nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Pen International

PEN International (or just PEN) is an international community of writers dedicated to the celebration of literature and upholding the right to free expression of the written word. Founded in 1921 by the group now known as English PEN, it has offices in over 100 countries fighting censorship of reading and writing.
PEN was founded by Catherine Amy Dawson-Scott, a British poet, playwright and peace activist Pen International: Our History who held dinner parties as a way to unite authors and share ideas after the devastation of World War I. In 1921 the group was formalised with John Galsworthy becoming its first president. Notable early members included George Bernard Shaw, Joseph Conrad and H.G. Wells. The name was originally an acronym of Poets, Essayists and Novelists, but this was later extended to Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists; so perhaps it should really be PPEEN, but that doesn't have quite the same symbolism as PEN.
The initial aims were:
*To promote intellectual co-operation and understanding among writers;
*To create a world community of writers that would emphasize the central role of literature in the development of world culture; and,
*To defend literature against the many threats to its survival which the modern world poses.
As well as championing literacy, PEN also promotes the translation of works so that they may be accessed by all.
==PEN Charter==
The PEN Charter was ratified at the 1948 PEN International Congress in Copenhagen, Denmark.
# LITERATURE KNOWS NO FRONTIERS, and should remain a common currency between nations in spite of political or international upheavals.
# In all circumstances, and particularly in time of war, works of art, the patrimony of humanity at large, should be left untouched by national or political passion.
# Members of PEN should at all times use what influence they have in favour of good understanding and mutual respect between nations; they pledge themselves to do their utmost to dispel race, class and national hatreds, and to champion the ideal of one humanity living in peace in one world.
# PEN stands for the principle of unhampered transmission of thought within each nation and between all nations; and members pledge themselves to oppose any form of suppression of freedom of expression in the country and community to which they belong as well as throughout the world whenever this is possible. PEN declares for a free press and opposes arbitrary censorship in time of peace. It believes that the necessary advance of the world towards a more highly organized political and economic order renders a free criticism of governments, administrations and institutions imperative. And since freedom implies voluntary restraint, members pledge themselves to oppose such evils of a free press as mendacious publication, deliberate falsehood and distortions of fact for political and personal ends.
==External links==
*PEN International
*English PEN
*PEN American Center
==References==
Category:Literature
Category:Organizations
Penn & Teller

Penn Jillette (born 1955) and Teller (born Raymond Joseph Teller in 1948) are a pair of professional magicians. For the uninitiated, Penn is "the big one with the long hair who talks" (though since 2020 he's cut his hair short) and Teller is "the short one who doesn't talk". As a general rule, Teller only speaks when he's not in character or when he can't be seen talking (e.g. outside the camera or when behind a puppet).
Outside of their longtime Las Vegas stage show, they are best known for their Showtime series Penn & Teller: Bullshit! in which they investigate and debunk topics of interest. Well, kind of… Penn & Teller are more than happy to take on New Age trinkets, Feng Shui, and so on, but a number of episodes are "bullshit" themselves, especially those relating to politics, economics, and environmentalism. This has made them controversial figures in the skeptic community.
Their newer shows, Penn & Teller Tell a Lie (2011) and Penn & Teller: Fool Us (2011-present) are not based on scepticism.
==Penn & Teller: Bullshit!==
Penn & Teller: Bullshit! was a TV infotainment show in which a wide range of topics were investigated and debunked.
Covered topics of interest to sceptics and rationalists included religions, cults, New Age, alternative medicine, conspiracy theories, the anti-vaccination movement, and so on.
 Unfortunately, a number of episodes are bullshit themselves and veer off into pseudoscepticism and denialism. Generally speaking, the show's coverage of woo and general crankery is pretty good, while episodes that deal with social trends, politics, environmentalism, and economics vary in quality—in no small part due to the then libertarian beliefs of Penn & Teller. They usually acknowledge their own bias, and planned to end the show with a Bullshit episode on their own bullshit, but it never materialized.
==On libertarianism==
Penn identified as libertarian, specifically anarcho-capitalist since at least 2003.Dear graduates: Work for freedom by Bill Steigerwald (Saturday, May 24, 2003) Pittsburgh Tribune (archived from March 14, 2016). In 2008, Penn and Teller even became research fellows at the Cato Institute.Penn Jillette Cato Institute (archived from May 13, 2008).Teller Cato Institute (archived from May 12, 2008). Unusually, Penn disavowed libertarianism and endorsed Joe Biden for president in 2020.‘You have one job, Joe’ by Penn Jillette (November 12, 2020) CNN. Oddly, Cato has not gotten the message after 4 years.Penn Jillette Cato Institute (archived from January 19, 2024).
==See also==
*Bullshit
*Magic
==External links==
*P&T homepage
*Penn Point, Penn's YouTube channel
*Let's ask the magician to balance the budget! He'll make the debt disappear!
==References==
Category:Atheists
Category:Libertarians
Category:Living people
Category:Magicians
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Category:Skeptics
Pensamento desejoso

