nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Elvace

== Description ==
[Reichold Chemicals Inc.] A brand name for a series of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer aqueous emulsions. Elvace emulsions were formerly produced by DuPont with different number designations and are distributed as Vinamul emulsions in Great Britain. The milky white Elvace emulsions are typically used as adhesives. They dry to a clear film, have very good aging properties and are resistant to UV degradation. The shelf life of the emulsion is about 6 months. 
* Elvace 40-704 (formerly 1874) - 55% solids, 3500-4500 cps, pH 4.5-5.5, particle size = 0.2-1.0 micrometers. 
* Elvace 40-705 - 54.5% solids. 
* Elvace 40-709 - 56% solids. 
* Elvace 40-724 - 57.5% solids.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Vinamul (England)
== Risks ==
* May release acetic acid upon degradation.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Diluted with water followed by ethanol.
* Density = 1.06 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* N.S.Baer, N.Indictor, T.I.Schwartzman, I.L.Rosenberg, "Chemical and Physical Properties of Poly(vinyl acetate) copolymer Emulsions" ICOM Preprints, 22(5):1-20, 1975 
* DeWitte et al., preprints IIC 1984 
* J. Down, M.MacDonald, J.Te'treault, S.Williams, Adhesive Testing at the Canadian Conservation Institute-An Evaluation of Selected Poly(Vinyl acetate) and Acrylic Adhesives", Studies in Conservation 41:19-44, 1996.
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Jane Down, Adhesive projects at the Canadian Conservation Institute, Preprints of the SSCR's 2nd Resins Conference, Sept. 1995, Scottish Society for Conservation & Restoration, Edinburgh
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Meredith Montague, contributed information, 1998
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Elvacite

== Description ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Elvacite 2004 FTIR.PNG~FTIR|Elvacite2004IR.jpg~FTIR]]]
[Lucite International] A registered trademark for a series of polymers composed of ethyl or butyl methacrylate resins. Previously called Lucite® resins, these acrylics were tried as picture varnishes in the 1930s and 40s because they were resistant to yellowing. However subsequent testing has shown that the butyl methacrylates crosslink when exposed to light and become 50% insoluble after 22 years (Feller, 1971). Additionally Elvacite® 2044 has a low glass transition point, which makes it soft and susceptible to dirt collection. 
* Elvacite® 2043 - ethyl methacrylate; Tg = 65C. 
* Elvacite® 2044 - n-butyl methacrylate; Tg = 20C. 
* Elvacite® 2045 - isobutyl methacrylate; Tg = 50C. 
* Elvacite® 2046 - a 1:1 mixture of 2044 and 2045; Tg = 35C. 
* Elvacite® 2013 
* Elvacite® 2028
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Lucite® resin [DuPont]
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in turpentine, ligroin, toluene.
* Refractive Index = 1.483
==Resources and Citations==
* ChemPoint: Elvacite resins
* J. Down, M.MacDonald, J.Te'treault, S.Williams, Adhesive Testing at the Canadian Conservation Institute-An Evaluation of Selected Poly(Vinyl acetate) and Acrylic Adhesives", Studies in Conservation 41:19-44, 1996.
* C.V.Horie, Materials for Conservation, Butterworth-Heineman, London, 1997
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
* Cricket Harbeck, Adhesives Commonly used in Objects Conservation, unpublished, 1996
* Lookpolymers: Elvacite info
Category:Materials database
Elvanol

