nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Sandalwood dye

== Description ==
A water insoluble red dye from sandalwood, Pterocarpus santalinus, that grows in tropical Asia. Sandalwood dye contains santalin as the primary colorant. It is soluble in alcohol but not in water. The fugitive color has been used for textiles and for tanning leather. Similar water insoluble dyes are obtained from barwood, camwood, and narrawood.
See also [Uemera Dye Archive (Akagi)]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pterocarpus santalinus; Natural Red 22; CI 75540; bois de santal (Fr.); Sandelholz (Deut.); legno sandalo (It.) madera de sandalo (Esp.); sandelhout (Ned.); santeli (Fin.); sândalo (Port.); barwood; camwood; narrawood; ruby wood; sandelwood; sanderswood; Sander's Wood; Saunderswood; Saunder's Wood; red Sanders; red Saunders; santal wood; sandal wood; mock Turkey red; santalin
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Sandelwood.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in methanol, ethanol, ether, sulfuric acid. 
* Insoluble in water.
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Hofenk-de Graaf, Natural Dyestuffs: Origin, Chemical Constitution, Identification, Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, September 1969.
* R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
* S. Grierson, The Colour Cauldron, Oliver McPherson Ltd., 1986
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 657
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8532
* "Violin Varnish Glossary" at www.violins.on.ca/luthier.vargloss.html - gives tree name as Pterocarpus santalunis
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
* Website: http://www.coloria.net/varita.htm - Finnish name, NR 22, 75540
* Judith Hofenk-de Graaff, Natural Dyestuffs: Origin, Chemical Constitution, Identification, Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, 1969
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Sandarac

== Description ==
A pale yellow natural resin from the alerce tree Callitris quadrivalvis that is native to Australia and from the sandarac tree Tetraclinis articulata that native to northern Africa. Sandarac tears are hard and brittle with a white powdery surface due to oxidation. It forms a clear, hard film that becomes darker and redder with age. Sandarac is composed primarily of polycommunic acid (~70%) with some sandaracopimaric acid and small amounts of phenols and labdanoid compounds (Mills and White 1994). Sandarac spirit varnishes dry quickly and have been used for retouching and metal coatings. Sandarac/oil varnishes, or vernice liquida, were commonly used in the 12-15th centuries in Italy (Eastlake 1847).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gum sandarac; sandarach; sandarac tree (Tetraclinis articulata); alerce tree (Callitris quadrivalvis); gum juniper; Berenice; Mogador; white gum; Cyprus pine; Australian pine gum (Callitris reessii); vernice liquida
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|TIF.tif~FTIR (MFA)]]]
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, amyl alcohol and hot alkali. 
* Insoluble in water, mineral spirits and turpentine. 
* Saponification number = 143; 
* Acid number = 140-155.
Melting Point 	135-150
Density 	1.078-1.088
Refractive Index	1.545
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* J.S. Mills, R.White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heinemann, London, 1994.
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: tree = Callitris quadrivalis
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: pp. 689 and 765
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing) Comment: tree = Callitris quadrivalis
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986 Comment: tree= Tetraclinis articulata
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982 Comment: tree= Tetraclinis articulata
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Sandarac." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. Accessed 14 Apr. 2004. African tree= Tetraclinis articulata; Australian tree = genus callitris
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandarac (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006)
* Paintings Specialty Group, Painting Conservation Catalog, Wendy Samet (ed.), AIC, Washington, DC, 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Sandaraca

== Description ==
In Roman times, the term 'sandaraca' was used for red pigments, probably realgar and possibly red ochers and cinnabar. By medieval times, sandaraca was used synonymously with sandarac to refer to the resin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sandarac tree (Tetraclinis articulata); alerce tree (Callitris quadrivalvis); Australian pine gum (Callitris reessii); vernice liquida (It.); sandracca (It); gum sandarac; sandarach; gum juniper; Berenice; Mogador; white gum; Cyprus pine
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Sandblast materials

