Texas Board of Education

The Texas Board of Education (TBoE) is a branch of the Texas Education Agency (TEA). The board approves textbooks for public schools across Texas, and is known for, shall we say, trying to give public textbooks a more conservative-oriented slant, including a heightened focus on religion and academic freedom. As such, TBoE is a major player in the culture war. Unfortunately.
==Why it matters==
Not only does the Board of Education determine (in practice: micromanage) the content of textbooks used in public schools throughout Texas; since the Texas public school system is such an important customer for publishers of textbooks, standards adopted in Texas are likely to affect the contents of textbooks used throughout the US. Texas is the nation's second-largest textbook market, and as opposed to the situation in most states, where textbook selections are left to the whims of local districts, the Texas textbook selection is determined centrally. It has been said that "publishers will do whatever it takes to get on the Texas list."Revisionaries: How a group of Texas conservatives is rewriting your kids’ textbooks: How a group of Texas conservatives is rewriting your kids’ textbooks. by Mariah Blake (January/February 2010) Washington Monthly (archived from January 5, 2010).
==The Texas Education Agency and the Board of Education==
The Texas Education Agency is the branch of the state government of Texas responsible for public education. Or whatever you call what they do in Texas.
In 2007, Christine Comer resigned as the director of the science curriculum after pressure from officials, who claimed that she had given the appearance of criticizing the teaching of intelligent design and for promoting evolution.Evolution Debate Led to Ouster, Official Says (Nov. 30, 2007) Associated Press via The New York Times. Which she in fact had, as she should. The move came shortly after Comer had forwarded an e-mail message announcing a presentation by Barbara Forrest, author of Creationism’s Trojan Horse,Creationism’s Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design by Barbara Forrest & Paul R. Gross (2011) Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195319737. which argued that creationist politics are behind the movement to get intelligent design taught in public schools.
===The Board of Education===
The State Board of Education oversees the TEA, and consists of 15 members elected from single-member districts for four years. The board devises policies and sets academic standards for Texas public schools as well as oversees the $17.5 billion Permanent School Fund and selects textbooks for Texas' 4.7 million schoolchildren. The Board has a long history of being riddled with wingnuts, creationists, and worse, and the curriculum decision processes have frequently been dominated by rabid, loud, wingnut lunacy.
Perhaps the most famous and bizarre series of events took place in 2009-2010, when the TBoE received criticism from more than fifty scientific organizations over an attempt to weaken science standards on evolution.Texas needs to get it right (March 25, 2009) National Center for Science Education. At the time the board also decided to purge Thomas Jefferson from the History Standards, focusing instead on “Enlightenment thinkers” with a more obviously religious point of view. In addition, they removed anything that could be construed as a negative portrayal of Joseph McCarthy.Rewriting the history books: Educators reflect on state's curriculum changes by Brenda Bernet (May 18, 2010) Amarillo Globe-News. The Board of Education were aptly described as “drafting its own version of American history”,Texas looks to rewrite history: Schoolbooks amended to correct “left leaning” bias in education. (9 Apr 2010) Aljazeera. including altering school textbooks to remove what the wingnuts conceived of as “left leaning bias” and making changes that assumed a less liberal view of religion and race. Other examples of wingnuttery include downplaying Abraham Lincoln's role in the American Civil War and putting a more heroic light on Confederate leader Jefferson Davis; questioning the African American Civil Rights Movement and downplaying Martin Luther King Jr.'s legacy, downplaying slavery in American history, and putting more emphasis on the "states' rights" cause during the Civil War (Lost Cause of the South).
Central wingnut members of the last decade include:
*Rick Agosto, Democrat for District 3 and notable loose cannon who often voted with the wingnuts. Served 2006-2010.
*Barbara Cargill, District 8, 2005-d.d., Chairman 2011-d.d.
*Cynthia Dunbar, served 2007-2011
*Terri Leo,#234: Terri Leo (August 3, 2011) Encyclopedia of American Loons. District 6, 2002-d.d., Chairman of the Instruction Committee, 2011-d.d. (will not seek reelection in 2012Leo Calls It Quits by Ryan (December 12, 2011) TFN Insider.)
*Gail Lowe, served 2002-2011, Chairman 2009-2011
*Don McLeroy, served 1998-2011, Chairman 2007-2009
*Ken Mercer,#273: Ken Mercer (December 29, 2011) Encyclopedia of American Loons. 2006-d.d. Vice-chair of the Instruction Committee
==War on facts==
Efforts to censor and control Texas textbooks have been made for a long time, and by a variety of wingnut organizations and individuals (often members of the board). Although many of the efforts have been effectively combated by organizations such as the Texas Freedom Network (TFN), the success rate of the wingnut factions (what Brian Leiter called the "Texas Taliban"Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog by Brian Leiter (September 15, 2018 at 09:47 AM) Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog.) is non-negligible.
