nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
List of Canadian security regulators

Securities regulators head provincial and territorial agencies that are responsible for protecting consumers who purchase securities or investment advice. Their jurisdiction extends over licensing firms and their agents, investigating violations of provincial and territorial law, filing enforcement actions when appropriate, and educating the public about investment fraud. NASAA , North American Securities Administrators Association, viewed March 19, 2012. 
Canada does not have a securities regulatory authority at the federal government level, although securities regulators from each of the ten provinces and three territories in Canada have teamed up to form the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA).Canadian Securities Administrators, viewed July 26, 2012.
This list page provides links to the websites of provincial and territorial security regulators. A similar page devoted to US state security regulators is included in external links. 
Province 	Main Site
Alberta 	link
British Columbia 	link
Manitoba 	link
New Brunswick 	link
Newfoundland & Labrador	link
Nova Scotia 	link
Ontario 	link
Prince Edwards Island 	link
Quebec 	link
Saskatchewan 	link
Territory 	Main Site
Northwest Territories	link
Nunavut 	link
Yukon 	link
==References==
==External links==
* Canadian Securities Administrators
*Canadian securities regulation - Wikipedia
*North American Securities Administrators Association
* List of US state security regulators
Category:Lists
List of discount broker rankings

This is a list of discount broker rankings that are published in Canadian media. 
The most recent 5 years of rankings, when available, from both The Globe and Mail and MoneySense are included. 
==The Globe and Mail rankings==
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
==MoneySense rankings==
MoneySense no longer seems to provide an archive of their previous years rankings so only the most recent one is available. 
* 
==See also==
* Discount broker
* Robo-advisor
==Further reading==
*
*
Category:Lists
Category:Investment management
List of power of attorney by province or territory

Each province and territory has its own laws relating to powers of attorney. You need to follow the law in the province or territory where you live. 
This list page provides links to the relevant websites of provinces and territories.
==Provinces==
Province 	POA for finance & property 	POA for health & personal care
Alberta 	Enduring power of attorney 	Personal directive
British Columbia 	Enduring powers of attorney 	Representation agreement
Manitoba 	Power of attorney 	Health care directive
New Brunswick 	Enduring (durable) powers of attorney 	Powers of attorney for personal care
Newfoundland and Labrador	Wills & Estates - Public Legal Information Association of NL	
Nova Scotia 	Power of Attorney 	Personal directives
Ontario 	POA for finance 	POA for personal care
Prince Edward Island 	Powers of attorney 	Health care directive
Quebec 	Protection mandate (including enduring POA for finance) 	Protection mandate (including health & personal care)
Saskatchewan 	Power of attorney (property) 	Power of attorney (personal)
==Territories==
Territory 	Power of Attorney link
Northwest Territories	Power of attorney :: Justice
Nunavut 	Nunavut Courts - Wills
Yukon 	Give someone the ability to make decisions for you - Government of Yukon
==See also==
* Estate planning
==References==
Category:Lists
List of provincial auto insurance resources

List of provincial auto insurance resources is intended to provide useful resources associated with auto insurance in Canada. 
===Alberta===
*Alberta automobile insurance rate board, Getting Insurance
*Alberta automobile insurance rate board, Ways to Lower Your Premium
===British Columbia===
* Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC), Autoplan - Basic coverage: “Basic Autoplan insurance is the mandatory coverage you need for a vehicle in B.C.”
* Private sector insurers and the ICBC compete to offer Optional coverage (collision, comprehensive, etc.)
===Manitoba===
*Manitoba Public Insurance - Overview
===New Brunswick===
*Financial and Consumer Services Commission, Automobile Insurance
===Newfoundland & Labrador===
*Newfoundland and Labrador Mandatory Coverage
===Nova Scotia===
* Office of the Superintendent of Insurance, A Consumer’s Auto Insurance Guide, Second Edition
===Ontario===
* Financial Services Commission of Ontario, Understanding Automobile Insurance
===Prince Edward Island===
*PEI Mandatory Coverage
===Quebec===
* Société de l'Assurance Automobile du Québec, Public automobile insurance plan (SAAQ provides coverage for bodily injury; other coverage including mandatory third party liability must be purchased from the private sector)
* Groupement des assureurs automobiles, Auto insurance in Quebec -- Compulsory and optional insurance
===Saskatchewan===
*Saskatchewan Government Insurance (SGI)
==See also==
* Car loan
* Insurance
Category:Lists
Category:Insurance
Low cost banking

