nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Acid number

== Description ==
A measurement of the free acids (protons) present in a substance. The acid number corresponds to the weight in milligrams of potassium hydroxide, required to neutralize the free acids present in one gram of the test material, such as as oil, natural resin, or wax. For testing, the substance is dissolved in an alcohol solution, then titrated with the alkali solution using phenolphthalein to indicate the end point change. Oils with high acid numbers (5-10) tend to disperse pigments better but they also tend to become more yellow with age. Oils and varnishes with low acid numbers (1-3) exhibit greater color stability. The acid numbers for linseed and poppy seed oils can range from 0 -10 while walnut oil is usually about 2.5 (Gettens and Stout 1966).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Säurezahl (Deut.); acid value; hydroxyl number
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Acid of alum

== Description ==
Common name for sulfuric acid prior to the standardization of chemical compound names about 1800 (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sulfuric acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of amber

== Description ==
Common name for succinic acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
succinic acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of ants

== Description ==
Common name for formic acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
formic acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of apples

== Description ==
Common name for malic acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
malic acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of borax

== Description ==
Common name for boric acid prior to the standardization of chemical compound names about 1800 (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
boric acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of chalk

== Description ==
Common name for carbonic acid prior to the standardization of chemical compound names about 1800 (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
carbonic acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of charcoal

== Description ==
Common name for carbonic acid prior to the standardization of chemical compound names about 1800 (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
carbonic acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of cork

== Description ==
Common name for suberic acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
suberic acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of fat

== Description ==
Common name for sebacic acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sebacic acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of galls

== Description ==
Common name for gallic acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gallic acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of lac

== Description ==
Common name for lac prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lac
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of lemons

== Description ==
Common name for citric acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of milk

== Description ==
Common name for lactic acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lactic acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of nitre

== Description ==
Common name for nitric acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acid of niter; nitric acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of nitre, phlogisticated

== Description ==
Common name for nitrous acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
phlogisticated acid of nitre; phlogisticated acid of niter; nitrous acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of phosphorus, dephlogisticated

== Description ==
Common name for phosphoric acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
dephlogisticated acid of phosphorus; phosphoric acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of phosphorus, phlogisticated

== Description ==
Common name for phosphorus acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
phlogisticated acid of phosphorus; phosphorus acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of saltpetre

== Description ==
Common name for nitric acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acid of saltpeter; nitric acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of sea salt

== Description ==
Common name for hydrochloric acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hydrochloric acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of sugar

== Description ==
Common name for oxalic acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
oxalic acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of sulfur

== Description ==
Common name for sulfuric acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acid of sulphur; sulfuric acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of vitriol

== Description ==
Common name for sulfuric acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sulfuric acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of wolfram

== Description ==
Common name for tungstic acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
wolfram acid; tungstic acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid of wood sorrel

== Description ==
Common name for oxalic acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
oxalic acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acid rain

== Description ==
Acid rain is defined as precipitation (rain, snow, or sleet) having a pH below 5.6 . Nonpolluted rain has a pH of about 5.6 due to the dissolved carbon dioxide that naturally forms some carbonic acid. More deleterious pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, are produced from combustion sources, coal smoke, chemical manufacturing, and smelting. Water vapor condenses on the pollutant particles and reacts to form acids. This acidic precipitation is very detrimental as it can kill trees, destroy freshwater animals, corrode metal, and dissolve carbonaceous stones (limestone and marble).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acid precipitation; acid deposition; Saurer Regen (Deut.); pluie acide (Fr.); zure regen (Ned.); lluvia ácida (Esp.); chuva ácida (Port.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "acid rain." Accessed: 1 June 2005 . Gives pH level as 5.6 or below
* Website: http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/a/htm - gives pH as below 5.7
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain - defines as pH below 4.0-4.5; source for language synonyms
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Acid resistance

