nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Chelating agent

== Description ==
A heterocyclic ring compound that can attract and hold a metal ion. Chelating agents are used to remove traces a metals in solutions, such as zinc, iron, copper, manganese, and cobalt. They are added to detergents to minimize and precipitation or discoloration caused by unwanted metal ions. Chelating agents are also used in water softeners. Examples of chelating agents are ammonium citrate, benzotriazole (BTA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), calcium phytate, nitrilotriacetic acid, n-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA), hemoglobin, deferoxamine type B, chlorophyll, as well as several simple organic acids like oxalic acid, malic acid. rubeanic acid and citric acid.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chelator; chelation, sequestering agent; EDTA; Trilon; Komplexone; Tritriplex; Calgon®
==Resources and Citations==
* AIC-FAIC Global Conservation Forum: Chelating Molecules (discussion from Dec. 2023)
* AIC BPG Wiki: Chelating Agents Bibliography compiled by Theresa Smith, Buffalo State University.
* Reissland, Birgit and Frank Ligterink (2011) The Iron Gall Ink Website Maintained by the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands.
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelating (Accessed Oct. 18, 2005)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 190
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Chelmsford granite

== Description ==
A muscovite-biotite granite with light pink and gray grains quarried near West Chelmsford Massachusetts. Chelmsford granite is used for buildings and monuments.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Chemical stability

== Description ==
The ability of a material to resist reactions with chemicals, such as acids, bases, or oxidizing reagents. Archival materials have good chemical stability.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chemically inert; chemically stable
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Archival Suppliers: http://www.archivalsuppliers.com/glossary.html
Category:Materials database
Chemical wood pulp

== Description ==
Paper pulp made from chemically treated wood fibers. Chemical pulp is produced by treating debarked, ground wood or chips with strong solutions to dissolve the lignin and hemicellulose. The undissolved cellulose fibers are washed, rinsed, sometimes bleached, then used to produce paper. The three main types of solutions used to make chemical pulp are:
- alkaline: sodium sulfide followed by caustic soda solution (kraft process), 
- alkaline: caustic soda (soda process), 
- acid: acid bisulfite (sulfite process).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chemical pulp; woodfree pulp
== Other Properties ==
Produces a pale blue-violet to red violet response to iodine-zinc chloride solution. Graff "C" stain can be used to distinguish types of chemical pulping and bleaching.
== Additional Images ==
File:99_Chem. softwood_conif adj.jpg|Chemical softwood (coniferous)
File:99_Chem. softwood_conif_pol adj.jpg|Chemical softwood (coniferous)
File:SWBS puget 10x label.jpg|Chemical softwood stained with Graff "C" Stain
File:SUBK 10x2 label.jpg|Chemical softwood stained with Graff "C" Stain
File:SBA 40x pinoidpitslabel.jpg|Chemical softwood stained with Graff "C" Stain
File:Redoak vessels 10x.jpg|Chemical hardwood stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Elm 40x.jpg|Chemical hardwood stained with Graff "C" stain
Sycamore 40x.jpg|Chemical hardwood stained with Graff "C" stain
Redgum 10x.jpg|Chemical hardwood stained with Graff "C" stain
Yellowpoplar 40x.jpg|Chemical hardwood stained with Graff "C" stain
== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Paper Pulp." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2003. 11 Sep, 2003 .
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 574
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* J. H. Graff "Color Atlas for Fiber Identification" The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, WI, 1940.
* Walter Rantanen. "Fiber ID Course." Integrated Paper Services. June 2013. Lecture.
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* TAPPI Official Standard T401 om-08. Fiber analysis of paper and paperboard. 2008. http://www.tappi.org/Downloads/Test-Methods/UNTITLED-0104T401pdf.aspx
* Silvie Turner, Which Paper?, Design Press, New York, 1991
Category:Materials database
Chemoluminescence

== Description ==
Luminescence produced as the result of a chemical reaction. An example of chemoluminescence is the luminol test which glows when it reacts with the iron in blood. Bioluminescence is chemoluminescence takes place in living organisms.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chemiluminescence; bioluminescence; Chemilumineszenz (Deut.); Chemolumineszenz (Deut.); Chemisches Licht (Deut.); chemiluminescentie (Ned.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiluminescence (Accessed Nov. 2005)
Category:Materials database
Chenille

== Description ==
A soft, fuzzy cord or yarn made from silk, worsted, cotton, or synthetic fibers. Chenille yarn is used for tufted embroidery, fringe, and tassels. A fabric made from chenille yarns is also called chenille. The fabric is used for sweaters, pile bedspreads, and expensive rugs.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chenilla (Esp.); chenillegaren (Ned); chenille yarn; chenille thread;
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Cherry dye

