nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Banging the Close

Banging the Close, often referred to as "Marking the Close," is a market term used to describe a potentially manipulative trading practice that involves a trader executing a significant volume of orders near the end of a trading session, specifically during the closing period. This practice can impact the closing price of a financial instrument, such as a stock, futures contract, or other securities. Banging the Close can lead to distorted market prices and is typically considered an unethical trading strategy.
== Background ==
Traders who engage in Banging the Close typically aim to influence the closing price of an asset for various reasons, including profit maximization or creating misleading impressions in the market. This practice can involve large buy or sell orders that are intended to move the market in a specific direction just before the closing bell.
The motivations behind Banging the Close can vary widely. Some traders may seek to profit from the price movement they create, taking advantage of the volatility that often occurs near the end of a trading session. Others may attempt to manipulate the closing price to benefit their existing positions or to trigger stop-loss orders of other market participants.
Banging the Close can have significant consequences for the financial markets. It can disrupt the natural price discovery process, leading to artificially inflated or deflated closing prices. This, in turn, can harm investors and market participants who rely on accurate and transparent pricing information.
Regulators and exchanges closely monitor trading activities for signs of market manipulation, including Banging the Close. Various regulations and market surveillance mechanisms have been established to detect and prevent such practices. Traders found engaging in manipulative trading behaviors may face severe penalties, including fines, suspension, or legal action.
Some futures markets have adopted "Trading at Settlement" order types. Trading at Settlement (TAS) orders allow traders to buy or sell futures contracts at the settlement price determined at the end of the trading session. These orders can be placed at any time during the session but are executed only when the session concludes, making the exact execution price unknown until that moment. Thinly traded markets routinely don't offer TAS orders due to the risk of manipulation from Banging the Close type of trading activity.
== References ==
Category:Market Manipulation
Bank

Banks are financial institutions chartered by federal and state governments to perform functions like holding and paying interest on deposits and maintaining and honoring customers' cash account transactions. Converting a parent company to a bank holding company has become popular amongst U.S. institutions since the credit crisis since banks are eligible for special Federal Reserve assistance. Banks can be commercial, retail or investment banks depending on their customer focus.
== Consolidating ==
Since credit markets began freezing up in mid-2008 most U.S. investment banks have either converted to commercial banks, like Morgan Stanley, or been taken over by a larger one like Bank of America or JPMorgan Chase & Co. As well as accepting deposits and maintain accounts, banks also issue and receive cash equivalents like checks, notes, securities and loans.
Deposits of up to $100,000 in chartered U.S. banks are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Commission (FDIC), although some countries like Australia, Germany and Ireland have recently confirmed they will insure unlimited deposit amounts. And although banks pay interest on these deposits, they also charge their account-holders fees for everything from account maintenance to per-check writing to ATM withdrawals. Credit Unions operate under similar principles to banks except they require account holders to join their co-operative; their deposits are insured by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund.
== Latest news ==
The latest financial-services company to become a bank was American Express (AmEx), which made the switch November 10, 2008 to help it grow deposits and gain access to special Federal Reserve funding arrangements. American Express previously specialized in issuing travelers checks and credit cards, whose receivables it previously bundled into debt securities to sell into a credit market that has since dried up. AmEx also operated two smaller banks, American Express Bank and American Express Centurion Bank, that both offered loans and certificates of deposit.
== References ==
Category:Banks
Bank Audi

__NOTOC__
Bank Audi, known in its native Lebanon as Banque Audi, has grown rapidly in the Lebanese banking market in recent years both organically and by acquisition to become the country's largest bank overall. Bank Audi oversaw solid revenue growth over 2008 while similar banks around the globe were pounded by the financial crisis
== Background ==
Banque Audi traces its origins to 1830, when Hanna Audi inherited a financial exchange in the city of Sidon, but did not become formally incorporated as the present Banque Audi sal until 1962. In 1995 Bank Audi became the first Lebanese financial institution to issue public equity on international capital markets and in 2004 it closed Lebanon's largest-ever banking merger when it bought Banque Saradar, a top-10 rival. By mid-2006 the new Bank Audi group's assets of US$12.7 billion representated more than half of Lebanon's entire GDP.
Bank Audi, like other Lebanese banks, has benefitted in recent years from a stable monetary environment created by the Bank of Lebanon to post impressive results for the past 12 months despite the havoc wreaked by 2008's credit crunch on the world's banking sector. In the year to April 2009, Bank Audi's assets increased from 30.769 trillion Lebanese pounds (LL) to LL31.21 while deposits grew from LL25.74 to LL26.34. In an accompanying report to the figures, Bank Audi predicted that Lebanon would likely avoid a "recessionary trap" because its domestic strength should offset regional economic weaknesses in the Middle East. 
== Key people ==
Chief Executive Officer Samir N. Hanna began his career at Bank Audi in 1963 in Lebanon but relocated to the United Arab Emirates in 1975 to become general manager of a Bank Audi joint venture there. He returned to Bank Audi's Lebanon operations in 1982 and was appointed general manager in 1986.
== Latest news ==
Bank Audi recently added to its array of local and international accolades by capturing the 2009 Euromoney award for best Lebanese bank, awarded in early June. Managing Director Simon Brady cited a 40% increase in Bank Audi's fee income in 2008 while Chairman and General Manager Georges Achi noted the bank's faster growth rate over its competitors in their acceptance speeches.
Bank One