Canadians have a wide variety of institutions to choose from when setting up their banking arrangements. Costs matter, a penny saved is a penny earned.A penny saved is a penny earned, viewed February 15, 2012. A wise banking choice has the potential to save hundreds of dollars a year. 
==Personal banking==
For personal banking, Canadians can use not only the "Big Six" banks (BMO, CIBC, National Bank, RBC, Scotia, TD), but credit unions, caisses populaires, specialty institutions like the Alberta Treasury Branch, and numerous "virtual banks" offering no-fee chequing accounts like Motive Financial (previously Canadian Direct Financial), ICICI Bank, Tangerine (formally known as ING Direct), and Simplii Financial (formerly President's Choice Financial).
Some of the things to consider when choosing a bank are:
* Convenience. If you need to access a physical branch for, say, a safety deposit box, how close is it to your home or place of work?
* Fees, including chequing account charges, extra ATM charges, electronic transfer charges, etc.
* Ease of linking to other accounts, including brokerage accounts, other bank accounts, etc.
The major banks offer a variety of different accounts, and often have an 'account selection' page to help in choosing the best one for a particular purpose.
Those who qualify should also look for special discounts for seniors or students.
Saving on banking fees - particularly "extra" fees not part of a package - while not paying for services that aren't used is particularly important for those on modest incomes. For example, using a debit card to get $120 out of the bank's ATM instead of using a 'white' ATM three times for $40 may save a surprising percentage in extra fees.
Under the terms of an agreement with the federal government, ten banks have agreed to offer low-cost account packages to consumers for under $4 per month.Tips About Low-cost Bank Accounts, Financial Consumer Agency of Canada. Viewed December 4, 2018. However, many other banks and financial institutions also offer account packages with low monthly fees. Your should contact your bank or financial institution to find out if it offers a low-cost account package.
==Business banking==
See 
==See also==
*Canadian account types
*High-interest savings accounts
*Guaranteed Investment Certificate
*Short term cash returns
==References==
==Further reading==
*
==External links==
From the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada:
*Banking
*Low-cost and no-cost accounts
*Account Comparison Tool
Category:Financial management
Category:Cash management
Category:Personal finance
Lump sum investing

Lump sum investing deals with what action to take when you receive a windfall due to an inheritance, bonus payment, or sale of a small business. How should you invest the cash? Would you immediately invest all of it as a lump sum? Or would you make a series of investments over time, a strategy known as dollar cost averaging (DCA), to avoid the risk of investing the entire amount right before a market downturn?
The short answer is lump sum investing is the better choice about two-thirds of the time. DCA does offer some behavioural benefits to minimize downside risk and feelings of regret. 
== Why choose to lump sum invest ==
The main reason to invest all of it as a lump sum is you gain exposure to the markets as soon as possible and historical market trends indicate that stocks and bonds returns exceed returns on cash investments.
== Why not lump sum invest ==
The main reason to choose not to lump sum invest is if the investor is primarily concerned with minimizing downside risk and potential feelings of regret (resulting from lump-sum investing immediately before a market downturn), then DCA may be of use.
== Study results ==
A variety of studies have covered the lump sum versus cost averaging question and generally they come to the following conclusions.
* Lump sum investment strategies beat common cost averaging investment strategies two-thirds of the time, according to historical and simulated  market data.
* Despite the expectation of lower returns, cost averaging might be considered  for investors with very high aversion to both risk and losses who might be tempted to hold a lump sum entirely in cash.
== See also ==
* Behavioural pitfalls
* Systematic investment plan
* Value averaging
== References ==
== Further reading ==
* 
* 
* 
== External links ==
* 
* 
* 
* Shtekhman A, Tasopoulos C, Wimmer B (2012) Dollar-cost averaging just means taking risk later, Vanguard Research Paper, viewed August 31, 2017.
Category:Investment management
MSCI EAFE