== Description ==
The ability of a material or color to resist degradation on exposure to acid. The type of acid as well as its concentration should be specified when characterizing a material's acid resistance.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Säurebest ändigkeit (Deut.); résistance à l'acide (Fr.); resistencia al ácido (Esp.); zuurbestendig (Ned); acid resistant; acid fast
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
Category:Materials database
Acid rock

== Description ==
Currently refers to igneous rock that contains more than 60 % of silica by weight. Originally the term 'acid rock' was based on the archaic concept that rocks high in silicon contained silicic acid, and thus could be considered acidic. Although that is known not to be the case, the term is still used for silicon-rich rock. Typical acid rock is light colored with a low specific gravity. An example of an acid rock is rhyolite. The weathered surface of acid rock can become very white due to the degradation of orthoclase.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acidic rock; rocha ácida (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, 2009, submitted information.
Category:Materials database
Acid size

== Description ==
Any paper size which increases the acidity of the paper pulp. Acid sized paper typically has a pH of 4.5 to 6.0. One type of acid size is a rosin-alum mixture. Starting in the 1820s, aluminum sulfate, or papermakers alum, was added to rosin size causing it to flocculate to the cellulosic fibers in the pulp solution. However, residual alum in the paper produces an acidic environment that accelerates the degradation of paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
white size
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Roy Perkinson, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Acid wash

== Description ==
A washing solution containing dilute acids (particularly hydrochloric, oxalic, and nitric acids) as cleaning and bleaching agents to remove dirt, grease, oil, rust and other stains from fabrics, leather, paper, metal, and stone. In the late 20th century, some new fabrics and garments, such as jeans, were acid washed to simulate a worn appearance.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acid-wash; stone washed; lavado al ácido, lavado a la piedra (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Acidity

== Description ==
The amount or degree of acid present in a material. Acidity is normally expressed in terms of pH. Compounds with a pH below 7.0 are acidic. Acidity increases as the pH approaches 1.0.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Säuregehalt (Deut.); acidité (Fr.);
== Risks ==
Acidic compounds are reactive often irreversibly change adjacent compounds.
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Website: http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/a/htm
Category:Materials database
Aclar

== Description ==
[Honeywell] A registered trademark for a moisture barrier film made from polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE). Aclar films contain only PCTFE as an excellent moisture barrier that is thermoformable and used in many many packing applications. As such, Aclar is used in pharmaceutical, medical, electronics, and military packaging. 
To provide an additional oxygen barrier, Honeywell recommends that Aclar is laminated with another substrate, such as PVC, EVOH, PE, Nylon, etc. Several companies provide laminated versions of Aclar. 
the PCTFE is laminated with polyester (PET), then sandwiched between two layers of polyethylene (PE). The multifilm laminate film provide a thermoformable, clear, barrier for oxygen and water vapor. 
Examples of PCTFE laminate films as both moisture and oxygen barriers:
Tradenames 	Composition layers 	Thickness (mils)	Water-vapor transmission gm/m2 per 24 hours	Oxygen transmission cc/m2 per 24 hours
Aclar UltRX 600	polychlorotrifluoroethylene homopolymer	6.0 Mils 	0.0047 (25°C 60%RH) 	27.6
Peralux 	Polyvinyl chloride\Aclar 	6.0 Mils 	0.03 (90% RH, 100°F) 	14.8
kp (Pentapharm)	polyvinyl chloride (PVC)\Aclar\PVdC\PVC	3.0 Mils 	0.35 (38°C 90%RH) 	0.18
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Arclar (sp); Alcar (sp); thermoform barrier film; moisture barrier film
== Collection Risks ==
Inert, non-flammable, solvent resistant. Aclar Film Data Sheet 
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
For 0.9 mil film: 
* Oxygen transmission: 13.9 ml/m²d 
* Water vapor transmission @77F (25C) / 60% RH: 0.028 gms/m²/day
* Melting Point: 211°C
For more information see Technical Data Sheets
== Working Properties ==
Typically used in combination with marvelseal for making anoxic enclosures for treating objects with insect infestations/pests. PACCIN: Marvelseal 360 Aluminized Barrier Film 
Can be laminated to a multitude of substrates, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) and Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) to add an oxygen and light barrier or create a more sustainable packaging solution for your application. Honeywell Aclar Product Information 
== Exhibit Construction Reviews/Tips/Case Studies ==
An open-ended heat sealer works well to seal Aclar and allows for custom bag shapes to fit objects. PACCIN Thread: "Best Material for covering sculptures in storage" 
== Resources and Citations ==
* Aclar: Website
* Honeywell press release, February 2019: "Honeywell Introduces Pharma Packaging Innovation with Aclar Accel"
* Honeywell product brochure: Introducing Aclar Accel, Films for high barrier packaging solutions
* Professional Plastics, Inc. Data Sheet: Aclar® PCTFE Film
KPfilms: Aclar laminated films
* Kaela Nurmi, contributed information, MWG group, 2020.
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Pam Hatchfield, Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Conservation Support Systems, Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory: Sheet/Film, CompositeCategory: Laminates
Acorn