===Early stages===
From the 1960s onwards, groups such as the Gablers’ Educational Research Analysts, who “review public school textbooks from a conservative, Christian perspective,” have targeted “areas of concern”, including evolution,Gabler gone, but it makes no difference by Paul Z. Meyers (pharyngula) (August 2, 2007] 'Science Blogs. the free-enterprise system, what the Founding Fathers intended, and abstinence-only sex education. For instance, in 2007, the Gablers objected to the new math textbooks by claiming that “[r]eplacing standard algorithms with haphazard searches for personal meaning unconstitutionally establishes New Age religious behavior in public school Math instruction.”
The 1990s saw renewed efforts to combat evolution, but the war was in particular waged over health textbooks and the coverage of issues such as contraception, sexually transmitted diseases, and gender roles. The 1990s also saw the TBoE starting to make demands of textbook publishers that they conform to more obviously Biblical values. In 1996, censors attempted to get social studies textbooks that featured pictures of minorities and discussed slavery thrown out. They also demanded that the age of the Earth be determined by Biblical standards rather than by geologists. In 1995, the Texas Legislature passed a law (Senate Bill 1) limiting the school board’s powers to reject textbooks on ideological grounds, a law wingnut board members have since attempted to circumvent or overturn in all possible ways.
In 2001, The Texas Public Policy Foundation succeeded in banning an environmental science textbook that they deemed to be “anti-free enterprise” and “anti-Christian”, and in 2002, they succeeded in removing positive references to Islam in social studies textbooks, as well as to get said books to conform to a Biblical timeline, meaning that references to human civilization or existence predating the time of the creation of the Earth according to "literal" interpretations of the Bible must be made vague and ambiguous.
In 2003, the Discovery Institute launched its "teach the controversy" campaign in Texas, though their revisionist pseudoscience and denialism failed this time around, largely due to the efforts of the Texas Freedom Network. The battle continued in subsequent years, with the wingnut side particularly loudly represented by board members Don McLeroy, who has been explicit about his wish to have creationism replace evolution in public schools,Don McLeroy's Lecture on Evolution and 'Intelligent Design' (2006) Texas Freedom Network (archived from December 18, 2007). and Terri Leo.Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them--Round 4 by Brian Leiter (September 2, 2003) Leiter Reports. Meanwhile, the battle over health textbooks continued as well, with the board pushing abstinence-only sex education (or negligible information on contraception), a situation that continues to this day. They also got publishers to define marriage as “lifelong union between a man and a woman.”
===The McLeroy years, 2006-2010===
In the 2006 elections, the wingnuts gained two more seats and thus effective control over the board. The addition included Cynthia Dunbar, a staunch promoter of homeschooling who has called public education "tyrannical" and a "tool of perversion" for liberal elites, and has said that sending kids to public school is like “throwing them into the enemy’s flames.” The war escalated. 
In 2007, Rick Perry appointed self-proclaimed Christian fundamentalist and creationist Don McLeroy, a dentist, as the board’s chairman. McLeroy served on the board since 1998 (and would serve until 2011), and the years under his chairmanship are usually counted as the darkest in the history of education in Texas.
Though McLeroy and fellow board members Dunbar, Cargill, Leo, Mercer, and others claimed they did not favor intelligent design, they at least attempted to force publishers to include “weaknesses” of evolution. McLeroy also has history of advocating Bible-based Young earth creationism.
In 2008, the wingnuts on the board rejected efforts by teachers and specialists regarding the language arts curriculum, apparently because teachers allegedly sometimes make decisions about reading material based on the ethnicity of writers. The wingnut faction failed to win approval for their reading list, and responded by rewriting other parts of the proposed standards before the final vote on approval, distributing it to the other members of the board an hour before the sessions commenced to ensure that the board would not have read the proposal beforehand.Fire Don McLeroy by Paul Z. Meyers (pharyngula) (May 24, 2008) Science Blogs. Their proposal passed.
In 2009, the evolution debate flared up again (see for details). The creationist members of the board had warmed up by placing young earth creationists (Roger Sigler and Tom Henderson) on the committee writing the standards for a new Earth and Space Sciences course in Texas public schools.Young Earth Creationist Attack on the New Texas Earth and Space Science Course: A Scientific Response by Steven Schafersman (2009 January 15) Texas Citizens for Science (archived from January 20, 2009). The wingnut faction didn’t succeed in their efforts to incorporate “weaknesses of evolution” languageStanding Up for Science (2011) Texas Freedom Network (archived from August 12, 2011) into the standards, but did manage to include language that opens up for creationist attacks in classrooms.Liveblag II by Josh Rosenau (tfk) Science Blogs. A live blogging of parts of the debate. One amendment that did pass calls for students to "analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning any data on sudden appearance and stasis and the sequential groups in the fossil record." The phrases to take notice of are "sudden appearance" and "stasis". According to McLeroy, the "sudden appearance" of forms under the Cambrian explosion, and the rapid multiplication and diversification of species, was followed by a long period of stasis, something McLeroy viewed as evidence against evolution and in favor of creationism. Importantly, the language gives the creationist members of the board a way to reject books that don’t sufficiently "evaluate scientific explanations" concerning stasis and sudden appearance when textbooks are selected. Another amendment requires that teachers and textbooks include language to “analyze and evaluate scientific explanation concerning the complexity of the cell", which is another well-known buzzword for creationist talking points, and which again would bias the selection of textbooks in Texas in favor of the more creationist-friendly ones.Texas on Evolution: Needs further study by Gordy Slack (Mar 28, 2009) Salon. A solid overview of the 2009 situation.
