nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Carl Wieland

Carl Wieland served as the Managing Director of Creation Ministries International (CMI). In keeping with the stance of that organization, he is an evangelical Christian and a young-Earth creationist.Carl Wieland retires after four decades. creation.com. 2 March 2015. Retrieved on 10 November 2015.
Wieland, who trained as a medical doctor at Adelaide University in South Australia, ceased practising medicine in 1986 prior to forming CMI after he crashed head-on into a fuel tanker and spent nearly six months laid up in hospital.http://creation.com/regenerating-ribs-adam-and-that-missing-rib
He wrote extensively for two of CMI's magazines, the prole-feed vehicle Creation and the pseudo-scientific Journal of Creation; he also became a popular figure on the creationist lecture-circuit.
Wieland was a key player in the schism that saw CMI separate from its former parent-organization, Answers in Genesis in 2005. For a while there, Wieland and Ken Ham went on like two first-graders in a schoolyard, with Ham stealing CMI's magazine subscription-list and substituting an Answers in Genesis publication, and then Wieland accusing Ham of theft and moral failure.http://archive.cincinnati.com/article/20070623/NEWS0103/706230388/Group-sues-Answers-Genesis You just can't make this stuff up. The dispute, widely reported, unmasked the unsavoury and inbred microcosm of the fringes that represent young-earth creationist belief.Trouble in Paradise: Answers in Genesis Splinters. Archived from the original at Reports of the National Center for Science Education, Volume 6, Issue 6, November-December 2006.Lord of the ring. Archived from the original at theaustralian.com.au, 5 June 2007.
Wieland retired in 2015.http://creation.com/carl-wieland-retires
==See also==
*Roraima pollen paradox
==References==
Category:Christians
Category:Living people
Category:Australians
Carnitine

Carnitine (C7H15NO3) is a chemical found in food sources such as red meat and dairy products. The biological role of carnitine is fatty acid metabolism: it transports fatty acids from the intracellular fluid to the mitochondria to generate metabolic energy.
As a dietary supplement it is found in the form of either acetyl-L-carnitine or L-carnitine. It is also sold and marketed as a so-called "fat-burner" (i.e. it will help metabolizing your body fat quickly, thus making you slim and fit), or a fat-loss supplement. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, "...there is no scientific evidence to show that it works. Some studies do show that oral carnitine reduces fat mass, increases muscle mass, and reduces fatigue, which may contribute to weight loss in some people."
The most widespread chemical form of carnitine is L-carnitine, and this form is usually sold as a weight-loss supplement. L-carnitine can be derived from L-tartrate.
A 2011 study published in peer-reviewed scientific journal The Journal of Physiology found that a L-carnitine L-tartrate supplement increases muscle carnitine content which in turn reduces muscle carbohydrate utilization and increases muscle lipid use. The net result is reduced fatigue during exercise and increased athletic performance.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3060373/?tool=pmcentrez
A 2014 study of several nutriceuticals including Juvenon® (α-lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine mixture) found that "The results are consistent with epidemiological studies suggesting that dietary supplements are not beneficial and even may be harmful for otherwise healthy individuals."Lifespan effects of simple and complex nutraceutical combinations fed isocalorically to mice by Stephen R. Spindler et al. (2014) Age 36:705-718.
==References==
Category:Biochemistry
Category:Chemicals
Carrot

right|thumb|165px|Some carrots
The carrot is an orange (normally, although many eastern varieties are purple) root vegetable related to such others as parsley, fennel, dill and cumin. Originating in Afghanistan, it is an excellent source of Vitamin A which is metabolised from the orange carotenoid β-carotene which gives it its characteristic colour. Carrots are also a relatively good source of fibre.
==Woo==
Carrots were the subject of a very pointed (har!) and partially successful woo during WWII.
UK fighter pilot John Cunningham (Cat's Eyes) was the first person to shoot down an enemy plane with the help of radar. The existence, or at least the success, of radar was concealed by crediting a high carrot (vitamin A) diet. As there was already a German folklore myth that carrots improved night vision, the subterfuge worked. Along the same lines, British pilots were given bilberry (a herb) which purportedly improved night vision. 
Although deficiency of Vitamin A causes night blindness, a surfeit does not improve it and can be toxic, as anyone who's eaten a polar bear's liver will know. Luckily, carrots don't actually contain vitamin A, your liver metabolizes beta-carotene into Vitamin A when needed and the excess is stored in your fat cells. If you reach capacity there, at that point the beta-carotene finds its way to your skin cells and gives you a weird albeit harmless condition where you turn orange.
==With the stick==
The carrot and stick is a popular motivational technique to subjugate horses, donkeys, and mules. The offer of a carrot to a horse (or donkey etc.) as reward is attached to a stick that makes the carrot just out of reach. Some instances has an additional stick to strike the animal to help it along. The promise of Heaven and threat of Hell in the Abrahamic religions is perhaps the ultimate example of the carrot-and-stick method.
==See also==
*Vitamin and mineral supplements
Category:Alternative medicine
Category:Diet woo
Category:Food
Category:Plants
Case-control study