Chicago-based Bank One was the sixth-largest bank in the U.S. after a series of acquisitions when it was bought and subsumed by JPMorgan Chase & Co. in 2004. Bank One broke the sector's top-five ranks in 1998 when it bought hometown rival First Chicago NBD, increasing its assets to $260 billion.
== Swallowed ==
Under CEO Jamie Dimon, appointed in 2000, Bank One lifted its assets to $320 billion and held its ground as the nation's sixth largest bank by 2004. Then JPMorgan Chase, then the country's second-largest bank with $801 billion in assets, snapped up Bank One for $58 billion in a deal that transformed the acquirer into a true global giant. The Bank One brand has since been swallowed up but Dimon has prospered at JPMorgan Chase, landing the CEO's spot in December 2005 following a year-and-a-half stint as president.
== References ==
Category:Banks
Bank holding company

A bank holding company, under U.S. law, is an entity that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or has the power to vote 25% or more of a class of securities of a U.S. bank. Bank holding companies are required to register with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and are subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956.
Bank holding companies agree to increased regulation by the SEC and other branches of government in return for more ease in raising capital than a traditional bank. A bank holding company can assume debt of shareholders tax free, borrow money, acquire other banks and non-bank entities more easily, and issue stock with greater ease. It can also repurchase its own stock once issued.
Bank holding companies are also required to hold more capital on reserve. 
== References ==
Category:Holding Companies
Bank of America Merrill Lynch

Bank of America completed its purchase of New York-based Merrill Lynch on Jan. 1, 2009, forming Bank of America Merrill Lynch, a U.S. multinational bank. Its services include advisory, capital raising, banking, and treasury, as well as liquidity, sales and trading, and research. Its divisions include: Global Banking & Markets, which comprises Business Banking, Global Commercial Banking, Global Corporate & Investment Banking and Global Markets. Other divisions include: Global Capital Markets, Global Research, Global Transaction Services and Wholesale Credit.
The U.S. government helped orchestrate the acquisition over the same weekend in September 2008 that Lehman Brothers went under, setting off one of the most intense periods of the 2008 financial crisis.
At one point Bank of America's then-chief executive, Kenneth Lewis, was contemplating calling off the acquisition because Merrill was seen as potentially damaging to BofA. Merrill had taken huge write-downs from mortgage-backed securities and other risky investments in the year before it was acquired.
After the deal closed, it was revealed that Merrill had losses of more than $15 billion in the fourth quarter. Nevertheless, the brokerage unit helped drive Bank of America Merrill Lynch to a first-quarter profit of $4.2 billion. $3.7 billion of that was linked to the Merrill unit brokerage unit. 
In September of 2019, ten years after the financial crisis, Bank of America said it would phase out the Merrill Lynch brand for some of its businesses, including its investment banking and trading divisions, which would form a unit called BofA Securities. The main financial advisory unit will still operate as "Merrill Lynch Wealth Management." 
== History ==
The oldest parts of Bank of America extend back 240 years. 
Merrill Lynch was founded in 1914 by Charles Merrill and Edmund Lynch. The company grew into a massive retail brokerage that aimed to introduce everyday investors to the stock market.
Bank of America bought Merrill Lynch for $50 billion in September 2008.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Brian Moynihan, Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer
*Catherine P. Bessant, Chief Operations and Technology Officer
*Thomas K. Montag, Chief Operating Officer; President, Global Banking and Markets
*Paul Donofrio, Chief Financial Officer
== References ==
category:ISDA Primary Members
Category:FOA Members
Category:Banks
Category:Securities Firms
Bank of Canada

