BPG Fastenings and Furniture

Book and Paper Group Wiki > Book Conservation Wiki / Paper Conservation Wiki > BPG Book Fastenings and Furniture
Book fastenings and furniture include the various mechanisms and attachments applied to book boards to keep the covers closed and to protect the covers from wear. Decorative attachments to bindings as well as metal structural components are covered here as well. 
Sections I. and II. of the outline for this page are taken from Adler's Handbuch Buchverschluss und Buchbeschlag... (2010).
Wiki Compiler: Erin Hammeke
Wiki Contributors: Please add your name here
==Book Fastenings and Closures==
===Wraps and Ties===
====Wrapping Bands====
Wrapping bands are strips or ties that are designed to be wrapped around a volume's heighth and/or width several times, and tucked in or cinched to keep covers closed. The wrapping bands can be made of various material including covering material but often wide bands or thin strips of skin or textile. They can be integral to, attached to, or detached from the covers/covering material. When attached, the point of attachment is typically at the board edges. 
"The oldest wrap closures were made on Coptic covers from the 3rd and 4th centuries AD found near the Egyptian village of Nag Hammadi. This type of closure has been preserved until the 19th century and has often been used as a simple and inexpensive way of closing unbound or bound materials."Szirmai, J.A. 2000. The Archeology of Medieval Bookbinding, 7-8; and Adler, Georg and Joachim Krauskopf. 2010. Handbuch Buchverschluss und Buchbeschlag: Terminologie und Geschichtse im deutschsprachigen Raum, in den Niederlanded und Italien vom frühen Mittelalter bis in die Gegenwart, 7 The Nag Hammadi codices are small, single quire codices bound in limp leather wrappers lined with papyrus cartonnage, some of which have a fore edge flap that extends from the upper cover to the lower with attached wrapping bands, and ties attached at the head and tail of some bindings.Miller, Julia. 2010. Books Will Speak Plain, 28 See also Fore edge flap with wrapping band. Fourth-sixth century Coptic bindings exhibited wider leather wrapping bands over uncovered wooden-boarded multi-quire bindings.Miller 2010, 31; Szirmai 2000, 26 Some of the wrapping bands on early Coptic codices terminate in decorated pieces of bone, meant to help secure the leather bands, e.g. Glazier Codex.see also Miller 2010, 31
Some Tibetan bound manuscripts are wrapped in textiles, although it's not clear whether these are bands or an oversized cloth. The leaves are wrapped in a cloth called dpe ras that is further secured with a flat cord or sometimes with a buckle.Helman-Ważny, Agnieszka. 2014. Archaeology of Tibetan Books, 53
====Button and Tie Closures====
Loops or ties made of skin or cord are attached at various points at the fore edge or fore edge flap and the volume is held closed by wrapping the tie around a button or toggle attached to the case spine or front cover. Buttons have been made of horn, lead, tin, and leather and toggles are typically made from rolled skin, such as vellum or tawed skin.Szirmai 2000, 300; Adler 2010, 7; Miller 2010, 120-21 A 1620 Spanish parchment binding with ivory toggle and loop closures is held at the Folger Shakespeare Library. A portion of a group of late Coptic bindings known as the Hamuli bindings exhibited loop and toggle/button closures at the fore edges, head, and tail.Miller 2010, 33-4 Button and tie closures have been found on European long stitch bindings and limp stationers bindings from the 14th-16th centuriesSzirmai 2000, 299; Miller 2010, 119-120 and English and North American limp leather bindings from the 18th century.Szirmai 2000, 296
====Edge Ties====
Ribbon-like ties made of skin or textile, often parchment, or silk colored blue or green, they are attached in pairs to both covers near the fore edges, and in some cases the head and tail edges, and tied at each location to keep covers closed. Fore edge ties were widely used on a variety of binding styles throughout Europe until the 19th century.Adler 2010, 8 They have been found on early European limp parchment and stationers bindings dating from the 13th century.Miller 2010, 85 This style was popular on Renaissance Spanish and Italian limp parchment bindingsMiller 2010, 364, and can be found on some full leather volumes and later on stiff board vellum bindings. Examples of English embroidered bindings with silk edge ties from 1635 and 1639 are held at the Folger Shakespeare Library. Edge ties have also been observed on early North American blank book stationers bindings.Metzger, Chela. 2013 "Colonial Blankbooks in the Winterthur Library." Suave Mechanicals. Vol. 1, 127
===Pin and Peg type Clasps===
Pin and peg type clasps are typically three part clasp mechanisms with metal components. A pin or peg is attached to the edge of the board of one cover. Pegs can be cast, turned, or fabricated. See this Byzantine binding for an example, and this English binding with cast peg-type clasps.
The rest of the clasp mechanism is anchored to the opposite cover on the face of the board. All-metal hinged hasps and anchors, or leather/tawed skin straps hold a metal ring or plate that catches on the pin or peg. 
Byzantine bindings have double or triple interlaced or slit-braid leather straps that hold a metal ring that catches on the peg on the edge of the opposite board. (Ligatus LOB, genuine Greek-style bindings) 
Carolingian bindings exhibit iron or bronze peg-type clasps with folded or stitched leather straps that hold the ring clasp.Szirmai 2000, 132-3
The Folger Shakespeare Library holds a rare example of an all-metal pin-type clasp that catches on the fore edge (English, 16th century). 
Long strap or long pin strap fastenings have a long leather strap anchored to the face of one cover that fixes on a pin located at the center, face of the other cover. Long strap fastenings can be seen on NAL 226 at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS HRC 29 at the Harry Ransom Center, MS-B-118 at the Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, and MS 1669 at the Bibliothèque Renaissance à Nancy.
===Clasps===
Clasps are made of metal and skin components attached to the faces of the upper and lower covers at the fore edge and occasionally at the head and tail edges. Metal clasp components can be cast or fabricated from sheet metal that is forged, stamped, pierced, engraved, filed, or chiseled to create decorative elements. Most clasp mechanisms have three parts:
* Anchor or strap plate: often plain but sometimes decorated metal plate used to anchor the hinged hasp or clasp strap to either the upper or lower cover. Sometimes nails are used in place of a metal plate. Often, channels are cut into wooden boards so that anchor and straps are recessed so that they don't sit proud of face of the covers.
* Hasp
** Hinged clasps are found on all-metal clasps and are attached with a hinge to the anchor plate. They catch on catch plates with a variety of mechanisms, but mostly with a hook-like catch. Hinged hasps span the full thickness of the text and covers, as can be seen in silver on this 1608 English embroidered binding and on this 1568 velvet binding for Queen Elizabeth. 
** Strap + Hasp. Straps are typically made of whatever the primary covering material is, typically leather or alum-tawed skin, and are anchored to one of the covers with the anchor plate or nail. Straps may have a core made of vellum to add strength and tension to the clasp. Hasps are either one piece folded and sandwiching the strap, with a hook or hole through the plate that catches on a catch plate or peg; or they are two pieces (a hasp + back plate) riveted through the strap to one another. If a back plate is used, it may be made from a contrasting metal such as thin iron sheet. 
*Catch Plate: or Catchplates are located on the opposite cover from the anchors / anchor plates. Hasps catch on corresponding catch plates to create the mechanism by which clasps hold covers closed. There are various styles of catch plates, most of which have a slot or pin on which the hasp catches.
Less commonly-found two-part metal clasp mechanisms are observed attached to limp parchment bindings with fore edge flaps. There is typically one single clasp in the center of the front cover. This has been observed on 16th century European limp parchment bindings,Szirmai 2000, 306 Pickwoad, Nicholas. 2000. "Tacketed bindings - a hundred years of European bookbinding." For The love of the Binding: Studies in bookbinding history presented to Mirjam Foot, 130-32 as can be seen on this 1540 Dutch wrapper binding, and on North American Colonial blankbook parchment bindings.Metzger 2013, 130-3 A Gothic example is held at the Deutsches Buch- und Schriftmuseum der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Leipzig.
===Locking Fastenings===
“There were many instances where the fastenings had the task of literally keeping the book closed and were adopted accordingly. The earliest example was noted by AdamAdam, Paul. 1923. “Der Einfluss der Klosterarbeit auf die Einbandkunst’ in Buch und Bucheinband.” Aufsätze und graphische Blätter zum 60.: the council of the City of Cologne had recorded the taking of oaths in a particular volume, dated 1341, that had been furnished with a lock, recessed in the thick (17mm) upper board; its key was kept in the custody of three councilors. Bohemian examples, mostly land registers from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, are cited by HamanovaHamanová, Paulina. 1959. Z dŭjin knizni važby od nejstaršich dob do konce XIX, 55, fig 35 and NuskaNuska, Bohumil. 1965. “Typologie českých renesančních vazeb” in Historická knižni vazba. Liberec: Severočeské museum, 55, pl. III HartmannHartmann, Roland. 1987. "Verschliessbare Einbände des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts' in Festschrift Otto Schäfer zum 75. Geburtstag am 29. Juni 1987. describes four such German examples dating from between 1446 and 1536, among which is a paper manuscript dealing with gun powder and medical recipes, the lock of which is concealed in the inside of the upper board (BSB CGM 399).”Szirmai 2000, 261
Locking fastenings can be found on more modern blankbook and diary bookbindings.
===Buckles===
Metal buckles have been found on 14th century Italian limp tacketed bindingsMiller 2013, 83 and on 16th century and 17th century English stationers bindings. An example with red calf covers can be found on the diary of Pepo Albizzi."The Albizzi Memorial Book: Building A Digital Edition." The Newberry. 2019.Zeman, Corinne. "Anniversary Exhibition Preview: A Curious Fusion." The Newberry. 2012. The practice carried into the 16th century in Italy on stationers bindings with brass or iron buckles near the center of the upper cover. In almost all cases the buckle attaches to a central tacketed overband applied to parchment-, leather-, and textile-covered stationers bindings. The straps in all of these bindings extend from that same central, tanned leather overband, which wraps around the case and extends out from a fore edge flap. The fore edge flap comes onto the front cover and the extending overband strap fastens into to the buckle.Beaty, Katherine. 2020. "Tackets, Buckles, and Overbands." Suave Mechanicals. Vol. 6., 62-119See also Pickwoad 2000, 132
Some Tibetan bound manuscripts have cloth covers, dpe ras, that are sometimes secured with a buckle.Helman-Ważny 2014, 53
===Fore Edge Flaps and Inserted Closures===
It is debatable whether fore edge and envelope flaps should be included here, although they do provide a system for keeping the covers closed and text protected. Adler includes them in his comprehensive manual of book closures and fittings. He pictures limp European stationer's bindings with a fore edge flap cut into a tongue-like shape that inserts into slits in the opposite cover.Adler 2010, 3, 214 Simple pocketbooks with fore edge flaps have also been found on early North American blank book bindings and almanacs.Metzger 2013, 142-3 An early example (16th-century German) is held at Cornell University Library. 
Fore edge flaps and envelope flaps are primarily associated with Islamic bookbinding, and the two components are used to help keep the textblock protected. An example can be seen on Arabic MS 1 at Duke University Library. Their wide use in the Islamic world is evidenced by various synonyms for the feature; “we find udhn (Andalusia, North Africa), marji (Morocco), lisān (central Arab lands), miqlab (Levant, Iraq), raddah (Levant), and sāqiṭah (Yemen).”Gacek, A. 2001. "The Arabic manuscript tradition. A glossary of technical terms and bibliography.", xv, 48 In most cases, the flap is meant to be inserted underneath the front cover.Scheper, Karin. 2015 "The Technique of Islamic Bookbinding : Methods, Materials and Regional Varieties." Islamic Manuscripts and Books, 116 In some cases when the flap is flexible, it can also be used as a bookmark that marks a page opening when the flap is inserted into the text.Scheper 2015, 118 See also Bookbinding Traditions by Region or Culture and Islamic Bookbinding for more detailed information. 
