Cholangiocarcinoma

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Note: there is some overlap, especially in the earlier literature, between treatment regimens for cholangiocarcinoma and those for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, periampullary adenocarcinoma, and gallbladder cancer; please see those pages for additional regimens.
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Last updated on 2024-12-02:37 regimens on this page
43 variants on this page
=Guidelines=
Given the rapid change in evidence in many areas of hematology/oncology, readers are encouraged to consider any guideline published 5+ years ago to be for historical purposes, only.
==ASCO==
*2019: Shroff et al. Adjuvant therapy for resected biliary tract cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline EuroPMC
==BSG==
*2023: Rushbrook et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma EuroPMC
==EASL-ILCA==
*2023: European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL-ILCA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma EuroPMC
==ESMO==
*2024: Chen et al. Pan-Asian adapted ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with biliary tract cancer EuroPMC
*2022: Vogel et al. Biliary tract cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
**2016: Valle et al. Biliary cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
**2011: Eckel et al. Biliary cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
**2010: Eckel et al. Biliary cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
**2009: Eckel & Jelic. Biliary cancer: ESMO clinical recommendation for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
==NCCN==
*NCCN does not currently have guidelines at this granular level; please see NCCN Guidelines - Biliary Tract Cancers.
=Adjuvant therapy=
==Capecitabine monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Primrose et al. 2019 (BILCAP)	2006-2014 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Observation	Did not meet primary endpoint of OS1Median OS: 49.6 vs 36.1 mo(aHR 0.84, 95% CI 0.67-1.06)
1Reported efficacy is based on the 2022 update.
Note: Chemotherapy start date 8 to 16 weeks after surgery
====Preceding treatment====
*Surgical resection with macroscopically curative resection
====Chemotherapy====
*Capecitabine (Xeloda) 1250 mg/m2 PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
21-day cycle for 8 cycles
===References===
#BILCAP: Primrose JN, Fox RP, Palmer DH, Malik HZ, Prasad R, Mirza D, Anthoney A, Corrie P, Falk S, Finch-Jones M, Wasan H, Ross P, Wall L, Wadsley J, Evans JTR, Stocken D, Praseedom R, Ma YT, Davidson B, Neoptolemos JP, Iveson T, Raftery J, Zhu S, Cunningham D, Garden OJ, Stubbs C, Valle JW, Bridgewater J; BILCAP study group. Capecitabine compared with observation in resected biliary tract cancer (BILCAP): a randomised, controlled, multicentre, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2019 May;20(5):663-673. Epub 2019 Mar 25. Erratum in: Lancet Oncol. 2019 Apr 2. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00363584
##Update: Bridgewater J, Fletcher P, Palmer DH, Malik HZ, Prasad R, Mirza D, Anthoney A, Corrie P, Falk S, Finch-Jones M, Wasan H, Ross P, Wall L, Wadsley J, Evans TR, Stocken D, Stubbs C, Praseedom R, Ma YT, Davidson B, Neoptolemos J, Iveson T, Cunningham D, Garden OJ, Valle JW, Primrose J; BILCAP study group. Long-Term Outcomes and Exploratory Analyses of the Randomized Phase III BILCAP Study. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Jun 20;40(18):2048-2057. Epub 2022 Mar 22. link to original article EuroPMC
==Capecitabine & Gemcitabine==
GemCap: Gemcitabine & Capecitabine
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Ben-Josef et al. 2015 (SWOG S0809)	2008-2012 	Phase 2
====Preceding treatment====
*Surgical resection
====Chemotherapy====
*Capecitabine (Xeloda) 750 mg/m2 PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
21-day cycle for 4 cycles
====Subsequent treatment====
*Capecitabine & RT consolidation
===References===
#SWOG S0809: Ben-Josef E, Guthrie KA, El-Khoueiry AB, Corless CL, Zalupski MM, Lowy AM, Thomas CR Jr, Alberts SR, Dawson LA, Micetich KC, Thomas MB, Siegel AB, Blanke CD. SWOG S0809: A phase II intergroup trial of adjuvant capecitabine and gemcitabine followed by radiotherapy and concurrent capecitabine in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Aug 20;33(24):2617-22. Epub 2015 May 11. link to original article link to PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00789958
==Capecitabine & RT==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Ben-Josef et al. 2015 (SWOG S0809)	2008-2012 	Phase 2
====Preceding treatment====
*Adjuvant GemCap x 4
====Chemotherapy====
*Capecitabine (Xeloda) 665 mg/m2 PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
====Radiotherapy====
*Concurrent radiation therapy 5400 cGy in 30 fractions, given 5 times per week
40-day course
===References===
#SWOG S0809: Ben-Josef E, Guthrie KA, El-Khoueiry AB, Corless CL, Zalupski MM, Lowy AM, Thomas CR Jr, Alberts SR, Dawson LA, Micetich KC, Thomas MB, Siegel AB, Blanke CD. SWOG S0809: A phase II intergroup trial of adjuvant capecitabine and gemcitabine followed by radiotherapy and concurrent capecitabine in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Aug 20;33(24):2617-22. Epub 2015 May 11. link to original article link to PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00789958
==Gemcitabine monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Ebata et al. 2018 (BCAT)	2007-2011 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Observation	Did not meet primary endpoint of OS
====Preceding treatment====
*Surgical resection with macroscopically curative resection
====Chemotherapy====
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1, 8, 15
28-day cycle for 6 cycles
===References===
#BCAT: Ebata T, Hirano S, Konishi M, Uesaka K, Tsuchiya Y, Ohtsuka M, Kaneoka Y, Yamamoto M, Ambo Y, Shimizu Y, Ozawa F, Fukutomi A, Ando M, Nimura Y, Nagino M; Bile Duct Cancer Adjuvant Trial (BCAT) Study Group. Randomized clinical trial of adjuvant gemcitabine chemotherapy versus observation in resected bile duct cancer. Br J Surg. 2018 Feb;105(3):192-202. link to original article EuroPMC UMIN000000820
==Gemcitabine/Fluorouracil & RT==
Gemcitabine/Fluorouracil & RT: Gemcitabine alternating with Fluorouracil & Radiation Therapy
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Regine et al. 2008 (RTOG 9704)	1998-2002 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Fluorouracil & RT	Did not meet primary endpoint of OS1
1Reported efficacy is based on the 2011 update.
Note: this study was in pancreatic cancer but in practice it is extrapolated to cholangiocarcinoma.
