Thomas Cushman

Thomas Cushman is Professor of Sociology at Wellesley College, Massachusetts, the 
Founding Editor of Human Rights Review, the Founding Editor, Former Editor-in-chief and current Editor-at-Large of The Journal of Human Rights and the Founder and Editor-in-Chief of The Jackson Review: A Journal of Democratic Geopolitics, soon to be published by Routledge under the auspices of the British Neocon think tank the Henry Jackson Society.Department of Sociology, Wellesley College, About Thomas Cushman, accessed 1 April 2009
==Activities==
===Euston Manifesto===
Cushman was a signatory of the Euston Manifesto and according to Jeffrey Herf, one of the authors of the American version:
::In August, a group of liberals and centrists in the US decided to write and circulate "American Liberalism and the Euston Manifesto" in an effort to continue the effort begun in London. I wrote a draft which was debated and discussed by my co-authors Russell Berman, Thomas Cushman, Richard Just, Robert Lieber, Andrei Markovits and Fred Siegel. On September 12, we posted our statement on the Euston Manifesto Web site. The full statement and a list of more than 200 prominent signers are also available at the Web site of "New American Liberalism" at http://www.newamericanliberalism.org.Jeffrey Herf, The First Word: American liberalism and the Euston Manifesto, Jerusalem Post, 4 January 2007.
===Progressive Policy Institute===
According to the New York Sun, Cushman attended a gathering at the Progressive Policy Institute in December 2006:
::In December, Mr. Marshall, who calls Schlesinger "an inspiration," hosted a quiet gathering of like-minded journalists and intellectuals at the Washington, D.C., offices of the institute. Mr. Marshall brought together Wellesley College professor Thomas Cushman, William Galston of the Brookings Institution, writer Peter Beinart, Leon Wieseltier of the New Republic, author Fred Siegel, Michael Allen of the National Endowment for Democracy along with Gary Kent, a Labor politician from Britain, among others, to find a way to concentrate liberals against terror.
::Today's Web-oriented culture has made it difficult for these ideological warriors to gain traction. The force of anti-war blogs, such as the DailyKos, which targets liberals like Christopher Hitchens, who take the fight against jihadis seriously, is pervasive. Mr. Marshall has hope that the excesses of a presidential primary campaign will give way to the reasoned decisions of a general election. "In the general election, the discussion will have to turn to the Jihadist threat because it's not going away," Mr. Marshall says. "Elected officials have to represent real voters not the wrathful minions of cyberspace."Come Back, Schlesinger, by Seth Gitell, The New York Sun, 6 March 2007.
===Other projects=== 
Cushman was involved in a project to set up a Foundation for Modern Democracy but the project did not come to fruition. The website of Democratiya where Cushman is an 'advisory editor', still (as of April 2009) states that he is the 'founder and President of The Foundation for Modern Democracy' an organization that promotes 'liberal democratic values, translations of key works of dissent into foreign languages, and the provision of aid to dissidents who struggle against authoritarian regimes worldwide.'Democratiya Advisory Editors: Thomas Cushman, Wellesley College, accessed 1 April 2009 Cushman has since written to Neocon Europe stating that is an error on Democratiya's part which 'they have not corrected'.Thomas Cushman 'Re:Wrong information on your website' Email to Neocon Europe, 2 April 2009 received 14.30 hrs He notes that 'I am not the founder of any such organization as the Foundation for Modern Democracy, as far as I know and I should know.'Thomas Cushman 'Wrong information on your website', Email to Neocon Europe, 1 April 2009, received 13.11 hrs In a further email Cushman notes 'The Foundation for Modern Democracy was a project I was working on, but it is not longer active'.Thomas Cushman 'Re:Wrong information on your website' Email to Neocon Europe, 5 April 2009 received 06.06 hrs
==Views==
===On Sidney Hook===
Cushman has cited Sidney Hook in support of the argument that terrorism is a threat to democracy .Thomas Cushman, Democracy and its enemies: a response to Barnett & Hilton, openDemocracy, 9 November 2005. According to Carl Gershman, Cushman was present at Sidney Hook and American Democracy: Current Crises; Future Challenges, a conference sponsored by the Social Democrats USA and the League for Industrial Democracy in Washington D.C on 1 October 2005.Notesonline December 2005 Social Democrats USA, accessed 2 April 2009.
===On Europe===
::One would imagine that the almost atavistic tribalism of Europeans, crystallised in an ideology of 'Europeanism', ought to have dissipated with the advent of modernity and the recognition that, despite their differences, Western liberal democracies were united by a common culture. Nothing could be further from the truth. Long after the fascists were defeated, anti-Americanism remains alive and well - a deep vein of sentiment and an extremely powerful independent force shaping social outcomes.Uncouth Nation: Why Europe Dislikes America, Review by Thomas Cushman, Democratiya, Summer 2007. 