====Fore Edge Flap with Wrapping Band====
Fore edge flaps are sometimes combined with a wrapping band or tie, as was discussed with the Nag Hammadi codices above. This style has also been found on a Latinate manuscript bound in limp alum-tawed skin dating from the 12th century.Bloxam, Jim and Shaun Thompson. 2019. "A Previously Unrecorded Sewing Technique." Suave Mechanicals. Vol. 5., 66-68 
One Islamic binding variation also has an envelope flap with a strip of leather attached at the tip of the flap. Unlike other Islamic bindings, this style is apparently designed to have the envelope flap closing on the outside of the cover and the leather acting as a wrapping band/tie to further keep the book closed.Scheper 2015, 105, 120
==Book Furniture==
===Nails and Fasteners===
Various types of nails and tacks may be used to fasten clasp or furniture components to covers. They are typically made of brass or iron alloy but other metals have been found. These fasteners are hammered through pilot holes made in the furniture pieces and in the wooden boards, and then cut off, turned over, or upset or spread to form a rivet-like attachment on the inside of the board. The ends of fasteners are often visible on the inside faces of boards and frequently protrude through pastedowns, indicating they were attached after the binding was finished.
====Basic Fasteners====
Basic fasteners are typically brass or iron alloy tacks or cut nails (tapered rectangular nails cut from sheet metal).
====Decorative Nails====
Decorative nails, typically cast, may be used on their own as decorative and protective elements, or they may be used to attach other pieces of furniture. Cast decorative nails acting as bosses are present on a Byzantine Greek example (circa 1200) held at Duke University Libraries.
====Domed Tacks====
Domed tacks have been used to attach fastenings and furniture.Metzger et al. 2020, 250; 256; 281 See this Byzantine binding for an example. Some domed tacks are used as stand alone furniture elements (like bosses). American Anabapist bindingsMetzger, Chela, Erin Hammeke, & Alexander Ames. 2020. “The Faith that Binds: Swiss Anabaptist Devotional Bookbindings in Early America.” Suave Mechanicals. Vol 6., 286 and Armenian bindingsMiller 2010, 45 use domed tacks as book furniture elements.
===Bosses===
Bosses are raised elements attached to the faces of covers to protect them from wear. Bosses are most often found near the corners of each board and sometimes in the center. Bosses were almost entirely made of metal (some iron and some brass or bronze). They are often turned with an integral nail (usually a pin soft-soldered to inside of boss) used for attachment to the boards. Examples of bosses can be seen on books in the 16th-century chained library of Zutphen, on MS 142 at the Bibliothèque médiathèque Nancy, and on PML 128 at the Morgan Library & Museum. 
Bone bosses are found on early Scandinavian Bindings.Szirmai 2000, 267
===Centerpieces===
Centerpieces, or centres, are any pieces of furniture located at the center of the covers. They may be cast or fabricated from sheet and they may be decorated or plain. Some centerpieces have raised elements or integral bosses that help to protect covers. Often, center- and cornerpieces were made as a matched set.
===Cornerpieces===
Cornerpieces, or corners, can be cast or fabricated from sheet and are located at each of the four corners of both boards. They typically fold over the board edges and occasionally are turned over onto the inside face of the boards. Like centerpieces, they may have raised elements to further protect the covers.
===Cover Plates and Strips===
====Cover Plates====
Cover plates are large, single plates of metal, sometimes forming a frame, that cover most of the board faces and edges. They may be decorated with repousse figurative or decorative elements, and may have inset semiprecious stones or gems, as can be found with Treasure Bindings.
====Edge Guards====
Edge guards or edge strips span just the edges of the boards, typically just at the head and tail. They are wrapped over board edges and sometimes onto the inside face of the boards.
===Shoes===
Shoes are strips of metal attached to board edges. Some have raised elements and are known as studded shoes.
===Frames===
Frames are much smaller than cover plates and are found holding manuscript title labels on the face of the cover (often the lower cover). Examples of frames can be seen on INC L140 copy 1 and INC T320 at the Folger Shakespeare Library.
===Spine Straps===
There are a few types of spine strap styles that are used as protective elements for the spine, are attached to the edges of the boards, and may provide a counteractive force to the pull of fore edge clasps. Spine straps have been observed on Anabaptist and Armenian bindings. They may be chain-like all metal spine straps; made of leather/skin; or made from a combination of skin and metal. Anabaptist spine straps often have brass-studded elements.
==Geographical Variants==
===Fastening Direction===
In Romanesque, Gothic, and Renaissance Western European examples, German and Dutch bindings tend to have clasps fastening on the upper cover, while English and Italian bindings tend to fasten on the lower cover, although there are some exceptions to this rule.Szirmai 2000, 254
===Fastening Placement===
Most clasps are placed at the fore edge, with one or two clasps used, depending on the size of the volume. Italian bindings may have head and tail as well as fore edge fastenings, as can be seen on INC V33 copy 1 and INC C885 at the Folger Shakespeare Library.
===Fastening Style===
During the Gothic period, Italian and and French clasps were simpler, shell, leaf, or trefoil shapes cut from sheet, sometimes with zigzagging ("walking") engraved decoration. 
German and Dutch clasps from the 15th-16th centuries bear some similarity to one another. They are typically more angular, have more dimension and are tapered at one end, have filed, beveled edges, and are at times zoomorphic in their design.Szirmai 2000, 252-262
===Materials===
Most extant clasp straps have skin components but ribbon was used as strap material in some Italian and French bindings.Szirmai 2000, 252
Most book furniture was made from yellow brass, but copper and tin-plated iron sheet were used on 19th century Anabaptist bookbindings found in Pennsylvania.Metzger et al. 2020, 248-50 Iron and bronze were used on early bindings such as Chained and Byzantine bindings, respectively. Silver and gold were used on luxury and Treasure bindings.
==Notable Binding Types==
===Byzantine===
"Hardly any original binding from the first half of the Byzantine millennium has managed to survive..."Szirmai 2000, 62 Of those that have survived, they do not all have metal attachments. Metal fastenings and furniture were found on approximately one third of the 112 Byzantine bindings examined at the Vatican Carlo Federici, Kostantinos Houlis, Leonard E. Boyle, Franciso Sicilia, Paul Canart. 1988. Legature Byzantine Vaticane. Some luxury bindings were embellished with precious metal covers and gems.Szirmai 2000, 80-1 [see Treasure Bindings] Furniture on more common Byzantine bindings took the form of corner pieces and bosses in L-shapes (gammatia, often depicting the four Evangelists), sun, fleur-de-lis, and almond shapes.Pictured in Szirmai 2000, 82
Byzantine bindings have peg-type clasps. The pegs were either iron or cast bronze and they sometimes exhibit transverse holes through the shank indicating they were riveted in place to the board. The peg-type fastenings have tripartite slit-braided leather straps terminating in a cast ring.Szirmai 2000, 81-2
See also Greek-Style Bindings.
===Carolingian===
Carolingian bindings do not exhibit extensive metal attachments but they do have peg-type fastenings made of bronze or iron with stitched straps.Szirmai 2000, 132-3
===Romanesque===
Most Romanesque bindings had fastenings and furniture. Fastenings were either peg-type or long-strap clasps. The peg-type edge fastenings were of German origin and mostly fastened on the upper cover; and the long-strap style fastened on the lower cover and were found on English and French bindings. Most hasps were bronze alloy and had a hinge mechanism.Szirmai 2000, 167. See Szirmai for diagrams of the two styles. Szirmai 2000, 168
Sixty percent of extant Romanesque bindings had furniture, although it could have been added at any stage. "Metal bosses are of two kinds: simple half-domes, formed from sheet metal, probably with a dapping-die punch in a hollow, and cast metal bosses turned on a lathe. Although iron was occasionally used, copper alloys were the standard material. Usually an iron nail (pin) is mounted in the cavity with soft solder, to serve as means of fastening the bosses to the cover."Szirmai 2000, 168
Other types of furniture found on Romanesque bindings were brass frames for holding parchment book labels on the lower cover and clips in various locations for holding chains on later chained bindings.Szirmai 2000, 169
===Gothic===
Gothic bookbindings employ long strap fastenings (found on early examples until late 1400s) and hook clasp fastenings, which were found after 1400 and gradually became the dominant type.Szirmai 2000, 251 The hook clasp has several types that are pictured in Szirmai and the component parts, especially the hasp and catch plate, came as a matched set with stylistic elements that can be used to help locate the place of manufacture. Italian and and French clasps were simpler, shell, leaf, or trefoil shapes with zigzagging ("walking") engraved decoration. They often fasten on the lower cover, and particularly Italian bindings may have head and tail as well as fore edge fastenings. German and Dutch clasps from the 15th-16th centuries bear some similarity to one another. They are typically more angular, have more dimension, have filed, beveled edges, and are at times zoomorphic in their design. They typically fasten on the upper cover.Szirmai 2000, 252-262
Furniture was less common than fastenings on Gothic bindings and only found on items that were to receive heavy use, such as large liturgical volumes.Szirmai 2000, 263 Szirmai pictures various types of Gothic book furniture, (bosses, corner- and centerpieces, shoes, heels, frames, and skids), which can be found in iron, brass, and bronze alloys.Szirmai 2000, 265-267
===Chained Bindings===
Chains were used to fasten bindings to lecterns and bookshelves in late medieval libraries. "The chains, made usually of wrought iron, smooth or twisted, but occasionally of brass, were of varying lengths, depending on the library's particular type of housing of books. They were fixed to one of the covers by means of a clip or staple, fastened with one or more nails or rivets; to prevent entanglement, swivels were often incorporated in the middle or near either end of the chain."Szirmai 2000, 267 "The position of the chain attachment to the cover shows considerable variation, reflecting the library's storage system."Szirmai 2000, 268 Szirmai pictures both the chain hardware components as well as various lecture and bookshelf storage designs.Szirmai 2000, 268-9 Digitized chained bindings include NAL 226 at the Bibliothèque nationale de France and INC T320 at the Folger Shakespeare Library. See blog posts by medieval book historian Erik Kwakkel for more images of chained libraries and bindings.Kwakkel, Erik. "The Chained Library of Zutphen." May 3, 2013.Kwakkel, Eric. "Chain, Chest, Curse: Combating Book Theft in Medieval Times." medievalbooks. July 10, 2015.
===Treasure Bindings===
Medieval Treasure bindings have covers crafted by skilled metalsmiths (not by bookbinders) and were created throughout the Eastern and Western Christian worlds from late antiquity until the fifteenth century.Miller 2010, 78-9 They exhibit elaborate cover plates made of precious metals and decorated with repoussé and other decorative techniques. (Ligatus, plates) "The gold or silver panels, covered with gems, filigree, ivory, and other precious materials, were tacked to a wooden substrate that could easily be removed from one text and put on another without disbinding being involved."Needham, Paul. 1979. Twelve Centuries of Bookbindings, 400–1600. 23-4, 55
===Votive / Ritual Bindings===
Armenian manuscript bindings may have votives attached to the covers to protect the owner, including punched metal pieces in the shape of eyes, crosses, hands, faces, and crescent shapes as well as colored stones, enameled pieces, and pieces of jewelry.Merian, Sylvie L. 2013. “Protection against the Evil Eye? Votive Offerings on Armenian Manuscript Bindings.” Suave Mechanicals. Vol. 1, 42-93 Such votives have been found attached to the covers of Armenian Christian devotional manuscript texts, mostly gospels, dating from the 14th-18th centuries.Merian 2013, 47 This style may have its roots in the Treasure Binding tradition.Merian 2013, 43
===Anabaptist Bindings===
Anabaptist (Amish and Mennonite) bindings may been found throughout the Anabaptist diaspora, but most examples have been studied in Switzerland and in North America. Anabaptist bindings have unique metal furniture in about 10-15% of extant examples dating from the late 18th and early 19th centuries (although earlier and later examples also exist). They utilize extensive metal furniture (mostly brass, but some North American examples have copper and tin-plated iron sheet.) The furniture includes center- and cornerpieces or edge guards that often have linear punched decoration. Many pieces have owner initials and date plates as centerpieces. Uniquely, Anabaptist bindings also exhibit studded leather or all metal spine straps that traverse the spine but are not adhered to it.Metzger et. al, 2020, 192-305
===Latvian Metal-Clad Bindings===
===Photo Albums===
Clasps can be found on some photo album structures, in particular on early American tintype albums.Aikenhead, Lydia. 2019. "Pictures in Your Pocket: A History of the American Tintype Album." Suave Mechanicals. Vol. 5. 2-28.
