nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Caroline Ellison

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Caroline Ellison is the former CEO of Alameda Research, the trading arm of the cryptocurrency exchange FTX, both of which were founded by Sam Bankman-Fried, her former boss and ex-boyfriend. Ellison was fired from that position after FTX and Alameda filed for bankruptcy in November of 2022. In December 2022, she pleaded guilty to two counts of wire fraud, two counts of conspiracy to commit wire fraud, conspiracy to commit securities fraud and conspiracy to commit money laundering.
In October 2023, Ellison testified against Bankman-Fried in his criminal fraud trial after agreeing to cooperate with prosecutors in return for leniency. During her appearance in court, Ellison said Bankman-Fried "directed" her to commit the financial crimes she pleaded guilty to.
On September 24, 2024, Ellison was sentenced to two years in prison for her role in what prosecutors called one of the largest financial frauds in U.S. history.
== Background ==
Ellison primarily grew up in Newton, Massachusetts, a Boston suburb. Her parents are both academics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Her father, Glenn Ellison, is the department head of economics at MIT and her mother, Sara Fisher Ellison, is a senior lecturer in economics there.
Ellison graduated from Newton North High School in 2012, and went on to study mathematics at Stanford University. After college she went to work as a trader for Jane Street, where she met Bankman-Fried. He recruited her to join Alameda shortly after he founded the company in 2018. However, there was an internal crisis at the trading firm over millions in lost funds, which he did not tell her about. Half of Alameda’s early staff quit in opposition to Bankman-Fried, but Ellison stayed on. When Bankman-Fried dropped his title of Alameda chief executive in mid-2021 to show the company was separate from FTX, Ellison was named co-chief executive with another trader, Sam Trabucco. Trabucco began to withdraw from his duties, however, and quit the firm in mid-2022.
Ellison became the head of Alameda Research in August 2022. By November 2022, FTX had spiraled into bankruptcy, and Ellison began to draw attention for her role in overseeing Alamedia's risky investments using customers' funds.
== Education ==
Ellison graduated from Stanford University.
== References ==
Caroline Silver

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Caroline Silver is an advisory partner with Moelis and Company, a global investment firm that provides financial advisory services to corporations, governments and financial sponsors. 
Since 2020, she has served as a director on the board of the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) and as chair of the board of directors of ICE Clear Europe, a subsidiary of ICE. 
 
In 2023, Silver was inducted into the Futures Industry Association's Futures Hall of Fame, which was established in 2005 to commemorate outstanding contributions to the global futures and options community. 
For the past 15 years, Silver has been included in the FN100, an annual list published by Financial News that highlights the top 100 influential women in finance across Europe. Caroline serves as an independent non-executive director on the Boards of Tesco plc and BUPA. She also serves as chair of the Board of Directors at PZ Cussons PLC, is an International Advisory Board member at Adobe, Inc and is a member of the Foundation of the Victoria and Albert Museum.
== Background ==
Silver has more than 30 years of experience in international investment banking and risk management, specializing in mergers and acquisitions, with a focus on market infrastructure.
She started her career in 1984 as a Chartered Accountant at Price Waterhouse and joined Morgan Grenfell in 1987, moving to Morgan Stanley in 1994. 
Silver advised Euronext in its 2004 attempts to buy the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and was the main banker in the team behind Aviva's ultimately unsuccessful £17 billion attempt to buy rival insurer, Prudential in 2006, while she was influential in defending German pharmaceuticals giant Schering against a hostile bid, lining up Bayer as a friendly purchaser. She advised on other high profile deals, including the £12 billion rights issue mounted by Sir Fred Goodwin's Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS).
In May of 2008, she left her job as vice chair of Investment Banking at Morgan Stanley to join Merrill Lynch & Co. Inc. as regional vice chair of Investment Banking.
In 2009, she joined Moelis and Company, where she served as a managing director and partner until 2020 when she assumed her current role of advisory partner.
== Education ==
Silver earned a B.A. in English literature with Spanish from Durham University.
==Video==
===FIA Hall of Fame===
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Futures Hall of Fame Members
Carolyn H. Jackson