===On Barack Obama===
In April 2008, FrontPage Magazine published the record of a symposium on then-presidential candidate Barack Obama conducted by Jamie Glazov. Cushman took part along with with Jeffrey Herf and Fred Siegel.Symposium: The Unknown Obama, by Jamie Glazov, Frontpage Magazine, 4 April 2008. 
Cushman suggested that Muslims might consider Barack Obama an apostate:
::According to the law of the Koran, if your father is a Muslim, you are considered to be a Muslim, regardless of whether or not you consider yourself a Muslim. In fact, if you do not assent to this ascribed religious identity, then in a literalist interpretation you are considered an apostate, the penalty for which is death. So by inference, we can surmise that a good proportion of the Muslim world considers Obama to be a Muslim and for many an apostate as well... 
::...I myself do not have any indication of the actual empirical sociological data about what Muslims think about Obama's religious status, but it is very likely that if many people in the world who live by the literal word of the Koran, then they will have their own meanings as to "who" (or should I say "what") Barack Obama is that have very little to do with what he says he is, or what we in the US think he is.Symposium: The Unknown Obama, by Jamie Glazov, Frontpage Magazine, 4 April 2008.
Cushman went on to criticise Obama's association with Rev Jeremiah Wright:
::behind this front stage performance of a new kind of African-American leader, it is clear that Obama remains closely tied to the most retrograde and reactionary elements of the African-American community. Backstage, the “unknown Obama” may be closer to people like Al Sharpton and Jesse Jackson than we were at first led to believe.Symposium: The Unknown Obama, by Jamie Glazov, Frontpage Magazine, 4 April 2008. 
He called for rank-and-file moderates "to take a deeper look at who the Senator really is":
::What remains to be seen are the other unknown, or hidden affiliations and sentiments of the Senator, which may indicate that behind his effective and charming performances there lies a man who is deeply connected to some of the most radical and reactionary elements in American politics. And this is not purely in relation to those elements in the African-American community. It has recently come to light that Obama enjoys a close relationship to Bill Ayers a former member of the Weather Underground, whose professed aim (for which he is not apologetic) was to overthrow the American government through armed force.Symposium: The Unknown Obama, by Jamie Glazov, Frontpage Magazine, 4 April 2008.
Cushman's suggestion that Obama could be viewed as a Muslim apostate followed similar claims on the FrontPage Magazine website by Robert SpencerRobert Spencer, Our First Muslim President, FrontPage Magazine, 19 March 2007. and Daniel PipesDaniel Pipes, Obama and Islam, FrontPage Magazine, 26 December.
A month after the FrontPage symposium a similar theory was put forward by Edward Luttwak in the New York Times.Edward Luttwak, President Apostate?, 12 May 2008.
===League of Democracies===
On 19 May 2008, Cushman spoke at a Henry Jackson Society (HJS) event in the House of Lords sponsored by Baroness Cox, which looked at John McCain's proposal for a 'league of democracies'.HJS Event: A Liberal Democratic Challenge to the UN: A League of Democracies? , Henry Jackson Society, accessed 1 April 2009.
This concept has been heavily criticised by journalist Robert Parry:
::Despite these tactical differences, McCain has shown no sign of rethinking his vision of an alliance of “willing” nations going around the world challenging and replacing disfavored governments. Indeed, he has made this neocon concept a centerpiece of his presidential campaign. The presumptive Republican presidential nominee has proposed a “League of Democracies,” which would apply economic and military pressure on “rogue states” when the United Nations Security Council refuses to do so. Though McCain has dressed up his League of Democracies in pretty language about respecting international law and spreading freedom, its essence is to make permanent Bush’s “coalition of the willing” concept used in Iraq. McCain insists his League won’t supplant the Security Council, but it would do just that, fulfilling a long-held neocon dream of voiding the international system that U.S. leaders fashioned after World War II to enforce the Nuremberg principle that aggressive war was the “supreme” international crime. McCain’s League would create for the U.S. President a standing organization for engaging in aggressive war against “rogue regimes” whether they are an immediate, potential -- or imaginary -- threat.Robert Parry, Make No Mistake: McCain's a Neocon, Consortium News, 8 June 2008.
In an email to Neocon Europe, Cushman wrote of his talk at the HJS event:
::I went out of my way to distance myself from the idea that the League of Democracy would advocate force when the UN did not, I argued instead for a League that would advance principles that are regular derogated at the UN and cautioned against the idea that the League would lead military forces, though I do believe that the destruction of totalitarian regimes necessitates the use of military force.Thomas Cushman 'Wrong information on your website', Email to Neocon Europe, 1 April 2009, received 13.11 hrs.
