Acute myeloid leukemia - historical

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The purpose of this page is to provide references to regimens that are obsolete, outdated, or of historical interest only. Is there a regimen missing from this list? See the main AML page for current regimens.
Last updated on 2024-07-23:31 regimens on this page
37 variants on this page
 
=Upfront induction therapy=
==5+2d==
5+2d: 5 days of cytarabine + 2 days of daunorubicin
===Regimen variant #1, CI Ara-C===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Rai et al. 1981 (CALGB 7421)	1974-04-25 to 1975-05-07	Phase 3 (C)	1. 7+3d; bolus Ara-C	Lower CR rate
Rai et al. 1981 (CALGB 7421)	1974-04-25 to 1975-05-07	Phase 3 (C)	2. 7+3d; CI Ara-C 	Lower CR rate
Rai et al. 1981 (CALGB 7421)	1974-04-25 to 1975-05-07	Phase 3 (C)	3. 5+2d; bolus Ara-C	Did not meet endpoint of CR rate
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 100 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 120 hours, started on day 1 (total dose: 500 mg/m2)
*Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) 45 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 2
5-day course
===Regimen variant #2, bolus Ara-C===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Rai et al. 1981 (CALGB 7421)	1974-04-25 to 1975-05-07	Phase 3 (C)	1. 7+3d; bolus Ara-C	Lower CR rate
Rai et al. 1981 (CALGB 7421)	1974-04-25 to 1975-05-07	Phase 3 (C)	2. 7+3d; CI Ara-C 	Lower CR rate
Rai et al. 1981 (CALGB 7421)	1974-04-25 to 1975-05-07	Phase 3 (C)	3. 5+2d; CI Ara-C 	Did not meet endpoint of CR rate
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 100 mg/m2 IV every 12 hours on days 1 to 5 (10 doses total)
*Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) 45 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 2
5-day course
===References===
#CALGB 7421: Rai KR, Holland JF, Glidewell OJ, Weinberg V, Brunner K, Obrecht JP, Preisler HD, Nawabi IW, Prager D, Carey RW, Cooper MR, Haurani F, Hutchison JL, Silver RT, Falkson G, Wiernik P, Hoagland HC, Bloomfield CD, James GW, Gottlieb A, Ramanan SV, Blom J, Nissen NI, Bank A, Ellison RR, Kung F, Henry P, McIntyre OR, Kaan SK. Treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia: a study by Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Blood. 1981 Dec;58(6):1203-12. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==5+3d==
5+3d: 5 days of cytarabine + 3 days of daunorubicin
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Berman et al. 1991 (L-19 Protocol)	1984-1989 	Phase 3 (C)	5+3i 	Lower CR rate
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 25 mg/m2 IV bolus once on day 1, then 200 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 120 hours (total dose: 1025 mg/m2)
*Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) 50 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 3
5-day course
===References===
# L-19 Protocol: Berman E, Heller G, Santorsa J, McKenzie S, Gee T, Kempin S, Gulati S, Andreeff M, Kolitz J, Gabrilove J, Reich L, Mayer K, Keefe D, Trainor K, Schluger A, Penenberg D, Raymond V, O'Reilly R, Jhanwar S, Young C, Clarkson B. Results of a randomized trial comparing idarubicin and cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside in adult patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood. 1991 Apr 15;77(8):1666-74. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==5+3i==
5+3i: 5 days of cytarabine + 3 days of idarubicin
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Berman et al. 1991 (L-19 Protocol)	1984-1989 	Phase 3 (E-RT-switch-ic)	5+3d 	Higher CR rate
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 25 mg/m2 IV bolus once on day 1, then 200 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 120 hours (total dose: 1025 mg/m2)
*Idarubicin (Idamycin) 12 mg/m2 IV bolus once per day on days 1 to 3
5-day course
===References===
# L-19 Protocol: Berman E, Heller G, Santorsa J, McKenzie S, Gee T, Kempin S, Gulati S, Andreeff M, Kolitz J, Gabrilove J, Reich L, Mayer K, Keefe D, Trainor K, Schluger A, Penenberg D, Raymond V, O'Reilly R, Jhanwar S, Young C, Clarkson B. Results of a randomized trial comparing idarubicin and cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside in adult patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood. 1991 Apr 15;77(8):1666-74. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==7+3d (low-dose)==
7+3d: 7 days of cytarabine + 3 days of daunorubicin
===Regimen variant #1, 700/90===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Löwenberg et al. 1998 (EORTC/HOVON AML-9)	1986-1993 	Phase 3 (C)	7+3m; low-dose	Might have lower CR rate
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 100 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 7 days, started on day 1 (total dose: 700 mg/m2)
*Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) 30 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 3
Two courses
===Regimen variant #2, 1400/90===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Löwenberg et al. 1997 (EORTC/HOVON AML-11)	1990-1994 	Phase 3 (C)	7+3d & GM-CSF	Did not meet primary endpoint of CR rate
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 200 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 7 days, started on day 1 (total dose: 1400 mg/m2)
*Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) 30 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 3
7-day course
===References===
# EORTC/HOVON AML-11: Löwenberg B, Suciu S, Archimbaud E, Ossenkoppele G, Verhoef GE, Vellenga E, Wijermans P, Berneman Z, Dekker AW, Stryckmans P, Schouten H, Jehn U, Muus P, Sonneveld P, Dardenne M, Zittoun R; EORTC; HOVON. Use of recombinant GM-CSF during and after remission induction chemotherapy in patients aged 61 years and older with acute myeloid leukemia: final report of AML-11, a phase III randomized study of the Leukemia Cooperative Group of European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Dutch Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative Group. Blood. 1997 Oct 15;90(8):2952-61. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# EORTC/HOVON AML-9: Löwenberg B, Suciu S, Archimbaud E, Haak H, Stryckmans P, de Cataldo R, Dekker AW, Berneman ZN, Thyss A, van der Lelie J, Sonneveld P, Visani G, Fillet G, Hayat M, Hagemeijer A, Solbu G, Zittoun R; European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer; Dutch-Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative Hovon Group. Mitoxantrone versus daunorubicin in induction-consolidation chemotherapy--the value of low-dose cytarabine for maintenance of remission, and an assessment of prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: final report. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Mar;16(3):872-81. link to original article EuroPMC
==7+3i & Panobinostat==
7+3i & Panobinostat: 7 days of cytarabine + 3 days of idarubicin, Panobinostat
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Efficacy
Ocio et al. 2015 (panobidara)	Not reported 	Phase 1b/2	CR rate: 64%
Note: the dose of idarubicin is lower than that used in standard 7+3i. The panobinostat dose is the MTD in this phase 1b/2 study.