==Bookbindings with Metal Structural Components==
Certain styles of bindings contain metal structural components. Metal components that provide mechanical leaf attachment, such as Staple bindings and Post Bindings, can be found at on the Sewing and Leaf Attachment page. An early Korean post binding style with metal rods, plates and rings can be seen on that page as well. 
===Metal Rods under Sewing Supports===
===Hinged Covers===
===Metal Binding Mechanisms===
Some more modern ledger bindings have mechanisms with metal components built into the covers, such as the tensioning device on the post binding pictured.
==Terminology and Thesauri==
Adler's work includes a multi-page, multi-lingual thesaurus for furniture components in German, Dutch, English, French, Italian.Adler 2010, 208-217 Szirmai has useful drawn diagrams and terminology for Byzantine, Carolingian, Romanesque, and Gothic fastenings and furniture.Szirmai 2000, 251 – 262; 263 – 267 Ligatus Language of Bindings thesaurus has hierarchies and some translations and presents a controlled vocabulary. Search for Furniture; Fastenings; and Clasps. See also Etherington & Roberts' Bookbinding and the Conservation of books: A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, and the entries for clasps, centerpieces, cornerpieces, and bosses. The Getty's Art & Architecture Thesaurus has some terms and translations, but is not particularly detailed. See clasps (fasteners), bosses, and treasure bindings.
==Fastenings and Furniture Manufacture==
“The designation Gürtler (girdler) refers to craftsmen who manufactured belts and the required metal accessories such as buckles; earlier, the production of armour and cuirasses fell into their realm, later they made objects for everyday use of leather and/or of metal, mainly brass, furnishings for bookbindings, etc. Where the demand of the market was large enough, the craft of Clausurmacher was able to emerge, as for example, in Nuremberg, Erfurt, Leipzg and Wittenberg; we learn from a 1567 request by the binders to the municipal council of Augsburg that, due to the death of a Nuremberg Clausermacher and the high prices the local Gurgler demanded, they asked permission for a Heinrich from Erfurt to establish himself as a Clausermacher."Bücher, Karl. 1897. “Deutsche Buchbinder-Ordnungen,” Archiv für Geschichte des Deutschen Buchhandels. Vol 19, 345-6; and Helwig, Hellmuth. 1962-5. Das Deutsche Buchbinder-Handwerk. Handwerks- und Kulturgeschichte. Vol. 1, p. 55 in Szirmai 2000, 283
While many components were made by metalworkers or specialized craftsmen, gürtlers or clausermachers in Germany, some simple fastenings and furniture were undoubtedly made by binders themselves.Szirmai 2000, 258 Clasps and furniture were likely applied by the binder, as can be seen in the image at right.
==Decorative Features==
===Decorative Techniques on Metal Fastenings and Furniture===
====Repousse====
====Engraving====
====Stamping====
====Gilding====
====Niello====
====Piercing====
====Punching====
====Chiseling====
====Enameling / Japanning====
====Patina====
===Furniture Linings===
Colored parchment or paper placed under a pierced metal fitting. (Ligatus LOB, furniture linings.)
==Structural and Mechanical Considerations==
===Of Fastenings===
Fastenings and other closures keep covers closed chiefly to protect the textblock from damage. Clasps keep texts under constant pressure between boards so they can't expand and contract with relative humidity fluctuations; this was particularly important for bound parchment texts. Fastenings also keep dust, light, and environmental pollutants from penetrating too far into the textblock. Closures also help to keep covers closed during transport, as one would find with smaller bindings intended to be carried on a person.
===Of Furniture===
Book furniture are chiefly used to protect leather, tawed skin, or textile covers from wear by lifting covers slightly up off of surfaces and by protecting vulnerable areas, such as beveled wooden board corners and edges, from impact damage.
===Of Chained Bindings===
===On Other Parts of the Book===
====On Boards / Covers====
====On Texts and Textblock Edges====
====On Joints====
====On Facing Materials====
==Conservation Issues==
===Loss===
Fastenings and furniture are vulnerable to loss from wear or from intentional removal. Clasp straps and hasps are particularly likely to be lost or removed, particularly when they no longer catch because of dimensional changes to the textblock, or as a result of or stretching, contraction, or damage to clasp straps.
===Mechanical Damage and Signs of Wear===
Fastenings and furniture can exhibit signs of wear from use. Clasp straps are often the weakest components and are most likely to show cracking or tears from being unsupported and flexing during opening. Raised elements such as bosses that are hammered flat or concave may be signs of intentional alteration, perhaps to protect the covers of facing materials. 
Wooden boards may be weakened by the metal attachments and be more likely to incur damage such as cracks or losses in areas where furniture and fastenings were attached. 
Text edges may show abrasion and damage from hasps rubbing against them when the clasps are unlatched. 
===Chemical Interactions===
Iron alloy fasteners can rust and cause corrosive staining on endleaves and leather coverings.
Brass alloys form patinas or may interact with fatty leather dressings to form green metal soaps.
===Housings===
Housings are a good solution to protect bindings with metal furniture from damage. Housings are also useful to protect neighboring volumes from damage cause by raised metal elements. Custom fit enclosures that employ a heavier weight of board, such as phase boxes or cloth clamshells, are often needed for bindings with extensive furniture. The enclosures can be fitted with padding, such as Ethafoam, as needed to accommodate raised metal attachments. Sleds or cloth wrappers, called a have been useful solutions for oversized volumes with metal furniture.
===Display===
Clasp straps are often fragile and more vulnerable when the book is open and they are no longer under tension. Straps may need support when a bound item is open and on display.
===Treatment===
==References==
==Annotated Bibliography==
===Key Works===
Adler, Georg and Joachim Krauskopf. 2010. Handbuch Buchverschluss und Buchbeschlag: Terminologie und Geschichtse im deutschsprachigen Raum, in den Niederlanded und Italien vom frühen Mittelalter bis in die Gegenwart. [Manual book closure and book fitting. Terminology and history in German-speaking countries, in the Netherlands and Italy from the early Middle Ages to the present.] Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag. (in German).
Excerpt available here.
:Thorough German terminology and typology of book fastenings and furniture. Includes a multi-page, multi-lingual thesaurus for furniture components (German, Dutch, English, French, Italian; p. 208-217.)
Dürrfeld, Eike Barbara. 1992. Metal Fastening Mechanisms on Bindings of Three European Countries and Three Centuries Surveyed in the British Library, MA Thesis, School of Art history, Camberwell college of Arts. 
:A systematic study of metal fastenings on bindings at the British Library.
Dürrfeld, Eike Barbara. 2000. "Terra Incognita: Toward a Historiography of Book Fastenings and Furniture." Book History. Vol. 3.305-313. 
:Provides a brief history and a more detailed review of literature concerning book furniture. 
Dürrfeld, Eike Barbara. 2002. Inaugural-Dissertaion zur Erlangung des “Die Erforschung der Buchschließen und Buchbeschläge: Eine wissenschaftsgeschichliche Analyse seit 1877.” Akademischen Grades eines Dr. Phil., vorgelegt dem Fachbereich Geschichtswissenschaft der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. Recklinghausen: Weisbaden. [“Researching book clasps and book fittings: an analysis of the history of science since 1877."] (in German)
Horváth, Pál and Tóth, Zsuzsanna. 1993. Csatok és veretek a könyvtáblákon: történeti áttekintés [Fastenings and Furnishings on book covers: a historical survey.] Budapest: Országos Széchényi Könyvtár. (in Hungarian).
:A typology of the furnishings on bindings in Hungarian libraries. 
Howsam, C. L. 2011. Medieval book fittings: an archaeology of medieval literacy. MA Dissertation. University of Sheffield.
Howsam, C.L. 2016. “Book fastenings and furnishings. An archaeology of late medieval books.” A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Sheffield Faculty of Arts and Humanities Department of Archaeology. 
Maywald, Claus. 2005. Die Buchverschlüsse, Buchbeschläge und sonstigen Metallteile am Buch. Die Terminologie. Wiegner, Königswinter. [The book closures, book fittings and other metal parts on the book.] (in German)
Maywald, Claus, D. Milicevic, and I. Domes. 2009. Buchverschlüsse, Buchbeschläge und sonstigen Metallteile am Buch. Systematik und Terminologie. Fröhlich Verlag, Rossdorf. [Book closures, book fittings and other metal parts on the book. Systematics and terminology.] (in German)
Merian, Sylvie L. 2013. “Protection against the Evil Eye? Votive Offerings on Armenian Manuscript Bindings.” Suave Mechanicals. Essays on the history of bookbinding. Vol. 1, ed. Julia Miller. Ann Arbor, MI, The Legacy Press. 42-93. 
:Pictures several Armenian Manuscript bindings with extensive metalwork attachments. The metal pieces are votives attached to the covers to protect the owner, and include punched metal pieces in the shape of eyes, crosses, hands, faces, and crescent shapes as well as colored stones, enameled pieces, and pieces of jewelry (pp 42-93). Such votives have been found attached to the covers of Armenian Christian devotional manuscript texts, mostly gospels, dating from the 14th-18th centuries (p 47). This style may have its roots in the Treasure Binding tradition (p 43).
Milevski, Robert and Valdis Villerušs. 2008. “Reading the Bible, Preserving the Precious Text: Latvian Peasant Metal-Clad Bindings.” Library History volume 24, (June, issue 2): 128–142.
Miller, Julia. 2010. Books Will Speak Plain. The Legacy Press: Ann Arbor, Michigan. 
The chapter on the early history of the codex is particularly useful and the work pictures many examples including a chained binding, girdle bindings, and various wraps and ties, button & loops, clasps, and buckles.
Mowery, J. Franklin. 1991. "Clasps, Schliessen, Clausuren: A Guide to the Manufacture and Literature of Clasps." Guild of Bookworkers Journal. 29.2 (Fall 1991). 1-58. 
Müller, Wiebke. 1991. Die historische Entwicklung der Buchschliessen und –Beschläge. Herstellungstechniken und resauratorische Betreuung anhand von Beispielen insbesonders aus der Sondersammlung der Universitatsbibliothek Leipzig (Fachschulabschlussarbeit). Berlin: Museum für Deutsche Geschicte [The historical development of book clasps and fittings. Manufacturing techniques and restoration support based on examples, in particular from the special collection of the Leipzig University Library (final thesis).] (unpublished thesis, in German)
:A survey of material from Saxony.
Spitzmueller, Pamela J. 2015. "A Visual Dictionary of Traditional Long- and Linkstitch Bookbinding Terminology." Suave Mechanicals, Vol. II. The Legacy Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan. pp. 382-424.
:Features many drawn diagrams of early long and link stitch bindings including some with 2-part fore edge clasps and button and tie closures and some details of fastenings. 
Sprenger, Ruth E. 1983. Buchbeschläge und Schließen aus fünf Jahrhunderten. (Aus.-Kat.). Redaktion und Gestaltung Ruth E. Sprenger. München: Bayerische Vereinsbank. [“Book fittings and clasps from five centuries.“] (in German)
Szirmai, J. A. 1991. Verslag onderzoek sluitingen boekbanden ‘De Librije’ Zuthphen. Internal report to the Board of Trustees of the Zutphen Librije. [Report on the fastenings on the bindings of the Zutphen Librije.] (in Dutch, unpublished). 