In 2010, the infamous revisions of social studies standards were passed.
The story behind the changes is an appalling tale of dishonesty and subversive tactics. In advance of the sessions, the Texas Education Agency had assembled a team to tackle the history standards for each grade; for eleventh-grade U.S. history, the team originally consisted of classroom teachers and history professors. McLeroy, however, was not completely satisfied with the situation, and decided to add Bill Ames to the group. Ames is a Minuteman militia member, volunteer for the Eagle Forum, and well-known critic of illegal immigration (accusing illegal aliens of infesting America with diseases) and the “environmentalist agenda to destroy America", and he required that the standards include materials on conservative icons such as Newt Gingrich, Phyllis Schlafly, and the Moral Majority. The team refused, of course, so Ames complained to McLeroy. McLeroy responded by demanding to see draft standards for every grade, which he handed over to the ultraconservative think tank the Texas Public Policy Foundation (founded by his benefactor James Leininger) for vetting. The Texas Public Policy Foundation of course found all sorts of “faults” (particularly since McLeroy sent them incomplete drafts and working materials rather than completed recommendations). As a result, the board voted to stop the writing teams’ work and instead bring in a panel of experts. An “expert” in this case would be anyone the group considered to be an expert. In keeping with the makeup of the board, three of the six people appointed were right-wing ideologues, among them self-styled historian (with no formal qualifications) Peter Marshall, #258: Peter Marshall (November 14, 2011) Encyclopedia of American Loons. known for his argument that California wildfires and Hurricane Katrina were God’s punishment for tolerating gays, and dominionist pseudohistorian David Barton.
When Marshall and Barton testified before the board, Barton brought forth all his well-known revisionist pseudohistory that supposedly proves that The United States is a Christian nation, that the US Constitution really calls for the institution of Biblical law, and that there is no separation of church and state. Through quote-mining and misrepresentations, Barton argued that Texas textbooks should promote these falsehoods and misrepresentations. Barton also sought to redeem Joseph McCarthy, a project that several members of the Board endorsed (Cynthia Dunbar, in particular, suggested that the anti-communist witch-hunts may have been justified), and wanted textbooks to describe the history of the Western World as a continuous battle with Islam, where Muslims have – without exception – been the aggressors. Moreover, Barton claimed that African Americans owe their civil rights to the Republicans, even to the extent that “it might be much more appropriate that … demands for reparations were made to the Democrat Party rather than to the federal government.” While generally successful in getting the board to follow their recommendations, Barton and Marshall’s attempt to purge the standards of César Chávez and Thurgood Marshall did admittedly fail. The pair did, however, succeed in getting the board to downplay the influence of people such as Martin Luther King Jr., by arguing that one couldn’t credit single people with advancing the rights of minorities; such credit must rather go to the majorities that carry out the changes, which according to Barton and Marshall's reality-challenged representations of history, means the white males of the Republican Party.
Although the final standards were somewhat more moderate than Barton and Marshall wanted them to be, they still included several of their talking points.
A minor 2010 event that also illustrates the motivations and work of the TBoE's wingnut faction was Pat Hardy's move to get the children’s book Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? by Bill MartinBrown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? by Bill Martin (1967) Holt, Rinehart and Winston. expunged from the elementary school curriculum. The move was made after Hardy was informed by Terri Leo that a Google search had revealed Bill Martin as the author of a book on Marxism – never mind that this was a completely different Bill Martin.Confused Texas Education Board bans kids' author from curriculum by Traci Shurley (Published: 24 January 2010 11:04 AM; Updated: 26 November 2010 03:16 PM) The Dallas Morning News.Ethical Marxism: The Categorical Imperative of Liberation by Bill Martin (2013) Open Court. ISBN 0812698614.
===Changes to the history and social sciences curriculum===
In the curriculum debates, the wingnuts succeeded in downplaying the role of slavery in causing the Civil War, misrepresenting the role of religion in US history, as well as suggesting that the separation of church and state is not a key principle in the US Constitution.
The changes, at the request of Cynthia Dunbar, also included the removal of Thomas Jefferson and mention of the Age of Enlightenment (i.e. any implication that reason should be the foundation for authority). More precisely, the previous formulation:
was changed to
 
This change anachronistically placed Aquinas and John Calvin among the prominent "Age of Enlightenment" thinkers... But at least they were very religious. The addition of Blackstone is perhaps less odd, since he is revered among U.S. lawyers, but does appear rather superfluous given the inclusion of Montesquieu. However, Blackstone has apparently been adopted as a patron saint of dominionists who have (re)cast him as one of their own, which would explain why he gets drafted alongside such out and out religious figures as Aquinas and Calvin.See for instance the depiction of Blackstone at the Blackstone Institute.
