nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Coleoptera

== Description ==
The beetle insect order. Coleoptera insects have more species than any other group in the animal kingdom with at least 250,000 types of beetles. They range in size from less than a centimeter up to 16 cm (Hercules beetle). Beetles have sheathed wings which meet in a straight line down the middle of the back. They have a complete metamorphosis that includes a larval stage. Beetles and their larvae have biting mouths and will eat nearly all types of animal and vegetable matter. Infected materials are damaged with tunnels and exit holes. 
Examples of Coleoptera insects are: furniture beetle, powderpost beetle, longhorn beetle, etc.
==Resources and Citations==
* MuseumPest.net at Link
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art, ICCROM, Rome, 1991
Category:Materials database
Collagen

== Description ==
The primary fibrous protein in skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bone. Collagen is composed of repeating units of glycine-proline-hydroxyproline that form linear polypeptide chains. Three chains are then twisted and interlocked with hydrogen bonding to form a rigid helix structure. Collagen will irreversibly hydrolyze, or denature, in hot water. This conversion process breaks the hydrogen bonds, thus separating the strands and forming a water-soluble gelatin. Collagen containing materials, such as hides, bones and fish, have been used to make animal glues since ancient times. Tanning processes to make leather use polyfunctional phenolic materials (tannins) to crosslink, and permanently stabilize, the polypeptide chains in the collagen.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ossein; colágeno (Esp.); collagène (Fr.); collagene (It)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in dilute acids. Insoluble in water but can be hydrolyzed with hot water to form gelatin. 
* Collagen is the only protein known to contain large proportions of hydroxyproline.
==Resources and Citations==
* J.S. Mills, R.White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heinemann, London, 1994.
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "collagen" [Accessed October 29, 2002].
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 358
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 2543
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Mary-Lou Florian, Dale Paul Kronkright, Ruth E. Norton, The Conservation of Artifacts Made from Plant Materials, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1990
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Collimator

== Description ==
An optical device used to transmit parallel rays of light. A collimator commonly consists of a converging lens at one end of a long tube. The light enters through a pin hole at the other end of the tube then diverges until reaching the converging lens where it is reoriented in a parallel path. Collimators are used in telescopes and spectrometers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Kollimator (Deut.); collimateur (Fr.);
Category:Materials database
Collodion

== Description ==
A viscous, highly flammable solution of cellulose nitrate. Collodion is prepared by dissolving 4 grams of pyroxylin (cellulose nitrate) in a 100 milliliter mixture of ether (75 ml) and ethanol (25 ml). Collodion dries quickly to form a clear, tough film. Collodion mixed with silver halide salts was used in the 1850s and 60s as a photographic emulsion on glass plates. By 1889, it was used in the manufacture of photographic film, lacquers, patent leather, and artificial pearls. Later it was tried for a short time as an isolating varnish for paintings (Doerner 1934). Today, collodion is used in engraving and lithography and in medicine to seal wounds. It is also used to mount particles on microscope slides. Some variations of the collodion mixture are: 
* Flexible collodion - made by adding 2% camphor and 3% castor oil. 
* Collodion elasticum - made by adding 5% castor oil. 
* Styptic collodion - made by adding 18% tannic acid. 
Modern collodion solutions are usually made with amyl acetate and butyl acetate solvents to minimize the flammability risks.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Celloidin; cellulose nitrate; Kollodium (Deut.); collodion (Fr.); cotone collodio (It.); binitrocellulosa (It.); collodium (Ned.);
== Risks ==
* Highly flammable. Flash point below 25 C.
* Humco:: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Density = 0.765-0.775
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 171
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* S.R.Trotman, E.R. Trotman, Textile Analysis, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1932
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 2547
* Ivan Amato, Stuff: The Materials the World is Made of, Avon Books, New York, 1997
* Wikipedia: Collodion (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006 and July 2023)
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/htm
Category:Materials database
Collodion-chloride print