The MSCI EAFE Index is a stock market index that is designed to measure the equity market performance of developed markets outside of the U.S. & Canada. It is maintained by MSCI (formerly Morgan Stanley Capital International),Featured index - EAFE - MSCI. Retrieved January 9, 2017. The EAFE acronym stands for Europe, Australasia and Far East.
==Methodology==
The index is market capitalization weighted (meaning that the weight of securities is based on their respective market capitalizations). It first ranks each stock in the investable universe from largest to smallest by market capitalization. The largest 70% will compose the MSCI EAFE Large Cap (new index), the largest 85% will compose the MSCI EAFE Standard, and the largest 99% will compose the MSCI Investable Market index (“IMI”). The 71st to 85th percentiles represent the MSCI EAFE Mid Cap, and the 85th to 99th percentiles represent the MSCI EAFE Small Cap. 
The index includes a selection of stocks from 21 developed markets, but excludes those from the U.S. and Canada. The index has been calculated since 31 December 1969, making it the oldest truly international stock index.
==Main countries represented==
In January 2017, the countries representing more than 5% of the index are Japan, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Switzerland and Australia, in order of importance.MSCI EAFE INDEX (USD), viewed January 9, 2016 iShares MSCI EAFE ETF, viewed January 9, 2017
==See also==
*Asset classes
==References==
==External links==
* Developed market - Wikipedia
Category:Glossary
Category:Equities
Category:Investment management
Margin account

A margin account is a non-registered (taxable) investment account in which the broker may lend the customer cash to purchase securities, known as purchasing on margin. The loan in the account is collateralized by the securities and cash in the account. An investor might put down 50% of the value of a purchase and borrow the rest from the broker. The broker charges the investor interest for the right to borrow money.
If the value of the stock drops sufficiently, the account holder will be required to deposit more cash or sell a portion of the stock. This is known as a margin call. When opening a margin account, it is important to understand all the terms and conditions of how the account operates.
==Margin requirement==
A margin requirement, also known as a maintenance margin, is the minimum amount of equity that must be maintained in a margin account.
Additionally, the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada (IIROC) sets minimum standards based on the price of a stock. Your discount broker may impose more stringent requirements in certain situations.
==Margin call==
Some investors mistakenly believe that a firm must contact them for a margin call to be valid and that the firm cannot take action in the account to meet the margin call unless the firm has contacted the client first. This is not the case.Margin Requirements & Concentration Guidelines | TD Direct Investing, viewed November 19, 2013.
==Securities lending==
If you are using margin, your broker has the right to lend your securities, up to the amount borrowed. Brokers who are members of the Canadian Investor Protection Fund (CIPF) are required to segregate all fully paid securities. Conversely, if any of your securities are not fully paid, the Member is lending you money to purchase those securities and is entitled to use them as collateral.Segregation | CIPF, viewed November 19, 2013.
==See also==
* Margin
* Cash account
==References==
==Further reading==
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
==External links==
*Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada: IIROC Dealer Member Rules; see Rule 100 Margin Requirements; see also your broker's website
*
Category:Account types
Market capitalization

