nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Build America Bonds

Build America Bonds (BABs) are taxable municipal bonds that carry special tax credits and federal subsidies for either the bondholder or bond issuer.
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 created the Build America Bond program, which authorized state and local governments to issue Build America Bonds as taxable bonds in 2009 and 2010 to finance any capital expenditures for which they otherwise could issue tax-exempt governmental bonds. State and local governments receive a direct federal subsidy payment for a portion of their borrowing costs on Build America Bonds equal to 35 percent of the total coupon interest paid to investors.
The program was intended to assist state and local governments in financing capital projects at lower borrowing costs and to stimulate the economy and create jobs. 
In March of 2010, the Senate voted 68 to 29 to pass a $17.6 billion jobs bill requiring the Treasury Department to provide Build America Bond-style direct payments to municipal issuers of four types of tax-credit bonds, if they want them, instead of offering tax credits to investors.
Also in March of 2010, Florida temporarily suspended sales of Build America Bonds on concern that the Internal Revenue Service may block federal interest-cost subsidies.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Bulgarian Stock Exchange

The Bulgarian Stock Exchange (BSE-Sofia) offers integrated electronic trading of equities, bonds, government securities and its official SOFIX index tracking 19 leading domestic stocks.
== Brief history ==
The first equities market in Bulgaria was established under royal decree in April, 1914. Following WWI it functioned mainly as a forex market but following a revival of Bulgarian equities trading in the 1930s the exchange closed after WWII. After the collapse of communism the BSE-Sofia reopened with passage of the Commerce Act in 1991.
== Regulatory oversight ==
Two developments in 1995 laid the regulatory foundations for the exchange's recent growth - passing the Securities, Stock Exchanges and Investnment Companies Act and establishing the Securities and Stock Exchanges Commission. The Commission subsequently suspended trading on the BSE in late 1996 but the exchange re-launched a year later under the new regulatory guidelines.
In late 1999 parliament passed the Public Offering of Securities Act aimed at regulating all behaviour in the securities market. Then in early 2003 the government established the Financial Supervision Commission to regulate non-banking financial market sectors. The same year BSE-Sofia also began requiring listed companies to conform to International Accounting Standards.
== Recent developments ==
The BSE-Sofia recently announced a huge annual trading turnover increase from BGN 3.38 billion in 2006 to BGN 9.95 billion in 2007. Local reports attributed the increase to opitmism surrounding Bulgaria's joining of the European Union in early 2007 and a corresponding corporate-tax cut from 15% to 10%.
A recent announcement in Austrian markets could soon significantly impact the BSE-Sofia. The Vienna Stock Exchange (VSE) in April 2008 launched its own version of the SOFIX - the Bulgarian Traded Index or BTX - tracking the country's seven most liquid shares with a total market capitalisation of 594 million euros. This will offer non-Bulgarian traders and investors a stark alternative to the indices traded in Sofia.
== Trading information == 
Total market capitalization: BGN 23.1 billion
Orders: 0900-1600 
Trading hours: 0930-1400
Tick size: BGN 0.001
Daily price-deviation limit: +/-15%
Settlement: T+2 cycle, DVP basis
Fees: 
*BGN 0-25 million = 0.1%
*BGN 25-75 million = 0.05%
*BGN 75+ million = 0.01%
*Govt securities = 0.005%
*Corp/Muni bonds = 0.01%
== Membership ==
The BSE-Sofia has 10 member broker-dealers and is owned 44% by the Bulgarian government. The exchange oversees the Official and Unofficial Markets and operates the RTS-Plaza trading system and the Client-Order Book Online System (COBOS). It also administers a guarantee fund for transactions and recently adopted a corporate governance code for its members.
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Stock Exchanges
Bulge bracket

