Weasel word

Weasel words, also known as anonymous authorities, denote the use of ambiguous words and phrases intended to create the false impression that a vague or meaningless statement is, to the contrary, both specific and informative. In a sense, weasel words basically amount to an obscured appeal to authority in which the identity of the very authority being appealed to isn't even made clear by the appealer.
While weasel words may seem authoritative in their apparent support of a given point (or product), a closer look reveals that weasel words provide no actual strength to an argument whatsoever — ironically, when properly identified, even weakening any argument of which they were a part.
The allure of using weasel words lies in the possibility that they go undetected as such, thus allowing them to fallaciously lend the pretense of depth to the vagueries in question. As such, weasel words can be employed strategically (in order to deceive outright) via attempting to obfuscate the otherwise apparent burden of proof which rests on a given speaker — expertly, with plausible deniability of the very presence of said weasel words left intact.
A common form of weasel words are those that make a claim appear widely accepted (Argumentum ad populum) by merely implying that it is (e.g. "Most people agree…"). For example, the claim could be made that "X is widely considered to be Y" — widely considered being the key phrase here. True or not, the statement itself provides no meaningful information whatsoever as to who considers X to be Y, to which extent X is considered to be Y, nor indeed how widely X is considered to be Y.
Another form of weasel words involves making a statement that sounds significant but really does not mean much (deepity). Cereal brands that tell you that they are "part of a balanced breakfast" imply that their products are healthy, when in reality, they have little nutritional value on their own. And we've all heard the story of the Walmart/McDonald's cashier who says s/he "handles transactions for a Fortune 500 company".
==Etymology==
It has been suggested that the phrase originates from the folk-belief that weasels snuck up to bird eggs and carefully sucked out their contents, leaving naught but the empty shell behind.
Regardless, Wikipedia elucidates the obvious connection to other qualities unfairly 
==Examples==
*"They say…" Who and how many said it? Was the statement based in fact?
*Saying "I saw an article that debunks atheism!", without actually linking the article, meaning that the claims of the supposed article can't be verified or debunked.
*"Some argue that atheism partly stems from a failure to fairly and judiciously consider the facts," while ignoring who those "some" are and how many they are (though in fairness, the answer would probably turn out to be way too many).
*"Some scholars believe…" Who are these scholars, and how many of them are there? Is their belief based in fact?
*"Probably the most common form of…" While not mentioning how probable the statement is.
*"Save up to 50% or more." You won't save more than 50%. You won't save 50%. You probably won't save more than 20%. In fact, full retail prices may have been marked up before being marked down, so you may end up spending more on a "sale" item than you would have before the sale.
*"Is President Obama really a radical Muslim socialist who hates America?" Making an accusation in the form of a question is a popular technique.
*"Linked to" or "has links to" — could mean anything or, more usually, nothing. Useful when painting a conspiracy theory.
*Vague claims that a product "detoxifies the body" without mentioning what types of toxins it removes.
*"Processed food", without detailing which processes.
*Studies show that if someone says "studies show" before a statement, people will believe them, even if they don't say where the studies came from (or if better studies refute the claim).
*"It has been suggested that…" Who suggested that, and what is their evidence for doing so?
*"Classed as" is a frequent offender, when used without proper checks of how the thing being discussed is legally or scientifically classified or defined. It often means little more than the asserter's opinion.
**An example of this type of usage occurred when police claimed a person otherwise lawfully exercising during the 2021 UK Coronavirus lockdown could not carry a hot drink, as this was 'classed as a picnic'. There was no law in force specifically prohibiting either picnics or drinks, or mentioning these things.Covid: Fines reviewed after women 'surrounded by police', BBC 8 January 2021
*In advertising, it is common to spin a meaningless, obvious, or negative fact into a positive claim using careful phrasing. For example:
**"Genuine leather" sounds like a mark of quality: a promise that real leather was used. However, it's a specific grade of leather, and the top of it is ironically often artificially refinished. A better interpretation is "at least it's genuine leather." The highest grade of leather is full-grain. 
**Just because a cereal is "part of a balanced breakfast" doesn't mean it contributes much nutritional value to said breakfast. 
**If an infomercial boasts that a kitchen utensil "cleans in a quick rinse", they're likely indirectly admitting it isn't dishwasher-safe. 
**In real estate, "well-maintained" can mean the house was poorly built, therefore requiring excessive maintenance. The statement that a house is in a "good neighborhood" mentions nothing about the house itself.
**Angus is the most common variety of beef cattle in the US, though it's often advertised as if it were a premium breed. 
**Casinos often have slogans along the lines of "if you don't play, you won't win." You won't lose either.
**"Made in the USA" doesn't tell you anything about how the product was made, and clothes made in sweatshops in Saipan can be labeled with this sticker.
**"Create a free account!" Creating the account may be free, but to do anything with it you'll probably need to pay money.
*"Most scholars today believe Jesus existed" actually contains at least five weasel words:
*#Crucially, it doesn't mention what kind (no pun intended) of "scholars" we're talking about. However, as used by apologists (for instance, William Lane Craig loves to use this line in both his resurrection and "Does God Exist?" debates), it almost certainly refers to "New Testament scholars" (i.e. Christian theologians). A majority of this group agreeing that Jesus existed is about as surprising as a majority of imams agreeing that Muhammad really was the prophet of Allah and made a miraculous night journey to Jerusalem. The relevant "scholars" to ask would actually be historians, but they tend not to give the kind of answers that apologists want to hear. 
*#Another weasel word is "most". As historical questions, such as the existence of Jesus, can't always be settled conclusively due to the lack and/or the character of the evidence (an especially pertinent issue in the case of Jesus), there is often a large scope for legitimate disagreement. Thus if "most" means 55% or even 75% of experts (and here we're assuming that these experts are historians rather than theologians or apologists), this would still rate the existence of Jesus as a quite controversial subject. And if such proportions of theologians (who can be expected to be biased in favor of Christianity) held such opinions, the apologist's case would actually be even weaker. Anything less than an overwhelming (something like >90%) consensus among historians is problematic for an apologist using the reference to what "most scholars" think about Jesus' existence to argue that it is a settled question.
*#"Believe" is also quite ambiguous when discussing such an intersection of scholarly concerns and religion. A historian will use "believe" in the sense that this is the scenario (s)he finds most plausible, given the state of the evidence (as evaluated through the historical method). However, especially if the "scholars" referred to are theologians, "believe" could actually mean religious belief, which is the topic under question, and thus citing the religious beliefs of others will get an apologist nowhere with an audience who does not already share the apologist's belief ("I believe God exists and this is reasonable because these theologians also believe in God"). Alternatively, "believe" could also be the rather mundane sense of "guessing" with a more or less solid basis for the guess (as in "I believe it's going to rain today"). This problem is analogous to the silly "Science is also a belief, just like religion" line, which rests on a similar conflation of the various meanings of "believe/belief" that some of the more insane inane creationists will occasionally try their hand at.
*#The fourth weasel word is "Jesus", because it doesn't distinguish between a historical Jesus and the clearly unhistorical/mythological/fictional Jesus of the New Testament. While it might be possible to get most historians to agree that "some guy named Jesus" (or more accurately the Hebrew/Aramaic version of that name) existed and inspired the tall tales of the New Testament, this is not the same as affirming this latter "Magical Jesus". Now the apologist probably won't care too much about this distinction and instead bet on conflating these two Jesuses and hope that the audience will do so too (through a variant of confirmation bias). A parallel is William Lane Craig's waffling on/conflation of "a god" and "God".
*#The fifth and final weasel word is "existed". It's essentially an outcropping of the Jesus weasel word, but also includes the possibility of quite different interpretations of when this Jesus walked around or what kind of existence we're talking about (a rather "liberal interpretation" could even claim that an entirely mythical Jesus definitely "existed" as a fictional story told in the New Testament).
* Though popular in theological circles and in "scientific" journals, the all-too-often generates weasel-word vagueness, avoiding identifying a source or an agent.
 Passive constructions may promote casual magical thinking (for example: "profit is produced", "the pyramids were built", "grace was granted", "the active ingredient has been isolated in laboratories"...).
==See also==
*Code word
*Deceit
*Disguised opinion
*Euphemism
*Hearsay
*Intellectual dishonesty
*Sound science
*Vagueness
==Not to be confused with==
*Dawkins weasel
==External links==
*
*"Anonymous Authorities", Stephen Downes
*"Appeal to Anonymous Authority", Austin Cline
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Fallacious arguments
Category:Propaganda
Category:Language
Category:Appeals to authority