Market capitalization (market cap) is the total market value of the shares outstanding of a publicly traded company; it is equal to the share price times the number of shares outstanding. As outstanding stock is bought and sold in public markets, capitalization could be used as a proxy for the public opinion of a company's net worth and is a determining factor in some forms of stock valuation. The investment community uses this figure to determine a company's size, as opposed to sales or total asset figures.
== Calculation ==
Market cap is given by the formula MC = N x P, where MC is the market capitalization, N is the number of shares outstanding, and P is the current price per share.
For example, if some company has 4 million shares outstanding and the closing price per share is $20, its market cap is then $80 million. If the closing price per share rises to $21, the market cap becomes $84 million. If it drops to $19 per share, the market cap falls to $76 million.
== Market cap terms ==
Traditionally, companies were divided into large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap. The terms mega-cap and microcap have also since come into common use, and nano-cap is sometimes heard. Different numbers are used by different indexes;Definition of Market Capitalization there is no official definition of, or full consensus agreement about, the exact cutoff values. The cutoffs may be defined as percentiles rather than in nominal dollars. The definitions expressed in nominal dollars need to be adjusted over decades due to inflation, population change, and overall market valuation (for example, $1 billion was a large market cap in 1950, but it is not very large now), and market caps are likely to be different country to country.
== Related measures ==
Market cap reflects only the equity value of a company. It is important to note that a firm's choice of capital structure has a significant impact on how the total value of a company is allocated between equity and debt. A more comprehensive measure is enterprise value (EV), which gives effect to outstanding debt, preferred stock, and other factors. For insurance firms, a value called the embedded value has been used.
== See also ==
* Investment style (market capitalization)
== References ==
== External links ==
* Year-end market capitalization by country – World Bank, 1981–2015
* Equity and Bond Capitalizations G20 – Equity and bond capitalization for the G20
* Market cap filter for global public companies Free look up of current market capitalization
* MarketCapitalizations.com Historical market caps for companies from different countries
* Market capitalization of listed companies (% of GDP): statistics by country
Category:Glossary
Market timing

Market timing refers to act(s) of investing based on the condition of the market as opposed to personal characteristics. For example, adjusting one's asset allocation toward greater fixed income holdings because the bond market has lost value recently and there is an expectation of a bond market recovery would be an act of market timing. On the other hand, adjusting one's asset allocation toward greater fixed income holdings because it is in one's asset allocation plan to do so (e.g., as one ages), is not an example of market timing.
Market timing is typically applied to stocks:Neuhierl A, Schlusche B (2011) Data snooping and market-timing rule performance, Journal of Financial Econometrics 9:550–587, available at SSRN, viewed June 16, 2020.
:"It has always been an investor's dream to be able to time the market and earn excess returns. The technique of market timing is simple: Remain invested in the stock market when expected returns are high and switch to cash investments when the market is expected to underperform. The timing of the switch is indicated by signals based on sentiment or fundamental indicators."
The problem is finding a market timing rule that can work in the future, as opposed to the past. In William Sharpe's words, "the top or bottom of a cycle is only obvious after the fact (and sometimes long after the fact)".Sharpe W (1975) Likely gains from market timing. Financial Analysts Journal 31:60-69, viewed June 16, 2020. The same author has calculated that to simply match the returns of a buy-and-hold strategy, a market timer must be right 70% to 80% of the time. 
One way to evaluate whether market timing and performance chasing work better or worse than a buy and hold strategy is to compare the average return of mutual funds with the money-weighted return of investors in the same funds. In other words, are investors improving their returns by chasing hot funds, moving to cash and back to stocks, etc.? Morningstar has calculated the following average US data over five 10 year periods ending in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018:Kinnel R et al. (2019) Mind the Gap 2019 -- A Report on Investor Returns Around the Globe. Morningstar, viewed June 12, 2020.
:
Fund category 	Fund return	Investor return	Gap
Equity 	6.8% 	6.3% 	0.6%
Fixed income 	4.0% 	3.4% 	0.6%
Asset allocation	5.3% 	5.5% 	-0.2%
Alternative 	-0.6% 	-2.1% 	1.4%
The table shows that on average, over 10 year periods, US investors in equity and fixed income funds earned 0.6% less than the funds there were invested in. It seems that asset allocation funds (including balanced funds, target date funds, etc.) are helping US investors behave better, on average. All funds considered, the results were similar in Europe, with a 0.5% average gap between fund returns and investor returns.
==Notes==
==See also==
*Market timing, Bogleheads wiki
==References==
Category:Investment styles
Category:Investment management
Mutual fund company