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Carolyn H. Jackson is a partner in the London office of Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP, in the financial services division, where she specializes in futures and derivatives.
Her practice is focused on the structuring and offering of complex securities, commodities and derivatives transactions as well as U.S. securities and commodities law regulation. 
Jackson advises a broad range of market participants, including commercial banks, investment banks, investment managers, broker-dealers, electronic trading platforms, clearinghouses, trade associations and OTC derivatives service providers.
== Background ==
Jackson stared her legal career in 2000, serving as counsel and the European head of Allen & Overy LLP’s U.S. regulatory practice.
Prior to becoming a lawyer, Jackson was the executive director and a board member of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) from 1995–1997. 
She spent the initial 13 years of her career as a derivatives trader and was part of the original swaps team at the Chase Manhattan Bank, NA from 1982–1987. 
Also, she established the New York derivatives trading desk for Banque Nationale de Paris, where she worked from 1987–1993. From 1993–1995, Carolyn was first vice president and manager of the Banque Indosuez International Capital Markets Group in New York.
She is a member of the American and New York State Bar Associations.
In addition, Jackson was a founding and is a current board member, and former secretary (1997–2000) of the International Association of Financial Engineers (IAFE). 
She has recently been named to the Panel of Recognised International Market Experts in Finance (PRIME). She participates in various U.S. regulatory reform advisory working groups to the Alternative Investment Management Association (AIMA), and serves on the Legal Advisory Forum to the Managed Funds Association.
== Education ==
Jackson holds a bachelor degree from the University of Virginia. She holds a juris doctor degree from Fordham University School of Law. At Fordham, she served as a notes and articles editor for the Fordham Law Review. 
She holds a master’s degree and PhD candidacy in finance and applied economics from the Simon Graduate School of Business, University of Rochester. She is admitted to practice in New York.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Legal
Category:Lawyers
Category:Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP
Carolyn Leonard

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Carolyn Leonard is the CEO and co-founder of Dymynd, a financial empowerment and social innovation firm geared toward helping women understand their emotional relationship with money. 
== Background ==
Leonard began her career in the late 1970s in the trading pits of the Chicago Board Options Exchange, where she was the only woman working on the floor as an independent market maker. She was also one of only three people trading options in 3M stock. 
== John Lothian Profiles ==
== References ==	
Category:Former CBOE Members
Category:John Lothian Profiles
Carolyn Mitchell

Carolyn Mitchell is a vice president at OCC for business development and corporate strategy. Previously, she was first vice president of Internet services, investor services and procurement. She joined OCC in 1999.
== Background ==
Before joining the OCC, Mitchell was vice president at the Chicago Board Options Exchange from 1994 to 1999. In that role she was responsible for building the CBOE website and investor help desk department. 
Also, Mitchell was vice president of customer operations at Prime Cable from 1991 to 1994. She also held positions at Ameritech and Hartmarx.
== Education ==
Mitchell holds an masters of business administration from Lake Forest Graduate School of Management and a bachelor of arts from Loyola University of Chicago. She completed the Securities Industry Association's Securities Industries Institute at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:OCC
Category:OCC
Carousel fraud

Carousel fraud, which is also called missing trader fraud, occurs when an individual or company imports goods from a country without the value added tax or VAT and then sells those goods to domestic buyers and charges them the VAT. The sellers then disappear without paying the VAT tax that they collected.
Carousel fraud entered the EU Emissions Trading Scheme in May 2009 when fraudsters purchased carbon credits from one EU member country that did not have a VAT and then resold them to a domestic customer with the VAT included in the price, usually at a rate of about 15 percent. Those credits were sold on spot carbon exchanges such as BlueNext and Climex, boosting volumes dramatically. 
An October 2009 study from New Energy Finance said that daily spot volumes on BlueNext hit 19.2 million contracts on June 2, 2009, up from the average daily volumes of 2.2 million contracts for the rest of the month. After French authorities took action, volumes fell 133 percent for the rest of the month. 
France and UK removed the VAT tax from carbon credits to reduce the fraud and the Netherlands changed its VAT rule so that the seller, not the buyer, pay the VAT.
In August 2009, European police agency Europol arrested several people in connection with the carbon credit tax fraud which was estimated at 38 million British pounds ($62.8 million). 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Carr Futures Group

