nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
The Bear Stearns Companies Inc.

Bear Stearns was a New York-based investment bank that collapsed during the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis. It was bought by JPMorgan Chase on March 17, 2008, in a deal totaling $240 million, about 90 percent less than its value the previous week. It had previously been Wall Street's fifth-largest securities firm, with an 85-year history. Shareholders of Bear Stearns received stock in JPMorgan equivalent to about $2 a share, compared with $30 at the close on March 14.
The Federal Reserve extended a $30 billion line of credit to JPMorgan Chase to help it buy Bear Stearns, its former rival. In addition to its own capital, Bear Stearns served as the middleman (or, "counterparty") for billions of dollars in transactions: retirement funds, smaller banks and hedge funds traded through Bear. 
The Fed also created a program to give emergency loans directly to the 20 largest investment banks that do business with the Fed and which purchase the majority of Treasury securities, and it lowered the discount-lending rate by a quarter point. It followed that with a cut to the fed funds rate of three-quarters a percentage point.
== History ==
Bear Stearns was founded in New York City by Joseph A. Bear, Robert B. Stearns, and Harold C. Mayer in 1923 with $500,000 in capital. It survived the stock market crash of 1929 without having to lay off any employees, and in 1933 opened a branch in Chicago. That same year the company hired Salim L. Lewis, a former employee of Salomon Brothers, to oversee its bond trading. He eventually became Bear Stearns chairman and chief executive.
In 1955 the company opened its first international office in Amsterdam. 
Alan C. Greenberg became chief executive after Lewis died in 1978. 
In 1985, Bear Stearns became one of the first brokerages to go public.
== Fiscal Year/Annual Reports/Earnings ==
(Annual reports from 2000 forward ; Earnings Releases )
== Products and Services ==
Bear, Stearns' core businesses included: 
*Capital Markets-- This includes equity and fixed income sales, trading, research and investment banking businesses. 
*Wealth Management -- This includes both private client and asset management services. 
*Global Clearing Services 
== Key People ==
== Registration ==
*BEAR STEARNS & CO INC - NFA ID: 0000815
== References ==
Category:Brokerages
Category:Futures Commission Merchants
Category:Exempt Foreign Firm Agents
Category:Exempt Commodity Pool Operators
The Best Student Trader in the World

The Best Student Trader in the World 
float|right|Anja Ong from Maastrict University wins title of Best Student Trader in the World.
Students from all over the globe gathered Friday, May 6, 2011 in the Netherlands, where stock trading first took place in 1602, at NYSE Euronext, to compete for the title of “Best Student Trader in the World.” 
Sponsored by Aegon Asset Management, NYSE Euronext and Optiver, among others; the Trader Trophy competition tests students on stress and risk management as well as profitability in a simulated trading environment provided by Oxyor, a financial trading firm. 
The competition began in 2008 with students from Singapore, Hong Kong and the Netherlands. This year, students competed from 12 countries including America, India, Germany and South Africa. The winner received the RSM/Oyxor Financial Management grant valued at EUR 30,000 and the title of best student trader in the world.
Menno Haesen is the managing director of the Trader Trophy. He explained that the competition aims to prepare students for real-world trading.
“We believe there is a big gap between theoretical studies and practicalities you can use when you are on the floor,” said Haeson. “Everyone wants experienced traders and the students have hands on experience from this.”
The students traded Eurodollars and gold futures as well as securities; such as shares of Intel and AMD. They concluded with credit default swaps. 
“This was the first year we had the finalists gather for a global event,” said Haesen. “The top two universities from each country came to the finals.”
 
And who is the best student trader in the world? Out of 7000 students, Anja Ong from Maastrict University from the Netherlands won that title.
The Big Money

The Big Money is a business site that provides commentary for the financial community. The Big Money covers the intersection of business and a variety of areas including technology, green initiatives, media, fashion and food. 
 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
Former deputy managing editor of CNN Money, James Ledbetter Jr., is editor of The Big Money. 
Elinor Shields, former managing editor of The Huffington Post, serves as deputy editor. 
Regular contributors include Slate columnists Daniel Gross and Tim Hartford; economists James K. Galbraith and Jeffrey Sachs; and authors Eric Pooley, Alissa Quart, and Liza Featherstone. 
== References ==
Category:News Companies
The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable

