nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Neel Kashkari

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Neel Kashkari is an American banker and politician who is currently the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. He rose to prominence as a member of President George W. Bush’s administration by overseeing the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) from 2008 - 2009. He took over the Minneapolis Fed presidency on Jan. 1, 2016, succeeding Narayana Kocherlakota, who left office at the end of 2015. In the new role, he participates in meetings of the Federal Reserve’s policy committee, though he will not be a voting member in 2016. 
He was designated as the interim assistant secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability on October 6, 2008. 
== Background ==
Kashkari joined the Treasury Department in July 2006 as senior advisor to U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. In that role, he was responsible for developing the President’s Twenty in Ten energy security plan, enhancing Treasury’s engagement with India, particularly in the area of infrastructure development, and developing and executing the Department’s response to the housing crisis, including the formation of the HOPE NOW Alliance, the development of the subprime fast-track loan modification plan, and Treasury’s initiative to kick-start a covered bond market in the United States. He became an assistant secretary between 2008 and 2009. After leaving the administration, Kashkari worked as a money manager for Pimco between 2009 and 2013. 
He ran for governor of California in 2014 but lost to the incumbent, Jerry Brown.
Before joining the Treasury Department, Kashkari was a Vice President at Goldman, Sachs & Co. in San Francisco, where he led Goldman's IT Security Investment Banking practice, advising public and private companies on mergers and acquisitions and financial transactions. 
Prior to his career in finance, Kashkari was a R&D Principal Investigator at TRW in Redondo Beach, California where he developed technology for NASA space science missions such as the James Webb Space Telescope.
== Education ==
Kashkari earned an M.B.A. from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania; a Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; and a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
== References ==
Neeraj Sahai

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Neeraj Sahai is president of Standard & Poor's rating agency. He took over that position in November 2013. He succeeded Douglas Peterson, who became president and chief executive officer of McGraw Hill, S&P's parent company, earlier that month. 
== Background ==
Sahai was previously the head of Citi's Securities and Fund Services business and served as chief fiduciary officer of Citigroup. He was chief financial officer of Citi's Global Transaction Services from 2002 to 2005. He began his career at the bank in 1984. 
== Education ==
Sahai earned bachelor's and master's degrees in economics from the University of Delhi and an M.B.A. from Clarkson University.
== References ==
Negative Interest Rates

A negative interest rate means banks would pay a small amount of money each month to keep some of their money at the Federal Reserve – a reversal of how a bank typically works. 
Usually, a lender charges a borrower a percentage rate for a loan. For example, someone may ask to borrow $1,000 and the lender will charge them a (say) 5% annual percentage rate, so if the $1,000 is paid off in a year the borrower pays an additional $50 to the lender that gave them the loan. Lenders take a risk the borrower might default, so an interest rate is charged to encourage the lender to lend money to people. In general, the higher the risk to the lender the higher the interest they charge.
Negative interest rates reverse this. In this case the lender pays the borrower to borrow money from them. On the face of it this makes no sense, but it can be a tool for central banks that want to stimulate their country's economy but have no other means to do so. Offering a negative rate encourages banks to borrow money from the government which the banks will, presumably, use to lend to businesses and individuals as a means to encourage spending and encourage economic growth.
This is usually seen as an extreme measure for a central bank to take and its usefulness is highly debated.
== References ==
Neil Aslin

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Neil J. Aslin is vice chairman of PFGBEST.com and president of PFG’s Global Funds Division. 
== Background ==
Aslin joined PFG, recently renamed PFGBEST.com, in 1998.
From 1984 to 1996, Aslin served as chairman and chief executive officer of First Financial Government Securities, a broker-dealer and introducing broker specializing in credit risk management strategies for banks and other financial institutions.
From 1971 to 1983, he was executive vice president of ContiCommodity Services (referred to as "Conti"), a major international futures brokerage and clearing firm. While at Conti in Chicago, he successfully launched U.S.- and Bahamas-based investment limited partnerships and developed the company’s 35-office international branch systems.
Aslin is a past member of the Chicago Board of Trade and Chicago Mercantile Exchange.
Over the years, Aslin has spoken before a number of groups and been a source on derivatives, particularly as they pertain to managed funds. He has authored articles and presentations on emerging securities futures markets, alternative investments, hedge fund strategies, and on the strengths and challenges of electronic and open outcry exchanges around the world.
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:FCM Executives
Category:Bios - Executives
Neil Barofsky

