nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
FX Alliance, Inc.

FX Alliance, Inc. (FXall) provides electronic foreign exchange trading solutions to institutional clients, including asset managers, banks, broker-dealers, corporations, hedge funds and prime brokers. Its platform includes spot,forward, swap and non-deliverable forward (NDF) transactions on foreign exchange, gold and silver.
In 2012, Thomson Reuters - renamed Refinitiv - acquired FXall for $625 million.
== History ==
FXall began operations in 2000 as a dealing platform for a consortium of 16 banking institutions, each owning between three and five percent of the company. Since then, FXall has earned several awards for its platform, including Euromoney's "Best Multibank and Independent Platform" each year between 2002-2011. 
== Key People ==
*Philip Weisberg, Chairman, CEO
*John Cooley, CFO
*Tom San Pietro, Head of Active Trading
*Steven Zieselman, Head of Relationship Trading
*Wayne Pestone, Chief Regulatory Officer
*Lenore Kantor, Head of Marketing and Communications
==JLN FX Interview, May 10, 2011==
In May, 2011, Former John Lothian News Editor-at-Large Doug Ashburn interviewed FXall's Steve Zieselman about the company's multibank trading platform, workflow solutions, recent upgrades, and plans for the future. The interview can be found HERE.
== References ==
FX Concepts, LLC

FX Concepts, LLC is a provider of foreign currency management and research. It is headquartered in New York City. Since 1988, it has managed currencies for institutional investors through both overlay and absolute return strategies, employing a methodology integrating the study of cycles, quantitative model-building, and technical forecasting.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*John R. Taylor, Jr., Chairman, CEO, CIO 
== References ==
FX Solutions

FX Solutions is an online foreign exchange (FX) brokerage. Its stated goal is to provide individual (FX) traders with the same professional liquidity execution and trading functionality.
 
== History ==
FX Solutions was founded in 2001 by two foreign exchange veterans who felt the Internet could provide the retail trader with the same instantaneous price and deal information that had previously been available only to bank traders via private networks.
The company opened for business with five employees and has since grown to over 70 professionals.
The company opened FX Solutions UK in August of 2009.
== Products and Services ==
In 2003, FX Solutions began live trading on its Global Trading System (GTS) and began research and development on a proprietary "direct link" price feed.
== Industry Recognition ==
FX Solutions has been recognized as one of America's fastest growing private companies by Inc. magazine for three consecutive years.
In 2011, FXstreet.com honored FX Solutions' James Chen and Joseph Trevisani as top forex market analysts for 100. Chen won 1st Place for "Best Book" and 2nd Place for "Best Blogger", and both Chen and Trevisani won 2nd Place for "Best Broker Research Team".
== Key People ==
==John Lothian News Interview==
*Five Minutes with Michael Cairns, CEO, FX Solutions on JLNForex, October 2012
== References ==
Category:Brokerages
FX Swaps

FX swaps are contracts whereby one party agrees to simultaneously buy an amount of currency at an agreed price and to resell the same amount of currency at a later date from the same counterparty, also at an agreed upon price. The first transaction is executed at one price and the second part of the trade is done at another. Both transactions, set simultaneously, are designed to offset each other. 
FX swaps are used by institutions in the markets to help fund their foreign exchange balances, as well as by large investors to hedge positions. Such transactions are part of the $4 trillion daily market for foreign exchange trades, according to the Bank of International Settlements.
==FX Swaps & Dodd Frank==
FX swaps were exempted from regulatory oversight along with foreign exchange forwards by the US Treasury in November 2012. Other swaps such as interest rate and credit default swaps, however, were included in Dodd-Frank Act rules from the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. The move by the US Treasury was opposed by CFTC chairman Gary Gensler, who had argued for regulation of FX swaps on the grounds that traders could structure other types of derivatives that would look like forex swaps in order to evade regulation. The US Treasury determined that FX swaps and forwards were short-term transactions that have a high degree of transparency and risk management. 
== References ==
Category:Foreign Exchange
Category:Swaps
Fabrice Demarigny

