nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Program trading

Program trading is a (usually computer-assisted) method of trading a portfolio of stocks simultaneously rather than one at a time.
It can be divided into two main types. The first, index arbitrage, takes advantage of discrepancies between markets by simultaneously buying in one and offsetting that purchase with a short position of the same size in another closely linked market. For example, in the equity markets, an arbitrager might buy an S&P 500 future in Chicago and simultaneously sell all the stocks in the S&P 500 Index in New York, if index futures became undervalued relative to the basket of stocks. Trades like this involve hundreds of securities and millions of dollars, and require the kind of timing and accuracy that only computers can achieve. In program trading, orders from the trader's computer are entered directly into the market's computer system and executed automatically. 
The second type is portfolio insurance - the sale of stock index futures to protect the value of a falling stock portfolio. In the 1980s fund managers bought insurance from portfolio insurers. The insurer's job was to sell futures on behalf of fund managers when the markets headed downwards. Then, as the hedge fund manager's portfolio lost value, his or her profitable short position in the futures market would compensate. In theory, a manager was guaranteed that his holdings would never lose more than a certain percentage of their value. Protecting portfolios on the downside with futures was preferable to reducing the size of the portfolio by selling in the stock market because futures markets are very liquid, many stocks are not, and transaction costs were low. 
Program trading became a popular target of blame in the 1980s whenever stock prices moved quickly, especially when they moved down. Some people, including the regulators at the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), thought that program trading caused, or at least exacerbated, the October 1987 market crash. But most economists argue that the role of program trading in the '87 crash has been overblown. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Project Rainbow

Project Rainbow is the working title of a proposed new European-based derivatives trading platform, backed by some of the largest banks and brokerages. 
The initiative is among a host of moves by the largest brokerages – including Project Turquoise in Europe and the Electronic Liquidity Exchange in the US - to secure lower-cost trading in cash equities and derivatives. Project Rainbow’s backers include Barclays, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan and UBS, as well as MF Global and Newedge.
Project Rainbow is targeting short-term Euribor and sterling interest rate contracts, currently amongst the most heavily-traded products on the Liffe platform controlled by NYSE Euronext. Jean-Francois Theodore, deputy chief executive at Liffe, has contended that the exchange's technology and years of experience would help it to defend itself against the upstart when it launches. 
The Project Rainbow initiative has yet to reveal a technology provider or name an executive team, but is negotiating with LCH.Clearnet for clearing services.
== References ==
Category:Electronic Match Engines
Prometheum Ember Capital LLC

Prometheum Ember Capital LLC, also known as Prometheum Capital, is a subsidiary of Prometheum Inc. and operates as a special purpose broker-dealer (SPBD) for digital asset securities in the United States. The company is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA).
== History ==
Prometheum Ember Capital was formed in Delaware on January 13, 2021. The company received approval from FINRA to operate as an SPBD for digital assets on May 17, 2023, making it the first SPBD allowed to operate as both a broker-dealer and a qualified custodian in the United States.
== Products and Services ==
Prometheum Capital offers custody services for digital asset securities to financial institutions, corporates, and institutional investment firms. The company uses blockchain technology for recording on-chain ownership of digital assets, which aims to enhance transparency and reduce costs compared to traditional solutions.
As of September 2024, Prometheum Capital supports custody for several digital assets, including Ethereum (ETH), Uniswap (UNI), Arbitrum (ARB), Optimism (OP), and The Graph (GRT). The company plans to expand its offerings to include traditional securities such as debt, equities, ETFs, mutual funds, options, and money market funds issued and transferred on a blockchain.
== Key People ==
Key executives of Prometheum Ember Capital include:
* Rosemarie Fanelli - Chief Operations Officer
* Paul Andrew Gonoud - FINOP (Financial and Operations Principal)
* Deborah Annmarie Joseph - Chief Compliance Officer
== Regulatory Compliance ==
Prometheum Capital operates under the full rigor of federal securities laws, distinguishing it from many crypto venues and custodial platforms that operate under state licenses. The company aims to bridge the gap between traditional finance and the emerging digital asset ecosystem while adhering to regulatory and compliance standards promulgated by federal securities laws.
== References ==
Category:Special Purpose Broker Dealers
Category:FINRA Members
Category:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Registered Firms
Category:Cryptocurrency Companies
Category:Prometheum Capital
Category:Prometheum Inc.
Category:Companies based in New York City
Prometheum Inc.

