Antitheism

Antitheism, also known pejoratively as "militant atheism" (despite having nothing to do with is the belief that theism and religion are harmful to society and people, and that even if theistic beliefs were true, they would be undesirable. Antitheism, which is often characterized as outspoken opposition to theism and religion, asserts that religious and especially theistic beliefs are harmful and should be discarded in favor of humanism, rationalism, science, and other alternatives.
Antitheistic positions are often erroneously confused for (or strawmanned into) rallying for various persecutory conspiracies against the faithful, including "seeking out and destroying all religion", "wanting to make faith illegal", "forcing the religion of atheism onto everyone" (a suggestion that is not even wrong), and numerous other unfounded fears from the faithful and their apologists.Granted, those fears sound a lot less unfounded if you go into places where antitheists like to congregate (especially immature antitheists), such as Reddit, but then again, the vast majority of those people can be dismissed as Internet tough guys who can't or won't do anything worse than saying nasty, hurtful things.
==In an atheistic context==
Antitheism is a noncomparable term referring to the belief that theism and religion are not only very likely to be invalid and false, but that they are restricting, dangerous, primitive, and offer no unique benefits. Whereas agnosticism and gnosticism address knowledge about gods, and whereas atheism and theism address one's belief in the existence of gods, antitheism addresses the utility and favorability of theistic belief. The resistance of religious moderates against the goals and methods of religious extremists can thus be seen as a relative expression of antitheism, highlighting the inherent rationality of antitheism.It can also be seen as people with genuine compassion and common sense recognizing the threat posed by psychotic cretins who twist the good intentions of religious belief into an excuse to oppress and destroy. This isn't a unique problem to religion, but it can become especially bad among religious institutions that end up codifying things like bigotry and self-deification into their dogma (with the concept of dogma itself being a notable weakness of religion), as it will then be extremely difficult to challenge and remove the backwards and harmful ideas that had no business being established in a humanitarian organization in the first place (and religion is inherently humanitarian in the sense that encouraging altruism and compassion is one of its primary purposes).
It can manifest in various viewpoints that are highly critical of religion and its origins. A common anti-religious criticism is that theism is pervasive and dangerous to a free society and human progress. Stronger views may maintain that religion must be in order for humanity to achieve its full potential, although attitudes differ on how this is to be achieved. Some antitheists take an active, outspoken approach — campaigning against religion and theism, or writing books about the subject.
Antitheists tend to reject the supposed benefits of holding religious and theistic beliefs, such as attaining a greater sense of morality or a stronger desire to commit charitable deeds. Many antitheists, as atheists, point out that morality does not have its origin in any divine book but in human nature itself, and that more secular and useful alternatives exist. While many believers maintain that they find comfort, joy, and hope in their beliefs, those that reject theism's purported positive benefits claim that they could find equal or greater pleasures and motivations from a more secular worldview.
Additionally, antitheism holds that theism itself is unpleasant. Christopher Hitchens defines antitheism as seeing theism to be an unfavorable thing simply by its own nature, which infringes on one's free will and autonomy in varying degrees. The unfavorable nature of theism is of course dependent upon the theistic beliefs in question, but most antitheists will contend that all theistic beliefs are undesirable, some being more-so than others, and as the existence of any given split between religious moderates and religious extremists show, anyone but the most fanatical literalists hold some degree of antitheistic views.
Other examples which highlight things antitheists find to be unacceptable within the three monotheisms are the ideas that humans are property of god and that god's authority is unquestionable. If god were to exist with his assumed omnipotence and omniscience, antitheists would still view the concept of eternally binding in utero contracts as being an infringement on free will, especially if it were a lineal curse inherited from a distant ancestor; they would equate this with coercion and blackmail. Many antitheists also fail to see by what right (quo warranto) god would have ownership of them or be authorized to judge their deeds and misdeeds. They believe that this right cannot simply be assumed just because god has self-appointed it or because god created the universe.