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The Bank of Canada is Canada's central bank. The Bank of Canada's role is defined in the Bank of Canada Act.It is responsible for Canada's monetary policy, bank notes, financial system and funds management. 
The Bank of Canada was founded in 1934 as a privately held corporation. In 1938, it became a Crown corporation belonging to the federal government.
== History ==
== Coordinated Action With Federal Reserve ==
The Bank of Canada, the Bank of England, the Bank of Japan, the European Central Bank, the Federal Reserve, and the Swiss National Bank in November of 2011 announced coordinated actions to enhance their capacity to provide liquidity support to the global financial system. The purpose of these actions was to ease strains in financial markets and thereby mitigate the effects of such strains on the supply of credit to households and businesses and so help foster economic activity.
The central banks agreed to lower the pricing on the existing temporary U.S. dollar liquidity swap arrangements by 50 basis points so that the new rate would be the U.S. dollar overnight index swap (OIS) rate plus 50 basis points. This pricing would be applied to all operations conducted from December 5, 2011. The authorization of these swap arrangements was extended to Feb. 1, 2013. In addition, the Bank of England, the Bank of Japan, the European Central Bank, and the Swiss National Bank would continue to offer three-month tenders until further notice.
As a contingency measure, the central banks agreed to establish temporary bilateral liquidity swap arrangements so that liquidity could be provided in each jurisdiction in any of their currencies should market conditions warrant the situation.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Governor, Mark Carney
== References ==
Category:International Regulatory Organizations
Category:Central Banks
Bank of China Ltd.

Bank of China provides a full range of financial services to mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and 31 other countries. It's main focus is on commercial banking, including corporate banking, personal banking and financial market business. It also conducts investment banking via Bank of China International Holdings Limited, its wholly-owned subsidiary, and offers insurance services via another wholly-owned subsidiary, Bank of China Group Insurance Company Limited. 
== History ==
Bank of China was established in February 1912 under the approval of Sun Yat-sen. From 1912 to 1949 it functioned as the central bank, the foreign exchange bank and the specialized foreign trade bank successively. After the founding of the republic, Bank of China became a specialized foreign exchange and international trade bank, making significant contributions to the development of China's foreign economy and trade as well as domestic economy. In 1994, it turned into a wholly state-owned commercial bank. It began to demutualize in 2003 and in August 2004 Bank of China Limited was established and then listed on Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited and Shanghai Stock Exchange, becoming the first Chinese commercial bank listed in both the mainland and Hong Kong.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Bank of India

Bank of India is a nationalised bank with a presence in all the major trade centers of the world. It was founded on September 7, 1906 by a group of eminent businessmen from Mumbai. The Bank was under private ownership until July 1969 when it was nationalised along with 13 other banks. The Bank has 3021 branches in India spread over all states/union territories including 136 specialized branches. There are 28 branches/offices (including three representative offices) abroad at key banking centers such as London, New York, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong and Singapore. The international business accounts for around 17.82% of Bank's total business. 
The Bank came out with its maiden public issue in 1997. Total number of shareholders as of 31/03/2009 was 2,35589.
Bank of India was the first Indian bank to open a branch outside the country, in London, in 1946, and also the first to open a branch in Europe -- in Paris in 1974. 
== History ==
In 1921 the bank entered into an agreement with the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) to manage the BSE's clearing house. That association developed into a joint venture with BSE, BOI Shareholding Ltd., to extend depository services to the stock broking community.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Bank of Korea

The Bank of Korea was established in 1950 under the Bank of Korea Act. It has served as Korea's central bank, with a commitment to pursuing monetary stability and development of the Korean economy. The Bank sets a price stability target every year in consultation with the government and draws up and publishes an operational plan including one for monetary policy.
The Bank was originally established with a capital of 1.5 billion won, all of which was subscribed by the government, but the amendment of the Bank of Korea Act in 1962 made the Bank a special juridical person having no capital.
To this end, the Bank performs the typical functions of a central bank, issuing banknotes and coins, formulating and implementing monetary and credit policy, serving as the bankers' bank and the government's bank. In addition, the Bank of Korea undertakes the operation and management of payment/settlement systems, and manages the nation's foreign exchange reserves. It also exercises certain bank supervisory functions stipulated in the Bank of Korea Act.
On October 8, the Bank of Korea announced it's key policy interest rate would stay unchanged at a record low 2 percent for the eighth month in a row. Many economists see a rate increase by 2010 to fight inflation and improve domestic economic growth. 
Lee Seongtae is the current governor of the Bank of Korea.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
Lee Seongtae, Governor of Bank of Korea 
Lee Ju-Yeol, Senior Deputy Governor
== References ==
Category:Banks
Category:Central Banks
Bank of Lebanon