Carr Futures Group was a brokerage firm founded in 1987 by Didier Varlet. Its parent company was French bank Credit Agricole Indosuez.
 
Carr Futures was re-branded as Calyon Financial, which later merged with Fimat on Jan. 2, 2008, to create Newedge.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Carrie L. Tolstedt

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Carrie L. Tolstedt is the former senior executive vice-president of community banking for Wells Fargo & Co. She began in that position in June 2007 and resigned from the company in July of 2016.
Tolstedt was with Wells Fargo for 27 years during which she led the effort to build out a massive branch network after Wells Fargo took over Wachovia.
On Sept. 8 2016 Wells Fargo agreed to pay $185 million in penalties to resolve regulators’ allegations it created more than two million fraudulent deposit and credit-card accounts without customers’ authorization. A lawsuit brought against Wells Fargo also named Tolstedt, because she was in charge of the unit that created the unauthorized accounts. Analysts and congressional leaders called for the bank to claw back Tolstedt’s compensation, but Wells Fargo's board members refused. 
== Background ==
Tolstedt began her career at United Bank of Denver. In 1986, she joined Norwest Bank Nebraska. In May of 1998, after leaving to work for FirstMerit Corporation (May 1995-May 1998), she rejoined Norwest Corporation.
In December of 1998, she became regional president for Central California for Wells Fargo & Company after the merger of Norwest Corporation and Wells Fargo. In 2001, she was named a group executive vice president, responsible for Wells Fargo’s California Community & Border Banking Group. 
In mid-2002, she became head of regional banking which included the retail segment across Wells Fargo’s 23-state footprint, small business and business banking.
== Education ==
Tolstedt graduated from the University of Nebraska with a B.S. degree in business administration and completed the Pacific Coast Banking School, University of Washington.
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Wells Fargo & Co. - Former Employees
Carry Trade

A carry trade is a popular trading strategy in the foreign exchange (forex) market that aims to profit from the interest rate differential between two currencies. This strategy involves borrowing in a low-yielding currency and investing in a high-yielding currency, with the goal of capturing the difference in interest rates.
== Mechanics of a Carry Trade ==
The basic steps of a carry trade are:
* Borrow money in a currency with a low interest rate (the funding currency)
* Convert the borrowed money into a currency with a higher interest rate (the target currency)
* Invest the converted funds in assets denominated in the target currency
* Profit from the interest rate differential, assuming exchange rates remain stable
== Popular Currency Pairs ==
Some of the most commonly used currency pairs for carry trades include:
* Australian Dollar/Japanese Yen (AUD/JPY)
* New Zealand Dollar/Japanese Yen (NZD/JPY)
* US Dollar/Japanese Yen (USD/JPY)
* US Dollar/Swiss Franc (USD/CHF)
These pairs are popular due to their historically significant interest rate spreads.
== Risks and Limitations ==
While carry trades can be profitable, they also come with significant risks:
# Exchange Rate Risk: The primary risk is unfavorable exchange rate movements, which can quickly erase profits or lead to losses.
# Central Bank Intervention: Changes in monetary policy or direct intervention by central banks can impact currency values and interest rates.
# Market Volatility: Carry trades tend to perform poorly during times of high market volatility or economic uncertainty.
# Leverage: Many traders use leverage to amplify potential gains, which also increases the risk of substantial losses.
== Historical Performance ==
Carry trades have been particularly popular since the global financial crisis of 2008, when many central banks lowered interest rates to near-zero levels. However, the effectiveness of carry trades can vary depending on global economic conditions and interest rate differentials.
== Implementation ==
Carry trades can be implemented through various financial instruments, including:
* Spot forex trading
* Currency futures and forwards
* Exchange-traded funds (ETFs)
* Options and other derivatives
== Considerations for Traders ==
Successful implementation of carry trades typically requires:
* Careful analysis of global economic conditions
* Monitoring of central bank policies and interest rate trends
* Effective risk management strategies
* Understanding of currency market dynamics
== References ==
Category:Trading Strategies
Category:Currency Trading
Category:Forex Trading
Category:Currency
Category:Carry Trades
Cartesia Financial, LLC

