nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Soyogo (Holly) - right (35 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_04-09-2009_035.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 35
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 1st shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (35 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| light yellow ochre
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| そよご : Soyogo
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Holly
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Ilex pedunculosa Miq.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| leaf / unspecified
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| ash water
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyeing process
| Ash water was added in the dye bath.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| One of the dyeing techniques, which had been used since the 8th century AD. in Japan. The resultant colors are similar whether dyed with leaves, bark, or small branches from the tree. "".
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto Murasakino
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Spackle

== Description ==
A quick-drying, premixed, plasterlike material. Spackle is used for patching holes and cracks in plaster. Originally a trademarked term, the word spackle is also generally used to refer to any spackling compounds.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
spackling compound; joint cement
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Spall

== Description ==
A irregular sized chip or fragment from a ceramic, masonry, stone, or ore surface. Spalling, or breaking up, of the surfaces are often induced by freeze-thaw action, corrosion, or salt formation. 
See also exfoliation, and scaling.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
spalling; spaul
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Spandex fiber

== Description ==
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of a segmented polyurethane (Federal Trade Commission definition). The soft segment is usually made from polyether or polyester chains and the hard segment is made from urethane or urea units. Spandex, whose name is an acronym of expands, was first introduced in 1958 by DuPont (Lycra®). It can stretch several times its original length and still have nearly 100% recovery. Spandex is one of the most durable elastic fibers available. It is resistant to degradation by sunlight and body oils. Spandex is used for girdles, swimwear, surgical hose and athletic clothes. Chlorine in swimming pools can cause slow degradation of the fibers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
spandex fibre; polyurethane fiber; elastane; Lycra® [DuPont]; Perlon® U [Germany]; Sheerspan [Globe Manf.]; Glospan® [Globe Manf.]; Vyrene [US Rubber]; Dorlaston [Bayer]; Enkaswing; Lustreen; Sarlane; Spanzelle; Numal®; Unel®; Cleerspan;
== Risks ==
* Urethane burns with a bright flame and little smoke
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Tenacity = 0.5-1.5 g/denier 
* Elongation = 500-700% 
* Moisture regain = 0.3-1.2 %
* Density = 1.20-1.25 g/ml
== Comparisons ==
== Additional Information ==
* M. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt Reinhold & Winston, Fort Worth, 1986. 
* G.Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:II. Man-made Fibres, 5th edition, Merrow Publishing Co., Durham, England, 1984. p.610.
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Fibersource.com - brand names and companies -Glospan
Category:Materials database
Spandrel glass

== Description ==
Any of several types of glass used in building construction to cover the portion of horizontal wall space between the knee walls and spandrel beams. In the 1950s, spandrel glass referred to ceramic-coated plate glass but today the term includes many types of transparent glass coated on one side with paint and enamel. In the early 1950s, Pittsburgh Plate Glass (PPG) produced custom ceramic coated glass spandrels for the Lever House and the Museum of Modern Art. This led to their commercial production of Spandrelite®, a ceramic coated glass, in 1955. It quickly became popular commonly used for glass box type commercial buildings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vidro de peitoril (Port.); Spandrelite® [PPG]; Vitrolux [Libbey-Owens-Ford]
==Resources and Citations==
* Robert McKinley, "Spandrel Glass", in Twentieth-Century Building Materials, T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
Category:Materials database
Spanish red oxide

== Description ==
A dull red earth pigment originally obtained from Spain. Spanish red contains red iron oxide. The coarse grain, inexpensive colorant is used in industrial paints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Spanish red
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Spanish white

== Description ==
A fine, high-grade whiting imported from Spain in the 18th century. Spanish white is a natural earth primarily composed of calcium carbonate (chalk). One source reports that some commerical products sold as Spanish white were mixed with alum, and may also have been composed of barium subnitrate (pearly white) (Schur 1985).
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Spar

== Description ==
1) Any nonmetallic mineral with a lustrous sheen and good cleavage. Examples include Iceland spar (calcite), heavy spar (barite), satin spar (calcite or gypsum), Greenland spar (cryolite), feldspar, and fluorspar (calcium fluoride).
2) A waterproof varnish originally designed for coating wooden masts (spars) on ships. See spar varnish.
==Resources and Citations==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
Category:Materials database
Spar varnish

== Description ==
A waterproof varnish designed for coating masts (spars) on ships. Spar varnishes originally contained a hard resin, such as copal or kauri, in a linseed or tung oil matrix. The resins in the formulation have been replaced by durable synthetics, such as phenolic or urethane resins. Spar varnishes also contain driers such as linoleates, or naphthenate. Spar varnishes are very resistant to wear and weathering, but tend to darken with age.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 842
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Sparrow

