nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Indicator paper

== Description ==
Any type of paper, usually prepared as thin strips, that contains a reagent for the chemical detection of a specific compound. 
Examples include: 
* humidity indicator paper 
* pH indicating paper 
* lead acetate strips
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
humidity indicator paper; pH indicating paper; lead acetate strips
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
Category:Materials database
Indigo carmine

== Description ==
A dark bluish purple, synthetic, water soluble version of indigo. Indigo carmine, or Saxon blue, is composed of the sodium sulfonate salt of indigotin. First prepared in 1740 by Barth, it was the earliest synthetic acid dye. Indigo carmine was used to color wool and silk. It is not lightfast and has poor washfastness. Indigo carmine is still used for coloring nylon sutures, food, and drugs. It is also used as a biological stain and as a detection reagent for nitrates and chlorates.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|indigo carmine.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pigment Blue 63 (aluminum salt); Natural Blue 2; Acid Blue 74; CI 73015; sodium indigotin disulfonate; indigo disulphonic acid (Br.); indigocarmim (Port.); indigocarmine; soluble indigo blue; indigotine
== Risks ==
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in water. Slightly soluble in ethanol. Discolors in acids.
Composition 	C16H10N2O8S2.2Na
CAS 	860-22-0
Melting Point 	> 300 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 466.36
==Resources and Citations==
* A.Scharff, 'Synthetic dyestuffs for textiles and their fastness to washing', ICOM-CC Preprints Lyon, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1999
* Colour Index International online at www.colour-index.org Comment: Acid Blue 74; CI 73015
* Helmut Schweppe, Schweppe color collection index and information book Comment: CI 75781 and 73015
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4978
Category:Materials database
Indigotin

== Description ==
The dark blue crystalline colorant in indigo. Indigotin is formed when indican, the colorless extract from the indigo plant, is dried in air. The indican is oxidized to form the deep blue indigotin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
indican; indigotine (Fr.); indigotina (Esp., Port.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Insoluble in water, ethanol, ether and dilute acids. 
* Dissolves in nonpolar solvent with a red color and polar solvents with a blue color.
* Composition = C16H10N2O2
Category:Materials database
Indium

== Description ==
A soft, malleable, silvery-white metallic element. Indium occur naturally in zinc blende ores, such as sphalerite, and in tungsten, tin, and iron ores. It was discovered in 1863 by Reich and Richter. Indium has an abundance of 0.00001 % in the earth's crust. Indium is stable in air and is diamagnetic. It used as a plating over silver mirrors, in dental alloys, in semiconductors, and in nuclear reactor control rods.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
In; indio (It., Esp.); Índio (Port.)
== Risks ==
* Flammable solid. 
* Hygroscopic. 
* Contact may cause irritation. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Flame color is deep blue. 
* Softer than lead and leaves a mark on paper.
Composition 	In (atomic no. 49)
CAS 	7440-74-6
Mohs Hardness 	1.2
Melting Point 	156.4 C
Density 	7.3 g/ml
Molecular Weight	atomic wt = 114.76
==Resources and Citations==
* Web Elements: Website
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4980
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Inductively coupled plasma

== Description ==
An analytical method used to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the elemental content of materials. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrophotometry uses radio-frequency coils to generate a high-temperature plasma. The sample, prepared as an acid digested solution, is aspirated into the plasma with argon gas. The wavelengths and intensities of the resultant emission lines are measured to determine the elemental composition of the sample. ICP is used to determine major and minor elements in stone, metal, concrete, glass and other inorganic matrices. It has replaced flame emission (FE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectrophotometers in recent years because it can analyze many elements simultaneously with much lower detection limits.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
inductively-coupled plasma spectrometry, ICP; induktiv gekoppeltes Plasma (Deut.); spectrométrie par plasma à couplage inductif (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* http://www.c2rmf.fr/homes/home_id21988_u1l2.htm
* http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/facilities/ICP
* D. Bourgarit, B. Mille, T. Borel, P. Baptiste, T. Zéphir, A Millennium of Khmer Bronze Metallurgy : A Technical Study of Seventy-five Bronze Artefacts from the Musee Guimet and the Phnom Penh National Museum, 50th Anniversary Symposium on Scientific Research in the Field of Asian Art, Freer Gallery, 27-29 sep. 2001, Washington
* B. Mille, D. Bourgarit - L'analyse des alliages anciens à base de cuivre : état des connaissances et développement d'un protocole d'analyse par ICP-AES, Revue d'archéométrie, 24, pp. 13-26 '2000) 
* E. Pernicka, Trace Element Fingerprinting of Ancient Copper : A Guide to Technology or Provenance ?, in Metals in Antiquity, éds. Young S.M.M., Pollard P.A.M., Budd P., Ixer R.A., BAR international series 792, Oxford : Archaeopress, 163-171 '1999)
Category:Materials database
Industrial methylated spirits