Cartesia Financial, LLC, is a Miami-based alternative investment marketer founded in Chicago by Didier Varlet whose goal is to introduce qualified North American and European hedge fund managers to institutional investors worldwide. 
Cartesia represents a range of alternative investment strategies (i.e., hedge funds and fund of funds) which can help complement and/or enhance an institutional investment allocation.
==References==
Category:Hedge Funds
Category:Alternative Investments
Category:Commodity Trading Advisors
Category:Commodity Pool Operators
Cary Musser

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Cary W. Musser is a Chicago-based investment, treasury and asset management professional who serves as an executive vice president and head of strategic asset management for the RCG Division of Marex Spectron.
== Background ==
Musser joined Rosenthal Collins Group in 2017 as head of strategic asset management, which was a new role at the firm. He joined RCG from Wells Fargo, where he spent six and a half years as a client relations director for balance sheet asset management.
Previously, he had been chief investment officer and treasurer of R.J. O'Brien & Associates for three years.
He has also served as a senior relationship manager for David Vaughan Investments, as well as a managing partner and senior portfolio manager for Horizon Cash Management.
Musser served as a fixed income research analysis and portfolio management position with Bank of America from 1987 to 1995.
He was also an arbitrage clerk for Drexel Burnham Lambert from 1986 to 1987.
== Education ==
He holds a bachelor of business administration from Illinois Institute of Technology in the field of finance. He also holds a masters of business administration from DePaul University - Charles H. Kellstadt Graduate School of Business in the field of finance.
== References ==	
Category:Drexel Burnham Lambert - Former Employees
Category:Bank of America - Former Employees
Category:Wells Fargo - Former Employees
Category:Horizon Cash Management - Former Employees
Category:R.J. O'Brien & Associates - Former Employees
Casablanca Stock Exchange

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Located in Morocco, the Casablanca Stock Exchange (XCAS) is the third oldest and third largest stock exchange in Africa. 
== History ==
The Casablanca Stock Exchange was founded in 1929 as the “Office de Compensation des Valeurs Mobilières” (Office for Clearing of Transferable Securities). The exchange underwent major reforms in 1993 and launched electronic-based trading in March 1997. 
On June 18, 2014, Casablanca Stock Exchange and London Stock Exchange Group announced they had signed an agreement to expand CSE’s activity in the North Western and Central African regions.http://www.mondovisione.com/media-and-resources/news/london-stock-exchange-group-signs-partnership-agreement-with-casablanca-stock-ex/|name=London Stock Exchange Group Signs Partnership Agreement with Casablanca Stock Exchange|org=MondoVisione|date=June 18, 2014}}
== Products and Services ==
The exchange publishes two main indexes, the Moroccan All Shares Index (MASI) and Moroccan Most Active Shares Index (MADEX). Both indexes were first published and 2002 and reformulated in 2004. 
== Key People ==
*Karim Hajji, CEO
==Resources==
*English language website
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:African Exchanges‏‎
Cash