:Survey of the fastenings of the bindings in Zutphen Librije. “In the Zutphen Librije I observed heels of small blocks of bone, fixed with two nails (Libr. M 111, Paris imprint of 1513)” in Szirmai p. 267.
Szirmai, J.A. 1999. The Archeology of Medieval Bookbinding. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. 
:Describes Romanesque furniture p. 166-168, German Girdle Book 1471 p. 238; Gothic fastenings p. 251 – 262; Gothic furniture p. 263 – 267; Chained libraries p.267-271; Leather “toggle-type button” of a limp leather binding SG Cod. 1716. p. 296.
van Wijk, Berna. 2019. “Book fittings: The archaeological reconstruction of (post-)medieval books.” Research Master thesis Archaeology 2019-2020 Groningen Institute of Archaeology University of Groningen The Netherlands.
===Databases and Digital Collections===
Adler, Adler. 2006 “Eine Datenbank für Buchverschlüsse und Buchbeschläge.” Einbandforschung – Informationsblatt des Arbeitskreises für die Erfassung und Erschließung historischer Bucheinbände (AEB), Vol 18/April, 13–17. [“A database for book closures and book fittings.” Cover research - information sheet of the working group for the collection and indexing of historical book covers.] (in German)
Database of Bookbindings. The British Library.
Encyklopedieknihy.cz: Encyklopedie knihy v českém středovĕku a raném novovéku. 
:This online encyclopedia of early Czech bookbindings includes a page on Gothic bookbindings with several examples of bookbindings with furniture. See also: https://www.encyklopedieknihy.cz/index.php/Kovov%C3%BD_pokryv. 
Folger Bindings Image Collection. The Folger Shakespeare Library.
Handbookbindings: Clasps, Furniture, and Other Closures. Princeton University Library. 
:Digital collection of historic bookbindings including a page on fittings.
Sulgurid Ja Metallpanused Köidetel Tallinna Ülikooli Akadeemilise Raamatukogu baltika osakonnas. [Bookclasps and Book Furniture in the Baltic Department of the Academic library of Tallinn University.] (in Estonian)
:History of Estonian book furniture. According to Adler, there was no Estonian book furniture. It was a Baltic German style that was used in Estonia up through the 19th century (not Estonian). (p. 230)
===Large Surveys, Classifications, & Terminology===
Adam, Paul. 1927. Das Restaurieren alter Bücher. Halle (Saale): Verlag Wilhelm Knapp. [The Restoration of old Books.]
:An early attempt to classify German fastenings.
Adler, Georg and Joachim Krauskopf. 2010. Handbuch Buchverschluss und Buchbeschlag: Terminologie und Geschichte im deutschsprachigen Raum, in den Niederlanded und Italien vom frühen Mittelalter bis in die Gegenwart. [Manual book closure and book fitting. Terminology and history in German-speaking countries, in the Netherlands and Italy from the early Middle Ages to the present.] Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag. (in German).
Excerpt available here.
:Thorough German terminology and typology of book fastenings and furniture. Includes a multi-page, multi-lingual thesaurus for furniture components (German, Dutch, English, French, Italian; p. 208-217.)
Nuska, Bohumil. 1965. “Typologie českých renesančních vazeb” in Historická knižni vazba. Liberec: Severočeské museum. 19-145. [“Typology of Czech Renaissance bindings.”] (in Czech with German summary.)
:Typology of fastenings on Gothic bindings from Bohemia, including bindings with locks.
Dürrfeld, Eike Barbara. 1993. “Mit Haken und Ösen: Zur Typenbestimmung von Buchschließen des 15. bis 17. Jahrhunderts.” Restauro v.99 (no.6): pp.424-429. [“With hooks and eyes: determining the 15th- to 17th-century types of book clasps.”] (In German)
:Using 231 examples from the British Library's collections produced 15th-17th centuries, discusses the specific features that allow identification of English, German, and Italian book fasteners, and suggests a mode of description and terminology for the fastenings. 
Dürrfeld, Eike Barbara. 1996. ‘A tentative approach at reconstructing the chronology of different types of metal fastening mechanisms on German bindings of the late 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries’, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, vol 71. 271-7.
Lüers, Heinrich. 1936. “Die Buchschliesse. Ein technischer Beitrag.” Archiv fur Buchbinderei. Vol 36. 20-3. [“The Bookclasp. A Technical Contribution.”] (in German)
:An early attempt to classify German fastenings.
Maywald, Claus. Damir Milicevic, Inge Domes. 2009. Buchverschlüsse, Buchbeschläge und sonstigen Metallteile am Buch. Systematik und Terminologie. Fröhlich Verlag, Rossdorf. [Book closures, book fittings and other metal parts on the book. Systematics and terminology.] (in German)
Szirmai, J.A. 2000. The Archeology of Medieval Bookbinding. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. 
:Describes and characterizes Romanesque furniture p. 166-168, German Girdle Book 1471 p. 238; Gothic fastenings p. 251 – 262; Gothic furniture p. 263 – 267; Chained libraries p.267-271; Leather “toggle-type button” of a limp leather binding SG Cod. 1716. p. 296.
===By Geographic Area===
Armenia
Jaschke, Margret and Robert Stähle. 2015. Kostbare Einbandbeschläge an armenischen Handschriften : Dokumentation jüngster Maßnahmen zur Bestandserhaltung. Wiesbaden : Reichert, L. [Precious cover fittings on Armenian manuscripts: Documentation of the latest conservation measures.] (in German and Armenian)
:Numerous color figures of Armenian manuscript bindings including votive bindings. The authors describe the measures for restoring damaged or lost fittings using a selection of over 200 repaired objects. An attached glossary explains metalworking technical terms.
Kouymjian, Dickran. 2008. “Post-Byzantine Armenian Bookbinding and Its Relationship to the Greek Tradition.” Athens : Hellenic Society for Bookbinding : Institute for Byzantine Research-NHRF : Byzantine and Christian Museum.
:Pictures several Armenian bindings with metal book furniture.
Merian, Sylvie L. 2013. “Protection against the Evil Eye? Votive Offerings on Armenian Manuscript Bindings.” Suave Mechanicals. Essays on the history of bookbinding. Vol. 1, ed. Julia Miller. Ann Arbor, MI, The Legacy Press. 42-93. 
:Pictures several Armenian Manuscript votive bindings with extensive metalwork attachments.
Austria
Pippal, Martina. 1984. “Die neu entdeckten, Langobardischen Buchbeschlage in der Dorflkirche von Vocklabruck.” Osterreichischc Zcitschrift fur Kunst und Denkmalspflege. 174- 184. [“The newly discovered Lombardy book fittings in the Village church of Vocklabruck.”] (In German)
Czechoslovakia
 Encyklopedieknihy.cz: Encyklopedie knihy v českém středovĕku a raném novovéku. 
Based on Petr Voit, Encyclopedia of the book: older book printing and related fields between the mid-15th and early 19th century, Prague 2006.
:This online encyclopedia of early Czech bookbindings includes a page on Gothic bookbindings with several examples of bookbindings with furniture. See also: hinged punched brass cover with inset colored glass/jewels.
Hamanová, Paulina. 1959. Z dŭjin knizni važby od nejstaršich dob do konce XIX. [The History of Bookbinding from the Earliest Times to the End of the Nineteenth Century], Praha: Orbis. p. 55, fig. 35. (in Czech.)
:Features Bohemian binding examples with locks (mostly land registers from the 15-16th centuries. 
Hamanová, Paulina, B. Nuska, A. Hubala, and S. Knihovna. 1966. Knižni vazba sedmi stoleti z fondů Strashovskí knihovny ... Prag: Orbis. [Seven centuries of bookbindings from the holdings of the Strash Library.] (in Czech)
Nuska, Bohumil. 1965. “Typologie českých renesančních vazeb.” Historická knižni vazba. Liberec: Severočeské museum. 19-145. [“Typology of Czech Renaissance bindings.”] (in Czech with German summary.)
:Typology of fastenings on Gothic bindings from Bohemia, including bindings with locks.
England
Dürrfeld, Eike Barbara. 1992. "Metal Fastening Mechanisms on Bindings of Three European Countries and Three Centuries Surveyed in the British Library." MA Thesis, School of Art history, Camberwell college of Arts. 
:Systematic study on bindings in the British Library.
Howsam, C.L. 2016. “Book fastenings and furnishings. An archaeology of late medieval books.” A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Sheffield Faculty of Arts and Humanities Department of Archaeology. 
Nixon, Howard M. 1992. The History of Decorated Bookbinding in England. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Estonia
Adler, Georg and Joachim Krauskopf. 2010. Handbuch Buchverschluss und Buchbeschlag: Terminologie und Geschichte im deutschsprachigen Raum, in den Niederlanded und Italien vom frühen Mittelalter bis in die Gegenwart. [Manual book closure and book fitting. Terminology and history in German-speaking countries, in the Netherlands and Italy from the early Middle Ages to the present.] Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag. (in German). 
:Adler includes a very brief reference to Estonian book clasps: “When I asked about Estonian book closures, Ms. Katrin Kaugver, the head of the Baltica department and rare books from the Tallinn University Academic Library, told me:, There was no such thing as Estonian forms (of book closures and fittings) in Estonia at the time. So-called German style was used, the bookbinding was mainly a branch of the Baltic Germans until the 19th century.” (translated). (p.230)
 Sulgurid Ja Metallpanused Köidetel Tallinna Ülikooli Akadeemilise Raamatukogu baltika osakonnas. [Bookclasps and Book Furniture in the Baltic Department of the Academic library of Tallinn University.] (in Estonian)
History of Estonian book furniture, which according to Adler, was a Baltic German style through the 19th century (not Estonian). (Adler, 2010 p. 230.)
Turo, Tulvi Hanneli; Haljasmae, Rene. 2006. Köidete metallpanuste koduleht www.tlulib.ee/bookclasp TLÜ Akadeemilises Raamatukogus. Renovatum: Ennistuskoja "Kanut" bülletään, no.11. [see website entry] [The new website: Book Clasps and Book Furniture on the basis of the Collection of the Baltic and Rare Books in Academic Library of Tallinn University.] (in Estonian)
:Publicizes the 2004 online project created by conservators at the Academic Library of Tallinn University. www.tlulib.ee/bookclasps, was created based on the Collection of Baltic and Rare Books in the academic library. The site presents a selection of historic book clasps from the 15th to the 20th centuries from the collection. The site provides an easily comprehensible overview of various book clasps as well as the manifold styles and techniques that were used during that period.
France
Alexandre, Jean-Louis and Claire Maitre. 1997. Catalogue des Reliures medievales des bibliotheques de France, Conservees ala Bibliotheque d'Autun ainsi qu'a'la societe eduenne. Turnhout: Brepols. [Catalog of Medieval Bindings from French Libraries, Conserved at the Autun Bibliotheque and at the Eduean Society.]
:Contains French book findings, clasps, and fittings from the 14th and 15th centuries. 
Alexandre, Jean-Louis and Genevieve Grand. Lanoe, Guy. 2000. Bibliothèque municipale de Vendôme. 
Reliures médiévales des bibliothèques de France. Vol. 2. Turnhout: Brepols. [Vendôme municipal library. Medieval bindings of French libraries.]
:French bindings, clasps, fittings from the 11th to 15th centuries. 
Carvin, Denis. 1988. La reliure médiévale d’après les fonds des bibliothèques d’Aix-en-Provence, Avignon, Carpentras et Marseille. Arles: Centre Interregional de Conservation des Livres. [Medieval binding from the collections of the Aix-en-Provence, Avignon, Carpentras and Marseille libraries.] (in French)
:Some data on fastenings from Southern France.
Glenisson, Jean and Louis Holtz. 1988. Le livre au Moyen Âge. Paris: Presses du CNRS.