A case-control study, a type of retrospective study, is a study design that looks for relationships between types of data.Case-control and cross sectional studies, Epidemiology for the uninitiated, 4th ed, Coggon, Rose, and Barker, Ch 8 It is used especially in epidemiology. It differs from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in several ways, and is usually considered a somewhat weaker type of evidence.
Rather than randomly assigning a group of subjects to different exposures (treatment vs. placebo), it takes groups of people who already have the condition in question, matches them with a similar group that does not, and uses statistics to look for commonalities and differences between the groups.
For example, one particular studyA case-control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets by R. S. Thompson et al. N. Engl. J. Med. 1989 May 25;320(21):1361-7. was designed to look at the relationship between head injuries and wearing bicycle helmets. By looking a groups of people who were injured in bicycle accidents, and comparing the rates of head injuries in groups that did or did not wear helmets, the authors were able to find a strong association between not wearing a helmet and sustaining a serious head injury.
There are limits to this type of study, especially in establishing causation (vs. correlation). Perhaps the group of people who wore helmets had more careful habits in general and were more careful riders.
This type of study is invaluable, however, as designing an RCT to look at this association would be unethical. (Imagine randomly assigning 300 people to ride with helmets, and 300 without for a year, and seeing which group had more head injuries — yuck).
==References==
Category:Science
category:Research terms
Category:Types of medical studies
Casimir effect

The Casimir effect is a very small force which results when two metal plates are placed close together. The force is only significant if the gap between them is no more than a few times the wavelength of visible light, i.e. of the order of 10-6 meters or less.
The plates affect the energy of quantum vacuum fluctuations inside the gap by creating a resonance chamber, much like the body of a musical instrument, which allows one frequency and its harmonics to exist as standing waves while canceling other frequencies. When combined with the normal broadband vacuum fluctuations which appear on the exterior of the plate, the result is a net attraction. 
Since this force seems to be created from nothing, ex nihilo, it is a favorite topic for proponents of science woo who want to push their perpetual motion schemes. However, the Casimir effect can't be turned off, so any machine which employs the phenomenon would have to work against the attraction to reset the plates for the next cycle, making it no different from a spring-wound toy.
==See also==
*Zero-point energy
*Maxwell's demon
Castillo v. Texas

Castillo v. Texas was a 2002 court decision in which Jesus Castillo was convicted for selling, in 2000, adult-oriented comic books to an adult, which is evidently a crime in Texas.
==Arguments==
===Defense===
Castillo's employer did carry pornographic material, in a separate section of the store which was not available to all customers. The police officer who purchased the obscene material (clearly marked as such) was clearly an adult, so the notion that he was making obscene materials available to minors (the basis of the initial investigation) is absurd. Furthermore, the comic in question can only be considered obscene under Texas law if the comic lacks any value apart from the sexual content. Not only is this false, but it is nonsensical as pornographic magazines featuring actual people are far more accessible and perfectly legal. Even further, a sign was displayed at the entrance stating, “No One Under 18 Allowed Past This Point.”,
and the comic contained a warning label, “Absolutely Not For Children.”
The defense also proffered a comic artist, Scott McCloud, who testified that over 60% of "comic books" are purchased by adults, and that the movement of manga and graphic novels has moved far beyond the more "child-friendly" comics of Archie or "Silver Age" superheroes. He also testified about the quality of the drawings as art. Susan Napier testified at length about the nature of the Japanese mind (as the comic book was a Japanese novel, written by a Japanese author for a Japanese audience), Japanese hentai manga, and the actual (complex, far too complex for a child) storyline in the manga itself.
===Prosecution===
Comic books are for kids, duh.
In slightly more detail, the prosecution offered no experts to challenge either expert, nor did they offer any reason why this specific comic and no other "adult" comic was targeted. The impassioned appeal to emotion that 'this is a store for kids; this was intentional' was the only real argument offered.
===Decision===
The jury agreed, apparently, that only kids buy "comic books", and that clearly these (Japanese — but who's counting) authors were targeting kids. The case was appealed to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, but the conviction was upheld.In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas (No. 05-00-01522-CR): JESUS A. CASTILLO, JR., Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee While it was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, they do not routinely take cases of this nature, as there was not a clear violation of Federal law, so their jurisdiction is questionable. They rejected the case without consideration in 2003.Coverage by Comic Book Legal Defense Fund
==See also==
*Comics Code Authority
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Cartoons and comics
Category:Censorship
Category:Court cases
Category:Porn
Category:Purity culture
Category:Texas
Catastrophism