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Cash and cash equivalents are readily accessible, low-risk assets. They may or may not be interest bearing. The best known forms of cash are paper currency and its immediate equivalents: bank checking and savings accounts. Other 'cash equivalents', defined as short-term, low-interest, low-risk assets, include certificates of deposits or CDs (also called time deposits), short-term U.S. Treasury Bills (T-bills) and money market funds (also called cash funds) or accounts.
According to one authority, cash investments are characterized as on-call - though not necessarily in an on-call account - and should be without entry or exit fees or withdrawal penalties. They also usually offer lower rates of return than fixed-interest funds, although LIBOR rates for overnight interbank cash more than doubled over September, 2008 to 6.875%.
== The OCF ==
The expression "cash is king" derives not from its traditional role as an investment safe harbor in troubled times but from the relative importance of a healthy cash flow in determining a corporation's financial health. Operating cash flow (OCF) is considered a better indicator of corporate fitness than net income because companies, due to accrual accounting rules, can report positive net income while suffering negative OCF.
Cash investments made a big comeback globally in late 2007, a time of increased financial uncertainty and market volatility, with money-market funds rising to become the dominant asset class in the UK. Funds began flowing from equities to cash funds in Q4 2007 and by year-end, UK money-market funds accounting for 39% of total assets invested.
== References ==
Category:Liquid Assets
Category:Currencies
Category:Fixed Income
Cash-futures basis

The "cash-futures basis" is the difference between a commodity's or security's cash and futures prices. The cash-futures basis can be influenced by seasonal factors, weather conditions, temporary gluts or scarcities of commodities, and the availability of transport, among others. The relationship between cash and futures prices is also affected by carrying costs such as interest rates and warehouse fees. 
In certain financial markets, basis reflects the difference between long-term and short-term interest rates.
== References ==
Category:Futures
Cash price

The term "cash price" is used in trading and financial markets in different contexts across various asset classes, including commodities, cash equities, bonds, and derivatives that involve immediate delivery. 
== Commodities ==
In commodities trading, the cash price, often referred to as the "spot price," represents the current market price at which a physical commodity can be bought or sold for immediate delivery and settlement. It reflects the supply and demand dynamics of the commodity at a specific point in time. The cash price is crucial for commodity producers, consumers, and traders as it determines the cost of acquiring or selling the actual physical product.
For example, in the oil market, the cash price for crude oil reflects the current market value of a barrel of oil available for immediate delivery and it serves as a benchmark for pricing various oil-related contracts, including futures and options.
== Cash Equities ==
In the realm of cash equities (stocks), the cash price refers to the actual price at which a stock is bought or sold in the stock market. Unlike derivatives such as stock options or futures contracts, cash equities involve the physical exchange of ownership and the transfer of funds between buyers and sellers.
For instance, if an investor purchases 100 shares of a company's stock at $50 per share, the cash price for each share is $50, resulting in a total transaction value of $5,000.
== Bonds ==
The cash price of bonds represents the price at which a bond can be bought or sold in the secondary market. Bonds typically have a face value (par value) and a coupon rate, but their market prices can fluctuate based on changes in interest rates, creditworthiness, and other factors. The cash price reflects the prevailing market value of the bond.
== Derivatives ==
In derivatives markets, the cash price is fundamental for the valuation and settlement of derivative contracts. Derivatives, such as futures and options, derive their value from an underlying asset, index, or benchmark. The cash price of the underlying asset serves as a critical reference point for these derivatives.
== References ==
Category:Prices
Cash settlement

Cash settlement in derivatives markets occurs when holders of maturing futures and options contracts receive the cash equivalent on settlement - usually the closing price of the underlier on maturation day - rather than actually receiving the underliers as physical delivery.
Cash settlement is the most common method of settling financial futures. Settling derivatives contracts in cash is popular not only with traders and investors but also with businesses wanting to hedge against commodity price movements without buying the commodity. Airlines, for example, may want to lock in present fuel prices without disrupting future relations with contracted suppliers. Some contracts, like those on stock indexes, are generally only cash-settled because of the inconvenience of sending bundles of certificates.
Before 1981 when Eurodollar futures became the first cash-settled futures contract, all futures contracts were physically delivered; today most derivatives products are cash settled. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Trading Terms