Liiga

The SM-liiga (marketed as just Liiga from 2013 on), colloquially called the Finnish Elite League in English, is the top professional ice hockey league in Finland. It is one of the six founding leagues of the Champions Hockey League and currently allocated five spots - the maximum number - based on success in previous editions. It was created in 1975 to replace the SM-sarja, which was fundamentally an amateur league. The SM-liiga is not directly overseen by the Finnish Ice Hockey Association, but the league and association have an agreement of cooperation. SM is a common abbreviation for Suomen mestaruus, "Finnish championship".
The SM-liiga formerly had a system of automatic promotion and relegation in place between itself and the Mestis, the second highest level of competition in Finland, but the automatic system was ended in 2000. The league was opened in 2005 and allowed KalPa to get a promotion. In 2009, a new system was introduced and it includes the last placed SM-liiga team facing the Mestis champion in a best of seven playout series. In 2013, the relegation system was abandoned again and replaced by a procedure in which successful clubs of Mestis may apply for a promotion if they fulfill definite financial criteria. Since 2013, Jokerit joined the KHL and Espoo Blues went bankrupt, but Sport, KooKoo and Jukurit were promoted. Therefore Liiga is a competition of 15 teams in the 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons.
==History==
The SM-liiga was constituted in 1975 to concentrate the development of top level Finnish ice hockey, and pave the way towards professionalism. Its predecessor, the SM-sarja, being an amateur competition, had its disadvantages, which were perceived as impeding Finland's rise to the highest ranks of ice hockey.
One of the main problems was that the governing of the SM-sarja was based on the annual meeting of the Finnish Ice Hockey Association, where all important issues were decided by vote. Since all clubs registered under the Finnish Ice Hockey Association had the right to vote, the many amateur clubs prevailed over the few business-like clubs. Therefore, the concentrated development of top-level Finnish ice hockey by the motivated and financially capable clubs proved arduous. The new SM-liiga was to be run by a board consisting of its participating clubs only and to have an agreement of cooperation with the Finnish Ice Hockey Association.
The SM-sarja was also outdated on its own, as it was run according to amateur principles. Clubs were not supposed to pay their players beyond compensation for lost wages. However, by the 1970s many clubs were already run like businesses and recruited players through a contract of employment, paying their wages secretly and often evading taxes. However, in 1974, accounting reform in Finland extended book-keeping standards to cover sports clubs, and shortfalls were exposed in audit raids. The SM-liiga was to allow wages for players, and clubs were also put under a tighter supervision. They were to establish their own association for SM-liiga ice hockey only, separating their commitments from junior activities and other sports. Copies of all player contracts were to be sent to the SM-liiga to provide players with adequate security, such as insurance and pensions.
The SM-sarja had other limits for players. According to amateur ideals, no player could represent more than one club within one season. Personal sponsorship was also forbidden. To discourage trading, a system of quarantine was in force. The SM-liiga stripped the limitations for players, replaced quarantine with a then-modest transfer payment, and introduced the transfer list. Players wanting a transfer were to sign up, and the SM-liiga would distribute the right of negotiations to clubs. In practice the list was not successful, as both parties often worked their way around the formalities.
These changes led to a transition towards professional ice hockey as the league became semi-professional. Only a few players would make a livelihood out of ice hockey in Finland in the 1970s, and many players, especially the young, would settle for a contract in the SM-liiga without a wage.
A major financial development for professional ice hockey in Finland was the introduction of playoffs. Gate receipts and other income from playoffs were pooled and distributed as a placement bonus. Although play-offs were the standard way of determining the champions in North American professional sports, at the time they were not common in Europe.
The SM-liiga was established rather hastily. The required changes were initiated in the 1974 annual meeting, and the SM-liiga was launched for the 1975–76 season. It was the first Finnish professional sports league, and its solutions were untried. However, there had been a mounting demand for these changes, as the popularity of ice hockey had been rising in the previous decade.
The SM-liiga picked up where the SM-sarja left off with its 10 clubs. The four best of the regular season were to proceed to the play-offs. The system of promotion and relegation from the SM-sarja remained in force: last-placed teams of the regular season had to qualify for their position in the SM-liiga against the best teams of the second-highest series.
The combined attendance for the first eleven regular seasons hovered around 900,000. In 1986–87, the number of games for each team was increased from 36 to 44, reaching its current level of 56 games in 2000–01, and the SM-liiga was expanded to 12 clubs for the 1988–89 season. The general popularity of ice hockey strengthened through international success of the Finland men's national ice hockey team, and the combined attendance climbed through the 1990s to about 1.8 million. This prompted an increase in the profitability of the ice hockey business and the completion of the transition to full professionalism. By the mid-1990s, all players were full-time, and by 2000, most clubs had reformed into limited companies.