A mutual fund company is a privately or publicly owned business that manages, sells and markets closed-end and open-end mutual funds to the public.Investopedia, Fund Company, viewed March 13, 2018. They typically offer a variety of funds and investment services to mutual fund investors that include portfolio management, record keeping, custodial trust, legal, accounting and tax management services.Investopedia, What Is an Investment Company?, viewed May 4, 2021 (warning, US content)
==Statistics==
At the end of 2020, Canadian mutual funds held $1.78 trillion dollars in assets, spread over more than 3000 funds.Investment Funds Institute of Canada, 2020 Investment funds report, viewed January 30, 2021. Of these assets, about half were in balanced funds.
Back in 2015, mutual funds were held by 33% of Canadian households and accounted for 31% of Canadians' financial wealth.Investment Funds Institute of Canada, Stats and facts, viewed January 30, 2021.
==How to buy mutual funds==
Mutual funds can be purchased:
* In a mutual fund account offered by the fund company or bank
* In a discount brokerage account
* Through financial advisors
==Investor protection==
The Canadian Investor Protection Fund (CIPF) exists to ensure that, in the event of an investment dealer or mutual fund dealer insolvency, cash and securities are returned to the investor, within defined limits.
==References==
==External links==
*Canadian Mutual Fund Companies, The Fund Library
*The Investment Funds Institute of Canada: Glossary
*Mutual Fund Dealers Association of Canada: the self-regulatory organization for mutual fund dealers in Canada
*MoneySense, The best mutual fund companies you’ve never heard of, January 2020
Category:Glossary
Category:Mutual funds and ETFs
Category:Investment management
Net asset value

The net asset value (NAV) is the per share value of a mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF).Investopedia, Net Asset Value - NAV, viewed March 13, 2018.eft.com, Understanding Net Asset Value, viewed March 13, 2018 It is calculated as the total value of all securities in the fund less any liabilities, divided by the number of fund shares outstanding. The net asset value of an investment fund must be calculated using the fair value of the investment fund’s assets and liabilities. 
Because ETFs and closed-end mutual funds are traded on stock exchanges, their quoted price can be above (trading at a premium) or below (trading at a discount) NAV. Open-end mutual funds are not traded on a stock exchange and therefore buy and sell orders are processed at the NAV of the trade date. 
==Fair value==
The definition of fair value is covered in Section 14.2 of the National Instrument 81-106 Investment Fund Continuous DisclosureOSC | Unofficial Consolidated National Instrument 81-106 and Companion Policy as of January 1, 2014, viewed February 22, 2014. and requires an investment fund to calculate its net asset value based on the fair value of the investment fund's assets and liabilities. While investment funds are required to comply with the definition of "fair value" in the Instrument when calculating net asset value, they may also look to the Handbook for guidance on the measurement of fair value. The fair value principles articulated in the Handbook can be applied by investment funds when valuing assets and liabilities.OSC | Securities Law & Instruments - Instruments, Rules & Policies, viewed February 22, 2014.
Essentially determination of fair value rests on the following principles. The market value based on reported prices and quotations in an active market, or if the market value is not available, or the manager of the investment fund believes that it is unreliable, a value that is fair and reasonable in all the relevant circumstances.
It is the responsibility of the investment manager to establish and maintain appropriate written policies and procedures for determining the fair value of the investment fund’s assets and liabilities; and consistently follow those policies and procedures.
==See also==
*Adjusted cost base
*Assets under management
==References==
==External links==
*U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Net Asset Value
Category:Mutual funds and ETFs
Category:Investment management