O pensamento desejoso é a prática de acreditar fervorosamente que os desejos se tornarão realidade e tomar decisões com base nesses desejos, em vez de usar a racionalidade. Ou seja, é fundamentar sua tomada de decisão não no exame detido da decisão a ser tomada, mas numa crença TDK.
==Explicação==
Querer que algo seja verdadeiro é irrelevante para sua verdade. Geralmente queremos que o mundo seja um lugar moral e justo, mas a dura realidade é que o mundo não é naturalmente moral. Assim como apontou que não podemos derivar o que é Moral apenas da "ordem natural", também não podemos derivar a "ordem natural" do que nós (muitas vezes arbitrariamente) determinamos ser Moral. O que temos um imperativo moral de fazer não está estritamente ligado a como o mundo funciona naturalmente, e muitas, muitas coisas ruins que as pessoas fazem são, de fato, extremamente naturais. A moralidade não é uma força intrínseca no universo, mas sim, a moralidade é a humanidade trabalhando para superar nossas próprias tendências mais autodestrutivas.
==Exemplos==
* O presidente americano John F. Kennedy acreditou que, se fossem derrotados pelas forças cubanas, os rebeldes apoiados pela CIA poderiam "escapar à destruição, fundindo-se com a paisagem", no fiasco da Baía dos Porcos.
* O presidente do Brasil Jair Bolsonaro que acreditou que somente 800 pessoas morreriam de COVID-19.https://www.cartacapital.com.br/cartaexpressa/ha-exatamente-um-ano-bolsonaro-disse-que-total-de-mortes-por-covid-19-nao-chegaria-a-800/ embasado em nada.
* Um monte de gente acreditava que o mundo se acabaria em , baseando-se em interpretações subjetivas de um pastor, a partir de um livro críptico.
==Falácia==
Além de ser considerado um caminho ruim para tomada de decisões, o pensamento desejoso pode ser considerado uma falácia quando se assume que, por causa de nossos desejos, uma coisa pode certamente ser verdadeira ou falsa; sendo que esta coisa é verdadeira ou falsa, independente dos nossos desejos. Tem o formato:
==Ver também==
==Referências==
Category:Lógica
Category:Português
Category:Vieses cognitivos
People Will Talk

People Will Talk is a 1951 American movie starring Cary Grant. In the movie, Grant plays an idealistic gynecologist named Noah Praetorius, who, unlike other doctors, empathises with his patients and tries to help them with their problems, stating that "pills and serums are a last resort" and that he "doesn't cure illness, he makes sick people well." One day, a woman came in because she felt ill. It turned out it was due to an unwanted pregnancy; this stressed her so much, she tried to kill herself. Praetorius, who is concerned about her well-being, lies to her that the test was a mistake in order to prevent her from harming herself and later marries her to make the pregnancy socially acceptable. Despite this suggestive plot, the movie has nothing to do with abortion.
==Context==
===Alternative medicine===
When the movie was first shown, viewers of the film saw Praetorius as an ideal, but rare or possibly non-existent, doctor (this is how he is described in the introduction). Now, however, people will likely think of their kindly local naturopaths and CAM practitioners, especially since a few familiar words such as "quack" are used to refer to Praetorius, along with him supporting "faith" and "miracles" (not in a clearly supernatural sense, though). However, there is one crucial difference between Praetorius and naturopaths: Praetorius is a science-based physician, while CAM practitioners are generally believers in various forms of magic. In one scene, Praetorius is said to have had a terminal patient who got better after he "gave her the will to live". He most certainly did not give her herbs and magic water. The thrust of the movie is that doctors should be kinder to patients, not that they should be more superstitious. Believing in useless treatments is not a requirement for having empathy. CAM practitioners prescribe ineffective therapies for serious diseases, while Praetorius, in the event of a dangerous malady, prescribes the science-based treatment he knows to be the best. Indeed, he also notes that "mother nature" (with its diseases) is highly dangerous to humans, something a physician would be well aware of, thus showing he certainly doesn't buy into the appeal to nature like so many CAM practitioners do.
===McCarthyism===
The film has also been seen as a criticism of McCarthyism, both in its general tone and with the chief antagonist Elwell (Hume Cronyn) in the Joe McCarthy role.McCarthyism and the Movies, The Spinning Image
==External links==
*People Will Talk on IMDb
==References==
Category:Alternative medicine
Category:Films
Pepper Lewis