"The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable" is a bestselling book by Nassim Nicholas Taleb that examines the influence of highly improbable and unpredictable events ("Black Swans") that have massive impact. It was published in 2007 by Random House. 
The book was seen as prescient, because a few months after it was published the 2007 subprime mortgage meltdown and resulting financial crisis hit. 
The book's thesis was that we fool ourselves in believing we can predict risks and rewards, but we are unprepared for rare and disruptive events.
== References ==
Category:Books
Category:Nassim Nicholas Taleb
The Bond Buyer

The Bond Buyer is a daily newspaper of public finance. The editor-in-chief is Amy Resnick. The managing director is Nicholas Chesla and the national editor is Gavin Murphy. 
== The Bond Buyer's RapiData ==
The Bond Buyer’s RapiData is an economic data service designed from the ground up to offer traders low-latency news feed directly from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Commerce Department, and U.S. Treasury Department. 
RapiData works to accomplish high-speed delivery by avoiding the main causes of latency, such as serialization delay, depending on the chosen bandwidth; switching delay, caused by the number of hops within a network; and propagation delay, depending on physical distance.
This private network runs directly from the “lockups” in Washington D.C. to the Equinix collocation facility in Chicago. If you collocate with Equinix, access to the data is available through simple cross-connect. 
The integrity of the data delivered over the network is ensured by The Bond Buyer. 
== References ==
Category:News Companies
The Boston Consulting Group

The Boston Consulting Group is a global management consulting firm and an advisor in business strategy.
The Financial Times is said to have once credited the firm's founder, Bruce Henderson, with inventing the field of corporate strategy. The firm's ideas are documented in the book, "The Boston Consulting Group on Strategy: Classic Concepts and New Perspectives."
In a report titled "Thriving in the New Normal: Corporate Banking 2008/2009," BCG said in December of 2008 that financial turmoil has permanently altered the corporate banking landscape and will give rise to a new post-economic-crisis status quo characterized by tougher operating conditions as well as by a widening divide between leading banks and those that profited from favorable economic conditions - notably low loan losses - but were unprepared for the crisis.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*CEO, Hans-Paul Bürkner
== References ==
Category:Capital Markets Consulting
Category:Consultants
The Capital Market Authority of Egypt

The Capital Market Authority of Egypt (CMA) is responsible for securing a transparent and credible market for investors in Egypt. As the securities market regulator, the CMA reports to the minister of investment but is completely independent from the government and receives no public funding. 
The CMA has broad administrative sanction powers and enforces the capital market law.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
Hani Sarie-El Din, Chairman
== References ==
Category:Securities Regulators
Category:Egypt
The Central Council for Financial Services Information

The Central Council for Financial Services Information is an organization that conducts financial services information activities in Japan. With the primary purpose of educating the public regarding the importance of basic financial and economic knowledge related to daily life, the Central Council for Financial Services Information has been engaged in nationwide promotion, mainly public relations activities.
 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
The Charles Schwab Corporation

The Charles Schwab Corporation (Nasdaq:SCHW) is a savings and loan holding company and a leading provider of financial services, with more than 300 offices and around 10.8 million client brokerage accounts, 1.6 million corporate retirement plan participants, 1.2 million banking accounts, and $3.36 trillion in client assets. Through its subsidiaries, it provides wealth management, securities brokerage, banking, asset management, custody, and financial advisory services. 
It is regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
Its business subsidiaries include:
*Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (CS&Co), incorporated in 1971, a securities broker-dealer with over 345 domestic branch offices in 46 states, as well as a branch in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. In addition, Schwab serves clients in England, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Australia through various subsidiaries;
*Charles Schwab Bank (Schwab Bank), a federal savings bank; and
*Charles Schwab Investment Management, Inc. (CSIM), the investment advisor for Schwab’s proprietary mutual funds and Schwab’s exchange-traded funds.
The company provides financial services to individuals and institutional clients through two segments, Investor Services and Advisor Services. 
The Investor Services segment provides retail brokerage and banking services to individual investors and retirement plan services, as well as other corporate brokerage services, to businesses and their employees. The Advisor Services segment provides custodial, trading, banking, and support services, as well as retirement business services, to independent registered investment advisors (RIAs), independent retirement advisors, and recordkeepers. 
Charles Schwab stepped down as CEO in 2008 and the board elected Walter W. Bettinger II as its new chief executive. Schwab stayed on as chairman.
In November 2011, the Company acquired Compliance11, Inc. In September 2012, GAIN Capital Holdings Inc. acquired Open E Cry, LLC. In December 2012, the Company acquired ThomasPartners, Inc.
== History ==
The corporation started out as a discount retail brokerage in 1975 and has grown over the years to join the ranks of money-management behemoths such as Fidelity Investments, BlackRock, and Vanguard Group.
It was acquired by Bank of America in 1983. Charles Schwab bought it back in 1987 and two months later took it public. It was incorporated in 1986.
Schwab introduced Schwab Funds money market mutual funds in 1990.
In 2012 Schwab began offering an index-fund-only 401(k) option for companies seeking a lower-cost retirement savings option for employees.
In 2013 it launched an ETF platform offering commission-free ETFs.
The company eliminated all fees on U.S. stocks, ETFs, and options in October of 2019.
== Products and Services ==
The Charles Schwab Corporation provides brokerage, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), portfolio management advice, checking and savings accounts and home equity lines of credit, and trust custody services.
== Key People ==
*Charles Schwab, Founder and Chairman
*Walter W. Bettinger II, President and CEO
== References ==
Category:Brokerages
Category:Charles Schwab
The Chicago Corporation

