nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Photocopy

== Description ==
The photographic reproduction of a print or document. Examples of 19th century photocopy techniques are cyanotype, diazo paper, and photolithography. Xerography, an electrostatic reproductive process, was developed in 1938.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
photocopy paper ; fotokopie (Ned.) photocopie (Fr.); fotocopia (It., Esp.); fotokopia (Sven.); Elektrofotografie (Deut.); fotocópia (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* D. Grattan, The stability of photocopied and laser-printed documents and images: general guidelines. Technical Bulletin 22. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Conservation Institute, 2000.
* A. Hillcoat-Imanishi, An investigation into the archival properties of colour photocopies and inkjet prints: summary of a project undertaken at Camberwell College of Art as part of a BA in Paper Conservation. V&A Conservation Journal 30, 14-16, 1999.
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Photography"
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocopy
Category:Materials database
Photodegradation

== Description ==
The chemical breakdown of a material due to the absorption of radiant energy, such as visible or ultraviolet light. Photodegradation usually involves the formation of free radicals. Free radicals can initiate a chain mechanism that may continue even when the source of energy is removed. Some compounds such as aldehydes, ketones azo compounds, and organometallic compounds are susceptible to photodegradation.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
photodecomposition; photochemical decomposition; photochemical deterioration; photolysis
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, G113, 1371-1373, Sep-94
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/p/htm
Category:Materials database
Photoengraving plate

== Description ==
A metal plate used for letterpress printing. Photoengraving plates are usually made from pure magnesium because it is lightweight, easy to etch, and resistant to wear.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 478
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Photogrammetry

== Description ==
A photographic method to accurately digitize images of a physical object. Photogrammetry has been used to survey topography, buildings, and archaeological sites. Using stereoscopic precision cameras and reference marks, a series of accurately scaled and oriented photographs are obtained. Once the photographs are digitized, a scale model of the entire object or location can be reconstructed on the computer.
==Resources and Citations==
* Rory Stanbridge "Photogrammetry A Practical Guide" Building Conservation Directory 1995: Link
Category:Materials database
Photograph paper

== Description ==
A high grade of paper used for photographic prints. Good photograph paper is made from 100% cotton or linen rags because lignin and other residues react with the photosensitive salts and destroy the image. Photographic paper also has to be strong, uniform, and dimensionally stable when wet and dry. For increased wet-strength, the papers were sized with animal glue, starch, stearic acid, or synthetic resins, such as melamine (used since 1948). One or more fillers, such as barium sulfate, titanium dioxide, clay, starch, or polyacrylamide, are also added for opacity, color, and strength. The papers were calendered to produce a smooth, nonporous surface. Since the late 1960s, most color photographic papers have been made from cellulose fibers coated on both sides with polyethylene.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
photographic paper; photo paper; sensitized paper; photo-sensitized paper; polyethylene-laminated paper; papier photographique (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* K.B.Kasper, R.Wanka, "Chemical Formulations and Requirements of Photographic Paper", Journal of Applied Photographic Engineering, Vol.7 (3), June 1981.
* James M. Reilly, Albumen & Salted Paper Book: The history and practice of photographic printing, 1840-1895, Light Impressions Corp., Rochester, NY, 1980
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Photographic Activity Test

== Description ==
[Image Permanence Institute] A standardized test (ISO Standard 14523) developed by IPI to predict potential negative interactions between photographs and their enclosures. The Photographic Activity Test uses a controlled temperature and humidity environment (85% RH and 70C) to incubate a stacked sandwich of samples and degradation detection plates for up to 15 to 40 days. At the end of the simulated aging period, instruments are used to detect fading, staining, or other changes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
PAT Test; Photo Activity Test; ISO Standard 14523
==Resources and Citations==
* Image Permanence Institute: Link
Category:Materials database
Photographic gelatin

== Description ==
A pure grade of gelatin used for photographic emulsions. Photographic gelatin is more refined than food grade gelatin. It is made only from skins.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
photogelatin; Lithogel [American Agricultural Chemical]; gélatine photographique (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 351
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Photogravure

