nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Fluorite objective

== Description ==
An objective made using the mineral fluorite (calcium fluoride). Fluorite has a low refractive index and low dispersion. It produces objectives that provide improved color correction and less spherical aberration.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Fluorit-Objektiv (Deut.); objectif en fluorite (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology of Microscopy, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, E175, 75-78, May 1982
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
Category:Materials database
Fluorocarbon

== Description ==
Any of a class of organic compounds in which fluorine replaces one or more of the hydrogen molecules. Fluorocarbons are resistant to heat, flame, chemicals, moisture and oxidation. They are used as lubricants, refrigerants, fire extinguishing agents and inert polymers. Examples of fluorocarbon polymers are polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon®), polyvinylidene fluoride, and fluorinated ethylene propylene.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fluorocarbono (Esp.); composé flouorocarboné (Fr.); fluorocarbone (Fr.); fluorocarbon resin; fluoroplastic;
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 307
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000 Comment: fluoroplastic
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Fluosilicic acid

== Description ==
A colorless, fuming liquid that is available as an aqueous solution. In water, SiF4 and HF combine to form fluosilicic acid. It is a strong acid that will attack glass and stoneware. Dilute solutions (1-2%) are used for sterilizing bottles, disinfecting copper and brass vessels, as well as for killing fungus on wood, masonry, and plaster. Fluosilicic acid is also used for fluoridating water, cleaning leather, and for hardening cement, and lime.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fluorosilicic acid; hydrogen hexafluorosilicate; hexafluosilicic acid; hydrosilicofluoric acid; hydrofluosilicic acid; silicofluoric acid;
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|fluosilicic acid.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
==Risks ==
* Contact, inhalation or ingestion will cause severe corrosion of skin and mucous membranes. 
* Avoid all contact. 
* Non combustible. 
* CDC Fine Chemicals: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Miscible in water.
Composition 	H2SiF6
CAS 	16961-83-4
Melting Point 	(dec)
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 144.1
== Resources and Citations ==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4220
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Flux

== Description ==
A substance that assists in the fusing of minerals, metals, ceramic glazes, or glass. A flux may lower the melting point, minimize surface tension, coagulate impurities or prevent the formation of oxides. Examples of fluxes are:
* Alkaline fluxes (used for glazes, glass): sodium carbonate (soda), white lead, red lead, potassium carbonate (potash), borax, sodium oxide, and lithium oxide. 
* Acidic fluxes: sodium bisulfate, potassium bisulfate, and boric oxide.
* Oxidizing fluxes: sodium nitrate, sodium peroxide, and sodium chlorate.
* Reducing fluxes (used in soldering and welding): sodium carbonate, borax mixed with activated charcoal.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fondant (Fr.); fondente (It.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 336
* G.G. Hawley, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 6th ed., 1961
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* David Scott, 'Copper Compounds in Metals and Colorants: Oxides and Hydroxides', Studies in Conservation, 42, 93-100, 1997
Category:Materials database
Fluxing lime

== Description ==
Powdered lime (calcium oxide) or limestone (calcium carbonate) that is added to pig iron when it is smelted. The lime or limestone fuses with silica and alumina impurities producing a slag which floats to the top of the molten metal. The slag is readily removed leaving a purer, stronger iron behind.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fluxing stone
Category:Materials database
Fly ash

== Description ==
A fine particulate residue produced during the combustion of coal and wood. Fly ash was often emitted as an airborne pollutant at power and manufacturing plants. Current practice in the United States is to trap and recover fly ash. It is used as a filler in brick and concrete.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
flue ash; Flugasche (Deut.); cinza volante (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 174
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Flügger Acrylic Putty

== Description ==
[Flügger] A trademark for a white acrylic paste composed of butyl methacrylate and calcium carbonate. Flügger Acrylic Putty has minimal shrinkage on drying. It may be painted or sanded when dry.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Flugger Acrylic Putty
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Thinned with water. pH in solution is approximately 9.0
Category:Materials database
Focal point

== Description ==
In an optical system, the focal point is the position at which the rays converge into a single point of focus. After passing through this image plane the rays diverge.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Brennpunkt (Deut.); foyer (Fr.); point focal (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology of Microscopy, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, E175, 75-78, May 1982
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Folding endurance

