nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Alucobond

== Description ==
[3A Composites, formerly Alusuisse Composites] A registered trademark for an inert, rigid aluminum sandwich with a low density polyethylene core. Alucobond® is an aluminum composite material, or ACM, that was first introduced in Europe in 1967 and in the U.S. in 1977. It is lightweight, strong and weather resistant. Industrially, Alucobond® is used for signs, canopies, exhibits, decks and wall panels. In museums, Alucobond® has been used for case construction and mounts.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Alucobond®; ACM; Dibond (3A Composites)
For comparison with alternates, see 
* Foamboards/Support panels, 3A Composites
== Applications ==
* interior and exterior architectural cladding
* soffits
* signage; graphic panels
* case-wall paneling
* inserts/risers
* stretcher/strainer
== Personal Risks ==
* Nonflammable. Not considered health hazard as sold, but may produce fumes or dust when cut, abraded, welded or processed.
* Exercise caution in handling all edges.
* Alucobond: [SDS]
==Collection Risks==
Links to Oddy Test results posted on AIC Wiki Materials Database Pages for individual materials
° Alucobond Tested in 2017 (MMA, passed)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Aluminum sheets=Peraluman-100
* Aluminum thickness = 0.020 inches
As sold
* Nominal thickness: 4mm
* Nominal weight: 1.56 lb/ft2
* Moment of inertia: .000212 in4/in
* Section of modulus: .00275 in3/in
* Rigidity: 2143 lb-in2/in
==Working Properties==
Extremely versatile material: can be cut on wood or metal cutting saws or die-punched; milled/machined with router (CNC, router table or handheld), or metal-milling equipment; drilled with drill bits for wood or metal; bent using roll-bender (for gradual curves, minimum radius 2.36”) or break (for corners); fastened with rivets or screws (requires pre-drilling a pilot hole) or core material can be tapped for extremely lightweight applications. Store in flat dry area.
* Punching: video
* Jointing (fastening): video
* Contouring (machining/routing): video
* Bending: video
==Forms and Sizes==
Alucobond® is sold in thickness of 3, 4 and 6 mm with a variety of surface finishes.
Sheet widths
* Standard coil-coated width of 62”*
* Some finishes are stocked in 40”, 49.2” or 50”. Please refer to stock material list
* Custom widths of 40” and 50” available on request
Sheet lengths
* Standard coil-coated length of 196”
* Reflect Mirror is offered in 146”
* Custom lengths for coil coating: maximum 400” - Custom lengths for anodized: maximum 216”
 
== Resources and Citations ==
* AlucobondUSA: [website]
* Alucobond: [Technical Sheet]
* Exhibit Guidelines Technical Notes: Using Composite Panels in Exhibit Case Construction
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Website: www.alusuisse-comp.com/aluco_prop.html
* Website: Material Explorer at www.materialexplorer.com (Accessed Oct 27, 2005)
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory: Board/Panel, Composite
Alum

== Description ==
A general name used for aluminum sulfate salts. Most commonly the term alum, or potash alum, refers to aluminum potassium sulfate. It is a colorless, crystalline material used in the tawing of skins and as a mordant for many natural dyes. For papermakers, the term alum, refers to aluminum sulfate or the mixture of aluminum sulfates obtained by treating pulverized bauxite with sulfuric acid. In cooking, the term alum refers to aluminum ammonium sulfate. Other materials referred to as alum are ferric ammonium sulfate, chromium sodium sulfate, and chromium ammonium sulfate.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Alum.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aluminum potassium sulfate; aluminum ammonium sulfate; aluminum sulfate; alum cake; alunite
== Resources and Citations ==
* Irene Bruckle, "The Role of Alum in Historical Papermaking", Abbey Newsletter, Volume 17(4), September 1993. Link
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: aluminum hydrate: uses the term 'alum'
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 32
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Alum bath

== Description ==
In papermaking, an alum bath refers to an aqueous solution of aluminum sulfate. The solution is sponged on paper prior to marbling. It acts as a surfactant and mordant to attract and bind the colorants to the paper.
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Alum leather