So, Thomas Jefferson, who favored separation of church and state, had to go. On the other hand, a new focus on the "significant contributions" of pro-slavery Confederate leaders during the Civil War was added. In general, historical figures whose religious views didn't match the board's conception of orthodoxy, in practice conservative, more or less dominionist Christianity, were those cut from or marginalised in the curriculum. Thus, heterodox and/or deist founders Jefferson, Paine, Franklin, or subsequent figures whose political bend ran contrary to the board's ideal "free-enterprise" economics (such as union organizer ) were relegated to the fringe or removed completely from the study program. In their place, the board in its wisdom decided that it was crucial for pupils to focus on, for instance, such revolutionary era titans as and and these new figures were all safely orthodox in the aforementioned sense of being staunch and vocal supporters of conservative versions Christianity.Curiously, considering the opinions of many Evangelicals, being a staunch Catholic was considered acceptable, hence the inclusion of Carroll.
Furthermore, the study of Sir Isaac Newton was dropped in favor of examining Just like the separation of church and state, the Founding Fathers' (incl. Washington'sAs Washington put it in his "Hence, likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establishments, which, under any form of government, are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly hostile to Republican Liberty."(Note that the capital in "Republican" was, of course, a spelling convention, as no Republican Party existed in Washington's day.)) wariness of the pernicious influence of militarism on republicanNote: Small "r" virtues and liberties were ditched in favor of gung-ho jingoism throughout the curriculum. Axing Newton was particularly odd, though, considering how creationists love to brag about Newton's Christianity, but perhaps his personal brand of mystic and heterodox Christianity was judged too far off the beaten path, or perhaps he was just a casualty of the general anti-Enlightenment sentiment. Another curriculum amendment described the civil rights movement as creating "unrealistic expectations of equal outcomes" among minorities, and at the same time dropped references to the slave trade in favor of the more innocuous "Atlantic triangular trade".
Dunbar herself called the amendments important steps to overturning what she believes is the myth of a separation between church and state, which — of course — is also the expressed goal of David Barton, whose work the board relied upon rather heavily.
Governor Perry subsequently proudly declared that "Texas is a national example of how to best prepare our children for higher education and the workplace,"https://web.archive.org/web/20100916041148/http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2010/sep/11/this-series-examines-important-issues-to-texans/ 2010 The Vote: K-12 Education. Republican: Rick Perry] (September 11, 2010 at 7:36 p.m.) Go San Angeleo (archived from September 16, 2010). though in the same interview he also declared that "I am a firm believer in intelligent design as a matter of faith and intellect, and I believe it should be presented in schools alongside the theories of evolution," so his opinions on matters of education aren't exactly trustworthy. The previous year, he had reappointed Don McLeroy as the chairman of the Board of education, but that appointment had been rejected by the Texas Senate.McLeroy confirmation blocked by Kate Alexander (April 30, 2009, 11:39 AM) The Austin American-Statesman (archived from May 5, 2009).
===The aftermath, 2010 to present===
On May 28, 2009, McLeroy's nomination as Chairman of the Board of Education failed to gain Senate approval; only 19 of 31 Senators voted for him, one vote short of the 2/3 majority needed. Gail Lowe became the new Chair, though McLeroy (and the perhaps even more brutally insane, incompetent, and loud Cynthia Dunbar) remained dominant forces during the board meetings, in what Russell Shorto described as "a single-handed display of arch-conservative political strong-arming,"How Christian Were the Founders? by Russell Shorto (February 11, 2010) The New York Times. at least until 2011 when both McLeroy and Dunbar ended their terms. 
The battle continued, however. Gail Lowe, the Chairwoman who succeeded McLeroy, is a young earth creationist as well.Perry Names Lowe as BOE Chair by Ed Brayton (July 12, 2009) Patheos. The dominionist faction of the board lost their majority in the 2011 elections (District 10, for instance, did not endorse Dunbar's handpicked successor, the equally crazy Brian Russell).
Lowe's stint ended in 2011, when she passed the reins to Barbara Cargill, another ardent creationist,#56: Barbara Cargill (September 15, 2010) Encyclopedia of American Loons. famous for deciding that the question of the age of the universe and whether it is expanding should be matters to be decided by a Board vote. Given that this was the TBoE, it was decided that there is no scientific consensus on those issues, and the education standards should reflect this. However, the creationists appear to have lost some votes, so at least the creationism part may have to be toned down for the time being;Texas To Revisit Evolution Education Debate Under New Conservative Chairwoman by Jim Vertuno (07/20/11 03:32 PM ET) Huffpost Education. at least during the 2011 sessions, the creationist attempts were for the most part rather successfully blocked and evolution survived wellA grey lining in Texas by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (July 22, 2011) Science Blogs.Evolution wins in Texas by Josh Rosenau (July 25, 2011) Science Blogs.Victory for evolution in Texas (July 22, 2011) National Center for Science Education. despite stalwart efforts to the contrary from Ken Mercer, though other topics fared less well.
