nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Flat knit fabric

== Description ==
A fabric made by the flat knitting or weft knitting, process in contrast to circular knitted, or warp knitted, fabrics.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
flat-knit; tejido de punto de rectilínea (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
Category:Materials database
Flatting agent

== Description ==
A substance added to paints and varnishes to reduce gloss in the dried film. A flatting agent typically has small, irregular shaped particles that disperse incident light rays in many different directions, thus producing a matte appearance. Examples of flatting agents are beeswax, fumed silica, diatomaceous earth, and heavy metal soaps.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
flattening agent (incorrect)
Category:Materials database
Flavine

== Description ==
A natural yellow organic colorant that, in addition to quercitron, is obtained from oak bark. Pure flavine produces a vivid yellow on wool when mordanted with alum and tin. Flavine naturally mixed with quercitron from oak extracts produces a wider range of colors from a greenish yellow to orange to a dark green. Flavine, used both as a dye and lake pigment, is not lightfast.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
flavine lake; flavina (Esp.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in water.
* Composition = C10H6N4O2
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Flavonoid

== Description ==
A large group of natural organic colorants composed of heterocyclic aromatic compounds. Flavonoids make up most of the yellow, red, and blue colors in flowers and fruits. Many natural dyes and lake pigments are made from flavonoids. Some types of flavonoids are catechins, anthocyanins, and flavonols.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
flavonoide (Esp., Fr.); flavonóide (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Flavonol

== Description ==
A group of natural organic colorants obtained from plants that contain hydroxyflavone. Flavonols are yellow compounds that are used as dyes and pigments. Some specific flavonols are chrysin, fisetin, morin and quercetin. Flavonol dyes tend to fade in strong light.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
flavonol (Esp., Port.) 
Examples include: chrysin; fisetin; morin; quercetin
Category:Materials database
Fleaseed

== Description ==
A small, dark brown, shiny seed from the Plantago psyllium plant native to Southern Europe. Fleaseed contains a mucilaginous compound that is extracted in boiling water. This starchy solution was used for sizing silk and paper and printing textiles. It was also used in conjunction with gum tragacanth for marbling papers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Plantago psyllium; psyllium; psillio (It); fleawort
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 Comment: fleawort
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Fleece

== Description ==
1) The wool coat of a sheep or similar animal. 
2) A natural or synthetic soft, thick, heavy fabric that resembles sheep's wool. Fleece fabric is generally for warmth and comfort, such in garment linings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
felpa (Esp.); (schaaps)vacht (Ned); vlies (afgeschoren, samenhangende wollaag) (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Flemish white

== Description ==
An unstandardized term originally used for precipitated lead sulfate sold in England in the 18th century. Later, Flemish white was used for any white pigment containing lead, such as lead carbonate or lead sulfate.
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Flesh side

== Description ==
The underneath side of a skin as opposed to the outer hair or grain side. The flesh side of a split goatskin, called the flesher, is used to make chamois. The flesh side of a split cowhide is called the split or hide split.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
flesher; fleur side; lado de la carne (Esp.); revés (Esp.); vleeskant (binnenkant van een huid) (Ned);
Category:Materials database
Flexibility

== Description ==
The ability of a material to curve or bend under stress without incurring permanent damage. A material with high flexibility is pliable and a material with low flexibility is stiff.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
flexure
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Flexible glue

== Description ==
An old term generally used for animal glue that contains an added plasticizer such as glycerol or sorbitol. However the softening and hygroscopic nature of the additives also left the glue more susceptible to mold. Synthetic adhesives with more desirable properties have replaced flexible glue in recent years (Roberts and Etherington 1982).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cola flexible (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Roberts, D.Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1982.
Category:Materials database
Flexible insulation

== Description ==
An insulating material composed of nonwoven fibers. Flexible insulation, usually has fiberglass fibers with or without a thin layer of paper on either side. It can range in thickness from 0.25 to 10 inches. Flexible insulation is used between studs in wall construction as well as in the attic.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
isolant souple (Fr.); blanket insulation; quilt insulation; batt insulation; felt insulation; glass fiber insulation
Category:Materials database
Flexural strength

== Description ==
The maximum amount of an orthogonal load that a material can withstand before breaking. When a sample is placed horizontally and the load is directed vertically, the flexural strength is a measurement of the amount of deflection that occurs for a given load per length of sample. Thus, the flexural strength measures a material's ability to flex rather than break under a given load.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Biegefestigkeit (Deut.); resistência à flexão (Port.)
Category:Materials database
Flint

