nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Ransom W. Dunham

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Ransom W. Dunham (March 21, 1838 – August 19, 1896) was a prominent U.S. Representative from Illinois and a key figure in Chicago's commercial history. He served as the president of the Chicago Board of Trade in 1882, a period marked by significant developments for the organization.
== Early Life and Career ==
Ransom W. Dunham was born in Savoy, Massachusetts. He received his early education in common schools and attended high school in Springfield, Massachusetts. From 1855 to 1857, he worked as a clerk for the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company. In 1857, Dunham moved to Chicago, where he established himself as a grain and provision commission merchant.
=== Chicago Board of Trade ===
The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), established in 1848, was a crucial institution in the development of Chicago's economy, particularly in the grain trade. Dunham became actively involved with the CBOT, eventually serving as its president in 1882.
In 1876, he was elected to the CBOT board after five new members were elected in when the board had been expanded from 10 to 15 members the previous year. Dunham lost the election for second vice president to H. W. Rogers, Jr.'s 574 votes to Dunham's 504.
=== Presidency in 1882 ===
Dunham's presidency was notable for the commencement of construction on a new building for the Board of Trade. On the day of the cornerstone laying, a significant event was organized, marking an important epoch for the CBOT. The board adjourned at noon, and a procession, led by Gen. Joseph Stockton and assisted by I. P. Rumsey, P. P. Oldershaw, and J. W. Rumsey, made its way to the construction site. The ceremony included a prayer by Bishop Cheney, an address by President Dunham, an oration by Secretary Randolph, and the lowering of the cornerstone, followed by the singing of "America" and the "Doxology."
=== Political Career ===
Dunham was elected as a Republican to the Forty-eighth, Forty-ninth, and Fiftieth Congresses, serving from March 4, 1883, to March 3, 1889. During his time in Congress, he was known for his contributions to various legislative efforts. After his congressional service, he retired from active business pursuits.
=== Later Life and Death ===
Dunham continued to be involved in civic affairs and maintained his influence in Chicago's commercial community. He died in Springfield, Massachusetts, on August 19, 1896, while en route to attend the centennial celebration of his hometown, Savoy. He was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery in Chicago.
== References ==	
Category:Deceased
Category:Deceased Members of the Chicago Board of Trade
Category:CBOT Members
Category:Former CBOT Officials
Category:Presidents of the Chicago Board of Trade
Category:Former Exchange Presidents
Rare earth metals

Rare earth metals, also known as "rare earth elements" or "rare earth minerals" are a group of 17 metals that are widely used in technology and industry. In the Periodic Table of Elements, they occupy the block of two rows of elements located below the main body of the chart, plus lanthanum (element 57) and actinium (element 89). There are two blocks of rare earths, the lanthanide series and the actinide series. 
They are not in fact particularly rare, but can be difficult to extract because they rarely exist in pure form and instead are mixed in with other minerals underground. They are often found mixed with radioactive materials or other harmful substances, making extraction potentially hazardous to the environment. 
Extraction has become easier over the years, however, as new processes such as ion-exchange and solvent extraction came to be used to more quickly produce pure, low-cost rare earths.
China has dominated world trade in these metals because of its willingness to intensively mine rare earths and to deal with the radioactive or acidic byproducts involved. The Chinese government has heavily subsidized state-owned mining companies and allowed them to operate without strict environmental oversight. The U.S. has large deposits of its own but still gets 92 percent of its rare earths from China. In March of 2012, President Barack Obama joined the European Union and the Japanese government in filing a complaint with the World Trade Organization (WTO) about China's manipulation of the rare earth metals market.
== References ==
Category:Metals
Rashed Al Baloushi