Since the 2000–01 season, the SM-liiga has been closed, meaning that relegations and promotions take place only by the judgment of the board of the SM-liiga. The only such promotion took place instantly in 2000. Without the threat of relegation, the weaker clubs were supposed to be able to recuperate and improve. This had, however, a side effect: clubs with a losing record that had lost their hopes of reaching the playoffs often disposed of high-salary star players, letting down their supporters. To counteract this, the playoffs were expanded to the best 10 clubs each season from among the 13 total in the league.
The league changed its name to just Liiga for the 2013–14 season, and introduced a new logo to match.
==Clubs==
The team names are usually the traditional name of the club. All clubs are commonly known by the name of their team. Oy and Ab are short for limited company, Oyj public limited company and Ry association respectively.
Team name	Club's registered name 	Location 	Home venue capacity 	2016–17 season standing (playoffs)	Titles 1976-	Titles overall
HIFK 	Oy HIFK Hockey Ab 	Helsinki 	Helsinki Ice Hall, 8,200 	9th (4th) 	4 	7
HPK 	HPK Liiga Oy 	Hämeenlinna 	Patria-areena, 5,360 	5th (6th) 	1 	1
Ilves 	Ilves-Hockey Oy 	Tampere 	Tampereen jäähalli, 7,300 	10th (8th) 	1 	16
Jukurit 	Jukurit HC Oy 	Mikkeli 	Ikioma Areena, 4,200 	11th (did not qualify) 	0 	0
JYP 	JYP Jyväskylä Oy 	Jyväskylä 	Synergia-areena, 4,437 	4th (3rd) 	2 	2
KalPa 	KalPa Hockey Oy 	Kuopio 	Niiralan monttu, 5,064 	3rd (2nd) 	0 	0
KooKoo 	KooKoo Hockey Oy 	Kouvola 	Lumon arena, 6,200 	13th (did not qualify) 	0 	0
Kärpät 	Oulun Kärpät Oy 	Oulu 	Oulun Energia Areena, 6,768	8th (10th) 	8 	8
Lukko 	Rauman Lukko Oy 	Rauma 	Kivikylän Areena, 5,400 	12th (did not qualify) 	0 	1
Pelicans 	Lahden Pelicans Oy 	Lahti 	Isku Areena, 5,371 	6th (7th) 	0 	0
SaiPa 	Liiga-SaiPa Oy 	Lappeenranta	Kisapuisto, 4,820 	15th (did not qualify) 	0 	0
Sport 	Hockey-Team Vaasan Sport Oy	Vaasa 	Vaasa Arena, 4,512 	14th (did not qualify) 	0 	0
Tappara 	Tamhockey Oy 	Tampere 	Tampereen jäähalli, 7,300 	1st (1st) 	10 	17
TPS 	HC TPS Turku Oy 	Turku 	Gatorade Center, 11,820 	2nd (5th) 	10 	11
Ässät 	HC Ässät Pori Oy 	Pori 	Porin jäähalli, 6,300 	7th (9th) 	2 	3
===Past participants===
====Renamed, still in Liiga====
* JyP HT and Jyp (now JYP)
* Kiekkoreipas, Hockey-Reipas, and Reipas Lahti (now Pelicans)
====Relegated prior to 2000====
Teams relegated were relegated to second-tier Mestis in the year shown, and are there today unless noted otherwise.
* FoPS (relegated 1977, now FPS in third-tier Suomi-sarja)
* KOO-VEE (relegated 1980), now in third-tier Suomi-sarja)
* JoKP (relegated 1992, now Jokipojat)
* TuTo (relegated 1996, now TUTO Hockey)
====Withdrew from league====
* Jokerit (left after the 2013–14 season to join the KHL)
* Blues (originally Kiekko-Espoo (or K-Espoo); went bankrupt at the end of the 2015–16 Liiga season)
===Past participants===
====Renamed, still in SM-liiga====
* JyP HT and Jyp (now JYP)
* Kiekko-Espoo (now Blues)
* Kiekkoreipas, Hockey-Reipas, and Reipas Lahti (now Pelicans)
====Relegated prior to 2000====
Teams relegated were relegated to second-tier Mestis in the year shown, and are there today unless noted otherwise.
