nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Homasote

== Description ==
[Homasote] A brand name for a series of structural composition boards made from 100% recycled cellulosic material (wood and recycled newspapers). Homasote® boards were originally the boards made with high-density wood fibers, then in 1916 the process was converted to using recycled newspapers mixed with waxes, oils, and other weatherproofing elements. Currently, the cellulose fibers are impregnated with wax, a flame retardant and a biocide for protection against termites, rot, and fungi, then compressed into a high-density board. Homasote® provides structural strength, sound-deadening, weather resistance and temperature insulation. It is available in boards of 1/2" and 5/8" thickness and contains no asbestos or urea formaldehyde resins. The company makes a wide variety of products used for insulation, sound barriers, wall partitions, tackboards as well as those used for construction of walls, floors, and roofs.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Homosote (sp)
==Resources and Citations==
* Homasote®: Website
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory: WoodCategory: Board/Panel, Composite
Homespun

== Description ==
A plain-woven, knobby, coarse cloth usually made from wool. Homespun fabrics were originally made with coarse, uneven handspun yarns woven into cloth using a hand-loom. Now imitation homespun, or rustic, fabric is made by machines.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
home-spun
== Resources and Citations ==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Website: www.fabrics.net
Category:Materials database
Homogeneous

== Description ==
A substance with a uniform texture or composition. Technically only pure materials are truly homogeneous, but the term is used to refer to any liquid or solid compound that has a stable and even distribution of components.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
homogénéïté (Fr.); homogeneidade (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Homologous

== Description ==
A homologous series of chemical compounds starts with the same general formula then each successive member has an additional methylene (CH2) group. An example of a homologous series is: methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, etc.
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Honan

== Description ==
A high quality fabric made from wild silk produced in the former Honan province of China. Honan dyes evenly and is sometimes woven with blue edges. Some non-silk imitation fabrics are also called honan.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
honan pongee; honan (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Honduras cedar

== Description ==
A cedar tree, Cedrela mexicana, native to Central America. The Honduras cedar produces a reddish-brown, straight-grain wood. It is durable and has been used for boat-planking, cabinetry, and carving.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Cedrela mexicana; Cedrala mexicana; Cedrela odorata; cedro de las indias (Esp.); cedro das Honduras (Port.); cigar-box cedar; Spanish cedar; Mexican cedar; West Indian cedar; Central American cedar
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Heartwood is uniform pinkish to reddish brown; darkens with age; no to little patterning.
* Grain is straight with medium texture and moderate natural luster
* Density = 28-45 ppcf
==Working Properties==
* Easy to work with both hand and machine tools; its low density and softness can leave fuzzy surfaces if not machined with sharp cutters
* Extra sanding up to finer grits may be required to obtain a smooth wood surface
* Natural gum pockets can remain wet and ooze out, sometimes gumming saw blades and hindering finishing
== Resources and Citations ==
* The Wood Database: Spanish Cedar
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
Category:Materials database
Honed finish

== Description ==
A fine, precise finish such as, a polished surface or sharpened edge.
==Resources and Citations==
* Anne Grimmer, Glossary of Building Stone Terms, A Glossary of Historic Masonry Deterioration Problems and Preservation Treatments, National Park Service, Washington DC, 1984
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Honestone

== Description ==
A fine-grain whetstone used for sharpening fine-edged tools. High quality honestones come from Belgium and contain tiny grains of yellow manganese garnet embedded in potash mica and tourmaline (Brady 1971).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
coticule
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 869
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Honey

== Description ==
A sweet, viscous fluid produced by bees from the nectar of flowers. Honey is a mixture of fructose, glucose, dextrose and water (~14-20%) with trace amounts of enzymes and oils. Its composition varies slightly depending on the source of nectar. Honey was used since early times as a sweetener and as a plasticizing additive to watercolors, tempera, size, and glair.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
med (Ces.); honning (Dan., Nor.); Honig (Deut.); miel (Esp., Fr.); miele (It.); honing (Ned.); miód (Pol.); mel (Port.); honung (Sven.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water. May granulate at 50º and 65º F (10º and 18º C). pH = 3.2-4.5
== Additional Images ==
File:honeybiscuitsvt.jpg|Honey and biscuits
File:Honey_Bee_Adults_forestryimages.org.jpg|Honey bee
== Resources and Citations ==
* University of Waikato: Honey Research Unit 
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: p. 29; 20% water
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 95
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Honey."; water = 18% (Accessed 14 Apr. 2004).
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006) - water = 14-18%
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Honey locust