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Rashed Al Baloushi, also spelled Alblooshi, is the vice chairman of the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange, or ADX, in the United Emirates. He has been in the position since February of 2019. From April 2000 - November 2018 he was the CEO of ADX.
He is also a member of the the Arab Federation of Exchanges Executive Committee.
== Background ==
Before becoming the CEO of the Abu Dhabi Stock Exchange, he served as the director of clearance, settlement of the depository department. He was named the deputy CEO of ADX in 2007.
He served as the head of registrar and depository at the Abu Dhabi Free Zone Authority from October 1997 to April 2000. 
== Education ==
Al Baloushi holds a masters of business administration from the UAE University majoring in Leadership, while he received his BSc Computer Information Systems from Benedict College, Columbia, South Carolina.
== References ==	
Category:Exchange CEOs
Category:Abu Dhabi
Rashid bin Ali Al Mansoori

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Mr. Bin Al-Mansoori serves as Director of Qatar Stock Exchange
== Background ==
Mr. Rashid Ali Al-Mansoori has been the Chief Executive Officer of Qatar Stock Exchange since October 2, 2012. He has been Director of World Federation of Exchanges since October 28, 2014. He is Representing the Education and Health Fund – Ministry of Finance. Mr. Bin Al-Mansoori served as a Director of Dlala Brokerage and Investments Holding Company Q.S.C. 
== Education ==
== References ==
Ratio spread

A ratio spread is an option trading strategy that buys and sells both calls or both puts at two different strike prices in the same expiration month.
== Creating the Ratio Spread ==
Specifically, a ratio spread is created by buying an option and then selling a greater quantity of an option with a more out of the money strike price. For example, if a futures contract's current price is 100, a back spread could be created by buying a 90 put and then selling two 80 puts. 
The option sales are ideally intended to finance the purchase of the closer option. This may involve selling a large number of farther out options if the premium difference between the near and far options is substantial.
The goal in establishing this position is to create a long option position in anticipation of a limited favorable move in the market. In the above example, a trader would likely be anticipating a downward move where the market proceeds slowly and steadily toward the 80 price, but either not quite getting to 80, or not going too far below 80 before expiration or offset.
Note that because more options are sold than purchased, this option strategy can contain extreme risk if the market moves sharply and/or for an extended period against the trader. As compared to back spread scenarios, a ratio spread has more ways to fail, and more ways to cause a lot of pain in that failure.
== Strategy Outcomes ==
Note that none of the profit outcomes are unlimited for a ratio spread, while one of the loss scenarios is limited only by how far the market can go in the wrong direction before the position is offset.
* If the market moves sharply in the direction of the purchased option and then becomes quiet, the purchased option may rise faster than the sold options, making it possible to offset the entire position for a net (though likely substantially limited) gain.
* If the market in the long option's favor, into the money but not far enough to to make the short options in the money, then the options can expire for a net gain, or the position might be offset for a net gain prior to expiration.
* If the market moves away from the long option and does not return, then whatever profit or loss that was realized in creating the position is the net result of the trade.
* If the market moves sharply in the spread's direction and does not stop, then the long option will offset one of the short options for a gain of the difference between the long and short options' value. The remaining short options will increase in liability as the market continues to move. Offsetting the entire position could result in either profit or loss, depending on the market value of the uncovered short options, and the realized gain from the long option.
== See Also ==
Back spreads
== References ==
Category:Trading Terms
Raul Lacayo

Raul Lacayo has been president of the Nicaragua Stock Exchange since 2006 and in 2009 oversaw the listing of Canadian renewable-energy company Polaris Geothermal. He is also a former head of Nicaragua's central bank and following that was chairman of the Association of Securities Exchanges in Central America (Bolcen), a regional pressure group for securities exchanges.
== Background ==
Lacayo in August 2009 described the listing of Polaris Geothermal as an opportunity for Nicaraguans "to invest in the future of their country together with the improvement in the standard of living for all its citizens". Lacayo is currently expanding the framework of the Nicaragua Stock Exchange to allow, among other things, the development of asset securitization and mutual funds and will also allow the exchange more freedom to integrate with other regional and global exchanges. 
== Education ==
Lacayo graduated from Yale University in 1971 with an MA in International and Development Economics.
== References ==	
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Raul Malmstein

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Raul Malmstein is the former chairman of the Management Board of the Estonian Financial Supervision Authority, a position he assumed in 2006 and left in 2014. Malmstein also served as the EFSA representative on the Committee of European Securities Regulators.
 