== Description ==
A testing method used to compare the ability of paper to withstand repeated folding. Instruments, such as the Folding Tester and the Fold Testing Machine are available for mechanically folding a strip of pager forward and backward at the same position until breakage occurs. Results are given in the number of cycles (front and back) completed before failure. Results vary radically with changes in relative humidity, as paper is more brittle at low relative humidities. The folding endurance of papers has been used as an indicator of aging and deterioration (Roberts and Etherington 1982).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Faltungs-Dauerversuch (Deut.); résistance au pliage (Fr.); folding resistance; fold resistance
==Resources and Citations==
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
Category:Materials database
Folpet

== Description ==
Light tan powder used as an insecticide, fungicide and bactericide for vinyls, paints, and enamels. Folpet was first patented to Standard Oil in 1951. It is used to control cocroaches, termites, flies, and ants.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
phaltan; N-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide; 2-{(trichloromethyl)thio}-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione; Acryptan; Folpan; Folpel; Phaltan; Phaltane; Thiophal; Vinicoll
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion. 
* Skin contact may cause irritation. 
* Combustible. 
* ChemBlink : SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Slightly soluble in organic solvents. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	C6H4(CO)2NSCCl3
CAS 	133-07-3
Melting Point 	177 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 296.56
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4255
Category:Materials database
Fome-Cor

== Description ==
[3A Composites formerly Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO] A registered trademark for an acid-free laminated foamboard. Fome-Cor® is made from a rigid, extruded polystyrene core laminated with clay-coated paper on both sides. The rigid, strong, flat panels are water-resistant and dimensionally stable. Direct sunlight will cause bleaching and degradation of any unprotected foam. Fome-Cor® has been used as a protective backing for paintings and photographs.
Options available:
* FOME-COR: Original graphic arts foam board; embossable and printable
* FOME-COR with ENCORE technology: Standard board with memory foam core that is more resistant to denting 
* FOME-COR Singlestep: Standard board with heat-activated adhesive on one facer
* FOME-COR Quickstick: Standard board with pressure sensitive adhesive on one facer; either low tack or high tack
* FOME-COR Jetmount: Standard board with extra dense foam core for increased rigidity and warp resistance
* FOME-COR Canvas: Standard board with canvas-like coated paper facers on both sides
* FOME-COR Foundation: Standard interior with high-quality acid-free paper facers used for archival preservation
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
FomeCor (sp); Foam Cor (sp); Foam Core (sp); mounting board; polystyrene core board; foamboard
For comparison with alternates, see 
* Foamboards/Support panels, 3A Composites
== Personal Risk ==
Combustible, producing styrene and carbon monoxide.
== Working Properties ==
* 3A Composites Fabrication guide: []
* Edges remain open when cut
==Forms and Sizes==
* Thicknesses: Foam colors: white or black
* Facers: white coated or black uncoated
* Thickness: 1/8", 3/16", 3/8", 1/2"
* Sizes: 20"x30" up to 96"x120"
==Resources and Citations==
* Fome-cor: Website
* Curbell Plastics: FOME-COR Product sheet
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983 Comment: p. 90
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Submitted information: Christine Bird, November 2007
* https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory:Board/Panel, PlasticCategory: Foams
Foolscap paper

== Description ==
An inexpensive writing paper typically produced in a tablet of lined, yellow, legal size sheets. In Britain, foolscap is the name for a former standard size of paper that measures from 13 x 15 to 14 x 18 inches.
==Resources and Citations==
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969.
Category:Materials database
Foot-candle

== Description ==
An English unit of measure for the intensity of illumination. Originating in the 19th century, one foot-candle (fc) is equal to the light produced by one candle at a distance of one foot. It is also defined as equal to one lumen per square foot. Sunlight is approximately 125 fc. Light sensitive fabrics are kept at illuminations of 5 fc or less in historic homes (Bucher 1996). The standard international (SI) unit for measuring illumination is lux. One foot-candle is approximately 10 lux.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fc; footcandle
==Resources and Citations==
* G.Thomson, The Museum Environment, Butterworths, London, 1978. ° W. Bucher, Dictionary of Building Preservation, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996.
Category:Materials database
Forced ventilation

