nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Ironstone

== Description ==
1) Any iron-containing ore used for the extraction of iron. Most ironstones contain iron oxides (hematite, magnetite, or limonite) but other minerals such as iron carbonate (siderite) and even iron sulfide (pyrite) were sometimes used. Later, the name ironstone was used more specifically to refer to dense black iron oxide (magnetite) used to make imitation black pearls. 
2) A dense, hard bluish white pottery. Ironstone china was very durable pottery and was used for common household bowls and crocks in the 19th century. It was patented by Charles Mason of Staffordshire, England as an inexpensive alternative to porcelain. Ironstone pottery contains flint, Cornwall clay, and cobalt oxide.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
iron stone; minério de ferro (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Olympus Microscopy Resource Center at http://www.olympusmicro.com/galleries/polarizedlight/pages/clayironstonesmall.html (Accessed Sept. 17, 2005)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Ironwood

== Description ==
A common name for several varieties of dense heavy wood. Common types are:
* Canadian ironwood (Ostrya virginiana) 
* Ceylon ironwood or gangaw (Mesua ferrea): red, used for furniture, dyes
* East Indian ironwood 
* South African blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon)
* Ironwood or Lebombo (Androstachys johnsonii): Southeastern Africa and Madagascar; found in mountainous regions, especially the Lebombo Mountains in Southern Africa
* Black Ironwood (Krugiodendron ferreum) :Southern Florida, Caribbean, and Central America
* Desert Ironwood (Olneya tesota): Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Natural Dye 20; Canadian ironwood (Ostrya virgniana); South African ironwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon); Uganda ironwood; Ceylon ironwood (Mesua ferrea); bois de fer (Fr.); pau ferro (Port.); iron wood; Black ironwood
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Density	55-65 ppcf
==Resources and Citations==
* Helmut Schweppe, Schweppe color collection index and information book Comment: natural dye 20
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 877
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
Category:Materials database
Irradiation

== Description ==
Exposure to alpha, -beta-, gamma-, or high energy electron radiation. Irradiation is used as a treatment to sterilize materials. It is also used to initiate polymerization in some plastics. Irradiation, depending on the type and intensity can cause physical and chemical changes in organic materials such as plastics, paper, dyes, and textiles (SCMRE 2001). Irradiation will kill any biological recipient.
==Resources and Citations==
*n A. NÆGadi, November 5, 2001: "The effects on research specimens and museum collection items from electron beam irradiation of mail by the US Postal Service" http://www.si.edu/scmre/mail_irradiation.html
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* CoOL DISTLIST 26Dec2001
Category:Materials database
Isinglass

== Description ==
A transparent, colorless, water soluble fish glue. Isinglass was originally made from air bladders of the great Russian beluga sturgeon, Acipenser huso, found in the fresh waters of the Caspian and Black Seas. After restrictions were placed on Russian exports in 1939, other fish air bladders were used and isinglass became a generic term for glue derived from the swim bladder of various fish, e.g., North American isinglass is made from hake or cod. To prepare isinglass, the air bladders are removed from the fish, cleaned and air dried. The dried bladder is cut into thin translucent strips. These strips, which are nearly 80% collagen, are dissolved in hot water then diluted and cooled into flat disks. The very strong, water soluble adhesive can be used in low concentrations. Isinglass is used as a clarifying agent in the manufacture of fish glue. It is also used as a size for handmade paper and has been used in Russia as a paint medium. Sturgeon glue is rarely available outside of Russia.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ichtyocolle (Fr.); colla di pesce (It.); ichthycoll; ichthyocolla; sturgeon glue; Bombay purse; Brazilian lump; Penang pipe; Saliansky glue; East India shred; Russian isinglass
== Risks ==
* Isinglass is brittle at relative humidities below 50%. 
* Isinglass is degraded by UV light and bioorganisms
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in water
* pH = 6.0-7.5
==Resources and Citations==
* S. Foskett, "An Investigation into the Properties of Isinglass", Scottish Society for Conservation & Restoration Journal, 5(4), Nov. 1994, p.11-14.
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 423
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
Category:Materials database
Isle Royale sandstone

