nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Writedown

A writedown occurs when a corporation reduces the value of an asset on its balance sheet because it was previously over-valued compared to its market price. Banks worldwide have been forced to make huge writedowns in the value of some of their debt securities as global credit markets froze amid the recent credit crisis.
Writedowns (also written as write downs or write-downs) cut the book value of a company's asset and are usually recorded on income statements as an expense, which reduces its net income. A writeoff, by contrast, completely eliminates the entire value of the asset from the company's balance sheet.
==Right down==
In 2008, banks around the world were forced to write down hundreds of billions of dollars from the value of debt instruments such as mortgage-backed securities and credit default swaps as the 2007-2008 credit crisis dried up the market for such securities. The Royal Bank of Scotland, for example, was expected to slash between $1.5 billion and $4.6 billion for the second half of the year after a writedown of around $9 billion in the first half on the value of its debt securities.
Earlier in the reporting period, U.S. mega-bank Citigroup and former brokerage powerhouse Merrill Lynch, now part of Bank of America, were both forced to write down billions more dollars from their credit securities portfolios. Citigroup wrote down $71 billion in such securities while Merrill Lynch cut about $50 billion from its value since the credit crisis began in late 2007.
Estimates vary on total credit-securities losses through writedowns of the world's major financial institutions, although one source estimates the figure from the 15 biggest losers at almost $600 billion. Citigroup led the losers followed by U.S. banks Wachovia (now owned by Wells Fargo), Merrill Lynch and now-bankrupt Washington Mutual.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Wrong Way Risk

Wrong Way Risk refers to counterparty credit risk that is negatively correlated with the value of the transaction taken with that counterparty. When exposed to wrong way risk, hedging transactions get riskier the more valuable they become.
Unforeseen or under-managed wrong way risk led to liquidity problems for many financial institutions during the sub-prime and related crises in 2007-2008.
== Example ==
Consider an investor who owns shares in Bank A. To hedge that investment, the investor purchases from Bank B put options on those shares. If the credit and capital profiles of Banks A and B are similiar, then the investor is taking on wrong way risk.
As Bank A's credit-worthiness suffers, the shares in Bank A will fall in price and the investor's puts will gain value. As this hedge becomes more valuable, however, the credit-worthiness on Bank B will also suffer, making the puts a riskier hedge. If both banks fail, the hedge will also fail as the investor will lose the value of both the initial share investment and the value of the purchased puts.
To avoid wrong way risk, the investor should purchase puts from a counterparty whose credit-worthiness is independent of that of Bank A.
==See Also==
Credit Risk
Counterparty Risk
== References ==
Category:Risk
Category:Counterparty Risk
Wu Qing

__NOTOC__ 
Wu Qing is a veteran Chinese banking and regulatory executive who was appointed chairman and party chief of the China Securities Regulatory Commission in February 2024, replacing Yi Huiman.
He was previously chairman of the Shanghai Stock Exchange. He was appointed to that position in May of 2016, replacing Gui Minjie. He joined the exchange in the aftermath of the 2015 Chinese stock market crash and a series of failed efforts at market reforms in China. 
In July 2023, he was appointed deputy Party secretary of Shanghai.
Prior to his experiences in Shanghai, Wu worked at different CSRC departments, including those overseeing financial institutions, securities companies' risk management and funds. During his previous term of office at the CSRC in the mid-2000s, he was known for cracking down on violations by securities companies and insider trading by mutual fund companies. This crackdown earned him the nickname “the broker butcher”.
He was appointed chairman of the board of the World Federation of Exchanges in September of 2017.
He is a member of the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee and a representative of the 14th Shanghai Municipal People's Congress. He has worked closely with Chinese Premier Li Qiang, who was previously party secretary of the nation’s financial capital.
== Background ==
From 1992-2010, Wu held various positions at the China Securities Regulatory Commission, most recently as director general of the Intermediary Supervision Department.
In that role in 2009 he directed a nationwide clean-up effort by the CSRC to investigate suspicious trades by mutual funds.
From 2010-2011 he was deputy chief of the Hongkou District Government in Shanghai, deputy governor and acting governor of the Hongkou District. He was governor of the Hongkou district from 2011-2013 and then chief executive of the Hongkou District Government from 2013-2016.
== Education ==
He has a Bachelor’s degree in economics from Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, a Master’s degree in economics and doctorate from Renmin University of China, and an MBA degree from the University of Cambridge.
== References ==
X-Change Financial Access