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Neil M. Barofsky, currently a partner at Jenner & Block, was appointed by then-President George W. Bush in 2008 to oversee the government's spending of the TARP bailout money.
In 2011, he stepped down from that post, saying he wanted to spend more time with his family. After moving to Washington D.C. in late 2008, he had gotten married and became a father. His deputy, Christy Romero, took over the position on March 30, 2011.
Barofsky opened an investigation in March 2009 into whether AIG paid more government bailout money than necessary to big banks that held claims against the collapsing insurance company.
In June 2014, the New York Times reported that New York state’s financial regulator was close to picking Barofsky as the corporate monitor for Credit Suisse, after the bank pleaded guilty to helping American clients evade taxes.
Barofsky was initially appointed as the corporate monitor for Credit Suisse and given the task of producing a public report on his findings, but Credit Suisse removed him as ombudsman in November 2022. On December 4, 2023, Credit Suisse reinstated Barofsky as an independent ombudsperson to oversee the bank’s review into its history of servicing Nazi-linked accounts. The decision was announced by the US Senate Budget Committee.
He was formerly the New York Assistant U.S. Attorney. 
== Background ==
Barofksy is a former lead prosecutor in the southern district of New York's securities-fraud unit. He was best known as the prosecutor who made former Refco chairman Phillip Bennett cry on the stand.
He has also been a contributing editor to Bloomberg Television and an adjunct professor at NYU School of Law.
== Education ==
Barofsky earned a B.A. in International Relations and a B.S. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania and a J.D. from New York University School of Law.
== References ==
Category:Former Government Officials
Neil Eckert

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Neil D. Eckert is the chairman of IncubEx, as well as chairman of Aggregated Micro Power Holdings. He was the co-founder and chief executive of the Climate Exchange until the sale of the company to ICE in July 2010. Climate Exchange owned the Chicago Climate Exchange and the European Climate Exchange. 
Eckert was also previously chairman of Trading Emissions PLC, a global fund investing in emission reduction permits, chairman of Econergy International PLC, a company investing in South American renewable energy projects, and chairman of Aggregated Micro Power Ltd, a small company that finances and manages small-scale renewable energy facilities in the US. He is on the board of Isle of Man Assurance Ltd.; Ebix Inc., an insurance-based software company; the Environmental Credit Corp., a U.S. company dedicated to securing carbon permits from U.S. agricultural businesses; and Ri3K, a U.K. technology hub for the reinsurance market. He is also chairman of Design Technology & Innovation Ltd., a patenting and intellectual property company whose principal activity is in the field of irrigating plants with salty or brackish water.
 
== Background ==
Until 2005, Eckert was chief executive of Brit Insurance Holdings PLC, an international insurance and reinsurance company he founded in 1995. 
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Neil Fitzpatrick

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Neil Fitzpatrick is chief operating officer, Citadel Execution Services. He joined Citadel Investment Group in August 2004 as COO of execution services.
He was named in Crain's Chicago Business' "40 under 40" in 2008. At Citadel, he runs a team of 30 employees.
== Background ==
After a time at PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, he landed a job in 1998 at Knight Trading, eventually becoming chief finance officer of global equities.
== Education ==
Fitzpatrick went to school at Binghamton University in New York.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Neil Lustyk