__NOTOC__
The Bank of Lebanon (BofL) and its long-serving governor, Riad Salamé, have recently been celebrated for the stability of its currency and its interest rate policies amid the recent global financial turmoil. The BofL, or Banque du Liban in its home country, recently lifted its economic growth rate forecast for Lebanon in 2009 to 6% despite fears of political uncertainty. 
== Background ==
The Bank of Lebanon was established in 1964 as Lebanon's central bank after its governing mandate, the Code of Money and Credit, was passed by the Lebanese parliament a year earlier when the government's commission to issue the Lebanese pound ended. BofL is today run by the governor, appointed for renewable six-year terms, and four vice-governors who serve five-tear terms. The BofL's Central Council sets its monetary policies and consists of the governor as chair plus four the vice-governors, the Director General of the Ministry of Finance and the Director General of Economy and Trade.
== Key people ==
Celebrated Bank of Lebanon Governor Riad Salamé was first appointed to the position by since-assissinated Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri in 1993 after a 20-year stint in Beirut and Paris at Merrill Lynch. Under his rule at the BofL the Lebanese banking sector has grown more than ten times to its current US$91 billion and he has received numerous awards from the global financial media for his financial acumen. He has most recently been hailed for his 2005 shunning of mortgage-backed securities long before their market collapse in 2007.
== Latest news == 
Bank of Lebanon recently lifted its estimate of the country's economic growth rate for 2009 from 4% to 6% on expectations that Lebanon and its expatriates had escaped the worst of the recent global financial crisis. Governor Salamé said such forecasts depended on the smooth running of national elections due in June 2009 and the subsequently installation of a stable government. The International Monetary Fund, by contrast, estimates annual growth for Lebanon in 2009 at 3%.
== References ==
Bank of Mexico

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The Bank of Mexico (Banco de México) is the country's central bank and is charged with steering monetary policy by setting inflation and interest rate targets, plus maintaining the circulation of Mexico's currency, the Mexican peso. The Bank of Mexico (BofM) recently held its benchmark lending rate steady after seven successive official interest rate cuts because of fears that monetary targets like inflation may be overshooting for 2010.
==Background==
The Bank of Mexico was created as the country's sole bank in 1925 and by 1932 all foreign banks operating in the country were required to purchase its shares. In 1982 after a sudden fall in the value of the Mexican peso the Bank of Mexico eased the country's exchange rate controls and two years later BofM was forced to restrict the amount it lent to Mexico's government. In 1994 following another currency crisis the Mexican government granted the BofM full autonomy to better control inflation. In January 2008 the Bank of Mexico adopted the interbank overnight rate as its interest rate target rather than commercial banks' current account balances with the BofM.
==Key people==
Bank of Mexico Governor Guillermo Ortiz was appointed to the position in 1998 and was ratified for a second six-year term on 2004. He previously served three years as the country's Secretary of Finance and Public Credit in the government of President Ernesto Zedillo and before that was Secretary of Telecommunications and Transportation. In 2006 Ortiz joined the board of the Bank for International Settlements and in January 2009 was elected its chairman. 
==Latest news==
The Bank of Mexico at its meeting in late August 2009 held its benchmark overnight lending rate at 4.5 percent and vowed to hold that rate steady while working to bring Mexico's inflation rate down to its targeted 3 percent by the end of 2010. The BofM announced the rate pause in July 2009 after a total of seven consecutive rate cuts slashed the benchmark interest rate rate by a total of 375 basis points between then and January 2009 in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis and Mexico's worst recession since the mid-1990s. The Bank of Mexico now expects the Mexican economy to recover in the second half of 2009.
==References==
Bank of Montreal

Bank of Montreal, approaching its 200th birthday, is the flagship institution of parent company BMO Financial Group, which has significant holding beyond Canada. Like most larger banks globally, Bank of Montreal suffered significant losses in the 2007 credit market meltdown.
== History ==
Bank of Montreal (BofM) was founded in 1817 and helped finance the Transcontinental Railway in the 1880s. It served as the country's central bank until 1935. Parent company BMO has since made several acquisitions, most notably Chicago-based Harris Bank in 1984, but was prevented by the Canadian government from acquiring top-five competitor Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) in 1998. 
RBC today is Canada's largest bank by 2007 revenue with C$26.277 billion compared to fourth-ranked BofM with C$15.838 million. BofM is still reeling from a C$680 writedown it was forced to take in the first quarter of 2007 after a "rogue trader" on its energy desk racked up unaccounted losses with an outside broker.
== Key People ==
President and CEO Bill Downe was promoted from chief operating officer in March 2007 after more than 20 years with the company.
== References ==
Category:Banks
Category:ISDA Primary Members
Bankers Trust

Bankers Trust (BT) was established early last century as a trust corporation and later became a pioneer in derivatives trading and product development before lawsuits by major clients rocked the company in the 1990s. BT was acquired by Deutsche Bank in 1999 shortly after the group suffered major trading losses in the wake of Russia's debt default.
== Brief history ==
Bankers Trust was established in 1903 in New York City by U.S. banker Henry Davison as a trust company for a consortium of banks and later branched out from traditional bank lending into trading and risk management. BT suffered irreperable harm in 1994 when it was successfully sued by two of its clients over complex derivatives trading it undertook for them that resulted in heavy losses. In November 1998 German powerhouse Deutsche Bank agreed to purchase the discredited BT for $9.8 billion and completed the deal in June 1999.
== References ==