X-Change Financial Access (XFA) is a broker/dealer specializing in exchange traded futures and options. It acts as an agency-only execution desk servicing over 400 institutional clients.
== History ==
XFA was founded in 2001 by Tim Hendricks after partnering with execution desks at major banks that were shutting down. 
== Products and Services ==
XFA provides floor trading services for the CME Group and the CBOE's financial derivatives products. They also provide electronic trading execution services to all major futures exchanges. XFA users include global financial services firms, major institutional investors, CTA’s, fund managers, and high net worth individuals 
== Key People ==
*Michael Vitek
*Tim Hendricks
== References ==
Category:Brokerage Firms
XR Trading

XR Trading is a proprietary trading firm that designs and builds technology and covers a range of asset classes in the global derivatives markets, focusing on futures but also covering cash Treasuries, cash FX, cash equities and equity options.
== History ==
XR started in 2002 as a fixed income shop and then branched out from there.
== Products and Services ==
XR Trading has seven trading teams, each focused on separate asset classes. 
XR’s asset-classes include:
*Agricultural Products
*Energy
*Equity Indexes
*Foreign Exchange
*Metals
*Treasuries
== Key People ==
*Matthew Haraburda, President
== References ==
XTBO Group

XBTO is a cryptocurrency finance firm offering OTC trading, asset management, derivatives, venture capital, cryptocurrency mining, research, analytics and consulting in the U.S. and globally. The company was founded in 2015 by Philippe Bekhazi, Walton Comer, and Richad Idris. 
== Background ==
The company's team of financial professionals and software programmers come from such well-known firms as SAC Capital, J.P.Morgan, UBS, Tudor Investment, Magnitude Capital, Deloitte, and Société Générale.
XBTO Group is one of the most active cryptocurrency investors globally and was the first large-scale liquidity provider to exchanges. The firm also makes venture capital investments in blockchain and AI technologies. Some venture capital investments include Lukka and Paradigm.
On October 4, 2019 Intercontinental Exchange, a CFTC-designated contract market {futures exchange) announced that XBTO had participated in the first block trade in its bitcoin futures contract which took place on October 1. The counterparty was Galaxy Digital and the clearing member carrying the trade was ED&F Man. A block trade is a privately negotiated transaction on a futures exchange.
 
The firm is a founding member of Stablehouse, a Bermuda-based centralized global clearinghouse for stablecoins. 
XBTO is headquartered in New York with an office in Paris. 
The firm is a founding member of the Association for Digital Asset Markets (“ADAM”), which was formed to create a comprehensive code of conduct for the crypto markets. It is also a member of the Alternative Investment Management Association (AIMA).
== Key People ==
*Philippe Bekhazi, Chief Executive Officer 
*Walton Comer, Chief Investment Officer
*Richad Idris, Chief Technology Officer
*Group Robert LaSalle, Head of Finance
*Greg Carson, Head of Corporate Development & Venture Capital
*Brice Wilson, Global Head of Asset Management 
*Paul Eisma, Head of Trading, XBTO Trading, LLC
*Julien Auchecorne, Chief Operating Officer, XBTO International, Ltd.
*Nicolas Genechesi, Chief Executive Officer, XBTO International, Ltd.
== References ==
Category:Stablecoin
Category:Clearinghouse
Category:AIMI
Category:Cryptocurrency
Cetegory:CryptoMarketsWiki
XTX Markets