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 100 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 7 days, started on day 1 (total dose: 700 mg/m2)
*Idarubicin (Idamycin) 8 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 3
====Targeted therapy====
*Panobinostat (Farydak) 10 mg PO once per day on days 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 19
19-day course
====Subsequent treatment====
*panobidara, non-responders could undergo an identical second cycle: 7+3i & panobinostat re-induction 
*panobidara, responders: 7+3i & panobinostat consolidation (one course), then panobinostat maintenance
===References===
# panobidara: Ocio EM, Herrera P, Olave MT, Castro N, Pérez-Simón JA, Brunet S, Oriol A, Mateo M, Sanz MÁ, López J, Montesinos P, Chillón MC, Prieto-Conde MI, Díez-Campelo M, González M, Vidriales MB, Mateos MV, San Miguel JF; PETHEMA. Panobinostat as part of induction and maintenance for elderly patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia: phase Ib/II panobidara study. Haematologica. 2015 Oct;100(10):1294-300. Epub 2015 Jul 9. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC
==7+3i & Vorinostat==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Garcia-Manero et al. 2012 (MDACC 2007-0835)	2008-2010 	Phase 2
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) by the following age-based criteria:
**60 years old or younger: 1500 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 96 hours, started on day 4 (total dose: 6000 mg/m2)
**Older than 60 years old: 1500 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 72 hours, started on day 4 (total dose: 4500 mg/m2)
*Idarubicin (Idamycin) 12 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 4 to 6
====Targeted therapy====
*Vorinostat (Zolinza) 500 mg PO three times per day on days 1 to 3
====Supportive therapy====
*Methylprednisolone (Solumedrol) (note: the paper spelled this as "salumedrol"--it's assumed this is what they meant) 50 mg IV on days of cytarabine to prevent fever and rash
7-day course for 1 to 2 cycles
====Subsequent treatment====
*Cytarabine, idarubicin, vorinostat consolidation
===References===
# MDACC 2007-0835: Garcia-Manero G, Tambaro FP, Bekele NB, Yang H, Ravandi F, Jabbour E, Borthakur G, Kadia TM, Konopleva MY, Faderl S, Cortes JE, Brandt M, Hu Y, McCue D, Newsome WM, Pierce SR, de Lima M, Kantarjian HM. Phase II trial of vorinostat with idarubicin and cytarabine for patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jun 20;30(18):2204-10. Epub 2012 May 14. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT00656617
==7+5i==
7+5i: 7 days of cytarabine + 5 days of idarubicin
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Solary et al. 2003	1995-1999 	Phase 3 (C)	7+5i & Quinine	Did not meet primary endpoint of OS48
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 200 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 7 days, started on day 1 (total dose: 1400 mg/m2)
*Idarubicin (Idamycin) 8 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 5
7-day course
===References===
# Solary E, Drenou B, Campos L, de Crémoux P, Mugneret F, Moreau P, Lioure B, Falkenrodt A, Witz B, Bernard M, Hunault-Berger M, Delain M, Fernandes J, Mounier C, Guilhot F, Garnache F, Berthou C, Kara-Slimane F, Harousseau JL; Groupe Ouest Est Leucémies Aiguës Myéloblastiques. Quinine as a multidrug resistance inhibitor: a phase 3 multicentric randomized study in adult de novo acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood. 2003 Aug 15;102(4):1202-10. Epub 2003 Mar 27. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Cytarabine, Daunorubicin, Vincristine==
===Regimen variant #1===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Rosenthal & Moloney 1972	Not reported 	Non-randomized
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 2 mg/kg IV once per day on days 1 to 3
*Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) 1 mg/kg IV once per day on days 1 to 3
*Vincristine (Oncovin) 1.5 mg IV once on day 1
1 to 2 cycles
===Regimen variant #2===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Löwenberg et al. 1989	1983-1986 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Best supportive care	Seems to have longer OS
Note: this regimen uses both bolus and CI cytarabine.
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 100 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 7 days, started on day 1
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 50 mg/m2 IV every 12 hours on days 1 to 7
*Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) 30 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 3
*Vincristine (Oncovin) 1 mg/m2 IV once on day 2
1 to 2 cycles
===Regimen variant #3===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Zittoun et al. 1989 (EORTC AML6)	1983-1986 	Non-randomized part of RCT
Note: this regimen uses both bolus and CI cytarabine.