== Description ==
The British equivalent to denatured alcohol. Industrial methylated spirits (IMS) contains approximately 95% ethanol with 5% methanol. It is used as a solvent and a thinner.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
IMS; methylated spirits; denatured alcohol
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 301
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Ceramics and Glass Conservation Section, List of Workshop Materials, The British Museum, London
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Inert

== Description ==
A stable material that does not react with other chemicals. Inert minerals and pigments are used as fillers and extenders in paints and as substrates for organic dyes. Examples of inert white pigments and extenders include gypsum, barium sulfate, alumina trihydrate, fumed silica, and zinc oxide.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
inert materials (AAT)
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/htm
Category:Materials database
Inert gas

== Description ==
Any of the six inert gaseous elements of group 0 in the periodic table. The inert, or noble gases are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon. They have a filled outer p shell in their electronic structure and thus are considered as having a valence number of zero. Originally, it was thought that the noble gases were unreactive or inert. However in recent years scientists have been able to react krypton, xenon and radon with other elements, but only under extreme conditions such as high pressures, high temperatures and strong electrical fields.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
noble gas
Category:Materials database
Inert pigments

== Description ==
A general classification of white or colorless pigments that are used as fillers and diluents. Examples of inert pigments: 
* alumina trihydrate 
* blanc fixe 
* chalk 
* clay 
* gypsum 
* talc 
* silica
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cargas inertes (Esp.); pigmentos inertes (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Infrared film

== Description ==
Black and white photographic film that is sensitive to infrared region of the electromagnetic radiation. The first infrared negative film, Panchromatic K, was developed in 1928 by Eastman Kodak (Nadeau 1997). See also infrared thermography
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Panchromatic K [Eastman Kodak]
==Resources and Citations==
* Luis Nadeau, Encyclopedia of Printing, Photographic, and Photomechanical Processes, Atelier, New Brunswick, 1997
Category:Materials database
Infrared photography

== Description ==
A photographic analysis method that captures the natural or reflected emission characteristics of infrared radiation. First available in the 1930s, the technique was further developed during WWII for aerial reconnaissance. Infrared photography uses a specially designed film sensitive to infrared radiatuion or a dedicated electronic camera for image capturing. When an object or painting is illuminated with natural or incandescent light, infrared radiation can intereact with not only the surface but also underlying layers. Since the absorption of infrared wavelengths varies for different pigments, the resultant image can help distinguish the pigments that have been used in the painting or underdrawing. 
See also false-color infrared film.
Category:Materials database
Infrared radiation

== Description ==
The portion of the electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 0.7 - 500 micrometers, or wavenumbers of 14,000 - 20 cm-1.
Infrared radiation (often called IR) was discovered by the German-British physicist William Herschel in 1800.
Infrared radiation is involved in examination or analysis techniques like infrared photography, infrared reflectometry, infrared thermography, infrared spectroscopy...
== Synonyms and related termes ==
infrared, IR; rayonnement infrarouge, infrarouge (Fr.); colour
== Resources and Citations ==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Infrared reflectography

== Description ==
A photographic or digital image analysis method which captures the absorption/emission characteristics of reflected infrared radiation. Infrared reflectography uses a specially designed heat-sensitive film or optical monitor for image capturing. When an object or painting is illuminated with infrared radiation, it will penetrate and interact with the surface and underlying layers. Since the absorption of infrared wavelengths varies for different pigments, the resultant image can help distinguish the pigments that have been used in the painting or underdrawing.
Category:Materials database
Infrared spectroscopy