== Description ==
Red fruit obtained from over forty types of cherry trees have been used as to make dyes. Examples are : 
- Black cherry (Prunus serotina): gives purple, blue and red colors 
- Choke cherry (Prunus virginiana): dark red fruit gives a bright red dye 
- Red cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica): fruit (red) and bark (brown) are used for dyes.
- Sand cherry (Prunus pumila):
* See also [Uemera Dye Archive (Mizume)] 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Prunus serotina (black cherry); Prunus virginiana (choke cherry); Prunus pennsylvanica (red cherry); Prunus pumila (sand cherry); colorante alla ciliegia (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus (Accessed Dec. 9, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Cherry gum

== Description ==
A transparent, water soluble mucilage obtained as exudations from all species of cherry trees as well as other Prunus species trees (pear, peach, plum, apricot, almond). Cherry gum contains arabinose, galactose, mannose, xylose, and glucuronic acid. Fruit gums were used occasionally as binders for watercolor paints for at least a thousand years (Mayer 1969). It has also been added to egg or casein emulsions to increase glossiness (Doerner 1934).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gomme de cerisier (Fr.); goma de cerezo (Esp.); gomma di ciliegio (It); bassora gum
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Slightly soluble in water; swells to form as a gel.
==Resources and Citations==
* R. Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row, New York, 1969. 
* M.Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1934.
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
* Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies, Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders"
Category:Materials database
Cherry laurel

== Description ==
A large evergreen shrub, Prunus laurocerasus, native to the Balkans and West Africa. The cyanogenic glycosides in the cut leaves have been used to soften dried fibrous tissues, such as bird skins and pressed plants.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Prunus laurocerasus; cherrylaurel; common laurel
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Dense, wide shrub growing to 8 m 
* Bark=reddish to grayish brown. 
* Leaves=alternate, simple ovate (5-14 cm long) with shiny, green surface.
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas Gutebier - Cons Dist List (5/8/01) referred to German Preparators Association magazine Der Praparator 1:2001, p. 13-31
* Virginia Tech Dendrology website at www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm (Accessed Dec. 9, 2005)
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_laurel (Accessed Dec. 9, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Chert

== Description ==
An opaque, white to light-gray, fine-grain stone containing microcrystalline quartz particles. Chert is similar in composition to flint, but has a lighter color. It was used in Paleolithic and Neolithic times for tools, weapons, and vessels. Currently, chert is used as an abrasive, a semiprecious stone, and as an aggregate for the construction of buildings and roads.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hearthstone; firestone; malmstone; jasper; prase; cherte (Port.); Chert (Deut.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Fracture = conchoidal
* Mohs Hardness = 7.0
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* B.Aston, J.Harrell, I.Shaw, "Stone" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000. 
* Mineralogy Database: Quartz
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "chert and flint" [Accessed January 22, 2002].
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 690
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Chestnut powder

== Description ==
Deciduous trees of the genus Castanea, native to temperate zones in the United States, Europe, northern Africa and parts of Asia. Chestnut trees produce a fruit that can be peeled and eaten most often after roasting.
These fruits can also be dried and milled into a powder that has been used like flour in bread, cookies and other recipes. In addition, the powder can be used to starch and bleach fabrics. 
Category:Materials database
Chestnut tannin

== Description ==
A vegetable tannin of the pyrogallol class is extractable with hot water from chestnut wood (13.4%) and bark (6.8%). Chestnut tannin extract has a low pH and low salts, but high acids and high sugar content. It produces a firm, heavy leather with a pale, reddish color. Chestnut extract is usually mixed with other tannins, such as quebracho, mimosa, or myrobalans. The dark color extracts from the tree bark has been used as a dye in 19th century Italy and southern France to make an inexpensive fast black dye for silk.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chestnut bark; chestnut extract; chestnut dye
== Physical and ChemicalProperties ==
Soluble in hot water.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut (accessed April 2020)
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* American Leather Chemists Association Glossary at www.leatherchemists.org
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
Category:Materials database
Cheviot

== Description ==
1) A breed of hornless sheep with thick short wool originally raised in the Cheviot Hills between England and Scotland.
2) A rugged, woolen fabric with coarse twill weave. Cheviot fabric originated in Scotland where it was made from the wool of cheviot sheep. Slightly rougher and heavier than serge, the durable fabric is used for flannel coats and suits.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cheviot (weefsel van grove schapewol), cheviotschaap, cheviotwol (afkomstig van het cheviotras, dat in Schotland thuis hoort (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I Natural Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England, 1984
* Marjory L. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Fort Worth, TX, 1986
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 878
Category:Materials database
Chevrette

== Description ==
A soft, thin leather produced from the skin of young goats. Chevrette sometimes refers to any small goatskin or kidskin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chevrette (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 433
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Chevrotain