====Preceding treatment====
*Surgical resection
====Chemotherapy====
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) as follows:
**Cycle 1: 1000 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1, 8, 15
**Cycles 3 to 5: 1000 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1, 8, 15
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) as follows:
**Cycle 2 (chemoradiation): 250 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion throughout radiation therapy
====Radiotherapy====
*Concurrent radiation therapy as follows: 
**Cycle 2 (chemoradiation): 180 cGy per day on days 1 to 5, 8 to 12, 15 to 19, 22 to 26, 29 to 33, 36 to 38 (28 fractions for a total dose of 5040 cGy). The last 540 cGy of the 5040 cGy is limited to the tumor bed.
4- to 5-week course, then 9- to 11-week course, then 28-day cycle for 3 cycles
===References===
#RTOG 9704: Regine WF, Winter KA, Abrams RA, Safran H, Hoffman JP, Konski A, Benson AB, Macdonald JS, Kudrimoti MR, Fromm ML, Haddock MG, Schaefer P, Willett CG, Rich TA. Fluorouracil vs gemcitabine chemotherapy before and after fluorouracil-based chemoradiation following resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008 Mar 5;299(9):1019-26. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00003216
##Update: Regine WF, Winter KA, Abrams R, Safran H, Hoffman JP, Konski A, Benson AB, Macdonald JS, Rich TA, Willett CG. Fluorouracil-based chemoradiation with either gemcitabine or fluorouracil chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: 5-year analysis of the US Intergroup/RTOG 9704 phase III trial. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011 May;18(5):1319-26. Epub 2011 Mar 10. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
==GemOx==
GemOx: Gemcitabine & Oxaliplatin
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Edeline et al. 2019 (PRODIGE 12-ACCORD 18-UNICANCER GI)	2009-2014 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Observation	Did not meet primary endpoint of RFS
====Preceding treatment====
*Surgical resection with macroscopically curative resection
====Chemotherapy====
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) 85 mg/m2 IV once on day 2
14-day cycle for 12 cycles
===References===
#PRODIGE 12-ACCORD 18-UNICANCER GI: Edeline J, Benabdelghani M, Bertaut A, Watelet J, Hammel P, Joly JP, Boudjema K, Fartoux L, Bouhier-Leporrier K, Jouve JL, Faroux R, Guerin-Meyer V, Kurtz JE, Assénat E, Seitz JF, Baumgaertner I, Tougeron D, de la Fouchardière C, Lombard-Bohas C, Boucher E, Stanbury T, Louvet C, Malka D, Phelip JM. Gemcitabine and Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy or Surveillance in Resected Biliary Tract Cancer (PRODIGE 12-ACCORD 18-UNICANCER GI): A Randomized Phase III Study. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Mar 10;37(8):658-667. Epub 2019 Feb 1. link to original article EuroPMC NCT01313377
=Metastatic, first-line therapy=
==Capecitabine monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Patt et al. 2004	1998-07 to 1999-03 	Retrospective
====Chemotherapy====
*Capecitabine (Xeloda) 1000 mg/m2 PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
21-day cycles
===References===
#Retrospective: Patt YZ, Hassan MM, Aguayo A, Nooka AK, Lozano RD, Curley SA, Vauthey JN, Ellis LM, Schnirer II, Wolff RA, Charnsangavej C, Brown TD. Oral capecitabine for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder carcinoma. Cancer. 2004 Aug 1;101(3):578-86. link to original article EuroPMC
==Capecitabine & Mitomycin==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Kornek et al. 2004	2000-2001 	Randomized Phase 2 (E-switch-ic)	Gemcitabine & Mitomycin	Might have higher ORR (primary endpoint)
====Chemotherapy====
*Capecitabine (Xeloda) 1000 mg/m2 PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
*Mitomycin (Mutamycin) 8 mg/m2 IV bolus once on day 1
====Supportive therapy====
*Dexamethasone (Decadron) and 5-HT3 antagonists on the day of IV chemotherapy
28-day cycles
===References===
#Kornek GV, Schuell B, Laengle F, Gruenberger T, Penz M, Karall K, Depisch D, Lang F, Scheithauer W. Mitomycin C in combination with capecitabine or biweekly high-dose gemcitabine in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer: a randomised phase II trial. Ann Oncol. 2004 Mar;15(3):478-83. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==CapeOx==
CapeOx: Capecitabine & Oxaliplatin
XELOX: XELoda (Capecitabine) & OXaliplatin
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Kim et al. 2019 (SMC 2011-05-070)	2011-2016 	Phase 3 (E-switch-ic)	GEMOX 	Non-inferior PFS6 (primary endpoint)PFS6: 46.7% vs 44.5%
====Chemotherapy====
*Capecitabine (Xeloda) 1000 mg/m2 PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
*Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) 130 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once on day 1
21-day cycle for 8 cycles
===References===
#SMC 2011-05-070: Kim ST, Kang JH, Lee J, Lee HW, Oh SY, Jang JS, Lee MA, Sohn BS, Yoon SY, Choi HJ, Hong JH, Kim MJ, Kim S, Park YS, Park JO, Lim HY. Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin versus gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy for advanced biliary tract cancers: a multicenter, open-label, randomized, phase III, noninferiority trial. Ann Oncol. 2019 May 1;30(5):788-795. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT01470443
==Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC)==
GC: Gemcitabine & Cisplatin
===Regimen variant #1, up to 8 cycles===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Valle et al. 2010 (ABC-02) 	2002-2008 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Gemcitabine 	Longer OS (primary endpoint)Median OS: 11.7 vs 8.1 mo(HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.52-0.80)
Ioka et al. 2022 (KHBO1401-MITSUBA)	2014-2016 	Phase 3 (C) 	GCS 	Might have shorter OS (primary endpoint)Median OS: 12.6 vs 13.5 mo(HR 1.27, 90% CI 1.00-1.59)
Shroff et al. 2024 (SWOG S1815) 	2018-12-03 to 2021-02-15	Phase 3 (C) 	GAP 	Did not meet primary endpoint of OSMedian OS: 13.6 vs 14 mo(HR 1.10, 95% CI 0.88-1.39)
Oh et al. 2022 (TOPAZ-1) 	2019-04 to 2020-12 	Phase 3 (C) 	GC & Durvalumab	Shorter OS1
1Reported efficacy for TOPAZ-1 is based on the 2024 update.
