nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Amalgam gilding

== Description ==
A gold gilding technique in which an amalgam of gold with mercury is applied to a metal, such as copper or silver, then the metal is heated to flash volatilize the mercury and deposit a thin layer of gold. Amalgam gilding, or fire gilding, has been used since at least 300 CE in China. In most regions, it was replaced in the mid-19th century by electrogilding.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fire gilding; mercury gilding; dorure à l'amalgame (Fr.); Feuervergoldung (Deut.); dorado a la amalgama (Esp.); vuurvergulden (Ned.); amalgama dourada (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
Category:Materials database
Amalgam silvering

== Description ==
A silver gilding technique in which an amalgam of silver with mercury is applied to a metal such as copper or brass then the metal is heated to flash volatilize the mercury and deposit a thin layer of silver.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fire silvering; Feuerversilberung (Deut.); plateado a la amalgama (Esp.); vuurverzilveren (Ned.); amalgama prateada (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Amaranth (dye)

== Description ==
A dark, reddish-purple synthetic dye. Amaranth was developed in 1878 by H. Baum. It is a water soluble azo dye derived from coal tar. Amaranth is a nonpermanent color used as a colorant in textiles and color photography. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in food and cosmetics.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
FD&C Red No. 2; Red Dye No. 2; CI 16185; Acid Red 27; Food Red 9; Ariabel Red 18.42; Pigment Red 193 (on aluminum); amarantti (Fin.); amarant (Ned.); amarante (Fr.); amaranto (Esp.); amaranto (It.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|amaranth (dye).jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Risks ==
Suspected carcinogen. 
Fisher Scientific: MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water, glycerol, propylene glycol. Insoluble in most organic solvents.
Composition 	C20H11N2Na3O10S3
CAS 	915-67-3
Density 	1.5
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 604.46
== Resources and Citations ==
* Colour Index International online at www.colour-index.org Comment: discoverer
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 391
* Website: http://www.coloria.net/varita.htm - foreign language equivalent terms
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Amarna blue

==Description== 
An early cobalt blue pigment used on pottery in Egypt (18 Dynasty, c. 1400 BC). Analaysis of the blue colorant in pottery fragment (Ude et all 2002) indicated it is composed of Co(M)Al2O4, where M denotes Mn, Fe, Ni and Zn. Gypsum was also found with the Amarna blue.
==Resources and Citations==
* M. Uda, M. Nakamura, S. Yoshimura, J. Kondo, M. Saito, Y. Shirai, S. Hasegawa, Y. Baba, K. Ikeda, Y. Ban, A. Matsuo, M. Tamada, H. Sunaga, H. Oshio, D. Yamashita, Y. Nakajima, T. Utaka, 'Amarna blue painted on ancient Egyptian pottery', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Volume 189, Issues 1–4, 2002.
Category:Materials database
Amate

== Description ==
A contemporary term used in Central America for high quality paper made from mulberry tree fibers. he fibers scraped from inside the bark are boiled, then beaten and felted into sheets. They were often polished with stones to produce a smooth surface.
See also amatl.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
amate paper
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 574
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Silvie Turner, Which Paper?, Design Press, New York, 1991
Category:Materials database
Amatl

== Description ==
Paper made by the Aztecs from bast fibers of Ficus trees, such as Ficus petolaris. The fibers scraped from inside the bark are boiled, then beaten and felted into sheets. They were often polished with stones to produce a smooth surface. Other sources have used this name to describe paper made from majirey cactus fibers (Sahgum 1963) and from mulberry trees fibers (Lenz 1961). 
See also amate.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
amate; Aztec paper; Nahuatl
==Resources and Citations==
* Sylvia Rodgers Albro and Thomas C. Albro. "The examination and conservation treatment of the Library of Congress Harkness 1531 Huejotzingo Codex." JAIC, 29(2), pp. 97-115, 1990. (Link)
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 574
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Silvie Turner, Which Paper?, Design Press, New York, 1991
Category:Materials database
Amazonite

