nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Carbon pencil

== Description ==
A carbon-based black drawing pencil that does not use graphite (Mayer 1969). 
See also charcoal crayon.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
charcoal crayon
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Carbon steel

== Description ==
Steel is an alloy of iron with a small percentage of carbon. The amount of carbon present changes the iron from a soft easily worked metal into an extremely hard brittle metal.
--Low carbon (mild, soft) steel contains less than 0.3% carbon. It works well when heated to redness and is easily cast. Soft steel is used in construction and as a substitute for wrought iron.
--Medium carbon (normal) steel contains between 0.3-0.7% carbon. It is easily cast and forged into many shapes. Normal steel is also used for construction.
--High carbon (hard) steel contains between 0.7-1.5% carbon. It is very hard and brittle and is used to fortify warships.
--Cast iron also contains carbon in concentrations up to 5%.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acier au carbone (Fr.); acero al carbón (Esp.); aço não-ligado (Port.); aço carbono (Port.)
== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 145
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
Category:Materials database
Carbon tetrachloride

== Description ==
A colorless, volatile liquid with a sweet, distinctive odor. Carbon tetrachloride was first produced in 1839 in Germany. It was used for many years to dissolve waxes, fats, and degrease metals. It was also a popular dry cleaning solvent and spot remover, however it is no longer widely used because of its toxicity. Carbon tetrachloride was once used as a single component fumigant and as a component in funigamt mixtures (Dowfume 75). Carbon tetrachloride was also used for a while in fire extinguishers (Pyrene), but was discontinued because it decomposed in high heat to form phosgene, a highly poisonous gas.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tetrachloromethane; tetrachlormethane; perchloromethane; tetrachlorocarbon; Carbona; Pyrene
== Risks ==
* Nonflammable. 
* Forms phosgene in electrical fires, high heat or ultraviolet light. 
* Very toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. 
* Carcinogen and teratogen in both males and females. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Miscible in ethanol, benzene, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, ligroin. 
* Insoluble in water at room temperature. At elevated temperatures, carbon tetrachloride can slowly react with water to form hydrochloric acid.
Composition 	CCl4
CAS 	56-23-5
Melting Point 	-23 C
Density 	1.589 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 153.8
Refractive Index	1.4607
Boiling Point 	76.7 C
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: sp. grav. = 1.629
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 147
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Stephen R. Edwards, Bruce M. Bell, Mary Elizabeth King, Pest Control in Museums: a Status Report 1980, Association of Sytematics Collections, Washington DC, 1980
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, A Guide to Museum Pest Control, FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 1864
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Conservation termlist at www.hants.org.uk/museums (accessed 2001)
Category:Materials database
Carbon tissue

== Description ==
A paper for making photographs by the carbon process. Developed about 1864 by Sir Joseph Wilson Swan, carbon tissue was a printing out paper that contained a permanent pigment, such as carbon (lampblack), in a film of gelatin. The paper was sensitized with potassium bichromate. When the carbon tissue was placed under a negative and exposed to light, the bichromated gelatin selectively hardened in some areas proportional to the amount of light received. The gelatin from the exposed tissue was transferred to a paper and, at the same time, the soft, unchanged gelatin was washed away. This technique produced a print with a slight relief texture. Carbon prints were commonly used for book illustrations in the late 19th century. As use of the technique expanded, other pigments were used besides carbon black and they were called pigment prints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
carbon prints; pigment prints
==Resources and Citations==
* J.P.Ward, "Photography", The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries, Inc, New York, 1996.
Category:Materials database
Carbonado

== Description ==
A black or dark-color diamond. Carbonado diamonds have primarily been found in Brazil (Sao Salvador), Bahia, and Borneo. They are usually opaque, granular stones with no distinct cleavage. Carbonado diamonds are used for in abrasive coatings on drill bits, and grinding wheels. They are also used on rock cutting saws, glass cutters, phonograph needles, hardness testers, semiconductors, and wire-drawing dies.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
black diamond; carbons; industrial grade diamond
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* No cleavage. 
* Slightly porous.
Composition 	C
Mohs Hardness	10
Density 	3.1-3.3 g/ml
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Diamond
* R.M.Organ, Design for Scientific Conservation of Antiquities, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 1968
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Carbonado." Accessed: 26 Apr. 2004.
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 264
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Carbonate of lime

== Description ==
Common name for calcium carbonate prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
calcium carbonate
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Carbonate paper

== Description ==
A printing paper that has been filled with calcium carbonate. Carbonate paper had an unsized, smooth finish and good opacity. Once used as the primary paper for magazines, it has largely been replaced by machine coated papers.
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
Category:Materials database
Carbonate rock

== Description ==
A class of rock consisting chiefly of carbonate minerals. Examples include limestone, dolomite, and carbonatite. Most carbonate rocks are sedimentary.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
roche carbonatée (Fr.); rocha carbonatada (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* osé Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, Submitted information, 2009.
* Wikipedia: Carbonate Rock (accessed March 2010)
Category:Materials database
Carbonic acid