== Description ==
Leather produced by tawing a skin with aluminum potassium sulfate. This ancient method was likely invented in Mesopotamia and spread to Egypt by about 1600 BCE. The skin was tumbled in drums with an aqueous alum solution then neutralized in a sodium carbonate solution. It produced a soft, pliable white leather. Furs and pelts were also prepared in this manner. However, the treatment is reversible and washed out with water. As a result many alum tawed skins were treated with fats and waxes to add water resistance. Alum tawed leathers are still used for some conservation treatments.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
alum tawed leather; tawed leather; alum tanned leather; piel o cuero curtido con alumbre (Esp.); cuir tanné à l'alun (Fr.); pele curtida com alúmen (Port.); leer dat met aluin is behandeld (Ned); white leather; whittawed leather; alum tawed leather; tawed leather; cuir tanné à l'alun (Fr.); pele curtida com alumen (Port.); alum tanned leather; white leather
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. Barlee, 'Aluminium Tannages', Skin Deep Vol. 11, 2001: biannual newsletter published by J. Hewit & Sons Tanners and Leathers Dressers found online at http://www.hewit.com/sd11-leat.htm
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 797
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Website address 1 Comment: AMOL reCollections Glossary -http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/htm
* Website address 2 Comment: R. Barlee, 'Aluminium Tannages', Skin Deep biannual newsletter published by J. Hewit & Sons Tanners and Leathers Dressers found online at http://www.hewit.com/sd11-leat.htm
* External source or communication Comment: Contribution from Alexis Hagadorn
Category:Materials database
Alum rosin size

== Description ==
A type of acid size for paper containing a rosin-alum mixture. Starting in the 1820s, aluminum sulfate, or papermakers alum, was added to rosin size causing it to flocculate to the cellulosic fibers in the pulp solution. However, residual alum in the paper produces an acidic environment that accelerates the degradation of paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
alum-rosin sizing; rosin alum size
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Website: http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/a/htm
Category:Materials database
Alumina

== Description ==
Common name for natural or synthetic aluminum oxide. It is a white, hard, insoluble powder. Aluminum oxide naturally occurs in some feldspars, alumina trihydrate, corundum, gibbsite, bauxite, ruby, and sapphire. It was first extract commercially from bauxite in 1888 using the Bayer process. Aluminum oxide is extremely hard and is used as an abrasive both in its natural (corundum, emery) and synthetic (Alundum) forms. Synthetic alumina is prepared primarily in three forms: activated alumina, smelter-grade alumina, and calcined alumina. The porous, granular activated alumina aggressively absorbs liquid water and water vapor. The fine-grain calcined alumina is a dense impermeable ceramic material used for abrasives, refractories, electrical insulation, high temperature crucibles, and dental restoration. It is also used as a filler for paints, glass, and ceramics. When added to glaze mixtures, aluminum oxide increases viscosity during firing, prevents devitrification during cooling, and adds durability to the final surface. 
See also alpha alumina and gamma alumina.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aluminum oxide; aluminium oxide; almina (Esp.); alumine (Fr.); alumina (Port.); xido de alumnio (Port.); activated alumina; Alundum; Aloxite; Bausilite; White Bauxilite; corundum
== Applications ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiAlumina.jpg~FTIR (AAI)|Corundum Raman RRUFF R040096.png~Raman (RRUFF)]]]
== Risks ==
* Fire retardant. 
* Dust may cause irritation with skin contact or inhalation. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in mineral acids and strong alkali. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	Al2O3
CAS 	1344-28-1
Mohs Hardness 	9.0
Melting Point 	2040 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 101.96
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 34
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: alumina" [Accessed May 8, 2003].
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* R.M.Organ, Design for Scientific Conservation of Antiquities, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 1968
Category:Materials database
Alumina glass

== Description ==
A chemical and thermal resistant glass made by melting alumina with boric oxide. Alumina glass may also contain small amounts of lime or silica. The first major use for the high strength, high-temperature glass was as vapor discharge lamps in 1961 by General Electric. Because alumina glass is optically transparent it is used in specialized areas as thin film, coatings and fibers. IT is in the class considered as called transparent ceramics, that is used in lasers, armor windows, night vision devices and nose cones of heat-seeking missiles.
==Synonyms and Related Terms==
Aluminate glass; transparent glass;; transparent ceramic
==Resources and Citations==
* Aluminate Glass: link
* Wikipedia: at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparent_ceramics (Accessed August 2020)
Category:Materials database
Alumine

== Description ==
A name used prior to the 1800s for aluminum type clays. They were also called argillaceous earth. Alumine has also been used as a brand name for a paper filler composed of calcium sulfate mixed with a small amount of aluminum sulfate (LaBarre 1969)
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
Category:Materials database
Aluminium