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 25 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
21-day cycle for varying durations: 8 cycles (ABC-02, TOPAZ-1); indefinitely (KHBO1401-MITSUBA, SWOG S1815)
===Regimen variant #2, q3wk gemcitabine maintenance===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Kelley et al. 2023 (KEYNOTE-966)	2019-10-04 to 2021-06-08	Phase 3 (C)	GC & Pembrolizumab	Seems to have shorter OSMedian OS: 10.9 vs 12.7 mo(HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.05-1.39)
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) as follows:
**Cycles 1 to 8: 25 mg/m2 IV over 60 minutes once per day on days 1 & 8, given first
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1 & 8, given second
====Supportive therapy====
*Cisplatin is mixed in a solution of 1 liter of normal saline with 20 mmol potassium chloride, 8 mmol magnesium sulfate
*After cisplatin, 500 mL normal saline given over 30 minutes
21-day cycles
===Regimen variant #3, q4wk gemcitabine maintenance===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Morizane et al. 2019 (FUGA-BT)	2013-2016 	Phase 3 (C)	Gemcitabine & S-1	Seems to have non-inferior OS
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) as follows:
**Cycles 1 to 8: 25 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) as follows:
**Cycles 1 to 8: 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
**Cycle 9 onwards: 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1, 8, 15
21-day cycle for 8 cycles, then 28-day cycles
===References===
#ABC-02: Valle J, Wasan H, Palmer DH, Cunningham D, Anthoney A, Maraveyas A, Madhusudan S, Iveson T, Hughes S, Pereira SP, Roughton M, Bridgewater J; ABC-02 Trial Investigators. Cisplatin plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine for biliary tract cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 8;362(14):1273-81. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00262769
#FUGA-BT: Morizane C, Okusaka T, Mizusawa J, Katayama H, Ueno M, Ikeda M, Ozaka M, Okano N, Sugimori K, Fukutomi A, Hara H, Mizuno N, Yanagimoto H, Wada K, Tobimatsu K, Yane K, Nakamori S, Yamaguchi H, Asagi A, Yukisawa S, Kojima Y, Kawabe K, Kawamoto Y, Sugimoto R, Iwai T, Nakamura K, Miyakawa H, Yamashita T, Hosokawa A, Ioka T, Kato N, Shioji K, Shimizu K, Nakagohri T, Kamata K, Ishii H, Furuse J; JCOG. Combination gemcitabine plus S-1 versus gemcitabine plus cisplatin for advanced/recurrent biliary tract cancer: the FUGA-BT (JCOG1113) randomized phase III clinical trial. Ann Oncol. 2019 Dec 1;30(12):1950-1958. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC UMIN000010667
#TOPAZ-1: Oh DY, Ruth He A, Qin S, Chen LT, Okusaka T, Vogel A, Kim JW, Suksombooncharoen T, Ah Lee M, Kitano M, Burris H, Bouattour M, Tanasanvimon S, McNamara MG, Zaucha R, Avallone A, Tan B, Cundom J, Lee C kun, Takahashi H, Ikeda M, Chen JS, Wang J, Makowsky M, Rokutanda N, He P, Kurland JF, Cohen G, Valle JW; TOPAZ-1 Investigators. Durvalumab plus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer. NEJM Evid. 2022 Aug;1(8):EVIDoa2200015. Epub 2022 Jun 1. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT03875235
##PRO analysis: Burris HA 3rd, Okusaka T, Vogel A, Lee MA, Takahashi H, Breder V, Blanc JF, Li J, Bachini M, Żotkiewicz M, Abraham J, Patel N, Wang J, Ali M, Rokutanda N, Cohen G, Oh DY. Durvalumab plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced biliary tract cancer (TOPAZ-1): patient-reported outcomes from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2024 May;25(5):626-635. link to original article EuroPMC
##Update: Oh DY, He AR, Bouattour M, Okusaka T, Qin S, Chen LT, Kitano M, Lee CK, Kim JW, Chen MH, Suksombooncharoen T, Ikeda M, Lee MA, Chen JS, Potemski P, Burris HA 3rd, Ostwal V, Tanasanvimon S, Morizane C, Zaucha RE, McNamara MG, Avallone A, Cundom JE, Breder V, Tan B, Shimizu S, Tougeron D, Evesque L, Petrova M, Zhen DB, Gillmore R, Gupta VG, Dayyani F, Park JO, Buchschacher GL Jr, Rey F, Kim H, Wang J, Morgan C, Rokutanda N, Żotkiewicz M, Vogel A, Valle JW. Durvalumab or placebo plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in participants with advanced biliary tract cancer (TOPAZ-1): updated overall survival from a randomised phase 3 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024 Aug;9(8):694-704. Epub 2024 May 29. link to original article EuroPMC
#KHBO1401-MITSUBA: Ioka T, Kanai M, Kobayashi S, Sakai D, Eguchi H, Baba H, Seo S, Taketomi A, Takayama T, Yamaue H, Takahashi M, Sho M, Kamei K, Fujimoto J, Toyoda M, Shimizu J, Goto T, Shindo Y, Yoshimura K, Hatano E, Nagano H; Kansai Hepatobiliary Oncology Group (KHBO). Randomized phase III study of gemcitabine, cisplatin plus S-1 versus gemcitabine, cisplatin for advanced biliary tract cancer (KHBO1401- MITSUBA). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2023 Jan;30(1):102-110. Epub 2022 Aug 9. link to original article link to PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT02182778
#KEYNOTE-966: Kelley RK, Ueno M, Yoo C, Finn RS, Furuse J, Ren Z, Yau T, Klümpen HJ, Chan SL, Ozaka M, Verslype C, Bouattour M, Park JO, Barajas O, Pelzer U, Valle JW, Yu L, Malhotra U, Siegel AB, Edeline J, Vogel A; KEYNOTE-966 Investigators. Pembrolizumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin compared with gemcitabine and cisplatin alone for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (KEYNOTE-966): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023 Jun 3;401(10391):1853-1865. Epub 2023 Apr 14. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT04003636
#SWOG S1815: Shroff RT, King G, Colby S, Scott AJ, Borad MJ, Goff L, Matin K, Mahipal A, Kalyan A, Javle MM, El Dika I, Tan B, Cheema P, Patel A, Iyer R, Kelley RK, Thumar J, El-Khoueiry A, Guthrie KA, Chiorean EG, Hochster H, Philip PA. SWOG S1815: A Phase III Randomized Trial of Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Nab-Paclitaxel Versus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Newly Diagnosed, Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2025 Feb;43(5):536-544. Epub 2024 Dec 15. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to EuroPMC NCT03768414
#FIGHT-302: NCT03656536
#FOENIX-CCA3: NCT04093362
#NuTide:121: NCT04163900
#PROOF 301: NCT03773302
==Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC) & Durvalumab==
GC & Durvalumab: Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, Durvalumab
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Oh et al. 2022 (TOPAZ-1)	2019-04 to 2020-12 	Phase 3 (E-RT-esc)	GC 	Longer OS1 (primary endpoint)Median OS: 12.9 vs 11.3 mo(HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64-0.91)
1Reported efficacy is based on the 2024 update.
