nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Concrete

== Description ==
A hard, strong construction material cured from a semi-fluid matrix of water, sand, and [[aggregates|aggregate] with cement and/or lime. Several types of aggregate are used such as crushed stone, slag, cinders or gravel. Ancient Romans developed pozzolan cement about the 3rd century BCE. Modern concretes use various cements such as portland or hydraulic. Concrete is durable and relatively inexpensive. It is used for building foundations, bridges, dams, walls, highways, etc. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension so it is often reinforced with steel bars or wire netting. Once a concrete mixture is stirred with water and poured into a mold, it should be allowed to cure slowly over about a week. Stresses, such as vibration, freezing, and rapid drying, will diminish the strength and durability of the concrete. As it ages, concrete is subject to erosion, spalling, and pollution. Poor mixing can cause erosion. Spalling can be due to freeze-thaw cycles of moisture and ice, salt crystallization, or corrosion of steel reinfocements. Acid rain can deplete the natural alkaline reserve of fresh concrete.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
béton (Fr.); betão (Port.); Breton
==Resources and Citations==
* For historical information on cement manufacturing in America, see Saylor Cement Kiln Park near Coplay, Lehigh County, PA 
* For deterioration information: E.Sayre, "Deterioration and Restoration of Plaster, Concrete and Mortar" in Preservation and Conservation: Principles and Practice, S.Timmons (ed.), Preservation Press, Washington DC, 1976.
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Concrete"
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Glyn E. Daniel, ed., Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York, 1977
Category:Materials database
Concrete block

== Description ==
A masonry construction element. The concrete block was patented in 1855 but was not mass produced until a block machine was made in 1900. Concrete blocks are commonly manufactured with portland cement and aggregates. By 1924, the industry standardized the block size to 8 x 8 x 16 inches with 1-3 hollow cores. They are very durable, have high compressive strength and are fire-resistant. Lightweight aggregates, such as cinders, slag, shale and clay were used to decrease the block weight as well as to incorporate air into the mixture. Early block machines produced a variety of decorative surfaces, such as cobblestone, brick, ashlar and rockface. Concrete blocks were used for the construction of basements, foundations, chimneys, and entire homes in the early 1900s. Blocks with a glazed enamel surface were used used as decorative interior finish walls in many schools and public buildings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bloc de béton (Fr.); bloco de betão (Port.); glazed brick; screen block; Unit block; cinder block; building block; artificial stone; concrete tile; 
Brand names: Boyd block; Casberg block; Hydrostone; CeloCelocrete; Forster block; Haydite; Compostone; Miami stone; Pottsco; Straublox; Textile block; Waylite
== Risks ==
* Water infiltration and salt accumulation may cause efflorescence and spalling.
==Resources and Citations==
* P. Simpson, H. Hunderman, D. Slaton, "Concrete Block", in Twentieth-Century Building Materials, T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Concretion

== Description ==
In geology, concretion is an anomalous mass of mineral matter found in sandstone, clay, or other sedimentary rock. Concretions are form by the deposition of silica, calcite, gypsum, or other chemical compound. They are often found in concentric layers surrounding an original nucleus.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
agglomerate; concrétion (Fr.);concrecion (Esp.); concreção (Port.); Konkretion (Deut.); concretie (Ned.)
== Additional Images ==
File:Devils.Bake.Oven_Dakota.sandstone.jpg|'Devil's Bake Oven' at Mushroom Rock State Park
File:Pulpit.Rock_Dakota.sandstone.jpg|'Pulpit Rock' at Mushroom Rock State Park
File:Dakota.sandstone_concretion.jpg|Dakota Sandstone concretion
File:Dakota.formation.sandstone_concretion.jpg|Dakota Formation sandstone concretions
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Condensation (chemical)

== Description ==
A type of chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine resulting in the formation of a larger molecule and the elimination of a simple molecule, such as water or alcohol. The process is called polycondensation when the reaction forms a polymer.
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Conditioning

