Messiah

Depending on whether one reads the Old or the New Testament, the Messiah is either written as mashiach (מָשִׁ֫יחַ)mashiach or as christos (χριστός).
christos
The first is a Hebrew word found in the Old Testament and the second is a Greek word found in the New Testament. Mashiach calqued as christos is like saying the only way a king such as David can gather all the Jews back to Israel is by dying on the cross and ascending into Heaven. A Biblical literalist could argue that Jesus accomplished this as a belief in him enabled the Third Reich to promote Positive Christianity and one of the consequences of was the creation founding of modern-day Israel, but it involves a pretty disturbing way of looking at the world. In essence, it is arguing Jesus died on the cross so that people who believe in him will exterminate Jews and then feel guilty about it and this guilt will motivate them to help the survivors forge a country in Israel thus fulfilling biblical prophecy. Biblical literalists don't make this argument but it is a logical extrapolation of their belief system, if you ignore all the other requirements for mashiach that Jesus doesn’t fulfill. In any case, this page will concentrate on explaining how the concept of a Messiah originated.
==Judaism's view of the Messiah (מָשִׁ֫יחַ)==
The Jewish criteria expressed in the Tanakh about the Messiah's legitimacy and duties are summarized in the following paragraph ():
Specifically, the Hebrew Scriptures (any translation will do) state that the REAL Messiah of the Jews will be recognized as the true one by fulfilling the following prophecies:
*The Messiah will be totally human;Mashiach: The Messiah, Judaism 101.Ariela Pelaia, Chaviva Gordon-Bennett; The Jewish View of Jesus - Who Was Jesus? (2016), judaism.about.com
*The Messiah will be an observant Jew, from the Tribe of Judah (; ; );
*The Messiah will be a direct male descendant of Davidic bloodline (; ; ; , , );
*The Messiah will gather all the Jews back to the Land of Israel (, , ; , ; );
*The Messiah will restore the Jewish People to full observance of the Torah (, , ; );
*The Messiah will build the Third Temple in Jerusalem (; ; );
*THEN the Messianic Era shall begin, and the Messiah will be recognized and enthroned as the King of Israel by the Jewish People in the Holy Land;
*The Messiah will bring peace to the world and the God of the Jews will be recognized as the only one, true God (, ; ; ); he will end all hatred, oppression, suffering and disease. As it says: "Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall man learn war anymore" ();
*The Messiah will spread universal knowledge of the God of Israel (, ; ), which will unite humanity as one. As it says: "God will be King over all the world – on that day, God will be One and His Name will be One" ().
One of the central themes of biblical prophecy is the promise of a future age of perfection characterized by universal peace and recognition of the God of Israel by the entire world (, , ; ; ; ; ; , ; ).
Throughout the ages, since the fall of the Kingdoms of Judah and Israel, Jews have always felt the urge to re-establish their dominion on the Holy Land, but they failed a lot of times… at least, until 1948. During this constant wait, generations of rabbis, sages, theologians and thinkers tried to figure out what kind of person the Jewish Messiah is going to be, and most of all, when will he come. The Messiah's coming has been one of the most enduring hopes for the Jewish people, and the majority of Orthodox Jews still believe in it.
However, according to the Encyclopaedia Britannica:
====Jewish views on Jesus' alleged messianship====
 as the for the following reasons:
*Jesus did not fulfill any of the messianic prophecies (see above);
*Jesus did not embody the personal qualifications of the Messiah (see above);
*Jesus fiercely criticized the Pharisees because of their meticulous observance of the Law (), but he, by contrast, is the one who breaks the Law! (, , , , , ) The Gospels themselves demonstrate that Jesus was not an observant Jew; moreover, he clearly despised the Mosaic Law and opposed to it, so he couldn't be the Jewish Messiah.However, there have been Jewish scholars that viewed Jesus' Jewishness and the claims of his messianship in different ways; according to Hyam Maccoby (Revolution In Judea: Jesus And The Jewish Resistance, 1980), Jesus was a progressive Pharisee that simply opposed the Roman rule over Judea.