== Description ==
A photo-mechanical process whereby a copper plate is grained (adding a pattern to the plate) and then coated with a light-sensitive gelatin tissue which had been exposed to a film positive, and then etched, resulting in a high quality intaglio plate that can reproduce detailed continuous tones of a photograph.
The process was important in 19th-century photography, but by the 20th century was only used by some fine art photographers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fotogravure (Ned.); photogravure (Fr.); héliogravure (Fr.); Fotogravüre (Deut.); Heliogravüre (Deut.); fotoncisione (It.); fotograbado (Esp.); fotogravyr (Sven.)
==Resources and Citations==
* The Art of Photogravure: Process August 2022
* Wikipedia: Photogravure August 2022
* Multilingual Glossary for Art Librarians at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/pub/mgl.htm
Category:Materials database
Photolithography

== Description ==
A process for the duplication of photographic images. Photolithography was first done in France about 1852 by a printer Rosé-Joseph Lemercier. The initial process produced copies of paper negatives that were exposed onto a lithograph stone coated with a light-sensitive bichromated gelatin. Later developments allowed the image from prints to be transfered to stone or zinc plates. The photolithographic process was not widely used in the 19th century because it lacked the ability to produce half-tones. The technique was further altered to create offset lithography. In the late 20th century, photolithographic techniques were revived in the electronic industry to produce circuit patterns on silicon wafers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fotolithografie (Ned.); photolithographie (Fr.); Fotolithografie (Deut.); fotolitografia (It., Esp.); fotolitografi (Sven.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Multilingual Glossary for Art Librarians at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/pub/mgl.htm
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996
Category:Materials database
Photometer

== Description ==
An instrument used to measure illumination in the ultraviolet, visible, or infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Photometers can be specifically designed to measure illumination properties such as brightness, color, color differences. light intensity, gloss, reflectivity. An ideal photometer for museum use would measure low level illuminance and provide reading in lux or foot-candles as well as chromaticity coordinates (IESNA 1996). Measurement of the ultraviolet content is also important.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
light meter; Photometer (Deut.); Lichtmesser (Deut.) fotómetro (Esp.); photomètre (Fr.); lichtmeter (Ned.); fotometer (Ned.); luxmeter (Ned.); fotômetro (Port.);
==Resources and Citations==
* IESNA, Museum and Art Gallery Lighting: A Recommended Practice, Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, New York, RP-30-96.
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometer (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Photosensitive glass

== Description ==
A clear silicate glass that will form permanent 3-dimensional photographic images when subjected to x-rays or ultraviolet light. Photosensitive glass contains submicroscopic metallic particles (Brady 1971). The high energy causes the particles to precipitate out of solution. The image is fixed by heating the glass to 540 C.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
verre photosensible (Fr.); vidro fotosensível (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, 10th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971.
Category:Materials database
Phrygian marble

== Description ==
A pale yellow marble with purple veins. Pavonazzetto marble was quarried in Docimium (central Phrygian) in Asia Minor and thus was called Phrygian marble by the Romans. It was used for many Roman buildings, including the Basilica, from the late first century BCE to the mid 2nd century CE.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pavonazzetto marble; pavonazzo; cream Pavonazzo
==Resources and Citations==
* Ancient Trade Routes: Website
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Janet Burnett Grossman, Looking at Greek and Roman Sculpture in Stone, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2003
Category:Materials database
Phthalate ester

== Description ==
A class of compounds that are widely used as plasticizers. In general, phthalate ester have good stability and are nontoxic. As with any plasticizer, they may migrate out of their parent medium. Examples of phthalate esters are dioctyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diallyl phthalate, and dicyclohexyl phthalate.
Phthalates are on the ILFI Red list of building materials.
== Risks ==
* Slight toxicity for ingestion and inhalation
* Heated vapors may cause eye and nose irritation.
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Michael McCann, Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Category:Materials database
Phthalic acid

== Description ==
Colorless, odorless crystalline organic acid. Phthalic acid was first synthesized by Auguste Laurent in 1836. It is used in the manufacture of several dyes including indigo and phenolphthalein.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|phthalic acid.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
o-phthalic acid; o-benzene dicarboxylic acid; o-dicarboxybenzene
== Risks ==
* Irritating to mucous membranes and skin. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in ethanol. Slightly soluble in water, ether. Insoluble in chloroform.
Composition 	C6H4(COOH)2
CAS 	88-99-3
Melting Point 	191-210 C (dec)
Density 	1.585-1.593 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt.=166.14
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 7527
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phthalic_acid (accessed Mar. 14, 2006)
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Phthalic anhydride