The science review panels that will evaluate instructional materials submitted for approval by the TBoE appointed in 2011 contained some creationists,Creationists Appointed to Science Review Panels by Ryan (May 13, 2011) TFN Insider (archived from October 15, 2011). though they are definitely in the minority. Recognized creationists include:
*Ide Trotter of Texans for Better Science Education (appointed by Terri Leo), who has testified before the board on several previous occasions and who claims that the major scientific discoveries of the 20th century makes evolution harder and harder to defend. Trotter is a signatory to A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism.
*David Shormann (appointed by Barbara Cargill), who holds a Ph.D. in marine chemistry,Who's Who Among the State Board Education Hearing by Dan Solomon (September 18, 2013) Texas Monthly. is a young Earth creationist who has claimed that “Treating Earth history as just that, history, I can find physical and written testimony that the Earth is only 6,000 years old. And just as most of us have no problem believing Jesus Christ was a real person who lived 2,000 years ago, we should have no problem believing there were about 4,000 years from the Beginning to Christ’s birth. Studying natural history can be an interesting, fun, and adventure-filled pursuit, but it is not real science, and shouldn’t be treated like it is.” Shormann has already displayed his belligerent incompetence on several occasions,Creationists Target Publisher in Texas Adoption by Dan (July 7 2011) TFN Report. while the screaming bald eagle cover and title of Shormann's self-published book The Exchange of Truth: Liberating the World from the Lie of EvolutionThe Exchange of Truth: Liberating the World from the Lie of Evolution (2007) iUniverse. ISBN 0595421776. nicely sums up his brand of jingoistic science denial. Shormann is also a signatory to A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism.
*Richard White (appointed by Gail Lowe), who has previously defended the "strength and weaknesses" language in the science standards, claiming that there "are all well-known scientific problems with modern evolutionary theory."
Although it is a different entity, the 2012 Texas GOP convention adopted a platformReport of Platform Committee and Rules Committee: 2012 State Republican Party Platform 2012 Republican Party of Texas via TFN Insider (archived from September 1, 2012). that does not invite much confidence that the education wars are in any way over. For instance, the GOP is opposed to the teaching of critical thinking since it involves "undermining parental authority"
Their platform also includes a commitment to "teaching the controversy" regarding evolution and climate change
The insanity continued in 2013, with McLeroy's successor pushing a creationist agenda.Texas school board searching for “another side” to theory of evolution: Now threatening to pressure biology textbook publishers. by John Timmer (2/8/2013, 8:37 AM) Ars Technica. By July 2013, it also looked like the creationists were gaining traction, with several well-known and hardcore creationists having been appointed to the textbook review panels.Alarm Bells Are Ringing: Creationists Get Influential Positions in Texas Science Textbook Review by Dan (July 30, 2013) TFN Insider (archived from August 1, 2013).
==Breakdown of the 2009 science standard debates==
In 2009, the Board of Education resumed their attacks on the teaching of evolution in public schools; indeed, the creationists had in advance orchestrated an attack on the New Texas Earth and Space Science Course science standard.Young Earth Creationist Attack on the New Texas Earth and Space Science Course: A Scientific Response by Steve Schafersman (2009 January 15) Texas Citizens for Science (archived from February 20, 2009). The hearings were live-blogged by Josh Rosenau, and gives some insight into how the board actually works:
===Part One: January 2009===
January 21
There are audiofiles of the rounds, courtesy of the Texas Freedom NetworkTexas SBOE on Science Standards January 22, 2009 (Audio) Tony's curricublog.
Part I: The discussion is supposed to concern the “strengths and weaknesses of evolution” language in the science standards.Liveblagging the Texas science standards hearings by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 21, 2009) Science Blogs. Regarding the live blogging references, "blag" is French for joke.
Part II: Various “defenses” of “strengths and weaknesses” are presented, especially from Cynthia Dunbar and Barbara Cargill. Ken Mercer is concerned about persecution of students who defend creationism; he’s heard rumors that some think their views are silly. There are references to Ben Stein (Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed was a relatively recent phenomenon at this time).Liveblag II by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 21, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part III: Various attacks on evolution are given, especially from Terri Leo. Gold quote, from Paul Lively, veteran (not all people testifying qualify as “experts” by anyone but those with a wingnut axe to grind): “Accurate science is just one view”.Texas Liveblagging by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 21, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part IV: Various pro-creationist talking points and befuddled attacks on evolution; parent and former TBoE candidate Peter Johnston tries to invoke Thomas Kuhn and worldviews talk in favor of teaching strengths and weaknesses (it deteriorates from there).Texas Liveblagging 4: The Blaggening by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 21, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part V: Some back and forth. Parent Steve Lyons claims that evolution is just a theory, and that scientists are trying to confuse good folks by trying to get “theory” to mean something else, as if a theory could be a fact.Liveblagging V: Driving Ms. Hazy by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 21, 2009) Science Blogs.