== Description ==
The technique of infrared spectroscopy uses infrared radiation in the range from 4000 to 600 cm-1, the mid-infrared region, to observe the vibrational changes in chemical bonds. The presence and intensity of specific vibrational frequencies allows for determination of functional groups in organic molecules. The class of material (proteinaceous, cellulosic, and so forth) can then be identified from these functional groups. Infrared spectroscopy serves as a first step to more complete identification using other techniques. The system at the National Gallery of Art is equipped with a microscope, and samples are examined in transmitted or reflected light modes. A micro-attenuated total reflectance (ATR) attachment for the microscope is also available for studying the composition of thin coatings, such as the varnish on a painting or photograph.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Infrarotspektroskopie (Deut.); spectrométrie infrarouge (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Derrick, D.Stulik, J.Landry, Infrared Spectroscopy in Conservation Science, In Scientific Tools for Conservation series, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1999.
* http://www.nga.gov/resources/scienceresearch/glossary.shtm
* http://www.c2rmf.fr/homes/home_id21988_u1l2.htm
Category:Materials database
Infrared thermography

== Description ==
A technique that measures temperature variations of an object or area. Infrared thermography is used to evaluate cool and warm air pockets in a room as well as to pinpoint heat loss locations. As a non destructive testing method, it can be also used to detect voids or delaminations in solid structures. To detect voids, the back surface of an object (wood, ceramic, metal, plaster, etc.) is cooled or heated while the front surface is monitored by infrared thermography. Because air has low thermal conductivity, air pockets will transmit heat differently than surrounding materials that are contiguous. This results in cool or warm areas on the surface that correspond to the voids. Photographic film or, more typically, an infrared camera is used to detect the temperature variations. Such cameras are very sensitive and can detect variations of 0.2 °C. The resultant image is called a thermogram. False colors are often used to enhance the temperature variations. Most thermal imaging cameras use specialized focal plane arrays that respond to infrared radiation. The most common types are InSb, InGaAs, HgCdTe... The newest technologies are using low-cost and uncooled microbolometers sensors. Their resolution is considerably lower than of optical cameras, mostly 160x120 up to 640x512 for the most expensive models. Thermographic cameras are much more expensive than their visible-spectrum counterparts.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
thermographie infrarouge (Fr.); Infrarot Thermographie (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* B.F.Miller, "The Feasibility of Using Thermography to Detect Subsurface Voids in Painted Wooden Panels" JAIC 16(2):27-35, 1977.
* J.C. Candoré, J.L Bodnar, V. Detalle, Ph. Grossel: Non destructive testing in situ, of works of art by stimulated infra-red thermography, Journal of physics conferences series, 214, (2010) 012068
Category:Materials database
Inhibitor

== Description ==
A chemical that retards or prevents a chemical or physical change. Examples of an inhibitor include: vapor phase inhibitors to minimize corrosion; growth regulators to control insects; alkaline reserves to inhibit acid accumulation; and antioxidants to minimize oxidation.
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* AMOL reCollections Glossary -http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/htm
Category:Materials database
Ink

== Description ==
A viscous fluid containing pigments or dyes that is used for writing or printing. Writing and drawing inks are usually water-based solutions with brown or black colorants, such as: carbon black, lampblack, iron gallotannate, sepia, and synthetic dyes. Some of the earliest inks were carbon black (soot) particles in a gum or glue matrix. In the 9th century, iron gall inks began to be used. The tannin from the gall nut reacts with iron and oxygen to form a strong black color. Early printing inks contained linseed oil, lampblack, and turpentine. In the mid 19th century, synthetic aniline dyes were used for inks. Oil, resin, and solvent based inks have been used for printing. Suspensions of finely divided gold or silver particles were used for decoration and religious writings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
inks; inchiostro; encre (Fr.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* J.Winter, "Ink", The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996.
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Print"
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Inkjet

== Description ==
A type of electronic printing ink. Inkjet printers were commercially developed in the 1960s that use small circular nozzles to spray microscopic droplets of ink onto the paper support. The ink is a dye dissolved in a water solution. The ink may also contain a biocide, buffer solution, and chelating agent (Jarry 1999). The early dyes had poor lightfastness; later dyes are highly varied depending on the brand and type. Some printers may also spray a coating of ultraviolet inhibitor.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
electronic printing ink; digigraph; nonimpact printing ink
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in water.
==Resources and Citations==
* N.Jarry, "Electronic Printing: Inkjet" in Media and Techniques of Works of Art on Paper, New York University Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York, 1999.
Category:Materials database
Inorganic acid