===In a nutshell===
==In a theistic context==
Antitheism can also be used in the context, or thought experiment, of someone who believes that even if a God exists, as described, this does not automatically justify obedience to certain or all demands of a certain religion. Such an antitheist would argue that the existence of God-like beings does not automatically make them the source of morality and, in fact, that such a being, depending on its demands, could even be in violation of it. Essentially, an antitheist is an individual who dares not only to "question religion" but also to "question God".New, Christopher (June 1993). "Antitheism - A Reflection"Daniels, Charles B. (1997). "God, demon, good, evil", The Journal of Value Inquiry, Vol. 31 (2), June, pp.177-181.
For a theistic antitheist (otherwise known as a dystheist), the idea that God is excused from murderous or torturous behavior against sentient life, by mere virtue that he is powerful, is nothing more than the idea that might makes right. One could argue that God's exceptionalism is impressive, but not necessarily respectable. God can be seen as a very privileged being that was born into a position of power, but this doesn't automatically make treating human lives as unimportant or playthings moral. Consider, for example, the human sacrifices to the Aztec deity Huitzilopochtli, or the Judeo-Christian mythology of the story of Abraham.
These are notable, because they are not just a private matter, but in fact are in direct violation of the life of a third person. In every case, the theist would consider the god in question automatically justified in asking such a thing, and has no qualms in taking an action that will bring torturous pain and death to a fellow human. In contrast, an antitheist would be an individual who, even if a real angel appeared in front of him and told him to do that, he would judge the moral merit of the action, and even refuse it if he found it to be immoral. Such an individual would presumably be motivated by the idea that murder is wrong, and if a god wants them to commit it, then they can do their own dirty work because the individual will have no part in it (in other words, god's actions can be found inferior to a more universal moral system).
==Alternate views==
===In a Marxist context===
Karl Marx and many other communist thinkers have advocated antitheism based on the belief that religion and theism have always been instruments to keep the proletariat class suppressed. As evidence, Marx often pointed to the collapses and declines of monarchism and feudalism due to religious reforms and shifts in fervor. Marx elaborated that there was a more satisfying beauty and reverence for humanity to be had, not just through a secular worldview, but through a growing unity among the working class who would have come to realize and accept this. Marx wrote, in A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right: "The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness. To call on them to give up their about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions. The criticism of religion is, therefore, in embryo, the criticism of that vale of tears of which religion is the halo. Criticism has plucked the imaginary flowers on the chain not in order that man shall continue to bear that chain without fantasy or consolation, but so that he shall throw off the chain and pluck the living flower."A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, introduction | pub. Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, 7 & 10 February 1844
==Criticism==
===Anti-atheism?===
There is, perhaps, a word missing from our lexicon to describe those who would be outspoken against atheism on similar grounds, in that they would find atheism unpleasant if it were true and a nonreligious worldview to be toxic. This sentiment exists among some theists, who claim that a life without a higher power would be meaningless and therefore unpleasant if it were true. Some also claim that being nonreligious would leave one with a skewed sense of morality or without one entirely. They may argue this by claiming that Hitler's supposed atheism, and Stalin's, Mao's, and Pol Pot's atheism were the sole reason for, or at least a contributing factor to, their crimes against humanity. They may even point to their antitheistic attitudes as being their motivation for suppressing religious freedoms and slaughtering not only the faithful, but everyone in opposition to them — and then use this as an example to "prove" that antitheism itself is evil.
Many atheists would counter by arguing that these individuals (with the exception of Hitler, who, while his true views are hard to pin down, was most likely not an atheist due to his denunciation of "the godless movement")Hitler Was Not An Atheist by John Patrick Michael Murphy | pub. Free Inquiry Magazine, Volume 19, Number 2 did not commit these acts due to their atheism, but did so out of totalitarian and tyrannical paranoia. Regardless of their personal views on religion, they acted to suppress and purge all opposition, religious and otherwise, and in doing so, favored state atheism. The truth of the matter is that both atheistsIt's worth noting that Stalin purged many of the USSR's pro-evolution scientists with pro-Lysenkoist ones, in addition to suppressing other types of scientific research. and theists alike were killed by these regimes for any number of trumped-up offenses.