Fabrice Demarigny served as the secretary general of the Committee of European Securities Regulators from 2002 until 2008. He was succeeded by Carlo Comporti.
==Background==
Previously, Demarigny served as the secretary general of the CESR's predecessor organization, the Forum of European Securities Commissions (FESCO), which was formed in 1997. Demarigny also worked in a variety of divisions at the French securities regulator, the Commission des Operations de Bourse (COB), now known as the Autorite des Marches Financiers, including the Markets Regulation and Corporate Finance Divisions, and ultimately as head of the International Division.
==Education==
Demarigny holds a Masters degree in Finance from the University of Paris-Sorbonne, and a Ph.D. in Political Science from, the Institut d'Etudes Politiques of Paris.
==References==
Category:Regulators
Fabrizio Testa

__NOTOC__ 
Fabrizio Testa is the CEO of Borsa Italiana and head of fixed income trading for the group. He is a member of the managing board of Euronext, N.V., which owns Borsa Italiana. The board of directors of Borsa Italiana and the supervisory board of Euronext nominated him to take over as CEO on November 28, 2021. 
== Background ==
Testa was previously the CEO of MTS, a key venue for trading Italian government debt, where he covered several senior roles and contributed to the successful launch of BondVision, the MTS dealer to client market. He later took the role of head of product development. 
Earlier, he was head of money market desk at Bank of America Milan and then moved on to cover short-term Euro government bonds as a senior bond trader at Bank of America's London branch.
== Education ==
Testa served as Second Lieutenant in the Italian Carabinieri before graduating in economics & finance at Bocconi University in Milan.
== References ==
Factom (FCT)

Factom is the name of a blockchain protocol developed by Factom, Inc., an Austin, Texas-based start-up. Abbreviated (FCT), it is also the name of the blockchain's native coin. 
By the time it received a $4 million Series A venture capital investment round led by Tim Draper in October 2016, Factom had three products on its shelf: a data protection tool, an identity solution and distributed data storage service. 
In June 2018 Factom received a $192,000 grant from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to test technology and methods for improved security of border information that it had developed earlier with grant assistance from the department. The technology is to integrate data collected by the department's sensors and cameras onto a blockchain and was to be tested in simulations of low internet reliability and variable weather conditions. 
The original technology development had been partially funded by grants from the Department of Homeland Securities. The funding is a fourth tranche of a grant provided to Factom by the DHS in the course of its Silicon Valley Innovation Program, which allows tech companies to apply for $800,000 in funds over a 24-month period. 
FastForward Innovations Ltd, a U.K. investment firm, invested $6 million in Factom, Inc. in July 2018 which included a simple agreement for future equity (SAFE) for another $9 million. On July 30, 2019, the SAFE was extended indefinitely.
Factom, Inc's financial difficulties led it to seek Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on June 18, 2020 after losses of $2.6 million in 2016, $4.3 million in 2017, $5 million in 2018and $4.8 million in 2019. 
 
== References ==
Category:cryptocurrency
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Fadi Khalaf

__NOTOC__ 
Fadi Khalaf is Lebanon-based exchange executive who holds both French and Lebanese passports. Since 2009, he has served as the Secretary General - Arab Federation of Exchanges.
Prior to joining the AFE as secretary general, he was the chairman of the Beirut Stock Exchange for 10 years (1999-2009).
== Background ==
Khalaf worked in Paris as a financial consultant prior to moving back to Lebanon. He is a founder of the French Association of Technical Analysts (AFATE) in Paris and a member since 1991.
He worked with the Lebanese Ministry of Finance on the draft of the Capital Market law and defended it in the Lebanese Parliament. 
== Education ==
Khalaf holds a PhD in economics from the University of Paris at Sorbonne in France, and a masters degree in business administration and the diploma of technical analyst.
== References ==	
Category:Former Exchange Chairmen
Category:France
Category:Lebanon
Category:Industry Organization Executives
Category:Beruit Stock Exchange
FairX