== Description ==
The acclimatization of a material to a specific environment. A material is conditioned by placing it in a prescribed environment for a stipulated period of time to allow the temperature and moisture content of the material to reach an equilibrium. For many physical stress and strength tests, a material must be conditioned prior to the test to minimize potential internal strains. In the U.S., standard atmospheric conditions for most tests are considered to be 50% RH and 73 degrees Fahrenheit.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Konditionierung (Deut.); acclimatization; seasoning; conditioned; acclimatize; acclimatise 
Category:Materials database
Condor

== Description ==
The largest flying bird is native to the Americas. The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is found in North America while the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) is native to South America.
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "condor." Accessed 2 Jan. 2005.
Category:Materials database
Conglomerate

== Description ==
A natural or man-made heterogeneous stone mass. A conglomerate of stone consists of pebbles or gravel embedded in a matrix of sand and cement. Examples are breccia and puddingstone.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
conglomérat (Fr.); conglomerado (Esp., Port.); Konglomerat (Deut.); conglomeraat (Ned.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Congo copal

== Description ==
A medium hard variety of copal resin obtained from trees Copaifera demeusi in western Africa. Congo copal is insoluble in most organic solvents until it has been thermally treated. It forms transparent gels with some alcohols, hot oils and and hot solvents. Congo copal is used in varnishes and paints for metal surfaces.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
copal del Congo (Esp.); Congo resin; Congo gum
== Risks ==
* Combustible, burning with a bright flame, dense smoke and strong smell.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in diacetone alcohol. Slightly soluble in acetone, ethanol, benzene, turpentine. 
* Saponification number = 132.4. 
* Acid number = 122.5 
* Most copals fluoresce white under short-wave UV light.
Melting Point 	180-200 C
Refractive Index	1.545
==Resources and Citations==
* K.van den Berg, J.van der Horst, J.Boon, "Recognition of Copals in Aged Resin/oil Paints and Varnishes" in ICOM Preprints, Lyon, 1999. p.855-861.
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: Copaifera demeusi; melting point = 180-200C
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 227; Copaifera demeusi
* Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980 Comment: ref. index = 1.545
* H.G.Richter, M.J.Dallwitz, Commercial timbers at http://ciologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/wood/english/caegu-bu.htm - lists as Copaifera demeusei
Category:Materials database
Congo red

== Description ==
A brownish red synthetic disazo dye. Congo red was first made in 1884 by P. Böttiger. It was used as a direct textile dye for cotton. Congo red is now used as an acid-base indicator. It is prepared as a 0.1% aqueous solution that is red above pH 5 and blue below pH 3. Congo red is only used for the detection of inorganic acids since it is not sensitive to the presence of organic acids.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|congo red.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Direct Red 28; CI 22120; Kongorot (Deut.); Congo blue; Cotton red; sodium diphenyl-bis-alpha-naphthylamine sulfonate;
== Risks ==
* Contact may cause irritation and/or allergic reaction. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in water to for a yellowish red solution. 
* pH aq. solution = 8 - 9.5 
* Insoluble in ether. Slightly soluble in acetone.
Composition 	C32H22O6N6S2Na2
CAS 	573-58-0
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 696.67
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* S.R.Trotman, E.R. Trotman, Textile Analysis, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1932
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 2562
* A.Scharff, 'Synthetic dyestuffs for textiles and their fastness to washing', ICOM-CC Preprints Lyon, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1999
* Colour Index International online at www.colour-index.org
* Sigma Dyes, Stains and Natural Pigments, Infrared Library, Nicolet, 1991-1995 Comment: OMNIC: formula= C32H22O6N6S24, CAS= 573-58-0
* Website: www.straw.com/sig/dyehist
Category:Materials database
Congo red paper

== Description ==
A acid-base indicating paper. Congo red paper is made by impregnating filter paper with a 0.1% aqueous solution of Congo red dye. Congo red is red above pH 5 and blue below pH 3. It is only sensitive to strong acids (mineral acids) and not weak acids (organic acids).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Congo blue paper; Riegel's paper; Herzberg's paper
Category:Materials database
Congoleum

== Description ==
[Congoleum] A registered trademark for a printed linoleum floor covering. Congoleum was first sold in the 1920s with a simulated wood-grain pattern for use as a border for rugs or linoleum. It was manufactured in a three-foot wide strips using asphalt material from the Belgian Congo (hence the name). Beginning in the 1950s, the Congoleum name was used for a vinyl floor covering products.
==Resources and Citations==
* Congoleum: Website
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
Category:Materials database
Conifer