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) as follows:
**Cycles 1 up to 8: 25 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) as follows:
**Cycles 1 up to 8: 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
====Immunotherapy====
*Durvalumab (Imfinzi) as follows:
**Cycles 1 up to 8: 1500 mg IV once on day 1
**Cycle 9 onwards: 1500 mg IV once on day 1
21-day cycle for up to 8 cycles, then 28-day cycles
===References===
#TOPAZ-1: Oh DY, Ruth He A, Qin S, Chen LT, Okusaka T, Vogel A, Kim JW, Suksombooncharoen T, Ah Lee M, Kitano M, Burris H, Bouattour M, Tanasanvimon S, McNamara MG, Zaucha R, Avallone A, Tan B, Cundom J, Lee C kun, Takahashi H, Ikeda M, Chen JS, Wang J, Makowsky M, Rokutanda N, He P, Kurland JF, Cohen G, Valle JW; TOPAZ-1 Investigators. Durvalumab plus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer. NEJM Evid. 2022 Aug;1(8):EVIDoa2200015. Epub 2022 Jun 1. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT03875235
##PRO analysis: Burris HA 3rd, Okusaka T, Vogel A, Lee MA, Takahashi H, Breder V, Blanc JF, Li J, Bachini M, Żotkiewicz M, Abraham J, Patel N, Wang J, Ali M, Rokutanda N, Cohen G, Oh DY. Durvalumab plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced biliary tract cancer (TOPAZ-1): patient-reported outcomes from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2024 May;25(5):626-635. link to original article EuroPMC
##Update: Oh DY, He AR, Bouattour M, Okusaka T, Qin S, Chen LT, Kitano M, Lee CK, Kim JW, Chen MH, Suksombooncharoen T, Ikeda M, Lee MA, Chen JS, Potemski P, Burris HA 3rd, Ostwal V, Tanasanvimon S, Morizane C, Zaucha RE, McNamara MG, Avallone A, Cundom JE, Breder V, Tan B, Shimizu S, Tougeron D, Evesque L, Petrova M, Zhen DB, Gillmore R, Gupta VG, Dayyani F, Park JO, Buchschacher GL Jr, Rey F, Kim H, Wang J, Morgan C, Rokutanda N, Żotkiewicz M, Vogel A, Valle JW. Durvalumab or placebo plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in participants with advanced biliary tract cancer (TOPAZ-1): updated overall survival from a randomised phase 3 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024 Aug;9(8):694-704. Epub 2024 May 29. link to original article EuroPMC
==Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC) & nab-Paclitaxel==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Shroff et al. 2019 (MDACC 2014-0524)	2015-2017 	Phase 2
Note: this regimen prolonged median PFS and OS vs reported for historical controls treated with gemcitabine-cisplatin alone. This is the dose after a mid-protocol amendment for hematologic toxicity.
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 25 mg/m2 IV over 60 minutes once per day on days 1 & 8
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 800 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
*Paclitaxel, nanoparticle albumin-bound (Abraxane) 100 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
21-day cycles
===References===
#MDACC 2014-0524: Shroff RT, Javle MM, Xiao L, Kaseb AO, Varadhachary GR, Wolff RA, Raghav KPS, Iwasaki M, Masci P, Ramanathan RK, Ahn DH, Bekaii-Saab TS, Borad MJ. Gemcitabine, cisplatin, and nab-paclitaxel for the treatment of advanced biliary tract cancers: a phase 2 clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019 Jun 1;5(6):824-830. Epub 2019 Apr 18. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT02392637
==Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC) & Pembrolizumab==
GC & Pembrolizumab: Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, Pembrolizumab
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Kelley et al. 2023 (KEYNOTE-966)	2019-10-04 to 2021-06-08	Phase 3 (E-esc)	GC 	Seems to have longer OS (primary endpoint)Median OS: 12.7 vs 10.9 mo(HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72-0.95)
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) as follows:
**Cycles 1 to 8: 25 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
====Immunotherapy====
*Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) as follows:
**Cycles 1 to 35: 200 mg IV once on day 1
21-day cycles
===References===
#KEYNOTE-966: Kelley RK, Ueno M, Yoo C, Finn RS, Furuse J, Ren Z, Yau T, Klümpen HJ, Chan SL, Ozaka M, Verslype C, Bouattour M, Park JO, Barajas O, Pelzer U, Valle JW, Yu L, Malhotra U, Siegel AB, Edeline J, Vogel A; KEYNOTE-966 Investigators. Pembrolizumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin compared with gemcitabine and cisplatin alone for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (KEYNOTE-966): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023 Jun 3;401(10391):1853-1865. Epub 2023 Apr 14. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT04003636
==Erlotinib & Bevacizumab==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Lubner et al. 2010 (MC044G)	2006-08 to 2008-04 	Phase 2
====Targeted therapy====
*Erlotinib (Tarceva) 150 mg PO once per day on days 1 to 28
*Bevacizumab (Avastin) 5 mg/kg IV once per day on days 1 & 15
28-day cycles
===References===
#MC044G: Lubner SJ, Mahoney MR, Kolesar JL, Loconte NK, Kim GP, Pitot HC, Philip PA, Picus J, Yong WP, Horvath L, Van Hazel G, Erlichman CE, Holen KD. Report of a multicenter phase II trial testing a combination of biweekly bevacizumab and daily erlotinib in patients with unresectable biliary cancer: a phase II Consortium study. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jul 20;28(21):3491-7. Epub 2010 Jun 7. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT00356889
==FELV==
FELV: Fluorouracil , Etoposide & LeucoVorin (Folinic acid)
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Glimelius et al. 1996	1991-1995 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Best supportive care	Longer OS
====Chemotherapy====
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 500 mg/m2 IV bolus once per day on days 1 to 3, given first
*Etoposide (Vepesid) 120 mg/m2 IV over 40 minutes once per day on days 1 to 3, given second
*Leucovorin (Folinic acid) 60 mg/m2 IV bolus once per day on days 1 to 3, given third
21-day cycles
===References===
#Glimelius B, Hoffman K, Sjödén PO, Jacobsson G, Sellström H, Enander LK, Linné T, Svensson C. Chemotherapy improves survival and quality of life in advanced pancreatic and biliary cancer. Ann Oncol. 1996 Aug;7(6):593-600. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC content property of HemOnc.org
==FULV==
FULV: 5-FU & LeucoVorin
FUFA: 5-FU (Fluorouracil) & Folinic Acid
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Glimelius et al. 1996	1991-1995 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Best supportive care	Longer OS
====Chemotherapy====
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 500 mg/m2 IV bolus once per day on days 1 & 2, given first
*Leucovorin (Folinic acid) 60 mg/m2 IV bolus once per day on days 1 & 2, given second, 40 minutes after 5-FU
14-day cycles
===References===
#Glimelius B, Hoffman K, Sjödén PO, Jacobsson G, Sellström H, Enander LK, Linné T, Svensson C. Chemotherapy improves survival and quality of life in advanced pancreatic and biliary cancer. Ann Oncol. 1996 Aug;7(6):593-600. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==FULV & Gemcitabine==
FULV & Gemcitabine: 5-FU, LeucoVorin, Gemcitabine
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Gebbia et al. 2001	1997-2000 	Phase 2
====Chemotherapy====
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 400 mg/m2 IV bolus once on day 1, then 600 mg/m2 IV continuous infusion over 22 hours (total dose per cycle: 1000 mg/m2)
*Leucovorin (Folinic acid) 100 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once on day 1
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
21-day cycles
===References===
#Gebbia V, Giuliani F, Maiello E, Colucci G, Verderame F, Borsellino N, Mauceri G, Caruso M, Tirrito ML, Valdesi M. Treatment of inoperable and/or metastatic biliary tree carcinomas with single-agent gemcitabine or in combination with levofolinic acid and infusional fluorouracil: results of a multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Oct 15;19(20):4089-91. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Gemcitabine monotherapy==