== Background ==
Malmstein came to EFSA from Cresco Securities AS, where he also served as chairman of the Management Board. Previously he spent several years with the Estonian Ministry of Economic Affairs, and prior to government service he was with Hansa Asset Management, a subsidiary of Hansabank. 
== Education ==
Malmstein has a diploma in Economics from Tannin University of Technology. He also received a M.Phil (sociology) from the Graduate School of the City Univeristy of New York. 
== References ==
*Category:Regulators
Ravi Narain

Ravi Narain is the former non-executive vice-chairman of the board of directors of the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE). He served as managing director and CEO from 2001 until April 2013, when he handed the reins to Chitra Ramkrishna. 
Narain also served on the board of directors of the World Federation of Exchanges.
In 2015, Narain was inducted into the Futures Industry Association's Futures Hall of Fame, which was established in 2005 to commemorate outstanding contributions to the global futures and options community.
== Background ==
Narain worked with the team at the Industrial Development Bank of India which created the Securities and Exchange Board of India, and was tapped as CEO of the NSE at its creation in 1994. He also served as chairman of the National Securities Clearing Corporation and a board member of the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange.
After leaving the CEO post at NSE, Narain agreed to become non-executive independent director of Indostar Capital Finance Pvt. Ltd. He also sits on the board of HDFC Standard Life Insurance Co.
 
== Education ==
Narain graduated with degrees in economics from Cambridge University and business administration from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania.
== References ==
Category:World Federation of Exchanges
Category:Bios - Executives 
Category:National Stock Exchange of India
Category:Futures Hall of Fame Members
Ravid & Bernstein, LLP

Ravid & Bernstein is a certified public accounting firm located in downtown Chicago. The firm is headed by four partners, with a support staff of seven accountants and an administrative staff. the firm provides accounting, tax and consulting services to businesses, individuals, estates and trusts. 
== History ==
Prior to 1983, the original three partners worked together at the Chicago firm Gale, Takahashi & Channon, which had a concentration in domestic subsidiaries of Japanese corporations. A substantial portion of that practice merged with an international firm, and Ravid & Bernstein LLP was founded with the domestic client base. The firm, however, continues to service domestic subsidiaries of Japanese and other foreign corporations.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Accounting‏‎
Ray Bradbury

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Ray Bradbury is president of ADM Investor Services, a division of Archer-Daniels-Midland. He took over that role in January 2024 after having worked at the company for about 20 years. 
Bradbury is a member of the board of the Commodity Markets Council.He also currently serves on the Futures Commission Merchant Advisory Committee of National Futures Association. 
== Background ==
Before, he was president of ADM's Renewable Fuels Solutions unit, overseeing global commodity risk management.
Bradbury also served as president of Risk Management for carbohydrates at ADM and, before that, was president of North American Oils in Chicago.
== Education ==
Bradbury holds a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from the University of Manitoba.
== References ==	
Category:FCM Executives
Category:Commodity Markets Council - Board Members
Ray Cahnman

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Ray Cahnman is the chairman of TransMarket Group LLC. He is a long-time Chicago Board of Trade member who started his career there in 1975 trading Ginnie Maes and Treasury bonds in the pits.Bronstein, Arlene Michlin (2008) My Word is My Bond: Voices From Inside the Chicago Board of Trade, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-470-23898-1
 
