nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Formica

== Description ==
[Formica Corp.] A registered trademark for a series of laminated surfacing materials made from phenolic resins. Formica® was invented in 1912 by Daniel J. O'Conor. Patented in 1913, it was originally made as a substitute for mica, hence its name, and sold to electrical companies as insulation. In 1927, a printing technique was patented to make laminates with decorative surfaces. Formica® laminate and Formica® ColorCore surfacing materials are made from kraft paper impregnated with phenolic and melamine resins then consolidated at high pressures. The sheets are rigid with a uniform thickness. Formica® laminates are designed for interior use on countertops and cabinet facings. The manufacturer recommends that it only be adhered to fiberboard with a Formica® brand adhesive. While top surfaces of an adhered Formica® laminate are resistant to boiling water, an exposed board may warp in high humidity. Freshly cut surfaces will emit small amounts of formaldehyde.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fórmica (Port.); Arborite (similar product made in Canada)
== Risks ==
* Possible decomposition products are: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, formaldehyde and nitrogen oxides.
* Formica Corporation: file:///C:/Users/Michele/Downloads/Intentek%20Safety%20Data%20Sheet%20(1).pdf Safety Data Sheet
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Strong acids and alkalis will destroy surface appearance.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Formica: Website:
* Exhibit Guidelines Technical Notes: Using Composite Panels in Exhibit Case Construction
* Wikipedia,: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formica_%28plastic%29 (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 792
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory:LaminatesCategory: Board/Panel, Composite
Formogelatin

== Description ==
An insoluble material produced when a gelatin solution or film is treated with formaldehyde. Prior to the development of many synthetic adhesives, formogelatin was used as a water resistant adhesive.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
formaldehyde gelatin; Glutol; glutoform; gelatina de formaldehído (Esp.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Decomposed with boiling water or dilute hydrochloric acid.
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
Category:Materials database
Formstone

== Description ==
Cast concrete formed in the shape of stones or brick. Formstone is used on the front of buildings and homes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Garden State Brickface
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* I. Myjer, Contributed information, 1998.
Category:Materials database
Fort Collins sandstone

== Description ==
A general name for sandstones quarried near Fort Collins, Colorado. A dark red, dense, fine-grain sandstone is quarried near Bellevue. A white, quartzite sandstone is quarried near Stout. These stones are used for foundations, paving and buildings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Bellevue sandstone; Stout sandstone; Arkin sandstone
== Resources and Citations ==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Fosshape

==Decsription ==
[Wonderflex World] A registered trademark for a nonwoven 100% polyester fabric. Fosshape® has a felt-like texture and is often called the “buckram replacement”. The fabric is heat activated (temperature range 100-130 C) to achieve rigidity, stiffness and surface enhancement. It is mildew resistant and dye-able as well. Applications include: costuming, lightweight crafted reinforcement, theater props and set design, craft-work, puppetry, millinery headpieces, masks, sculptures, museum mountmaking and more.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Alternate shaping option: Wonderflex
== Applications ==
* Construction of mannequins
* Production of mounts
== Personal Risk ==
Fosshape® [SDS Sheet]
== Working Properties ==
Synthetic FOSSHAPE® can easily be cut with scissors, will not fray like conventional woven fabrics and can be readily sewn to itself or other fabrics as a hidden stiffener or shaped into stand alone structures. Fabric steamers are the often preferred method for forming a desired amount of rigidity and stiffness, but conventional steam irons or an industrial hot air gun may oftentimes be helpful. The level of stiffness is achieved by adjusting heat, time and pressure. Depending on heating technique, it will shrink in the range of 15% or more.
Please see: [AIC Wiki]
== Forms/Sizes ==
Fosshape® is available in 300, 400 and 600 weights in fabric widths of 45″ or 114.3 cm. The 300 (lightest) and 600 (heaviest) are white while the 400 is black.
== Resources and Citations ==
* https://www.wonderflexworld.com/home/
* Rachael Perkins Arenstein, Lisa Goldberg, and Eugenie Milroy, ‘Support and Rehousing for Collection Storage’ In ‘Preventive Conservation: Collection Storage’ Lisa Elkin and Christopher A. Norris (eds.), Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, New York. 2019.
Category:Materials database Category:MWGCategory:Sheet, FabricCategory: Cushioning
Fossil