===Regimen variant #1===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Valle et al. 2010 (ABC-02)	2002-2008 	Phase 3 (C)	Cisplatin & Gemcitabine	Shorter OS (primary endpoint)Median OS: 8.1 vs 11.7 mo(HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.25-1.92)
====Chemotherapy====
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1, 8, 15
28-day cycle for 3 to 6 cycles depending on response
===Regimen variant #2===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Gebbia et al. 2001	1997-2000 	Phase 2
====Chemotherapy====
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1, 8, 15
30-day cycles
===References===
#Gebbia V, Giuliani F, Maiello E, Colucci G, Verderame F, Borsellino N, Mauceri G, Caruso M, Tirrito ML, Valdesi M. Treatment of inoperable and/or metastatic biliary tree carcinomas with single-agent gemcitabine or in combination with levofolinic acid and infusional fluorouracil: results of a multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Oct 15;19(20):4089-91. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
#ABC-02: Valle J, Wasan H, Palmer DH, Cunningham D, Anthoney A, Maraveyas A, Madhusudan S, Iveson T, Hughes S, Pereira SP, Roughton M, Bridgewater J; ABC-02 Trial Investigators. Cisplatin plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine for biliary tract cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 8;362(14):1273-81. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00262769
==Gemcitabine & Mitomycin==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Kornek et al. 2004	2000-2001 	Randomized Phase 2 (E-switch-ic)	Capecitabine & Mitomycin	Might have lower ORR (primary endpoint)
====Chemotherapy====
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 2000 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1 & 15
*Mitomycin (Mutamycin) 8 mg/m2 IV bolus once on day 1
====Supportive therapy====
*Dexamethasone (Decadron) and 5-HT3 antagonists on the day of IV chemotherapy
28-day cycles
===References===
#Kornek GV, Schuell B, Laengle F, Gruenberger T, Penz M, Karall K, Depisch D, Lang F, Scheithauer W. Mitomycin C in combination with capecitabine or biweekly high-dose gemcitabine in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer: a randomised phase II trial. Ann Oncol. 2004 Mar;15(3):478-83. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Gemcitabine & nab-Paclitaxel==
NG: Nab-Paclitaxel & Gemcitabine
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Sahai et al. 2018 (PrE0204)	2014-2016 	Phase 2
Note: this regimen was intended for ECOG PS 0 to 2, and Child-Pugh score less than 8.
====Chemotherapy====
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1, 8, 15, given second
*Paclitaxel, nanoparticle albumin-bound (Abraxane) 125 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1, 8, 15, given first
28-day cycles
===References===
#PrE0204: Sahai V, Catalano PJ, Zalupski MM, Lubner SJ, Menge MR, Nimeiri HS, Munshi HG, Benson AB 3rd, O'Dwyer PJ. nab-Paclitaxel and gemcitabine as first-line treatment of advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: a phase 2 clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018 Dec 1;4(12):1707-1712. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT02181634
==Gemcitabine & S-1==
GS: Gemcitabine & S-1
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Morizane et al. 2019 (FUGA-BT)	2013-2016 	Phase 3 (E-switch-ic)	Gemcitabine & Cisplatin	Seems to have non-inferior OS (primary endpoint)Median OS: 15.1 vs 13.4 mo(HR 0.945, 90% CI 0.78-1.15)
====Chemotherapy====
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
*Tegafur, gimeracil, oteracil (S-1) by the following BSA-based criteria:
**Less than 1.25 m2: 30 mg PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
**Between 1.25 m2 and 1.5 m2: 40 mg PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
**1.5 m2 or more: 50 mg PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
21-day cycles
===References===
#FUGA-BT: Morizane C, Okusaka T, Mizusawa J, Katayama H, Ueno M, Ikeda M, Ozaka M, Okano N, Sugimori K, Fukutomi A, Hara H, Mizuno N, Yanagimoto H, Wada K, Tobimatsu K, Yane K, Nakamori S, Yamaguchi H, Asagi A, Yukisawa S, Kojima Y, Kawabe K, Kawamoto Y, Sugimoto R, Iwai T, Nakamura K, Miyakawa H, Yamashita T, Hosokawa A, Ioka T, Kato N, Shioji K, Shimizu K, Nakagohri T, Kamata K, Ishii H, Furuse J; JCOG. Combination gemcitabine plus S-1 versus gemcitabine plus cisplatin for advanced/recurrent biliary tract cancer: the FUGA-BT (JCOG1113) randomized phase III clinical trial. Ann Oncol. 2019 Dec 1;30(12):1950-1958. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC UMIN000010667
==Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, S-1==
GCS: Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, S-1
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Ioka et al. 2022 (KHBO1401-MITSUBA)	2014-2016 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Cisplatin & Gemcitabine	Might have longer OS (primary endpoint)Median OS: 13.5 vs 12.6 mo(HR 0.79, 90% CI 0.63-0.996)
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 25 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Tegafur, gimeracil, oteracil (S-1) by the following BSA-based criteria:
**Less than 1.25 m2: 40 mg PO twice per day on days 1 to 7
**Between 1.25 m2 and 1.5 m2: 50 mg PO twice per day on days 1 to 7
**1.5 m2 or more: 60 mg PO twice per day on days 1 to 7
14-day cycle for 12 cycles
===References===
#KHBO1401-MITSUBA: Ioka T, Kanai M, Kobayashi S, Sakai D, Eguchi H, Baba H, Seo S, Taketomi A, Takayama T, Yamaue H, Takahashi M, Sho M, Kamei K, Fujimoto J, Toyoda M, Shimizu J, Goto T, Shindo Y, Yoshimura K, Hatano E, Nagano H; Kansai Hepatobiliary Oncology Group (KHBO). Randomized phase III study of gemcitabine, cisplatin plus S-1 versus gemcitabine, cisplatin for advanced biliary tract cancer (KHBO1401- MITSUBA). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2023 Jan;30(1):102-110. Epub 2022 Aug 9. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT02182778
==GemOx==
GemOx: Gemcitabine & Oxaliplatin
GEMOX: GEMcitabine & OXaliplatin
===Regimen variant #1, 1000/85, bi-weekly===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence	Efficacy
Halim et al. 2010	2005-12 to 2009-11 	Phase 2 	ORR: 27.5%
====Chemotherapy====
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once on day 1, given first
*Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) 85 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once on day 1, given second
14-day cycles
===Regimen variant #2, 1000/100 x 8===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Kim et al. 2019 (SMC 2011-05-070)	2011-2016 	Phase 3 (C)	XELOX 	Non-inferior PFS
====Chemotherapy====
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV over 100 minutes once per day on days 1 & 8
*Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) 100 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once on day 1
21-day cycle for 8 cycles
===Regimen variant #3, 1000/100, indefinite bi-weekly===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Lee et al. 2011 (SMC 2008-12-024)	2009-02-16 to 2010-08-01	Phase 3 (C)	GEMOX & Erlotinib	Might have shorter PFSMedian PFS: 4.2 vs 5.8 mo(HR 1.25, 95% CI 0.97-1.64)
====Chemotherapy====
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV over 100 minutes once on day 1
*Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) 100 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once on day 2
14-day cycles
===Regimen variant #4, indefinite 1000/100 ("GEMOX-3")===
GEMOX-3: GEMcitabine & OXaliplatin, 3 visits per month
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence	Efficacy
Harder et al. 2006	2002-2005 	Phase 2 	ORR: 26% (95% CI 14–44)
Note: This study was technically open to previously treated patients, but only 1 (3%) had received prior chemoradiotherapy, and none had received prior systemic therapy.