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 100 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 7 days, started on day 1
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 50 mg/m2 IV every 12 hours on days 1 to 7
*Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) 45 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 3
*Vincristine (Oncovin) 1 mg/m2 IV once on day 2
1 to 2 cycles
===References===
# Rosenthal DS, Moloney WC. The treatment of acute granulocytic leukemia in adults. N Engl J Med. 1972 Jun 1;286(22):1176-8. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# EORTC AML6: Zittoun R, Jehn U, Fière D, Haanen C, Löwenberg B, Willemze R, Abels J, Bury J, Peetermans M, Hayat M, Suciu S, Solbu G, Stryckmans P; EORTC Leukemia Cooperative Group. Alternating v repeated postremission treatment in adult acute myelogenous leukemia: a randomized phase III study (AML6) of the EORTC Leukemia Cooperative Group. Blood. 1989 Mar;73(4):896-906. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
## Update: Jehn U, Zittoun R, Suciu S, Fiere D, Haanen C, Peetermans M, Löwenberg B, Willemze R, Solbu G, Stryckmans P; EORTC Leukemia Cooperative Group. A randomized comparison of intensive maintenance treatment for adult acute myelogenous leukemia using either cyclic alternating drugs or repeated courses of the induction-type chemotherapy: AML-6 trial of the EORTC Leukemia Cooperative Group. Haematol Blood Transfus. 1990;33:277-84. link to original article EuroPMC
# Löwenberg B, Zittoun R, Kerkhofs H, Jehn U, Abels J, Debusscher L, Cauchie C, Peetermans M, Solbu G, Suciu S, Stryckmans P; EORTC Leukemia Group. On the value of intensive remission-induction chemotherapy in elderly patients of 65+ years with acute myeloid leukemia: a randomized phase III study of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Leukemia Group. J Clin Oncol. 1989 Sep;7(9):1268-74. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Cytarabine, Daunorubicin, Mercaptopurine, Prednisolone==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Kobayashi et al. 1996 (JALSG AML89)	1987-1991 	Phase 3 (C)	BHAC-DMP 	Seems to have longer EFS
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 80 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 96 hours, started on day 1 (total dose: 320 mg/m2)
*Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) 40 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 4
*Mercaptopurine (6-MP) 70 mg/m2 PO once per day on days 1 to 4
====Glucocorticoid therapy====
*Prednisolone (Millipred) 40 mg/m2 IV over 3 hours once per day on days 1 to 4
One course
====Subsequent treatment====
*Consolidation; see paper for details
===References===
# JALSG AML89: Kobayashi T, Miyawaki S, Tanimoto M, Kuriyama K, Murakami H, Yoshida M, Minami S, Minato K, Tsubaki K, Ohmoto E, Oh H, Jinnai I, Sakamaki H, Hiraoka A, Kanamaru A, Takahashi I, Saito K, Naoe T, Yamada O, Asou N, Kageyama S, Emi N, Matsuoka A, Tomonaga M, Saito H, Ueda R, Ohno R; Japan Acute Leukemia Study Group. Randomized trials between behenoyl cytarabine and cytarabine in combination induction and consolidation therapy, and with or without ubenimex after maintenance/intensification therapy in adult acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Jan;14(1):204-13. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Cytarabine, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, Prednisolone==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Weinstein et al. 1980	1976-1979 	Non-randomized
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) as follows:
**Course 1: 100 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 7 days, started on day 1 (total dose: 700 mg/m2)
**Course 2: 100 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 5 days, started on day 1 (total dose: 500 mg/m2)
*Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) as follows:
**Course 1: 30 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 3
**Course 2: 30 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 2
*Vincristine (Oncovin) as follows:
**Course 1: 1.5 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 5
**Course 2: 1.5 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
====Glucocorticoid therapy====
*Prednisolone (Millipred) 40 mg/m2 IV every 12 hours on days 1 to 5
2 courses
===References===
# Weinstein HJ, Mayer RJ, Rosenthal DS, Camitta BM, Coral FS, Nathan DG, Frei E 3rd. Treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia in children and adults. N Engl J Med. 1980 Aug 28;303(9):473-8. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Daunorubicin monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Bornstein et al. 1969	Not reported 	Non-randomized
====Chemotherapy====
*Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) 1 mg/kg IV push once per day on days 1 to 5
====Supportive therapy====
*Prednisone (Sterapred) 60 mg/day PO on days 1 to 5, in divided doses, then decreased to 40 mg PO once per day from day 6, continued until platelet count rose to greater than 100 x 109/L.
One course
===References===
# Bornstein RS, Theologides A, Kennedy BJ. Daunorubicine in acute myelogenous leukemia in adults. JAMA. 1969 Feb 17;207(7):1301-6. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==DAT==
DAT: Daunorubicin, Ara-C (Cytarabine), Thioguanine
TAD: Thioguanine, Ara-C (Cytarabine), Daunorubicin
TAD9: Thioguanine, Ara-C (Cytarabine), Daunorubicin over 9 days
===Regimen variant #1, DAT (1 + 5)===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Rees et al. 1986 (UK MRC AML8)	1978-1983 	Non-randomized part of RCT
====Chemotherapy====
*Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) 50 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 100 mg/m2 IV bolus every 12 hours on days 1 to 5
*Thioguanine (Tabloid) 100 mg/m2 PO every 12 hours on days 1 to 5
14-day course
====Subsequent treatment====
*UK MRC AML8, CR: DAT consolidation x 2 versus DAT consolidation x 6, then further maintenance treatment (see paper for details)
===Regimen variant #2, DAT (3 + 7)===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Gale & Cline 1977 	1975-1976 	Non-randomized 	 	
Gale et al. 1981 	1975-1978 	Non-randomized 	 	
Büchner et al. 1982 	1978-1981 	Non-randomized 	 	
Champlin et al. 1984 	Not reported 	Non-randomized 	 	
Büchner et al. 1999 	1985-1992 	Non-randomized part of RCT	 	
Goldstone et al. 2001 (UK MRC AML11)	1990-1998 	Phase 3 (C) 	1. ADE 	Higher CR rate
Goldstone et al. 2001 (UK MRC AML11)	1990-1998 	Phase 3 (C) 	2. MAC 	Seems to have higher CR rate
Büchner et al. 2003 	1992-1999 	Non-randomized part of RCT	 	
Burnett et al. 2009 (LRF AML14) 	1998-2007 	Phase 3 (C) 	DAT; lower-dose	Did not meet co-primary endpoints of CR/DFS/OS
Krug et al. 2016 (AMLCG 99) 	2002-2008 	Phase 3 (C) 	HAM 	Did not meet co-primary endpoints of EFS/RFS
Braess et al. 2018 (AML-CG 2008) 	2009-2012 	Phase 3 (C) 	S-HAM 	Did not meet primary endpoint of ORR
Note: LRF AML14 had multiple randomizations; see paper for details. 
