LSD

LSD, lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD-25, is a semi-synthetic psychedelic drug that is derived from ergot alkaloids, which occur naturally in some plant diseases that infect rye, Achnatherum robustum ("sleepy grass") and other grains. The substance can bring about changes in the human nervous system in such small quantities that it was not, at first, believed possible (threshold dose is generally believed to be 20 micrograms, though there is some evidence of LSD affecting mood at even lower dosesAcute Subjective and Behavioral Effects of Microdoses of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Human Volunteers by Anya K. Bershad et al. (2019) Biological Psychiatry 86(10):792-800. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.019.). Some have convinced themselves that they can see the "true" reality on this reality-altering drug.Isolation, me, pen and markers on A4, 2020. Reddit, 2020.. The Human imagination can sure be a vivid, strange thing sometimes.
==Uses==
LSD was used extensively in psychiatric research in the 1960s, but society was afraid of anything that could blow Aldous Huxley's mind after Brave New World; so they enacted legal measures that made researching the beneficial effects of any hallucinogens extremely difficult. Medically, LSD has been shown to treat the pain symptoms of cluster headaches in low doses,Dropping acid may help headaches: Cluster headache sufferers say LSD can abort attacks by Arran Frood (September 13th 2006) Nature. and along with other psychedelic hallucinogens has shown some potential in treating alcoholism, nicotine addiction,An LSD Trip Helped Me Quit Smoking by Thijs Roes (October 8, 2014, 7:00am) Vice. and post-traumatic stress disorderReviewing the Potential of Psychedelics for the Treatment of PTSD by Erwin Krediet et al. (2020) International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology' 23(6):385-400. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyaa018.' in combination with standard psychotherapy (leading some to suspect that at least some 1960s users were self-medicating).
John Lilly experimented with giving LSD to dolphins to try to form computer terminal-assisted, linguistically-based inter-species communication. So far we haven't heard anything on how well it's worked.
==How LSD works==
At the basic level, what we know about LSD is that it is a serotonin agonist on various serotonin receptors subtypesAghajanian, G. K., & Bing, O. H. (1964). Persistence of lysergic acid diethylamide in the plasma of human subjects. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 5(5), 611-614. PMID: 14209776 — in other words, LSD basically binds to all the places serotonin would normally bind to, and changes how they act. The trippy psychedelic effects are thought to mostly be due to acid’s effect on the 5-HT2A receptor.Moreno, J. L., Holloway, T., Albizu, L., Sealfon, S. C., & González-Maeso, J. (2011). Metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 receptor is necessary for the pharmacological and behavioral effects induced by hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonists. Neuroscience Letters, 493(3), 76-79. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.046 Interestingly, LSD also has effects on dopamine and norepinephrine receptors — which most other psychedelics do not.Marona-Lewicka, D., Thisted, R. A., & Nichols, D. E. (2005). Distinct temporal phases in the behavioral pharmacology of LSD: dopamine D2 receptor-mediated effects in the rat and implications for psychosis. Psychopharmacology, 180(3), 427-435. doi:10.1007/s00213-005-2183-9 
==Effects on performance==
In theory LSD should be a performance-reducing drug; however, in 1970 All-Star Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher Dock Ellis managed to deliver a no-hitter against the San Diego Padres under the influence of acid.No Hitter Steve Jobs also claimed that Microsoft would be, all-in-all, a more interesting software company if Bill Gates had ever done acid."I wish him the best, I really do. I just think he and Microsoft are a bit narrow. He'd be a broader guy if he had dropped acid once or gone off to an ashram when he was younger." Steve Lohr. "Creating Jobs." The New York Times Magazine, 1997-01-12. However, in a 1994 interview with Playboy magazine, Gates implied he had.
Recent studies involving fMRI scans of the human brain on acid have shown that it not only doesn't reduce brain activity, but does quite the opposite — it creates a hyperconnected state of awareness in which axonal signalling is formed between cortices and lobes of the brain that otherwise never connect or interact with one another. The result is a human brain in which nearly all cortices are functioning at an extremely high rate of connectivity; in other words, if the intense world hypothesisThe Intense World Theory – A Unifying Theory of the Neurobiology of Autism by Kamila Markram & Henry Markram (2010) Front. Hum. Neurosci. 4:224. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00224. is correct, this is in many ways artificially inducing an autistic state of mind.Brain scans reveal how LSD affects consciousness: Drug researcher David Nutt discusses brain-imaging studies with hallucinogens by Zoe Cormier (11 April 2016) Nature. This state of overstimulated awareness can lead to potential fear and anxiety, especially if the user has pre-existing mental conditions, because all learned inhibition basically comes to the forefront of the conscious mind when using LSD. This means that repressed thoughts and memories become intensely vivid and inescapable — which has potential therapeutic use for obvious reasons, especially in the treatment of PTSDLSD-Assisted Psychotherapy: MAPS has completed the first double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the therapeutic use of LSD in human beings since the early 1970s. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. — but in an uncontrolled environment, it can lead to a really bad damn trip.
Studies suggest that LSD might be somewhat effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease — indeed, some of the prescription drugs that are prescribed by hospitals to treat Parkinson's are even modeled directly after LSD itself — for instance, Interestingly enough, a wide variety of drugs modeled from or pharmacologically similarIn layman's terms, this means they target many of the same receptors, and have a similar effect on brain chemistry. to LSD have often been used to treat a wide variety of physical illnesses, including (but not limited to) brain tumors, dementia, and strokes.
If you're a scientist like Francis Crick, however, using LSD might lead to the discovery of something as revolutionary as DNA.The 5 Greatest Things Ever Accomplished While High by Jack O'Brien (August 04, 2008) Cracked. (Side effects may include acquiring a taste for tinfoil haberdashery.) Or… if you're Kary Mullis, LSD might help you (allegedly) invent PCR and kickstart a new era of biology research.
==Permafrying myth==
From an interview with pharmacologist Is It a Myth That LSD Can Permanently Fry Your Brain? Pharmacologist David Nichols told me that permanent acid trips make no medical sense. by Mike Pearl (February 5, 2017, 9:00pm) Vice.
==Bad Trip==
When a trip goes bad, it can go really bad. Feelings range from intense anxiety, paranoia, panic, terror, and/or feelings of insanity. Bad trips are more likely due to, or may be exacerbated by inexperience, improper preparation (hot tip: always bring water), poor environment, bad initial state of mind, or deeper issues such as depression or schizophrenia.
==Historical usage==
It has been proposed that a that was used in the , in ancient Greece, made from , contained LSD-like psychedelic alkaloids, and even similar compounds could have also been present in rituals of early Christianity.The psychedelic roots of Christianity
==See also==
==External links==
*Chemical Salvation? — A history of LSD, à la Jack Chick
*LSD Makes Your Brain More Like a Thesaurus: Scientists found the drug actually elevates an innate language ability. — Huffington Post (1 September 2016)
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Chemicals
Category:Drugs
Category:Alternative medicine