== Description ==
A thorny tree, Gleditsia tricanthos native to regions in North and South America, Africa, and Asia. The honey locust produces a high quality wood that polishes well and has been used occasionally for specialty furniture. The thorns were once used as nails. Currently, honey locusts are mainly grown as an ornamental tree as its slow growth minimizes their potential for commercial use.
Other locust tress in South America include a timber from the Hymenaea courbaril tree that is native to the tropical region of South and Central America. The dense orange-brown color wood from the South American locust tree is used in furniture, cabinetry, and shipbuilding. A natural resin, South American copal gum is also commercially produced from this tree.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
1) Gleditsia tricanthos; févier épineux (Fr.); acacia de tres espinas (Esp.); espinheiro da Virgínia (Port.); honeylocust
2) Hymenaea courbaril; jatobá (Port.); West Indian locust; Courbaril Plum; Locust Gum tree; South American locust
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Medium tree growing to 20-30 m 
* Bark = gray brown, smooth when young with clusters of thorns 
* Leaves = alternate bipinnate 
* Flowers = small hanging clusters 
* Fruit = edible flat pods (15-20 cm long) with dark brown shiny seeds maturing in early fall
* Density = 55-66 ppcf
* Heartwood with medium reddish brown with light yellow sapwood
* Grain is straight with medium uneven texture and moderate luster
==Working Properties==
* Difficult to work because of its density, though produces good results
* Turns, glues, stains, and finishes well.
== Resources and Citations ==
* The Wood Database: Honey Locust
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Honey Locust." Accessed: 21 May 2004 .
* Virginia Tech Dendrology website at www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm (accessed Oct. 8, 2005)
* Wikipedia: Honey_locust (Accessed Oct. 8, 2005 and October 2024)
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory: Wood
Honeycomb board

== Description ==
Lightweight, strong honeycomb boards are made from aluminum and/or nonmetallic fabrics, such as Nomex® aramid fiber sheets. The Nomex® sheets are bonded at key points with a thermosetting adhesive then expanded to form hexagonal cells. The expanded honeycomb is cured into placed is with phenolic resin. They are lightweight and resistant to fire, water, and biological growth. It is also a good thermal and electrical insulator. The foam core may then be sandwiched with one or more sheets of paper, metal, wood, and/or plastic. Honeycomb panels with aluminum cores provide a rigid, lightweight and chemically inert support material.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
honeycomb panel; honeycomb paper; structural board;
Examples: HRH-10 [Hexcel]; Aeroweb [Ciba-Geigy]; AHN [Advanced Honeycomb Technologies]; Honeycomb HMX-20 [Ciba-Geigy]; Hexcel ACG [Hexcel]; Alucobond
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Honeycomb structure
* M.Mecklenburg, J. Webster "Aluminum honeycomb supports: their fabrication and use in painting conservation" Studies in Conservation 22: 177-189, 1977
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory: Board/Panel, PlasticCategory: Board/Panel, Composite
Honiton lace

== Description ==
A hand-made bobbin lace made as early as the 17th century in Honiton, England. The name is now associatated with 19th century laces made in Honiton exhibiting flowery patterns on a net ground.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
honiton applique; Honiton kant (Ned);
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Honiton Lace." Accessed 2 Aug. 2004.
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Hooker's green

== Description ==
A medium green pigment formerly composed of a mixture of Prussian blue and gamboge. Hooker's green of this composition discolored in sunlight when the gamboge faded. A more recent permanent mixture called Hooker's green is composed of phthalocyanine green and Hansa yellow or cobalt yellow. For oil colors, mixtures of Prussian blue and cadmium yellow produce a similar hue.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Prussian green
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Pigments"
* Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, Elisabeth West FitzHugh, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Vol. 3, 1997 Comment: B.Berrie, "Prussian Blue"
Category:Materials database
Hoop pine

== Description ==
Hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) is a pine-like tree found in New South Wales and Queensland. The trees, like northern hemisphere pines, grow rapidly with good longevity (up to 450 years). The tree produces a high quality wood that is commonly used in plywood. Additional uses include furniture, veneer, joinery, paneling, flooring, boats, and particle board. The resin from the hoop pine was used as an adhesive by the Aborigines.
==Applications==
Furniture, plywood, paper (pulpwood), turned objects, and small specialty wood items.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Heartwood is light brown; sapwood is poorly defined
* Grain is straight with a fine to medium uniform texture and moderate natural luster.
* Susceptible to fungal staining if not dried properly
* Resistance to weathering and insects is poor
==Working Properties== 
* Clear sections of wood are easy to work with hand and machine tools
* Sections with knots can be problematic and result in tear-out or uneven sanding due to the difference in density of the two regions
* Glues, finishes, and turns well
==Resources and Citations==
* The Wood Database: Hoop Pine
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_cunninghamii (Accessed April 2020)
Category:Materials database
Hopsacking

== Description ==
Originally a loosely woven burlap-type fabric made from hemp or jute and used as a sack to gather hops. More recently, hopsacking has referred to wool or synthetic fiber fabrics made to imitate the coarse loose weave of the sacking material. This type of hopsacking is used for suits, pants, and skirts.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
zakkengoed = jute (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Horn