====Chemotherapy====
*Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) 60 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 5 to 7
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 100 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1 to 7
*Thioguanine (Tabloid) 100 mg/m2 PO twice per day on days 1 to 7
7-day course
====Subsequent treatment====
*LRF AML14: IDAC consolidation
===Regimen variant #3, TAD9===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence
Büchner et al. 1985	1982 to not reported	Non-randomized part of RCT
====Chemotherapy====
*Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) 60 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 3 to 5
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 100 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 48 hours, started on day 1, then 100 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes every 12 hours on days 3 to 8
*Thioguanine (Tabloid) 200 mg/m2/day PO on days 3 to 9
9-day course
====Subsequent treatment====
*DAT consolidation, then maintenance versus no further treatment
===References===
# Gale RP, Cline MJ. High remission-induction rate in acute myeloid leukaemia. Lancet. 1977 Mar 5;1(8010):497-9. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# Gale RP, Foon KA, Cline MJ, Zighelboim J. Intensive chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia. Ann Intern Med. 1981 Jun;94(6):753-7. link to original article EuroPMC
# Büchner T, Urbanitz D, Emmerich B, Fischer JT, Fülle HH, Heinecke A, Hossfeld DK, Koeppen KM, Labedzki L, Löffler H, Nowrousian MR, Pfreundschuh M, Pralle H, Rühl H, Wendt FC. Multicentre study on intensified remission induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res. 1982;6(6):827-31. link to original article EuroPMC
# Champlin R, Jacobs A, Gale RP, Boccia R, Elashoff R, Foon K, Zighelboim J. Prolonged survival in acute myelogenous leukaemia without maintenance chemotherapy. Lancet. 1984 Apr 21;1(8382):894-6. link to original article EuroPMC
# Büchner T, Urbanitz D, Hiddemann W, Rühl H, Ludwig WD, Fischer J, Aul HC, Vaupel HA, Kuse R, Zeile G, Nowrousian MR, Konig HJ, Walter M, Wendt FC, Sodomann H, Hossfeld DK, von Paleske A, Loffler H, Gassmann W, Hellriegel KP, Fulle HH, Lunscken C, Emmerich B, Pralle H, Pees HW, Pfreundschuh M, Bartels H, Koeppen KM, Schwerdtfeger R, Donhuijsen-Ant R, Mainzer K, Bonfert B, Koppler H, Zurborn KH, Ranft K, Thiel E, Heinecke A; German AML Cooperative Group. Intensified induction and consolidation with or without maintenance chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML): two multicenter studies of the German AML Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol. 1985 Dec;3(12):1583-9. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# UK MRC AML8: Rees JK, Gray RG, Swirsky D, Hayhoe FG. Principal results of the Medical Research Council's 8th acute myeloid leukaemia trial. Lancet. 1986 Nov 29;2(8518):1236-41. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# Büchner T, Hiddemann W, Wörmann B, Löffler H, Gassmann W, Haferlach T, Fonatsch C, Haase D, Schoch C, Hossfeld D, Lengfelder E, Aul C, Heyll A, Maschmeyer G, Ludwig WD, Sauerland MC, Heinecke A; German AML Cooperative Group. Double induction strategy for acute myeloid leukemia: the effect of high-dose cytarabine with mitoxantrone instead of standard-dose cytarabine with daunorubicin and 6-thioguanine: a randomized trial by the German AML Cooperative Group. Blood. 1999 Jun 15;93(12):4116-24. link to original article EuroPMC
# UK MRC AML11: Goldstone AH, Burnett AK, Wheatley K, Smith AG, Hutchinson RM, Clark RE; Medical Research Council Adult Leukemia Working Party. Attempts to improve treatment outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in older patients: the results of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council AML11 trial. Blood. 2001 Sep 1;98(5):1302-11. link to original article EuroPMC
# Büchner T, Hiddemann W, Berdel WE, Wörmann B, Schoch C, Fonatsch C, Löffler H, Haferlach T, Ludwig WD, Maschmeyer G, Staib P, Aul C, Gruneisen A, Lengfelder E, Frickhofen N, Kern W, Serve HL, Mesters RM, Sauerland MC, Heinecke A; German AML Cooperative Group. 6-Thioguanine, cytarabine, and daunorubicin (TAD) and high-dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone (HAM) for induction, TAD for consolidation, and either prolonged maintenance by reduced monthly TAD or TAD-HAM-TAD and one course of intensive consolidation by sequential HAM in adult patients at all ages with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML): a randomized trial of the German AML Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Dec 15;21(24):4496-504. link to original article EuroPMC
# LRF AML14: Burnett AK, Milligan D, Goldstone A, Prentice A, McMullin MF, Dennis M, Sellwood E, Pallis M, Russell N, Hills RK, Wheatley K; United Kingdom National Cancer Research Institute Haematological Oncology Study Group. The impact of dose escalation and resistance modulation in older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia and high risk myelodysplastic syndrome: the results of the LRF AML14 trial. Br J Haematol. 