nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Acetonitrile

== Description ==
A clear, poisonous liquid with an ether-like odor. Acetonitrile is produced as a byproduct in the formation of acrylonitrile polymers. It is a highly polar solvent that is miscible with a large number of solvents making it very useful for gradient changes in the polarity of eluent systems for liquid chromatography. Acetonitrile is also used to separate fatty acids from vegetable oils and is used in the manufacturing of synthetic pharmaceuticals.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
methyl cyanide; cyanomethane; ethane nitrile
== Risks ==
* Flammable. 
* Poisonous. 
* Overexposure may cause asphyxia, nausea, stupor, convulsions. 
* Skin contact may cause irritation. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Miscible with water, methanol, methyl acetate, acetone, ether acetamide solutions, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene chloride and many unsaturated hydrocarbons. Immiscible with petroleum fractions.
Composition 	CH3CN
CAS 	75-05-8
Melting Point 	-45 C
Density 	0.78745 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 41.0
Refractive Index	1.33934
Boiling Point 	81.6 C
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: ref. index=1.33934
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: ref. index=1.342
Category:Materials database
Acetous salt

== Description ==
Common name for salts of acetic acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985). Now esters of acetic acid are called acetates.
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Acetoxy cure silicone

== Description ==
One of three types of room temperature vulcanization (RTV) silicones.
Acetoxy cure is likely the more commonly used of these two types of RTV silicone. It is used extensively in construction-related applications such as window installations and as expansion joints, but also in common DIY projects in residential bathrooms and kitchens. This is owing to its ability to bond to common substrates like wood and tile, and because of its fast tack-free time and resistance to high temperatures. Their non-corrosive properties, however, do place restrictions on what materials it can be used with, such as concrete. 
There are several main acetoxy cure products available on the market. These include:
ASI 502 100% RTV Silicone – food grade, UL recognized sealant, NSF approved
ASI 504 Multi-Purpose Silicone – bonds to common substrates, general applications
ASI 600 High-Temp Silicone – red hi-temp resistance temperatures up to 600˚
ASI 505 Self-Leveling Silicone – fast skinning, self-leveling joint sealant
ASI Aquarium Sealant – high tensile strength, aquatic life safe silicone
RTV Silicone adhesives and sealants have many advantageous properties; their only real limitations are that they cannot be painted over with water base paint, and the fact that water vapor passes relatively easily through cured silicone rubber. Other than that, these adhesives are incredibly flexible (depending on the temperature), and have a wide operating temperature range. They are resistant to harsh weather conditions, humidity, and mold and mildew, and also carry excellent electrical properties. RTV Silicones have a 40-year life span and a high degree of elongation; they are easy to dispense, even in cold temperatures, and are VOC compliant, with excellent UV and thermal stability properties.
Category:Materials database
Acetyl chloride

== Description ==
A highly corrosive, fuming liquid with a pungent odor. Acetyl chloride is used as a reagent to detect the presence of cholesterol and the presence of water in organic liquids.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chloride acetic acid; acetic chloride; ethanoyl chloride
== Risks ==
* Flammable. Flash point = 4C 
* Corrosive. 
* Contact, ingestion, and inhalation destroys tissues. 
* Lachrymator. 
* Reacts violently with water. Incompatible with water, alcohols, oxidizing agents, strong bases. Produces toxic combustion products: carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, phosgene. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Reacts violently with water. 
Miscible in benzene, chloroform, ether.
Composition 	C2H3ClO
CAS 	75-36-5
Melting Point 	-112 C
Density 	1.104 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 78.50
Refractive Index	1.3898
Boiling Point 	52 C
==Resources and Citations==
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983
* MSDS Sheet Comment: MFA, Conservation and Collections Management dept.
Category:Materials database
Acetyl value

== Description ==
The number of free hydroxyl groups in a fat or oil. The acetyl value is determined by the milligrams of potassium hydroxide require to neutralize the acetic acid produced when 1 gram of fat or oil is acetylated with acetic anhydride.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acetyl number; Acetylzahl (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Acetylation

== Description ==
A chemical reaction that adds an acetyl radical (CH3CO-) to a molecule in place of an -OH or -NH2 group. For example, acetylation will convert ethanol to ethyl acetate or cellulose to cellulose acetate. Acetic anhydride is used as an acetylation agent. The number of hydroxyl groups in fats and oils can be determined using acetylation and is reported as the acetyl value.
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Acetylene