== Description ==
[Kuraray-Poval (formerly DuPont)] A registered trademark for a series of polyvinyl alcohol emulsions. Elvanol® products are prepared in water solutions and are compatible with starch and carboxymethyl cellulose. When dried, they produce a water-resistant coating. They are used commercially as adhesives, emulsifiers, textile finishing materials, photosensitive coatings, and binders in paper products.
Kuraray manufactures several types of Elvanol products available as fully hydrolyzed or as a copolymer. Fully hydrolyzed grades contain few (if any) residual acetate groups, dissolve in hot (200 F) water, and remain in solution when cooled to room temp. Partially hydrolyzed grades retain some of the residual acetate groups and dissolve in water at room temperature. The copolymer grades are developed specifically for warp sizing in textile and paper industry. 
Elvanol 71-30 is a medium, fully hydrolyzed grade of PVOH that has been used as a replacement for starch and as a water and grease resistant sizing, coating, or adhesive.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Elvanol 71-30
== Personal Risks ==
May contain trace amounts of methanol and sodium acetate.
Kuraray Poval claims there are no health hazards Elvanol Product Page 
Elvanol 71-30 SDS, 2014
== Collection Risks ==
Elvanol 71-30: Decomposition can occur below the recommended processing temperature limit. At tempoeratures above the “conditions to avoid” temperature, thermal decomposition of the resin becomes rapid. Hazardous decomposition products: carbon monoxide, Organic acids, Aldehydes, Alcohols, Sodium oxides. Elvanol 71-30 SDS 
== Environmental Risks ==
Biodegradable and recyclable Properties, Elvanol Product Page 
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
POVAL Grade List Brochure 
From Elvanol 71-30 SDS, 2014:
Form 	Powder
Color 	Clear
Odor 	Mild
Melting Point 	200°C (392°F)
Specific Gravity	>1
Water Solubility	Partly soluble
Characteristics Kuraray Poval and Elvanol Product Page :
* Excellent solubility in water
* Strong film-forming properties
* Oil and grease resistance
* Wetting properties on polar substances
* Good pigmentation
* Biodegradable
==Working Properties==
Elvanol® can be dissolved in the continuous cooking process designed for starch, where other standard polyvinyl alcohols remain undissolved. Beneficial in paper coating applications, especially where polyvinyl alcohols are used together with starch to enhance performance. ELVANOL™ Product Information 
Elvanol® is insoluble in cold-water, which allows the production of water resistant adhesives. ELVANOL™ in Water-Based Adhesives 
==Forms and Sizes==
Sold as a powder that is dissolvable in water. Z Chemicals Polyvinyl Alcohol (Elvanol 71-30) 
== Resources and Citations ==
* Elvanol 80-18: 
* Elvanol 85-82: 
* Kaela Nurmi, contributed information, MWG group, 2020.
* Kuraray-Poval: Elvanol Website
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 304
* Dupont at http://www.dupont.com/industrial-polymers/elvanol/index.html
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory:AdhesivesCategory:CoatingsCategory: Adhesive: Water-based
Embrittlement

== Description ==
Decreased ductility, flexibility, or elasticity in a material due to physical or chemical changes. A metal may temporarily become embrittled at cold temperatures or permanently embrittled by corrosion. Paint and varnish may becomes brittle over long periods of time or with photochemical aging. The migration of plasticizer out of some adhesives and plastics leaves the film embrittled. Embrittled sheets of paper, parchment, or leather may crack or crumble when bent.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Versprödung (Deut.); fragilisation (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Embroidered lace

== Description ==
A lace made by embroidering a design on its original base structure of lace, net, or gauze. Limerick lace is a machine embroidered lace first made in Ireland in 1829.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
embroidered net; Limerick lace; encaje bordado (Esp.); geborduurd kant (Ned)
==Resources and Citations==
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Limerick Lace." Accessed 2 Aug. 2004 .
Category:Materials database
Embroidery

== Description ==
The craft of decorating fabric or other materials using a needle to apply thread or yarn. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as pearls, beads, quills, and sequins.
== Additional Images ==
File:SC93882.jpg|thumb|Embroidered slippersMFA# 51.2348
File:51.2348a_EMPQ_det1.jpg|Embroidery detailMFA# 51.2348a
File:63.289_EMaPQBB_overall.jpg|Cigar case overallMFA# 63.289
File:63.289_MPQ.jpg|Cigar case detailMFA# 63.289
Category:Materials database
Emery

== Description ==
An extremely hard, dark-color, fine-grain stone composed of corundum (aluminum oxide) naturally colored with magnetite (black iron oxide). Powdered emery has been used as an abrasive since ancient times when it was mined from the Greek island of Naxos. Emery is available in several graded particle sizes (from 24 to 240 mesh) and is sold as a powder, coated paper, coated cloth (crocus cloth), coated board, or coated wheels. The finest grades, often called emery flour or jeweler's emery paper, will produce a high polish on glass, Gemstones, iron, and steel. Emery tends to burnish rather than scratch a surface because its particles are rounded rather than angular. The emery used for abrasives comes from Turkey. Emery mined in the United States is used as a filler in nonskid pavement, mats, floors, and stair treads.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
black corundum; emery flour; jeweler's emery paper; crocus cloth; émeri (Fr.); esmeril (Esp., Port.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Mohs Hardness	8.0
Density 	3.7-4.3 g/ml
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. Mayer, The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Viking Press, New York, 1981
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* R.M.Organ, Design for Scientific Conservation of Antiquities, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 1968
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Janet Burnett Grossman, Looking at Greek and Roman Sculpture in Stone, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2003
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=4.0
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
Category:Materials database
Emetic tartar

== Description ==
Common name for antimony potassium tartrate prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985). It was also called antimoniated tartrate of potass during this time period.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
antimony potassium tartrate; potassium antimonyal tartrate; antimoniated tartrate of potass
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Emulsifier

== Description ==
A surface-active agent (surfactant) used to stabilize a mixture of immiscible or insoluble materials. A uniform mixture of two immiscible liquids is called an emulsion, while the mixture of an insoluble solid in a liquid is called a suspension or dispersion. Emulsifiers surround and separate the dispersed medium, thus keeping them from uniting into large drops or particles and separating. Examples of emulsifiers are soap, gelatin, gum, starch, albumin, long chain alcohols, and sulfonated oils.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
surface active agent; surfactant; wetting agent; detergent; colloid; emulsifying agents
== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Emulsion

== Description ==
A stable, colloidal suspension of two or more immiscible liquids. Fine, microscopic droplets of one liquid are evenly dispersed within the second liquid. A third material, called an emulsifier, coats the droplets to keep them from coalescing and settling out. Examples of natural emulsions are milk and egg yolk. Examples of synthetic emulsions are many oil-in-water paint formulations, leather dressings, margarine, and aqueous polymer preparations.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
emulsions; colloidal dispersion
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Stephenson, "Emulsion" The Dictionary of Art Vol. 10, Grove's Publishing, Inc., New York, 1996. 
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Emulsion paint

== Description ==
A water-based paint in which the pigment and binder are uniformly dispersed in a liquid. Emulsion paints can include tempera paints, oil-in-water formulations, and aqueous polymer dispersions. By 1963, several several synthetic resin emulsions paint such as the acrylics (such as Shiva, Hyplar Acrylic Colors, Aqua-tec, and Cryla) came on the market. Vinyl resins, such as polyvinyl acetate, have also been used to prepare water-based emulsion paints, such as Hyplar Artists' Colors. Polymer colors dry quickly to form a tough film with brilliant colors. Emulsion paints are commonly referred to as 'latex' paints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
latex paint; polymer dispersion paints; Binderfarbe (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Paint in America, Robert Moss (ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994 Comment: M.Phillips, "A Survey of Paint Technolology"
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Enamel, inorganic