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Neil Lustyk is a Chicago-based listed derivatives professional who is retired after working for the CME Group for nearly 22 years and in the futures industry for 45 years. He supervised the CME Group's trading floor staff at 141 West Jackson Blvd. at the Chicago Board of Trade Building. 
He previously worked in global operations at the CME Group in the Globex Control Center.
Lustyk joined the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in 2002 as an associate director after a career at the Chicago Board of Trade as a floor broker and floor manager.
== Background ==
Lustyk started his career in the futures industry like many others, as a floor messenger or runner on the floor of the Chicago Board of Trade. He worked his way up to become the floor manager for Shearson Lehman Brothers. He later became a floor broker in the 30-year bond pit.
Lustyk joined the CME originally on the third shift, working from 3 a.m. to 11 a.m.
He is a patent holder for "Detection and mitigation of effects of high velocity value changes based upon match event outcomes" with other CME Group employees.
While he was a desk manager with earlier variations of Shearson, he ran the former First Wall trading desk in the former Mansfield Room at the Chicago Board of Trade. One of the runners assigned to his desk the summer of 1981 was John Lothian.
== Education ==
Lustyk holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from DePaul University in Chicago in the field of capital markets.
== References ==	
Category:Former CBOT Members
Category:Shearson Lehman Brothers - Former Employees
Category:Shearson Lehman Brothers
Category:CME Group
Category:CME Group - Former Employees
Neil Shapiro

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Neil Shapiro is an executive vice president at Intermarket Communications. Joining the firm in 2000, he is in charge of the firm's corporate practice, and also advises clients on public relations strategy, crisis communications and media relations. He has developed and directed PR campaigns for mergers & acquisitions, initial public offerings, spinoffs, divestitures and new product launches.
He also conducts personalized media training seminars for executives and other corporate spokespeople designed to improve his clients' reputation and positioning in the press.
== Background ==
Before joining Intermarket, Shapiro was the Senior Producer of "Your World with Neil Cavuto," a live daily business and general news show on the Fox News Channel. Prior to that, he held senior editorial positions at CNBC, CNN and CNN Headline News.
== Education ==
Shapiro holds a bachelor of arts degree in television & radio broadcasting from Brooklyn College.
== References ==	
Category:Public Relations Professionals
Category:Journalists
Categroy:Corporate Communication Professionals
Nellie Liang

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Nellie Liang is an economist and the Miriam K. Carliner Senior Fellow in Economic Studies at the Brookings Institution. Before joining Brookings in 2017, she was the director of the Division of Financial Stability of the Federal Reserve Board from 2010 to 2017. Liang founded the Office of Financial Stability Policy and Research in 2010, which became the Division of Financial Stability in 2016. 
In addition to her position at Brookings, Liang is also a visiting scholar at the International Monetary Fund, specializing in monetary policy and capital markets, and a lecturer at Yale University's School of Management. She is a member of Congressional Budget Office's panel of economic advisors. 
In January 2021 Liang was said to be under consideration for the position of U.S. Treasury’s undersecretary for domestic finance under President-elect Joe Biden.
== Background ==
Liang began her career at the Federal Reserve Board in 1986 when she joined the Division of Research and Statistics as an economist. In 2010, she was appointed director of the newly created Office of Financial Stability Policy and Research, which became the Division of Financial Stability in 2016. In addition, while at the Federal Reserve she helped create its response to the financial crisis in 2009 and was a leader of its Supervisory Capital Assessment Program. 
Liang's published research includes writings on credit cycles and macroeconomic dynamics, creditor rights and employment, short-term funding markets and bank cost of capital.
== Education ==
Nellie Liang received her Ph.D. in economics from the University of Maryland in 1986 and her B.A. in economics from the University of Notre Dame in 1979.
== References ==
Nelson Griggs