== Description ==
Fine particles, usually of sand, directed in a high-pressure stream of air. Sandblasting cleaning process was patented by Benjamin Chew Tilghman in 1870. Large scale sandblasting is used to remove paint, rust, grime, and other accretions from metal, stone, and brick surfaces. Sharp grains cut faster and rounded grains produce a smoother surface. The U.S. Bureau of Mines grades sand as follows:
* No. 1 sand (20-mesh to 48 mesh): used for light work and smooth finishes
* No. 2 sand (10-mesh to 28 mesh):
* No. 3 sand (6-mesh to 14-mesh):
* No. 4 sand (4-mesh to 8-mesh): used for rough cast iron and steel.
Other types of abrasives used include powders of: metal, glass, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, sodium bicarbonate, dry ice, walnut shells, and coconut shells. Microabrasion techniques use pencil sized nozzles to clean and/or engrave many types of surfaces such as glass, metal, stone, wood, plastic, and bone. 
See also erosion.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sandblast sand; sand-blast sand (Br.); sand blast; sandblasting; abrasion cleaning; microabrasion cleaning; blasting abrasive
== Risks ==
Sandblasting should be performed in a controlled environment using ventilation, protective clothing and breathing air supply.
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Website: http://p2library.nfesc.navy.mil/P2_Opportunity_Handbook/2_II_5.html
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblast (accessed Dec. 6, 2005) - gives patent info.
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Sanders blue

== Description ==
An old name for the French term, bleu cendres, that has been used for both ultramarine ash and blue verditer.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
saunders blue; ultramarine ash; blue verditer; bleu cendres
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, Ashok Roy (ed.), National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, Vol. 2, 1993
Category:Materials database
Sandpaper

== Description ==
An abrasive paper coated on one side with sand grains. Sandpaper is sold in several grades of coarseness. The coarseness is usually specified by the size sieve that the particles can pass through, i.e., 400 grit is finer than 100 grit.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
emery paper; garnet paper
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 689
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Sandstone

== Description ==
A sedimental rock composed of sand grains (quartz) cemented together by other materials, such as silica, iron oxide, clay, or calcite. Sandstone varies widely in its hardness, color, and durability. The colors can be white, yellow, red, brown, or gray. Sandstones account for 10-20% of the Earth's sedimentary rock and form the backbone for some mountain ranges such as the Appalachians (Eastern U.S.), the Carpathians (eastern Europe), the Pennines (England), and the Apennines (Italy). Sandstones have been widely used for buildings, paving, grindstones, and whetstones.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
siltstone; graywacke; arkose; quartzite; brownstone; greensand; arenisca (Esp.) ;grès (Fr.); arenito (Port.); Sandstein (Deut.); zandsteen (Ned.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Size of sand grains = 0.06 - 2 millimeter
* Density = 2.14-2.36 g/ml
== Comparisons ==
== Additional Images ==
File:Sandstoneemr1.jpg|Sandstone
File:Sandstoneemr3.jpg|Sandstone (with quartz)
File:redsandstonelarge.jpg|Sandstone
==Resources and Citations== 
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "sandstone" [Accessed January 22, 2002].
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Wikipedi: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 690
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=2.14-2.36
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Category:Materials database
Sandwich panel

==Description== 
A special class of composite materials that is fabricated by attaching two thin, stiff skins to a lightweight core. The core material is normally of low strength, but its greater thickness provides a sandwich composite that has high bending stiffness but low density. Commonly used core materials include foams (polyethersulfone, polyvinylchloride, polyurethane, polyethylene, polystyrene), balsa wood, gypsum; fiberglass, corrugated sheets, and honeycombs (paper, aluminum, aramid). The skin material may be sheets of paper, cloth, metal, glass, carbon fiber or polymeric. Sandwich panels are used in applications to provide a combination of high structural rigidity and low weight.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sandwich board; sandwich plate; support board; foam core; composite board; sandwich-structure composite; honeycomb panel
==Applications==
* Construction
==Working Properties== 
==Risks== 
==Forms and Sizes==
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Sandwich panel
Category:Materials database Category:MWG
Sanguine

== Description ==
1) The French term for a natural red clay containing iron ocher. Sanguine most often refers to the red hue produced by natural red earth pigments. The color of sanguine can range from a dark reddish brown to blood red. 
2) The term sanguine is also used to coloring sticks (e.g., pencil or chalk) made with a red iron oxide colorant. 
3) A drawing down with a sanguine crayon.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sanguined; red chalk; ruddle
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Sanidine

== Description ==
A high temperature form of potassium feldspar that typically is found in volcanic rocks such as obsidian and rhyolite. The colorless to white stone has tabular, or sometimes acicular, crystals.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Monoclinic crystal system; 
* Cleavage = perfect in one direction; 
* Fracture = uneven; 
* Luster = vitreous; 
* Streak = white;
Composition 	(K,Na)(Si,Al)4O8
Mohs Hardness 	6
Density 	2.52 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.518 - 1.530
Category:Materials database
Santalin

== Description ==
A red colorant obtained from sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinum) and barwood (Baphia nitida). Santalin has been traditionally used for many centuries as a dye for hair, skin, and textiles.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
santalic acid; santalin A (9,10,12-tri-omethylsantalin); santalin B (9,10,12,4'-tetra-omethylsantalin)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Insoluble in water. Soluble in ether (yellow) and in alcohol (blood-red); also soluble in acetic acid and alkalis.
* CAS = 1397-70-2
==Resources and Citations==
* John Uri Lloyd, King's American Dispensary (first published in 1854)
Category:Materials database
Sap green