"Bulge bracket" is a slang term used to describe the largest underwriting companies in the industry. They are the group of investment banks considered to be the world's largest and most profitable. Because there are no precise criteria for inclusion, there is sometimes debate over which banks belong to the bulge bracket. Various rankings are often cited, such as Thomson Reuters League Tables or other league tables.
The bulge bracket is usually the first underwriting bank or banks listed on the tombstone, which is an advertisement of a new issue. The font size of the name of this bank or banks is larger and it may "bulge" out.
Syndicates are formed in the investment banking industry so underwriting companies can share the risks and profits associated with a new security issue with other firms. The larger the new security issue, the more firms are likely to take part in it through syndication; however one firm is likely to act as the manager or co-manager of the syndicate. 
Before the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007-2008, the five American Bulge Bracket firms on Wall Street were, from largest to smallest: Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Lehman Brothers, and Bear Stearns.
== References ==
Category:Stocks
Category:Shares
Bull

A "bull" (or a person who is "bullish") expects the prices of stocks or other trading instruments in a given market to rise. A "bull market" is a financial market in which prices are rising or are expected to rise.
The use of "bull" and "bear" to describe markets comes from the way the animals attack their opponents. A bull thrusts its horns up into the air while a bear swipes its paws down.
The greatest bull market in U.S. history began in the summer of 1982. At that time, relatively few people owned stocks, and the stocks were cheap because they were considered highly risky. The Standard & Poor's 500 peaked in March 2000 in an stock bubble; the masses of investors who had gotten into the market during the bubble then saw their stocks go down dramatically in 2001.
== References ==
Bull Spread

A bull spread is an options strategy in which maximum profit is gained if the underlying security rises in price. Either calls or puts can be used. The lower strike price is purchased and the higher strike price is sold. The options have the same expiration date. 
A bull call spread is a type of vertical spread. It contains two calls with the same expiration but different strikes. The strike price of the short call is higher than the strike of the long call, which means this strategy will always require an initial outlay (debit). The short call's main purpose is to help pay for the long call's upfront cost. A different pair of strike prices might work, provided that the short call strike is above the long call's. The choice is a matter of balancing risk/reward tradeoffs and a realistic forecast. The benefit of a higher short call strike is a higher maximum to the strategy's potential profit. The disadvantage is that the premium received is smaller, the higher the short call's strike price. 
A bull put spread is another strategy of short a put option and long another put option with the same expiration but with a lower strike. The short put generates income, whereas the long put's main purpose is to offset assignment risk and protect the investor in case of a sharp move downward. Because of the relationship between the two strike prices, the investor will always receive a premium (credit) when initiating this position. This strategy entails precisely limited risk and reward potential. This spread can earn most is the net premium received at the outset, which is likeliest if the stock price stays steady or rises. If the forecast is wrong and the stock declines instead, the strategy leaves the investor with either a lower profit or a loss. The maximum loss is capped by the long put. 
==Graph==
*Bull put spread
*Bull call spread
== References ==
Category:Spreading
Category:Bullish Strategies
Bullish

Bullish is a cryptocurrency exchange launched in November 2021. It is backed by several prominent investors, including Peter Thiel’s Founders Fund, hedge-fund manager Louis Bacon, and Block.one. In 2022, Bullish called off a $9 billion deal to go public via a merger with a blank-check company.
In November 2023 Bullish announced it had acquired the crypto-focused media company CoinDesk in an all-cash deal.
== History ==
Bullish ran a pilot program from July 27th to September 13th, 2021 meant to allow investors to sample the Bullish trading interface with simulated crypto assets and fake money.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
* Thomas W. Farley, CEO
== References ==
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Bunge

Bunge is a leading agribusiness and food company with operations around the globe. The company supplies agricultural commodities to food companies, brewers and beverage makers and recently announced that it had agreed to buy Corn Products International for $4.4 billion. Bunge's main U.S. competitor is fellow agricultural-commodities giant Cargill.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
Bunge provides the following products and services:
* manufacturing fertilizer and animal feed for farmers;
* originating oilseeds and grains from the world's primary growing regions and transporting them to customers worldwide;
* crushing oilseeds to make meal for the livestock industry and oil for the food processing, food service and biofuel industries;
* producing bottled oils, mayonnaise, margarines and other food products for consumers; and
* milling wheat and corn for food processors, bakeries, brewers and other commercial customers.
== Key People ==
*Alberto Weisser, ceo and chairman of the board, Bunge Limited
*Drew Burke, co-ceo, Bunge Global Agribusiness 
*Carl Hausmann, ceo, Bunge North America
== References ==
Burgundy