== Description ==
A dense, tough, dark-color rock composed of microcrystalline quartz. Flint is generally a gray to black in color and has a waxy appearance. It tends to break with conchoidal chips. Flint is often found in chalk deposits and high quality flint is obtained from the coasts of Great Britain, France, Belgium and Germany. Flint has been used since Paleolithic times for weapons, tools, vessels and for starting fire. More recently, flint has been used on the firing mechanism of guns and as an abrasive. Flint is also used as an ingredient in fine pottery to reduce shrinkage and minimize deformation.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
flintstone; Lydian stone; touchstone; gun flint; potter's flint; hornstone; chalcedony; flintsten (Dan.); Feuerstein, Flint (Deut.); caliza (Esp.); silex (Fr., Port.); vuursteen (Ned.); krzemieñ (Pol.); flinta (Sven.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Fracture = conchoidal. 
* Luster = dull. 
* Streak = white.
* Mohs Hardness = 6.5 - 7.0
* Density = 2.60-2.65 g/ml
== Comparisons ==
== Additional Images ==
File:Flintf5.jpg|Flint nodule
File:Feuersteinf5.jpg|Flint nodule, fractured
File:flintlarge.jpg|Flint
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Quartz
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=2.63
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Category:Materials database
Flint glass

== Description ==
An optical quality glass with a high refractive index and low dispersion. Flint glass was a typically a potash-lead glass used for optical lenses and crystal glassware. However, since the manufacture and disposal of leaded glass is a source of pollution, modern flint glass contains a wide variety of non-lead metal oxides including titanium dioxide and zirconium oxide. Flint glass is used for lenses in microscopes, telescopes, binoculars, cameras, prisms, and other imagining instruments.
See also crystal.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cristal de chumbo com potássio (Port.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Melting Point 	630 C (softens)
Density 	2.9-5.9 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.45-2.00
== Resources and Citations ==
* Wikipedia: Flint glass (Accessed Oct. 2023)
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 383
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Flint paper

== Description ==
An abrasive paper coated on one side with particles of crushed flint. The flint particles have sharper less-rounded edges than sand. Flint paper is generally used for polishing glass and ceramics.
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 334
Category:Materials database
Flit

== Description ==
A popular name for a spray pump insecticide that originally contained coal-tar distillates in the early 20th century. The name was later used for a formulation that contained DDT. Once the dangers of DDT were discovered, the formulation was once again changed to contain permethrin.
== Risks ==
* Flammable (early versions). 
* Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption (early versions).
* Clarke: Flit™ 10EC Broad-Spectrum Multi-Purpose Insecticide SDS (2015)
Category:Materials database
Float finish

== Description ==
A decorative plaster finish material. A float finish contained lime plaster with a fine white sand aggregate. It dried to form a textured surface often prepared in a swirl pattern. Float finishes were popular for plaster ceilings in the early 20th century.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
plaster finish coat
==Resources and Citations==
* National Park Service: Technical Preservation Briefs
Category:Materials database
Float glass

== Description ==
A smooth, distortion free, window glass made by pouring molten glass onto a surface of molten tin. The process for making float glass was developed in 1959. By 1993, 90% of the world's glass was made by the float process. 
See also plate glass.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
plate glass; float glass (Fr.); verre flotté (Fr.); vidro flotado (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* G.Allen, L.Black,K.Hallam, "A Preliminary Investigation into the Effect of Solf-Adhesive Ultraviolet Absorbing Films on Window Glass" in ICOM preprints Lyon, 1999. p.757-763
Category:Materials database
Flock

== Description ==
A mass of short, fluffy fibers. Flock is made from new or waste fibers of wool, cotton, wood or rayon that are cut and ground to form a powder. Fluffy masses of flock are used to stuff furniture and mattresses. Flock is also used in flock printing to form velvet-like patterns on wallpaper, cloth or metal. It is an inexpensive extender in rubber, plastics and flooring compositions.
See also flock wallpaper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
floc; flocking; floca (Esp.); vlokje (Ned); pluisje (Ned); beddenvulsel (Ned);
Category:Materials database
Flock wallpaper

==Description== 
A luxurious type of wallpaper invented in the 17th century to imitate expensive cut-velvet and damask wall hangings. Flock wallpaper gets its name from the process of flocking in which a powdered waste product of the wool cloth industry, called flock, is applied to an adhesive coated cloth to produce a raised velvety, textured pattern or design. The beautiful result was more durable and less expensive than the fabric wall hangings and was extensively used in homes in the 19th and 19th centuries to indicate grandeur and wealth. Today, the powdered fibers on the papers surface have been replaced by man-made fibers such as Polyester, nylon or Rayon. Flock wallpapers are still and come in a range of colors and prints, including flocked animal print, flocked damask, flocked geometric styles, and flocked plants/trees.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Flocked wallpaper; Flock velvet wallpaper; Embossed wallpaper
==Resources and Citations==
* V & A Museum: Flock wallpaper
* C.Lynn. "Colors and other Materials of Historic Wallpaper" p.58-65 in Wallpaper Conservation: A Special Issue. JAIC, 20(2): 50-151, 1981. 
* Philippa Mapes, "Historic Wallpaper Conservation" Building Conservation Directory 1997: Link
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocking_(texture) Flocking) (Accessed June 2023)
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Wallpaperking: Flock Wallpaper
* Natty and Polly: Flocked velvet wallpaper
Category:Materials database
Floor finish