The Chicago Corporation provides traditional corporate finance services including mergers and acquisition, capital raising, and other financial advice to the owners and directors of middle-market public and private companies.
== History ==
The Chicago Corporation was originally founded as a regional investment banking firm in 1965 by five investment banking professionals. After growing to more than 1,500 employees, the company was sold in 1997. In April of 2010, the firm was re-established by several former members of The Chicago Corporation, along with a team of investment bankers from other firms and seasoned executives from a variety of industries.
== Products and Services ==
Services include both domestic and cross-border mergers and acquisitions, mezzanine and bank financing, private placements of equity and senior debt, valuations and fairness opinions, financial restructuring, intellectual property strategy and corporate structuring.
The firm also offers a Wealth Transition Advisory service which facilitates an owner’s ability to build a business to a valuation congruent with longer term family goals and objectives often without the need for an interim transaction.
== Key People ==
*Managing Director, Philip Clarke III
*Managing Director, Stanley Cutter
*Managing Director, Thomas Denison
*Managing Director, Frederic Floberg
*Managing Director, W. Robert Gold
*Managing Director, Kris A. Grosshans
*Managing Director, Rick Heyke
*Managing Director, William Lear
*Managing Director, Seth Rachlin
*Managing Director, Diane Selph
*Managing Director, Michael Zook
== References ==
Category:Companies Based in Chicago
The Chicago School of Trading LLC

The Chicago School of Trading LLC (The Chicago School of Futures & Options Trading) offers one-on-one mentoring to teach its students how to be successful options and futures traders. Its online video courses are taught by veteran Chicago traders.
In October of 2008, The Options News Network announced a strategic alliance with TheChicagoSchoolofTrading.com. The partnership enables both www.ONN.tv and TheChicagoSchoolofTrading.com to provide educational content to their growing customer bases.
 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
The school instructs individuals in the fundamentals of a competitive marketplace, provides a virtual trading platform for practice and evaluates strategies on a one-on-one basis through a series of mentoring sessions.
== Key People ==
*William M. Gruzynski, CAIA Futures Instructor and Head Futures Mentor
*Dan Keegan, Options Instructor and Head Options Mentor
*P.J. McCarthy, Managing Partner and Video Director
*Judith Joyce Shanahan, Consultant 
== References ==
Category:Educational Resources
The Children's Investment Fund

The Children's Investment Fund (TCI) is a hedge fund. It manages The Children’s Investment Master Fund. The Children's Investment Fund Foundation (CIFF) is focused on improving the lives of children living in poverty primarily in Sub Saharan Africa and India and receives a portion of TCI’s profits and other donations. The entity is an example of venture philanthropy.
TCI and fellow hedge fund Atticus Capital jointly control around 19 percent of the voting rights in the Deutsche Boerse. In October of 2008, TCI wrote a letter seeking the removal of Deutsche Boerse chairman Kurt Viermetz. TCI and Atticus had previously threatened to call for boardroom changes if Deutsche Boerse didn't urgently consider ways to increase shareholder value. TCI was also strongly opposed to a proposed merger with the London Stock Exchange (LSE) played a part in the departure of then-CEO Werner Seifert in 2005 when the deal collapsed.Within weeks, Viermetz announced he would step down.
In October of 2007, TCI, which at the time owned 17.8 million shares, or approximately 4.1 percent, of CSX Corporation sent a letter to the CSX Board of Directors urging it to act immediately and voluntarily to improve CSX’s corporate governance and business performance.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category: Venture Philanthropy
The Clearing Corporation