== Background ==
He became the first independent trader to trade financial products at Shatkin Trading Company, which led to a partnership to arbitrage US Treasury cash/futures. In 1980 Cahnman established a CBOT clearing firm, Aardvark Financial, which became a clearing member of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in 1981 and was renamed TransMarket Group in 1984. 
Cahnman qualified as an independent floor trader on London International Futures Exchange and Sydney Futures Exchange in 1989. He was a director of the Chicago Board of Trade from 1999-2002. 
An early proponent of electronic trading, he became one of the relatively few to successfully adapt his floor trading skills to an electronic platform. He has traded electronically on CBOT, CME, LIFFE, BrokerTec, E-speed and Eurex and has trained and employed many highly successful traders over his career. 
== Education ==
Cahnman has a bachelor of science degree in mathematics from DePaul University and a master of business administration degree from Tulane University.
==MarketsWiki Education Videos==
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:CBOT Members
Category:CBOT Board of Directors - Former Members
Category:LIFFE - Former Members
Category:Sydney Futures Exchange - Former Members
Category:Principal Traders
Ray Dalio

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Ray Dalio is the founder and former chairman and co-chief investment officer of U.S.-based Bridgewater Associates, the world's biggest hedge fund. The firm, which he founded in 1975, has grown into the fifth most important private company in the U.S., according to Fortune Magazine. As of October 2022 the firm held $151 billion in assets. 
In October of 2022, at age 73, Dalio gave up control of the firm, ending a long drawn-out transition of power. He transferred all his voting rights to the board of directors but will remain on the board as founder and CIO mentor, the Financial Times reported. He said in a LinkedIn post that he intends to be an investor, board member and mentor at Bridgewater Associates until the day he dies.
He is an avid philanthropist with a particular interest in ocean exploration and conservation. He was named one of the 100 Most Influential People by TIME Magazine. 
He is also the author of The New York Times bestseller “Principles: Life & Work.” 
== Background ==
After working as a commodities trader, Dalio started Bridgewater out of his two-bedroom apartment in New York City in 1975. The company moved its headquarters from New York City to Westport, Connecticut in 1981.
He ceded day-to-day management of the firm in 2011, and from then until he stepped down in 2022 five people have held the title of CEO or Co-CEO at Bridgewater.
== Education ==
Dalio holds a Bachelor of Science in finance from C.W. Post College and an MBA from Harvard Business School.
== References ==
Ray E. Friedman

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Ray Earl Friedman was an American businessman, Iowa egg broker, meat and grain dealer, cattle trader, gambler, philanthropist, pardoned convict and founder of Ray E. Friedman & Company (REFCO), which became one of the largest futures brokers in the U.S. He died in 2004 at the age of 91.
He was the step-father of Thomas Dittmer, with whom he co-founded REFCO in 1969. Friedman would sell the firm to Dittmer in 1974.<ref.</ref>
Friedman was a controversial figure whose company was fined by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the National Futures Association over 140 times. 
Friedman ran a wholesale food business in Sioux City, IA. Friedman served time in prison for a scheme where he sold chickens to the U.S. Army with grade B chickens to the Army marked as grade A.
He was pardoned by President Lyndon Johnson at the behest of Dittmer, who had access to the White House as a military social liaison.
== Background ==
Friedman was born in Sioux City, IA on September 11, 1913. When he left Sioux City when he was 68 years old and moved to Palm Beach, FL, he donated his home to Briar Cliff College.
He was a philanthropist who gave to a variety of charities. He was a benefactor of the Orthodox Synagogue in Sioux City, where he was a member.
He gave money to the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, the Barton Center for Diabetes Education, Orbis International and the Simon Wiesenthal Center. he also gave to Cystic Fibrosis, the 19th Hole, the Heart Association and the Richard David Kann Melanoma Foundation and he was a founder of the Kravis Center.
==Trading==
In 1992, charges were brought by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission against REFCO and Friedman for exceeding speculative position limits on pork belly futures while trading in conjunction with customers. From October 1990 to January 1991, regulators charged that REFCO did not properly supervise Friedman's trading activities.
REFCO settled the charges by paying a fine of $440,000 and agreed to "cease and desist" from future violations of the Commodity Exchange Act.
As part of the settlement, Friedman resolved personal charges against him by paying a fine of $150,000, agreeing to surrender his floor broker registration, and severing all ties with REFCO. He was also barred from trading futures and options for two months and subsequently banned from trading pork belly futures and options for six months.
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category:Founders
Category:Commodities
Category:Futures
Category:Refco
Category:Refco - Former Employees
Category:Legal/Regulatory
Category:Government Contracts
Category:Enforcement Actions
Category:Criminal Cases
Ray McKenzie