== Description ==
A colorless hydrocarbon gas with an ether-like odor. Acetylene was used for theater lighting prior to electric lights because it burned brightly giving off over 10 times more illumination than other gases. When mixed with oxygen, the fuel burns with an intensely hot flame that is used for welding, cutting, and soldering metals. Acetylene is also used to synthesize polymeric precursors such as vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate, and acrylates.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ethyne; ethine; gaseous carbon; acetileno (Port.);
== Risks ==
* Toxic by asphyxiation. 
* Explosive under pressure or in air. Flash point = -17.7C (0F) 
* Reacts with copper and silver to form explosive metal salts.
==Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water, ethanol and acetone. It is often sold dissolved in acetone in order to make it non-explosive.
Composition 	C2H2
CAS 	74-86-2
Boiling Point	-84 to -81 C
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Acetylene black

== Description ==
A carbon-based black soot produced from the burning of acetylene. Acetylene black is produced in anaerobic refractory chambers by the decomposition of acetylene gas preheated to 800° C (1,500° F). It is primarily used in applications requiring high electrical conductivity, such as dry cells. Acetylene black is also used in printing inks, as a filler in rubber and gloss suppressant in paints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
carbon black; thermal black; nero di acetilene (It.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Similar to benzol black.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 163
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "carbon black" [Accessed May 8, 2003]. formed at 800C
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Achiote

== Description ==
Red colorant extracted from the bright colored seed pods of the achiote plant, Bixa orellana, native to Central and South America. Achiote, also called annatto, gives bright orange color to cotton and a pale pink color to silk. It is sometimes added to yellow dyes to provide a deeper color. Achiote has been used for paints on ethnographic objects (Florian, et al., 1990). It was also used as a textile and skin dye.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Bixa orellana; annatto; achiote (Esp.); achiote seed; achiotl; lipstick tree; urucum (Tupi)
== Risks ==
Color is not permanent.
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Mary-Lou Florian, Dale Paul Kronkright, Ruth E. Norton, The Conservation of Artifacts Made from Plant Materials, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1990
Category:Materials database
Achromatic

== Description ==
Literally, without color. Achromatic colors are white, black, and gray. An achromatic lens or objective is able to transmit white light without separating the light into colors. If a color separation occurs, the lens has a chromatic aberration. An objective may be called achromatic if it is corrected chromatically for two colors (wavelengths) and spherically for one color (McCrone and Delly, 1972). 
See also chroma.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
achromatisch (Deut.); achromatique (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* ASTM, Standard Terminology of Microscopy, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, E175, 75-78, May 1982
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Matte Paint: Its history and technology, analysis, properties and conservation treatment, Eric Hansen, Sue Walston, Mitchell Bishop (ed.), J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, Vol. 30 of AATA, 1993
Category:Materials database
Acicular

== Description ==
Acicular crystals have a needle-like shape. Some metallic alloys have microstructures with acicular components. One example is ferrite in cast iron.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
nadelförmig (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Acid

== Description ==
A large class of electrolytic chemical substances that are capable of donating a hydrogen atom. Acids exhibit one or more of the following characteristics: 
1) has a sour or sharp taste, 
2) forms an aqueous solution with a pH of less than 7.0, 
3) turns litmus dye red, 
4) reacts with bases and some metals to form salts, 
5) reacts with a metal carbonate to release carbon dioxide. 
Acids are classified as strong or weak depending on the concentration of hydrogen ion produced on ionization. The strength of the acid is measured on the pH scale. A stronger acid has a lower pH value. Inorganic (mineral) acids, such as sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric, and phosphoric, are all strong acids that are irritating to skin and corrosive to most materials. Organic acids are weaker; they contain carbon and the proton is produced from one or more carboxylic acid groups (-COOH). Examples of organic acids are acetic, formic, oxalic, and benzoic acids along with fatty acids and [[amino%20acid|amino acids]. Although relatively less reactive, organic acids can still damage many materials (stone, paper, textile, etc.) and corrode metals
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acids; ácido (Port.);
== Risks ==
Acids deleteriously react with many types of materials (metal, paper, leather)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Website: http://www.archivalsuppliers.com/glossary.html
Category:Materials database
Acid-free leather

== Description ==
Leather that has been washed and treated to removed residual acids from the cleaning and tanning processes. Some tanning agents, such as myrobalans, and pigments, such as zinc oxide, provide acid-buffering in the leather.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acid free leather
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Acid-free paper