====Chemotherapy====
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1, 8, 15, given first
*Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) 100 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once per day on days 1 & 15, given second
28-day cycles
===References===
#Harder J, Riecken B, Kummer O, Lohrmann C, Otto F, Usadel H, Geissler M, Opitz O, Henss H. Outpatient chemotherapy with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with biliary tract cancer. Br J Cancer. 2006 Oct 9;95(7):848-52. Epub 2006 Sep 12. link to original article link to PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
#Halim A, Ebrahim MA, Saleh Y. A phase II study of outpatient biweekly gemcitabine-oxaliplatin in advanced biliary tract carcinomas. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2011 Feb;41(2):217-24. Epub 2010 Nov 8. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
#SMC 2008-12-024: Lee J, Park SH, Chang HM, Kim JS, Choi HJ, Lee MA, Jang JS, Jeung HC, Kang JH, Lee HW, Shin DB, Kang HJ, Sun JM, Park JO, Park YS, Kang WK, Lim HY. Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin with or without erlotinib in advanced biliary-tract cancer: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Feb;13(2):181-8. Epub 2011 Dec 20. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT01149122
#SMC 2011-05-070: Kim ST, Kang JH, Lee J, Lee HW, Oh SY, Jang JS, Lee MA, Sohn BS, Yoon SY, Choi HJ, Hong JH, Kim MJ, Kim S, Park YS, Park JO, Lim HY. Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin versus gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy for advanced biliary tract cancers: a multicenter, open-label, randomized, phase III, noninferiority trial. Ann Oncol. 2019 May 1;30(5):788-795. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT01470443
#KN035-BTC: NCT03478488
==GEMOX-B==
GEMOX-B: GEMcitabine, OXaliplatin, Bevacizumab
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Zhu et al. 2009 (MGH 05-349)	2006-2007 	Phase 2
Note: Up to one prior line of therapy was allowed, but the majority (91%) of patients in this study were untreated.
====Chemotherapy====
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV over 100 minutes once per day on days 1 & 15, given second
*Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) 85 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once per day on days 1 & 15, given third
====Targeted therapy====
*Bevacizumab (Avastin) 10 mg/kg IV once per day on days 1 & 15, given first
28-day cycles
===References===
#MGH 05-349: Zhu AX, Meyerhardt JA, Blaszkowsky LS, Kambadakone AR, Muzikansky A, Zheng H, Clark JW, Abrams TA, Chan JA, Enzinger PC, Bhargava P, Kwak EL, Allen JN, Jain SR, Stuart K, Horgan K, Sheehan S, Fuchs CS, Ryan DP, Sahani DV. Efficacy and safety of gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab in advanced biliary-tract cancers and correlation of changes in 18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET with clinical outcome: a phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Jan;11(1):48-54. Epub 2009 Nov 20. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00361231
=Metastatic disease, second-line=
==mFOLFOX6==
mFOLFOX6: modified FOLinic acid (Leucovorin), Fluorouracil, OXaliplatin
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Lamarca et al. 2021 (ABC-06)	2014-2018 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Active symptom control	Seems to have longer OS (primary endpoint)Median OS: 6.2 vs 5.3 mo(HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.50-0.97)
====Chemotherapy====
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 400 mg/m2 IV bolus once on day 1, then 2400 mg/m2 IV continuous infusion over 46 hours (total dose per cycle: 2800 mg/m2)
*Leucovorin (Folinic acid) 350 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once on day 1
*Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) 85 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once on day 1
14-day cycle for up to 12 cycles
===References===
#ABC-06: Lamarca A, Palmer DH, Wasan HS, Ross PJ, Ma YT, Arora A, Falk S, Gillmore R, Wadsley J, Patel K, Anthoney A, Maraveyas A, Iveson T, Waters JS, Hobbs C, Barber S, Ryder WD, Ramage J, Davies LM, Bridgewater JA, Valle JW; Advanced Biliary Cancer Working Group. Second-line FOLFOX chemotherapy versus active symptom control for advanced biliary tract cancer (ABC-06): a phase 3, open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 May;22(5):690-701. Epub 2021 Mar 30. link to original article link to PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT01926236
==mFOLFOX6 (L-Leucovorin)==
mFOLFOX6: modified FOLinic acid (Leucovorin), Fluorouracil, OXaliplatin
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Lamarca et al. 2021 (ABC-06)	2014-2018 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Active symptom control	Seems to have longer OS (primary endpoint)Median OS: 6.2 vs 5.3 mo(HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.50-0.97)
====Chemotherapy====
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 400 mg/m2 IV bolus once on day 1, then 2400 mg/m2 IV continuous infusion over 46 hours (total dose per cycle: 2800 mg/m2)
*Levoleucovorin (Fusilev) 175 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once on day 1
*Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) 85 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once on day 1
14-day cycle for up to 12 cycles
===References===
#ABC-06: Lamarca A, Palmer DH, Wasan HS, Ross PJ, Ma YT, Arora A, Falk S, Gillmore R, Wadsley J, Patel K, Anthoney A, Maraveyas A, Iveson T, Waters JS, Hobbs C, Barber S, Ryder WD, Ramage J, Davies LM, Bridgewater JA, Valle JW; Advanced Biliary Cancer Working Group. Second-line FOLFOX chemotherapy versus active symptom control for advanced biliary tract cancer (ABC-06): a phase 3, open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 May;22(5):690-701. Epub 2021 Mar 30. link to original article link to PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT01926236
==FULV==
FULV: 5-FU & LeucoVorin