== Description ==
An interior air circulation system in which fans are used to blow air through selected spaces via a system of ducts and vents. A forced air circulation system was first introduced by Desaguliers in the British House of Parliaments in 1736, however it was not commonly used until 1880 (Bucher 1996).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ventilation forcée (Fr.); ventilação forçada (Port.);
==Resources and Citations==
* W. Bucher, Dictionary of Building Preservation, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996.
Category:Materials database
Ford Center

= Gerald R. Ford Conservation Center =
The Gerald R. Ford Conservation Center preserves cultural, historical, artistic, and educational collections through conservation and preservation activities. Located in Omaha, Nebraska, the Ford Center is a regional facility founded in 1995 as a division of the Nebraska State Historical Society. The Ford Center provides preservation services for clients in the region and throughout the world. These services include consultations, assessments of collection needs, surveys of treatment needs, educational and training opportunities, treatment of collection materials, and digital imaging services. (extracted from website)
Web Address 	http://www.nebraskahistory.org/sites/ford/index.htm
Postal Address 	Gerald R. Ford Conservation Center
1326 South 32nd Street
Omaha, NE 68105USA
Phone 	+1 402 595 1180
Fax 	+1 402 595 1178
Contact 	grfcc@mail.state.ne.us
Searchable 	No
Categories 	Research / training
Website Languages	English
Category:Directory
Category:Directory: Research / training
Forex Classic

==Description==
[3A Composites, Airex AG, Switzerland] A rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam board coated on one side with polyethylene protective film. FOREX® Classic is made with free closed cell expanded foam extrusion using nitrogen blowing gas used but may have chemical residues of other blowing agents. Rigid poly vinyl chloride (PVC) foam board coated with optional polyethylene protective film (none, one sided, or two sided PE coating available). One-sided PE is standard for FOREX® Classic. Other product lines include FOREX® print and FOREX® color (See Forex)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
FOREX®; Forex®
Similar products include Sintra, Komacel, Komatex
==Applications==
* digital printing; screen printing; signage; lettering
* displays; exhibition design
* interior design; partitions/cladding; furniture
* shop design/shop fitting
==Personal Risks==
* Harmful to health when inhaling or ingesting dust and vapors during unpacking, sawing, grinding and thermoforming.
* Ensure good ventilation and dust extraction on processing machines and at other places where dust may develop.
* Hazardous thermal decomposition products: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon monoxide (CO)
* SDS sheet 
==Collection Risks==
Greg Smith and Michael Samide report that some rigid, unplasticized PVC construction boards give off a sulfur containing heat stabilizer (2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate [2-EHTG]) that can tarnish silver (publication forthcoming). However, they also reported finding several specific brands of PVC construction board, namely Komacel (Kommerling) and e-PVC (3A Composites) are safe for use in exhibition casework as they do not contain 2-EHTG.
Links to Oddy Test results posted on AIC Wiki Materials Database Pages for individual materials below
° Forex Classic Tested in 2013 (British Museum -pass for permanent use)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Stable in normal conditions. Avoid temperatures > 180 °C.
* Insoluble in: Water, sea water, acids and bases, aliphatic hydrocarbons.
* Soluble in: Aromatic hydrocarbons,ketones, chlorinated hydrocarbons.
* Softening temperature: > 80 °C
* Thermal decomposition: > 180 °C
* Ignition temperature: > 450 °C
* Apparent density: 430 – 700 kg/m3 
==Working Properties==
Simple mechanical processing with standard tools for working with wood and plastic
Three dimensional forming using cold/hot bending and thermoforming.
Sheet can be used for structural applications
Store away from immediate and dangerous sources of ignition. 
Danger of electrostatic charges when stored in very dry areas.
==Forms and Sizes==
* Thicknesses: 1mm, 2 mm, 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 13mm, 15mm, 19mm
* Widths: 1220mm, 1560mm, 2030mm
* Lengths: 2440mm, 2500mm, 3050mm
* Colors: 9 variants
* Available with or without protective foil
== Resources and Citations ==
* FOREX®: website
* FOREX®: Technical sheet
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory: Board/Panel, Plastic
Formaldehyde tanning