 
Part VI: “Expert” witness Stephen Meyer attacks evolution primarily by quote-mining Darwin and claiming that evolution is a religion since it doesn’t have explanatory or predictive power.Liveblagging VI: The Meyering by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 21, 2009) Science Blogs.Liveblogging the interminable Meyer by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 21, 2009) Science Blogs.Livebogging the execrable Meyer by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 22, 2009) Science Blogs.
 
Interlude: Creationist celebrity Ralph Seelke attacks evolution partly because it is supported by scientific consensus and scientific consensus may be wrong.Liveblag fail: Crash costs me liveblagging of Skoog and Seelke by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 22, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part VII: Professor Ron Wetherington attacks the strengths and weaknesses language; Dunbar objects with gibberish.Liveblagging VII: The Wetheringing by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 22, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part VIII: Local creationist Charles Garner, signatory to A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism, gives his testimony, mostly nonsense, including the claim that evolution does not and cannot have observable support.Liveblogging Texas MCCVI: Garnering support by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 22, 2009) Science Blogs.Liveblogging Texas MMMLDI by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 22, 2009) Science Blogs.
Throughout the sessions, it was unclear what "weaknesses" of evolution the wingnuts were claiming existed. Few clear answers were given, but at least Dunbar, at two points, claimed that Nobel laureate Werner Arber's work on evolution and genetics showed that "the genetic code, and genetic mutations are actually built in to a limitation that they can only go so far, which is contrary to the ultimate result of natural selection and all of that," or in other words, that genetics disproves evolution. Of course, Dunbar seems to have got that information from Jerry Bergman. According to Arber himself, the idea that his findings are problematic for evolution is nonsense, and he points out that Bergman's article, which presented Arber as a "Darwin skeptic", "completely misinterprets my general conclusions that I base on several decades of studies in microbial genetics. A number of citations are taken out of their original context and surrounded by comments and misinterpretations by the author of the article."Josh Rosenau's How the Texas Board of Ed. misrepresented a Nobel Prize winner: a repost by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 29, 2009) Science Blogs.
January 22
IntroLiveblogging the next day of interminable hearings by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 22, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part II: Dunbar moves to restore strength & weaknesses language; Cargill quotes Discovery Institute blogs.Liveblagging Texas again by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 22, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part III: Mercer goes batshit with creationist canards. Evolution is religion; Piltdown man disproves evolution; Haeckel was a racist. Leo and Lowe support him.[Liveblogging Texas Day 2, part 3 by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 22, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part IV: Board member Rick Agosto, Democrat who often votes with the wingnuts, wavers but will vote against the wingnut amendments, which are hence likely to crash.Texas liveblogging day 2 part 4: His Agosto presence by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 22, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part V: Vote on evolution gets postponed. Mercer complains about students allegedly not being admitted to college because of their religious beliefs.Texas liveblogging, day 2, part 5: Miller Time by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 22, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part McLeroy: Don McLeroy succeeds in emphasizing the “weaknesses” of common descent; since the “strengths and weaknesses” language seems to fail elsewhere, McLeroy is trying to insert as much creationist bullshit as possible. Liveblogging Texas: McLeroy by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 22, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part VI: Dunbar makes her final attacks.Liveblogging Texas, day 2, part 6 by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 22, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part VII: Discussion about the age of the universe. Cargill claims there are various viable theories out there and that observations cannot reveal the age of the Universe. New standards pass with revisions that reflect “uncertainty”; Dunbar succeeds in including “is thought to” in virtually all formulations, calling for students to “evaluate the evidence”. Science and truth take hard blows in the new standards.Texas liveblogging, day 2, part 7: On to earth science by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 22, 2009) Science Blogs.
January 23
Final stage: In the final vote, the science standards survive without reinserting the “strengths and weaknesses” language; it’s a close call, however.Texas passes first reading of new science standards by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (January 23 2009) Science Blogs.
===Part Two: March 2009===
The second round of the debate. Audiofiles courtesy of the Texas Freedom Network (TFN). A full list of speakers is available.Texas SBOE March 25 testifiers (July 16, 2009) Tony's curricublog. The following is Josh Rosenau's liveblogging:
Intro, March 24: Discovery Institute’s Rob Crowther is upset that people criticize the previous amendments.Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge? by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 24, 2009) Science Blogs.