Renouard, Ph. 1901. Documents sur les imprimeurs, libraires, cartiers, graveurs, fondeurs de lettres, reilieurs, doreurs de livres, faiseurs de fermoirs, enlumieneurs, parcheminiers et papetiers ayant excercé à Paris de 1450 à 1600. Paris: H. Champion. 234. [Documents on printers, booksellers, cartiers, engravers, founders of letters, reilieurs, gilders of books, makers of clasps, illuminators, parchmenters and stationers having worked in Paris from 1450 to 1600.]
:“The occupation” [of clausermacher] “was known elsewhere too: in Paris, Mahiet Révérend is mentioned as faiseur de fermoirs de livres in 1545 and so is Mathurin Regnier in 1553.” In Szirmai p.283.
Germany
Adler, Georg and Jörg Ansorge. 2007. “Buchverschlüsse und Buchbeschläge vom Marienkirchhof in Pasewalk – Zeugen der ehemaligen Bibliothek des Pasewalker Dominikanerklosters.” Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Jahrbuch 54. Schwerin. 151–176. [Book clasps and book fittings from theMarienkirchhof in Pasewalk - witness to the former library of the Pasewalk Dominican monastery.”] (in German)
Altman, Ursula. 1972. “Bucheinbände mit Schliessen-Exlibris aus Rostock” in Einbandstudien Ilse Shunke zum 80. Berlin: Deutsche Staatsbibliothek. 21-37. [“Book bindings with Exlibris clasps from Rostock”] (in German)
:“Engraved inscriptions of the owner’s name have been reported on many bindings from Lubeck and Rosock (Altman 1972, citing also the earlier literature). She observed that the ‘ex-libris’ fastenings are of the type with ‘feathered’ tail (as shown in Figure 9.50[a]) and considered them as characteristic for Northern Germany. Since then it has become clear that such ‘feathered’ fastenings were also quite common in the Low Countries and in the Rhineland and Westphalia.” In Szirmai p.283.
Gabriel, Ingo. 1991. “Mittelalterliche Buchschließen vom Weinberg in Hitzacker, in: Beitrage zur Archaologie und Geschichte Nordostniedersachsens.” Berndt Wachter zum 70. Geburtstag, Liichow. 65-66. [Medieval book closings from the vineyard in Hitzacker, in: Contributions to the archeology and history of northeastern Lower Saxony.] (in German)
Irás-Melis, Katalin. 1974. “Die Fude au seiner Buchbinderwerkstatt des 15. Jahrhunderts im königlichen Schloss zu Buda” Gutenberg-Jahrbuch. vol. 49. 303-10. (in German)
Jäckel, Karl. 1985 “Alte Techniken des Buchbinderhandwerks in der modernen Schriftgutrestaurierung, 7. SchlieBen unci Beschlage.” Bibliotheksforum Bayern 13, 272-290. [“Old bookbinding techniques in modern document restoration, 7. Clasps and fittings.“] (in German)
:“…Briefly reviewed the main German variants (but with partly erroneous dating).” In Szirmai, p. 251.
Kempf, Friederich. 1901. “Alte Freiburger Buchbeschläge.” Zeitschrift der Breisgau-Geschichtsvereins Schauinsland. Vol 28. 53-62. (in German) 
:“Kempf described a series of such furnishings” [decorated with floral elements or fantastic beasts] “on bindings from the Freibourg area (Rhineland)” in Szirmai p. 264
Koch, Robert. 1995. “Eine rnittclalterliche BuchschlieBe aus Langenzenn.” Das archaologische Jahr in Bayern 1994, Bayerisches Landesamt fiir Denkmalpflege. Gesellschaft fur Archaologie in Bayern: Stuttgart. 144- 145. [“A classic book clasp from Langenzenn”] (in German)
Kohlhaussen, Heinrich. 1968. Nürnberger Goldschmiedekunst des Mittelalters und der Dürerzeit 1240 bis 1540. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag für Kunstwissenschaft. 1104-217; Figs. 179-81. [Nuremberg goldsmith's art from the Middle Ages and the Dürer period 1240 to 1540.] (in German)
:“In his comprehensive work on Nuremberg goldsmiths Kohlhaussen…devoted a whole chapter to book furnishings, especially the cast types, and noted that even Albrecht Dürer is credited with having designed such furnishings in the 1520s.” in Szirmai p. 264.
“The term ‘Nuremberg wares’ is widely used to denote metal fastenings and furnishings, yet so far on rather uncertain grounds. We must admit that our knowledge of the manufacture of metal articles for everyday use in the late Middle Ages is very imperfect; we know little of the organization of the various crafts and their areas of specialization; we are largely ignorant of their working methods: what was truly ‘hand-made’, which tools or machinery did they employ to facilitate efficient production, and, above all, what trade channels were used for their distribution. Although there is plenty of evidence that Nuremberg was a prominent site of metal craft, including goldsmithing (see Kohlhassen 1968), there is no specific record of the production and trade of book furnishings – an area urgently in need of further research.” In Szirmai p.283. 
Künsemüller, Schmidt and A. Friedrich. 1987. “Buchbeschläge.” Severin Corsten (Hrsg.): Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens. Band 1: A – Buch. Hiersemann, Stuttgart. 573–574. [“Bookclasps.”] (in German)
Kyriss, Ernst. 1940. Nurnberger Klostereinbande der Jahre 1433 bis 1525. [Inaugural-Dissertation Erlangen] Bamberg: J. M. Reindl. 54. [Nurnberg monastery binding from 1433 to 1525.] (in German)
:“All monastic workshops in Nuremberg followed the ‘German rule’, except the Augustinians who preferred clasps closing on the lower cover.” In Szirmai p. 252.
:“Kyriss observed that almost all monastic workshops in Nuremberg (Dominicans, Augustinian friars, Carthusians) furnished all of their bindings with bosses or corner- and centre pieces.” In Szirmai p. 263.
Kyriss, Ernst. 1957. Der verzierte europäische Einband vor der Renaissance. [The decorated European cover before the Renaissance.] Stuttgart: Max Hettler Verlag. (in German)
:“mentions horn and wood; of about 40 bindings with furnishings in the Zutphen Librije seven are fitted with turned wooden bosses.” P. 13. (in Szirmai) 
Lüers, Heinrich. 1936. “Die Buchschliesse. Ein technischer Beitrag.” Archiv fur Buchbinderei. Vol 36. 20-3. [“The Bookclasp. A Technical Contribution.”] (in German)
:Early attempts to classify German fastenings.
Müller, Wiebke. 1991. Die historische Entwicklung der Buchschliessen und –Beschläge. Herstellungstechniken und resauratorische Betreuung anhand von Beispielen insbesonders aus der Sondersammlung der Universitatsbibliothek Leipzig (Fachschulabschlussarbeit). Berlin: Museum für Deutsche Geschicte [The historical development of book clasps and fittings. Manufacturing techniques and restoration support based on examples, in particular from the special collection of the Leipzig University Library (final thesis).] (unpublished thesis, in German)
:A survey of material from Saxony.
Petersen, Dag-Ernst. 1975. Mittelalterliche Bucheinbände der Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel: Kleine Schriften der Herzog August Bibliothek. 5. [Medieval book covers from the Herzog August Bibliothek.] (in German)
:“Two wooden laths, parallel to the spine and nailed to the upper cover of the large Gradual (…Amsterdam UB IV A 49) are obviously meant to prevent damage to the cover while it is resting on the lectern; these laths appear to be the predecessors of the half-round brass skids… often used in Germany, notably around Bamberg and Erfurt (D-E Petersen 1975 p. XXXII). In Szirmai, p. 267.
Sprenger, Ruth E. 1983. “Buchbeschläge und Schließen aus fünf Jahrhunderten.” (Aus.-Kat.). Redaktion und Gestaltung Ruth E. Sprenger. München: Bayerische Vereinsbank. [“Book fittings and clasps from five centuries.”] (in German)
Weigel, Christoph. 1698. Abbildung der Gemein-Nützlichen Haupt-Stände Von denen Regenten Und ihren So in Friedens- als Kriegs-Zeiten zugeordneten Bedienten an, biß auf alle Künstler Und Handwercker: Nach Jedes Ambts- und Beruffs-Verrichtungen, meist nach dem Leben gezeichnet und in Kupfer gebracht, auch nach Dero Ursprung, Nutzbar- und Denkwürdigkeiten, kurz, doch gründlich beschrieben, und ganz neu an den Tag geleget. 338. (in German) 
:Copperplate engraving pictures a 17th century Clausermaker workshop.
Hungary
Horváth, Pál and Tóth, Zsuzsanna. 1993. Csatok és veretek a könyvtáblákon: történeti áttekintés [Fastenings and Furnishings on book covers: a historical survey.] Budapest: Országos Széchényi Könyvtár. (in Hungarian).
:A typology of the furnishings on bindings in Hungarian libraries.
Középkori könyvveretek: Rippl – Rónai Múzeum [Medieval book fittings.] (in Hungarian)
http://smmi.hu/hirek/kozepkori-konyvveretek.html
:High resolution images of a set of 15-16th c Hungarian book fittings detached from their bindings. 
Irás-Melis, Katalin. 1980. “Bronzene Buchbeschläge aus dem 14 und 15. Jahrhundert in Ungarn” Gutenberg-Jahrbuch. Vol. 55. 274-83. [Bronze book fittings from the 14th and 15th centuries in Hungary”] (in German)
Ujhelyi, Nóra. 2018. “Thoughts about Medieval Book Fittings from the Castle of Visegrád.” Genius Ioci: Laszlovsky 60. Budapest: ARCHAEOLINGUA ALAPÍTVÁNY. 270-272.
:Describes a set of book fittings from a castle in Hungary.
Islamic
Bosch, Gulnar, John Carswell, and Guy Betherbridge. 1981. Islamic Binding and Bookmaking: a Catalogue of an Exhibition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
:Pictures many Islamic bindings with foreedge flaps.
Gacek, A. 2001. "The Arabic manuscript tradition. A glossary of technical terms and bibliography."
Scheper, Karin. 2015 "The Technique of Islamic Bookbinding : Methods, Materials and Regional Varieties." Islamic Manuscripts and Books. Arnoud Vrolijk ( Leiden University ) VOL. 8. BRILL.
Italy
De Marinis, Tammaro. 1960. La Legatura artistica in Italia nei secoli XV e XVI. Notizie ed elenchi, 3 vols. Firenze: Fratelli Alinari/Istituto di edizioni artistiche. (vol. 1, pp. 29-30; vol. 2, pp. 41ff.) [Artistic binding in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries.] (in Italian)
Pippal, Martina. 1984. “Die neu entdeckten, Langobardischen Buchbeschlage in der Dorflkirche von Vocklabruck.” Osterreichischc Zcitschrift fur Kunst und Denkmalspflege. 174- 184. [“The newly discovered Lombardy book fittings in the Village church of Vocklabruck.”] (in German)
Korea
Song, Minah. 2009. "The history and characteristics of traditional Korean books and bookbinding." Journal of the Institute of Conservation, 32:1, 53-78.
:Song describes a style of manuscript stab or post-bound with rods and metal bars (apparently either brass or iron). The article pictures one example (Figure 10) with a central ring, which was also common. "This binding method is called cheoljang (cheol: metal, and Jang: binding or mounting or decorating). The cheoljang was not only used for Uigwe but also for binding books of family registries and land registries in the Joseon period (1399-1910). Uigwes that were specifically presented to Kings were supposed to be bound with more decorative metal bindings while some copies of uigwes were not bound with metal. Most extant examples were from the 17th - 19th century even though there is some historical evidence that it was used before the 17th century." (email correspondence with the author 2.10.2021).
Latvia
Milevski, Robert and Valdis Villerušs. 2008. “Reading the Bible, Preserving the Precious Text: Latvian Peasant Metal-Clad Bindings.” Library History. Volume 24, (June, issue 2): 128–142.