== Description ==
A natural brown dye can be extracted from acorns similar to dyes obtained from oak bark. 
See quercitron.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ghianda (It.), tsurubami (Jap.), kunugi (Jap.)
==Resources and Citations==
* R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
Category:Materials database
Acoustical plaster

== Description ==
A sound-absorbent plaster. Acoustical plasters, developed in the 1920s, were made porous and sound-absorbing by the incorporation of fibrous or porous aggregates, such as wood, mineral wool, cork, or asbestos. An alternative method called Hushkote, incorporated yeast in the plaster mixture to generate bubbles that would increase the porosity. By 1945, spray-applied acoustical coatings were available (Spray-Acoustic). These generally incorporated mineral wool or asbestos in a fireproof binder.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
enduit acoustique (Fr.); Sabinite plaster; Akoustilith plaster; Macoustic; Kilnoise; Kalite; Hushkote
==Resources and Citations==
* Anne Weber, "Acoustical Materials", in Twentieth-Century Building Materials, T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
Category:Materials database
Acoustical tile

== Description ==
Any sound absorbent tile designed for use in the interior of buildings. One of the earliest acoustical tiles was Cabot's Quilt, made in 1892 from eelgrass wrapped in paper. In 1911, W. Sabine developed Rumford Tile, a mixture of clay, peat, and feldspar that, when baked burned the peat and left a porous clay matrix. By the 1920s, felt and fiber tiles were made from wood, cork, asbestos, or compressed fibers (straw, bagasse, cornstalks). Acoustical tiles were typically applied to ceilings or walls and held in place by metal grids, adhesives, or staples. Acoustical boards range in thickness from one-half to 1 inch and are usually cut into tiles of 1 x 1 or 2 x 4 feet. Textured surfaces and perforations were frequently used to increase sound absorption properties. Acoustical tiles were used extensively in churches, schools, theaters, court rooms, and auditoriums.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acoustical board; suspended ceiling; carreau acoustique (Fr.); carreau insonorisant (Fr.); Cabot's Quilt; Rumford Tile; Acoustex; Acousti-Celotex; Acoustone; Calicel; Corkoustic; Cushocel; Nashkote; Perfatile; Quietile; Sabinite; Sanacoustic; Softone; Temcoustic
== Resources and Citations ==
* Anne Weber, "Acoustical Materials", in Twentieth-Century Building Materials, T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Acra

== Description ==
Liquitex A registered trademark for a series of paints containing quinacridone organic pigments. In general, ACRA® paints are transparent and have excellent lightfastness. The Liquitex paints are dispersed in a clear acrylic resin. As of 2020 (and perhaps before), the term 'Acra' is no longer used by Liquitex to characterize the pigment content of its paints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ACRA; quinacridone red
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database