2009 May;145(3):318-32. Epub 2009 Mar 8. link to original article EuroPMC NCT00005823
# AMLCG 99: Krug U, Berdel WE, Gale RP, Haferlach C, Schnittger S, Müller-Tidow C, Braess J, Spiekermann K, Staib P, Beelen D, Serve H, Schliemann C, Stelljes M, Balleisen L, Maschmeyer G, Grüneisen A, Eimermacher H, Giagounidis A, Rasche H, Hehlmann R, Lengfelder E, Thiel E, Reichle A, Aul C, Ludwig WD, Kern W, Haferlach T, Köpcke W, Görlich D, Sauerland MC, Heinecke A, Wörmann BJ, Hiddemann W, Büchner T. Increasing intensity of therapies assigned at diagnosis does not improve survival of adults with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2016 Jun;30(6):1230-6. Epub 2016 Feb 9. link to original article EuroPMC NCT00266136
# AML-CG 2008: Braess J, Amler S, Kreuzer KA, Spiekermann K, Lindemann HW, Lengfelder E, Graeven U, Staib P, Ludwig WD, Biersack H, Ko YD, Uppenkamp MJ, De Wit M, Korsten S, Peceny R, Gaska T, Schiel X, Behringer DM, Kiehl MG, Zinngrebe B, Meckenstock G, Roemer E, Medgenberg D, Spaeth-Schwalbe E, Massenkeil G, Hindahl H, Schwerdtfeger R, Trenn G, Sauerland C, Koch R, Lablans M, Faldum A, Görlich D, Bohlander SK, Schneider S, Dufour A, Buske C, Fiegl M, Subklewe M, Braess B, Unterhalt M, Baumgartner A, Wörmann B, Beelen D, Hiddemann W; AML-CG. Sequential high-dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone (S-HAM) versus standard double induction in acute myeloid leukemia-a phase 3 study. Leukemia. 2018 Dec;32(12):2558-2571. Epub 2018 Oct 1. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC EudraCT 2007-003103-12
==Decitabine & Valproate==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Garcia-Manero et al. 2006 (MDACC 2003-0314)	2004 to not reported	Phase 2 	 	
Issa et al. 2014 	Not reported 	Randomized Phase 2 (E-esc)	Decitabine	Did not meet primary endpoint
====Chemotherapy====
*Decitabine (Dacogen) 15 mg/m2 IV over 60 minutes once per day on days 1 to 10
*Valproate (Depakote) 50 mg/kg/day (divided in 2 or 3 doses per day) PO on days 1 to 10
28-day cycle for up to 24 cycles
===References===
# MDACC 2003-0314: Garcia-Manero G, Kantarjian HM, Sanchez-Gonzalez B, Yang H, Rosner G, Verstovsek S, Rytting M, Wierda WG, Ravandi F, Koller C, Xiao L, Faderl S, Estrov Z, Cortes J, O'brien S, Estey E, Bueso-Ramos C, Fiorentino J, Jabbour E, Issa JP. Phase 1/2 study of the combination of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine with valproic acid in patients with leukemia. Blood. 2006 Nov 15;108(10):3271-9. Epub 2006 Aug 1. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT00075010
# Issa JP, Garcia-Manero G, Huang X, Cortes J, Ravandi F, Jabbour E, Borthakur G, Brandt M, Pierce S, Kantarjian HM. Results of phase 2 randomized study of low-dose decitabine with or without valproic acid in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer. 2015 Feb 15;121(4):556-61. Epub 2014 Oct 21. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC
==HAD==
HAD: Homoharringtonine (Omacetaxine), Ara-C (Cytarabine), Daunorubicin
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Jin et al. 2013	2007-2011 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	1. DA 	Might have longer EFS (co-primary endpoint)
Jin et al. 2013	2007-2011 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	2. HAA 	Not reported
Note: There were significantly more deaths in this arm, despite a trend towards a superior primary efficacy endpoint.
====Chemotherapy====
*Omacetaxine (Synribo) 2 mg/m2 (route not specified) once per day on days 1 to 7
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 100 mg/m2 (route not specified) once per day on days 1 to 7
*Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) 40 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 3
7-day course
====Subsequent treatment====
*IDAC consolidation x 2
===References===
#Jin J, Wang JX, Chen FF, Wu DP, Hu J, Zhou JF, Hu JD, Wang JM, Li JY, Huang XJ, Ma J, Ji CY, Xu XP, Yu K, Ren HY, Zhou YH, Tong Y, Lou YJ, Ni WM, Tong HY, Wang HF, Mi YC, Du X, Chen BA, Shen Y, Chen Z, Chen SJ. Homoharringtonine-based induction regimens for patients with de-novo acute myeloid leukaemia: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Jun;14(7):599-608. Epub 2013 May 9. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC ChiCTR-TRC-06000054
==VAMP (Amethopterin)==
VAMP: Vincristine, Amethopterin (Methotrexate), Mercaptopurine, Prednisone
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Thompson et al. 1965	1963-1965 	Non-randomized
Note: this is to be distinguished from the VAMP protocols used in Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma.
====Chemotherapy====
*Vincristine (Oncovin) 1.2 mg IV once per day on days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36
*Methotrexate (MTX) 2.5 mg PO once per day on days 1 to 42, taken at night
*Mercaptopurine (6-MP) 100 mg PO once per day on days 1 to 42, taken at bedtime
====Glucocorticoid therapy====
*Prednisone (Sterapred) 20 mg PO three times per day on days 1 to 42, taken after meals
42-day course
===References===
# Thompson I, Hall TC, Moloney WC. Combination therapy of adult acute myelogenous leukemia: experience with the simultaneous use of vincristine, amethopterin, 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone. N Engl J Med. 1965 Dec 9;273(24):1302-7. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
=Consolidation after upfront therapy=
==Amsacrine & HiDAC==
MA: M-AMSA (Amsacrine) & Ara-C (Cytarabine)
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Cassileth et al. 1992 (ECOG E3483)	1984-1988 	Phase 3 (E-switch-ic)	Cytarabine & Thioguanine maintenance	Did not meet efficacy endpoints
====Chemotherapy====
*Amsacrine (Amsidine) 100 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 7 to 9
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 3000 mg/m2 IV over 60 minutes every 12 hours on days 1 to 6
One course
===References===
# ECOG E3483: Cassileth PA, Lynch E, Hines JD, Oken MM, Mazza JJ, Bennett JM, McGlave PB, Edelstein M, Harrington DP, O'Connell MJ. Varying intensity of postremission therapy in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 1992 Apr 15;79(8):1924-30. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Cytarabine monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Stone et al. 2001	1990-1993 	Phase 3 (C)	MC 	Did not meet co-primary endpoints of DFS/OS
Note: this is lower dose treatment than IDAC or HiDAC.