*Biblical verses that, according to Christians, allegedly refer to Jesus were misrepresented and manipulated on purpose by the Evangelists in order to portray his life and ministry as the fulfillment of prophecies many years after his execution.Christian Proof-Texting: Misquoting Texts, Jews for Judaism. Above all, the Major Prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel etc.) that foresee the Messiah's arrival were incorrectly quoted in the New Testament for these reasons;See also Christian evangelism, Lying for Jesus and Pious fraud.
*Jewish belief is based on ethno-religious, national and exclusive RevelationJames D. G. Dunn, The Theology of Paul the Apostle (2006), pp. 43-46, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0802844231. (). This distinctive feature of Judaism has been the main hindrance that early Christian missionaries had to collide with, so far as they were ethnic Jews themselves (Stephen and Paul are the best examples). To overcome this key element of Jewish religion and traditions, Paul developed a system of beliefs based on a hypothetical "New Covenant" which, according to him, abrogated the Law's validity through Jesus' death; for this reason, everyone that believes in Jesus as the Messiah, whether Jewish or Pagan, shall be saved anyway at the end of time. Sadly, it was all in his head.
*The Messiah is of King David's bloodline, and since Mary's baby-daddy was God, and according to the Law, Davidic kingship and tribal affiliation neither passes through adoption nor can it be transferred through the daughters, it's irrelevant if either Mary or Joseph is one of David's descendants or not; Jesus was not King of the Jews.
====Jesus was an impostor====
If a man fails to fulfill even one of these conditions, then he cannot be the Jewish Messiah, but an impostor.
Given that no one has ever fulfilled the Hebrew Bible's description of this future King, Jews still await the coming of the real Messiah.
All past messianic claimants, including Jesus of Nazareth, Shimon Bar Kokhba, Shabbetai Tzevi, and Menachem Mendel Schneerson () have been rejected.
Christians counter that Jesus will fulfill these in the Second Coming. Rabbinic literature shows that the Jewish Messiah will fulfill the biblical prophecies outright; in the Old Testament no concept of a Second Coming exists. 
Christian faith is entirely based on the premise that Jesus is the savior sent by God to free humanity from sin once and for all, but people are still sinning even after Jesus' death, so nothing changed. This means that his alleged sacrifice was in vain. 
Moreover, the Old Testament itself clearly explains that no other divine being exists before God, so Jesus couldn't be his son; in God himself says there is no savior and all men must contact him directly. Ergo, there's no need for a savior, and Jesus was, by default, a delusional cult leader, an impostor, and a false prophet.
==The Saoshyant (the Zoroastrian Messiah) and the Son of Man==
One of the people touted by the Bible as the mashiach (מָשִׁ֫יחַ) was Cyrus the Great. 
 
The reason Cyrus was considered to be a messiah was that he fulfilled one of the principal requirements for מָשִׁ֫יחַ, namely he returned the Jews to the land of Israel after his Persian empire conquered the Babylonians. 
While under Persian governance, the Jewish people were exposed to Zoroastrianism on a daily basis. One of the religious ideas the Zoroastrians believe in is that there will be three future saviors of the world born of maidens who bathe in Lake Kansava where Zoroaster’s seed has been miraculously preserved (ew!). The first two saviors are called Hushedar and Hushedarmah. The third is called the Saoshyant and he is to lead humanity in a final renovation of the universe when evil will be destroyed. The conception of the Saoshyant is described in Denkard 7.10.15ff.Saoshyant 
 
The Frashokereti is described in the where Ahura Mazda triumphs and will resurrect the dead through his agent, the Saoshyant, who was born from the virgin impregnated by Zoroaster’s miraculously preserved seed.Bundahishn
The Jewish scriptures underwent religious syncretism during the time period they were under the influence of the Persians. One example of this was the inclusion of Cyrus as a messiah. Another was the concept of resurrection. Prior to the Zoroastrian influence, the Jews believed that their souls rested in sheolSheol without knowledge or feelingJewish Encyclopedia Sheol, but passages from works written during the later Persian and Greek periods such as show that the Jews began to believe that the souls of the dead could be resurrected and be given everlasting life. In the Zoroastrian belief system, the awakening of the souls was done through Ahura Mazda's agent, the Saoshyant, and during this time period, cryptic references to a Saoshyant-like figure begin to appear in the Jewish literature. It was called the ‘Son of Man’. One such reference is found in Daniel.