V. Villerušs. 1979. “Dazhas latviešu gram matu mam kslas attistibas tendences lidz 1917.” ["Developments in Latvian book art to 1917."] Biblioteku zinatnes aspekti: gramata—lasitajs—biblioteka— bibliografija. [Aspects of librarianship: book— reader—library—bibliography. Riga: ‘Zvaigzne’. 114–149. (In Latvian with English summary on pp. 147–149.)
V. Villerušs. 1987. “Latviešu gram matu mam ksla” [“Latvian book art”]. A. Apinis (ed), Gram mata latviešu sabiedibam 1856–1870. [The book in Latvian society 1856–1870.] Riga: Avots. 55–71. (In Latvian)
V. Villerušs. 2003. “Dazhas atzinc as par latviešu zemnieku grammatu vamku apkalumiem.” [“Notes on Latvian peasant book cover furniture.”] Retumi: veltijums Latvijas Nacionam lams bibliotemkas Reto gram matu un rokrastu nodalcas 50 darba gadiem rakstu kram jums. [Rarities: a collection of articles dedicated to the Latvian National Library Rare Book and Manuscript Division's 50 years of work.] Riga: Latvijas Nacionam lam bibliotemka. 141–142, 158–160. (in Latvian)
This is a supplement to Villerušs's 1987 article and includes photos of eight bindings and two drawings of another.
The Low Countries (The Netherlands and Belgium)
Altman, Ursula. 1972. “Bucheinbände mit Schliessen-Exlibris aus Rostock.” Einbandstudien Ilse Shunke zum 80. Berlin: Deutsche Staatsbibliothek. 21-37. [“Book bindings with Exlibris clasps from Rostock”] (in German)
:“Engraved inscriptions of the owner’s name have been reported on many bindings from Lubeck and Rosock (Altman 1972, citing also the earlier literature). She observed that the ‘ex-libris’ fastenings are of the type with ‘feathered’ tail (as shown in Figure 9.50[a]) and considered them as characteristic for Northern Germany. Since then it has become clear that such ‘feathered’ fastenings were also quite common in the Low Countries and in the Rhineland and Westphalia.” In Szirmai p.283.
 
Arts, N. 2009. “Gothic book clasps and mounts from excavations in Eindhoven and their contexts.” H. Clevis, X. Bardet and J. Thijssen, Medieval material culture : studies in honour of Jan Thijssen. Zwolle: Foundation for the Promotion of Archaeology. 121-129. 
Dongen, Wim van. 1984. “Boekbanden uit de Librije van Zuthpen” [Bookbindings from the Zuthpen Library.] Middeleeuwse boeken en teksten uit Oost-Nederland. Nijmegen: Uitgeverij Alfa, 137-212. (in Dutch).
:“Archival data compiled by van Dongen (1984) has even allowed the ascribing of certain types of fastenings to individual workshops.” From Szirmai. 
Szirmai, J. A. 1991. Verslag onderzoek sluitingen boekbanden ‘De Librije’ Zuthphen. Internal report to the Board of Trustees of the Zutphen Librije. [Report on the fastenings on the bindings of the Zutphen Librije.] (in Dutch, unpublished). 
:Survey of the fastenings of the bindings in Zutphen Librije. “In the Zutphen Librije I observed heels of small blocks of bone, fixed with two nails (Libr. M 111, Paris imprint of 1513)” in Szirmai p. 267.
Poland
Jedrzejowska, Helena; Pelczarowa, Maria. 1967. "Katalog inkunabułów Biblioteki Gdańskiej Polskiej akademii nauk." Cześć druga Uzupełnienia i Dodatki. Gdańsk : Biblioteka gdańska. [Incunabula catalog of the city library in Gdansk.] (in Polish)
Russia
Klepikov, Sokrat Aleksandrovic. 1961. “Russian bookbinding from the 11th to the middle of the 17th century.” The Book Collector. Vol. 10. 408-422.
:Describes five early ‘votive’ bindings from the 12th – 17th centuries, Russian presentation bindings with jeweled metal covers created by repousse metal artists (includes some photographs) attached over leather or textile covers. Describes plain leather bindings from the Novgorod region (northwest Russia) from the 11th-15th century with early examples having metal pegs (shoes) attached to the board edges and later examples fitted with pierced ironwork. Also describes Choduv or Miracle bindings from the Chudov Monestary in the Kremlin binding workshop, and pictures one from the 16th century with simple metalwork (clasps and simple, tear-shaped bosses) and “lips” around the edges of the boards.
Scandinavia
Andersson-Schmitt, Margarete and Monica Hedlund. 1989. Mittelalterliche Handschriften der Universtätsbibliothek Uppsala. Katalog über die C Sammlung. Vol 2. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell. (in German)
:“Bone was used for bosses on some Scandinavian bindings, such as on examples from Vadstena Abbey in Sweden.” In Szirmai p.267. 
Hannover, Emil. 1906. Kunstfardige gamle bog bind indtil 1850 det danske kunstindustrimuseums udstelling. Kopenhagen: Lehmann & Stages Verlag. [Art-rich old bookbindings until 1850: the exhibition of the Danish Art Industry Museum.] (In Danish)
Henschen, Ingergerd. 1920 “Ett par medeltida bokband i Upsala Universitetsbibliotek.” Nordisk Tidskrift för Bok- och Biblioteksväsen, vol. 7. 156-61. [“Two Medieval Bindings in Uppsala University Library.”] (in Swedish) 
:Another mention of bone used for bosses on Scandinavian bindings.
Spain
López Serrano, Matilde; Mees, Marc; Romero de Lecea, Carlos; et al.1985. Ocho Siglos de Encuadernacion, Espanola. Briissel: Bibliotheea Wittockiana. 1985 [Eight Centuries of Spanish Binding.] 
:Bindings, clasps, and fittings from the 13th and 18th centuries. 
Thomas, Sir Henry. 1939. Early Spanish Bookbindings, XI-XV centuries. London: Printed for the Bibliographical Society at the University Press, Oxford.
Tibet
Helman-Ważny, Agnieszka. 2014. Archaeology of Tibetan Books. BRILL. 
:Helman-Ważny describes texts covered in cloth wrappings, sometimes with metal fittings.(2014. p.56) “In the Tibetan pothi format, the elements are leaves— one or a few layered papers, a cloth cover of cotton or silk, labels of brocade or other cloth, and covers of wood with a wood and metal fitting (Figure 17). ... the paper layers of Tibetan books are joined together with paper or leather clips. The leaves are wrapped in cloth called dpe ras and secured with a flat cord or sometimes a buckle (Figures 18).” (2014. p. 53)
===By Time Period===
Medieval
Alexandre, Jean-Louis and Claire Maitre. 1997. Catalogue des Reliures medievales des bibliotheques de France, Conservees ala Bibliotheque d'Autun ainsi qu'a'la societe eduenne. Turnhout: Brepols. [Catalog of Medieval Bindings from French Libraries, Conserved at the Autun Bibliotheque and at the Eduean Society.]
:Contains French book findings, clasps, and fittings from the 14th and 15th centuries. 
Alexandre, Jean-Louis and Genevieve Grand. Lanoe, Guy. 2000. "Bibliothèque municipale de Vendôme." 
Reliures médiévales des bibliothèques de France. Vol. 2. Turnhout: Brepols. [Vendôme municipal library. Medieval bindings of French libraries.]
:French bindings, clasps, fittings from the 11th to 15th centuries.
Arts, N. 2009. “Gothic book clasps and mounts from excavations in Eindhoven and their contexts.” H. Clevis, X. Bardet and J. Thijssen, Medieval material culture : studies in honour of Jan Thijssen. Zwolle: Foundation for the Promotion of Archaeology. 121-129.
Carvin, Denis. 1988. La reliure médiévale d’après les fonds des bibliothèques d’Aix-en-Provence, Avignon, Carpentras et Marseille. Arles: Centre Interregional de Conservation des Livres. [Medieval binding from the collections of the Aix-en-Provence, Avignon, Carpentras and Marseille libraries.] (in French)
:Data on fastenings from Southern France.
Dongen, Wim van. 1984. “Boekbanden uit de Librije van Zuthpen” [Bookbindings from the Zuthpen Library.] Middeleeuwse boeken en teksten uit Oost-Nederland. Nijmegen: Uitgeverij Alfa, 137-212. (in Dutch).
:“Archival data compiled by van Dongen (1984) has even allowed the ascribing of certain types of fastenings to individual workshops.” From Szirmai. 
Gabriel, Ingo. 1991. “Mittelalterliche Buchschließen vom Weinberg in Hitzacker, in: Beitrage zur Archaologie und Geschichte Nordostniedersachsens.” Berndt Wachter zum 70. Geburtstag, Liichow. 65-66. [Medieval book closings from the vineyard in Hitzacker, in: Contributions to the archeology and history of northeastern Lower Saxony.]
Glenisson, Jean. Holtz, Louis. 1988. Le livre au Moyen Âge. Paris : Presses du CNRS. [The book in the Middle Ages.] (in French)
Henschen, Ingergerd. 1920 “Ett par medeltida bokband i Upsala Universitetsbibliotek.” Nordisk Tidskrift för Bok- och Biblioteksväsen. Vol. 7. 156-61. [“Two Medieval Bindings in Uppsala University Library.”] (in Swedish) 
Howsam, C. L. 2011. Medieval book fittings: an archaeology of medieval literacy. MA Dissertation. University of Sheffield.
Irás-Melis, Katalin. 1974. “Die Fude au seiner Buchbinderwerkstatt des 15. Jahrhunderts im königlichen Schloss zu Buda.” Gutenberg-Jahrbuch. Vol. 49. 303-10. (in German)
Irás-Melis, Katalin. 1980. “Bronzene Buchbeschläge aus dem 14 und 15. Jahrhundert in Ungarn.” Gutenberg-Jahrbuch. Vol. 55. 274-83. [Bronze book fittings from the 14th and 15th centuries in Hungary”] (in German)
Kohlhaussen, Heinrich. 1968. Nürnberger Goldschmiedekunst des Mittelalters und der Dürerzeit 1240 bis 1540. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag für Kunstwissenschaft. 1104-217; Figs. 179-81. [Nuremberg goldsmith's art from the Middle Ages and the Dürer period 1240 to 1540.] (in German)
“In his comprehensive work on Nuremberg goldsmiths Kohlhaussen…devoted a whole chapter to book furnishings, especially the cast types, and noted that even Albrecht Dürer is credited with having designed such furnishings in the 1520s.” in Szirmai p. 264.
:“The term ‘Nuremberg wares’ is widely used to denote metal fastenings and furnishings, yet so far on rather uncertain grounds. We must admit that our knowledge of the manufacture of metal articles for everyday use in the late Middle Ages is very imperfect; we know little of the organization of the various crafts and their areas of specialization; we are largely ignorant of their working methods: what was truly ‘hand-made’, which tools or machinery did they employ to facilitate efficient production, and, above all, what trade channels were used for their distribution. Although there is plenty of evidence that Nuremberg was a prominent site of metal craft, including goldsmithing (see Kohlhassen 1968), there is no specific record of the production and trade of book furnishings – an area urgently in need of further research.” In Szirmai p.283.
Kyriss, Ernst. 1940. Nurnberger Klostereinbande der Jahre 1433 bis 1525. [Inaugural-Dissertation Erlangen] Bamberg: J. M. Reindl. 54. [Nurnberg monastery binding from 1433 to 1525.] (in German)
:“All monastic workshops in Nuremberg followed the ‘German rule’, except the Augustinians who preferred clasps closing on the lower cover.” In Szirmai p. 252.
:“Kyriss observed that almost all monastic workshops in Nuremberg (Dominicans, Augustinian friars, Carthusians) furnished all of their bindings with bosses or corner- and centre pieces.” In Szirmai p. 263.