== Description ==
Small, deerlike animals of the genera Hyemoshcus and Tragulus native to the tropical forests of central Africa India and southeast Asia. The soft, supple skin of the chevrotain were used for chemises in England in the middle ages. Chevrotain is sometimes inaccurately called chevrette (Roberts and Etherington 1982).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
mouse deer; Hirschferkel (Deut.); dwerghert (genus Tragilus) (Ned.); dwergmuskusdieren (Ned.); mushjortar (Sven.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Wikipediat: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrotain (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006)
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Chewing gum

== Description ==
A flavored chewing resin originally made from chicle or similar materials, such as mastic, spruce resin, or paraffin. After World War II, most chewing gum manufacturers began replacing chicle with various mixtures of synthetic rubbers. Improper disposal of used chewing gum is a nuisance because it adhers tightly to surfaces, especially fibers and hairs. Cooling the gum to a temperature below its glass transition point makes the polymer become brittle and breakable. Ice, icepacks, and liquid nitrogen have all been recommended for removal of dried chewing gum (DISTLIST 18:36).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tixtle
==Resources and Citations==
* Conservation Online DISTLIST 18:36, Sunday January 30, 2005.
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "chewing gum." Accessed 31 Jan. 2005 
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_gum (accessed Jan 2005)
Category:Materials database
Chiaroscuro woodcut

== Description ==
A woodcut image exhibiting tonal variations for light and shadow prepared by using different types of wood. Developed in the 16th century, the chiaroscuro woodcut technique has been attributed to an Italian printmaker Ugo da Carpi. A key block is initally printed with the darkest tones. Subsequent printings are made with lighter colors using blocks register to the key. The process has been used to make inexpensive imitations of watercolor paintings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Helldunkelhozschnitt (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "chiaroscuro." Accesseed 3 Feb. 2005 .
* Luis Nadeau, Encyclopedia of Printing, Photographic, and Photomechanical Processes, Atelier, New Brunswick, 1997
* The Bullfinch Guide to Art History, Shearer West (ed.), Bullfinch Press, Boston, 1996
* B. Gascoigne, How to Identify Prints, Thames & Hudson, London, 2004
Category:Materials database
Chicken

== Description ==
A domesticated fowl (Gallus gallus) raised for its eggs and meat. Chickens are native to India and have been domesticated for over 4000 years. Images of chickens have been found on 7th century BCE Corinthian pottery. Many parts of the birds were used as art materials. The skins were processed to form a thin, fine grain parchment. Chicken eggs (see also egg white, egg yolk, eggshell) were used for egg tempera paints. Feathers, especially down, have been used for filling mattresses and pillows.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fowl (Gallus gallus); poultry
==Resources and Citations==
* Lisa Ellis, submitted information (June 2007)
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "fowl." Accessed 18 Mar. 2005.
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken
Category:Materials database
Chicken wire

== Description ==
A metal cloth made out of lightweight galvanized wire woven in a hexagonal pattern. It is used in construction and fencing.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
wire cloth; rede de galinheiro (Port.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Chickrassy

== Description ==
An ornamental cabinet wood obtained from Chukrasia tabularis, a hardwood tree native to India and southeast Asia. The golden to reddish brown wood has a distinctive figuring and is often used in veneers and for carving.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Ymina wood; Chttagong wood; white cedar (India); Chukrasia tabularis
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Density	35-45 ppcf
==Resources and Citations==
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
Category:Materials database
Chicle

== Description ==
Chicle is the name for the gummy sap and the wood of the evergreen sapodilla plum tree (Achras zapota) native to Central and South America. The Aztecs mixed the chicle latex with asphalt and used it as a chewing gum called txixtle. Chicle is now primarily sent to the United States for manufacture in chewing gum. The latex gum is tapped from the trees during the rainy season, then pressed into blocks for export. In processing, chewing gum is mixed with wax, polyvinyl acetate, sugars, and flavoring. The gum is a thermoplastic material that hardens and becomes less tacky below 32 C.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Achras zapota; chicle (Esp.); chewing gum; txixtle; sapodilla plum
== Risks ==
* Ingestion should be avoided.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in most organic solvents. Insoluble in water.
Melting Point	32.3 C (softens)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 185
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 2098
Category:Materials database
Chicory

== Description ==
A perennial herb, Cichorium intybus, in the dandelion family with large bright blue flowers. Chicory is native to Europe and was introduced in the U.S. in the late 19th century. The ground and roasted roots of the chicory produce a bitter brown liquor that has been used as a coffee substitute and as a pale brown dye. The colorant has been added to size solutions to darken new book leaves to the tone of older leaves (Roberts and Etherington 1982).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Cichorium intybu; achicoria (Esp.); cicoria (It); succory; chiccory; chicory root; coffee Ersatz
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 212
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "chicory" [Accessed June 17, 2002].
Category:Materials database