March 25
Part I: The Board asks the expert witness nothing, instead asking creationist Lee Wagstaff all the questions that should have been directed to the expert.Liveblogging the Texas hearings by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part II: Terri Leo lies.Terri Leo's revisionist history by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part III: Textbook author Juli Berwald defends evolution. The wingnuts on the board are confused.Textbook author by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part IV: Terri Leo claims that exploring weaknesses of science is uniformly how new discoveries are made. Remember that the discussion concerns high school introductory textbooks.Texas liveblogging again by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part VSally Wall, Randy Linder, Randy Daw, and Diana Walker by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs. and Part VI.Kyle Lewallen by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part VII: Discovery Institute fellow Ray Bohlin speaks. Leo wonders if evolution matters to his research. Bohlin denies that it does, but does not mention that his “research” mainly concerns topics such as "Is Masturbation a Sin?"Is Masturbation A Sin? by Ray Bohlin (June 18, 2008) Probe Ministries. and "Is pole-dancing OK for believers?"Is Pole-Dancing for Exercise Okay for Believers? by Sue Bohlin (August 8, 2007) Probe Ministries.Ray Bohlin by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part VIII and Part IX: Sharon Mosher, Deborah Koeck, and Martha Griffin argue against the “strengths and weaknesses” language. Richard White defends it, arguing that mutations cannot add information.Claim CB102 The Talk Origins Archive. In 2011 Gail Lowe would appoint White to the science review panels that will evaluate instructional materials submitted for approval by the TBoE (see above).Sharon Mosher and Deborah Koeck by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.Richard White and Martha Griffin by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part X: President-elect of Austin Geological Society Ann Molineux supports science. Donald Ewert insists that his work on bacteria proves that evolution is wrong. Leo agrees and claims that people who do research are dogmaticScientists are pressured not to challenge established dogma EvoWiki (archived from March 13, 2012). and those who question evolution are in danger of being ostracized.Ann Molineux and Donald Ewert by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part XI and Part XII: Discovery Institute’s John West claims that NCSE’s Eugenie Scott and Josh Rosenau supports the “strengths and weaknesses” language, which Rosenau – who does the liveblogging – finds hard to believe. More support of evolution follows.I'm for S&W, apparently by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.Melinda Mells, Bill Vinal by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part XIII: Student defends strengths and weaknesses; back and forth on philosophy of science. Randy Guliuzza of ICR claims that the Texas Freedom Network’s survey of scientists, which predictably showed that they virtually uniformly support evolution, is bogus since it only surveyed scientists who work on topics related to evolution. Creationists should be given a voice too; Guliuzza draws hearty support from Dunbar and Cargill. Dunbar and Guliuzza agree that experts actually don’t know anything.Colin White and Daniel Boone and Randy Guliuzza and Robert Rutford by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part XIV: Random creationist complains that she was taught evolution “dogmatically”, only learning about creationism later.Mrs. Arlington/Mrs. Texas by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part XV and Part XVI: Discovery Institute’s Casey Luskin fancies himself an expert. David Daniel, member of TAMEST, praises science instead. McLeroy responds with “I appreciate what you guys say, I just disagree.”Joy Killough and Robert Crowther (aka Casey Luskin) by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.David Daniel by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part XVII: Rosenau’s testimony.Josh Rosenau by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part XIX and Part XVIII: Various back and forths. A former Texas student opposes “strengths and weaknesses” (does a fine job), whereas Kelly Coghlan, of ChristianAttorney.com and professional ambulance chaser for bogus claims of religious persecution, confuses the Board of Education with a legislative body.Travis Tunnell, Franklin Mayo by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.Dean Mohlman, Wade Warren, Victoria Huang, Audris Zidermanis by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part XX and Part XXI: Back and forth. Walter Bradley, signatory to A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism, attacks Dawkins. Some creationist claims that everyone who defends evolution is an evil atheist; also includes a Paluxy River tracks apologist.Walter Bradley, Josephine Krouse by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.Eugenie Scott, etc. by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part XXII: Creationist Don Patton is absolutely insane, and even other creationists have to reject his claims. Cargill is interested, however. Hiram Sasser, of Focus on the Family, isn’t much better.Don Patton, Gerald Skoog, Hiram Sasser by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part XXIII: Eugenie Scott speaks (live video).Genie speaks by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 25, 2009) Science Blogs.
March 26
Part I: After some debate, Mercer’s motion to reinstate the old strengths and weaknesses language fails. This is a big day of voting.Texas hearings, day 2 by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 26, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part II: Terri Leo wants to have the complexity of the cell into the standards. McLeroy wishes, specifically, that students “analyze and evaluate the sufficiency or insufficiency of natural selection to explain the complexity of the cell” (even suggesting, but withdrawing, evaluating whether “unguided natural processes” could explain it). Bob Craig suggests a more reasonable amendment. Craig’s amendment fails. McLeroy’s passes.Creationist amendments by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 26, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part III: Cargill wants alternative explanations for the origin of the Universe into the standards. Most proposed amendments concerning the age and formation of the universe and the solar system fails. Then there are the evolution amendments. The improved standards fail. Cargill goes off the rails, claiming that no transitional fossils exist and that students should learn “universal common design” in addition to (instead of?) “common descent”. Then she wants to review the Big Bang theory and all the alleged uncertainty concerning that one. She proposes inserting uncertainty language into the amendments; it passes. Finally, she manages to get a small creationist talking point into discussions of the origin of life.Earth and Space Science Amendments by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 26, 2009) Science Blogs.
March 27
Part I: Dunbar tries to reinsert “strengths and weaknesses” language. The creationists make some initial headway, but the situation is unclear and the victories are minor.Strengths and weaknesses crawls through the window by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 2[7], 2009) Science Blogs.