According to the Henry Jackson Society's summary of the event, Cushman said that "there already was an informal League of Democracies at work during the debates over Iraq."
::Almost all the democratic countries of the world supported the United States – nations like the UK, Japan, Australia, the countries of Eastern Europe. Only a small group of democracies were opposed, such as France and Germany. I think that formalising a collection of democratic nations would isolate dissenters, and put their objections in context. If they disagreed with the majority view of the League of Democracies, they’d have to appeal to the broader support of the UN. I’m not convinced a President Chirac could do that convincingly.A Liberal democratic challenge to the UN, Henry Jackson Society, 1 April 2009. 
According to the HJS account Cushman went on to state: "The initial phases of a League of Democracies should be slow." 
::Some have got ahead of themselves by arguing that a League of Democracies should be an interventionist body. This is far too assertive talk, especially when you consider that the organisation has not even been created yet. Such rhetoric is problematic as it dissuades people to support the idea in a more limited way. A forward military strategy may well be needed, but it is far too early to suggest that it may be just over the horizon. It might instead kill off any chance to deal with a possible Rwanda, Bosnia, or Burma in the future.A Liberal democratic challenge to the UN, Henry Jackson Society, 1 April 2009.
==Publications==
===A Matter of Principle: Humanitarian Arguments for War in Iraq===
In 2005 Cushman edited A Matter of Principle: Humanitarian Arguments for War in IraqA Matter of Principle: Edited by ThomasCushman, University of California Press, accessed 1 April 2009., which featured several writers who were later associated with the Euston Manifesto and Democratiya. 
The book received a favourable review from blogger "Harry Hatchett" in Democratiya's first edition:
:"Cushman's labours should be appreciated by all those who have felt the need to do more than disassociate themselves from the Chomsky-Pilger worldview. This stimulating and diverse series of arguments make A Matter of Principle an important collection for anyone with an interest in the debate over the Iraq war, regardless of their views on the merits of the decision to invade.""Harry Hatchett", Book Review, Democratiya, Summer 2005.
====Contributors====
Thomas Cushman, Christopher Hitchens | Jeffrey Herf | Jan Narveson | Mitchell Cohen | Roger Scruton | Mehdi Mozaffari | Daniel Kofman | Paul Berman | Ian Buruma | Mient Jan Faber | Jonathan Rée | Norman Geras | Richard Just | John Lloyd | Richard Herzinger | Michel Taubmann | Anders Jerichow | Adam Michnik | Jose Ramos-Horta | Johann Hari | Pamela Bone | Ann Clwyd | Tony BlairA Matter of Principle: Edited by ThomasCushman, University of California Press, accessed 1 April 2009.
==Affiliations==
*Democratiya | Euston Manifesto | Euston Manifesto United States | Henry Jackson Society - International Patron and the Founder and Editor-in-Chief of The Jackson Review: A Journal of Democratic Geopolitics.Department of Sociology, Wellesley College, About Thomas Cushman, accessed 1 April 2009 | Unite Against Terror – signatory Unite Against Terror Why I signed: Thomas Cushman, accessed 1 April 2009
===Academic===
*Human Rights Review | Carr Center for Human Rights Policy Fellow, 2001/2 | Center for Cultural Sociology | Harvard Russian Research Center
==References, Resources and Contact==
===Publications===
*The Religious in Responses to Mass Atrocity: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, by Thomas Brudholm (Editor), Thomas Cushman (Editor) (Cambridge University Press (February 28, 2009))
*Christopher Hitchens and His Critics: Terror, Iraq, and the Left , by Thomas Cushman, Simon Cottee, Christopher Hitchens (New York University Press, 2008)
*Human Rights in the "War On Terror" (Cambridge University Press, 2005)
*A Matter of Principle: Humanitarian Arguments for the War In Iraq, a collection of essays by world liberal leaders, intellectuals, and scholars on the Iraq War (Univerisity of California Press, 2005)
*George Orwell into the Twentieth Century (Paradigm Publishers, 2004)
*This Time We Knew: Western Responses to Genocide in Bosnia, edited and with an introduction by Thomas Cushman and Stjepan Mestrovic (New York and London: New York University Press, 1996)
*Notes from Underground: Rock Music Counterculture in Russia (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995). A volume in the SUNY Series "The Sociology of Culture."Department of Sociology, Wellesley College Thomas Cushman Publications, Accessed 2 April 2009
===References===
Cushman, ThomasCushman, Thomas