== Description ==
A pale green, opaque microcline mineral. Amazonite derives its color from traces of lead and crystalline water (Aston et al 2000). Also called Amazon stone, it was used since about 3000 BCE for decorations, amulets, vessels, beads, and as a gemstone. Ancient examples have been found in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and northern India. Amazonite was considered one of the six most precious stones in Pharaonic Egypt. It is currently quarried in Russia and the U.S.(Colorado, Pennsylvania, Virgina).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Amazon stone; amazonstone; mother of emerald; green feldspar; microcline; Amazonit (Deut.); amazonite (Fr., Port.); amazonita (Esp.); amazoniet (Ned.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Microcline, PMA.TIF~FTIR (PMA)|Microcline IR-ATR RRUFF R050150.png~IR-ATR (RRUFF)|Microcline Raman RRUFF R050150.png~Raman (RRUFF)|microclineRS.jpg~Raman (RASMIN)]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Color = colorless, white, pale-yellow, brick-red, or green 
* Cleavage = perfect in one direction and good in another
* Fracture = uneven, splintery
* Luster = vitreous
* Streak = white 
* Fluorescence = generally inert; may show weak yellowish green in LW
* Pleochroism = absent
Composition 	K2O-Al2O3-6SiO2
Mohs Hardness 	6.0-6.5
Density 	2.56-2.58 g/ml
Refractive index	1.522- 1.530
Birefringence 	undetectable to 0.008
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* B.Aston, J.Harrell, I.Shaw, "Stone" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 45-46. 
* Wikipedia: Amazonite (Accessed Sept. 10, 2005 and Dec 2022)
* Mineralogy Database: Microcline
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 316
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
Category:Materials database
Amber glass

== Description ==
A pale yellow glass tinted with mixtures of sulfur and red iron oxide. Red and orange colors were the easiest to make and occurred naturally in early glassware. From the 16th century, the inexpensive amber-color glassware was commonly used for medicine bottles and chemicals in order to prevent deterioration from light. In the US, the New England Glass Company, patented a formula to produce a yellowish amber color glassware. Its successor, the Libbey Glass Company, made a wide range of ornamental colored tableware ranging from golden to reddish. By the early 20th century, amber color glasses became popular in 'Depression era' glassware. 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
amberina; rose amber; vidrio ámbar (Esp.); vidro âmbar (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.365
* Encyclopedia Britannica: link Accessed August 2020
* History of Amber glass jars: link Accessed August 2020
Category:Materials database
Amber varnish

== Description ==
A varnish that has amber as one component. Amber is insoluble in most resin solvents and must first be melted then mixed with oil to form an oil/amber varnish. Amber is a very hard resin; it softens at about 250C (482F) and melts between 290-300C (554-572F). Heating, however, changes the color of amber from a yellow to brown.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
barniz de ámbar (Esp.); vernice d'ambra (It)
==Resources and Citations==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Kurt Wehlte, The Materials and Techniques of Painting, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975
Category:Materials database
Ambergris

== Description ==
A grayish, wax-like material with a sweet spicy odor. Ambergris is formed in the intestinal tract of the sperm whale (Physeter catodon), possibly as a result of an infection. The lightweight wax pieces are obtained directly from whale bodies, floating in the sea, or washed up on beaches, especially China, Japan, Africa, the Americas, and Carribean islands. Ambergis is primarily composed of cholesterol with smaller amounts of alkaloids, fatty acids, and ambrein. The wax has been used since antiquity as a spice in food and wine, and as a perfume. In perfumes, ambergris provides a scent and also serves as a fixative by decreasing the evaporation rate of other essential oils. Synthetic ambergris has been made using ingredients such as gamma-dihydro ionone and gamma lactone to reproduce the odor (Brady 1971).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
amber wax; Ambra (Dan., Deut., Pol., Sven.); ambre gris (Fr.); amber potvis (Ned.); âmbar pardo (Port.); âmbar cinza (Port.); ámbarn gris (Esp.); ambra grigia (It); ambrein; ambergrease; grey amber
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in hot ethanol, chloroform, ether, and oils. 
* Insoluble in water.
* Melting Point = ~60
* Density = 0.8-0.92
== Hazards and Safety ==
Flammable.
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 55
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 398
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "ambergris" [Accessed April 23, 2002].
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambergris (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006)
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Amberoid