====Preceding treatment====
*7+3d (standard-dose) induction
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 100 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 120 hours, started on day 1 (total dose per cycle: 500 mg/m2)
1-month cycle for 4 cycles 
===References===
# Stone RM, Berg DT, George SL, Dodge RK, Paciucci PA, Schulman PP, Lee EJ, Moore JO, Powell BL, Baer MR, Bloomfield CD, Schiffer CA. Postremission therapy in older patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: a randomized trial comparing mitoxantrone and intermediate-dose cytarabine with standard-dose cytarabine. Blood. 2001 Aug 1;98(3):548-53. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Cytarabine, Idarubicin, Vorinostat==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Garcia-Manero et al. 2012 (MDACC 2007-0835)	2008-2010 	Phase 2
Note: cycle length was not specified in the manuscript; 28-day cycles are fairly standard in this setting.
====Preceding treatment====
*7+3i & Vorinostat induction
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 750 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 72 hours, started on day 4 (total dose: 2250 mg/m2)
*Idarubicin (Idamycin) 8 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 4 & 5
====Targeted therapy====
*Vorinostat (Zolinza) 500 mg PO three times per day on days 1 to 3
====Supportive therapy====
*Methylprednisolone (Solumedrol) (note: the paper spelled this as "salumedrol"--it's assumed this is what they meant) 50 mg IV on days of cytarabine to prevent fever and rash
28-day cycle for up to 5 cycles
====Subsequent treatment====
*Vorinostat maintenance
===References===
# MDACC 2007-0835: Garcia-Manero G, Tambaro FP, Bekele NB, Yang H, Ravandi F, Jabbour E, Borthakur G, Kadia TM, Konopleva MY, Faderl S, Cortes JE, Brandt M, Hu Y, McCue D, Newsome WM, Pierce SR, de Lima M, Kantarjian HM. Phase II trial of vorinostat with idarubicin and cytarabine for patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jun 20;30(18):2204-10. Epub 2012 May 14. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT00656617
=Maintenance after first-line therapy=
==BDMP-BMP-BAMP-BEVP==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Ohno et al. 1993 (JALSG AML-87)	1987-06 to 1989-09 	Phase 3 (C)	BDMP-BMP-BAMP-BEVP x 3	Shorter DFS
Note: the route and infusion instructions for prednisolone are extrapolated from earlier phases of the protocol described in Ohno et al. 1993.
====Preceding treatment====
*BDMP-MAP-BEVP versus BDMP+VCR-MAP-BEVP consolidation
====Chemotherapy, BDMP portion (cycle 1)====
*Behenoyl cytarabine (BHAC) 170 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 6
*Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) 30 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 4
*Mercaptopurine (6-MP) 70 mg/m2 PO once per day on days 1 to 6
====Glucocorticoid therapy, BDMP portion (cycle 1)====
*Prednisolone (Millipred) 40 mg/m2 IV over 3 hours once per day on days 1 to 4
====Chemotherapy, BMP portion (cycle 2)====
*Behenoyl cytarabine (BHAC) 170 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 6
*Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) 5 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 2
====Glucocorticoid therapy, BMP portion (cycle 2)====
*Prednisolone (Millipred) 40 mg/m2 IV over 3 hours once per day on days 1 to 4
====Chemotherapy, BAMP portion (cycle 3)====
*Behenoyl cytarabine (BHAC) 170 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 6
*Aclarubicin (Aclacinon) 14 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 4
*Mercaptopurine (6-MP) 70 mg/m2 PO once per day on days 1 to 6
====Glucocorticoid therapy, BAMP portion (cycle 3)====
*Prednisolone (Millipred) 40 mg/m2 IV over 3 hours once per day on days 1 to 4
====Chemotherapy, BEVP portion (cycle 4)====
*Behenoyl cytarabine (BHAC) 170 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 6
*Etoposide (Vepesid) 100 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1, 3, 5
*Vindesine (Eldisine) 2 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
====Glucocorticoid therapy, BEVP portion (cycle 4)====
*Prednisolone (Millipred) 40 mg/m2 IV over 3 hours once per day on days 1 to 4
6-week cycle for 4 cycles
===References===
# JALSG AML-87: Ohno R, Kobayashi T, Tanimoto M, Hiraoka A, Imai K, Asou N, Tomonaga M, Tsubaki K, Takahashi I, Kodera Y, Yoshida M, Murakami H, Naoe T, Shimoyama M, Tsukada T, Takeo T, Teshima H, Onozawa Y, Fujimoto K, Kuriyama K, Horiuchi A, Kimura I, Minami S, Miura Y, Kageyama S, Tahara T, Masaoka T, Shirakawa S, Saito H. Randomized study of individualized induction therapy with or without vincristine, and of maintenance-intensification therapy between 4 or 12 courses in adult acute myeloid leukemia: AML-87 Study of the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group. Cancer. 1993 Jun 15;71(12):3888-95. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Cytarabine & Thioguanine==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Peterson & Bloomfield 1977	1971-11 to 1975-10 	Non-randomized
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 1.5 mg/kg IM once on day 5
*Thioguanine (Tabloid) 2 mg/kg PO once per day on day 1 to 4
7-day cycles
===References===
# Peterson BA, Bloomfield CD. Prolonged maintained remissions of adult acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia. Lancet. 1977 Jul 23;2(8030):158-60. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Panobinostat monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Ocio et al. 2015 (panobidara)	Not reported 	Phase 1b/2
The panobinostat dose is the MTD in this phase Ib/2 study.