What these totally-not-atheophobic "anti-atheists" are also saying through this argument is that atheism — the nonbelief in deities — is a cause (or at least a catalyst) for immoral acts. This is, of course, ridiculous, and you may as well argue that the wrongdoings of people like Stalin and Mao who do not believe in unicorns can be attributed to their nonbelief in unicorns, especially if they commit wrongdoings against those who believe in unicorns for believing in unicorns. Because apparently, there is no room for other explanations encompassing human behavior, such as simply being a dick, or in the case of Stalin, Mao, and Pol Pot, paranoid power-hungry totalitarian dicks.
To summarize: if someone needs their religion to feel like their life has value and meaning and/or to feel happiness, that's fine (as long as they don't try to use their religion as an excuse to dominate and abuse other people). However, different people have different preferences. The claim that religion is the only way to have a happy, meaningful life or to have a functional conscience is blatantly false, and anyone who makes that claim is either clueless or dishonest (or both).
==="Militant" atheism===
The term "militant" atheism is often used as a pejorative to antitheists and strong atheists alike. It finds its origin in the spur of atheism during the late 19th century and has been applied as a slippery slope term for real or imagined anti-religious persecutions. Many modern writers with a strong atheistic or anti-religious stance have found themselves accused of "militant" behavior for daring to make direct, uncompromising criticisms of bronze-aged ideologies — behavior which some might even go so far as to assert is the atheist equivalent of evangelism. The term itself is a form of political framing and demagoguery by use of the word "militant".
In reality, there is nothing threatening or hostile about it whatsoever, as religions are ideas, and you're allowed to attack ideas. Modern atheism is certainly more outspoken, since (at least in the western world) religion no longer enjoys the happy power to torture and kill heretics. It is important to understand that a majority of atheists and antitheists do not wish to forcefully abolish religion or people's right to exercise their freedom of religion so long as it isn't forced on others. Religion, theism, and their encroachment into government and public affairs are well within the rights of atheists and theists alike to debate, criticize, and discuss. That is something that more and more atheists are choosing to do, and which modern atheists are very vocal and often (arguably) proselytizing about — however, this does not make it militant. In short, you will never see 10,000 atheists throwing pipe bombs into cars and buildings, rioting because some Danish cartoonist drew a cartoon that angered them, shooting up abortion clinics, or say, antitheistic atheists waging a "Not-Holy" war against accommodationist atheists over who disbelieves in a god(s) the most.Well, probably never. Once again, a quick visit to Reddit will swiftly disprove the notion that there are absolutely no looney-tooney atheists out there who wish to see religion completely and utterly abolished and would happily engage in gross abuse of religious people, up to and including genocide, in pursuit of this goal (or just to sate their sadism on "acceptable targets") if they had the power to do so. Thankfully, these people are in all likelihood a vocal minority.
===Anti-Abrahamism?===
A commonality that both atheism and antitheism share is both of them seem to be framed under the perspective of Abrahamic faiths, primarily Christianity. Most of the prominent thinkers and philosophers associated with atheism and or antitheism come from backgrounds or societies that are predominantly influenced by these faiths. As such, there is the assumption that the average antitheist uses one of the Abrahamic faiths, such as Christianity, as a sort of axiom or framing to make their arguments or points discussing antitheism. However, this then raises the question on the practical applicability of antitheism on other faiths or more esoteric religious views.
After all, non-Abrahamic religions like Sikhism, Shintoism, or Zoroastrianism come from different cultural backgrounds and foundations that the traditional arguments that antitheists present may not be applicable to. This also would extend to other theistic perspectives, such as panentheism, pantheism, or pandeism. This raises the question on if most antitheists are really just "anti-Abrahamists". While there are likely to be antitheists whose frame of reference comes from a non-Abrahamic faith, the fact is that Abrahamic religions serve as a prominent bedrock for both atheism and antitheism as a major point of reference.
==See also==
*Achristian
*Atheist thumper
*Atheist fundamentalism
*Atheists hate god
*New Atheism
*Straw man
*Militant atheism
*Militant Christianity
*Maltheism
*Misotheism
*Apatheism
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Atheism
Category:Philosophy