Part II: The major biology amendments are discussed and voted upon. McLeroy claims that evolution cannot explain “stasis” or “sudden appearance”, and that he disagrees with the experts on that issue. Cargill denies that the fossil record provides evidence for common ancestry, claiming that all fossils of snails look the same and show no sign of having evolved. More sane board members claim that one should listen to the experts. McLeroy thinks that is an appeal to authority (apparently thinking that makes it a fallacy), and continues to claim that it’s false that science relies on evolution. There is “reasonable doubt,” and genetics, rather than evolution, is the foundation of modern biology. Genetics goes back to “a Christian monk;” evolution “goes back to a man who [something] philosophical speculation,” and “the data does not support evolution.” The “evaluate and assess” language concerning common descent is retained.Biology amendments by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 27, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part III: Dunbar suggests a modification; the “stasis” and “sudden appearance” talk gets included in the standards. The “analyze and evaluate scientific explanations for the complexity of the cell” language remains too, as does the language concerning the “evidence regarding formation of simple organic molecules and their organization into long complex molecules having information such as the DNA molecule for self-replicating life.”More Biology amendments by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 27, 2009) Science Blogs.
Part IV: The “Earth in Space and Time” amendments. The expert recommendations fail. A slight (but not good) improvement of the language concerning transitional fossils passes.Earth and Space Science amendments by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 27, 2009) Science Blogs.
Summary: The final amendments are actually an overall improvement over the old ones, but still contain creationist-friendly language, such as the language concerning “sudden appearance” and “stasis”.Thoughts on Texas by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 28, 2009) Science Blogs.
Addendum: Discovery Institute’s John West also sums up the Board discussions, but without any trace of a connection to reality.On keeping one's story straight by Josh Rosenau (tjk) (March 30, 2009) Science Blogs.
==2014: A publisher shows some resolve, but…==
In 2014, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt showed a spine, and pulled its textbook from consideration after being requested by the TBoE to "add greater coverage of Judeo-Christian influence — including Moses — on America's Founding Fathers."Publisher Pulls Textbook From SBOE Consideration: A major publisher has decided to withdraw a social studies textbook under consideration for approval in Texas amid ongoing controversy over last-minute content changes. by Morgan Smith (November 21, 2014) Texas Tribune. Another publisher, WorldView Software, was excluded from consideration by the TBoE because of "political considerations" (the sainthood of Ronnie was not sufficiently acknowledged).Texas Approves 'Pro-Moses' Social Studies Books Amid Controversy (January 2015) Americans United for Separation of Church and State (archived from September 9, 2015). 
Unfortunately, the 2014 history textbooks would still contain such right-wing canards as downplaying the role of slavery as a cause of the American Civil War, as well as completely omitting the existence and effects of the KKK and later Jim Crow laws. The latter thus excises the segregation that gave rise to the civil rights movement and the Civil Rights Act, a rather stunning (and telling) omission. And remember: These textbooks might well end up in classrooms outside of Texas as well.5 Reasons the New Texas Social Studies Textbooks are Nuts by Diana Wray (July 5, 2015) Houston Press (archived from July 11, 2015).
==Back to the future==
The battles at TBoE were not the first time that ahistorical textbooks were pushed in Texas. For example, from the 1950s to the 1960s, The History of Texas was used in Texas schools; it was written by two non-historians who were middle school principals, and even stated that "minor details that mar, rather than enhance, so glorious a pictures are purposely omitted."Textbook Can Teach Us About Today's Textbook Fight by Nathan Bernier (November 16, 2016 at 5:52 PM CST) KUT.The History of Texas by Emma Mae Brotze & A. E. Lehmberg (1954) Noble and Noble. Such 'minor' omitted details included:
*Women's contribution to history, included: women's suffrage
*Any realistic (non-stereotyped) or substantive discussion of Native Americans, African Americans, or Mexican Americans
*Any historical images (images came from Hollywood films)
*Accurate characterization of the Battle of the Alamo
*Accurate perspective on the American Civil War and Reconstruction (leaning instead towards the Lost Cause of the South)
*Accurate characterization of the Ku Klux Klan
==See also==
*Barbara Cargill
*Creationism in public education
*Lost Cause of the South, and the textbooks that it spawned in Virginia
*Texans for Better Science Education
*Texas Citizens for Science
==External links==
*Texas Freedom Network (comprehensive resource on the various battles)
*Texas Freedom Network’s timeline of textbook censorship
*TBoE removes Thomas Jefferson from the History Standard
*Jon Stewart vs. TBoE
*The Revisionaries, a documentary by Scott Thurman
*Tom Tomorrow sums up the TBoE
*Creationists' Last Stand at the State Board of Education, Will anti-evolutionists be able to adapt and survive in a new textbook market?
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Anti-intellectualism
Category:Creationist organizations
Category:Culture wars
Category:Denialist organizations
Category:Discovery Institute
Category:Education
Category:Fundamentalist Christian organizations
Category:Islamophobia
Category:Misnomers
Category:Pseudohistory promoters
Category:Pseudoscience promoting organizations
Category:Purity culture
Category:Racism
Category:Slavery apologists
Category:Texas
Category:Theocracy
Category:United States politics
Category:War on science