Lehmann, Paul. 1929-30. “Inventare klösterlicher Buchbindereien.” [“Inventories of Monastic Binderies.”] Jharbuch der Enbandkunst. Vol. 3-4. 34-40. (in German)
:“But binders also made metal furnishings themselves, as is evident from inventories where metalworking tools are listed; the earliest is that of the Bamberg monastery, dating from 1483.” In Szirmai p.283.
Petersen, Dag-Ernst. 1975. Mittelalterliche Bucheinbände der Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel: Kleine Schriften der Herzog August Bibliothek. (5). [Medieval book covers from the Herzog August Bibliothek.] (in German)
:“Two wooden laths, parallel to the spine and nailed to the upper cover of the large Gradual (…Amsterdam UB IV A 49) are obviously meant to prevent damage to the cover while it is resting on the lectern; these laths appear to be the predecessors of the half-round brass skids… often used in Germany, notably around Bamberg and Erfurt (D-E Petersen 1975 p. XXXII). In Szirmai, p. 267.
Szirmai, J.A. 2000. The Archeology of Medieval Bookbinding. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. 
:German Girdle Book 1471 p. 238; Gothic fastenings p. 251 – 262; Gothic furniture p. 263 – 267; Chained libraries p.267-271; Leather “toggle-type button” of a limp leather binding, p. 296.
Thomas, Henry, Sir. 1939. Early Spanish Bookbindings: XI-XV Centuries. London: Printed for the Bibliographical Society at the University Press.
Ujhelyi, Nóra. 2018. “Thoughts about Medieval Book Fittings from the Castle of Visegrád.” Genius Ioci: Laszlovsky 60. Budapest: ARCHAEOLINGUA ALAPÍTVÁNY. 270-272.
:Describes a set of book fittings from a castle in Hungary.
Late Medieval
Bücher, Karl. 1897. “Deutsche Buchbinder-Ordnungen,” Archiv für Geschichte des Deutschen Buchhandels. Vol 19. 305-76. [“German Bookbinder Regulations.” Archives for the History of the German Book Trade.]
:“The designation Gürtler (girdler) refers to craftsmen who manufactured belts and the required metal accessories such as buckles; earlier, the production of armour and cuirasses fell into their realm, later they made objects for everyday use of leather and/or of metal, mainly brass, furnishings for bookbindings, etc. Where the demand of the market was large enough, the craft of Clausurmacher was able to emerge, as for example, in Nuremberg, Erfurt, Leipzg and Wittenberg; we learn from a 1567 request by the binders to the municipal council of Augsburg that, due to the death of a Nuremberg Clausermacher and the high prices the local Gurgler demanded, they asked permission for a Heinrich from Erfurt to establish himself as a Clausermacher (Bücher 1897 pp.345-6; Helwig 1962 vo. 1, p. 55). In Szirmai p.283.
Hartman, Roland. 1987. “Verschliessbare Einbände des 15, und 16.” Jahrhunderts’ in Festschrift Otto Schäfer zum 75. Geburtstag am 29. Juni 1987. Stuttgart: Dr Ernst Hauswedell & Co. 427-36.[“ Lockable covers of the 15th and 16th“] (in German)
:Describes four German with locks dating between 1446 and 1536. 
Howsam, C.L. 2016. “Book fastenings and furnishings. An archaeology of late medieval books.” A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Sheffield Faculty of Arts and Humanities Department of Archaeology. 
Jedrzejowska, Helena; Pelczarowa, Maria. 1967. Katalog inkunabułów Biblioteki Gdańskiej Polskiej akademii nauk. Cześć druga Uzupełnienia i Dodatki. Gdańsk : Biblioteka gdańska. [Incunabula catalog of the city library in Gdansk.] (in Polish)
Koch, Robert. 2003. “Romanische Buchschließen mit Tier- unci Pflanzenmotiven” Aspekte der Archaologie des Mittelalters unci der Neuzeit, Festschrift fur Walter Sage, Hg. von Ingolf Ericsson unci Hans Losert (Bamberger Schriften zur Archaologie des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit; 1), Bonn: R. Habelt. 242- 246. [“Romanesque book closures with animal and plant motifs”] (in German)
Szirmai, J.A. 2000. The Archeology of Medieval Bookbinding. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. 166-168.
Romanesque
Koch, Robert. 2003. “Romanische Buchschließen mit Tier- unci Pflanzenmotiven.” Aspekte der Archaologie des Mittelalters unci der Neuzeit, Festschrift fur Walter Sage, Hg. von Ingolf Ericsson unci Hans Losert (Bamberger Schriften zur Archaologie des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit; 1), Bonn: R. Habelt. 242- 246. [“Romanesque book closures with animal and plant motifs”] (in German)
Szirmai, J.A. 2000. The Archeology of Medieval Bookbinding. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. 166-168.
Renaissance
De Marinis, Tammaro. 1960. La Legatura artistica in Italia nei secoli XV e XVI. Notizie ed elenchi, 3 vols. Firenze: Fratelli Alinari/Istituto di edizioni artistiche. (vol. 1, pp. 29-30; vol. 2, pp. 41ff.) [Artistic binding in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries.] (in Italian)
Nuska, Bohumil. 1965. “Typologie českých renesančních vazeb.” Historická knižni vazba. Liberec: Severočeské museum. 19-145. [“Typology of Czech Renaissance bindings.”] (in Czech with German summary.)
Renouard, Ph. 1901. Documents sur les imprimeurs, libraires, cartiers, graveurs, fondeurs de lettres, reilieurs, doreurs de livres, faiseurs de fermoirs, enlumieneurs, parcheminiers et papetiers ayant excercé à Paris de 1450 à 1600. Paris: H. Champion. 234. [Documents on printers, booksellers, cartiers, engravers, founders of letters, reilieurs, gilders of books, makers of clasps, illuminators, parchmenters and stationers having worked in Paris from 1450 to 1600.]
:“The occupation” [of clausermacher] “was known elsewhere too: in Paris, Mahiet Révérend is mentioned as faiseur de fermoirs de livres in 1545 and so is Mathurin Regnier in 1553.” In Szirmai p.283.
===By Specific Feature or Type===
Anabaptist
Luthy, David. "Metal Initial and Date Plates on Amish and Mennonite Books Known to Exist in North America." Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage. 35, no. 3 (July 2012): 2-14.
Metzger, Chela, Erin Hammeke, Alexander Ames. 2020. “The Faith that Binds: Swiss Anabaptist Devotional Bookbindings in Early America.” Suave Mechanicals. The Legacy Press: Ann Arbor. Vol 6. 
:Describes Amish and Mennonite bookbindings in Switzerland and Pennsylvania that exhibit extensive metal attachments with linear punchwork, including initial and date plates, corner and center pieces, and studded leather or chain-like, all-metal spine straps.
Chained Bookindings and Libraries
Blades, William. 1892. Books in Chains and other Bibliographical Papers. London: Elliot Stock.
Clark, John Willis. 1902. The Care of Books. An Essay on the Development of Libraries and their Fittings from the Earliest Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: University Press.
Kerr, N.R. 1950-1. “Chaining from a Staple on the Back Cover.” The Bodleian Library Record. Vol 3. 104-7.
:A brief article that describes a certain way of chaining books by means of a staple placed on the center of the lower edge of the lower cover.
Streeter, Burnett Hillman. 1931. The Chained Library. A Survey of Four Centuries in the Evolution of the English Library. London: Macmillian and Co. Ltd.
:Quite extensive survey of English chained libraries with a focus on the library furniture and systems. Images of many chained library shelving but very no binding/book furniture illustrations, (except for two chain styles p. 297.) 
Szirmai, J.A. 2000. The Archeology of Medieval Bookbinding. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. 
:Chained libraries p.267-271.
Locked Bookbindings
Adam, Paul. 1923. “Der Einfluss der Klosterarbeit auf die Einbandkunst’ in Buch und Bucheinband.” Aufsätze und graphische Blätter zum 60. Geburtstage von hans Loubier. Leipzig: Verlag Karl W. Hiersemann, 148-69. [“The influence of monastery work on the art of binding’ in books and book covers.” Essays and graphic sheets for the 60th birthday of Hans Loubier, Leipzig]
:“There were many instances where the fastenings had the task of literally keeping the book closed and were adopted accordingly. The earliest example was noted by Adam (1923b): the council of the City of Cologne had recorded the taking of oaths in a particular volume, dated 1341, that had been furnished with a lock, recessed in the thick (17mm) upper board; its key was kept in the custody of three councilors.” In Szirmai p. 261.
Hartman, Roland. 1987. “Verschliessbare Einbände des 15, und 16.” Jahrhunderts’ in Festschrift Otto Schäfer zum 75. Geburtstag am 29. Juni 1987. Stuttgart: Dr Ernst Hauswedell & Co. 427-36.[“ Lockable covers of the 15th and 16th“] (in German)
:Describes four German with locks dating between 1446 and 1536. 
Heiles, Marco. 2016. “Liste abschließbarer Handschriften des Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit.”
:List of lockable manuscripts from the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. (in German with English translation.)
Nuska, Bohumil. 1965. “Typologie českých renesančních vazeb” in Historická knižni vazba. Liberec: Severočeské museum. 19-145. [“Typology of Czech Renaissance bindings.”] (in Czech with German summary.)
:Typology of fastenings on Gothic bindings from Bohemia, including bindings with locks. “Bohemian examples,” (with locks) “mostly land registers from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, are cited by …Nuska (1965 p. 55, pl.III).” in Szirmai p. 261.
Ziedler, Johann Gottfried. 1708. Buchbinder-Philosophie oder Einleitung in die Buchbinder Kunst. [Buchbinder philosophy or introduction to Buchbinder art,] Hall im Magdeburgschen: Rengertsche Buchhandlung (Facsimile edition 1978 Hannover: Sclütersche). p. 132.
:Gives details of the “’Schlösser’ and notes that ‘die Alten haben ihre Schlösser gantz von Eisen geschmiedet; theils von Messing dicke gegossen […] Heute zu tage […] weren die Clausuren gemeinlich nur von Milanischen Blech von den Gurtlern aufs liederlichste gemact.” “’ …notes that’ the old people have forged their locks entirely of iron; partly cast from brass thick […] Today […] the Clausuren are generally made only by Milanese sheet metal by the belters in the most dissolute way.‘” in Szirmai p.251.
Photo Albums
Aikenhead, Lydia. 2019. "Pictures in Your Pocket: A History of the American Tintype Album." Suave Mechanicals, Vol. V. The Legacy Press: Ann Arbor, Michigan.
:Includes numerous images of cartes de visites and small tintype albums (1860s-1880s) sporting all-metal hinged peg-type clasps.
Treasure Bindings
Needham, Paul. 1979. Twelve Centuries of Bookbindings, 400–1600 New York: Pierpont Morgan Library; London: Oxford University Press. 
Miller, Julia. 2010. Books Will Speak Plain. The Legacy Press: Ann Arbor, MI. (p. 78-79.)
Treasure Binding. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_binding
Votive Bindings
Merian, Sylvie L. 2013. “Protection against the Evil Eye? Votive Offerings on Armenian Manuscript Bindings.” in Suave Mechanicals. Essays on the history of bookbinding, vol. 1, ed. Julia Miller. Ann Arbor, MI, The Legacy Press. 42-93. 
:Pictures several Armenian Manuscript bindings with extensive metalwork attachments to covers.
===Historical Sources===
Bray, Dirk de. 1658. Kort onderwijs van het boeckenbindin / A Short Instruction in the Binding of Books. (facsimile reproduction edited by K. van der Horst and C. de Wolf, English translation by H.S. Lake) (1977) Amsterdam: Nico Israel. 
:“Briefly describes the mounting of ‘sloten’ [clasps], for which recesses in the boards had to be made before covering.” In Szirmai p. 251.