* FoPS (relegated 1977, now FPS in third-tier Suomi-sarja)
* KOO-VEE (relegated 1980), now in third-tier Suomi-sarja)
* JoKP (relegated 1992, now Jokipojat)
* TuTo (relegated 1996), now TUTO Hockey
====Withdrew from league====
* Jokerit (left after the 2013–14 season to join the KHL)
* Blues (originally Kiekko-Espoo (or K-Espoo); went bankrupt at the end of the 2015–16 Liiga season)
=== SM-liiga/Liiga timeline ===
1970 	1970 	1970 	1970 	1970 	1980 	1980 	1980 	1980 	1980 	1980 	1980 	1980 	1980 	1980 	1990 	1990 	1990 	1990 	1990 	1990 	1990 	1990 	1990 	1990 	2000 	2000 	2000 	2000 	2000 	2000 	2000 	2000 	2000 	2000 	2010 	2010 	2010 	2010 	2010 	2010 	2010 	2010 	2010	2010
7576 	7677 	7778 	7879 	7980 	8081 	8182 	8283 	8384 	8485 	8586 	8687 	8788 	8889 	8990 	9091 	9192 	9293 	9394 	9495 	9596 	9697 	9798 	9899 	9900 	0001 	0102 	0203 	0304 	0405 	0506 	0607 	0708 	0809 	0910 	1011 	1112 	1213 	1314 	1415 	1516 	1617 	1718 	1819	
HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	HIFK 	 	
Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	Ilves 	 	
Tappara	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara	Tappara	Tappara	Tappara	Tappara	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara	Tappara	Tappara	Tappara	Tappara	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	Tappara 	 	
TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	TPS 	 	
Ässät 	Ässät 	Ässät 	Ässät 	Ässät 	Ässät 	Ässät 	Ässät 	Ässät 	Ässät 	Ässät 	Ässät 	Ässät 	Ässät 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Jokerit	Jokerit 	Jokerit 	Jokerit 	Jokerit 	Jokerit 	Jokerit 	Jokerit 	Jokerit 	Jokerit 	Jokerit	Jokerit	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Lukko 	Lukko 	Lukko 	Lukko 	Lukko 	Lukko 	Lukko 	Lukko 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
KOO-VEE	KOO-VEE 	KOO-VEE 	KOO-VEE 	KOO-VEE 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Sport 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
FoPS 	FoPS 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	Kiekkoreipas	Kiekkoreipas	Kiekkoreipas	Kiekkoreipas	Kiekkoreipas	Kiekkoreipas	Kiekkoreipas	Kiekkoreipas	Kiekkoreipas	 	 	 	 	 	Hockey-Reipas	Reipas Lahti	Reipas Lahti	Reipas Lahti	 	 	 	 	 	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	Pelicans	 	
 	 	Kärpät 	Kärpät 	Kärpät 	Kärpät 	Kärpät 	Kärpät 	Kärpät 	Kärpät 	Kärpät 	Kärpät 	Kärpät 	Kärpät 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	SaiPa 	SaiPa 	SaiPa 	SaiPa 	SaiPa 	SaiPa 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	HPK 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	JyP HT 	JyP HT 	JyP HT 	JyP HT 	JyP HT 	JyP HT 	JyP HT 	JyP HT 	JyP HT 	JyP HT 	JyP HT 	JyP HT 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	JYP 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	KalPa 	KalPa 	KalPa 	KalPa 	KalPa 	KalPa 	KalPa 	KalPa 	KalPa 	KalPa 	KalPa 	KalPa 	KalPa 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	KooKoo 	KooKoo 	KooKoo 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	JoKP 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	K-Espoo 	K-Espoo 	K-Espoo	K-Espoo	K-Espoo	K-Espoo	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	Blues 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	TuTo 	TuTo 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	Jukurit 	Jukurit 	 	
==Format==
Regular season: all teams play 60 matches, a quadruple round robin with extra local double rounds (every team plays four matches against every other team, plus two or four extra matches against defined local opponents). Each match consists of 60 minutes regulation time, and in the event of a tie, winner is decided by a four-on-four sudden death, 5-minute overtime. Ties after overtime are decided by a shootout, where each team has three shooters in the beginning. If the game is tied after three shooters, the shootout will be decided by individual shooters against one another until one scores and the other does not.
For the 2010-11 season, a new scheduling feature was introduced that each team would play 2 games (1 home, 1 away) against the same opponent. The matchups would be decided by a system where the bottom (14th) placed team at that time chooses its opponent 1st, followed by the 13, 12th and so on. The 7th placed team is the last one to choose an opponent. The system has been criticized by many, for reasons such as "awarding" a bad position in the table and the way the match-ups are decided, since there are worries that teams will choose their opponents from the higher profile teams and their biggest rivals to achieve maximum attendance and more income through ticket sales.
Scoring: A win in regulation time is worth three points, a win by sudden death overtime two points and loss by sudden death overtime one point. Teams will be ranked by points, and teams tied by points are ranked by goal differential. Teams tied by goal differential as well are ranked by number of goals scored.