The Clearing Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), and provides the risk management and clearing framework for ICE Clear Credit and ICE Clear Europe, which clear credit default swaps. 
In 1925, The Clearing Corporation ("CCorp"), then named The Board of Trade Clearing Corporation (BOTCC), became the first independent clearinghouse for futures markets in the United States. CCorp was formed as a clearing organization independent from the CBOT, but for many years it cleared only for the CBOT. Much later it was used as a clearinghouse by the Chicago Climate Futures Exchange, which remains a current clearing participant, and the US Futures Exchange. In March of 2009, U.S. authorities approved ICE’s acquisition of the Clearing Corp., advancing an effort to create a clearinghouse for the $27 trillion credit-default swap market. 
Since CCorp's opening in 1925, no customer has lost money as a result of a default by a clearing participant to The Clearing Corporation.
== History ==
The Board of Trade Clearing Corporation was founded by the Chicago Board of Trade membership on Sept. 3, 1925.
The BOTCC changed its name after the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) moved its clearing business to the Chicago Mercantile Exchange's clearing organization in 2003. This move was exacerbated by BOTCC's agreement to clear Eurex US business, at that time thought to be in direct competition with the CBOT due to the duplicate products being offered to traders by both exchanges.
On Dec. 20, 2007, CCorp announced a restructuring of its ownership to 17 stockholders, including 12 dealers, three inter-dealer brokers and Eurex. It also announced plans to enter the OTC market, initially through credit default swaps.
Under the restructuring, all shares in CCorp, were held by a consortium of banks and brokerage houses, including Bank of America, Bear Stearns, Citigroup, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, MF Global, Morgan Stanley, UBS, Eurex, GFI Group, ICAP, Creditex, and Markit.
On Oct. 30, 2008, The Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) announced a deal with CCorp to purchase the clearinghouse as part of its ongoing efforts to break into the credit default swaps market. The acquisition closed on March 6, 2009, and CDS products began trading on March 9, 2009.
As of July 8, 2013, ICE Clear Credit has cleared $25 trillion in gross notional value in index and single name CDS, and ICE Clear Europe has cleared nearly EUR 13 trillion in gross notional CDS.
== Key People ==
*Kevin R. McClear, Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary
Kevin McClear had previously served as general counsel, vice president and secretary of CCorp. 
Brett Paulson was previously the president and COO.
Previously, Dennis Dutterer was a long-serving CEO and president of CCorp, where he worked for 20 years.
== References ==
Category:Clearing Houses
Category:The Clearing Corporation
The Clearing Corporation Charitable Foundation

The Clearing Corporation Charitable Foundation is a not-for-profit corporation and charitable arm of the Clearing Corporation (TCC).
== Grants and Awards == 
On October 26, 2009 the foundation announced a $2,000,000 grant to the University of Illinois College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences (ACES). The grant will establish The Clearing Corporation Foundation Endowed Chair in Derivatives Trading.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Charitable Foundations
The Clearing House

The Clearing House (TCH), formerly known as New York Clearing House Association, is the oldest banking association in the United States. TCH offers deposit banking functions and payment services. It manages and operates the Clearing House Interbank Payments System (CHIPS), the National Check Exchange, the Electronic Payments Network (EPN), and Electronic Clearing Services (ECS). 
TCH is owned by the U.S. commercial banking affiliates of ABN AMRO, Bank of America, The Bank of New York, Bank One, Citigroup, Deutsche Bank, Fleet National Bank, HSBC, JP Morgan Chase Bank, Wachovia, and Wells Fargo. 
In July, 2012, the Financial Stability Oversight Council designated The Clearing House as a preliminary consideration for systemically important nonbank financial company or financial market utility list. If designated, the firm would be subject to heightened risk management, financial resource, and other standards, but would also gain access to the Federal Reserve's emergency lending facilities. The FSOC confirmed its designation as an Systemically Important Financial Market Utility on July 18th, 2012.
== History ==
*1853 - First central check exchange
*1970 - First electronic payments system (CHIPS)
*1975 - National ACH operations begin
*1992 - Electronic Check presentment is launched
*2003 - National Check Exchange forms; Chicago Clearing House Association and WesPay Check Services join TCH
*2004 - TCH Payments Company merges payments companies; unites 19 owners
== Products and Services ==
*SVPCO - Check and Electronic Clearing Services
*EPN - ACH Processing and Association Services
*CHIPS - Real-time, Final Wire Transfer Service
== Key People ==
*James D. Aramanda, President and Chief Executive Officer
*Paul Saltzman, President of the Association; EVP and General Counsel of the Payments Company
== Resources ==
 The Clearing House Payments Company Operations Training And Seminars On Industry Topics
== References ==
Category:Clearing Houses
Category:Clearing