Burgundy was a trading facility for listed Nordic securities launched on June 12, 2009 as a regional multilateral trading facility (MTF). It was shut down on April 30, 2015 by its owner, Oslo Bors. Burgundy was one of the first of a number of alternative venues to open after the European Union broke the monopoly of established exchanges in 2007. However, it failed to establish a niche.
Oslo Bors bought the market from a group of Nordic banks at the beginning of 2013.
== History ==
 
Burgundy was originally backed by SEB, Handelsbanken, Swedbank and seven other brokers. Collectively, these brokers accounted for about 45 percent of trading volumes on OMX Stockholm, the main exchange for Swedish equities. Burgundy was registered as a multilateral trading facility (MTF) under the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) and received a license to operate as an MTF with the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority, FSA. It offered trading in equities listed in Stockholm, Oslo and Copenhagen. 
The platform was one of at least three multilateral trading facilities emerging in Europe. Its competitors in this space were Chi-X, Turquoise and Nasdaq OMX. 
Burgundy uses the TRADExpress platform from Cinnober Financial Technology as their main technology. The solution works in conjunction with the Scila Surveillance system, produced by technology company Scila AB and marketed by Cinnober. In February of 2009, Burgundy took a step towards launch by appointing EMCF, jointly owned by Fortis bank and Nasdaq OMX, as the venture’s clearer.
In addition to Neonet, Burgundy was founded by Avanza Bank, Carnegie, Evli, Handelsbanken, Kaupthing, Nordnet, SEB, Swedbank och Öhman. Other participants active in Nordic securities are also being invited to join as members.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Chairman, Bertil Villard
*CEO, Olof Neiglick
== News ==
* One September 9, 2009, Burgundy announced that UBS Limited joined as a trading participant. 
* On September 7, 2009, Burgundy announced that Erik Penser Bankaktiebolag as the first non-stakeholder participant on the platform.
*In February of 2009, Burgundy chose a market surveillance system launched by Scila and Cinnober.
*In September of 2008, Cinnober Financial Technology announced that it was selected as technology provider for Burgundy.
== References ==
Category:Multilateral Trading Facility
Burt Gutterman

__NOTOC__ 
Burt Gutterman is a Chicago-based futures industry professional. He is a longtime member of the Chicago Board of Trade.
Gutterman was an early advocate for electronic futures trading and served as the chairman of Project A, the first operational electronic trading platform of the Chicago Board of Trade.
He is currently managing director of Endurance Asset Management, Inc. and vice chairman of Traditum Group.
He was previously chief executive officer of Sangamon Trading, a Chicago-based commodity trading adviser. He joined Sangamon in that role in April 1997. He is a former member of the board of directors of the Chicago Board of Trade, serving for six years starting in 1986.
== Background ==
Gutterman began trading soybeans at the Chicago Board of Trade in 1970, purchasing a full membership in 1971. He became a limited partner at Rosenthal & Company in 1972 and began proprietary trading there, which he maintained throughout his career. In 1974 he started Goodman Manaster & Company with Barry Goodman and Ron Manaster. 
He was a co-sponsor of Project A, the CBOT's first electronic trading system. In 1995 he was elected as Governor to the Board of Trade Clearing Corporation, the clearing entity of the CBOT at the time. He held that position until March 1997.
Gutterman co-founded Endurance Asset Management, a fund of funds manager, in October 2003.
== Education ==
Gutterman graduated from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1970.
== References ==	
Category:Commodity Trading Advisors
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:CBOT Members
Category:Hedge Fund Executives
Burton Malkiel