== Description ==
(anatomy) A hard, semitranslucent, proteinaceous structure that grows from the head of some mammals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and antelope. Horn, like nails, claws, and hooves, is composed of epidermal cells known as keratin. Rhinoceros horns are formed from matted hair. The colors of horn range from a light cream to brown to black. Horn can be cut, engraved, or carved, and has been used since ancient times for tools and ornamentation. The thermoplastic material is softened with steam or boiling water then pressed into numerous shapes. In the 18th century, London was the center of the horn molding industry, primarily making snuff boxes and decorative containers. The antlers of deer are not horns but rather fast growing bones.
For detailed information on horn usage, deterioration and care, please see the AIC Wiki for:
* Horn (Objects Specialty Group): Horn
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cuerno (Esp.); corne (Fr.); chiffre (Port.); Horn (Deut.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Will swell slowly in water
* Semi-transparent to opaque
* Fracture = uneven to splintery
* Luster = resinous to vitreous
* Fluorescence = variable
* Birefringence = none
* Inclusions = undulating and fibrous structures
Density 	1.70 - 1.85 g/ml
Refractive index	1.560
== Resources and Citations ==
* J.Thornton, "The Structure of Ivory and Ivory Substitutes", AIC Preprints, Philadelphia, 1981, p.173-181
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: F.Minney "Horn" p.763
* Wikipedia: Horn (anatomy) Accessed Dec 2022
* F. Kidd, Brushmaking Materials, Bristish Brush Manufacturers, London, 1957 Comment: p. 142 on handles
* Caring for your Collections, Arthur W Schulz (ed.), Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , New York, 1992
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Oppi Untracht, Jewelry Concepts and Technology, Doubleday & Co., Inc., New York City, 1985
Category:Materials database
Horn silver

== Description ==
Name for silver chloride commonly used prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
silver chloride
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 176
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
Category:Materials database
Hornbeam

==Description== 
Hardwood trees in the flowering plant genus Carpinus that occur across much of the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, such as the American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) and European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus). Hornbeams yield a very hard timber, giving rise to the name "ironwood".[11] Dried heartwood billets are nearly white and are suitable for decorative use. For general carpentry, hornbeam is rarely used, partly due to the difficulty of working it. The wood is used to construct carving boards, tool handles, hand planed soles, coach wheels, piano actions, shoe lasts, and other products where a very tough, hard wood is required. The wood can also be used as gear pegs in simple machines, including traditional windmills
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Heartwood is pale yellow; the very thick sapwood with nearly white; most commercial wood is sapwood
* Grain is straight with a fine, even texture
* Resistant to wear, but susceptible to insects and weathering.
==Working Properties==
* Difficult to work on account of its density and toughness.
* The density, coupled with fine and even grain, makes an excellent turning wood. 
* Stains, glues, and finishes well.
==Resources and Citations==
* The Wood Database: European hornbeam
* Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:Wood anatomy of central European Species: Hornbeam, Carpinus betulus L.
* Wikipedia: Hornbeam
Category:Materials database
Hornbill ivory

== Description ==
An ivory-like, carvable material obtained from the horny protuberance at the base of the large upper bill on the helmeted hornbill bird (Rhinoplax vigil). The hornbill bird is native to southern Asia, Indonesia and Africa. The protuberance, called the casque, can be up to 15 x 10 x 5 inches (6 x 4 x 2 cm) in size. It is usually a creamy white to pale orange in color. Hornbill ivory is grainless and softer than elephant ivory (Untracht 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ivory substitute; casque
==Resources and Citations==
* Oppi Untracht, Jewelry Concepts and Technology, Doubleday & Co., Inc., New York, 1985. 
* Schuyler Cammann, "The Story of Hornbill Ivory" Pennsylvania University Museum Bulletin, 15, 1950.
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: F.Minney, "Ivory"
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "hornbill." Accessed 24 Jan. 2005 .
Category:Materials database
Hornblende

== Description ==
A dark-green to black mineral composed of calcium magnesium iron and hydroxyl aluminosilicate. Hornblende is a metamorphic rock and can be mixed with feldspar, quartz or mica to form granite. It also occurs as dark crystals in marble. Hornblende deposits are located in near Mount Vesuvius and in Norway, Sweden, Italy, Canada (Ontario) and the United States (Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York). Hornblende usually grows in hexagonal prismatic crystals that form long needles or columns.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
greenstone; horneblenda (Port.); Hornblende (Deut.); hoornblende (Ned.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Monoclinic with prismatic crystals. 
* Perfect cleavage in two directions (56 and 124 degrees). 
* Pleochroic (green or brown to colorless or yellow). 
* Luster = vitreous to silky. 
* Streak = colorless. 
* Brittle with uneven or splintery fracture.
Composition 	(Ca,Na)2-3(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Al,Si)8O22(OH,F)2
Mohs Hardness 	5.0 - 6.0
Density 	2.9-3.4 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.615 - 1.730
==Resources and Citations==
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "hornblende" [Accessed December 4, 2001].
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornblende (Accessed Sept. 7, 2005)
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=3.0
Category:Materials database
Hornfels

== Description ==
A group designation for nonfoliated often banded, fine-grained, metamorphic rocks containing quartz, feldspar, and other minerals. Hornfels is typically formed by thermal metamorphism resulting in a hard, durable rock.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
corneanas (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, Submitted information, 2009
* Wikipedia: Hornfels (accessed March 2010)
Category:Materials database