== Description ==
One of two basic types of trees; the other is broad-leaves. Conifer trees, or evergreens, belong to the Coniferales group and are native to temperate climates of the northern hemisphere. Conifers have needle-like leaves and bear cones. Turpentine and resin are obtained from many conifer trees. The softwood trees are used for papermaking and construction. Examples of conifers are pine, larch, fir, yew, sequoia, redwood, cypress, juniper, cedar, and spruce.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
shinyoju (Jap.); conifère (Fr.); conífera (Esp, It. Port.); evergreen
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Mary-Lou Florian, Dale Paul Kronkright, Ruth E. Norton, The Conservation of Artifacts Made from Plant Materials, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1990
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Website address 1 Comment: Museum of the Japanese Traditional Arts at http://www.nihon-kogeikai.com/ (Jap. term)
Category:Materials database
Connecticut brownstone

== Description ==
A reddish-brown, porous sandstone quarried on the Connecticut River near the towns of Portland, Cromwell, Manchester, Middletown and East Haven in Connecticut. Several grades are available ranging from fine-grain and uniform to coarse-grain and irregular. Connecticut brownstone was one of the earliest and most widely used building stones in America and has been used in almost every state (Lent 1925). The quarry has been in continual operation since the 17th century. Connecticut brownstone is commonly used for building exteriors.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Portland sandstone; Portland stone
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Connellite

== Description ==
A rare blue green copper corrosion product that forms delicate acicular crystals. Connellite was found as a mineral in Cornwall in 1802 by Philip Rashleigh and was examined chemically by Arthur Connell in 1847. It has also been found on prehistoric bronzes.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Composition = Cu19Cl4SO4)(OH)32 3H2O
* Blue green to light blue fibrous to acicular needles
* Lust = vitreous to glass
* Streak = light blue green
* Hardness = 3
* Density = 3.4
==Resources and Citations==
* H. Otto 'Das Vorkommen von Conellit in Patinaschichten", Die Naturwissenschaften 50(1):16-17, 1963.
* Walter A. Franke, Magda Mircea, "Plutarch's Report on the Blue Patina of Bronze Statues at Delphi: A Scientific Explanation" JAIC 44(2):103, 2005.
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connellite (accessed Nov. 30, 2005)
* Webmineral: Connellite
Category:Materials database
Conservare H

== Description ==
[Prosoco, Inc] A trademark for a stone consolidant commposed of a mixture of partially polymerized alkoxysilanes and silicic ethyl esters. Conservare H is dispersed in a solvent mixture of white spirit, methyethylketone, and acetone. It is primarily used for the consolidation of materials such as sandstone, limestone, stucco, terracotta, and brick.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Wacker H
== Risks ==
* Flash point = 43 C
* Prosoco: SDS sheets
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Solvents = white spirit, methylethylketone, acetone. 
* Catalysts = dibutyltindilaurate
Melting Point	-30 C
Density 	0.909- 0.936 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Prosoco:Conservare H
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
Category:Materials database
Conservare OH

== Description ==
[Prosoco, Inc] A trademark for a stone consolidant commposed of partially polymerized tetraethoxysilane. Conservare OH is dispersed in a solvent mixture of mineral spirits, methyl ethyl ketone, and acetone. It can be used on most types of stones as well as masonry, concrete, stucco, brick, and terracotta.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Wacker OH
== Risks ==
Flash point = 21F. Incompatible with oxidizing agents.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Solvents = white spirit, methylethylketone, acetone. 
* Catalysts = dibutyltindilaurate
* Prosoco: SDS sheets
Density 	0.938 g/ml
Boiling Point	132 C
==Resources and Citations==
* Prosoco:Conservare OH
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
Category:Materials database
Conservation