Prometheum Inc. is a financial technology company founded in 2017 by a group of Wall Street attorneys. The company is focused on creating a compliant ecosystem for digital asset securities trading, custody, and settlement within the framework of U.S. federal securities laws.
== History and Development ==
Prometheum was established with the goal of bridging the gap between traditional financial systems and crypto investing. In 2023, its subsidiary Prometheum Ember Capital LLC became the first SEC-qualified custodian for digital asset securities.
=== Regulatory Approvals ===
Prometheum has achieved several regulatory milestones:
In May 2023, Prometheum Ember Capital received approval from the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) to operate as a special purpose broker-dealer (SPBD) for digital asset securities.
In December 2023, FINRA approved Prometheum Ember Capital to offer clearing and settlement services for digital asset securities.
== Products and Services ==
Prometheum's ecosystem includes:
# Prometheum Capital: Provides custody services for digital asset securities.
# Prometheum ATS: A FINRA member firm and SEC-registered Alternative Trading System (ATS) for digital asset securities trading.
As of September 2024, Prometheum Capital supports custody for several digital assets, including Ethereum (ETH), Uniswap (UNI), Arbitrum (ARB), Optimism (OP), and The Graph (GRT).
== Key People ==
=== Leadership ===
* Aaron Kaplan: Co-CEO and Co-Founder
* Benjamin Kaplan: Co-Founder
* Albert Meo: Chief Financial Officer
== Funding and Financials ==
As of 2024, Prometheum has raised a total of $43.19 million in funding. The company's annual revenue was reported to be $5.6 million in 2024.
== References ==
Category:Blockchain
Category:Cryptocurrency Companies
Category:Companies Based in New York City
Category:Special Purpose Broker Dealers
Category:FINRA Members
Category:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Registered Firms
Category:Prometheum Capital
Category:Prometheum Inc.
Promissory note

A promissory note, often referred to simply as a "note," is a legal instrument that serves as a written promise to repay a specific sum of money to a designated party, usually with interest, at a predetermined future date. Promissory notes are a common financial tool used in a wide range of transactions, including loans, investments, and business agreements. 
==Characteristics of a Promissory Note==
Promise to Pay: At its core, a promissory note includes an unconditional promise to repay a debt. This promise is typically made by the borrower (also known as the "maker" of the note) to the lender (the "payee").
Principal Amount: The principal amount represents the initial sum borrowed or the outstanding balance of the debt. This is the amount that the borrower agrees to repay.
Interest Rate: In many cases, promissory notes stipulate an interest rate that the borrower must pay in addition to the principal amount. The interest rate may be fixed or variable, depending on the terms of the note.
Maturity Date: The maturity date is the date on which the borrower is obligated to repay the principal and any accrued interest. It is a critical element of the promissory note.
Payment Terms: Promissory notes often specify the frequency and method of payments. Payments may be made in installments or as a lump sum, and the terms can vary widely.
Collateral: Some promissory notes are secured by collateral, such as real estate or personal property. In case of default, the lender may have a legal claim to the collateral to recover the debt.
=Uses of Promissory Notes=
Promissory notes are versatile financial instruments and are used in various situations, including:
Personal Loans: Individuals may use promissory notes for private loans between family members or friends.
Business Financing: Small businesses often rely on promissory notes to secure loans for startup capital or expansion.
Real Estate Transactions: Promissory notes are commonly used in real estate deals to document mortgages or seller financing arrangements.
Investments: Investors may purchase promissory notes as a form of fixed-income securities, receiving regular interest payments.
Student Loans: Many student loans are documented through promissory notes outlining repayment terms.
==Legal Implications==
Promissory notes are legally binding documents, and failure to adhere to the terms can have serious consequences. When a borrower defaults on a promissory note, the lender may pursue legal action to recover the outstanding debt. However, the specific legal requirements and remedies can vary by jurisdiction.
==Resources==
*Notes:Promises, Problems - Before You Invest, Investigate - SEC
== References ==
Category:Debt
Category:Notes
Promontory Financial Group

Promontory Financial Group is a strategy, risk management, and regulatory compliance consulting firm focusing primarily on the financial services industry. It is led by founder and CEO Eugene A. Ludwig, a former U.S. comptroller of the currency.
The company is a consultant on national and cross-border issues in banking, securities, commodities, financial instruments, markets, and insurance. It has offices in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Middle East and assists clients in more than 50 countries.
== History ==
On August 18, 2015 Promontory agreed to pay $15 million to New York's banking regulator and refrain from certain work with state-regulated banks for six months after being accused of whitewashing a report about sanctions compliance at Standard Chartered Bank. 
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Eugene Ludwig, Founder and Chief Executive Officer
*Konrad Alt, Chief Operating Officer and Managing Director
*Arthur Angulo, Managing Director
== References ==
Proof of Keys

Proof of Keys is an annual celebration falling on January 3 that is intended to encourage bitcoin hodlers to test their trust in "people, exchanges, corporations and other services." Hodlers - people who intend to hold onto their bitcoin for an indefinitely long time - are urged to test that the bitcoins they believe are actually being held by third parties by seeking to withdraw them from the cryptocurrency trading platforms, custodians and other institutions which are supposed to be holding them. January 3rd is the anniversary of the genesis block.
 