 
The Jewish scripture that best describes the Son of Man is called the Books of Enoch. The devout believed this work was written by Enoch who walked with God () and was Noah's ancestor. The Book of Enoch was widely known among early Christians before the Catholic Church decided that it was not canonical in the 4th century CE. The following is what the Jewish Encyclopedia says about this work in relation to the messiah.
 
The key thing to note about Daniel and the Book of Enoch and their Son of Man references is that they were written before Jesus was said to have been born. Thus, prior to 1st century CE, the Jewish people already had an idea of a heavenly messiah who was to sit in judgment of them.
==The Logos (the Greek philosophy Christians call the messiah) and Christos==
By the time Alexander the Great conquered the Persians, the Jews already had candidates for the first two saviors of the world in David and Cyrus, and thus it was only natural for some of them to believe that Alexander the Great was the third prophesized messiah. Alexander’s messianic status never became incorporated into the Bible, however. Instead a different idea of what the messiah was came into existence – the Greek philosophical concept of logos.
Precisely how logos (λόγος)Logos became associated with mashiach is difficult to understand as the two beliefs are nothing like one another, but there is no doubt that it did happen. The Trinity is dependent on logos and the messiah being one and the same. Moreover, there are Biblical passages such as that stresses the central importance of logos in the Christian belief system. The key figures important in this transformation are the Alexandrian Jewish philosophers. The first of these, Aristobulus, used passages such as as proof that when God said something, it was the same as God doing something. For we must understand the voice of God not as words spoken, but as construction of works.Praeparatio Evangilica Book 15 Chapter 14 The Hebrew word Amar (אָמַר)Amar used in passages such as Genesis 1:3 was translated into Greek as logos.From Logos to Trinity Marian Hillar (page 36-39) Thus when the was created and was read by Greek-speaking Jews, they could read for themselves why Aristobulus said Yahweh used ‘logos’ to create the world. 
The other key Jewish philosopher was Philo of Alexandria and he did two things critical for the transformation of logos into the messiah. One was the elevation of logos to divine status and incorporating it into a metaphysical triad that would eventually lead to the trinity. The other was arguing that mankind was modeled after God’s logos.Questions and Answers on Genesis II 62 If mankind was modeled after God’s logos, then it was only a small leap to believe that the prophesized messiah would be God’s logos. The author(s) of John incorporated the idea that logos becomes flesh. 
Not only did the creation of the Septuagint translate the word amar into logos, it also translated the Hebrew word masiach into christos. And it also translated the Hebrew name Yehoshua (Joshua)Yehoshua 
which means into Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs).Iēsoûs Thus the name Iesous Christos means anointed deliverer and it could very well be a title rather than the name of a person — anointed deliverer is a good description of what the Saoshyant is.
== Some Egyptian dude (one of many self-proclaimed messiahs) and Iesous Christos==
The had been governing Israel but became weak when they got their butts kicked by the Romans and they had to pay them tons of money. They also fought against Ptolemaic Egypt and the and therefore were distracted and in a process of decay when the Jews waged the and formed the This Jewish independence ended when the Romans decided that they wanted Israel for themselves and conquered the Jews. 
Unlike with the Persians and the Greeks where relations were fairly cordial up until the Maccabean Revolt, many of the Jews didn’t like the Romans at all. This led to a series of messianic revolts by self-proclaimed messiahs. The following is one account given to us by Josephus. 
According to the other wiki, Luke-Acts provides the only detailed account where is described in the Bible and it takes place at the Mount of Olives, the same place where the aforementioned Egyptian prophet gathered people for a failed coup. The Mount of Olives is also where the is at.