== Description ==
A medium texture reddish brown sandstone quarried on Isle Royale in Lake Superior (near Thundery Bay, Ontario). Isle Royale sandstone was primarily quarried from 1883-1888 by the Chicago and Verte Island Stone Company (manager General John McArthur). The hard red stone resembles Connecticut Brownstone and was used for building exteriors.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Isle Royal; Verte Island stone, Sault Ste. Marie; Fond du lac
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Brent Scollie (submission April 2007): quarry dates with name of manager and company.
* Alfred C. Lane "Geologic Report of Isle Royale, Michigan' (1898) at State of Michigan Geological Survey (accessed April 30, 2007)
Category:Materials database
Isoamyl acetate

== Description ==
Isoamyl acetate is the principal isomer of amyl acetate.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
isoamylacetate
==Risks==
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Refractive Index	1.403
==Resources and Citations==
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: ref. index=1.403
Category:Materials database
Isoprene

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiISOPRENE.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Description ==
Isoprene, or 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, is a common volatile organic compound with the formula CH 2 =C(CH 3 )−CH=CH 2 . In its pure form it is a colorless volatile liquid. Isoprene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. It is produced by many plants and animals (including humans) and its polymers are the main component of natural rubber. Isoprene is produced and emitted by many species of trees, such as oaks, poplars, and eucalyptus.
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Isoprene
Category:Materials database
Isopropyl alcohol

== Description ==
Colorless liquid with a pleasant smell. Isopropyl alcohol, or isopropanol, is used as a solvent for Gums, shellac, Nondrying oils, Natural resins, and Inks. It is also used as an antiseptic in cleansers and body lotions. Isopropanol is added to Ethanol as a Denaturant.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
isopropanol; rubbing alcohol; IPA; dimethylcarbinol; sec-propyl alcohol; 2-propanol
== Risks ==
* Flammable. Dangerous fire risk. Flash point = 12 C (54 F) 
* Skin contact may cause dryness and irritation. 
* Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS 
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Miscible with water, ethanol, ether, chloroform. Insoluble in salt solutions.
Composition 	(CH3)2CHOH
CAS 	67-63-0
Melting Point 	-86 C
Density 	0.7863 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt.=60.1
Refractive Index	1.3756
Boiling Point 	82.4 C
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 5227; ref. index=1.3756
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: ref. index=1.375
Category:Materials database
Isotope

== Description ==
One of two or more forms of a chemical element having the same atomic number but different mass. Isotopes occur when atoms of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Most elements have at least one isotopic form. The presence of isotopes was first demonstrated in 1912 by Sir Joseph Thomson. Now there are known to be about 280 naturally occurring stable isotopes of the 83 most abundant elements and over 800 radioactive isotopes. Nonradioactive isotopes are used to prepared heavy water. Radioactive isotopes are used as tracers in biochemical, metallurgical and medical research. They are also used for geochemical and archaeological dating techniques.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
isotopes
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Isotropic

== Description ==
A material that has uniform properties in all directions. An isotropic crystals has the same refractive index when measured along each axes. It will not show any interference colors when examined with crossed polars. Examples of isotropic materials include glass, some plastics, and cubic crystals (e.g., sodium chloride).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
isotropie (Fr.); isotropia (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, Submitted information, 2009.
* ASTM, Standard Terminology of Microscopy, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, E175, 75-78, May 1982
Category:Materials database
Istle