FairX is an exchange announced on May 26, 2021 which plans to offer smaller, simpler, more accessible futures for active individual investors. It is registered with the CFTC and will have self-regulating responsibilities. 
The co-founders of FairX are Neal Brady, CEO & board member, Harsha Bhat, chief technology officer and Clifford Lewis, board member.	
==Background==
Fair Exchange or FairX is the name under which the exchange operates for LMX Labs, LLC, which is registered with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) as a designated contract market (“DCM”).
The exchange plans to launch in June 2021 offering low-cost, around-the-clock trading access to the most liquid asset classes in the global futures industry. Its initial product slate will includes futures on the Bloomberg US Large Cap Index, tracking the largest 500 companies by market cap, the Bloomberg US Dollar Spot Index, tracking the value of the U.S. dollar against a basket of international currencies, as well as the SuperTech Index, tracking 15 of the largest and most actively traded companies engaged in high-growth technology, media and manufacturing industries.
A wide range of firms have committed to offering FairX products at launch, including TD Ameritrade, E*Trade Financial, ABN AMRO Clearing Chicago LLC, ADM Investor Services, Advantage Futures, Dorman Trading, StoneX, Wedbush, Virtu Financial and XTX Markets. Nodal Clear, owned by Deutsche Börse Group, will provide clearing services. 
== History ==
FairX has closed multiple financing rounds led by Hyde Park Venture Partners with participation from Battery Ventures, Limerick Hill, LLC, TD Ameritrade, Virtu Financial and XTX Ventures. The Series A round raised $6 million in November of 2019.
== Products and Services ==
* Bloomberg US Large Cap Index Futures
* SuperTech Index Futures
== Key People ==
* Clifford Lewis - Chairman
* Neal Brady, CEO
* Kelly Brown, Chief Commercial Officer
* Boris Ilyevsky, Chief Product and Strategy Officer
== References ==
Category:Futures Exchanges
Category:North American Futures Exchanges
Fallen Angel

Fallen Angel is a term in finance referring to a bond that was initially issued with an investment-grade rating but has since been downgraded to junk bond status due to a deterioration in the issuing company's creditworthiness.
== History ==
The concept of fallen angels emerged in the bond market as credit rating agencies began to systematically evaluate and rate corporate debt in the early 20th century. The term gained prominence in the 1980s during a period of increased corporate bond issuance and economic volatility.
== Characteristics ==
Fallen angel bonds typically exhibit several key characteristics:
* Originally issued as investment-grade bonds (BBB- or higher by Standard & Poor's, Baa3 or higher by Moody's)
* Subsequently downgraded to below investment grade (BB+ or lower by S&P, Ba1 or lower by Moody's)
* Often experience a significant price drop immediately following the downgrade
* May offer higher yields compared to original-issue high-yield bonds
* Generally considered to have better credit quality than typical high-yield bonds
== Market Impact ==
The downgrade of a bond to fallen angel status can have significant market implications:
=== Forced Selling ===
Many institutional investors, such as pension funds and certain mutual funds, have mandates that restrict them to holding only investment-grade securities. When a bond is downgraded to junk status, these investors may be forced to sell, potentially causing a sharp decline in the bond's price.
=== Yield Increases ===
As the bond's price falls, its yield rises, potentially making it attractive to high-yield investors who are willing to accept the additional risk.
=== Liquidity Changes ===
Fallen angel bonds may experience reduced liquidity as they transition from investment-grade to high-yield markets.
== Investment Opportunities ==
Despite the negative connotations, fallen angel bonds can present attractive investment opportunities:
# Potential for price recovery if the issuer's credit quality improves
# Higher yields compared to investment-grade bonds
# Possibility of being "upgraded" back to investment-grade status (becoming a "rising star")
Some investors specifically target fallen angel bonds, believing they offer a favorable risk-reward profile compared to other high-yield bonds.
== Notable Examples ==
Some well-known companies that have seen their bonds fall to fallen angel status include:
# Ford Motor Company (2020)
# Kraft Heinz (2020)
# Macy's (2020)
# Occidental Petroleum (2020)
== Investment Vehicles ==
Several exchange-traded funds (ETFs) focus on fallen angel bonds, including:
# VanEck Vectors Fallen Angel High Yield Bond ETF (ANGL)
# iShares Fallen Angels USD Bond ETF (FALN)
These funds provide investors with diversified exposure to fallen angel bonds without the need to select individual securities.
== References ==
Category:Bonds
Category:Fixed Income
Category:Credit Ratings
Category:High Yield
Category:Investment Grade
Family office