== Description ==
A weak acid formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water. Carbonic acid also forms when any organic or inorganic carbonate is dissolved in water. Carbon dioxide in equilibrium with water will produce carbonic acid; the resultant water has a pH of about 6.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aerial acid; acid of chalk; cretaceous acid; calcareous acid; acid of charcoal; mephitic acid; potash water; soda water; aerated water; kyselina uhlièitá (Ces.); kulsyre (Dan.); Kohlensäure (Deut.); ácido carbónico (Esp.); acide carbonique (Fr.); acido carbonico (It.); koolzuur (Ned.); karbonsyre (Nor.); kwas wêglowy (Pol.); ácido carbônico (Port.); kolsyra (Sven.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Composition 	H2CO3
CAS 	463-79-6
Density 	1.0 g/ml
Molecular Weight	62.03
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 836
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_acid (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Carbonless paper

== Description ==
A copy paper that reproduces mechanically induced marks onto or from another paper without the use of carbon paper. Carbonless paper has a chemical transfer coating on the back of the front sheet or on the front of the back sheet of a group of papers. The chemical transfer coating is usually composed of microscopic spheres of dye. Pressure results in the rupture of the spheres and release of the dye. In some cases a colorless dye is used that reacts with the filler in the paper to produce a colored image.
Category:Materials database
Carbonyl sulfide

== Description ==
A highly toxic colorless gas with a sulfide odor. Carbonyl sulfide is formed during production of carbon disulfide and the manufacture of some plastics. Significant amounts of carbonyl sulfide are also released during the combustion of coal, fossil fuels, natural gas, biomass, and refuse. Non-human activity production of carbonyl sulfide comes from volcanos, salt marshes, and soils. It is naturally removed from the atmosphere by plants, photolysis, soil absorption, water hydrolysis, and microorganisms.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
carbonoxysulfide
== Risks ==
* Flammable.  
* May be ignited by sparks.  Forms explosive mixtures in air.  
* Decomposes to form carbon monoxide.
* Carbonyl sulfide: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Composition 	COS
CAS 	463-58-1
Melting Point 	-138.8 C
Molecular Weight	60.07
Boiling Point 	-50.2 C
==Resources and Citations==
* EPA Chemfacts website at http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/s_carbns.txt
Category:Materials database
Carbopol

== Description ==
[Lubrizol] A registered trademark for a series of polyacrylic acids used as gelling agents. Carbopol® polymers are white, fluffy powders, clear gels or dispersed emulsions. The variety of options cover a wide pH range and electrolyte tolerance as well as options for many viscosities. Carbopols are used in many personal care products.
- Carbopol® 910 
- Carbopol® 934 
- Carbopol® 940
- Carbopol® 941 
- Carbopol® 954 - carboxypolymethylene
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
carbomer; carboxypolymethylene
== Risks ==
* Skin contact and inhalation of dust may cause irritation. 
* ThermoFisher: Carbopol 940 SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* pKa = 5.0 - 6.0 
* pH of 1% dispersion is about 2.5-3.0
* Density = 1.41 g/ml
* Tg = 100-105 C
==Resources and Citations==
* Lubrizol: Carbopol
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
* Ceramics and Glass Conservation Section, List of Workshop Materials, The British Museum, London
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Carborundum

== Description ==
[Carborundum] Originally a registered trademark that is now used for several artificial abrasives made from silicon carbide, fused alumina, and other materials. Edward Atcheson accidentally made Carborundum in 1884 when he was attempting to synthesize diamonds from clay and coke. He patented the material in 1893 and trademarked it under the name Carborundum, a variant of corundum, because he incorrectly believed his compound contained carbon and aluminum oxide. His product was, however, was composed of silicon carbide which has a Mohs' hardness scale of 9.17. Now many varieties of Carborundum are available with varying hardness and grit. Carborundum abrasives are used for cutting, grinding and polishing all kinds of metal and glass.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
silicon carbide
== Risks ==
* No significant health hazard.
* May produce a hazy glaze if residues are left on biscuit.
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Comparisons ==
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Saint-Gobain Abrasives: Carborundum
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "silicon carbide" [Accessed July 26, 2002].
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 714
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000 Comment: Carborundum (TM)
Category:Materials database
Carbowax

== Description ==
[Union Carbide] A registered trademark for a series of translucent polyethylene glycols and methoxypolyethylene glycols. The water-soluble Carbowax® products are available in a range of viscosities from a honey-like solution to a hard wax-like block. They are used commercially as solvents for dyes, natural resins, and proteins. They are also used as plasticizers for casein, gelatin, glue, zein, cork, and inks. Carbowax® formulations have also been used to slowly replaced water in water-logged wood providing structural support while decreasing wetness. They, however, remain somewhat tacky and can retain dirt that darkens and discolors the artifact.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
PEG; polyethylene glycol; methoxypolyethylene glycol; polietilenglicol (Esp.): metoxipolietilenglicol (Esp.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiCARBOWAX.jpg~FTIR]]]
==Risks ==
* Potential skin irritant. 
* Combustible. Flash point: 182 - 287 C 
* Dow Chemical: MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in water.
* CAS# = 25322-68-3
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dow Chemical: Website
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
Category:Materials database
Carboxide