Pepper Lewis claims to be a channeler and runs a typical internet based woo shtick. Lewis says she channels Gaia and has been the "primary voice for Mother Earth (Gaia) for over 15 years."About Pepper Lewis from her homepage Lewis offers little background in how she suddenly became the only person to hear a giant floating space rock speak. However, this floating rock can apparently help align you to your "higher purpose" through a 45 minute phone call, and all for only $350!Pepper Lewis' servicesPepper Lewis' FAQ 
However Pepper Lewis doesn't stop merely with channeling our planet, she also offers to teach you to how to hear voices in your head and become your own channeler. Franchising fees to be announced.Any day now...
==2011 Japan earthquakes==
Pepper Lewis came out a few days after the 2011 Japan earthquakes to make sure we didn't think Gaia was mad at us. In fact, apparently the earthquakes were somehow attached to the protest in Egypt and the earth is somehow "evolving" and that's making human society change, and that somehow makes earthquakes.Pepper Lewis on youtube Huh. And here we thought tectonic plates had something to do with it.
Unlike most hoaxsters Lewis actually gives us some amazing predictions that Gaia gave her about earthquakes; these include such wonders as:
*There will be more earthquakes to come
*Some may be stronger, some may be weaker
*They will happen in both hemispheres 
You don't say!
Of course, just in case there aren't any more earthquakes Lewis is clear to say that these might not be predictions, unless they come true.
==References==
Category:Living people
category:Pseudoscience promoters
Perennial Traditionalism

Perennial Traditionalism (or the Traditionalist School) is a school of religious thought, based primarily on the writings of René Guénon, a French philosopher who claimed that all religions and cultures had a tradition of esoteric initiation that went back to "time immemorial." Guénon believed that the West had become largely void of these esoteric components due to the new tradition of "intellectualism."
There are three postulates of Traditionalists: the existence of a "Primordial Tradition," the idea that modernity is incompatible with that Tradition, and that with spiritual effort (usually grounded in so-called "Eastern" techniques) one can reconnect with that Tradition.
Though originally attracting people from a wide field of religions like Hinduism and Mahayana-Buddhism, Guénon started a trend by immigrating to Cairo and becoming a Sufi imam. He was followed by people like Frithjof Schuon — turning Traditionalism into a form of Sufism.
Traditionalism took another direction under Julius Evola and was slowly turned into a tool of the European far right, being popular amongst the French Nouvelle Droite.
Traditionalism is an important aspect to the writings of Mircea Eliade, scholar of religion and mythology, who believed all religions and myths were in some important way, not only a retelling of the same universal sets of stories, but that they harken back to a philosophia perennis — a shared religion or religious understanding of the world in our earliest ancestors.
==See also==
* Perennial philosophy
* Radical traditionalism
==References==
Category:Fascism
Category:Religion
Perennial philosophy