== Description ==
The IUPAC name for the metal called aluminum in the U.S. This dictionary currently uses the commonly accepted U.S. names for materials. International and standard chemical names will be listed and appropriately designated in the synonym lists.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Al; aluminum (U.S.); aluminium (IUPAC, Br., Dan., Deut., Fr., Ned., Nor., Sven.); alumen (Lat.); alkuaine (Fin.); alumiini (Fin.); alluminio (It.); alumínio (Port.); aluminio (Esp.); glin (Pol.); CI 77000; Arclad; ALCOA; alumel (aluminum-nickel alloy);
== Personal Risks ==
* Overexposure can cause irritation of eyes, skin and mucous membranes. 
* Powder and flakes form flammable and explosive mixtures in air.
== Collection Risks ==
Links to Oddy Test results posted on AIC Wiki Materials Database Pages for individual materials below
° Raw Aluminum Tested in 2017
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, hot concentrated sulfuric acid and hydroxides. 
* Aluminum can corrode when wet and in contact with alkaline or metallic materials, such as concrete, plaster, wallboard, iron or copper.
Composition 	Al (atomic no. 13)
Mohs Hardness 	7429-90-5
Molecular Weight	atomic wt = 26.97
Refractive Index	2.70
Boiling Point 	660 C
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWG
Aluminon

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aluminon.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Description ==
A tradename for shiny, yellow-brown powder that is the ammonium salt of aurin tricarboxylic acid. Aluminon forms brightly colored lakes with aluminum, chromium, iron, and beryllium salts. It is generally used for the detection of alum in aqueous extractions of paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ammonium salt of aurine tricarboxylic acid; Lysofon; ammonium aurintricarboxylate;
== Risks ==
* Skin contact causes irritation. 
* Harmful if swallowed or inhaled. 
* Fisher Scientific: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in water.
* The reagent solution is prepared by dissolving 1 g of salt in 1 liter of distilled water.
Composition 	C22H23N3O9
CAS 	569-58-4
Melting Point 	220.5 C (dec)
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 473.43
==Resources and Citations==
* For alum detection procedures see: N.Odegaard, S.Carroll, W.Zimmt, Material Characterization Tests for Objects of Art and Archaeology Archetype Publications, London, 2000, p. 34.
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 330
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: Solution= 1 g salt in 1 liter distilled water
Category:Materials database
Aluminous cement

== Description ==
A quick-setting cement that has a high proportion of bauxite. Alumina and alumina-silica cements are very refractory and have high thermal conductivity (Brady 1971).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
alumina cement; aluminate cement; high speed cement; high alumina cement; HAC
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 660
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Aluminum acetate

== Description ==
A white precipitate formed by the reaction of aluminum hydroxide and acetic acid. Basic aluminum acetate is used as a lake substrate and as a mordant in textile dyeing. It also functions as a flame retardant and waterproofing agent. An aqueous solution of 5% neutral aluminum acetate (Burow's solution) is used as an astringent and antiseptic.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
mordant rouge; Burow's solution; red acetate
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Neutral aluminum acetate (Al(C2H3O2)3) is soluble in water 
* Basic aluminum acetate (Al(C2H3O2)2OH) is insoluble in water
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 332
Category:Materials database
Aluminum ammonium sulfate

== Description ==
A white crystalline powder that is also called ammonium alum. Aluminum ammonium sulfate occurs naturally as the mineral tschermigite. It is used in baking powders, dyeing textiles, tanning leathers, and as a substrate for lake pigments. Ammonia alum is also used in developing baths for black and white photographs.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ammonia alum; ammonium aluminum sulfate; alum NF; aluminum ammonium sulphate (Br.); tschermigite
== Risks ==
* Skin contact may cause allergies.
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in water, glycerol. Insoluble in ethanol. 
* Crystals are fibrous and deliquescent
Composition 	AlNH4(SO4)2-12H2O
Mohs Hardness	1.5-2.0
Melting Point	94.5 C
Density 	1.645 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Web Minerals: Tschermigite
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 33
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 335
Category:Materials database
Aluminum brass