Family offices are private wealth management advisory firms that serve ultra-high net worth investors. They differ from traditional wealth management firms in that they manage the financial and investment side of one affluent individual or family.
Before the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, family offices did not have to register with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 because of an exemption provided to advisers with fewer than 15 clients. Dodd-Frank repealed the "private adviser exemption" but required the SEC to define "family offices" and exclude them from registration under the new law. A family office is now defined as an entity that: has no clients other than family clients; is owned and controlled by family clients; and does not hold itself out as an investment adviser.
== References ==
Fannie Mae

Fannie Mae is the common name (as a spoken version of the acronym) for the Federal National Mortgage Association. It is a stockholder-owned corporation chartered by Congress in 1968 as a government sponsored enterprise (GSE), but founded in 1938 during the Great Depression. Its purpose is to provide liquidity and stability to the U.S. housing and mortgage markets by buying and securitizing mortgages. 
On Aug. 8, 2011 Standard & Poor's (S&P) downgraded the credit ratings of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and several other U.S. government entities, reflecting their dependence on federal support. 
== History ==
Founded in 1938 as part of Roosevelt's New Deal program, it was converted into a private corporation in 1968.
Both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were seized by the U.S. government on Sept. 7, 2008, after the mortgage meltdown and resulting financial crisis had resulted in their portfolios holding trillions of dollars of toxic assets, and policymakers decided they needed restructuring. 
On June 17 of 2010, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were delisted from the New York Stock Exchange. 
The government seized Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which together back roughly half of all outstanding U.S. mortgages, in September 2008 as losses from failing home loans threatened the agencies' solvency. Fannie Mae has borrowed more than $116 billion from the government and paid almost $20 billion in the form of dividends. 
Fannie Mae in February of 2012 said it would request $4.6 billion more in government aid after posting a $2.41 billion fourth-quarter loss. 
On October 31, 2013, Fannie Mae filed a lawsuit against nine of the world's largest banks, accusing them of colluding to manipulate the Libor, or the London Interbank Offered Rate. Fannie Mae filed to recover $800 million for damages. The Libor underpins hundreds of trillions of dollars of transactions around the world, and is used to set interest rates on such things as credit cards, student loans and mortgages. In the lawsuit, Fannie said the false representations of the Libor caused it to lose money on swaps, mortgages, mortgage securities and other transactions.
== References ==
Category:Mortgage Securitization
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Farhan Husain

__NOTOC__ 
Farhan Husain is a communications executive who currently serves as the global head of communications for S&P Global Market Intelligence for Mobility and Enterprise Data Organization. He is known for his experience in strategic communications, public relations, and marketing within the financial services industry.
== Background ==
Husain has held various positions at S&P Global since joining the company in 2016. He initially managed external communications strategy for the U.S., Canada, and Latin America before being promoted to global head of external communications for Market Intelligence in 2017. His role expanded to include overseeing strategic communications for S&P Global's India and Pakistan operations.
From December 2020 to December 2021, Husain served as the global head of ESG communications for S&P Global Sustainable, where he established a global team and communication strategy for S&P Global's first ESG commercial business. 
Prior to joining S&P Global, Husain held communications and marketing roles at several prominent financial institutions. He worked as a communications and marketing supervising associate at EY from March 2015 to September 2016. Before that, he served as a corporate communications associate at the International Securities Exchange (ISE) from August 2012 to March 2015. Husain began his career in financial communications at the New York Stock Exchange, where he worked in corporate communications and media relations from July 2010 to July 2012.
== Education ==
Husain holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in broadcast journalism from Hofstra University. He also served as a teaching assistant for graduate and undergraduate online journalism students at Hofstra.
== References ==	
Category:Corporate Communications Professionals
Category:International Securities Exchange
Category:International Securities Exchange - Former Employees
Category:Communications
Category:S&P Global
Category:EY
Category:EY - Former Employees
Category:New York Stock Exchange
Category:New York Stock Exchange - Former Employees
Fari Hamzei