== Description ==
A hard, vitreous porcelain-like coating on metal, glass, or ceramic. Enamel's smooth, shiny surface is made from powdered fusible glasses and opaque colorants (i.e., cobalt blue, tin oxide) mixed with oil or water, then painted or sprayed on the object and fired up to 800C (1500F). The enamel fuses to the surface of the substrate forming a thin, continuous protective film. Enamel was used by the Greeks in the 4th c. BCE to decorate jewelry and ceramics. Later, artists used enamels to decorate small metal objects, book covers, crosses, and to paint miniature portraits. Low temperature, or soft, opaque enamels are used for coating aluminum for cooking utensils, signs and dials. High temperature, or hard, enamels can be translucent or transparent. Initially the metal bases for enamels were gold or silver, but copper was increasingly used in the 18th century for small decorated items such as snuff boxes. Porcelain enamels have been used in building construction since the late 19th century. For architectural enamels, the opaque vitreous coatings were most commonly applied to iron, aluminum, and stainless steel subtrates. Sheets, panels and tiles were used for interior and exterior surfaces, such as in the White Castle restaurants built in the 1920s.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vitreous enamel; émail vitrifié (Fr.); Emaille (Deut., Ned.); esmalte (Port.); inorgânico (Port.); glass enamel; porcelain enamel; basse-taille; grisaille; Limoges enamel; cloisonné enamel; champlevé enamel; Porcelite; Glasiron Macotta; Mirawall; Porcelok; V-Corr; Veos; Zourite
== Risks ==
May crack or shatter if bent.
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995 Comment: Thomas Jester, "Porcelain Enamel"
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: Marit Guiness Aschan "Enamel"
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_enamel (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 254
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Enamel, organic

== Description ==
A smooth, glossy, wear-resistant paint that is either baked or air-dried. Enamel paints, made with an oil, oil-alkyd, oil-resin, or synthetic resin (melamine, epoxy, cellulose nitrate or urea resin) binder, may be sprayed or painted. For baked finished the paints are typically applied to a metal surface then heated to drive off the solvent and produce a uniform, dense, tough finish. Black baked enamels are commonly called 'Japan' because of their resemblance to the black Oriental lacquer.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
baked coating; baked enamel; organic enamel; enamel paint; peinture-émail (Fr.); émail organique (Fr.); Japan; Ripolin 
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Encapsulation

== Description ==
The enclosure of a material within an isolating barrier. The barrier is often a plastic in the form of a film, envelope, transparent resin or foam. Encapsulation may provide protection for an object during handling or shipping. It may also be done temporarily or permanently to produce a controlled environment, such as an oxygen free air used to kill insects and to minimize oxidation and biological deterioration.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lamination; insealen (Ned.); encapsulation (Fr.); pelliculage (Fr.); Einkapselung (Deut.); Einbettung (Deut.); incapsulamento (It.); encapsulación (Esp.); encapsulação (Port.); inkapsling (Sven.); kapsling (Sven.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Marjorie Shelley, The Care and Handling of Art Objects, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/htm
* Archival Suppliers Glossary at http://www.archivalsuppliers.com/glossary.html
* Multilingual Glossary for Art Librarians at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/pub/mgl.htm
Category:Materials database
Encaustic paint

== Description ==
A paint in which dry colors are mixed with molten wax, then applied as a paint and fused to the support. Encaustic paints were most often made with beeswax. Sometimes small amounts of natural resins, such as dammar or Venice turpentine, were added for hardness. Oils, such as linseed oil, were added for increased workability. Encaustic was used in classic Greek painting of the 4th and 5th centuries BCE. The paint was applied warm with a spatula or brush. It hardened quickly as it cooled to form a very durable medium. Several examples of 2nd century CE encaustic paintings on small wooden panel attached to mummy cases have been excavated from Fayum, Egypt. Encaustic was used occasionally in the 19th century for paintings (e.g., Delacroix) and interior wall decoration. It sealed cracked walls while providing a hard, washable surface.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
wax paint; encaustic color; peinture à l'encaustique (Fr.); encaustica (Esp.); pintura a encáustica (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Encaustic"
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* M.Phillips, 'A Survey of Paint Technology', Paint in America, R. Moss, ed., Preservation Press, New York, 1994
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Endodermis

== Description ==
The thin, inner layer of the cortex in the roots and stems of vascular plants. The endodermis regulates the influx of water into the xylem and prevents the release of water into the soil.
==Resources and Citations==
* Mary-Lou Florian, Dale Paul Kronkright, Ruth E. Norton, The Conservation of Artifacts Made from Plant Materials, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1990
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endodermis (Accessed Jan. 25, 2006)
Category:Materials database