The perennial philosophy is a universal philosophy and holistic perspective within the philosophy of religion which views each of the world's religions and spiritual traditions as sharing a single, universal truth and a single divine foundation of knowledge.
==Overview==
According to perennial philosophy each world religion or spiritual tradition, independent of its cultural or historical context, is simply a different interpretation of a single universal truth. It affirms that a direct insight into the nature of reality is a universal possibility whether gained after practice of spiritual disciplines and study of scriptures or through a wholly unanticipated illuminating experience of union with God or the "Ultimate".Religious Worlds: Perennial Philosophy Aldous Huxley, who wrote a book on the subject titled The Perennial Philosophy defined it as:
 
==Criticism==
Critics of this idea point to the fact that many of the world's religious traditions are in blatant conflict with one another. Even setting aside the rather obvious conflicts in matters like the age of the Earth (Christians thought it was younger, and Hindus that it was older, than it actually is), there are major contradictions between religions on matters of ethics and philosophy, which would seem to be the areas in which religions ought to be most consistently accurate, if their ideas have any merit. For instance, many branches of Christianity teach that human nature is, by definition, sinful and that we must avoid allowing that nature to dominate our actions, lest we commit sinful acts. Taoism, by contrast, embraces nature and encourages people to allow their own natures to influence their behavior. Needless to say, they can't both be completely right.
==See also==
*Perennial Traditionalism
*Unitarian Universalism, which rejects the absolute truth of any religion
==References==
Category:Philosophy
Category:Religion
Perfect competition

Perfect competition is a microeconomic concept meant to represent a theoretical situation in which large numbers of firms operate at once.Hayes, Adam. "Understanding Perfect Competition". Investopedia. Retrieved 2020-01-26. 
==Basic model==
===Firm===
In the basic model there is a perfectly horizontal demand (D) curve, meaning that consumer demand is perfectly elastic. The demand curve can also be thought of as the marginal revenue curve. Any firm that tried to raise price will immediately begin to lose consumers because they can immediately get the same product from another firm. There is a marginal cost (MC) curve sloping upwards to the right, representing increasing costs. The marginal cost curve can be thought of as the firm's supply curve. The firm's output is determined by where the MC curve and demand curve intersect. There is a third curve, representing average total cost (ATC). The gap between the point at which the MC curve and demand curve intersect and the ATC is the profit margin. That profit margin is multiplied by the total quantity produced to estimate total profit. The existence of economic profit is considered abnormal in the perfectly competitive market, because of how easy it is for new firms to enter the market. Over time the demand curve will fall to where the ATC and MC are both equal to demand as new competitors increase supply and bring down the price. 
===Market===
The model for the overall market is a normal supply and demand curve, with a downward sloping demand curve and upward sloping supply curve. The market sets the price that each firm has to accept.
==Core assumptions==
There are four necessities for a market to be considered perfectly competitive."OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Perfect competition Definition". stats.oecd.org. Retrieved 2020-01-26.The exact number of criteria varies with different textbooks and websites. These four are the essential core each one will mention.
*Large numbers of buyers and sellers: No single firm or consumer can set prices. 
*Perfect Information: Both buyers and sellers have easy access to new information. 
*Low barriers to entry: Clearly defined property rights with no excess licensing or regulation of new entrants. 
*Homogenous product: Some type of product that can be perfectly substituted for one another (e.g., 2%-fat milk). 
==Examples==
Perfect competition is more of a theoretical model, meant to illustrate a hypothetical market situation, than it is something commonly observed in the real world. So it's more of a tool used to help teach economics students how to conceptualize economic modeling more generally while teaching basic abstract concepts. The ideal can also be used to access the competitiveness of real markets. Despite all that, there are some agricultural primary goods that come close to meeting the description of perfect competition:
*Milk
*Eggs
*Wheat
*Corn
*Apples
==See also==
*Oligopoly
*Monopoly
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Economics
Perpetual Prisoner Machine