== Description ==
An obsolete lake pigment made from the juice of buckthorn berries (primarily Rhamnus catharticus), mordanted on alum. Sap green is produced by adding an alkali (soda or lime) to the purple red juice, pressed from the ripe berries. The dark, yellowish green color was then mixed with alum and gum to form a thick syrup that was placed in pig bladders, hence received the name bladder green. Sap green was used in watercolor paints in the 17th and 18th centuries. The primary colorant in R.catharticus is kaempferol, but berries from other buckthorn plants may contain rhamnetin or quercetin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bladder green; iris green; verd vessie; vert de Vessie; Saftgrün (Deut.); sucus
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Sap green has poor lightfastness.
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Pigments'
* Judith Hofenk-de Graaff, Natural Dyestuffs: Origin, Chemical Constitution, Identification, Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, 1969
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
Category:Materials database
Sap stain

== Description ==
A bluish-gray stain found on cut wood. Sap stain is caused by mold growing in the moist, sap-rich regions of the wood.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
blue stain; azulamento (Port.); azzurramento (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Sapele

== Description ==
A mahogany-type wood obtained from a large tree, Entandrophragma cylindricum, native to the Ivory Coast in western Africa. 
See also African mahogany.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Entandrophragma cylindricum; livuite (Port.); mogano africano (It.); sapeli (It.); sapeli; cented mahogany; West African cedar
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 691
Category:Materials database
Saponification

== Description ==
A chemical reaction in which an ester compound is reacted with a metal alkali to form a metal soap and an alcohol. Saponification reactions have been used since ancient times to make soap from fats and oils. In this process, melted fats or vergatable oils are placed in the kettle, and caustic soda or lye, solution is added gradually. As the saponification reaction slowly takes place, the heated mixture gradually thickens or emulsifies as the caustic soda reacts with the fat to produce soap and glycerol. The soap is purified in salt bath, rinsed in water then separated into two layers. The top layer, called kettle soap, is composed of about 70% soap and 30% water. The botton layer, called nigre soap, contains soap (15-40%) mixed with the denser impurities such as dirt, ash, salt and excess alkali.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
saponify; soap; kettle soap; nigre soap
Category:Materials database
Saponification number

== Description ==
A measure of the amount of fatty acids in a material. The saponification number is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to saponify 1 gram of a fatty oil or grease.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Verseifungszahl (Deut.); saponification value
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 950
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Saponin

== Description ==
Any of a group of glucosides that give a soapy lather with water. Saponins have been used since ancient times as a natural cleaner. Saponin is obtained from the bark of the soap bark tree (Quillaja saponaria), the roots of the soap plant (Chlorogalum poleridianum), the fruit of the soapberry tree (Sapindus saponaria) and the leaves of the soapwort plant (Saponaria officinalis). In the early 20th century, Lucas (1932) stated a 1% solution of saponin may be used cautiously as a mild detergent for cleaning dirt and smoke from paintings, but that water may cause damage.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
saponins; soap plant; soapbark; soapberry; soapwort; soaproot; sapogenin; Quillaja saponin 
== Risks ==
Toxic when injected into the blood stream.
==Resources and Citations==
* A. Lucas, Antiques, Their Restoration and Preservation, Edward Arnold, London, 1932.
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8513
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 691
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Saponite

== Description ==
A montmorillonite type clay. Saponite is composed of hydrated aluminum magnesium silicate. The soft mineral has a greasy or soapy feel. It is used as a filler in crayons.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
rock soap; mountain soap; saponita, piedra jabón (Esp.); saponite, pierre à savon (Fr.); pedra-sabão (Port.); Saponit (Deut.); saponiet (Ned.)
Category:Materials database
Sappanwood

== Description ==
A red dye obtained from the Caesalpinia sappan tree native to India and Sri Lanka. Sappanwood dye is also called brazilwood dye.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Caesalpinia sappan; red bud; suo (Jap.); brazil (Esp.); sapan; sapanwood; brazilwood; indian redwood
==Resources and Citations==
* Palmy Weigle, Ancient Dyes for Modern Weavers, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1974
* R. Hofmann, "The Bühler Collection of Indonesian Dyeplants" Dyes in History and Archaeology, no. 15, Papers from the 15th annual meeting held in Manchester England, Nov. 1996
* R.Feller, M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Japanese Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', Japanese Woodblock Prints, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database