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Yoo et al. 2021 (NIFTY)	2018-09-05 to 2020-02-18	Randomized Phase 2b (C)	FULV & nanoliposomal Irinotecan	Shorter PFS (primary endpoint)Median PFS: 1.4 vs 7.1 mo(HR 1.79, 95% CI 1.23-2.56)Seems to have shorter OS (secondary endpoint)Median OS: 5.5 vs 8.6 mo(sHR 1.47, 95% CI 1.02-2.08)
====Chemotherapy====
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 2400 mg/m2 IV continuous infusion over 46 hours, started on day 1
*Leucovorin (Folinic acid) 400 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once on day 1
14-day cycles
===References===
#NIFTY: Yoo C, Kim KP, Jeong JH, Kim I, Kang MJ, Cheon J, Kang BW, Ryu H, Lee JS, Kim KW, Abou-Alfa GK, Ryoo BY. Liposomal irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin versus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic biliary tract cancer after progression on gemcitabine plus cisplatin (NIFTY): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 2b study. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Nov;22(11):1560-1572. Epub 2021 Oct 14. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT03524508
==FULV & nanoliposomal Irinotecan==
FULV & nanoliposomal Irinotecan: 5-FU, LeucoVorin, nanoliposomal Irinotecan
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Yoo et al. 2021 (NIFTY)	2018-09-05 to 2020-02-18	Randomized Phase 2b (E-esc)	FULV 	Longer PFS (primary endpoint)Median PFS: 7.1 vs 1.4 mo(HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.39-0.81)Seems to have longer OS (secondary endpoint)Median OS: 8.6 vs 5.5 mo(sHR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.98)
====Chemotherapy====
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 2400 mg/m2 IV continuous infusion over 46 hours, started on day 1
*Leucovorin (Folinic acid) 400 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once on day 1
*Irinotecan liposome (Onivyde) 70 mg/m2 IV over 90 minutes once on day 1, given first
14-day cycles
===References===
#NIFTY: Yoo C, Kim KP, Jeong JH, Kim I, Kang MJ, Cheon J, Kang BW, Ryu H, Lee JS, Kim KW, Abou-Alfa GK, Ryoo BY. Liposomal irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin versus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic biliary tract cancer after progression on gemcitabine plus cisplatin (NIFTY): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 2b study. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Nov;22(11):1560-1572. Epub 2021 Oct 14. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT03524508
=Metastatic disease, subsequent lines of therapy=
==Capecitabine monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Patt et al. 2004	1998-07 to 1999-03 	Retrospective
====Chemotherapy====
*Capecitabine (Xeloda) 1000 mg/m2 PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
21-day cycles
===References===
#Retrospective: Patt YZ, Hassan MM, Aguayo A, Nooka AK, Lozano RD, Curley SA, Vauthey JN, Ellis LM, Schnirer II, Wolff RA, Charnsangavej C, Brown TD. Oral capecitabine for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder carcinoma. Cancer. 2004 Aug 1;101(3):578-86. link to original article EuroPMC
==Futibatinib monotherapy==
===Regimen===
FDA-recommended dose
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence
Goyal et al. 2023 (FOENIX-CCA2)	2016-04-16 to 2019-11-29	Phase 1/2 (RT)
====Biomarker eligibility criteria====
*Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion or other rearrangement
====Targeted therapy====
*Futibatinib (Lytgobi) 20 mg PO once per day on days 1 to 21
21-day cycles
===References===
#FOENIX-CCA2: Goyal L, Meric-Bernstam F, Hollebecque A, Valle JW, Morizane C, Karasic TB, Abrams TA, Furuse J, Kelley RK, Cassier PA, Klümpen HJ, Chang HM, Chen LT, Tabernero J, Oh DY, Mahipal A, Moehler M, Mitchell EP, Komatsu Y, Masuda K, Ahn D, Epstein RS, Halim AB, Fu Y, Salimi T, Wacheck V, He Y, Liu M, Benhadji KA, Bridgewater JA; FOENIX-CCA2 Study Investigators. Futibatinib for FGFR2-Rearranged Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jan 19;388(3):228-239. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT02052778
==Infigratinib monotherapy==
===Regimen===
FDA-recommended dose
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Javle et al. 2017 (CBGJ398X2204)	2014-2020 	Phase 2 (RT)
====Biomarker eligibility criteria====
*FGFR2 gene fusions or translocations or other FGFR genetic alterations
====Targeted therapy====
*Infigratinib (Truseltiq) 125 mg PO once per day on days 1 to 21
28-day cycles
===References===
#CBGJ398X2204: Javle M, Lowery M, Shroff RT, Weiss KH, Springfeld C, Borad MJ, Ramanathan RK, Goyal L, Sadeghi S, Macarulla T, El-Khoueiry A, Kelley RK, Borbath I, Choo SP, Oh DY, Philip PA, Chen LT, Reungwetwattana T, Van Cutsem E, Yeh KH, Ciombor K, Finn RS, Patel A, Sen S, Porter D, Isaacs R, Zhu AX, Abou-Alfa GK, Bekaii-Saab T. Phase II study of BGJ398 in patients with FGFR-altered advanced cholangiocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Jan 20;36(3):276-282. Epub 2017 Nov 28. link to original article link to PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT02150967
##Update: Javle M, Roychowdhury S, Kelley RK, Sadeghi S, Macarulla T, Weiss KH, Waldschmidt DT, Goyal L, Borbath I, El-Khoueiry A, Borad MJ, Yong WP, Philip PA, Bitzer M, Tanasanvimon S, Li A, Pande A, Soifer HS, Shepherd SP, Moran S, Zhu AX, Bekaii-Saab TS, Abou-Alfa GK. Infigratinib (BGJ398) in previously treated patients with advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 fusions or rearrangements: mature results from a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Oct;6(10):803-815. Epub 2021 Aug 3. link to original article EuroPMC
==Ivosidenib monotherapy==
===Regimen===
FDA-recommended dose
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Abou-Alfa et al. 2020 (ClarIDHy)	2017-2019 	Phase 3 (E-RT-esc)	Placebo 	Longer PFS (primary endpoint)Median PFS: 2.7 vs 1.4 mo(HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.25-0.54)
Note: Patients with unresectable or metastatic disease with IDH1 mutation with progression after at least one prior systemic therapy.