__NOTOC__ 
Dr. Burton G. Malkiel, the Chemical Bank Chairman’s Professor of Economics at Princeton University, is the author of the widely read investment book, A Random Walk Down Wall Street (ISBN 0393047814). 
== Background ==
Malkiel has held professorships in economics at Princeton, where he was also chairman of the Economics Department. He was dean of the Yale School of Organization and William S. Beinecke Professor of Management Studies there.
He is a past appointee to the Council of Economic Advisors. In addition, he is a director of The Vanguard Group of Investment Companies; Prudential Insurance Company of America; BKF Capital Group; and The Jeffrey Company, a private investment firm. He also sits on the Investment Committee for the American Philosophical Association. He is a past president of the American Finance Association and is a member of the American Economic Association.
He began his career in the investment banking department of Smith Barney & Co.
He is also the author or co-editor of eight other books, the most recent of which are Global Bargain Hunting: The Investor’s Guide to Profits in Emerging Markets (ISBN 0684848082), with J. P. Mei and The Index Fund Solution(ISBN 0684865963), with Richard Evans.
== Education ==
He holds a B.A. and MBA degree from Harvard and a Ph.D. degree from Princeton University. 
== References ==
Category:Educators
BusinessWeek

BusinessWeek bills itself as the world's most widely-read business magazine with a global audience for its multimedia content of over eight million weekly. Owner McGraw-Hill Cos. has struggled recently, cutting more than 2,000 jobs in the past two years.
== Brief Background ==
BusinessWeek is the flagship publication of parent company McGraw-Hill's Information and Media (I&M) Group, which calls more than half of the magazine's total eight million readers "success-minded professionals." The publication heads its own sub-group of M&I that includes online and television programming, plus events, education, research and publishing.
== Key People ==
 Editor-in-chief Steve Adler (left) took over from long-serving predecessor Steve Shepard in April 2005 from a stint as deputy managing editor at the Wall Street Journal and is widely considered to have improved BusinessWeek. Adler in turn hired Executive Editor John Byrne, a former rival for the top job who had previously served as editor of Fast Company and before that had been a reporter for BusinessWeek. Adler also hired reporters from the Wall Street Journal, New York Times and SmartMoney, plus media columnist Jon Fine from "Advertising Age" and celebrity columnists Jack Welch and Suzy Welch.
== Latest News ==
* BusinessWeek and its media stablemates like Aviation Week, J.D. Power & Associates and Platts were spared the latest round of 400 job cuts announced in May 2008 by publisher McGraw-Hill Companies. CEO Harold McGraw III said job cuts would be in areas "most affected by current market challenges. McGraw-Hill's first-quarter 2008 overall revenues fell 6.1 percent on 2007 while revenues from the I&M Group rose 3.2 percent over the same period. 
* McGraw Hill announced in June of 2008 that it would shut down its monthly magazine, BusinessWeek Chicago, after publishing only eight issues. The cause was slow ad sales, according to several people familiar with the situation. Two staffers, one in editorial and one salesperson, lost their jobs. Michael Arndt was BusinessWeek Chicago's editor. He continues to serve as a senior correspondent for BusinessWeek. 
== References ==
Category:News Companies
Business Insider

