Breu branco

==Nom de la plante==
Breu branco, encens d'Amazonie, breu-branco, amescla, almécega
==Dénomination latine internationale==
Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand	
==Famille botanique==
Burseraceae
==Description et habitat==
* Arbre sempervirent de la forêt pluviale amazonienne, pionnier dans la reforestation, attire les oiseaux et les mammifères, pousse jusqu’à 1300 mètres d’altitude
* Utilisé comme arbre ornemental et bois de construction
==Histoire et tradition==
==Parties utilisées==
* Résine et huile essentielle de résine
==Formes galéniques disponibles==
==Dosages usuels==
==Composition==
===Composants principaux de la plante===
* Triterpènes, alpha-amyrine et béta-amyrine
* Huile essentielle à monoterpènes : limonène, alpha-phellandrène, terpinolène, alpha-pinène, myrcène et sesquiterpènes (béta-caryophyllène) P. N. Bandeira, M. I.L. Machado, F. S. Cavalcanti, T. L.G. Lemos. Essential Oil Composition of Leaves, Fruits and Resin of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. Journal Of Essential Oil Research Vol. 13 , Iss. 1,2001
* Curcuphénol (phénol sesquiterpénique)
===Composants principaux des bourgeons ou jeunes pousses===
===Composants principaux de l'huile essentielle===
* Monoterpènes : limonène, alpha-phellandrène, terpinolène, alpha-pinène, myrcène
* Sesquiterpènes (béta-caryophyllène)
==Propriétés==
===Propriétés de la plante===
* Anti-inflammatoire Holanda Pinto SA, Pinto LM, Cunha GM, Chaves MH, Santos FA, Rao VS. Anti-inflammatory effect of alpha, beta-Amyrin, a pentacyclic triterpene from Protium heptaphyllum in rat model of acute periodontitis. Inflammopharmacology. 2008 Feb;16(1):48-52. PMID 18046512 et anti-oxydant (alpha-amyrine et béta-amyrine) Melo CM, Morais TC, Tomé AR, Brito GA, Chaves MH, Rao VS, Santos FA. Anti-inflammatory effect of α,β-amyrin, a triterpene from Protium heptaphyllum, on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice. Inflamm Res. 2011 Jul;60(7):673-81. doi: 10.1007/s00011-011-0321-x. PMID 21400110
* Antalgique (alpha-amyrine et béta-amyrine) Oliveira FA, Costa CL, Chaves MH, Almeida FR, Cavalcante IJ, Lima AF, Lima RC Jr, Silva RM, Campos AR, Santos FA, Rao VS. Attenuation of capsaicin-induced acute and visceral nociceptive pain by alpha- and beta-amyrin, a triterpene mixture isolated from Protium heptaphyllum resin in mice. Life Sci. 2005 Oct 21;77(23):2942-52. PMID 15964027, Aragão GF, Cunha Pinheiro MC, Nogueira Bandeira P, Gomes Lemos TL, de Barros Viana GS. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the isomeric mixture of alpha- and beta-amyrin from Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) march. J Herb Pharmacother. 2007;7(2):31-47. PMID 18285306, sur douleurs viscérales Lima-Júnior RC, Oliveira FA, Gurgel LA, Cavalcante IJ, Santos KA, Campos DA, Vale CA, Silva RM, Chaves MH, Rao VS, Santos FA. Attenuation of visceral nociception by alpha- and beta-amyrin, a triterpenoid mixture isolated from the resin of Protium heptaphyllum, in mice. Planta Med. 2006 Jan;72(1):34-9. PMID 16450293
* Anxiolytique par activité sur les récepteurs aux benzodiazépines, et antidépresseur par activité noradrénergique Aragão GF, Carneiro LM, Junior AP, Vieira LC, Bandeira PN, Lemos TL, Viana GS. A possible mechanism for anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of alpha- and beta-amyrin from Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006 Dec;85(4):827-34. PMID 17207523
* Inhibiteur de l'agrégation plaquettaire Aragão, G. F., Carneiro, L. M., Júnior, A. P., Bandeira, P. N., Lemos, T. L., & Viana, G. S. D. B. (2007). Antiplatelet Activity of α.-and β.-Amyrin, Isomeric Mixture from Protium heptaphyllum. Pharmaceutical Biology, 45(5), 343-349. , Ching J, Chua TK, Chin LC, Lau AJ, Pang YK, Jaya JM, Tan CH, Koh HL. Beta-amyrin from Ardisia elliptica Thunb. is more potent than aspirin in inhibiting collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010 Mar;48(3):275-9. PMID 21046981 texte intégral
* Gastro-protecteur Oliveira, F.A.; Vieira-Júnior, M.; Chaves, M.H.; Almeida, F.R.; Santos, K.A.; Martins, F.S. Silva, R.M.; Santos, F.A.; Rao, V.S.N. 2004a. Gastroprotective effect of the mixture of a and b-amyrin from Protium heptaphyllum: Role of Capsaicin-Sensitive Primary Afferent Neurons. Plant Med., 70: 780-782. , Oliveira, F.A..; Vieira-Júnior, M.; Chaves, M.H.; Almeida, F.R.; Florêncio, M.G.; Lima-Júnior, R.C.P.; Martins, R.M.; Silva, R.M.; Santos, F.A.; Rao, V.S.N. 2004c. Gastoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of resin from Protium heptaphyllum in mice and rats. Pharmacol. Res., 49: 105-111.