== Description ==
White crystalline needles with a mild odor. Phthalic anhydride is used in the manufacture of dyes, alkyd resins, polyester resins, insecticides and many phthalate plasticizers. It is also used to make some fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein, eosin and rhodamine.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
1,3-isobenzofurandione
== Risks ==
* Combustible. 
* Irritating to skin and mucous membranes.
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in ethanol, carbon disulfide and hot water. Slightly soluble in cold water and ether.
Composition 	C6H4(CO)2O
CAS 	85-44-9
Melting Point	130.8 C
Density 	1.52.7 g/ml
Boiling Point	285 C
Category:Materials database
Phthalocyanine dye

== Description ==
A chromophore composed of a conjugated system of double bonds that forms a color complex with a metal. Phthalocyanine type choromophores occur naturally in chlorophyll and animal blood. They were first synthesized in the 1920s and commercially introduced in the 1930s. Because they are insoluble, phthlocyanine dyes are also classified as pigments. Examples include phthalocyanine green and phthalocyanine blue. The dyes are not chemically reactive and must be physically attached to the substrate with a binder or adhesive.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Phthalodyekes.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
phthalocyanine dyes; phthlocyanine pigments; aza[18]annulene dye; Monastral blue
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Insoluble in water
==Resources and Citations==
* Website: www.handprint.com
 
* Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phthalocyanine (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Phthalocyanine green

== Description ==
A synthetic organic material composed of chlorinated copper phthalocyanine (chlorinated phthalocyanine blue). Phthalocyanine blue was introduced as a industrial pigment in 1935 and the green derivative was first sold in 1938. Phthalocyanine green is usually adsorbed on an aluminum hydrate base to form a deep vivid green color that is used as a substitute for viridian. The permanent pigment is unaffected by light, heat, and chemicals. Phthalocyanine green is used as a colorant in inks, paints, chalks, leather, pencils, and photographs.
== Types ==
Pigment number	Manufacture	Pigment name 	Manufacture CI number	Comments
PG007 	Kremer 	phthalocyanine green 	23000 	same FTIR spectrum as PG007 Sun
PG007 	Sun 	phthalocyanine green, blue shade	264-0414 	
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pigment Green 7; CI 74260; Phtalocyaningrün (Deut.); vert de phtalocyanine (Fr.); verde de ftalocianina (Esp.); verde ftalo (It.); phtalocyanine groen (Ned.); verde de ftalocianina (Port.); phthalo green; copper phthalocyanine green; Monastral Fast Green; thalo green; Heliogen green; Windsor Green; Talens Green
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|PG7 kremer23000.TIF~FTIR PG7(MFA)|phthalogreen632.jpg~Raman]]]
== Risks ==
* Suspected carcinogen, teratogen. 
* May be contaminated with traces of PCB.
* Sigma Aldrich: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Insoluble in organic solvents, water and alkalis. 
* Slowly decomposes in strong acids.
* Fine grain, rounded, translucent particles with strong birefringence; the color is unchanged with a Chelsea filter
* Composition = C32H0-2N8Cl14-16Cu
* Density = 2.1
* Refractive Index = 1.40
==Resources and Citations==
* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Pigment Compendium, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Website: www.handprint.com
* M. de Keijzer, 'A survey of red and yellow modern synthetic organic artists pigments discovered in the 20th century and used in oil colors', ICOM Preprints Lyons, France, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, p. 369, 1999
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Phyllite

== Description ==
A shiny, fine-grain metamorphic rock containing numerous crystals of mica, quartz, and graphite. Phyllite has a grain size that is laarger than slate but smaller than schist.
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "phyllite." Accessed 9 Dec. 2004 .
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllite (accessed Dec. 9, 2004)
Category:Materials database
Phyllosilicate

