Not even wrong

Not even wrong refers to any statement, argument, or explanation that can be neither correct nor incorrect, because it fails to meet the criteria by which correctness and incorrectness are determined. As a more formal fallacy, it refers to the fine art of generating an ostensibly "correct" conclusion, but from premises which are known to be wrong or inapplicable. In other words, an argument that is valid, but not sound. 
The phrase "not even wrong" describes any argument that purports to be scientific, but fails at some fundamental level, usually in that it contains a terminal logical fallacy or it cannot be falsified by experiment, or cannot be used to make predictions about the natural world.
The phrase implies that not only is someone making an invalid point in a discussion, but also that they don't understand the nature of the discussion itself, or the things that need to be understood in order to participate.
==Origin==
The phrase apparently originates with physicist Wolfgang Pauli, who used the phrase (in the form "Das ist nicht nur nicht richtig, es ist nicht einmal falsch!" — "That is not only not right, it is not even wrong!") to describe an unclear research paper. Pauli was known for his detestation of sloppy writing and arguments, and for his somewhat "colourful" objections to such things. The term has since gathered some popularity, particularly amongst those involved in refuting pseudoscience, to reference the difficulties faced in dealing with some of the more out-of-this-world arguments. Examples include so-called creationist escape hatches, which are a series of irrefutable (but equally unprovable) claims that defy correction with conventional logic.The Guardian: Not Even Wrong It also applies to science stoppers.
==Form==
A correct argument or explanation is easy to spot; it may look like this:https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-proof-of-2+2-4
A wrong argument has an incorrect conclusion, but is presented in such a way that we can evaluate it, like so:
The above two examples can be shown to be right and wrong; they at least make enough sense for us to spot where the error is, or the logic leading to the error. Something that is not even wrong is usually so far out of the ballpark or so far from reality that it is, quite simply, flabbergastingly irrelevant. For example:
This is far more than just an argument leading to a wrong conclusion. The premises aren't even related to the conclusion or are themselves completely nonsensical. In a way, a "not even wrong" argument is often an extreme non sequitur — such as by the homeopaths who claim that observations (later debunked as a measurement error by the scientists who made them in the first place) of neutrinos breaking the speed of light meant that all science was wrong and therefore homeopathy works. The premises, their arrangements, the conclusion, all are so divorced from facts and logic that even attempting to rationally engage with it gives it too much credit. Bad science or pseudoscience either can be refuted with known facts, or at least raises intelligible questions that can then be addressed; the most interesting question that not even wrong can raise is "What is this person on?" and perhaps "Where can I get some, because it might help me make sense of this?"
Most commonly, not even wrong arguments arise because of a lack of understanding in the person making the argument. For instance, a conspiracy theorist talking about people slipping "ionised radio waves" into someone's coffee — no one who knows anything on the subject could even think of a way that only one or two small misconceptions could lead to that, it really is not even wrong. Either through willful ignorance, or at best by being out of date with current research, they don't know enough about the subject to know what is needed to form a sensible argument. This can be caused by the Dunning-Kruger effect, where someone makes a not even wrong argument but lacks the meta-cognitive ability to recognize that they don't know enough even to make a wrong argument, never mind a right one.
"Not even wrong" applies especially when the premises of an argument are known to be false (based on observational evidence or similar), or when they are used to describe theories which cannot possibly be falsifiable or provide meaningful predictions. For example, any physical theory based on the existence of the aether would be classed as not even wrong.However, the current state of knowledge should be the context in which this judgement is made. theory was actually scientific in the context of 18th-century science, but anyone advancing it today would surely have (let's put this charitably) some rather large gaps in his/her understanding of thermodynamics. In this case, it is a type of informal logical fallacy (an error in the content of an argument) as using incorrect or non-applicable premises will always yield an incorrect answer. As the premises are wrong, the conclusion is certainly incorrect, but the conclusion is at least correct based on said premises. The term "not even wrong" therefore describes this situation. The less strict usage of the fallacy to describe people who have no idea what they're talking about on any known level — whether it be Dewey Larson's model of the atom or Gene Ray's cubic time — is usually the manifestation of this in practice.
For a clear but silly example, one can say that "this chair is made of hard, solid wood, therefore I can sit on it". This is perfectly true, except in the case where the chair is made of jelly. The conclusion is correct based on the premise, but the premise is clearly not applicable. Therefore the conclusion is not even wrong.
==Examples==
The webcomic xkcd parodied the idea by suggesting that someone thought they had managed to disprove special relativity using a "racecar on a train" thought experiment.xkcd 675 The blog Science and Math Defeated seems to be the real personification of what this comic strip is about; however, no one is 100% sure if it is real or not.
Examples in real life often involve "skeptics" arguing with established scientists. In climategate, for example, where a thousand e-mails from leading climate change researchers were hacked and released publicly, most critics seemed to not understand the basic meaning behind some of the emails (climate science and atmospheric chemistry are complex disciplines), instead preferring to quote mine a few emails out of context and misunderstanding the use of the word "trick". Climate science is one of the areas where "not even wrong" arguments are common, owing to the complexity of the system under study. 
"Not Even Wrong" can apply to the Lenski affair, where conservative website owner Andrew Schlafly demanded that Professor Richard Lenski "release the data" on his long term evolution experiment. This stemmed from Schlafly's misinterpretation of the research paper in question (if indeed he actually read it – as Lenski himself observed, Schlafly almost certainly hadn't at the time of the e-mail exchange). The paper did in fact mention all the relevant data one would need to appraise the experiment. Schlafly's further criticisms regarding the statistics reported in the paper were certainly in the field of "not even wrong", owing to his complete misunderstanding of basic practice when applying statistics as well as ignorance of the computer programs used — confusing the professional software package Statistics 101 with an amateur website.
A classic example from evolutionary biology is the oft-asked question "Why are there still monkeys?" Another would be Scott Huse's belief that evolutionary theory means humans are descended from birds. Outside of evolutionary biology, another common example is the assertion that "God created Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve!"
These two girls descend into so many layers of wrong that it becomes nigh impossible to see where their first level of wrong began.
==Not Even Wrong: The Book (and website)==
Not Even Wrong is a book about String Theory by Professor Peter Woit of Columbia University's mathematics department.https://books.google.com/books/about/Not_Even_Wrong.html?id=pcJA3i0xKAUC He also has a blog of the same name.http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress
In the book, Woit also devotes a chapter to the Bogdanov affair. The Bogdanoff twins had produced works of theoretical pseudophysics which they managed to get past peer review, but which later faced greater critical scrutiny. "The Bogdanoffs' work is significantly more incoherent than just about anything else being published." according to Woit. "But the increasingly low standard of coherence in the whole field is what allowed them to think they were doing something sensible and to get it published."Theses spark twin dilemma for physicists Butler, Declan. Nature, 2002.
==See also==
*Banana fallacy
*Peanut butter argument
*Crocoduck
*Fractal wrongness
*Non sequitur
*Time Cube
*Willful ignorance
*Wronger than wrong
*WOMBAT
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==Notes==
==References==
Category:Philosophy
Category:Formal fallacies
Category:Philosophy of science