* Hépatoprotecteur Oliveira FA, Chaves MH, Almeida FR, Lima RC Jr, Silva RM, Maia JL, Brito GA, Santos FA, Rao VS. Protective effect of alpha- and beta-amyrin, a triterpene mixture from Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. trunk wood resin, against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Apr 8;98(1-2):103-8. PMID 15763370
* Antiprurigineux (triterpènes) Oliveira, F.A., Lima-Júnior, C.P.; Cordeiro, W.M.; Vieira-Júnior, G.M.; Chaves, M.H.; Almeida, F.R.C.; Silva, R.M.; Santos, F.A.; Rao, V.S.N. 2004b. Pentacyclic triterpenoids, a,b-amyrins, suppress the scratching behavior in a mouse model of pruritus. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 78: 719-725.
===Propriétés du bourgeon===
===Propriétés de l'huile essentielle===
* Anti-inflammatoire Siani AC, Ramos MF, Menezes-de-Lima O Jr, Ribeiro-dos-Santos R, Fernadez-Ferreira E, Soares RO, Rosas EC, Susunaga GS, Guimarães AC, Zoghbi MG, Henriques MG. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory-related activity of essential oils from the leaves and resin of species of Protium. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Jul;66(1):57-69. PMID 10432208, Amaral, M. P., Braga, F. A., Passos, F. F., Almeida, F. R., Oliveira, R. C., Carvalho, A. A., ... & Oliveira, F. A. (2009). Additional evidence for the anti-inflammatory properties of the essential oil of Protium heptaphyllum resin in mice and rats. Lat Am J Pharm, 28, 775-782. texte intégral
* Antalgique Rao, V. S., Maia, J. L., Oliveira, F. A., Lemos, T. L., Chaves, M. H., & Santos, F. A. (2007). Composition and antinociceptive activity of the essential oil from Protium heptaphyllum resin. Natural Product Communications, 2(12), 1199-1202.
* Antimicrobienne, antioxydante Bandeira, P. N., Fonseca, A. M., Costa, S. M. O., Lins, M. U. D. S., Pessoa, O. D. L., Monte, F. J. Q., ... & Lemos, T. L. G. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of resin of Protium heptaphyllum. Natural Product Communications, 2006, 1(2), 117-120.
* Acaricide, insecticide Kim, S. I.; Roh, J-Y; Kim, D-H.; Lee, H-S.; Ahn, Y-J. 2003. Insecticidal activities of aromatic plant extract and essential oils against Sitophilus oryzae and Callosobruchus chinensis. J. Stored Prod. Res., 39: 293-303., Pontes, Wendel José Teles et al. Chemical composition and acaricidal activity of the leaf and fruit essential oils of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand (Burseraceae). Acta Amaz. [online]. 2007, vol.37, n.1, pp.103-109. ISSN 0044-5967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0044-59672007000100012.
* Antischistosomiase (bilharziose) Frischkorn, C.G.B., Frischkorn, H.E. & Carrazzoni, E. Cercaricidal activity of some essential oils of plants from Brazil. Naturwissenschaften (1978) 65: 480. doi:10.1007/BF00702834
* Gastroprotecteur Araujo, D. A., Takayama, C., de-Faria, F. M., Socca, E. A., Dunder, R. J., Manzo, L. P., ... & Souza-Brito, A. R. (2011). Gastroprotective effects of essential oil from Protium heptaphyllum on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 21(4), 721-729. texte intégral
* Antimutagène De Lima EM, Cazelli DSP, Pinto FE, et al. Essential Oil from the Resin of Protium heptaphyllum: Chemical Composition, Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial Activity, and Antimutagenicity. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2016;12(Suppl 1):S42-S46. doi:10.4103/0973-1296.176113. texte intégral
* Propriétés antitumorales in vitro Siani, A. C., Ramos, M. F. S., Monteiro, S. D. S., Ribeiro-dos-Santos, R., & Soares, R. O. A. (2011). Essential oils of the oleoresins from Protium Heptaphyllum growing in the Brazilian Southeastern and their cytotoxicity to neoplasic cells lines. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 14(3), 373-378. 
==Indications==
===Indications de la plante entière (phytothérapie)===
===Indications du bourgeon (gemmothérapie)===
===Indications spécifiques de l'huile essentielle (aromathérapie)===
* Inflammations
* Prévention des gastrites et ulcères d'estomac
* Parasitoses (?)
==Mode d'action connu ou présumé==
==Formulations usuelles==
==Réglementation==
==Effets indésirables éventuels et précautions d'emploi==
==Références bibliographiques==
* Zoghbi, M.G.B.; Maia, J.G.S.; 1995. Volatile Constituents from leaves and stems of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. J. Essent. Oil Res., 7: 541-543.
Catégorie:Burseraceae