Play-offs: The six best teams at the conclusion of regular season proceed directly to quarter-finals. Teams placing between seventh and tenth (inclusive) will play preliminary play-offs best-out-of-three - the two winners take the last two slots to quarter-finals. Starting from the season 2007-2008 all series since then are best-of-seven. Losers of the semi-finals play a bronze medal match. Teams are paired up for each round according to regular season results, so that the highest-ranking team will play against the lowest-ranking, second highest against the second lowest, and so on. Higher-ranking teams play the first match at home, then by turns away, home, away, etc. Each play-off match consists of a 60-minute regulation time which in the event of a tie is followed by extra 20-minute periods of sudden death overtime, in which the first team to score wins.
Scheduling: The regular season begins around mid-September. It takes a two-week break around the end of October to the beginning of November, when Team Finland plays in a European competition. There is a two-week Christmas break. During Winter Olympic years a break is reserved for the Winter Olympic Games. The regular season is completed around mid-March and preliminary play-offs ensue almost immediately. The play-offs are completed by mid-April, so that all players are available for the World Championships.
==Winner==
The winners of the playoffs receive gold medals and the Kanada-malja, the championship trophy of the SM-liiga. The winners of the regular season receive a trophy (Harry Lindbladin muistopalkinto) as well, though it is considered less prestigious than the bronze medals of the playoffs, similar to the difference in the National Hockey League between the status of the Stanley Cup and the Presidents' Trophy.
===Previous SM-liiga/Liiga regular season winners===
*1976 – TPS
*1977 – Tappara
*1978 – Tappara
*1979 – Ässät
*1980 – TPS
*1981 – Tappara
*1982 – TPS
*1983 – Jokerit
*1984 – Tappara
*1985 – TPS
*1986 – Tappara
*1987 – Kärpät
*1988 – Ilves
*1989 – TPS
*1990 – TPS
*1991 – TPS
*1992 – JYP
*1993 – TPS
*1994 – TPS
*1995 – Jokerit
*1996 – Jokerit
*1997 – Jokerit
*1998 – TPS
*1999 – TPS
*2000 – TPS
*2001 – Jokerit
*2002 – Tappara
*2003 – HPK
*2004 – TPS
*2005 – Kärpät
*2006 – Kärpät
*2007 – Kärpät
*2008 – Kärpät
*2009 – JYP
*2010 – JYP
*2011 – JYP
*2012 – KalPa
*2013 – Jokerit
*2014 – Kärpät
*2015 – Kärpät
*2016 – Tappara
*2017 – Tappara
*2018 – Kärpät
*2019 – HPK
*2020 – (cancelled)
*2021 – Lukko
*2022 - Tappara
*2023 - Tappara
*2024 - Tappara
===Previous SM-liiga/Liiga playoff winners (Finnish Champions)===
*1976 – TPS
*1977 – Tappara
*1978 – Ässät
*1979 – Tappara
*1980 – HIFK
*1981 – Kärpät
*1982 – Tappara
*1983 – HIFK
*1984 – Tappara
*1985 – Ilves
*1986 – Tappara
*1987 – Tappara
*1988 – Tappara
*1989 – TPS
*1990 – TPS
*1991 – TPS
*1992 – Jokerit
*1993 – TPS
*1994 – Jokerit
*1995 – TPS
*1996 – Jokerit
*1997 – Jokerit
*1998 – HIFK
*1999 – TPS
*2000 – TPS
*2001 – TPS
*2002 – Jokerit
*2003 – Tappara
*2004 – Kärpät
*2005 – Kärpät
*2006 – HPK
*2007 – Kärpät
*2008 – Kärpät
*2009 – JYP
*2010 – TPS
*2011 – HIFK
*2012 – JYP
*2013 – Ässät
*2014 – Kärpät
*2015 – Kärpät
*2016 – Tappara
*2017 – Tappara
*2018 – Kärpät
*2019 – HPK
*2020 – (cancelled)
*2021 - Lukko 
*2022 – Tappara
*2023 – Tappara
*2024 – Tappara
==Trophies==
The following trophies are awarded by the SM-liiga:
* Kultainen kypärä - best player as voted by SM-liiga players
* Kalevi Numminen trophy - best coach
* Jarmo Wasama memorial trophy - rookie of the year
* Matti Keinonen trophy - most effective player
* Raimo Kilpiö trophy - most gentlemanly player
* Urpo Ylönen trophy - best goaltender
* Pekka Rautakallio trophy - best defenseman
* Aarne Honkavaara trophy - most goals scored in the regular season ("best goal scorer")
* Veli-Pekka Ketola trophy - most points scored during the regular season
* Lasse Oksanen trophy - best player during the regular season
* Jari Kurri trophy - best player during the play-offs
In 1995, the trophies were named after Finnish hockey legends. Before that, trophies were named after sponsors.
==See also==
*List of Liiga seasons
==External links== 
*Official website - Finnish
*Official website - English
Category:Ice hockey leagues