== Description ==
Istle is a variation of the Mexican word ixtle meaning agave. Istle is used for a variety of long, stiff plant fibers obtained from a variety of agave plants. Similar in characteristics to sisal, istle fibers are used for brushes and twines. High quality brushes are made from Jaumave istle fibers that resemble animal fibers. Low quality brushes are made with palma istle fibers. 
* Istle, Jaumave (Agave funkiana or Agave heteracantha) 
* Istle, palma or ixtle de palma (Yucca carnerosana): substitute for jute 
* Istle pita (Yucca treculeana: dark cream color fiber 
* Istle tula (Agave lophantha)
* Lechuguilla (Agave lechuguilla): long, fine fibers 
* Zamondoque (Hesperalie funifer): dark brown fiber used from 1914-1918 
* Nolina or bear grass (Nolina microcarpa) 
* Guapilla or huapilla (Agave falcata)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ixtle; Jaumave istle; ixtle de palma; palma fiber; zamondoque; lechuguilla; Mexican fiber; tula; Tampico fiber; Tampico hemp; lechuguilla fiber; nolina; guapilla; huapilla
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I. Natural Fibres, 5th edition, Merrow Publishing Co., Durham, England, 1984.
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 728
* F. Kidd, Brushmaking Materials, Bristish Brush Manufacturers, London, 1957
Category:Materials database
Itadori (Japanese knotweed) - left (317 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_09-10-2009_317.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 317
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 4th shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (317 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| brown
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| 虎杖 : Itadori
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (English common name)
| Japanese knotweed
|-
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. var. japonica (Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold et Zucc.) now Fallopia japonica 
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| root / dried (?)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| lime water
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| The concentration of the dye bath was high. The resultant color did not become red. Dyeing with its leaves and stems would hardly produce any color.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| -
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Itadori (Japanese knotweed) - left (318 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_09-10-2009_318.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 318
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 4th shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (318 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| light ochre
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| 虎杖 : Itadori
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (English common name)
| Japanese knotweed
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. var. japonica (Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold et Zucc.)
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| root / dried (?)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| lime water
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| The concentration of the dye bath was lower than the previous experiment. The resultant colors became less red than those from the first experiment.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| -
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Itadori (Japanese knotweed) - left (319 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_09-10-2009_319.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 319
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 4th shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (319 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| dark brown
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| 虎杖 : Itadori
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (English common name)
| Japanese knotweed
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. var. japonica (Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold et Zucc.)
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| root / dried (?)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| This plant is not a species of Suiba (Rumex acetosa L.). Suiba and Gishigishi (Rumex japonicus Houtt.) are same species.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| -
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Itadori (Japanese knotweed) - right (317 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_09-10-2009_317.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 317
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 4th shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (317 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| brown (slightly yellowish)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| 虎杖 : Itadori
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (English common name)
| Japanese knotweed
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. var. japonica (Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold et Zucc.)
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| root / dried (?)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| The concentration of the dye bath was high. The resultant color did not become red. Dyeing with its leaves and stems would hardly produce any color.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| -
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Itadori (Japanese knotweed) - right (318 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_09-10-2009_318.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 318
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 4th shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (318 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| light ochre
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| 虎杖 : Itadori
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (English common name)
| Japanese knotweed
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. var. japonica (Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold et Zucc.)
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| root / dried (?)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| ash water
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| The concentration of the dye bath was lower than the previous experiment. The resultant colors became less red than those from the first experiment.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| -
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Itadori (Japanese knotweed) - right (319 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_09-10-2009_319.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 319
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 4th shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (319 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| brown
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| 虎杖 : Itadori
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (English common name)
| Japanese knotweed
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. var. japonica (Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold et Zucc.)
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| root / dried (?)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| alum
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| This plant is not a species of Suiba (Rumex acetosa L.). Suiba and Gishigishi (Rumex japonicus Houtt.) are same species.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| -
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Italian travertine

== Description ==
A creamy white calcareous stone with layered pores and voids quarried near Tivoli in Italy. Travertine was one of the most widely used stones of ancient Rome (Lent 1925). It was used for the Colosseum and other structures. Large quantities of Italian travertine have been exported for the interior and exterior of buildings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Roman travertine; Lapis Tiburtino; travertin italien (Fr.); Italienischer Travertin (Deut.); travertino romano (Port.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Ivory black

== Description ==
An impure black carbon pigment originally prepared from charred ivory or horns. Ivory black is a fine-grain, dense black pigment. Current formulations of ivory black usually contain a fine grade of bone black with some Prussian blue. Bone black contains about 10% carbon along with 84% calcium hydroxyapatite with smaller amounts of magnesium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Ivory black is a stable blue-black pigment that is denser than carbon black and has a good working quality for oil paints and watercolors.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bone black; Pigment Black 9; CI 77267; Elfenbeinschwarz (Deut.); negro marfil (Esp.); noir d'ivoire (Fr.); mayro elefantodontoy (Gr.); nero d'avorio (It.); ivoorzwart (Ned.); negro de marfim (Port.); abaiser; animal black; drop black; Frankfort black; German black, Paris black
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Ivory Black.TIF~FTIR (MFA)|ivoryblackUCL.jpg~Raman|f512sem.jpg~SEM|f512edsbw.jpg~EDS]]]
== Risks ==
* No significant hazards.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Particles irregularly shaped 
* ASTM (1999) lightfastness = I (excellent)
* Refractive Index = 1.65-1.70
== Resources and Citations ==
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Pigment"
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 108
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Monona Rossol, The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide, Allworth Press, New York, 1994
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database