== Description ==
A classification of silicate minerals that form parallel sheets of silicate tetrahedra with Si2O5 or a 2:5 ratio. 
Examples of these sheet silicates include: 
* Serpentine group: Antigorite, Chrysotile, Lizardite 
* Clay mineral group: Halloysite, Kaolinite, Illite, Montmorillonite, Vermiculite, Talc, Palygorskite, Pyrophyllite 
* Mica group: Biotite, Muscovite, Phlogopite, Lepidolite, Margarite, Glauconite 
* Chlorite group: Chlorite
Category:Materials database
Physical damage

== Description ==
A broad category covering all types of mechanical damage. Examples of physical damage include: cracks, cuts, tears, indentations, punctures, breaks, scratches, abrasion, dirt, buckling, and shrinkage.
== Images ==
File:72.461-SC62654_RL .jpg|Roman glass bottleMFA# 72.461
File:Image3_802415.jpg|pottery bowl
File:2.03.2005 02-A3 Damage.jpg|thumb|Mosaic tiles
File:21.2314_det2.jpg|thumb|Lacquer decoration
File:Mech.damage_scratch_ICOMOS.jpg|Scratch on limestoneCredit: V. Vergès-Belmin 
File:Impact_damage_ICOMOS.jpg|Impact damageCredit: V. Vergès-Belmin
File:Cuts_ICOMOS.jpg|Cuts on sandstoneCredit: V. Vergès-Belmin
File:Abrasion_ICOMOS.jpg|Abrasion on stone paverCredit: C. Franzen
File:Keying_ICOMOS.jpg|Keying damageCredit: V. Vergès-Belmin
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
Category:Materials database
Phytic acid

== Description ==
A long-chain hydrocarbon phosphate that is derived from corn and potato juices. Phytic acid is a complexing agent used for removing heavy metal ions. The calcium and calcium/magnesium salts of phytic acid are also used as calcium supplements.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cyclohexanehexyl hexaphosphate; inositolhexaphosphoric acid; calcium phytate (calcium salt of phytic acid); Phytin® (calcium magnesium salt of phytic acid); Calciphos (calcium iron salt of phytic acid)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Phytic acid: miscible in water, ethanol, glycerol. Insoluble in ether, benzene, chloroform. pH of 10% solution is 0.86 
Calcium and calcium/magnesium salts are white powders that are poorly soluble in water. They are soluble in dilute mineral acids.
Composition 	C6H18O24P6
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 660.04
==Resources and Citations==
* J.G.Neevel, B.Reissland, Restaurator, 16, 1995, pp.145-160.
Category:Materials database
Pia

== Description ==
Long bast fibers obtained from the leaves of pineapple plants, Ananas magdalenae or Ananas comosus, native to tropical America. Pineapple plants are cultivated in Hawaii, Philippines, Indonesia, India and West Indies. The light cream color pia fibers are fine, soft and lustrous. Pia fibers are very resistant to salt water and are strong, wear resistant and easy to clean. They are used for fabrics, ropes, twines and paper. Pia cloth, a soft, sheer fabric made from the long fibers, is used for apparel, accessories and home furnishings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Ananas magdalenae; Ananas comosus; pina; pita; pineapple fiber; abacaxi (Brazil); silk grass; fibras de pia (Esp.)
== Risks ==
* Not resistant to acids.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Fiber length 10 - 20 cm (2 - 4 inches)
* Cross section = oval
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 728
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Marjory L. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Fort Worth, TX, 1986
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I Natural Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England, 1984
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Piano wire

== Description ==
A steel wire ranging in diameter from 0.03 to 0.065 inches. Piano wire is a high-grade uniform steel that is low in sulfur and phosphorus. It has a tensile strength of 350,000 to 400,000 pounds per square inch.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
music wire; corde à piano (Fr.); Klavierdraht (Deut.); pianosnaar (Ned.)
Category:Materials database
Piassava

== Description ==
A strong, coarse fiber obtained from the leaves of either of two palm trees, Attalea funifera or Leopoldinia piassaba, native to South America. Piassava fibers are stiff and woody. They are used for making mats, ropes, brushes, and brooms.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Attalea funifera; Leopoldinia piassaba; monkey grass; piassaba; Bahia bass
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
The fiber is composed of a fibrovascular bundle that appears in cross section as numerous small oval cells with larger cells in one region near the edge.
Category:Materials database