__NOTOC__ 
Fari Hamzei is the founder of Hamzei Analytics LLC. 
Hamzei is the author of Master Traders: Strategies for Superior Returns from Today’s Top Traders, published by John Wiley & Sons. Once a year, he teaches Proprietary Sentiment Indicators at The Options Institute of the Chicago Board Options Exchange. 
== Background ==
Hamzei was a director of strategic planning at Northrop Grumman Corporation’s Aircraft Group and served for eleven years on the Board of Directors of Electronic Clearing House (ECHO).
== Education ==
Hamzei is a graduate of Princeton University with a BSE degree in financial engineering. He studied equity & debt derivatives under Jack Shelton, Ed Thorp, Richard Roll and Bob Geske at the UCLA Anderson Graduate School of Management. 
== References ==
Farid Naib

__NOTOC__ 
Farid Naib is the CEO of Limelight Holdings/Lightspeed Financial Group (formerly Lime Brokerage). 
He was also the CEO of Sterling Trading Tech, but stepped down from stepped down from that role in September 2022. He will remain involved as an advisor and shareholder. 
He was previously the CEO of Professional Trading Solutions, Inc. (formerly Lightspeed Financial, Inc.) He joined Professional Trading Solutions' board of directors in September 2012 and became CEO in 2014. 
He holds Series 7 and 24 licenses. 
== Background ==
Naib has 30 years of experience in the financial technology industry as an entrepreneur, investor and manager. He founded FNX Limited, a provider of global over-the-counter financial trading technology. FNX was acquired by GL Trade (now part of SunGard) in 2007. Naib also has served as an entrepreneur-in-residence at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and as a board member of Gain Capital. 
== Education ==
== References ==
Faris Matalka

__NOTOC__ 
Faris Matalka is head of trading operations and margin services with Charles Schwab. He oversees order management in equities, equity options and futures, as well as relationships with market makers and U.S. exchanges.
Matalka is a member director on OCC's board of directors and serves on the technology committee. 
== Background ==
== Education ==
Matalka received a bachelor's degree in accounting from the University of Jordan.
== Registration Information ==
Matalka holds the Series 7, 24, 55 and 66 licenses.
== References ==	
Category:OCC Board of Directors Members
Farley Owens

__NOTOC__ 
Farley Ralph Owens III is the president of Trading Technologies International (TT). He was promoted to that position from executive vice president, product management and marketing on February 17, 2021.
As president, Owens will oversee the day-to-day operations of the company.
In his previous role he was responsible for managing the daily operations of Trading Technologies' product management and marketing groups. 
== Background ==
Before joining TT, Owens managed the technical operations, software programming team and finances of The Partnership, L.L.C., a Chicago-based trading operation. He worked at the Chicago Board of Trade for nine years as an independent trader and consultant, trading fixed income futures products and fixed income cash instruments. He also spent several years with IBM as a marketing representative.
== Education ==
He received a B.S. from Mississippi State University in computer engineering.
== Registration Information == 
 
== References ==	
Category:Independent Software Vendors
Category:Trading Technologies
Category:Trading Technologies
Farm (cryptocurrency)

A "farm" is a cryptocurrency data center that serves mining operations by providing for the extraordinary computer processing, electrical and cooling requirements for housing multiple mining rigs efficiently. A farm often serves more than one client, which may be a mining pool or part of a mining pool. 
== Rockdale, Texas ==
Both Bitmain, the world's largest producer of application specific-integrated-circuits, and Whinstone US announced they were developing separate new farm operations in Rockdale, Texas, during fall 2019. Bitmain went first on October 20, saying that it was building its facility on the grounds of a disused Alcoa company aluminum smelting plant located there. In its announcement Bitmain said it would launch operations shortly with a 25 megawatt operation that would grow eventually to 300 megawatts. It called its venture "the world's largest" farm. On November 1, 2019, the Dallas Morning News reported that Whinstone US Inc. had announced that it was building "the world’s largest bitcoin Mining facility in Texas" in Rockdale on a 100-acre, otherwise undeveloped parcel on the Alcoa property. Whinstone US agreed to be acquired one week later, on November 7, by Northern Bitcoin AG, a Frankfurt, Germany-based bitcoin blockchain development and consulting company. 
== References ==	
Category:definition
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki