE). 
A member firm of CASE must be licensed by the Capital Market Authority in order to trade on the exchange.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Regulators
Capital Markets Authority of Kenya

__NOTOC__
The Capital Markets Authority of Kenya (CMAK) is the regulatory body overseeing the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE), which lists and trades equities and bonds. The recent resignation of the CMAK's former chairman has highlighted reported clashes between reform-minded members and the brokerage sector over imposing new regulations on Kenya's capital markets.
== History ==
The CMAK arose from a 1984 study jointly-authored by the Central Bank of Kenya on recommending measures to facilitate the development of Kenya's financial sector. In 1988 the Kenyan government established the Capital Markets Development Advisory Council and then the CMAK itself by an act of parliament one year later. CMAK was formally constituted and inaugurated in March 1990.
== Key People ==
Chief Executive Stella Kilonzo was appointed CEO of the CMAK in December 2007 on an interim basis after the CMAK board failed to find an immediate successor to former CEO Edward Ntalami. Natalmi announced his resignation in November 2007 after four years at the helm of CMAK. Kilonzo was formerly the CMAK's compliance officer and is an graduate of Chicago's Loyola University with an MBA in Finance and Operations Management. 
== Latest news ==
The CMAK announced the resignation of Board Chairman Chege Waruingi on January 12, 2009 after a five-year term beginning in December 2003 with is appointment by Kenya's President Mwai Kibaki. Local media claimed his departure was precipitated by hostility to new CMAK trading regulations from the Kenya Association of Stockbrokers and Investment Banks (KASIB). The new regulations would increase operating capital on the investment sector. Brokers also want the CMAK to perform an 'forensic audit' on the IPO of newly-privatized mobile phone carrier Safaricom, on which many investors claim to have lost heavily.
== References ==
Category:Regulators
Capital Markets Consulting

Capital Markets Consulting (CMC) was a Chicago-based consulting and technlogy development company that focused on the capital and derivatives markets. CMC announced in the summer of 2009 that it would shut its doors, and president and CEO, John Barun, would become managing director and chief information officer of Geneva Trading USA, LLC. 
== History ==
CMC was founded in 1996 by John Barun and Tayloe Draughn.
== Products and Services ==
CMC's development process encompassed the life cycle of project development, including planning, analysis, design, development, system testing and quality assurance, implementation and deployment. 
== White Papers ==
* (PDF)
== Key People ==
*John Barun
== References ==
Category:Capital Markets Consulting
Category:Independent Software Vendors
Category:Consultants
Capital introduction

Capital introduction, or "cap intro" is the process of assisting commodity trading advisors (CTAs, commodity pool operators (CPOs and hedge fund prime brokers to find suitable investors. 
For example, the Goldman Sachs cap intro team claims to provide alternative investment clients with "targeted introductions to the world’s leading pension plans, endowments, foundations, family offices, sovereign wealth funds, insurance companies, funds of funds, private banks and consultants."
 
== References ==
Capital markets

Capital markets' main function is to match investible capital either directly with corporations seeking it or indirectly with market intermediaries like investment banks. They do so by listing securities, generally longer-term, for public trading. 
== The long haul ==
Capital markets include all global equities and derivatives exchanges where stocks, bonds and derivatives are traded. Traditionally, capital markets have been distinguished from money markets as trading securities with a term longer than one year, compared to the shorter-term cash securities like 90-day U.S. Treasury bills. However, the growing popularity of electronic trading on capital markets and a wider array of investment products, especially derivatives, is making this distinction increasingly obsolete.
Market regulators like the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the U.S. Federal Reserve frequently publish research on capital markets. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York, for example, posts several analytical pieces on its Capital Markets internet page, which disseminates research on "issues involving asset pricing, market microstructure, and other financial market topics." The page also contains updated financial indicators like the yield curve and stock index levels.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Capitalization

A listed company's capitalization refers to a combination of the total market value of the company's outstanding shares (usually called market capitalization or 'market cap' for short) plus its long-term debt. Market cap is the most common determinant used by investors to determine a corporation's size and is calculated by multiplying its total outstanding shares by their current market price.
The broader term 'capitalization' is used mostly in financial statements to refer to the total capital - in equity and bonds or other debt - invested in a company. Listed companies sized by market capitalization are usually divided into large cap (above $10 billion), mid cap ($2 - $10 billion) and small cap (under $2 billion), although some disagree with these guidelines.
== Cap tipped ==
Since the credit crisis struck in late 2007, market capitalization has also proved a useful measure of the declines in size of some of Wall Street's once towering investment banks. One comparison in September 2008 showed that large financial institutions over the previous year had lost $1 trillion of a total of $4 trillion of market cap lost by all U.S. listed companies. Some of the most significant declines in Wall Street market caps were recorded in the final week (September 12-18, 2008) of the one-year period examined.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Capitalization weighted

A capitalization-weighted index (also called market-value weighted) is one in which each stock affects the index in proportion to its market value. Examples include Nasdaq Composite Index, S&P 500, Wilshire 5000 Equity Index, Hang Seng Index, and EAFE Index.
In contrast, a price-weighted index is one in which stocks are included based on the equity market values of the underlying companies, e.g., the quoted stock price multiplied by the number of stocks outstanding. Many believe a price-weighted index will not accurately reflect the evolvement in underlying market values because a change in the price quote of a small company will drive the price-weighted index (as it makes up a large part of the index), while the combined market values will remain relatively unaffected without changes in the price quote of the large company. 
The Dow Jones Industrial Average is an example of a price-weighted stock market index.
Category:Definitions
Category:Stocks
Category:Equities
Capitulation

Capitulation is when investors try to get out of the stock market as quickly as possible and look for less risky investments, thus giving up any previous gains in stock price. It's also described as panic selling. Capitulation is usually signaled by a decline in the markets of at least 10 percent in one day.
Capitulation is usually based on investor fears that stock prices will fall further than they have, and involves very high volume and sharp declines. 
The term is a derived from a military term which refers to surrender.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Market Terms
Capstone Advisory Group LLC

__NOTOC__
Capstone Advisory Group is an investment advisory company that provides counsel and transaction guidance to companies in a wide variety of industries. The company's core services fall into three general categories:
* Restructuring and Transaction Advisory Services
* Litigation, Forensic Investigation and Dispute Resolution Services
* Valuation Services
== Key People ==
* Edwin N. Ordway, Co-Founder and Executive Director
* Bruce Bingham, Executive Director
* Jay I. Borow, Executive Director
* Daniel Brandt, Executive Director
* Sean M. Cunningham, Executive Director
== References ==
Category:Advisory Firms
Category:Capstone Advisory Group
Capstone Holdings Group, LLC

Capstone Holdings Group, LLC is a private company that specializes in business consulting. It is the parent company of Capstone Trading and Capstone Global Markets. 
== History ==
In 2009, Capstone Global Markets hosted their first annual charity day, which was dedicated to support research focused on finding a cure to Batten Disease, a rare but fatal neurodegenerative disorder affecting children. Capstone's boutique derivatives broker-dealer committed to donating 100% of its net commissions that day to The Jasper Against Batten Fund. The newly created annual event was part of Capstone's commitment to giving back to the global community regardless of the macro financial environment. Every year, Capstone Global Markets will select specific charities to donate to, each with the common goal of helping children. Jasper Duinstra is a 4-year old boy who was diagnosed with Batten Disease in March 2009, and has subsequently been experiencing seizures, deteriorating vision, limited vocabulary and paralysis in his legs.
== Products and Services ==
Capstone Global Markets is a broker-dealer that specializes in volatility trading strategies. The firm trades across equities, commodities, currencies, credit and fixed income markets. Capstone Global Markets provides institutional clients with access to markets in the U.S. and has a U.K. affiliate that provides access to markets in Europe. 
== Key People ==
*Paul Britton, CEO
== References ==
Category:Proprietary Trading
Category:Broker Dealers
Category:Volatility Traders
Category:Capstone Holdings Group
Capstone Investment Advisors, LLC

__NOTOC__
Capstone Investment Advisors, LLC is a hedge fund and part of the Capstone Holdings Group LLC.
Capstone Investment Advisors was founded by Paul Britton in 2007, when he bought the U.S. business of Mako Global, a London-based trading firm.
== Strategy ==
Capstone's strategy focuses on trading volatility across equity, bond and commodity markets. Their core expertise is volatility trading. The firm provides its services to pooled investment vehicles. It invests in public equity, fixed income markets, and alternative investment markets.
==References==
Category:Capstone Holdings Group
Capstone Trading