The "Perpetual Prisoner Machine" is a phrase coined by journalist Joel Dyer to explain one of the theories surrounding the massive increase in incarceration throughout the UShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_incarceration_timeline-clean.svg despite the drop in crime.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Violent_Crime_Rate.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Property_Crime_Rate.jpg His book, The Perpetual Prisoner Machine: How America Profits from Crime, asserts that Big Business and politicians are in league to raise the incarceration rate in the US for personal and financial gain.The Perpetual Prisoner Machine: How America Profits from Crime by Joel Dyer (2000) Westview. ISBN 0813338700.
Dyer asserts that by using media as an outlet (see Mean World Syndrome), the American people can be scared into electing so-called "tough on crime" politicians who make holding a small amount of weed a crime punishable by prison time. He also claims that many businesses (e.g., as AT&T, Dial Soap, and Victoria's Secret) have profited from crime due to the cheap labor prison provides. As the average US prisoner is paid only between $.20 and $1.20/hour, the companies can turn a huge profit on the manufacture of their goods. Many other companies such as Dove Soap, Verizon, and others profit by having prisoners use their products. Also, since politicians gain many campaign donations from these companies, it benefits them to vote for "tough on crime" legislation that will put more individuals in jail. 
Another facet of this concept is that prisons benefit from the deplorable conditions the inmates are kept in because they cause prisoners to re-offend and thus be sent back to prison after they are released. Assertions here can range from the wacky (soap is made slippery so the inmates drop it, are raped, traumatized, then go on to commit more violent crimes) to the plausible (sadistic prison guards cause inmates to have contempt for authority and therefore make them more likely to re-offend). US mass incarceration began in the 19th century, when the so-called Black Codes were implemented in former Confederate states to unequally punish Blacks for crimes such as vagrancy with prison time and labor. Starting then, it has been claimed that prisons serve to educate prisoners in better ways to commit crime, and that being housed with fellow (and more serious) criminals will have negative effects. Given that the US recidivism rate hovers at around 75%,http://www.nij.gov/topics/corrections/recidivism/pages/welcome.aspx it can be hard to see this as anything but plausible.
==Conspiracy theories==
It has been claimed that gangster (or gangsta) rap music, which glorifies crime and violence, was popularised to get black men to commit crimes and be sent to jail.Former Music Exec Describes The Scary Meeting That Resulted In Today's Violent Rap Music, Business Insider, May 3, 2012
==See also==
* Military-industrial complex
* Punishment
* Serco Group
* Felony disenfranchisement
==References==
Category:Crime
Category:Law
Perrott-Warrick Project

The Perrott-Warrick Project is a fund established in the early twentieth century to fund research into parapsychology. The original funding came at the bequest of Frank Duerdin Perrott in 1937. In 1956, Frederic Walmsley Warrick bequeathed more funds to the project.
When Warrick died, The Times death notice described him as a "retired manufacturing chemist"The Times, Monday, Dec 17, 1956; pg. 1; Issue 53716; col A Deaths Category: Deaths. His estate, which was reportedly valued at £29,036, was, minus legacies, "To be used to supplement the work which is now being done with the aid and at the expense of the Perrott Studentship and Lectureship Fund towards the existence of mental and physical phenomena which seem prima facie to exist: (a) the existence of supernatural powers or cognition or action of human beings in their present life or (b) the persistence of the human mind after bodily death, and also in the direction of what is known in that sphere of investigation as 'pictorial memoryThe Times, Friday, May 17, 1957; pg. 15; Issue 53843; col D Deaths Category: Deaths'."
The fund itself has funded experiments by both advocates of psi and skeptics such as Susan Blackmore (who really does have cool hair) and (who, unfortunately, doesn't have much hair at all).
The fund is administered by Trinity College, Cambridge, but that's where the association with Trinity ends. The Fellows of Trinity have no say over how the money is spent, and anyone funded doesn't automatically get a place on the Trinity Faculty. This doesn't stop woomeister Rupert Sheldrake from suggesting that he's still associated with Cambridge however.
== Somewhat incomplete list of researchers ==
* G.S. Brown, 1951The Times, Tuesday, Jun 19, 1951; pg. 6; Issue 52031; col C University News Oxford Category: Official Appointments and Notices
* Stephen I. Abrams, 1964Psychical research student at Cambridge The Guardian (1959-2003) [London (UK)] 06 July 1964: 1.
* Anita Gregory, 1966The Times, Monday, Jul 12, 1965; pg. 6; Issue 56371; col E Cambridge Awards Category: Official Appointments and Notices
* Susan Blackmore
* Rupert Sheldrake, until 2010
* Caroline Watt, 2010-2014Caroline Watt at the University of Edinburgh.
== References==
Category:Parapsychology