== Description ==
Paper that contains no free acids, thus providing greater permanence and durability. The paper is typically produced from cotton linters, rags, esparto grass, or chemical wood pulp which minimizes the potential for acid and/or lignin in the pulp. Acid-free paper may also contain a buffering material to maintain a pH in the neutral to slightly alkaline range. This helps scavenge any acidic materials formed by bleaching residues, sizes, degradation products, or air pollutants. 
See also alkaline reserve.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acid free paper; archival paper; Permalife paper; lignin-free paper; permanent paper; zuurvrij paper (Ned.); papier exempt d'acide (Fr.); säurefrei (Deut.); säurefreies Papier (Deut.); carta non acida (It.); carta esente da acidi (It.); papel exento de ácido (Esp.); papel sin ácido (Esp.); syrafritt papper (Sven.)
== Applications ==
== Personal Risks ==
== Collection Risks ==
Links to Oddy Test results posted on AIC Wiki Materials Database Pages for individual materials below
° Conservation By Design Acid-Free Tissue Paper Tested in 2009
° Acid Free White Paper Tested in 2009
° Conservation By Design Acid Free Tissue Paper Tested in 2009
== Environmental Risks ==
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
== Working Properties ==
== Forms and Sizes ==
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* Marjorie Shelley, The Care and Handling of Art Objects, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Silvie Turner, Which Paper?, Design Press, New York, 1991
* Multilingual Glossary for Art Librarians at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/pub/mgl.htm
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory: Sheet, CelluloseCategory:Interleaving
Acid Fuchsin, sodium salt

== Description ==
A dark, green powder that forms a purplish-red solution in water. In very dilute solutions, Acid Fuchsin is used as a pH indicator, turning from red to colorless at pH 12-14. It is also used as a general, nonspecific stain for proteins.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Acid Violet 19; CI 42685; Natriumsalz der Fuchsinsäure (Deut.); fuchsina ácida (Esp.); fucsina acida (It.); sale di sodio (It.); acid magenta; acid rubin; acid roseine; fuchsin acid;
== Risks ==
* Irritating to skin 
* Fisher Scientific: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water. Slightly soluble in ethanol. 
Maximum absorption wavelength= 540-545 nm.
Composition 	C20H17N3Na2O9S3
CAS 	3244-88-0
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 585.55
==Resources and Citations==
* R.Wolbers, G.Landry, "The Use of Direct Reactive Fluorescent Dyes for the Characterization of Binding Media in Cross Sectional Examinations" in Preprints of the AIC Meeting in Vancouver, 1987.
* E.Martin, "Some Improvements in the Techniques of Analysis of Paint Media" Studies in Conservation, 22(17):63-67, 1977.
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 106
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:II Man-made Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* Aldrich Chemical Catalog
Category:Materials database
Acid bath

== Description ==
A glass or porcelain tray containing a strong solution of one of the following acids: acetic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, or tannic acid. Metal plates, such as those used for printing, are etched by immersion in an acid bath.
== Hazards and Safety ==
Corrosive to skin.
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Category:Materials database
Acid deposition

== Description ==
The depositing of acidic particles or gases on a surface. Tiny aerosol particles, such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides emitted from a smoke stack, will remain suspended until they coagulate into bigger particles and settle (dry deposition) or until they dissolve in water and are carried to the ground with rain (wet deposition or acid rain). Acid deposition has adverse effects on buildings, statuary, vegetation, lakes, and other outdoor surfaces.
==Resources and Citations==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_deposition (Accessed Jan. 25, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Acid dye

== Description ==
A large class of dyes containing one or more acidic end groups (sulfonic, phenolic, carboxylic, etc.) that react with the basic end groups found in amides (silk, wool, leather, and nylon) to form a uniform, lightfast color. Acid dyes are rarely used on cotton or linen. These dyes are soluble in weak solutions of Acetic, Formic, or sulfuric acid and are normally applied from a fairly neutral dye bath of pH 6 or 7.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
anionic dye; colorante ácido (Esp.); colorant acide (Fr.); colorante acido (It.); corante ácido (Port.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in weak acid solutions.
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 284
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
Category:Materials database
Acid gases

== Description ==
Volatile acid precursors that react with moisture to produce destructive acidic compounds. Acid gases are produced by burning fossils fuels and are also released by some indoor construction materials such as paint, adhesives, wood, and cardboard. Examples of acid gases include formic acid, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acidic gases
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Website: http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/a.htm
Category:Materials database
Acid migration

== Description ==
The movement of acidic ions from one material or region to another. Acid migration may occur via contact as well as vapor transfer. For example, an acidic mat board in contact with a previously nonacidic paper may transfer ions, resulting in mat burn. Additionally, some materials may emit volatile acid gases (pollutants) that can react with nearby objects.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acid transfer
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* Website: http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/a/htm
* Website: http://www.archivalsuppliers.com/glossary.html
Category:Materials database