The first Proof of Keys day, held on the 10th anniversary of the bitcoin genesis block, January 3, 2019, was announced by the well-known bitcoin investor and proponent, Trace Mayer, in a December 9, 2018, webcast on YouTube. In the webcast, Mayer said, “Anyone who doesn’t want you to hold your own private keys — they’re your monetary enemy. They don’t want you to be free and independent with your money.” In the webcast, Mayer said, “Anyone who doesn’t want you to hold your own private keys — they’re your monetary enemy. They don’t want you to be free and independent with your money.” 
Mayer's webcast echoed widely expressed concerns about bitcoin customers ceding control of their bitcoin to third parties. In 2016, the well known bitcoin developer and security expert Andreas Antonopoulos coined the widely used slogan: "Your keys, your bitcoin. Not your keys, not your bitcoin." Withdrawing their bitcoin from platforms and custodians would test that the bitcoin existed and would further cause bitcoin owners to demonstrate to themselves how to control their holdings by forcing them to set up and use their own bitcoin wallets. 
== References ==	
Category:CryptocurrencyCategory:BitcoinCategory:DefinitionsCategory:CryptoMarketsWiki
Proof of stake

Proof of stake is a consensus algorithm similar to proof of work. A blockchain that uses the proof of stake algorithm does not rely on "traditional" mining to validate transactions and determine who gets to add a new block to the blockchain - at least, not in the same way as bitcoin and other digital currencies using the proof of work model. Instead, the network assigns specific users to serve as "validators" - users who create blocks and validate changes made to the blockchain based on how much of the network's cryptocurrency they hold. 
Ethereum creator Vitalik Buterin described this theoretical model in detail on his website. The idea is that the more of a network's cryptocurrency you have, the higher your stake in that system. The higher your stake, the more likely you are to be chosen by the system to create a new block. Another key difference is that, rather than "discovering" cryptocurrency tokens in a blockchain, all the tokens already exist - they are simply parsed out over time by the network.
== References ==	
Category:Cryptocurrency
Category:Digital Assets
Category:Definitions
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Proof of work

Proof of work is a protocol used electronically to verify transactions made on a distributed ledger network. It is the set of rules for the process by which many cryptocurrencies (like bitcoin) are mined. 
Proof of work is described in Satoshi Nakamoto's bitcoin whitepaper, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Along with transaction blocks, proof of work is one of the outputs of mining. In bitcoin, the proof of work requires building a block of transactions and solving the hash function. 
== References ==	
Category:CryptocurrencyCategory:Digital AssetsCategory:DefinitionsCategory:CryptoMarketsWiki
Property

Property is the collective term for undeveloped and developed land - also called real estate - that forms one of the four major investment asset classes along with equities, debt and cash. Although considered a haven for conservative investors, property in many parts of the world has recently suffered from inflated valuations that have since collapsed disastrously in some markets.
Investments in most property are generally considered safe long-term investments because the market in general - like the stock market - tends to rise in value over time, plus rental property investments carry the added value of a predictable revenue stream. Developed real estate, however, carries the disadvantage of being immobile and thus its performance is very closely linked to that of the surrounding economy. Since most property markets are less liquid than other asset classes, collective investment vehicles like listed real estate investment trusts (REITs) that operate like property mutual funds have recently become popular.
== References ==
Category:Real Estate
Proprietary trading

For information on independent proprietary trading firms, SEE: Proprietary trading firm
Proprietary trading occurs when a financial institution such as an investment bank trades with its own money, deliberately taking risk on its own account, as opposed to trading on behalf of a customer. Proprietary trading can be risky; it can also be very profitable. 
Proprietary trading uses complex strategies similar to those used by hedge funds.
== References ==
Category:Proprietary Trading
Proquote

Owned by the London Stock Exchange (LSE), Proquote provides real-time market data coverage of
the global markets. Its display and analysis tools deliver up-to-date information on more than 100 markets, news and data sources throughout the trading day. 
Proquote’s coverage includes information on futures, options, commodities, metals and OTC derivatives and features fundamentals, charting analytical tools. Its software is based on Windows technology which can be installed on individual PCs and eliminates the need for separate terminals. 
== References ==
Category:London Stock Exchange
Category:Data
Protean Fraud Risk Appraisal