== Description ==
A machine-made photographic printing out paper. Collodion-chloride paper was first produced from the 1880s to 1920. It was popularly used for studio portraits. Collodion-chloride paper contained a thin layer of collodion mixed with light-sensitive salts. Once exposed to light, the paper was toned with gold or gold-platinum salts then fixed.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|~SEM]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
collodion chloride print
== Images ==
File:Woman.port.Coll.Sil_overall.jpg|Collodion chloride print of woman
File:Woman_colloidion_18.jpg|Collodion chloride print detail of woman
File:Dog_Coll.Sil.POP_overall.jpg|Collodion chloride print of dog
File:Dog_colloidion_pmic.tiff.jpg|Colloidion chloride print detail of dog
File:Colloidion Print 09 200x_refl.jpg|Cross section sample in visible light at 200x
File:Colloidion Print 09 200x_UV.jpg|Cross section sample in UV light at 200x
File:collodion sample9 site1.jpg|SEM image of Cross section sample
File:collodion sample9 site2-SPECTUM comp.jpg| EDS Spectra sample sites on cross section
File:collodion sample9 site2-SPECTUM 1-5.jpg|EDS Spectra
Category:Materials database
Colloid

== Description ==
A suspension of fine particles uniformly dispersed in a medium. The particles are so small (5 to 5000 angstroms) they do not settle out. Colloidal particles and the dispersing mediums may be gaseous, liquid or solid. For example, an aerosol is a solid-gas or liquid-gas system, a suspension is a solid-liquid, an emulsion is a liquid-liquid, and a foam is a gas-liquid system. A colloid system that resembles a liquid is termed a sol, and a system that is gelatinous is called a gel. When water is one components, the systems can be called hydrosols or hydrogels. Examples of naturally occurring colloidal systems are rubber latex, milk, blood, and egg white.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
colloidal
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Collotype

== Description ==
A photolithographic process commonly used from about 1870 to 1900 for book illustrations. The collotype process was patented in 1855 by Alphonse L. Poitevin in France. The glass printing plate containing a thin layer of bichromated gelatin is exposed to light under a negative. The gelatin hardens proportional to the amount of light received. The plate is then moistened with glycerin which allows the soft, or nonexposed areas, of gelatin to absorb water. A greasy ink is applied but only retained in the dry regions. The inked image is printed on paper using a printing press. The gelatin on collotype plates wrinkles with drying producing a slight reticulation of the printed image that is detectable with a microscope. Josef Albert introduced rotary collotype presses in 1873 followed by three-color collotypes a year later.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Photopane; Hoeschotype; collotypie (Ned., Fr.); phototypie (Fr.); Lichtdruck (Deut.); Kollotypie (Deut.); Autotype Mechanical Process (Br.); collotipia (It.); colotipía (Esp.); fototipía (Esp.); kollotypi (Sven.); ljustryck (Sven.); Albertotype; Artotype; Heliotype; photogelatine process; ink photo; photocollography
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Reticulation, a random pattern of ink wrinkles, is visible with a microscope.
==Resources and Citations==
* P. Gilmour, "Collotype", The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries, Inc. New York, 1996.
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "collotype" [Accessed February 28, 2002].
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "collotype" by Pat Gilmour
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Multilingual Glossary for Art Librarians at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/pub/mgl.htm
Category:Materials database
Colocynth oil

== Description ==
A semidrying oil expressed from the seeds of a watermelon type fruit (Citrullus colocynthus) native to the arid regions of northern Africa. Colocynth oil contains linoleic acid (65%), oleic acid (17.2%), palmitic acid (8.9%), and stearic acid (5.6%) (Serpico and White 2000). The oil may have been used in ancient Egypt for tanning skins and as a treatment for mange.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Citrullus colocynthus; aceite de coloquíntida (Esp.); aceite de tuera (Esp.); bitter apple; bitter cucumber
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Serpico, R.White, "Oil, fat and wax" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 390-429.
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "colocynth oil" [Accessed 25 Jan. 2006].
Category:Materials database
Cologne glue

== Description ==
An animal glue made from leather scraps. Cologne glue was considered superior to bone glue for sizing.
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
Category:Materials database
Color Rendering Index