== Description ==
Small, seed-eating birds (families Passeridae and Fringillidae) that are commonly found in North America, Europe, and Australia. The English sparrow (Passer domesticus) was introduced to North America (Brooklyn) in 1852 and has since spread throughout the continent. Also called the house sparrow, it likes to nest in house eaves and masonry holes. Sparrows can be aggresive and often produce significant debris and deleterious droppings (see guano). Numerous deterrent methods used for larger birds, such as nets, spikes, wires, gels, plastic owls, electric shocks, along with many types of mechanical and ultrasonic devices are being used with moderate success.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
English sparrow (Passer domesticus); house sparrow
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "house sparrow." Accessed 17 Mar. 2005.
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrow
Category:Materials database
Spatter dash

== Description ==
An ornamental textured stucco finish. Spatter dash is applied by throwing a stiff mixture of portland cement and sand against a wet finish coat (Bucher 1996). It is not the same as slab dash or slapdash.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
roughcast; rough cast
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "plaster." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 17 Nov. 2004 .
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Specific gravity

== Description ==
A unitless measurement of relative density. Specific gravity is calculated as the ratio of the density of the material to the density of a standard. For liquids and solids, the standard is water. Since water has a density of 1.00 g cm-3, the numerical value of the specific gravity and density are equal.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
densité (Fr.); Dichte (Deut.); relative density
==Resources and Citations==
* W. M. Haynes, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 94th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2013) 
Category:Materials database
Specific viscosity

== Description ==
The ratio of viscosity of the solution to the viscosity of water at a given temperature. Specific viscosity is a relative measurement used to determine the concentration of a polymer in an emulsion.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
viscosité spécifique (Fr.); Spezifische Viskosität (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 946
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Spectra 1000

==Description==
Spectra 1000 is the second in a series of Spectra fibers developed by Honeywell, an expansive technology and manufacturing company based in Morristown, New Jersey. The synthetic fiber is available in a variety of deniers in order that it may meet a wide range of application needs.
==Resources and Citations==
* Olympus Microscopy Resource Center at http://www.olympusmicro.com/galleries/polarizedlight/pages/spectra1000small.html
Category:Materials database
Spectrum

== Description ==
A distribution of frequencies seen as a rainbow of colors over the visible range. A spectrum is also a plot measuring the intensity of radiation at each wavelength over the range of frequencies. For example, an infrared (IR) spectrum shows the variations in radiation intensity over the infrared region.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
spectra (pl.); Spektrum (Deut.); espectro (Port.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum (accessed Mar 2006)
Category:Materials database
Specular reflection

== Description ==
A type of reflection in which the reflection angle of a beam is equal to the incident angle. Specular reflection occurs on highly reflective, flat surfaces, such as a mirror, glass, or water. Specular reflectance is the measured quantity of speculary reflected light.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
spiegelnde Reflexion (Deut.); imagen especular (Esp.); réflexion spéculaire (Fr.); specular reflectance; mirror-like reflection;
==Resources and Citations==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* M.Derrick, D.Stulik, J.Landry, Infrared Spectroscopy in Conservation Science, in Scientific Tools for Conservation series, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1999
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specular_reflection (Accessed Sept. 20, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Speculum

== Description ==
A mirror or polished metal plate. Speculum is a highly reflective, noncorroding, bronze alloy composed of about 67% copper and 33% tin (Brady 1971). The high tin alloys give almost as much reflecting power as silver. Ancient Roman and Egyptian mirrors used 14-24 % tin while Greek mirrors contained up to 32% tin. Chinese speculum contains about 8% antimony and 10% tin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
speculum (Fr.); Spiegelmetall (Deut.); speculum (Ned.)
==Resources and Citations==
G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, 10th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971.
Category:Materials database
Spelter

== Description ==
An old name for impure metallic zinc usually sold commercially in ingots or slabs. Spelter usually contains some lead. Imitation bronze objects were cast from spelter in the 19th century. It is lighter, softer, more brittle, and more grayish in color than bronze.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
spiauter; caleum; tuteneque; tuttanego
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 883
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Spence's plaster

== Description ==
A type of gypsum cement. Spence's plaster is made with finely powdered gypsum mixed with portland cement. It also contains aluminum sulfate and sand. It is a hard, strong, durable finish plaster.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gypsum cement
==Resources and Citations==
* Irving Skeist, Handbook of Adhesives, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1977 Comment: p. 134
Category:Materials database
Sperm oil