== Description ==
A sedimentary stone that has preserved an impression of a plant or animal from another geological time period. Fossils are found in all parts of the world. The imprints are sometimes formed when animals, insects, or plants walked through or were trapped in mud, peat, ice, or tar. Collectively, fossils have produced a record of the evolution of many organisms.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fósil (Esp.); fossile (Fr.); fóssil (Port.); Fossil (Deut.); fossiel (Ned.)
== Additional Images ==
File:fossilized leaves_mag.jpg|Fossilized leaves
File:Fossilemr1.jpg|Fossilized shell
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Fossil resin

== Description ==
A natural resin, such as amber and some copals, that originated from prehistoric coniferous trees that are now extinct.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
résine fossile (Fr.); resina fosil (Esp.); resina fossile (It); fossil gum
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 672
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Fossil wax

== Description ==
Any mineral wax, such as ozocerite or montan, that originates in petroleum deposits.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
mineral wax; cera fósil (Esp.); cera mineral (Esp.); cire fossile (Fr.); cera minerale (It)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
Category:Materials database
Foundry sand

== Description ==
A refractory sand used in metal casting molds. Foundry sand usually contains silica, alumina, and clay with trace amounts of zirconium, titanium, or other metal oxides. For hollow molds, foundry sand is packed between the casting pattern and the molding box for support. In other casting methods, the pattern may be pressed directly into the sand then removed leaving an impression in the sand for the metal cast. Still other methods use a wax pattern around which the sand is molded. The mold is baked to removed the wax, then filled with molten metal. Binders, such as casein, are used to maintain the integrity of the packed sand.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
molding sand; sable de fonderie (Fr.); Formsand (Deut.); areia de fundição (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Fountain pen ink

== Description ==
Fountain pens, first sold in late 19th century, contain a reservoir of writing ink that is wicked out by paper fibers. Typically fountain pen ink is very water soluble and may contain tannic, gallic and hydrochloric acid. Some black ink colors may partially separate on paper producing a blue halo around a black center. Many blue and black fountain pen inks fade in sunlight.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Book and Paper Catalog; AIC Wiki
Category:Materials database
Fourier transform

== Description ==
A complex mathematical function that converts a time-based function, called an interferogram, into a distance-based function, called a spectrum. An interferogram is generated using an interferometer. An interferometer uses the differences between a moving mirror and a fixed mirror to modulate a radiation source, thereby allowing all wavelengths to be measured at once. This increases the effective signal intensity and thus increases the measurement sensitivity. Fourier transforms are used for several spectroscopic analytical methods such as infrared (IR), raman and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Fourier-Transformation (Deut.); transformée de Fourier (Fr.);
Category:Materials database
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

== Description ==
An analysis technique used to obtain an absorption or emission spectrum of vibrational changes in chemical bonds. A Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer simultaneously collects high-resolution spectral data over a wide spectral range, typically 4000-600 cm-1 (wavenumbers). The vibrational changes that occur in chemical functional groups are unique and reproducible. The combination of these interactions with the infrared beam, represented as a spectrum, produce a unique pattern for each class of material. When multiple materials are present the absorption patterns for each material are present in a additive pattern. This often allows the elucidation of many of the component in a simple mixture, Thus, infrared spectroscopy serves as a first step to more complete identification using other techniques. Most museum labs have their FTIR equipped with a microscope as well-as a reflective option. Thus small samples can be examined in transmitted or reflected light modes. A micro-attenuated total reflectance (ATR) attachment for the microscope is also available for studying the composition of thin coatings, such as the varnish on a painting or photograph.
thumb|IR spectrum of indigoForbes 443(MFA)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
FT-IR; FTIR; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; Fourier-Transformation Infrarot Spektroskopie (Deut.); spectroscopie infrarouge par transformée de Fourier (Fr.);
== Resources and Citations ==
* Wikipedia: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (Accessed June 2023)
* National Gallery of Art Scientific Research: Spectroscopy
* M.Derrick, D.Stulik, J.Landry, Infrared Spectroscopy in Conservation Science, In Scientific Tools for Conservation series, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1999.
Category:Materials database
Fox