Protean Fraud Risk Appraisal is an independent risk certification firm that specializes in the alternative investment sector. In June 2009, it launched the investment industry's first hedge fund fraud risk certification, Protean Fraud Appraisal Certification (PFAC), which enables hedge funds and other managers to demonstrate that their fund represents a low fraud risk. PFAC combines the disciplines of insurance risk underwriting with traditional due diligence techniques and a proprietary historic fraud loss analysis tool. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Risk
Protective put

A protective put is a strategy that consists of adding a long put position to a long stock position. The put option acts like an insurance policy-it costs money, which reduces the investor's potential gains from owning the security, but it also reduces the investor's risk of losing money if the security declines in value. If the stock stays strong, the investor still gets the benefit of upside gains. However, if the stock falls below the strike, as originally feared, the investor has the benefit of several choices:
One choice is to exercise the put, which triggers the sale of the stock. The strike price sets the minimum exit price. If the long-term outlook has turned bearish, this could be the most prudent move.
Another alternative is to keep the stock and sell the put. The sale should recoup some of the original premium paid, and may result in a profit. If so, it in effect lowers the stock's cost basis.
If the investor feels uncertain, the put could be held into expiration to extend the protection for as long as possible. Then it either expires worthless or, if it is sufficiently in-the-money, is exercised and the stock is sold. 
== Graphs ==
* Protective Put
 
== References ==
Prudential Bache Commodities, LLC

__NOTOC__
Prudential Bache Commodities was a global financial services firm specializing in execution and clearing services. The firm was sold to Jefferies & Company, Inc. for $430 million in April 2011. The unit was renamed Jefferies Bache. 
== References ==
Category:Brokerages
Category:Futures Commission Merchants
Category:Exempt Foreign Firm Agents
Category:Commodity Trading Advisors
Category: FIA Regular Members
Prudential Regulation Authority

The Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) was created as a part of the Bank of England by the Financial Services Act of 2012. It is responsible for the regulation and supervision of around 1,700 banks, building societies, credit unions, insurers and major investment firms. The PRA’s objectives are set out in the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA). The PRA's three statutory objectives are to promote the safety and soundness of the firms it regulates; to contribute to the securing of an appropriate degree of protection for those who are or may become insurance policyholders; and to facilitate effective competition. 
== References ==
Prudential plc

__NOTOC__
Prudential plc is the UK's largest insurance provider by market value. The company, which sells life and pension insurance, is headquartered in London and has also moved into Asia.
== History ==
Prudential was founded in 1848. As of June 30, 2011, the company served 25 million customers and had £349.5 billion of assets under management. Prudential is listed on stock exchanges in London, Hong Kong, Singapore and New York.
== Products and Services ==
*Prudential Corporation Asia
*Jackson National Life Insurance Company
*Prudential UK
*M&G
== Key People ==
*Harvey McGrath, Chairman & Chairman of the Nomination Committee (departing in 2012)
*Tidjane Thiam, Group Chief Executive
== References ==
Category:Insurance Companies
Public-Private Investment Program

The Public-Private Investment Program (PPIP) is part of the Obama administration's bank rescue plan unveiled by Fed Chairman Timothy Geithner on February 10, 2009. The rescue plan was intended to stimulate the economy after the first tranche of the TARP failed to get the U.S. economy back on its feet after the 2008 credit crisis. The Public Private Investment Fund was to run jointly by the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve, with financing from private investors, to buy up hard-to-sell assets that have bogged down banks and financial institutions for the past year. The new fund, which is in lieu of a “bad bank” for holding toxic assets, would start with $500 billion with a goal of eventually buying up to $1 trillion in assets.
Geithner announced the final proposal for the public-private partnership on March 23, 2009. The proposal marked a revival of sorts for the original asset-buying component of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). This time, however, money managers and insurers, rather than the government, will buy the assets, with co-investment by the Treasury, cheap loans from the Federal Reserve and guarantees from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). For every private dollar invested, the taxpayer will provide a matching dollar of equity and up to $12 of other financing. Investors can walk away from their debts if a deal loses money.
The public-private partnership was largely put on ice in June 2009, when a slight market thaw allowed the healthier banks to raise some capital again, amassing enough equity to get by without having to offload their least liquid assets. 
On September 30, 2009, the Wall Street Journal reported that the Treasury was expected to announce that two of the nine investment firms chosen earlier in the year to participate in the program had raised the money necessary to qualify for government financing. The firms, Invesco Ltd. and TCW Group, will get 100% government financing, including a dollar-for-dollar capital match and debt financing, according to the Journal. The remaining seven firms were also expected to qualify. 
== References ==
Category:Private Investments