====Preceding treatment====
*7+3i & Panobinostat induction x 2 to 3 cycles
====Targeted therapy====
*Panobinostat (Farydak) 40 mg PO once per day on days 1, 3, 5 (three days of the first week)
14-day cycles
===References===
# panobidara: Ocio EM, Herrera P, Olave MT, Castro N, Pérez-Simón JA, Brunet S, Oriol A, Mateo M, Sanz MÁ, López J, Montesinos P, Chillón MC, Prieto-Conde MI, Díez-Campelo M, González M, Vidriales MB, Mateos MV, San Miguel JF; PETHEMA. Panobinostat as part of induction and maintenance for elderly patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia: phase Ib/II panobidara study. Haematologica. 2015 Oct;100(10):1294-300. Epub 2015 Jul 9. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC
==POMP==
POMP: Purinethol (Mercaptopurine), Oncovin (Vincristine), Methotrexate, Prednisone
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Morrison et al. 1992	1978-1982 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	OAP maintenance	Seems to have longer OS
====Chemotherapy====
*Mercaptopurine (6-MP)
*Vincristine (Oncovin)
*Methotrexate (MTX)
====Glucocorticoid therapy====
*Prednisone (Sterapred)
===References===
# Morrison FS, Kopecky KJ, Head DR, Athens JW, Balcerzak SP, Gumbart C, Dabich L, Costanzi JJ, Coltman CA, Saiki JH, Hussein KK, Fabian CJ, Appelbaum FR; SWOG. Late intensification with POMP chemotherapy prolongs survival in acute myelogenous leukemia--results of a Southwest Oncology Group study of rubidazone versus adriamycin for remission induction, prophylactic intrathecal therapy, late intensification, and levamisole maintenance. Leukemia. 1992 Jul;6(7):708-14. dosing details not available in abstract EuroPMC
==Vorinostat monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Garcia-Manero et al. 2012 (MDACC 2007-0835)	2008-2010 	Phase 2
====Preceding treatment====
*Cytarabine, Idarubicin, Vorinostat consolidation
====Targeted therapy====
*Vorinostat (Zolinza) 200 mg PO three times per day on days 1 to 14
28-day cycle for up to 12 cycles
===References===
# MDACC 2007-0835: Garcia-Manero G, Tambaro FP, Bekele NB, Yang H, Ravandi F, Jabbour E, Borthakur G, Kadia TM, Konopleva MY, Faderl S, Cortes JE, Brandt M, Hu Y, McCue D, Newsome WM, Pierce SR, de Lima M, Kantarjian HM. Phase II trial of vorinostat with idarubicin and cytarabine for patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jun 20;30(18):2204-10. Epub 2012 May 14. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT00656617
=Relapsed or refractory, salvage therapy=
==High-dose Cytarabine monotherapy (HiDAC)==
HiDAC: High Dose Ara-C (Cytarabine)
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Vogler et al. 1994	Not reported 	Phase 3 (C)	HiDAC & Etoposide	Did not meet efficacy endpoints of RR/DOR/OS
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 3000 mg/m2 IV every 12 hours on days 1 to 6
One course
===References===
# Vogler WR, McCarley DL, Stagg M, Bartolucci AA, Moore J, Martelo O, Omura GA; Southeastern Cancer Study Group. A phase III trial of high-dose cytosine arabinoside with or without etoposide in relapsed and refractory acute myelogenous leukemia: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group trial. Leukemia. 1994 Nov;8(11):1847-53. EuroPMC
==IAP==
IAP: Idarubicin, Ara-C (cytarabine), Pravastatin
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Advani et al. 2014 (SWOG S0919)	2009-2012 	Phase 2
====Chemotherapy====
*Idarubicin (Idamycin) 12 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 4 to 6
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 1500 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 4 to 7
*Pravastatin (Pravachol) 1280 mg PO once per day on days 1 to 8
8-day course
====Subsequent treatment====
*SWOG S0919, patients achieving CR: Optional IAP consolidation
===References===
# SWOG S0919: Advani AS, McDonough S, Copelan E, Willman C, Mulford DA, List AF, Sekeres MA, Othus M, Appelbaum FR. SWOG0919: a phase 2 study of idarubicin and cytarabine in combination with pravastatin for relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2014 Oct;167(2):233-7. Epub 2014 Jul 18. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT00840177
==SHAI==
SHAI: Sequential High-dose Ara-C (Cytarabine), Idarubicin
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Fiegl et al. 2013	Not reported 	Phase 3 (C)	F-SHAI 	Seems to have shorter TTTF
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) by the following criteria:
**Standard patients: 1000 mg/m2 IV twice per day on days 1, 2, 8, 9 (total dose: 8000 mg/m2)
**Patients 60 or younger with refractory AML or greater than or equal to 2nd relapse: 3000 mg/m2 IV twice per day on days 1, 2, 8, 9 (total dose: 24,000 mg/m2)
*Idarubicin (Idamycin) 10 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 3, 4, 10, 11
11-day course 
===References===
# Fiegl M, Unterhalt M, Kern W, Braess J, Spiekermann K, Staib P, Grüneisen A, Wörmann B, Schöndube D, Serve H, Reichle A, Hentrich M, Schiel X, Sauerland C, Heinecke A, Rieger C, Beelen D, Berdel WE, Büchner T, Hiddemann W. Chemomodulation of sequential high-dose cytarabine by fludarabine in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia: a randomized trial of the AMLCG. Leukemia. 2014 May;28(5):1001-7. Epub 2013 Oct 22. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Cytarabine & Vosaroxin==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Ravandi et al. 2015 (VALOR)	2010-2013 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	IDAC 	Might have longer OS (co-primary endpoint)Median OS: 7.5 vs 6.1 mo(HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.73-1.02)
Note: cycle length was not specified in the manuscript; 28-day cycles are typical in this setting.