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Ray McKenzie is a veteran futures industry and financial services executive and consultant, who has worked for exchanges, banks and brokerage firms. He is an enterprise senior business development executive with Quant16. 
His career has spanned roles at major technology companies and financial institutions, including Apple, Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), CME Group, and Green Key Technologies.
He is also a volunteer and a member of the board of directors for A Leg to Stand On, a charity that provides prosthetic limbs to children in developing countries.
== Background ==
McKenzie was an account executive at Apple, which he joined as a business specialist in July of 2016 and left in May of 2024.
He also served previously as head of North American Sales at Green Key Technologies, a provider of voice software designed for traders and brokers, starting in August 2015. 
Earlier, he was a vice president of ICE Futures U.S. He joined the company in 2008 from Morgan Stanley, where he was an executive director.
McKenzie worked for the listed derivatives arm of Morgan Stanley from 2005 to 2008. He had also worked for Morgan Stanley from 1983 to 1994 as co-head of the currency futures arbitrage group. He became a managing director in 1989.
Immediately before joining Morgan a second time, he was director of customer relationship management for electronic trading and director of foreign exchange at Chicago Mercantile Exchange from 2001 to 2005.
McKenzie was a managing partner at Cambridge Technology Partners, a technology company.
He began his career on the floor of the CME as an arbitrage clerk for J. Aron.
== John Lothian News Interview ==
ICE Futures U.S. posted a monthly volume record of 850,244 contracts in its ICE U.S. Dollar Index futures in June. It also hit a daily volume record of 81,814 contracts on June 9 when the notional value of USDX contracts traded exceeded $6 billion. Jim Kharouf spoke with Ray McKenzie, vice president of ICE Futures U.S. about what is driving volumes on the dollar index, what sets it apart from competing indices, ICE’s re-launched FX futures and where the FX futures markets are going. Published July 18, 2011.
== Education ==
New York University, Bachelor of Liberal Arts, 1989, Gallatin Division
== References ==	
Category:ICE
Category:InterContinental Exchange
Category:InterContinental Exchange - Former Employees
Category:CME Group - Former Employees
Category:Morgan Stanley - Former Employees
Category:Musicians
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:Apple
Category:Apple - Former Employees
Raymond Desormeaux

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Raymond Desormeaux is chairman and founder of Penson Financial Services Canada Inc. He is a former chairman of the Montreal Exchange.
 
== Background ==
Desormeaux was a founder of ECE Clearing, the predecessor firm to Penson.
Desormeaux was previously president and COO of McNeil Mantha Inc., a publicly traded full-service stockbroker. McNeil Mantha was Quebec’s second largest brokerage firm at the time of its sale to RBC Dominion Securities. 
Desormeaux was chairman of the Montreal Exchange from 1992 to 1994.
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Penson
Raymond Disco

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Raymond Disco is managing director and treasurer of the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC). He was appointed to the post in September 2013.
He is responsible for DTCC's expanded corporate treasury operations, which includes cash management, treasury operations as well as capital, liquidity planning and funding. He also manages the organization's relationships with commercial and investment banks.
== Background ==
Prior to taking the treasurer's post, Disco had worked in treasury operations for more than 25 years at various firms. He spent nearly 10 years at Credit Suisse as managing director, financial planning and analysis for investment banking. Before that, he served as managing director and global deputy treasurer for Credit Suisse First Boston. 
Prior to joining Credit Suisse, he worked at Merrill Lynch for more than 10 years in various posts within its treasury operations. 
== Education ==
Disco graduated from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Mathematics and earned his Master’s in Business Administration from the University of Chicago Booth
== References ==