== Description ==
A fused mass of amber prepared by compressing scrap pieces of natural amber at high temperatures. First made in 1895, amberoid can be cut and shaped into beads, handles and small boxes. Close examination can reveal elongated air bubbles and occasionally some milky streaks along former surface lines. Amberoid is stronger than natural amber, but is considered an inferior product.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ambroid
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 54; spelled amberoid
* Oppi Untracht, Jewelry Concepts and Technology, Doubleday & Co., Inc., New York City, 1985 Comment: spelled ambroid
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 Comment: spelled amberoid
Category:Materials database
Ambient temperature

== Description ==
The temperature existing in a room or the temperature of an object in equilibrium with its surroundings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Umgebungstemperatur (Deut.); température ambiante (Fr.); temperatura ambiente (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, G113, 1371-1373, Sep-94
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Amblygonite

== Description ==
A rare lithium containing fluorophosphate mineral that has occasionally been used as a gemstone. Amblygonite was first discovered in Saxony by A. Breithaupt in 1817. It is a translucent stone that is usually white or creamy but also occurs in pale shades of yellow, blue, gray, pink, or green. It is found in France (Montebras), Spain (Caceres), Australia, South Africa, Zimbabwe and the U.S. (Maine at Hebron, Connecticut, South Dakota in the Black Hills, California at Pala). Amblygonite is used in small amounts in some ceramic glazes. It is also used as a source for lithium.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
montebrasite; hebronite; amblygoniet (Ned.); ambligonita (Esp.); Amblygonit (Deut.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|amblygoniteRS.jpg~Raman]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Triclinic system with lath-shaped crystals. 
* Cleavage perfect in one direction and good in three other directions. 
* Fracture = uneven to subconchoidal. 
* Luster = vitreous to pearly. Streak = white. 
* Fluorescent. 
* Flame test = red
Composition 	(Li,Na)Al(PO4)(F,OH)
Mohs Hardness 	5.5 - 6.0
Density 	3.01-3.09 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.577, 1.592, 1.596
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Amblygonite
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "amblygonite" 
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblygonite; specific gravity - 2.98 - 3.11
Category:Materials database
Amboyna

== Description ==
The hard, patterned wood from any of several Pterocarpus trees (P. indicus, P. dalbergiodes, P.soyauxii, P.macrocarpus), that are native to southern Asia. Amboyna wood has a striped, curved or mottled grain that varies in color from pale yellow to a deep red. The medium texture polishes to a silky surface. It is used for veneer, inlay and decorative furniture. Amboyna burls are valued for veneers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pterocarpus; amboyna burl; amboina; padouk; padauk; angsena; angsama; narra
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Specific gravity = 0.72-0.85 (air dry)
* Density = 35-53 ppcf
== Additional Images ==
File:image 9-amboyna wood.jpg|Amboyna burl (Pterocarpus spp. )
File:Narra.jpg|Narra (Pterocarpus Sp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 201
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
* Gordon Hanlon, contributed information, 1998
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Ambroid