== Description ==
A thick, yellow oil obtained, along with spermaceti, from the head of the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus or Physeter catadon. Sperm oil is composed of long chain fatty alcohol esters with very little fat. It was used at one time as a lamp oil and was later saponified to make soaps and cosmetics as well as to size textiles. Sperm oil is still used for lubrication and dressing leather. The expensive sperm oil was superior in quality to common whale oil obtained from the blubber.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Physeter macrocephalus; Physeter catadon; cachalot oil; aceite de esperma de ballena (Esp.); sperm whale oil
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in chloroform, ether. 
* Insoluble in water, cold ethanol. 
* Saponification no. = 123-147;
* Iodine no. = 80-84
* Density = 0.875-0.885 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 748
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8895; source for values on description page
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "sperm oil." Accesssed 3 Jan. 2005 .
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: iodine value=70; saponification value=140-144; lauric acid=16%, myristic acid=14%, palmitic acid=8%, stearic acid=2%, palmitoleic acid=15%, oleic acid=17%, linoleic acid=6.5%
Category:Materials database
Sperm whale teeth

== Description ==
Large, blunt conical teeth obtained from the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus or Physeter catadon. Sperm whale teeth were used for decorative scrimshaw as well as small functional items, such as buttons, combs, and gaming pieces.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sperm whale tooth
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* UV autofluorescence is usually white or blue but may occasionally be yellowish.
* Contain well-marked concentric lines.
==Resources and Citations==
* Benjamin Burack, Ivory and Its Uses, Charles E. Tuttle and Co., Vermont, 1984
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Oppi Untracht, Jewelry Concepts and Technology, Doubleday & Co., Inc., New York City, 1985
Category:Materials database
Spermaceti

== Description ==
A white, translucent wax obtained from the oil in the head cavity of the sperm whale, Physeter catadon or P. macrocephalus. Spermaceti is collected from the cooled sperm oil, then washed with hot water and pressed to remove residual oil. The solid mass is then mixed with a slightly alkali solution and cast into molds. Spermaceti has been used since at least the 15th century for ointments, candles, castings, soaps, and leather dressing. It is composed of a mixture of fatty acid esters (cetyl palmitate) and long-chain alcohols. Most spermaceti wax currently on the market is made synthetically.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Physeter macrocephalus; Physeter catadon; espermaceti (Esp.); spermaceti (Fr.); spermaceti (It); cetaceum; white amber; spoermaceti wax
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, oils, hot ethanol; 
* Saponification no. = 120-136
* Iodine no. = 3.0-4.4
* Acid value = 2.0-5.2
* Melting Point = 40 - 50 C
* Density = 0.905-0.945 g/ml
* Refractive Index = 1.4330-1.440
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 55 and 748
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing) Comment: melting point = 41-44C
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982 Comment: melting point = 40-44C
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8892
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "sperm oil." Accessed 3 Jan. 2005.
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: melting point = 42-50, density=0.950-0.945, ref. index = 1.440, iodine value=4.8-5.9, acid value = 20.-5.2, saponification value = 108-134
Category:Materials database
Spessartine

== Description ==
A garnet composed of manganese aluminum silicate. The color of spessartine may range from an orange-yellow to brownish-red. Gem quality stones are mined in Germany, Malagasy Republic, India, and the United States (Colorado and Maine). Historically, spessartine gemstones are rare but a few have been found dating to the 2nd and 3rd century BCE (Odgen 1982).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
garnet; spessartite; espesartina (Esp;); Spessartin (Deut.); spessartien (Ned.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Spessartine IR-ATR RRUFF R050063.png~IR-ATR (RRUFF)|Spessartine Raman RRUFF R050063.png~Raman (RRUFF)|spessartineRS.jpg~Raman (RASMIN)]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Isometric crystal system with massive to crystalline habit
* Cleavage = none
* Fracture = conchoidal 
* Luster = vitreous to resinous 
* Streak = colorless to white
* Fluorescence = inert
* Birefringence = none
Composition 	3MnO-Al2O3-3SiO2
Mohs Hardness 	6.5 - 7.5
Density 	4.15 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.800-1.810
Dispersion 	0.027 (weak fire)
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* Wikipedia: Spessartine (Accessed Dec 2022)
* Jack Ogden, Jewelry of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications, New York, 1982.
* Mineralogy Database: Spessartine
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 354
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "spessartine." Accessed 20 Sept. 2005 .
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Spew

== Description ==
In the leather industry, spew is a term used for the white waxy or dark brown oily exudate that forms on the grain surface (Roberts and Etherington 1982).
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Roberts, D.Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1982.
Category:Materials database