XTX Markets is a London-based algorithmic trading firm that actively trades tens of thousands of instruments on more than eighty venues. As of 2024, it had a daily volume of almost three hundred billion USD. The firm partners with global counterparties, exchanges, and e-trading venues to provide consistent liquidity in the Equity, FX, Fixed Income, Commodity & Options markets.
XTX’s trading formulas are a closely guarded secret. The firm makes money by taking tiny margins on millions of daily trades across currency, debt, equity, commodity and crypto markets. It aims to provide more competitive prices than rivals to investors who are looking to buy or sell assets. It handles $250bn worth of trades every day.
XTX made £1.5bn in profits across its UK and Singapore entities in 2023. 
== History ==
The firm was founded in 2015 by Alex Gerko, who took a small group of traders and some capital from GSA and set up XTX, which is named after a mathematical formula used in linear regression. Gerko retains about 75 percent ownership in the firm.
XTX started off in the foreign currency market, which had not yet been penetrated by high-frequency trading firms. The OTC FX market was then dominated by investment bank trading desks in the City of London, which was a call-around market. Zar Amrolia, the former global head of FX at Deutsche Bank who became XTX’s co-chief executive, was instrumental in developing that market, because he “had the Rolodex, he could call and say, ‘give us a try, send us some of your orders and see if we don’t perform as good or better as what you’ve been getting from the so-called old boy network’,” according to Paul Rowady, the founder of the consultancy Alphacution Research Conservatory, quoted in the Financial Times.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
* Alex Gerko, Founder
== References ==
Category: algorithmic trading firms
X TRADER

__NOTOC__
X_TRADER is a futures trading platform offered by Trading Technologies. Launched in 1994, it was the company’s flagship and only platform until March of 2015, when the new “TT” platform was publicly released. X_TRADER has gone through several iterations throughout the years, and the current version, X_TRADER 7, is still among the world's most-used futures trading platforms.
X_TRADER offers single-click trade execution, high-speed connections to the world's primary futures exchanges, real-time fill and position details and TT’s patented MD Trader, a vertical market depth display that allows immediate reaction to market ebb and flow.
Products integrated with X_TRADER include:
*ADL, a visual programming platform for algorithmic trading. 
*TT Autospreader, a tool that enables traders to create and execute inter-product and cross-exchange implied spreads. 
*TT Autotrader, an automated execution tool that enables traders to execute proprietary trading strategies, make markets and scalp using links from Excel or formulas entered directly in the Autotrader grid.
*X_STUDY, a charting solution designed for professional traders. 
*TT SIM simulation solution.
 
X_TRADER 7 launched in 2006. X_TRADER also includes fully integrated charting and analytics with X_STUDY, the ADL visual programming platform, and the Autospreader and Autotrader tools. It was named "Innovation of the Year" by FOW Magazine in 2007 and "Best Buy-Side Commodities Trading Platform" by Buy-Side Technology magazine in 2007. Subsequent versions were named "Best Buy-Side Commodities Trading Platform" by Buy-Side Technology magazine in 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014 and "Best New Product from a Technology Firm for Trading and Execution" by FOW Magazine in 2012.
== References ==
 
Category:Independent Software Vendors
Category:Trading Technologies
X TRADER 7

#REDIRECT X TRADER
X_TRADER 7 is the latest version of Trading Technologies' flagship product X_TRADER. According to the firm, it is one of the world's most used futures trading platforms. 
X_TRADER 7 was launched in 2006 and has gained attention for its many innovative features. It is the fastest and most powerful order-entry system for futures trading, with single-click trade execution, high-speed connections to the world's primary futures exchanges, real-time fill and position details and the patented MD Trader, a vertical market depth display that allows immediate reaction to market ebb and flow. 
X_TRADER 7 was named "Innovation of the Year" by FOW magazine in 2007 and "Best Buy-Side Commodities Trading Platform" by Buy-Side Technology magazine in 2007 and 2008. 
The order-entry platform connects professional traders with the industry's leading international derivatives exchanges and offers connectivity to:
* BM&FBOVESPA
* BrokerTec
* CBOE Futures Exchange
* Chicago Climate Futures Exchange (CCFE)
* CME Group 
* Dubai Mercantile Exchange (DME)
* Eurex
* Euronext
* European Climate Exchange (ECX)
* Frankfurt Stock Exchange (Xetra) 
* The Green Exchange
* ICE Futures Canada
* ICE Futures Europe
* ICE Futures US	
* Intercontinental Exchange (ICE)
* Kansas City Board of Trade (KCBT)
* London Metal Exchange (LME)
* MEFF
* Minneapolis Grain Exchange (MGX)
* Montreal Climate Exchange
* Montreal Exchange (MX)
* New York Commodities Exchange (COMEX)
* New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX)
* NYSE Liffe
* NYSE Liffe U.S.
* Singapore Exchange (SGX)
* Sydney Futures Exchange (SFE)
* Tokyo Commodity Exchange (TOCOM)
TT plans connections to additional exchanges soon, including Osaka Securities Exchange (OSE), Tokyo Financial Exchange (TFX) and Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE).
== References ==
Category:Independent Software Vendors
Category:Trading Technologies
Xerxes Bhote