== Description ==
A measure of the ability of an illumination system to produce a uniform spectral energy envelope. On a scale of 1-100, a light with a perfect Color Rendering Index (CRI) of 100 would illuminate all colors evenly and without distortion. Most light sources, however, emit stronger radiation at some wavelengths and thus distort the appearance of colors. An incandescent lamp, for example, emits small amounts of blue and green light relative to red which results in muted blue tones. Some light sources and their CRI values are: 
* Tungsten halogen (99); 
* Incandescent (92-95); 
* Deluxe cool white fluorescent (89); 
* Daylight fluorescent (79); 
* Deluxe warm white fluorescent (73) 
* Cool white fluorescent (62-66); 
* Warm white fluorescent (52); 
* Metal halide (50); and 
* High pressure sodium vapor (21).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
CRI; Ra; Color Rendition Index (sp); Colour Rendering Index (Br.); Farbwiedergabeindex (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Rensselaer at http://lrc102.lightingresearch.org/nlpip/glossary.cfm
* Website: http://tristate.apogee.net/lite/litcri.asp
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
Category:Materials database
Color film

== Description ==
Photographic film that produces a color image. The first color image film, Lumiee Autochrome, was developed in 1907. It was made using a series of films exposed with a sequence of different color filters in the camera to separately form three colored images. Then in 1931, L. Godowsky and L. Mannes, discovered a 3-color dye coupling process that was soon commercially produced by Eastman Kodak as Kodachrome® (1935). Eastman Kodak introduced other types of film: Kodacolor® (1942) - first color negative film for low-priced cameras; and Ektachrome (1946) first color film that could be self-processed by photographers. In 1962, Polaroid introduced an instant developing color film that did not need to be sent out for processing.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Lumiee Autochrome; Kodachrome® [Eastman Kodak]; Kodacolor® [Eastman Kodak]; Ektachrome {Eastman Kodak]; colour film
==Resources and Citations==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
Category:Materials database
Color filter

== Description ==
A photographic filter made of colored glass or dyed gelatin. Color filters modify the incident light on a film by selectively absorbing some colors. They are used to correct small off-color effects due to light conditions, film type, or optical systems.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Farbfilter (Deut.); filtre coloré (Fr.); colour filter (Br.); color compensating filter 
Category:Materials database
Color notation

== Description ==
Any numerical color classification system. Color notation systems classify colors based on their hue, value, and saturation. Examples of color notation systems are: Munsell, Ostwald , C.I.E., and LAB.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
colour notation (Br.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
Category:Materials database
Color oxides

== Description ==
A term used in ceramics for metallic oxide coloring agents. This includes oxides of iron (red, yellow or black), copper (black, red, blue or green), cobalt (blue), chromium (red, pink or brown), manganese (purple or brown), tin (white) and nickel (green, black or brown).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ceramic colors; colour oxides (Br.); oxydes colorés (Fr.); óxidos colorantes (Port.)
Category:Materials database
Color temperature

== Description ==
The temperature (in degrees Kelvin) a blackbody radiator would need to have in order to match the color of a light source. A black body radiator uniformly emits an envelope of radiation. The color of its emission continually changes as its temperature increases. A low color temperature (1000 K) indicates a dull red light, a medium temperature (3000 K) gives an orange-red glow while a high color temperature (5000 K) indicates a bright blue-white light. Thus, the color temperature indicates the perceived 'warmth' (red) or 'coolness' (blue) of a light. The color temperature does not indicate the amount of heat given off by the light. 
Some light sources and their color temperatures (CT) are: 
* Candle flame (1800-2900 K); 
* High pressure sodium (2100 K); 
* Incandescent 40W (2650 K) and 100W (2900 K); 
* Tungsten halogen 50W (3200 K); 
* Warm white fluorescence (4000 K); 
* Metal halide (3900 K); 
* Cool white fluorescence (4200 K); 
* Electronic flash, D50 (5000K)
* Bright midday sun, summer (6000 K); 
* Hazy sky (7000-8000K); 
* Heavily overcast sky (10000K); 
* Skylight filter (12000-18000 K)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
CT; chromaticity; correlated color temperature (CCT); colour temperature (Br.); Farbtemperatur (Deut.); température de couleur (Fr.); temperatura di colore (It.); kleurtemperatuur (Ned.); temperatura barwowa (Pol.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Renssaeler - http://lrc102.lightingresearch.org/nlpip/glossary.cfm
* Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
* Olympus Microscopy: www.olympusmicro.com/primer/photomicrography/colortemperature.html - source for most color temperature values
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperature (Accessed Sept. 20, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Colorado Yule marble