== Description ==
Any of several members of an omniverous canine family (genus Vulpes). Foxes generaly are mdium sized wide dogs with pointed ears, narrow muzzles, and bushy tails. Available in many colors, their thick fur has long been popular for coats, stoles, and muffs. For varieties see: black fox, blue fox, red fox, cross fox, gray fox, kit fox, silver fox, and white fox.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ræv (Dan.); Fuchs (Deut.); zorro (Esp.); renard (Fr.); vossen (Ned.); lis (Pol.); raposa (Port.); rävar (Sven.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "fox" [Accessed 18 Oct. 2005].
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox (Accessed Jan. 25, 2006)
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Foxing

== Description ==
Yellow, red, or brown discoloration spots on paper. Foxing stains are thought to be caused by the waste-products of microorganisms. Another possible source of the stains is from iron impurities in the paper matrix that rust in high humidity. Foxing usually occurs in machine-made paper from the 18th and 19th centuries.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
foxmarks; fox spots; bruine vlekken (Ned.); roestvlekken (Ned.); piqûre (Fr.); rousseur (Fr.); taches de jaunissement (Fr.); Stockflecken (Deut.); macchie di ruggine (It.); manchas rojizas de humedad (Esp.); fuktfläck (Sven.); mögelfläck (Sven.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Mary-Lou E. Florian, Fungal Facts, Archetype Publications, London, 2002.
* AIC Book and Paper Group Catalog, Chapter 13
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/f/htm
* Multilingual Glossary for Art Librarians at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/pub/mgl.htm
Category:Materials database
Foxtail pine

== Description ==
A softwood pine tree (Pinus balfouriana) native to the subalpine regions of California. Foxtail pine trees are related to the bristlecone pine and may live up to 3000 years. They produce a hard, tough, durable wood.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pinus balfouriana; Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer (Deut.); pin à queue de renard (Fr.); cattail pine; hickory pine
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Medium tree growing to 20 m
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtail_pine (Accessed Jan. 25, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Fracture

== Description ==
A general term for complete and incomplete separations. Thus, fracture may mean either a break or a crack in the material.
== Additional Images ==
File:Fracture_ICOMOS.jpg|Fracture due to rusted iron; Photo: I. Maxwell
== Resources and Citations ==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: ICOMOS website ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
Category:Materials database
Fragmentation

== Description ==
[for images]
== Images ==
File:Fragmentation-01_ICOMOS.jpg|thumb|Fragmentation of limestone column; Photo: P. Bromblet
File:Fragmentation-02_ICOMOS.jpg|Fragmentation of exposed slab: Photo: J. Delgado Rodrigues
File:Splintering_ICOMOS.jpg|Splintering of limestone; Photo: S. Simon
File:Chipping-01_ICOMOS.jpg|Chipping from high compression; Photo: R. van Hees
File:Chipping-02_ICOMOS.jpg|Chipping from structure overload; Photo: V. Vergès-Belmin
== Resources and Citations ==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: ICOMOS website ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
Category:Materials database
Framanol

== Description ==
[Chemetall GmbH, Frankfurt] A chrome-phosphate solution primarily used on architectural aluminum extrusions to provide a paint-bonding coat. Framanol contains chromium phosphate, phosphoric acid, alcohol, and triethanolamine. Fluorides may also be present as an activator. See pickling acid
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Framanol C; Framanol A4; pickling acid
== Resources and Citations ==
* Chemtall: Link
Category:Materials database
Framework