Business Insider is a New York City-based financial and business news website founded in 2007 by DoubleClick's former CEO Kevin P. Ryan, Dwight Merriman, and Henry Blodget. Since 2015, a majority stake in Business Insider's parent company Insider Inc. has been owned by the German publishing house Axel Springer SE. It is known for its fast-paced, digital-first approach to business news and analysis.
== History ==
Business Insider was launched in 2007, initially focusing on New York's tech scene under the name Silicon Alley Insider. The company faced financial difficulties during the 2008 financial crisis but secured crucial funding in 2009, valuing the company at $7 million.
== Ownership ==
In 2015, German media company Axel Springer SE acquired a majority stake (88%) in Business Insider for $343 million, valuing the company at $442 million. This acquisition marked a significant milestone in Business Insider's growth and expanded Axel Springer's digital reach.
== Products and Services ==
=== Content and Strategy ===
Business Insider publishes a mix of original reporting, aggregated content, and analysis covering business, technology, politics, and lifestyle topics. The company has expanded its content offerings to include video production, with its videos garnering billions of views across various platforms.
=== Divisions ===
==== Business Insider Intelligence ====
In 2013, Business Insider launched BI Intelligence, a subscription-based research service providing in-depth analysis and reports on various industries.
==== Markets Insider ====
In 2016, Business Insider started Markets Insider, a global real-time markets data destination.
== International Expansion ==
Business Insider has expanded globally, operating several international editions. By 2024, the company had 17 international editions, allowing for a unified programmatic advertising marketplace across its global properties.
==Leadership==
In September of 2024, Jamie Heller joined Business Insider as editor-in-chief after more than 20 years at The Wall Street Journal.
== Awards and Recognition ==
Business Insider has received numerous awards for its journalism and video content. In 2024, the company won three Digiday Video and TV Awards, including Video Producer of the Year for its Chief Video Correspondent, Graham Flanagan.
== References ==
Category:Media
Category:News Organizations
Category:Financial News
Category:Technology
Category:Axel Springer SE
Business Only Broadband

__NOTOC__
Business Over Broadband is a fixed-wireless broadband provider in Chicago and New York providing networks to the financial sector and large enterprise customers.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Richard Kingston, CEO
*Alan Rosenberg, President, New York
*Shane Hampton, Vice President, Market Development
*Chris Craven, COO
*Debbie Patterson, CFO
*Mike Flannery, VP of Sales
== References ==
Category:Technology Firms
Business Wire

Business Wire is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathawayand is a global market leader in commercial news distribution. The company transmits full-text news releases, regulatory filings, photos and other multimedia content to journalists, financial professionals, investor services, regulatory authorities and the general public worldwide.
== History ==
Business Wire opened its door for business on Oct. 2, 1961. It began as a privately held San Francisco news service owned predominantly by founder Lorry Lokey and his daughters.
On March 1, 2006 Business Wire officially became a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, a NYSE-listed company (Fortune 12) that is controlled by Warren Buffett. Day-to-day operations were unchanged by the acquisition. The transaction occurred for an undisclosed amount.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Business Wire, Cathy Baron Tamraz
*President, Gregg Castano
== References ==
Category:News Companies
Category:Press Release Agencies
Butter and Cheese Exchange of New York

The Butter and Cheese Exchange of New York was the original name of what later became the New York Mercantile Exchange. It opened in 1872 as a primarily cash market for butter and cheese. 
In 1875 it changed its name to the American Exchange of New York. Eggs were added to its list of produce, and it became the Butter, Cheese and Egg Exchange of New York in 1880. In 1882 its name was changed to the New York Mercantile Exchange.
== Other Resources ==
www.nytimes.com/mem/archive
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:CME Group
Butterfly spread

A Butterfly spread is an options trading strategy involving three strike prices that has both limited risk and limited profit potential. A trader establishes a long call butterfly by: buying one call at the lowest strike price, writing two calls at the middle strike price, and buying one call at the highest strike price. A long put butterfly is established by: buying one put at the highest strike price, writing two puts at the middle strike price, and buying one put at the lowest strike price. For example, a long call butterfly might be: buying 1 XYZ May 55 call, writing 2 XYZ May 60 calls and buying 1 XYZ May 65 call.
The total cost of a long butterfly spread is calculated by multiplying the net debit (cost) of the strategy by the number of shares each contract represents. A butterfly will break even at expiration if the price of the underlying is equal to one of two values. The first break-even value is calculated by adding the net debit to the lowest strike price. The second break-even value is calculated by subtracting the net debit from the highest strike price. The maximum profit potential of a long butterfly is calculated by subtracting the net debit from the difference between the middle and lower strike prices. The maximum risk is limited to the net debit paid for the position.
Butterfly spreads achieve their maxim profit potential at expiration if the price of the underlying is equal to the middle strike price. The maximum loss is realized when the price of the underlying is below the lowest strike or above the highest strike at expiration.
==Graph==
*Long Call butterfly
== References ==