Josephus mentions a couple of other people who claimed that they were a prophet/king/messiah. One was Simon of Peraea, a former slave to King Herod, whose revolt led to the burning of the royal palace at Jericho and Simon’s beheading.Antiquities of the Jews 17.10:6 Another was AnthrongesAntiquities of the Jews 17.10:7 who was described as a tall man with strong hands. Another was TheudasAntiquities of the Jews 20.97-98 who was also beheaded. Menahem ben Judah was yet another.War of the Jews 2.17:8 
These accounts are the closest thing that Josephus mentions about messiahs. The quotes from ‘Josephus’ that mention Jesus are interpolations added by Christians.
==Jesus Christ and the Bible==
So how did the messiah become incorporated into the New Testament? Well the answer to that question really depends on which part of the New Testament one reads. Essentially the New Testament is composed of two different messianic movements that occurred concurrently. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and Acts primarily have their origins in the messianic movements that occurred in Judea. The Gospel of John is where the Jewish logos and pneuma philosophical movements become incorporated into the New Testament. It is not quite as clean cut as this because there are some references to logos and pneuma in the synoptic gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke), and there are some references to Jesus as a messiah figure in John, but that is the basic idea. 
The oldest of the works is Mark and most scholars date it to around 66–70 CE. So who was the Iesous Christos mentioned in this work? Was this a name of someone specific that Josephus didn't mention? (Josephus may have only mentioned some of the more prominent messianic claimants.) Was Iesous Christos a title used in a way similar to the way the mysterious title Son of Man was used in Daniel, the Book of Enoch, and the Gospel of Mark? Was Iesous Christos a title used by one of the messianic claimants Josephus did mention such as Theudas, Anthonges, Simon of Perea, or the Egyptian dude?
Dennis MacDonald makes an interesting argument that the Gospel of Mark was essentially the Jewish equivalent of the Aeneid. Or, in other words, someone of Jewish descent used the Iliad and the Odyssey to create the Gospel of Mark just as Virgil used those works to create the Aeneid and thus Iesous Christos is essentially the Jewish equivalent of Odysseus.The Homeric Epics and the Gospel of Mark by Dennis R. MacDonald (2000) Yale University Press. ISBN 0300172613. This argument is along the lines of the hero pattern, that heroes in mythology follow certain patterns, sharing a common origin in the human imagination. The truth is we will probably never know for certain whom Iesous Christos was or wasn't as too much history has been lost to the ravages of time.
==Other messiahs and messianic movements==	
A lot of time has been spent explaining the Christian messianic tradition but it should be recognized that Iesous Christos is not the only messiah people believe(d) in and there are other messianic movements. Some of them are as follows:
*Brian
*Chabad messianism, a modern age Jewish messianic belief system.
* a messianic movement widespread in Poland in the 16th to the 18th centuries
* an American World War II serviceman who will bring wealth and prosperity to the people of Tanna, Vanuatu if they follow him.
* the Bábism messiah.
* the Hindu messiah.
*, a fictional, immortal antiques dealer who chops off the heads of other immortals and has relations with females most people find attractive. He once battled with Ahriman (the Zoroastrian devil) and won. Thus he is a potential candidate for the prophesized saoshyant/messiah.
* a Muslim messiah.
*Maitreya, a Buddhist messiah.
* The Matrix messiah prophesized by the Oracle to be the one to free humanity from its computer-simulated existence. He is in a complicated relationship with Trinity. 
* the Zoroastrian messiah mentioned earlier. 
*Haile Selassie, the Rastafarian messiah.Haile Selassie
* a prophet who taught the to resurrect the Paiute dead, and remove whites and their works from North America.
==See also==
*Biblical prophecies
*Delusion
*Jerusalem syndrome
==External links==
*Joseph Jacobs, Moses Buttenwieser; Messiah (1906), JewishEncyclopedia.com
*Joseph Telushkin, The Messiah (extract), Jewish Virtual Library
*Who is Moshiach? — The Basics, Chabad.org
*Messiah: The Criteria, Jews for Judaism
*Mashiach: The Messiah, Judaism 101
*Ariela Pelaia, Chaviva Gordon-Bennett; The Jewish View of Jesus - Who Was Jesus? (2016), judaism.about.com
*Jesus is a False Messiah, EvilBible.com
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Christianity
Category:Judaism
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Category:New Testament
Category:Old Testament
Category:Religious terms