__NOTOC__ 
Xerxes Bhote is senior vice president of TJM Investments. He has more than 29 years experience with investment and institutional client coverage, as well as extensive knowledge of both fixed income and equity derivatives. 
== Background ==
Before joining TJM, Bhote was an options specialist with Peak 6. He was also with Credit Suisse First Boston creating structured products in fixed income options. Before that he was with another primary dealer, Discount Corp of NY. He was more recently an investment advisor with 303 Capital Partners. He has been serving on the Board of Trustees for Big Brothers Big Sisters of Metropolitan Chicago since 1990.
== Education ==
== References ==
Xetra Gold

== Notes ==
Xetra-Gold futures and options were launched on September 28, 2010
.
The gold-backed, exchange-traded product has traded on the Deutsche Boerse since December 2007, and has assets under management of 1.6 billion euros ($2.2 billion).
The Xetra-Gold futures contract is denominated in euros and is intended to appeal to a broad range of European investors.
Eurex Clearing accepts Xetra-Gold as collateral.
The Xetra-Gold ETC (exchange-traded commodity) had grown to 50 tonnes of metal as of Late Septmber 2010; that is approximately 4% of holdings in the SPDR Gold Trust, then the world's largest exchange-traded fund, which then held approximately 1,300 tonnes of gold.
== References ==
Xetra International Market

Xetra International Market is a service provided by Deutsche Borse to trade pan-European blue chip equities. The service will be available 4th quarter 2009 and include Belgium, Finland, France, Italy, Netherlands and Spain. More countries are expected to be added in the second phase in 2010. 
RTS Realtime Systems announced in June 2009 that it would provide the technology connections to allow traders to access Xetra.
== References ==
Category:Stock Markets
Category:Deutsche Boerse
Xiao Gang

__NOTOC__ 
Xiao Gang is the former chairman of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the nation's securities regulator. He was forced out of the position in February of 2016 amid market turbulence in China's stock markets.
He was previously chairman of Bank of China Ltd. but left on March 17, 2013 in order to assume the newer role, succeeding Guo Shuqing. He was named to the Commission as part of a new team assembled by Chinese president Xi Jinping to oversee the markets’ opening-up and reform. 
== Background ==
Xiao worked in various positions at China’s central bank, the People's Bank of China, for more than 20 years, eventually becoming deputy governor before joining the Bank of China, the nation’s fourth-biggest listed lender. He was named head of Bank of China in March 2003.
== Education ==
He graduated from the Hunan Institute of Finance and Economics in 1981, and obtained a master’s degree in international economic law at Renmin University of China in 1996. 
== References ==	
Category:Regulators
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:China
Category:Futures Market in China
Xignite

Xignite is a San Francisco-based provider of cloud-based market data. They offer financial web services APIs that provide real-time, historical, and reference data. Xignite provides services that power mobile financial applications, websites, and front-, middle- and back-office functions; plus services for exchanges, data vendors and financial institutions. 
Xignite directly accesses data in the exchanges and filters it as needed for a variety of clients, who can then access it from the web or from a mobile device.
==Background==
Founded in 2000, the firm's current and former clients include NASDAQ, NYSE, CME Group, Direct Edge, StockTwits, Charles Schwab, SeekingAlpha and SunGard.
== Key People ==
*Stephane Dubois, CEO and Founder
== References ==
Category:Data Vendors
Category:Software Companies
YCharts