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Nelson Griggs is a New York-based exchange executive who currently serves as president of Capital Access Platforms at Nasdaq, where he leads the Data & Listings, Index and Workflow & Insights businesses. He is responsible for directing a business that serves over 10,000 corporate clients and 5,000 investor clients across the investment management system.
In his prior role, Griggs served as executive vice president of Nasdaq's Corporate Platforms business. He oversaw new listings and capital markets, governance and investor relations solutions business, and led global business development and relationship management with the 4,000 companies listed on Nasdaq’s markets around the world. 
== Background ==
 
Griggs joined Nasdaq in 2001 and has worn a few hats within its listing services unit including: senior vice president, listing services. Prior to joining Nasdaq, Griggs worked at Fidelity Investments and a San Francisco-based start-up. 
== Education ==
He graduated from Denison University in Granville, OH with a bachelor of arts in political science and government 
== References ==	
Category:Fidelity Investments - Former Employees
Category:Exchange Presidents
Nelson Low

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Nelson Low is director of commodity products, CME Group (CME), Asia. He was named to this newly-created position on Apr. 29, 2008. Low is responsible sales, marketing and education efforts throughout Asia for the CME Group's commodities business.
== Background ==
Low joined the CME Group from the Singapore Exchange(SGX) where he served as vice president of product and business development. He also served as vice president of product and business development for the Joint Asian Derivatives Exchange (JADE).
Prior to joining SGX, Low served as regional sales manager for trade in the Asia-Pacific region for Avebe U.A. where he managed the firm's physical trading operations across the region. He has also worked as a trader for Andre & CIE S.A.
== Education ==
Low has a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from the National University of Singapore. He is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA).
== References ==	
Category:CME Group
Category:Singapore
Category:Singapore Exchange - Former Employees
NetOTC

NetOTC is a London-based technology firm specializing in risk management and mitigation for OTC derivatives markets.
== History ==
NetOTC was founded in 2011 by Matthew Durkin and Neeraj Sharma, with a plan to develop new risk management tools for OTC derivative market participants, in the wake of post-financial crisis regulatory reform and, specifically, new requirements for transparency and collateral and margin payments.
In November 2015, the firm launched its first product, NetOTC Bilateral. Also in November 2015, the company named ex-LCH.Clearnet executive Roger Liddell as CEO to replace co-founder Matthew Durkin. 
== Products and Services ==
NetOTC's first product, NetOTC Bilateral, is an end-to-end bilateral market infrastructure for the margining of non-cleared OTC derivatives. The product was launched in November 2015.
== Key People ==
*Roger Liddell, CEO
*Neeraj Sharma, co-founder and group CEO
*Bob Wigley, chairman
== References ==
Net asset value (NAV)

Net asset value (NAV) is a term commonly used in relation to mutual funds, hedge funds, or other collective investments. It refers to the total value of the entity's assets minus its liabilities. It is also used as a synonym for book value. 
NAV is computed once at the end of each trading day based on the closing market prices of the securities in the portfolio. The number is important for investors because the price per unit of a fund is calculated from the NAV. 
== References ==
Category:Trading Terms
Category:Portfolio
Category:Mutual Fund
Category:Funds
Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets

The Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets has been responsible for supervising the operation of the financial markets since March 1, 2002. AFM supervises the conduct of the entire financial market sector: savings, investment, insurance and loans. By supervising the conduct of the financial markets, AFM aims to make a contribution to the efficient operation of these markets.
In September 2020, AFM published a study in which it recommended major changes to MiFID II’s rules for fixed income and derivatives trading, charging that the regulation’s focus on transparency has been counterproductive.
The changes put forward by the AFM include permanently waiving pre-trade transparency requirements for illiquid instruments, eradicating the reference data requirements and ISINs for illiquid instruments, and expanding certain requirements to systematic internalisers (SIs) for OTC derivatives trading.
== History ==
AFM is the successor of the STE (Securities Board of the Netherlands/Stichting Toezicht Effectenverkeer), which supervised all of the participants in the securities trade. The establishment of AFM is a result of the policy document review of the supervision of the financial market sector of the Ministry of Finance. Accordingly, sector-based supervision has been replaced by function-based supervision, which is divided into prudential supervision and supervision of market conduct.
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
Executive Board Members:
*Laura van Geest, Chair
*H.L. (Hanzo) van Beusekom
*J.R. (Jos) Heuvelman
*E.M.A. (Ellen) van Schoten
== References ==
Category:Regulators
Netherlands Bank