== Description ==
An alloy of copper and zinc that contains up to 2% aluminum. The aluminum acts as a flux to minimize impurities and decrease viscosity. Thus aluminum brass is better for casting intricate designs. The addition of aluminum provides better corrosion resistance along with increased strength and ductility.
==Resources and Citations==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.45
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory:Metal
Aluminum bronze

== Description ==
An alloy of copper that contains 4 - 15 % aluminum. Aluminum bronze has a pale gold color and is also called aluminum gold and gold bronze. Aluminum bronzes cast well but are difficult to forge. They are very corrosion resistant and strong. Industrially, these strong alloys are used for clamps, gears, wheels, turbine blades, ship propellors, nonsparking tools, and nonmagnetic chains. Powdered aluminum bronze is used as a metallic, gold-color pigment in oil-based paints and inks. The tarnish resistant metal is also used in jewelry and architecture to simulate gold.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
albronze; aluminum gold; gold bronze; bronze d'aluminium (Fr.); bronce de aluminio (Esp.); Aluminiumbronze (Deut.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Aluminum Bronze." Accessed 02 Dec, 2003.
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory:Metal
Aluminum fluosilicate

== Description ==
A white, water-soluble powder. Aluminum fluosilicate is used for optical glass, enamels, and to make synthetic sapphires and rubies.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aluminum silicofluoride; aluminum hexafluorosilicate
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in hot water.
* Composition = Al2(SiF6)3
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 352
Category:Materials database
Aluminum foam

==Description== 
Lightweight metallic sheets usually formed air or gas injected into the molten aluminum. Aluminum foams are very strong, nonflammable and eco-friendly. They have excellent impact absorption and are used for collision protection in transport systems; however, unlike polymer foams, when an impact happens, they remain deformed and can only be used once. 
Foamed metals are available both in closed cell and open cell forms.
* Open-celled metal foams are usually replicas produced using open-celled polyurethane foams as a skeleton
* Closed-cell metal foams have been developed since the 1950s, but although prototypes were available, commercial production was started only in the 1990s. They made by injecting a gas into molten metal forming pores, or cells, about 1 to 8 mm in size.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
foamed aluminum; metal sponge
Commercial products: Duocel
==Applications== 
* Sound and impact insulation
* Architectural facades
* Lightweight case construction 
* Heat exchangers 
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Lightweight with high strength to weight ratio
* Density (relative to solid As) = 4-12% is most common
* Compression strength = 367 psi (at 8% relative density)
* Tensile strength = 180 psi (at 8% relative density)
* Melting point = 1220f (660C)
==Working Properties== 
* Carbide- or diamond-tipped blades are required for machining
* Joined by brazing, adhesive bonding, mechanical fasteners, or soldering
==Forms and Sizes==
* Thicknesses from 1/2" to 2"
* Sheets available 6'x6' or 12'x12' (McMaster-Carr)
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Metal foam Accessed Feb. 2024
* American Elements: Foams
* McMaster-Carr: Aluminum foam
Category:Materials database Category:MWG
Aluminum foil

== Description ==
A thin sheet of aluminum or an aluminum alloy. Aluminum foil is rolled to thicknesses of about 20 microns or less. It generally has one highly polished side and one matte side because two sheets are rolled at the same time then separated. Aluminum foil tears easily, is impermeable to air, reflective to radiation, and has commonly been used for packaging food. It is also laminated to paper, Boards, and plastic to provide a vapor barrier layer. Crumpled aluminum foil has also been used for thermal insulation.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tin foil; al-foil; alu-foil; aluminium foil (Br.); stanniol (Dan.); tinfoile (Dan.); Alufolie (Deut.); Aluminiumfolie (Deut., Ned.); feuille d'aluminium (Fr.); papel de aluminio (Esp.); zilverpapier (Ned.); folha de alumínio (Port.); Reynolds Wrap® ; Alcoa wrap
== Collection Risks ==
Links to Oddy Test results posted on AIC Wiki Materials Database Pages for individual materials below
° Aluminium Kitchen Foil Tested in 2009
° Pure Nature Pure Aluminium Barrier Foil Tested in 2009
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Thicknesses range from 6-20 microns (0.0065 - 0.020 mm)
==Resources and Citations==
* Jean Tétreault, Low-Cost Plastic/Aluminum Barrier Foil, CCI Notes 1/9, Canadian Conservation Institute by X. Ottawa (2010), Link
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 64
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum_foil (Accessed Mar. 15, 2006) -for non-English terms
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory:Metal