== Description ==
A fine-grain marble quarried near Marble in Gunnison County, Colorado. Colorado Yule marble is usually pure white but can have pale gray clouds and/or creamy veins. Some regions of the marble belt have a pale blue-gray color. Colorado Yule has been used for statuary and was used for the exterior of the Lincoln Memorial.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Colorado marble
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Colorant

== Description ==
Any compound, such as a dye or pigment, that gives color or opacity to another material. Colorants may occur naturally in a material (colors in flowers), may be added as part of a mixture (pigments in paint) or may be applied to the surface (dyes on a fiber). Fluorescent materials and dyes may migrate whereas inorganic compounds usually do not.
* Examples of organic colorants (usually dyes) include natural products (carotenoids, flavanols, hydroxyanthraquinones, indigoids, phenoxazines) as well as many synthetics 
* Examples of inorganic colorants (usually pigments) include cobalt diacetate, Cd, Cr and Pb compounds, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, Ultramarine, titanium dioxide, Al and Cu metallic powders. 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
colorants (pl.); colourant (Br.); colorant (Fr.); colorante (Esp., It., Port.); coloring matter 
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Colorant (Accessed June 2023)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Colored cement

== Description ==
A decorative cement prepared by adding a limeproof pigment to the concrete mixture.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
coloured cement (Br.); ciment teinté (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Colored glass

== Description ==
Any glass that is uniformly colored as opposed to having a painted surface. 
See also stained glass.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
coloured glass (Br.); verre coloré (Fr.); vidro de cor (Port.); pot metal glass
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Stained Glass." Accessed 29 Apr. 2004 .
Category:Materials database
Colored paper

== Description ==
A non-white sheet of paper. Colored papers are typically uniformly tinted with pigments or dye during the manufacturing process. A few types of colored papers are white papers that have been dyed or painted after manufacture.
== Hazards and Safety ==
May not be lightfast.
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Colored pencil

== Description ==
A colored drawing stick encased in a shaft or peel-away paper casing. Colored pencils, often called marking pencils, were first produced in 1835 by J.S. Staetler. These early pencils were composed of a few selected pigments (Prussian blue, chrome yellow, chrome green, etc.) dispersed in clay then baked to form a hard stick. Starting in the 1920s, the number and intensity of the colors were increased and marketing was directed to artists. The colored core of the pencils contain a colorant (pigment or dye) bound with a synthetic resin and some wax. Emulsifiers and dispersion aids were sometimes included. Fillers, such as kaolin, talc, or chalk were also added for opacity and color dilution. The composition of colored pencils is very similar to colored crayons. It can be difficult if not impossible to determine which has been used. Colored pencils are available in both water-soluble and solvent soluble forms. Many of the colors contain organic dyes that are not lightfast.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
crayon; colored crayon pencil; art pencil; marking pencil; creta levis; Prismacolor [Berol]; Stabilo [Schwan]; coloured pencil (Br.)
== Risks ==
Bloom may form on surface.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Most are soluble in petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons, but some may be soluble in water.
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Holben Ellis, M.Brigitte Yeh, "Categories of Wax-based Drawing Media" WAAC Newsletter, Vol. 19(3), 1997. 
* M.Holben Ellis, "Colored Pencil" in Media and Techniques of Works of Art on Paper, New York University Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York, 1999.
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
Category:Materials database