== Description ==
A broad class of mineral acids that include sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, and phosphoric acids. Inorganic acids change the color of blue litmus paper to red, dissolve many metals, and react violently with bases to form salts. They are stronger proton donors than organic acids, and have detrimental effects on materials, such as paper, leather, metals, and photographs.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
mineral acid
== Risks ==
* Most inorganic acids react violently with bases. 
* The dilution of strong acids with water can also be violent and should be avoided. Instead pour the acid into water (A to W) to prepare solutions.
Category:Materials database
Inpaint

== Description ==
An added layer of paint used to visually integrate a repaired area with the color and pattern or the original.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
inpainting
== Images ==
File:Cast.Putty.Inpaint.jpg|thumb|Cast, Putty and Inpainting
File:Cast.Inpaint.jpg|Inpainting on a plaster cast
File:Inpainting_det.jpg|Detail of inpainting on a plaster cast
Category:Materials database
Insect

== Description ==
The image of the wooden coffin fragment shows extensive holes from insect damage.
See records for:
kermes, lac, cochineal, ant, termite, dermestid, spider, Mite, booklouse, bookworm, butterfly, house fly, moth, silverfish, firebrat, cockroach, frass, insecticide, insect repellent, insect traps, pheromone lures and fumigant
See also MuseumPest.net at Link
Category:Materials database
Insect repellent

== Description ==
A substance, often odorous, that insects are thought to avoid. An insect repellent is applied to skin, clothing, or other surfaces to discourage insects (and arthropods in general) from landing or climbing on that surface. In general, insect repellents do not kill the insect, as that would then change its classification to 'insecticide'. 
Examples of insect repellents are: citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, dimethyl phthalate, n-n,dimethyl-meta-toluamide (Off), naphthalene (mothballs), phenol, camphor, paradichlorobenzene (mothballs), cedar oil, pine tar oil, colocynth oil, permethrin (toxic to cats), and neem oil, etc. 
For protection against mosquito bites, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends Deet, picaridin (icaridin, KBR 3023), oil of lemon eucalyptus (para-menthane-diol or PMD), ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate and 2-undecanone.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bug spray; 
==Risks==
* Some insect repellents can stain or dissolve polymers
==Resources and Citations==
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, A Guide to Museum Pest Control, FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_repellent (Accessed Jan. 6, 2006) (Accessed Sept. 20, 2022)
Category:Materials database
Insect repellent paper

== Description ==
A paper chemically treated to repel insects. Insect repellent paper is available in many forms such as: 
1) paper with plastic or metallic coatings to prevent the penetration of poring insects, 
2) paper impregnated with pesticides (pyrethrins, piperonyl butoxide, DEET, etc.) to kill the pest 
3) paper impregnated with odorous chemicals that insects are thought to avoid (citronella, dimethyl phthalate, naphthalene, cedar oil, pine tar oil, colocynth, etc.).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cedarized paper; insecticide paper; flypaper; mothproof paper
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
Category:Materials database
Insect traps

== Description ==
A device used to attract and retain insects. Insect traps are used to monitor the number and type of insects in an environment. Various insect traps include sticky traps, light traps, pitfall traps, and pheromone traps. Bait, such as food or pheromones, attracts the insects, then either the trap configuration or adhesives, insecticides, electricity are used to retain or kill the insects.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sticky traps; monitoring traps; pitfall traps; blunder traps (Australian)
==Resources and Citations==
* ISCA Tech: Monitoring Traps
* M. Gilberg, Monitoring Ahtrenus verbasci in museum collections using a sex pheromone lure, WAAC 71(2) 1995
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/b/htm
Category:Materials database
Insect wax

== Description ==
A general name for waxes that are produced by insects. 
See beeswax, lac wax, creosote lac wax, and Chinese insect wax.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cera de insectos (Esp.); cera cinese (It); cera d'insetti (It); spermaceti vegetale (It)
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database