== Description ==
Definition: 'All measures and actions aimed at safeguarding tangible cultural heritage while ensuring its accessibility to present and future generations. Conservation embraces preventive conservation, remedial conservation, and restoration. All measures and actions should respect the significance and the physical properties of the cultural heritage item. 
Conservation measures and actions can sometimes serve more than one aim. For instance varnish removal can be both restoration and remedial conservation. The application of protective coatings can be both restoration and preventive conservation. Reburial of mosaics can be both preventive and remedial conservation. 
(ref. ICOM-CC document 'Terminology to characterize the conservation of tangible cultural heritage', prepared for ICOM-CC meeting in New Delhi, 2008). 
Conservation is complex and demands the collaboration of relevant qualified professionals. In particular, any project involving direct actions on the cultural heritage requires a conservator-restorer (ref. ICOM-CC definition of the profession, Copenhagen, 1984, and ICOM code of ethics).
Category:Materials database
Conservation Wax

== Description ==
[Conservation Materials] A brand name for a proprietary mixture of natural waxes. Conservation Wax is sold for relining paintings. 
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Melting Point	60 C
Flash Point 	175 C
==Sizes==
* 1/2 pound, 1 pound, 5 pounds 
==Resources and Citations==
* MuseuM Services Corp.: Conservation Wax Accessed July 2023
* Conservation Materials Ltd., Catalog
Category:Materials database
Conservator's Wax

== Description ==
[Conservator's Products, Chatham NJ] A brand name for a proprietary blend of microcrystalline wax and polyethylene. Conservator's Wax is a colorless, transparent wax that has been used as a cleanser and a protective coating on metal, wood, ceramics, ivory, marble, and leather.
==Resources and Citations==
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
* Martha Singer, Submitted information (March 2004). - according to fabricator wax is a blend of microcrystalline wax and polyethylene
Category:Materials database
Consolidant

== Description ==
A substance used to strengthen and solidify another material. A consolidant is infused into the interstices of a porous, friable or deteriorated material, such as stone, paint or wood. The consolidant hardens within the pores to stabilize the structural integrity of the piece. Examples of materials used as consolidants are: epoxies, acrylics, silicates, and polyethylene glycols.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
consolidante (Esp., Port.); consolidant (Fr.); consolidante (It.)
Category:Materials database
Construction paper

== Description ==
An inexpensive, heavy paper produced in many colors and sizes. Construction paper is made from groundwood pulp and is not durable. Many of the colors are water-soluble and most are susceptible to fading. Construction paper is used primarily by children for posters, costumes, crafts, and school projects.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
papier de bricolage (Fr.)
==Risks==
* Most colors fade in sunlight
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Most of the colors are water soluble.
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Contact adhesive

== Description ==
A synthetic adhesive that adheres tightly to itself on contact. Contact adhesives are applied to both surfaces to be joined, the solvent is allowed to evaporate, then both coated surfaces brought into contact. Most contact adhesives are based on solvent solutions of chloroprene (i.e. neoprene). The tacky, elastic material forms a strong bond that is resistant to shear forces. Contact cements are often used in do-it-yourself home building projects to adhere Formica®, wood, leather, metal, plastic, veneer, and rubber.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
contact cement; contact bond adhesive; dry bond adhesive; adhesivo de contacto Esp.); cola de contacto (Esp., Port.); adhésif par contact (Fr.); adesivi di contatto (It.); colla di contatto; 
Examples: Evostik [Evode]; Pattex [Henkel]
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "adhesive" Encyclopædia Britannica [Accessed February 12, 2002
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Contact angle measurement

== Description ==
A measure of the wettability of a liquid on a solid. When a drop of liquid is placed on a material, the contact angle is the angle formed between the surface of the drop and a surface of the solid at the point of contact. When the drop remains nearly spherical, the angle of contact is high (close to 180) and there is little surface wetting. When the drop spreads out, the contact angle is low (close to 0) and there is good wettability.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
angle of contact; Kontaktwinkelmessung (Deut.); mesure de l'angle de contact (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Matte Paint: Its history and technology, analysis, properties and conservation treatment, Eric Hansen, Sue Walston, Mitchell Bishop (ed.), J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, Vol. 30 of AATA, 1993
Category:Materials database
Contact paper

== Description ==
1) A photosensitive paper typically made with a silver chloride in an albumen emulsion. Contact paper is used to make a contact print by placing it in direct contact with a photographic negative. See contact print.
2) An adhesive-backed paper or plastic sheet. Contact paper is used for decoration and shelf-lining.
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database