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) as follows:
**Cycles 1 to 3: 1000 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once per day on days 1 to 5
*Vosaroxin (SNS-595) as follows:
**Cycle 1: 90 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 4
**Cycle 2 onwards: 70 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 4
28-day cycles (see note)
===References===
#VALOR: Ravandi F, Ritchie EK, Sayar H, Lancet JE, Craig MD, Vey N, Strickland SA, Schiller GJ, Jabbour E, Erba HP, Pigneux A, Horst HA, Recher C, Klimek VM, Cortes J, Roboz GJ, Odenike O, Thomas X, Havelange V, Maertens J, Derigs HG, Heuser M, Damon L, Powell BL, Gaidano G, Carella AM, Wei A, Hogge D, Craig AR, Fox JA, Ward R, Smith JA, Acton G, Mehta C, Stuart RK, Kantarjian HM. Vosaroxin plus cytarabine versus placebo plus cytarabine in patients with first relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia (VALOR): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, multinational, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Sep;16(9):1025-1036. Epub 2015 Jul 30. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT01191801 NCT01191801]
=Relapsed or refractory, subsequent lines of therapy=
==Azacitidine, Vorinostat, Gemtuzumab ozogamicin==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Walter et al. 2013 (NCI-2012-01147)	2009-2012 	Phase 1/2
Note: This is the MTD used in the phase 2 portion, which was tested on 43 patients. Cycle length was not specified; 28-day cycles are typical in this setting.
====Chemotherapy====
*Azacitidine (Vidaza) 75 mg/m2 IV or SC once per day on days 1 to 7
====Targeted therapy====
*Vorinostat (Zolinza) 400 mg PO once per day on days 1 to 9
====Antibody-drug conjugate therapy====
*Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) 3 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 4 & 8
28-day cycle for up to 6 cycles (see note)
===References===
# NCI-2012-01147: Walter RB, Medeiros BC, Gardner KM, Orlowski KF, Gallegos L, Scott BL, Hendrie PC, Estey EH. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin in combination with vorinostat and azacitidine in older patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia: a phase 1/2 study. Haematologica. 2014 Jan;99(1):54-9. Epub 2013 Oct 18. link to original article link to PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Cladribine monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Santana et al. 1992	1990-1991 	Phase 2
====Chemotherapy====
*Cladribine (Leustatin) 8.9 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 120 hours, started on day 1 (total dose: 44.5 mg/m2)
5-day course
===References===
# Santana VM, Mirro J Jr, Kearns C, Schell MJ, Crom W, Blakley RL. 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine produces a high rate of complete hematologic remission in relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1992 Mar;10(3):364-70. link to original article EuroPMC
==Clofarabine monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Kantarjian et al. 2003	Not reported 	Phase 2
====Chemotherapy====
*Clofarabine (Clolar) 40 mg/m2 IV over 60 minutes once per day on days 1 to 5
3- to 6-week cycles
===References===
# Kantarjian H, Gandhi V, Cortes J, Verstovsek S, Du M, Garcia-Manero G, Giles F, Faderl S, O'Brien S, Jeha S, Davis J, Shaked Z, Craig A, Keating M, Plunkett W, Freireich EJ. Phase 2 clinical and pharmacologic study of clofarabine in patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemia. Blood. 2003 Oct 1;102(7):2379-86. Epub 2003 Jun 5. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Intermediate-dose Cytarabine monotherapy (IDAC)==
IDAC: Intermediate Dose Ara-C (Cytarabine)
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Faderl et al. 2012 (CLASSIC I)	2006-2009 	Phase 3 (C)	Clofarabine & Cytarabine	Did not meet primary endpoint of OS
Ravandi et al. 2015 (VALOR) 	2010-2013 	Phase 3 (C)	Cytarabine & Vosaroxin 	Might have shorter OSMedian OS: 6.1 vs 7.5 mo(HR 1.15, 95% CI 0.98-1.37)
Note: In CLASSIC I, it was not clear if the consolidation cycle mentioned here would also be cytarabine or something else: "Patients who achieved remission after their induction cycle could receive a single (optional) consolidation cycle; patients who did not achieve remission after induction but who demonstrated hematologic improvement could receive a reinduction cycle followed by a single (optional) consolidation cycle." In VALOR, the total duration of treatment was not specified; 28-day cycles are typical in this setting.
====Chemotherapy====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 1000 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once per day on days 1 to 5
====Supportive therapy====
*"The use of prophylactic antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agents was recommended according to institutional guidelines."
28-day cycle for 1 to 3 cycles (see note)
===References===
# CLASSIC I: Faderl S, Wetzler M, Rizzieri D, Schiller G, Jagasia M, Stuart R, Ganguly S, Avigan D, Craig M, Collins R, Maris M, Kovacsovics T, Goldberg S, Seiter K, Hari P, Greiner J, Vey N, Recher C, Ravandi F, Wang ES, Vasconcelles M, Huebner D, Kantarjian HM. Clofarabine plus cytarabine compared with cytarabine alone in older patients with relapsed or refractory acute myelogenous leukemia: results from the CLASSIC I Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jul 10;30(20):2492-9. Epub 2012 May 14. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT00317642
# VALOR: Ravandi F, Ritchie EK, Sayar H, Lancet JE, Craig MD, Vey N, Strickland SA, Schiller GJ, Jabbour E, Erba HP, Pigneux A, Horst HA, Recher C, Klimek VM, Cortes J, Roboz GJ, Odenike O, Thomas X, Havelange V, Maertens J, Derigs HG, Heuser M, Damon L, Powell BL, Gaidano G, Carella AM, Wei A, Hogge D, Craig AR, Fox JA, Ward R, Smith JA, Acton G, Mehta C, Stuart RK, Kantarjian HM. Vosaroxin plus cytarabine versus placebo plus cytarabine in patients with first relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia (VALOR): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, multinational, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Sep;16(9):1025-36. Epub 2015 Jul 30. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT01191801
Category:Acute myeloid leukemia regimens
Category:Historical regimens
Category:Disease-specific pages
Category:Acute leukemias