= Framework for the Preservation of Museum Collections =
The "Framework for Preservation of Museum Collections" is an online version of the popular wall chart available from the Canadian Conservation Instittyue (CCI) that outlines various methods used to avoid or control potential deterioration to museum objects. The grid list nine agents of deterioration that affect museum objects, and include the type of damage that each can cause. The first five agents (direct physical forces; thieves, vandals, and displacers; fire; water; and pests) are widespread throughout the world. The last four agents (contaminants; radiation; incorrect temperature; and incorrect relative humidity) are of particular concern to museums. The columns represent three different levels at which the agents of deterioration can be controlled. (extracted from website)
Web Address 	http://www.cci-icc.gc.ca/framework/index_e.shtml
Postal Address 	CCI
Searchable 	No
Categories 	Technical info
Website Languages	English
Category:Directory
Category:Directory: Technical info
Francium

== Description ==
An unstable radioactive element that exists only in the form of radioactive isotopes. The longest-lived isotope of francium has a half-life of 21 minutes. Francium was first isolated from uranium ore in 1939. Francium is used in medical studies and cancer diagnostics.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Fr
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Composition 	Fr (atomic no. 87)
Melting Point 	20 C
Density 	2.4 g/ml
Molecular Weight	atomic wt=223
Boiling Point 	640 C
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4268
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Frass

== Description ==
Dust-like residue produced by wood boring insects such as powderpost beetles and carpenter ants. Frass contains fine wood powder and excrement.
==Images ==
File:Conifer.Ambrosia_Beetle_frass_forestryimages.org.jpg|thumb|Ambrosia beetle frass
File:Drugstore_Beetle_frass_forestryimages.org.jpg|Drugstore beetle frass
File:Jap.Cedar.Longhorn_Beetle_frass_forestryimages.org.jpg|Japanese Longhorn beetle frass
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/f/htm
Category:Materials database
Freedley marble

== Description ==
A pale bluish-gray tinted marble quarried from the Freedley Tunnel quarry near Dorset, Vermont since 1790. Freedley marble has irregular white and gray clouds. Marbles from this area were used in New York City, Boston and Philadelphia.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
White Freedley
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Freeman's white lead

== Description ==
A composite white pigment patented by Joseph Freeman in 1882 in England. Freeman's white lead was originally described as a mixture of lead sulfate and zinc white ground under high pressure. In a later patent for an improved white pigment, Freeman added barium sulfate to the mixture.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
permanent white lead; leaded zinc oxide; leaded zinc white
==Resources and Citations==
* M-C. Corbeil, P.J. Sirois, E.A. Moffatt, "The use of a white pigment patented by Freeman by Tom Thomson and the Group of Seven" preprints ICOM, Lyons, 1999. p369.
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Freeze-thaw cycle

== Description ==
A degradative mechanism that occurs when ambient temperatures cycle above and below the freezing point of water. Freeze-thaw cycles cause spalling in masonry and potholes in pavement. At temperatures above the freezing point, liquid water can seep into crevices, pool in cracks, and collect in numerous fine pores of stone, pavement and concrete. When the temperature drops and the water freezes, the pressure of the ice due to its volume expansion splits and disrupt the integrity of the surrounding matrix. 
See also antifreeze and ice melter.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Frost-Tau- Wechsel (Deut.);cycle gel-dégel (Fr.); ciclos de gelo-degelo (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Freezer paper

== Description ==
A non-adherent coated paper designed to wrap materials for the freezer. The shiny side of freezer paper is coated with non-stick polyurethane. Freezer paper has been used to wrap wet books prior to freezing. Additionally freezer paper is heat-sealed to fabric as a stabilizing aid prior to cutting small pieces for applique and quilting. Thin fabric adhered to freezer paper can also be printed on with an ink jet printer. The freezer paper is readily pulled away from the fabric after cutting or printing, but polymer residue is left on the fabric.
==Resources and Citations==
* Garry Harrison, Indiana University Libraries Preservation Department at http://www.indiana.edu/~libpres/manual/manfront.html
* Website: http://www.quiltmag.com/lessons/freezerpaper/freezerpaper_piecing.html
* Quiltbus at http://www.quiltbus.com/freezer.htm
Category:Materials database
French Creek granite

== Description ==
A fine-grain, almost black granite quarried near French Creek, Pennsylvania. French Creek granite, is hard and polishes to a high gloss. It was used for monuments and buildings.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database