== Description ==
[Graphic Vision, New Hampshire] A registered trademark for one of the first synthetic cements. The original Ambroid® glue was made ca.1900 from celluloid scraps as a replacement for spruce gum when repairing wood-canvas canoes. The fast-drying, waterproof cellulose nitrate adhesive was later used as airplane dope. Currently, there are several Ambroid® adhesive formulations, inluding the original cellulose nitrate cement, and polyvinyl acetate emulsions. 
See also amberoid.
== Additional Information ==
Graphic Vision, parent company of Ambroid®: Website
==Resources and Citations==
* Peabody Museum Acc. File 26-7C, Harvard Univ., from Prelim. Report, New Mexico Expedition 1926 at Swarts Ranch ruin: "By the use of a new waterproof glue, Ambroid .. Mr. Cosgrove was able to mend even the most badly crushed pieces" (A.V. Kidder, Curator)
* Website: http://www.ottertooth.com/Canoe_pages/ambroid.htm - provides history of Ambroid® cement
* Website: https://www.fullsizeplans.com/images/nffs/AmbroidGlueHistory.pdf - provides history of Ambroid® glue
* Website: http://www.ambroid.com/ - provides descriptions on all Ambroid® products
Category:Materials database
Ambrotype

== Description ==
An early type of photograph developed by Frederick Scott Archer in 1851. Ambrotype, popular from 1850-1870, is a direct-positive method of photography prepared by imaging a wet collodion negative on a glass plate. Originally, the plate was reversed and shown in reflected light while the image side was covered with a black varnish or black paper. Later versions used the double glass process in which the plate was not reversed but rather a backing was applied to the reverse side of the plate while a spacing mat and cover glass were added to the front (image) side. Ambrotypes have a fragile surface and the images were usually sealed in a metallic frame or case.
== Additional Images ==
File:Woman.no.frame._ambrotype.jpg|Ambrotype
File:Woman.scarf_ambrotype.jpg|Ambrotype
==Resources and Citations==
* SAA: Glossary of Archival Terminology: http://www.archivists.org/glossary/term_details.asp?DefinitionKey=2470 - gives ".. patented in 1854 by James Ambrose Cutting "
* Luis Nadeau, Encyclopedia of Printing, Photographic, and Photomechanical Processes, Atelier, New Brunswick, 1997 Comment: Frederick Scott Archer in 1851
* Caring for your Collections, Arthur W Schulz (ed.), Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , New York, 1992
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Website: http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/a/htm
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrotype (Accessed Mar. 15, 2006)
Category:Materials database
American Russia

== Description ==
A straight-grain leather made from American bison (Roberts and Etherington 1982). American Russia is dressed with birch bark oil to simulate the smell and texture of Russia leather.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Russia cowhide
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
American arborvitae

== Description ==
A large white cedar, Thuja occidentalis, native to the northeastern United States and Canada. The American arborvitae, or northern white cedar, produces a pale brown, soft, aromatic timber that is resistant to fungi and moisture. The soft, lightweight wood is used for shingles, poles, tanks, cedar chests, and small boats. Thuja leaf oil is extracted from its leaves.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
northern white cedar; eastern white cedar; New Brunswick cedar; eastern arborvitae ; Thuja occidentalis; Abendländische Lebensbaum (Deut.); tuia occidentale (It.); zywotnik zachodni (Pol.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Tree growing to 10-20 m with 0.5 diameter trunk
* Density = 22 pcf
== Additional Images ==
File:20_Am. Arborvitae_100x_Rad.jpg|American arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) radial section
File:20_Am. Arborvitae_100x_Tan.jpg|American arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) tangential section
File:20_Am. Arborvitae_100x_Tran.jpg|American arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) transversel section
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 808
* Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufacturers Association, Oshkosh, Wis.: air-dry weight = 22 pcf
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuja_occidentalis (Accessed Mar. 15, 2006) -for non-English terms
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
American ash

== Description ==
**moved to white ash***A deciduous tree (Fraxinus americana) native to the eastern and central parts of the U.S. and Canada. Also called white ash, the lightweight wood is stiff, strong, and resilient. It is primarily used for sports equipment (baseball bats, hockey sticks, paddles and oars, and tennis racket frames), and tools (handles of shovels, hammers, spades, hoes, and rakes as well as ladder rungs).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
white ash
== Other Properties ==
Color = white to light brown with pronounced figuring
Density	40-53 ppcf
== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: p. 74
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
* Gordon Hanlon, contributed information, 1998
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: To cite this page: MLA style: "Ash." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 04 Dec, 2003 .
Category:Materials database