YCharts is a financial software company providing investment research tools including stock charts, stock ratings, analytics and economic indicators. It helps users track the markets without the use of terminals. 
There are three main components to YCharts: 
* A screener for creating filters driven by metrics to find the stocks and funds that meet the user's criteria 
* An Excel add-in that connects the user's financial models to live data 
* Fundamental and Technical charts that can be created in seconds for comparing stocks, funds and indices.
YCharts offers three tiers of plans: Standard, Professional and Enterprise. 
== History ==
YCharts was co-founded by Shawn Carpenter, who stepped down from the CEO role in April of 2016 to focus on a new venture. He is still an active board member and the largest common shareholder at the company. His co-founder was Ara Anjargolian, who currently works as the CTO. 
YCharts appointed Sean Brown as CEO in June 2016.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
* Sean Brown, President & CEO
== References ==
YJT Solutions, LLC

YJT Solutions (formerly "You Just Trade") is a Chicago-based technology consulting firm providing services to financial exchanges, clearing firms, trading firms, banks, broker-dealers and hedge funds. Its services include: real-time, network infrastructure monitoring and maintenance; management and delivery of complex technology projects; networking design, build and testing; IT support and ongoing maintenance; office relocation and new firm start-up; process improvements; API development; and a variety of other IT-related projects. 
 
YJT provides specialized technical resources to clients, as well as a fully integrated service desk to provide 24/7, real time network infrastructure and application support.
 
== History ==
YJT's roots go back to when Rob Merrilees was managing director and head of U.S. equities trading at Stafford Trading in Chicago. He decided to form his own proprietary options trading firm, Spot Trading, L.L.C., and called upon a niche consulting firm being run by his Kellogg graduate school classmate, Linda Bracken, to help design and implement his systems. The project was successful, and Spot Trading continued to use Bracken’s services to monitor and maintain Spot’s network infrastructure. Their success led Merrilees and Bracken to take this concept to the marketplace and launch You Just Trade, L.L.C.
The company became known as “YJT” on The Street, and made that identity formal by changing its name to “YJT Solutions, L.L.C.”
In 2010, Bracken purchased Merrilees's minority stake in the firm, making her the sole owner of YJT.
In 2017 Inc. Magazine ranked YJT Solutions No. 3781 on its 36th annual Inc. 5000, a ranking of the nation’s fastest-growing private companies.
== Products and Services ==
== Partnerships ==
*On April 12, 2011, YJT entered into a service partner agreement with OptionsCity Software to extend its support team and provide additional support services to OptionsCity’s growing customer base.
== Key People ==
*Linda Bracken, Co-Founder, CEO and Managing Director 
== References ==
Category:Technology Firms
Yamana Gold Inc.

Yamana Gold Inc. is a Canada-based gold producer engaged in gold mining and related activities, including exploration, extraction, processing and reclamation. The Company has significant properties involved in gold production, and other precious metal production, development, exploration and land positions throughout the Americas including Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Mexico.
Yamana Gold Inc. is a member of the World Gold Council.
== History ==
The company was founded in 2003 and is headquartered in Toronto, Canada.
== Products and Services ==
Yamana Gold Inc. engages in the acquisition, exploration, development, and operation of gold properties. The company also focuses on copper and silver projects. 
It holds gold production, gold development stage, and exploration stage properties, as well as land positions in Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Mexico, and Colombia. The company has seven producing mines and seven development stage projects. 
Its principal producing mines include the Chapada, Jacobina, and Fazenda Brasileiro mines located in Brazil; the El Penon and Minera Florida mines in Chile; and the Gualcamayo mine in Argentina.
== Key People ==
*Peter Marrone, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
*Ludovico Costa, President and Chief Operating Officer
*Charles Main, Executive Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer
== References ==
Category:Gold
Category:Metals
Category:Gold Mining Companies
Category:World Gold Council Member