Weigel, Christoph. 1698. Abbildung der Gemein-Nützlichen Haupt-Stände Von denen Regenten Und ihren So in Friedens- als Kriegs-Zeiten zugeordneten Bedienten an, biß auf alle Künstler Und Handwercker: Nach Jedes Ambts- und Beruffs-Verrichtungen, meist nach dem Leben gezeichnet und in Kupfer gebracht, auch nach Dero Ursprung, Nutzbar- und Denkwürdigkeiten, kurz, doch gründlich beschrieben, und ganz neu an den Tag geleget. 338. (in German) 
:Copperplate engraving pictures a 17th century Clausermaker workshop.
Ziedler, Johann Gottfried. 1708. Buchbinder-Philosophie oder Einleitung in die Buchbinder Kunst. [Buchbinder philosophy or introduction to Buchbinder art,] Hall im Magdeburgschen: Rengertsche Buchhandlung (Facsimile edition 1978 Hannover: Sclütersche). p. 132
:Gives details of the “’Schlösser’ and notes that ‘die Alten haben ihre Schlösser gantz von Eisen geschmiedet; theils von Messing dicke gegossen […] Heute zu tage ::[…] weren die Clausuren gemeinlich nur von Milanischen Blech von den Gurtlern aufs liederlichste gemact.” [“
:“’ …notes that’ the old people have forged their locks entirely of iron; partly cast from brass thick […] Today […] the Clausuren are generally made only by Milanese sheet metal by the belters in the most dissolute way. ‘”in Szirmai p.251.
===Klausermakers / Clausermachers===
Bücher, Karl. 1897. “Deutsche Buchbinder-Ordnungen,” Archiv für Geschichte des Deutschen Buchhandels. Vol 19. 305-76. [“German Bookbinder Regulations.” Archives for the History of the German Book Trade.]
:“The designation Gürtler (girdler) refers to craftsmen who manufactured belts and the required metal accessories such as buckles; earlier, the production of armour and cuirasses fell into their realm, later they made objects for everyday use of leather and/or of metal, mainly brass, furnishings for bookbindings, etc. Where the demand of the market was large enough, the craft of Clausurmacher was able to emerge, as for example, in Nuremberg, Erfurt, Leipzg and Wittenberg; we learn from a 1567 request by the binders to the municipal council of Augsburg that, due to the death of a Nuremberg Clausermacher and the high prices the local Gurgler demanded, they asked permission for a Heinrich from Erfurt to establish himself as a Clausermacher (Bücher 1897 pp.345-6; Helwig 1962 vo. 1, p. 55).” In Szirmai p.283.
Der Klausermaker. 
:German Wikipedia entry on German claspmakers of the 14-16th centuries.
Dongen, Wim van. 1984. “Boekbanden uit de Librije van Zuthpen” [Bookbindings from the Zuthpen Library.] Middeleeuwse boeken en teksten uit Oost-Nederland. Nijmegen: Uitgeverij Alfa, 137-212. (in Dutch):.
“Archival data compiled by van Dongen (1984) has even allowed the ascribing of certain types of fastenings to individual workshops.” From Szirmai. 
Renouard, Ph. 1901. Documents sur les imprimeurs, libraires, cartiers, graveurs, fondeurs de lettres, reilieurs, doreurs de livres, faiseurs de fermoirs, enlumieneurs, parcheminiers et papetiers ayant excercé à Paris de 1450 à 1600, Paris: H. Champion. 234. [Documents on printers, booksellers, cartiers, engravers, founders of letters, reilieurs, gilders of books, makers of clasps, illuminators, parchmenters and stationers having worked in Paris from 1450 to 1600.] (in French)
:“The occupation” [of clausermacher] “was known elsewhere too: in Paris, Mahiet Révérend is mentioned as faiseur de fermoirs de livres in 1545 and so is Mathurin Regnier in 1553.” In Szirmai p.283.
Weigel, Christoph. 1698. Abbildung der Gemein-Nützlichen Haupt-Stände Von denen Regenten Und ihren So in Friedens- als Kriegs-Zeiten zugeordneten Bedienten an, biß auf alle Künstler Und Handwercker: Nach Jedes Ambts- und Beruffs-Verrichtungen, meist nach dem Leben gezeichnet und in Kupfer gebracht, auch nach Dero Ursprung, Nutzbar- und Denkwürdigkeiten, kurz, doch gründlich beschrieben, und ganz neu an den Tag geleget. 338. (in German) 
:Copperplate engraving pictures a 17th century Clausermaker workshop.
===Manufacture / How to / Making Replicas===
Imfeld, Hermann and Ulrike Schlüter. 1992. “Das Anfertigen von Buchschließen.” Arbeitsblatter NRW-Restauratoren. Vol 4. 1-9. [“Making Book Clasps.”] (in German)
http://bookclasp.com/
:Bookclasp site by jeweler and bookbinder Jocelyn Merchant.
Jäckel, Karl. 1965. “Hinweise zur Restaurierung von Buchbeschlägen.” Allgemeiner Anzeiger für Buchbindereien. Jg. 78. 318-324. [“Advice on Restoring Book Fittings.”]
Mowery, J. Franklin. 1991."Clasps, Schliessen, Clausuren: A Guide to the Manufacture and Literature of Clasps." Guild of Bookworkers Journal. 29.2 (Fall 1991). 1-58.
:A good overview of book furniture with some methods for making clasps. 
===Conservation Issues===
Andres, Angela M. 2020. . The University of Kansas Libraries.
: A standard two-piece corrugated box was modified to provide easier access to a frequently-used oversized antiphonary. Modifications include exterior handles and a sliding inner tray with handles to facilitate removal of the heavy volume.
Baughman, Mary. 1996.. The Harry Ransom Center.
: The book cozy was designed and developed in the 1990s by Mary Baughman, book conservator for the Harry Ransom Center, to provide protection for heavy, large bound volumes (like antiphonals) while in storage and transit within the building. While the book cozy does provide padding and protection, it does not provide support for bindings with structural problems. The book cozies have thus far proven to be a very good solution for the materials in the Harry Ransom Center's collection that have been housed in this way. As for all housings, materials used in construction should be tested and shown to be safe for use in housing collection objects.
Correia, Inês, 2012. “Revelations of a thirteenth-century Bible: from archaeological evidence to digital display.” Care and conservation of manuscripts. Vol. 13. 293-302.
:The history, description, original structure, comparative analysis, and the conservation treatment of this 13th-century Dominican Parisian Bible are discussed. The conservation treatment consisted of cleaning and rebinding, specifically cleaning the spine, alum-tawed pigskin extensions for broken bands and for sewing endbands, high-density binders board, leather covering, and bosses and clasps. 
Jäckel, Karl. 1965. “Hinweise zur Restaurierung von Buchbeschlägen.” Allgemeiner Anzeiger für Buchbindereien. Jg. 78. 318-324. [“Advice on Restoring Book Fittings.”] (in German)
Jäckel, Karl. 1985 “Alte Techniken des Buchbinderhandwerks in der modernen Schriftgutrestaurierung, 7. SchlieBen unci Beschlage.” Bibliotheksforum Bayern 13, 272-290. [“Old bookbinding techniques in modern document restoration, 7. Clasps and fittings.“] (in German)
:“…Briefly reviewed the main German variants (but with partly erroneous dating).” In Szirmai, p. 251.
Jaschke, Margret and Robert Stähle. 2015. Kostbare Einbandbeschläge an armenischen Handschriften : Dokumentation jüngster Maßnahmen zur Bestandserhaltung. Wiesbaden : Reichert, L. [Precious cover fittings on Armenian manuscripts: Documentation of the latest conservation measures.] (in German and Armenian)
:Numerous color figures of Armenian manuscript bindings including votive bindings. The authors describe the measures for restoring damaged or lost exams using a selection of over 200 repaired objects. An attached glossary explains metalworking technical terms.
Lindsey, Ann. 2019. . University of Chicago Library.
: The "sled" is an open-topped housing for an oversized book which is stored flat. It is designed to enable the safe transport of oversized books, and does not add substantial weight to an already heavy object. Inspired by the antiphonary housings at the Newberry Library.
Müller, Wiebke. 1991. Die historische Entwicklung der Buchschliessen und –Beschläge. Herstellungstechniken und resauratorische Betreuung anhand von Beispielen insbesonders aus der Sondersammlung der Universitatsbibliothek Leipzig (Fachschulabschlussarbeit). Berlin: Museum für Deutsche Geschicte [The historical development of book clasps and fittings. Manufacturing techniques and restoration support based on examples, in particular from the special collection of the Leipzig University Library (final thesis).] (unpublished thesis, in German)
===Other Reading===
Aikenhead, Lydia. 2019. "Pictures in Your Pocket: A History of the American Tintype Album." Suave Mechanicals: Essays on the History of Bookbinding. Vol. 5. 2-28.
Beaty, Katherine. 2020. "Tackets, Buckles, and Overbands." Suave Mechanicals. Vol. 6. The Legacy Press: Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Bloxam, Jim and Shaun Thompson. 2019. "A Previously Unrecorded Sewing Technique." Suave Mechanicals. Vol. 5. The Legacy Press: Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Buchschließe – Wikipedia Entry [Bookclasps] 
Clark, John Willis. 1902. The Care of Books. An Essay on the Development of Libraries and their Fittings from the Earliest Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: University Press.
:“Classical studies… clarified to a great extent the evolution of library furniture.” [regarding chained bindings] in Szirmai p. 268.
Der Klausermaker.
:German Wikipedia entry on German claspmakers of the 14-16th centuries.
Federici, Carlo and Kostantinos Houlis, Leonard E. Boyle, Franciso Sicilia, and Paul Canart. 1988. Legature Byzantine Vaticane. Roma : Fratelli Palombi.
Hartmann, Roland. 1987. "Verschliessbare Einbände des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts' in Festschrift Otto Schäfer zum 75. Geburtstag am 29. Juni 1987, Stuttgart: Dr Ernst Hauswedell & Co., 427-36. (in German)
Helwig, Hellmuth. 1962-5. Das Deutsche Buchbinder-Handwerk. Handwerks- und Kulturgeschichte, 2 vols. Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann. (in German)
Lehmann, Paul. 1929-30. “Inventare klösterlicher Buchbindereien.” [“Inventories of Monastic Binderies.”] Jharbuch der Enbandkunst. Vol. 3-4. 34-40. (in German)
:“But binders also made metal furnishings themselves, as is evident from inventories where metalworking tools are listed; the earliest is that of the Bamberg monastery, dating from 1483.” In Szirmai p.283.
Metzger, Chela. 2013 "Colonial Blankbooks in the Winterthur Library." Suave Mechanicals. Vol. 1. The Legacy Press: Ann Arbor, Michigan. 
Miner, Dorothy (ed.) 1957. The History of Bookbinding 525-1950 A.D. Baltimore: the Walters Art Gallery.
Nixon, Howard M. 1992. The History of Decorated Bookbinding in England'.' Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Nuska, Bohumil. 1966-70. “Spony knih jsou k zavírání.” Historická Knizní Vazba. 177/178. [Dt. Zusammenfassung: Spangen sind zum Schließen der Bücher da, S. 195/196]. [“Book clasps are for closing.”] (in Czech)
Oldham, J. Basil. 1952. English Blind-Stamped Bindings. Cambridge: The University Press. p. 8.
:“Table 9.16 shows that the direction of closing confirms, at large, the generally observed prevalence of fastenings closing on the lower cover in Italy and England, whereas fastenings on German and Dutch bindings are preferably closed the other way.” In Szirmai p. 252.
Pickwoad, Nicholas. 2000. "Tacketed bindings - a hundred years of European bookbinding." For The love of the Binding: Studies in bookbinding history presented to Mirjam Foot. Edited by David Pearson. The British Library and Oak Knoll Press.
==History of This Page==
In Summer 2020, the new page, outline and bibliography was created by Erin Hammeke.
Category:Structural Elements of the BookCategory:Book & Paper
Category:Books