== Description ==
[Formerly by Linde Specialty Gases division of Union Carbide] A registered trademark for a fumigant and disinfectant composed of ethylene oxide (10%) diluted with carbon dioxide (90%). Both gases are colorless and odorless. Ethylene oxide acts to kill insects, pests, bacteria, mold, and fungi. Carbon dioxide primarily serves as a diluent to decrease the fire risk of the ethylene oxide. In addition, it provides an anoxic factor. Carboxide gas is no longer produced.
2) A common name for calcium hydroxide.
== Risks ==
Ethylene oxide is toxic and a carcinogen.
==Resources and Citations==
* F.H. Hengemihle, N. Weberg, C.J. Shahani, "Desorption of Residual Ethylene Oxide from Fumigated Library Materials" Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 9502, Library of Congress. Link
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Carboxylic acid

== Description ==
An alternate name for organic acids. Carboxylic acids are weaker than inorganic acids. They contain carbon and a proton produced from one or more carboxylic acid groups (-COOH). Examples of organic acids are acetic, formic, benzoic, lactic and citric acids along with fatty acids and amino acids. Carboxylic acids occur naturally in plants, fruits, animals and microorganisms. They can have detrimental effects on materials, such as paper, leather, metals and photographs. Of concern in a museum environment is the volatility of many of organic acids and their ubiquitous presence in many materials.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
organic acid
==Resources and Citations==
* P.Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002.
Category:Materials database
Carboxymethyl cellulose

== Description ==
1) A hard, transparent polymer. Carboxymethyl cellulose, or CMC, is glossy and has good impact strength. However it is sensitive to moisture and most chemicals. Carboxymethyl cellulose is used for small containers, handles, eyeglass frames, pens, toys and packaging. 
2) Carboxymethyl cellulose is a common name for sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiCMC.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
CMC; carboxymethylcellulose (Fr.); carboximetilcelulosa (Esp.); carbossimetil cellulosa (It.); carboximetilcelulose (Port.)
== Collections Risks == 
Links to Oddy Test results posted on AIC Wiki Materials Database Pages for individual materials below
Carboxymethyl Cellulose tested in 2013
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Affected by water, acids, alkalis, alcohols, esters, ketones, phenols, oils 
* Insoluble in carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene.
* Refractive Index = 1.51
==Resources and Citations==
* Website: www.me.umist.ac.uk.historyp/cmc
* Conservation termlist - www.hants.org.uk/museums
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxymethyl_cellulose (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWG
Caribou hair

==Description==
Hair from caribou, a wild species of deer often called reindeer when domesticated. Caribou are found in the arctic tundra regions of North America, Asia, Northern Europe, Alaska and Greenland. Caribou hair is a light weight hollow hair that is slightly shorter than natural deer body hair and a lighter color. The hair is used for brushes, fly-fishing and some clothing as it spins well and flares easily.. 
Category:Materials database
Carmine lake

== Description ==
A generic name for two closely related organic red lakes that are obtained from scale insects, cochineal and kermes. Carmine lake first referred to kermes, one of the oldest organic colorant, which is rarely encountered today. Kermesic acid is extracted with alkali from the kermes scale insect and precipitated on an iron-free alum to produce carmine. The name for a kermes lake changed to crimson lake after cochineal, found in Mexico, was brought to Europe in the late 16th century. Carminic acid is extract from the cochineal insect (Coccus cacti) bodies with an aqueous solution of tartar then precipitated on alumina trihydrate to produce carmine lake. The presence of iron makes a brighter red color. Neither pigment is permanent enough for use in fine art as they discolor in sunlight. They were replaced first by madder and alizarin then later by synthetic organic red colors.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Natural Red 4 (carminic acid); Karmin (Deut.); laca carmín (Esp.); laque carmoisie (Fr.); laca al carminio (It.); enji (Jap.); laca carmim (Port.); Vienna lake; Viennese lake; Munich lake; nacarat carmine
== Risks ==
Nontoxic.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in ammonium hydroxide producing a purple solution. Insoluble in water. 
* Burns to produce a white ash with a horn-like smell. 
* ISO R105 Lightfastness Classification = 1-2 
* ASTM (1999) lightfastness = V (very poor)
==Resources and Citations==
* H. Schweppe, H.Roosen-Runge, "Carmine-Cochineal Carmine and Kermes Carmine", Artists Pigments, Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.
* Helmut Schweppe, Schweppe color collection index and information book
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 209
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* R.Feller, M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Japanese Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', Japanese Woodblock Prints, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database