== Description ==
A protective surface coating for wood flooring. Examples of floor finishes include waxes (Butcher's wax, carnauba wax, ceresin wax, Japan wax, paraffin wax), oils (tung oil, floor oil), natural resins (rosin, shellac, varnishes), and synthetic resins (polyurethane, acrylic resins, spar varnish), stains, and paint.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Floor oil

== Description ==
An inexpensive wood floor finish used in the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Floor oil contained a mixture of oil and wax in a turpentine solvents. It was applied over varnished floors and used as a varnish substitute (Bucher 1996).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aceite para suelos (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* W. Bucher, Dictionary of Building Preservation, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996.
Category:Materials database
Floor tile

== Description ==
A thin, flat piece of material laid in a connected pattern to cover a floor. Floor tiles are usually shaped as squares, rectangles or octagons in sizes of about 8-12 inches. Several types of materials have been used for floor tiles. Examples are: ceramic tile, encaustic tile, quarry tile, slate, wood, carpet, asphalt tile, asbestos, cork tile, linoleum, rubber tile, and vinyl tile.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ladrilho (Port.); floor-tile; flooring tile; carpet tile
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Flooring

== Description ==
Any thin, flat piece of material used to cover floors. Several types of materials have been used for flooring. Examples are: ceramic tile, brick, concrete, terrazzo, slate, marble, limestone, granite, wood, carpet, asphalt tile, asbestos tile, cork tile, linoleum, Congoleum, rubber tile, and vinyl tile.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
floors; floor covering; finish flooring; planching
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Interior Design." Accessed 7 Sept. 2004 .
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Florence marbles

== Description ==
Any of the hard, bluish-gray marbles quarried in the Florence area of Pittsford, Vermont from 1785 to about 1932. The marbles were used for interior and exterior of buildings and for monuments. Examples are:
* Florence marble: a medium-grain, bluish-gray with dark gray and black veins
* Florence W: a hard, nonabsorbent blue stone
* Florence X: a hard, blue marble with faint marks.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Florentine blue marble

== Description ==
A fine-grain, light gray-blue marble quarried in Pittsford, Vermont. Florentine blue marble has dark blue veins and light gray bands. It was used for monuments and interior polished surfaces.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Florentine brown

== Description ==
A nonpermanent, brownish red pigment. Florentine brown is a brown shade of Vandyke red. It is not widely used because of its poor light stability and toxicity.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Roman brown; Hatchett's brown
== Risks ==
* Toxic.
==Resources and Citations==
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Floss

== Description ==
1) A short, loosely twisted thread of cotton or silk used in embroidery and in the binding of single section pamphlets. 
2) A strand of synthetic polymer, either Teflon® or nylon, produced commercially for cleaning teeth. The surface is usually coated with wax. Unwaxed dental floss is used in conservation for cleaning narrow crevices.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
1) Zahnseide (Deut.); tandzijde (Ned.); tandtråd (Sven.); vloszijde (Ned); floretzijde (Ned);
2) dental floss; seda dental (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Rachael Perkins Arenstein, Lisa Goldberg, and Eugenie Milroy, ‘Support and Rehousing for Collection Storage’ In ‘Preventive Conservation: Collection Storage’ Lisa Elkin and Christopher A. Norris (eds.), Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, New York. 2019. 
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floss (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Flour

== Description ==
A fine powder obtained from grinding grain products such as wheat, corn, rye, and rice. Flour contains starch and gluten. It will form a thick, viscous paste with boiling water that, once dried, is strong and water-insoluble. Flour paste has been used historically as a size for textiles and as an adhesive for paper, leather, parchment, ivory, and some inorganic materials. It has also been mixed with oil or glue to form an inexpensive paint binder. Flour pastes may only be removed with the aid of enzymes and are susceptible to attack by microorganisms, thus they are not in current use in conservation.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
farinha (Port.); harina (Esp.); farine (Fr.); farina (It); flour paste
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
Category:Materials database
Fluate

== Description ==
1) A former brand name for a chemical solution applied to building stones as a preservative in the 19th century (Schur 1985). It probably contained soluble fluosilicate salts, such as magnesium silicofluoride, which were typically used for hardening cement and plaster.
2) [Alpin Chemie, Germany] A current brand name for a wax polish developed for stone floors.
==Resources and Citations==
* The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Francis Turner (ed.), Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York City, 3rd edition, 1942
* Alpin Chemie at www.alpin-chemic.de/english/protection.htm
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database