The Netherlands Bank (De Nederlandsche Bank) is the central bank of the Netherlands and is responsible for safeguarding financial stability. 
The Bank has two administrative forms: as part of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and as an independent administrative body (ZBO).
*As part of the ESCB the DNB has responsibility for identifying and implementing monetary policy in the countries that have adopted the euro.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category: Central Banks
Netting

Netting is a method of reducing various forms of risk in a trade by combining two or more obligations to calculate a "net obligation," or the difference between both obligations, which is paid out instead of the original obligations in the trade. 
== Types of Netting ==
There are four types of netting: novation netting, close-out netting, multilateral netting, and payment netting, which is also known as settlement netting.
=== Payment/settlement netting ===
Each party in a trade aggregates the amount of currency to be delivered according to the terms of the trade. Only the difference in the aggregated amounts are delivered by the party with the larger aggregate obligation.
For example: Firm A owes Firm B $7 million, and Firm B owes Firm A $8 million. Instead of both firms shuffling large amounts of money around, Firm B simply delivers Firm A the difference between their respective obligations - $1 million in this case - and both firms call it even. 
While this type of netting reduces settlement risk, both transactions remain in their gross forms for balance sheet and regulatory purposes.
=== Novation netting ===
Novation netting is when two parties have obligations, a preferred currency, and a value date set, but then cancel their obligations and replace it with a new one for the net amount of the original trade. In other words, if Firm A and Firm B could engage in payment/settlement netting by having Firm B pay Firm A the $1 million difference between their obligations, they may engage in netting in similar fashion by simply canceling their original deal and entering into a simpler one in which only Firm B need pay, and only the $1 million difference, instead of both sides paying their original obligations.
=== Close-out netting ===
Close-out netting is a type of netting that happens in the event of a default. Close-out netting happens after the total value of an organization's overdue payment to another organization is calculated, minus the obligations of the creditor to the debtor.
=== Multilateral netting ===
Multilateral netting involves netting between more than two parties, using a clearinghouse or central exchange. Netting between two parties is called "Bilateral" netting.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Trading Terms
Category:Options
Neurensic

Neurensic, acquired by Trading Technologies in October 2017, provided an AI platform for trading, compliance, surveillance and banking. TT planned to fold the firm's technology into its TT trading platform, effectively shuttering Neurensic. 
Founded in 2015, the firm offered tools to help futures traders and brokers comply with regulations barring disruptive trading practices such as spoofing. 
The company was co-founded by David Widerhorn, who served as CEO; Tim Geannopulos, former COO, Zachary Watts, former chief technology officer, and Paul Giedraitis, managing director of technical sales.
Leo Melamed was chairman of Neurensic's board of advisers.
== History ==
The company was founded in 2015 by David Widerhorn and the three co-founders and touted its technology as among the groundbreaking firms in the regulatory compliance space, which aims to help firms and regulators find unlawful trading. 
 
== Products and Services ==
Neurensic released two new products at the FIA Expo in Chicago in 2015: 
CORE was its surveillance software that uses self-learning technology that automatically recognizes new “disruptive trading” practices, providing firms with a continuous assessment of the compliance risk associated with complex trading behaviors. 
OPS enabled firms to understand the true value of their customer population in light of the technological complexities of the modern trading world. It uses predictive analytics and visualization technologies to reveal the underlying costs, revenues and risks associated with each customer.
== Key People ==
*David Widerhorn, CEO and Founder
*Paul Giedraitis, COO and Co-Founder
*Zachary Watts, CTO
== References ==