Capstone was a proprietary trading firm that utilized multiple strategies to trade equities, commodities, fixed income and money markets globally. They had offices in London, New York and Singapore. It was an affiliate of Capstone Holdings Group, LLC. Capstone Trading closed on June 30, 2011.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Paul Britton, CEO
*Mark Gonzalez, COO
*Ju Joh, CTO
*Will Kuhl, Head of European Fixed Income
*Matt Tonnelli, Co-Head of US Fixed Income
== References ==
Carbon Emission Reduction Credits

A carbon emission reduction credit (CER) represents a 1 metric ton reduction in CO2 equivalents emitted. The notion of equivalent emissions of CO2 is useful when quantifying emissions that relate to global warming because many different gases contribute to global warming, including methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, and many others. The environmental impact of these gases can be converted to an equivalent CO2 basis (CO2e) using standard and generally agreed upon formulas. These credits are some times called simply carbon credits, carbon offsets, verified emission reductions (VERs), or certified emission reductions (CERs).
==Examples of Carbon Instruments==
 
*Carbon Credits from equipment upgrades
In this example, an older power plant is upgraded to a clean new one. The new plant produces fewer emissions for the same kWh generated, and the difference in emissions can be turned into emission reduction credits. 
*Carbon Credits from sequestration activities
These carbon credits represent the amount of carbon stored in a tree, measured in metric tons. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is absorbed (sequestered) by the tree from the air during photosynthesis. The carbon, or C part, is used by the tree as a building block in it's cellular structure. The oxygen, or O2 part, is respired as a waste product. 
*Carbon Credits from clean energy
Let's say an individual has a solar electric panel on his roof or a wind turbine on his property. The energy produced by this equipment is energy that didn’t have to come from the local utility. Say that burning coal generates 70 percent of the electricity produced by that utility. This equipment "saved" that amount of coal from entering the atmosphere. 
 
== References ==
Category:Weather
Category:Environmental Markets
Category:Credits
Carbon Financial Instrument

The Carbon Financial Instrument or (CFI) was launched as a cash contract on the Chicago Climate Exchange, each of which represents 100 metric tons of CO2-equivalent emissions. 
The CFI is also offered on the Chicago Climate Futures Exchange as futures and options contract. The futures contract represents 1,000 metric tons of CCX CO2, or 10 cash CFI contracts. CFI options represents 1 CFI Options contract. 
==Latest News==
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission ruled on May 4, 2010 that the CFI offered on the Chicago Climate Exchange does not perform a significant price discovery function.
==References==
Category:InterContinentalExchange
Category:Carbon Trading
Carbon Financial Instruments

A Carbon Financial Instrument is the tradable instrument on the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX), CCFE and ECX. Each CFI® represents 100 metric tons of Exchange Allowances or Exchange Offsets.
Cash CFI contracts can be traded at the CCX, while futures contracts and options on futures can be traded on CCFE. 
SEE:
*CCFE European Carbon Financial Instrument
*CCFE Carbon Financial Instrument
== References ==
Carbon Markets

Carbon markets are the markets that result from the buying and selling of emission allowances (emissions trading) and reduction credits in order to limit companies and countries in the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) that they produce. They are also known as cap-and-trade markets, as they place a limit on the amount of GHGs that the participants are allowed to produce. If the country or company produces more GHGs than their allotted amount, they must purchase more credits in order to cover its emissions levels. If they produce less than their allotted amount, they are able to sell their excess credits in the carbon market.
The Kyoto Protocol helped to develop carbon markets into one of the fastest growing commodities markets today, by helping to set the framework for mandatory emissions reduction schemes. Currently, the most active carbon markets are in Europe, such as the the European Climate Exchange.
The GHGs that are traded in carbon markets include: 
* Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
* Methane (CH4)
* Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
* Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)
* Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
* Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
== List of Carbon Markets ==
*European Climate Exchange 
*Nord Pool
*European Energy Exchange
*Bluenext
*Chicago Climate Exchange
== References ==
Category:Credits
Category:Environmental Markets
Category:Carbon Trading