== Description ==
Formaldehyde is a strong reducing agent that reacts with proteins in a hide to form insoluble, stable compounds that are resistant to putrefaction. The use of formaldehyde was a standard tanning method for washable skins from sheep or lamb. It produces a strong, white, pliable, leather that is water-resistant(Kuhn 1986).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aldehyde leather; formaldehyde tannage; curtimenta a formaldeído (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* American Leather Chemists Association Glossary at www.leatherchemists.org
Category:Materials database
Formalin

== Description ==
A former trademark for an aqueous solution of formaldehyde at a concentration of 37% by weight (40% by volume). Current commercial formulations of formalin normally contains about 10-15% of methanol to prevent polymerization of the formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is a powerful reducing agent that will react with many materials on contact. It is used as a disinfectant, fumigant, embalming fluid, tanning agent, paint preservative, and photo processing chemical. Formalin has also been used as an aerosol and fumigant to treat algae on stone at the Lascaux caves (Lefevre 1974). When sprayed directly on a material, formalin may leave a white residue of paraformaldehyde.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Formalin 100; Formalin 40; Formol (Deut.); morbicid; formaldehyde solution
== Risks ==
* Toxic by inhalation and a carcinogen. LD50 = 800 mg/kg 
* Inhalation and skin contact will cause irritation and burns.
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Resources and Citations ==
* M.Lefrevre, "La 'maladie verte' de Lascaux," Studies in Conservation, 19(3),1974.
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4262
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* S.R.Trotman, E.R. Trotman, Textile Analysis, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1932
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art, ICCROM, Rome, 1991
* Conservation termlist : www.hants.org.uk/museums
Category:Materials database
Formetal

== Description ==
[ForMetal Co] Formetal is trademark and German product for aluminum perforated, stretched sheets of varying thickness. The sheets come in two types: Ypsilon and Varius. Ypsilon having the Y-like perforations. Varius having diamond perforations and can be produced in copper or steel.
* Ypsilon thicknesses: 0.5mm, 0.8mm, and 1.2mm
* Varius thicknesses: Varius FL608 - 0.8mm; Varius FL474 - 0.4mm
The sheets can be hand sculpted into any desirable shape for supporting materials and producing mounts.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Aluminum; Aluminium; 
==Resources and Citations==
* Formetal Company: Website
* Formetal: Ypisilon
* Formetal: Varius
Category:Materials database
Formic acid

== Description ==
A colorless, fuming liquid with a strong pungent odor. Formic acid occurs naturally in the poison of stinging ants and in stinging nettles. In air, formaldehyde will oxidize slowly to form formic acid. Formic acid is a strong reducing agent and will react quickly with most materials. It is deleterious to metals and may harm oil paintings, watercolors, drawing, and sketches. Formic acid is sold commercially as an aqueous solution. It is used industrially in animal feeds, textile dyeing, leather tanning and in the production of insecticides, rubber, and refrigerants. In textile dyeing, formic acid is used to assist in the absorption of chromium mordants. Formic acid may evolve from wood products, linoleum, and any coatings formed by oxidative polymerization (Tétreault 2017).
* See Pollutant record for a comparison table of aerosols and collection risks.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hydrogen carboxylic acid; methanoic acid; aminic acid; formylic acid
== Personal Risks ==
* Combustible. Flash point = 69 C. 
* Inhalation and skin contact will cause irritation and burns. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Collection Risk==
* Will corrode metals. 
* Reacts with daguerreotypes
* Darkens lead white pigments
* May yellow porous materials such as paper and fabrics
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Miscible with water, ether, acetone, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol. Partially soluble in benzene, toluene, xylenes.
pH (0.1 N aqueous solution) = 2.3
Composition 	HCOOH
CAS 	64-18-6
Melting Point 	8.4 C
Density 	1.220 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 46
Boiling Point 	100.8 C
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* Jean Tétreault, 'Products used in Preventive Conservation' Technical Bulletin #2, CCI, 2017. Link
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry #4268
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* S.R.Trotman, E.R. Trotman, Textile Analysis, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1932 Comment: specific gravity = 1.241
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: pH (0.1 N aqueous solution) = 2.3
Category:Materials databaseCategory: MWGCategory: Climate/Environment