====Biomarker eligibility criteria====
*IDH1 mutation
====Targeted therapy====
*Ivosidenib (Tibsovo) 500 mg PO once per day on days 1 to 28
28-day cycles
===References===
#ClarIDHy: Abou-Alfa GK, Macarulla T, Javle MM, Kelley RK, Lubner SJ, Adeva J, Cleary JM, Catenacci DV, Borad MJ, Bridgewater J, Harris WP, Murphy AG, Oh DY, Whisenant J, Lowery MA, Goyal L, Shroff RT, El-Khoueiry AB, Fan B, Wu B, Chamberlain CX, Jiang L, Gliser C, Pandya SS, Valle JW, Zhu AX. Ivosidenib in IDH1-mutant, chemotherapy-refractory cholangiocarcinoma (ClarIDHy): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Jun;21(6):796-807. Epub 2020 May 13. Erratum in: Lancet Oncol. 2020 Oct;21(10):e462. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT02989857
##Update: Zhu AX, Macarulla T, Javle MM, Kelley RK, Lubner SJ, Adeva J, Cleary JM, Catenacci DVT, Borad MJ, Bridgewater JA, Harris WP, Murphy AG, Oh DY, Whisenant JR, Lowery MA, Goyal L, Shroff RT, El-Khoueiry AB, Chamberlain CX, Aguado-Fraile E, Choe S, Wu B, Liu H, Gliser C, Pandya SS, Valle JW, Abou-Alfa GK. Final Overall Survival Efficacy Results of Ivosidenib for Patients With Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma With IDH1 Mutation: The Phase 3 Randomized Clinical ClarIDHy Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2021 Nov 1;7(11):1669-1677. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
==Lenvatinib & Pembrolizumab==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Awaiting publication (LEAP-005)	2019-ongoing 	Phase 2
Note: Dosing details are from ASCO abstract #321 (2021). 
====Targeted therapy====
*Lenvatinib (Lenvima) 20 mg PO once per day
====Immunotherapy====
*Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) as follows:
**Cycles 1 to 35: 200 mg IV once on day 1
35-day cycles
===References===
*LEAP-005: NCT03797326
==Nivolumab monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Kim et al. 2020 (MCC-18684)	2016-2018 	Phase 2
====Prior treatment criteria====
*1 to 3 prior lines of therapy
====Immunotherapy====
*Nivolumab (Opdivo) as follows:
**Cycles 1 to 8: 240 mg IV once on day 1
**Cycle 9 onwards: 480 mg IV once on day 1
14-day cycle for 8 cycles, then 28-day cycles
===References===
#MCC-18684: Kim RD, Chung V, Alese OB, El-Rayes BF, Li D, Al-Toubah TE, Schell MJ, Zhou JM, Mahipal A, Kim BH, Kim DW. A Phase 2 Multi-institutional Study of Nivolumab for Patients With Advanced Refractory Biliary Tract Cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2020 Jun 1;6(6):888-894. link to original article link to PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT02829918
==Pembrolizumab monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Le et al. 2015 (KEYNOTE-016)	2013-09 to 2016-09 	Phase 2, fewer than 20 pts of this subtype
Note: KEYNOTE-016 was an expansion to a CRC-specific trial.
====Immunotherapy====
*Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) 10 mg/kg IV over 30 minutes once on day 1
14-day cycles
===References===
# KEYNOTE-016: Le DT, Uram JN, Wang H, Bartlett BR, Kemberling H, Eyring AD, Skora AD, Luber BS, Azad NS, Laheru D, Biedrzycki B, Donehower RC, Zaheer A, Fisher GA, Crocenzi TS, Lee JJ, Duffy SM, Goldberg RM, de la Chapelle A, Koshiji M, Bhaijee F, Huebner T, Hruban RH, Wood LD, Cuka N, Pardoll DM, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Zhou S, Cornish TC, Taube JM, Anders RA, Eshleman JR, Vogelstein B, Diaz LA Jr. PD-1 blockade in tumors with mismatch-repair deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 25;372(26):2509-20. Epub 2015 May 30. link to original article dosing details in supplement have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT01876511
## Update: Le DT, Durham JN, Smith KN, Wang H, Bartlett BR, Aulakh LK, Lu S, Kemberling H, Wilt C, Luber BS, Wong F, Azad NS, Rucki AA, Laheru D, Donehower R, Zaheer A, Fisher GA, Crocenzi TS, Lee JJ, Greten TF, Duffy AG, Ciombor KK, Eyring AD, Lam BH, Joe A, Kang SP, Holdhoff M, Danilova L, Cope L, Meyer C, Zhou S, Goldberg RM, Armstrong DK, Bever KM, Fader AN, Taube J, Housseau F, Spetzler D, Xiao N, Pardoll DM, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Eshleman JR, Vogelstein B, Anders RA, Diaz LA Jr. Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockade. Science. 2017 Jul 28;357(6349):409-413. Epub 2017 Jun 8. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
==Pemigatinib monotherapy ==
===Regimen ===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Abou-Alfa et al. 2020 (FIGHT-202)	2017-2019 	Phase 2 (RT)
Note: Patients with previously treated unresectable or metastatic disease.
====Biomarker eligibility criteria====
*Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion or other rearrangement
====Prior treatment criteria====
*1+ systemic anticancer therapies
====Targeted therapy====
*Pemigatinib (Pemazyre) 13.5 mg PO once per day on days 1 to 14
21-day cycles
===References===
#FIGHT-202: Abou-Alfa GK, Sahai V, Hollebecque A, Vaccaro G, Melisi D, Al-Rajabi R, Paulson AS, Borad MJ, Gallinson D, Murphy AG, Oh DY, Dotan E, Catenacci DV, Van Cutsem E, Ji T, Lihou CF, Zhen H, Féliz L, Vogel A. Pemigatinib for previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020 May;21(5):671-684. Epub 2020 Mar 20. link to original article dosing details in supplement have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT02924376
==Regorafenib monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Sun et al. 2019 (UPMC 13-100)	2014-2017 	Phase 2
====Prior treatment criteria====
*Failure of at least 1 line of systemic therapy
====Targeted therapy====
*Regorafenib (Stivarga) 120 mg PO once per day on days 1 to 21
28-day cycles
===References===
#UPMC 13-100: Sun W, Patel A, Normolle A, Patel K, Ohr J, Lee JJ, Bahary N, Chu E, Streeter N, Drummond S. A phase 2 trial of regorafenib as a single agent in patients with chemotherapy-refractory, advanced, and metastatic biliary tract adenocarcinoma. Cancer. 2019 Mar 15;125(6):902-909. Epub 2018 Dec 18. link to original article link to PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT02053376
Category:Cholangiocarcinoma regimens
Category:Disease-specific pages
Category:Biliary tract cancers