Catastrophism is a load of religious bullshit that essentially says, "Because of various interventions by God, there is no reason to believe laws of physics are the same as before. As a result, any dating method with such an assumption is invalid."
Historically, catastrophist was also a snarl word used by uniformitarians (geologists who equally irrationally defended the equally indefensible position that no extreme events unlike those that can be presently viewed on Earth can ever have occurred) to describe geologists who presented evidence of such events having happened, such as flood basalt flows, volcanic eruptions orders of magnitude beyond any ever witnessed in historical times, or titanic glacial outburst floods such as the great Missoula Floods.
==Criticisms==
===Assumptions involved===
Biblical catastrophists assume that the Book of Genesis faithfully records the history of the earth, and that therefore they have a license to dismiss all scientific evidence that does not fit in with this credo. The process is called rationalization (start with the conclusion and try to come up with explanations and evidences for said conclusion).
===Other things===
If the Global Flood can interfere with the decay rates (DNA decomposition or radioactive decay) of things, then one cannot deny that any other flood will be able to have a similar interference on a smaller scale. We have yet to observe such an occurrence. One of the ways to validate catastrophism would be for the creationists to come up with a recipe to produce fossils of arbitrary species in a somewhat short period of time (up to decades, because no additional global events interfere with the global rate of fossil-formation).
Catch-22

Catch-22 is both a novel by Joseph Heller and a logic problem of the same name.
Heller's novel is set on an American airbase in Italy during the Second World War, and tells the story of Captain Yossarian, a bombardier in the Army Air Corps who wants to be discharged. The only way he can be discharged is by claiming that the war has made him insane. However, the camp's doctor points out that Yossarian's desire to be discharged (and thus safe) proves his sanity. Thus, Yossarian is caught in a paradoxical situation.
The nature of this situation is the titular "Catch-22." The term has grown to describe any problem which seemingly has multiple solutions, but in which, each possible solution creates a new condition that makes it impossible — leaving only the original problem once more. For example, elsewhere in the novel, a character is accused of being disloyal to his country for refusing to sign a loyalty oath, only to be told it is also disloyal to request to take a loyalty oath. Even though it appears he could simply swear the oath, in fact, a Catch-22 ensures he will be seen as disloyal no matter what he does.
The Heller novel addresses not only the inhumanity and insanity of war, but the ways in which large bureaucratic organizations such as armies are able to thrive because of the ways in which they create their own internal logic. It has remained a popular work ever since its publication.
File:Catch22.png|The Catch-22 flowchart
File:Catch22.jpg|Book cover of the first edition
==References==
Category:Books
Category:Paradoxes
Categorical imperative

The categorical imperative is a moral concept developed by philosopher Immanuel Kant which states: "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it become a universal law." The categorical imperative is an a priori moral commandment which is objective, and not based on circumstances.Kant, Immanuel, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, translated by H.J Paton, Harper Perennial, 2009. ISBN 0061766313 It is a deontological ethical construct, which is considered in opposition to consequentialistic schools of thought. It can be used both by the religious and the irreligious, but as Kant viewed reason as the source of morality, it rejects theological voluntarism.
==Formulations==
Kant also advanced other formulations of the categorical imperative which he considered to have the same meaning. The other formulations included:
*"Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means to an end."
*"Therefore, every rational being must so act as if he were through his maxim always a legislating member in the universal kingdom of ends."
The second formulation of the categorical imperative is the basis of the "social conscious" of Kant's theory, and is what the philosopher John Rawls based his ethical formulations on. This stands in sharp contrast to divine command theory, which has become the predominant form of deontological theory outside academia. Divine command theory posits that, instead, human beings are means for the achievement of divine ends. 
==Criticism==
The categorical imperative largely leaves the decision of what rules ought to be universally implemented up to the individual, which has drawn much criticism from consequentialists who say that it is too subjective. Though Kant made it clear that the will to obey the categorical imperative is the only intrinsic good, the uncertainty of what the categorical imperative must consist of allows the doctrine to coexist, to some degree, with more objective ideas such as utilitarianism and intuitionism. Many creationists prefer the divine command theory or use that theory in concert with the categorical imperative because it allows them to more directly reject reason in favor of Goddidit than the categorical imperative alone.Categorical imperative About.com
==Kantianism==
Kantianism is the philosophical doctrine that is based on the teachings of Kant, specifically the categorical imperative and the principle that Man is an end and not just a means as well as transcendental idealism. Most deontologists also adhere to Kantianism. In recent times, Kantian philosophy has increasingly been replaced (within deontology) by divine command theory outside of academic circles, but Kant's ethical theories are within much of the academic work on ethics.
==See also==
*Deontology
*Golden Rule
==References==
Category:Morality
Category:Philosophy
Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights

The Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights is a reactionary Roman Catholic activist group led by extraordinary prick Bill Donohue since 1993. The primary motive of the organization is to demand the censorship of anything in the media that they perceive as "anti-Catholic". By anti-Catholic, they mean "anything that disagrees with our opinions", which sometimes even includes other Catholic perspectives.http://www.catholicleague.org/media-14/ See July under the television section. For extra bonus points, that show was written with substantial input from the Societas Iesu. They are also well known for being viciously homophobic and Islamophobic.
On August 27, 2010, Donohue staged a small protest to express the grievance that the decision of the owners of the Empire State Building not to change the lighting of the top floors to the blue and white colors of Mother Theresa's Missionaries of Charity on the anniversary of her birthday, "was to insult Catholics". The owners of the building explained that they did not respond to requests for non-secular events. Clyde Haberman. "In the Latest Religious Battle, a Call to Arms for Mother Theresa." The New York Times. August 27, 2010. A16. Property rights are property rights. Perhaps Mr. Donohue should buy the building and change the exterior lighting policy.
The League was reported to have $35 million in assets as of 2013, but only 3 employees, including Donohue. The League claimed to have 233,333Turns out dividing 700,000 by 3 doesn't result in a very credible-looking number of members. dues-paying members in 1999, when they last reported a membership total, but critical estimates suggest it is much lower.Catholic League Leader Rakes In Large Salary Despite Small RoleJimRomenesko.com: Bashing the media pays off for conservative Catholic League boss Bill Donohue Archived from the original at jimromenesko.com.
== External links ==
*The truth about the Catholic League (archived from October 16, 2010)
==References==
==Notes==
Category:Catholicism
Category:Homophobia
Category:Islamophobia
Category:Misnomers
Cattle mutilation

Cattle mutilation refers to livestock (usually cows, allegedly sometimes horses or other animals such as pets) allegedly found dead with unusual trauma — with organs removed and blood drained. 
Popular suspected culprits include aliens, "the military" (despite countries of origin varying greatly), and cultists of various kinds, Satanic or otherwise. Silent black helicopters are often claimed to be involved, and often a general mythos regarding other fringe elements is painted up as also having been present at the same site or indicative of the mystery of the location itself.
==Natural causes==
The rationalistic explanation is usually that — aside from the fact that a vast number of these reports are pure conjecture and word of mouth — the times when anything tangible is ever sourced, the animals were partially eaten by scavengers who ate the soft parts first, then the corpses were left in the hot sun for extended periods, as it is a normal occurrence in nature for corpses to go through various stages of asymmetrical decompositional change, i.e. affected greatly by the environment, which is well known to produce strange-looking carcasses that are ripe for paranormal explanation."Cattle 'mutilation'", The Skeptic's Dictionary. Some incidents may be genuine acts of animal cruelty by human perpetrators.
An example of this process of decomposition is visible here,Viewer warning: Graphic image, as far as naturally deceased sheep go as a drowned sheep has been partially preserved in a bog. Only the parts that were sticking up above the surface were exposed to oxygen and general decomposition, while the submerged parts are preserved for the time being.
==Human causes==
While many cases have been traced to Edward Scissorhands' enthusiasm for cow tipping, cattle mutilation can also be explained as insurance fraud. Ranchers' insurance policies generally do not cover deaths due to negligence such as disease or poisoning, but do cover human attacks. If the parts of a cow that show disease are removed, the remains can be claimed as a loss.
==Woo==
An investigation by the FBI in 1979 concluded that most 'mutilation' incidents were the result of natural deaths and predation, but some cases included anomalies that were not readily explainable. for a more detailed summary of the findings and links to online copies of the FBI documents. Of course, such simple admissions of the limits of an honest investigation are red meat to conspiracy hounds, who take them as admission of positive findings.
This phenomenon has become something of a specialty for woo-journalist Linda Moulton Howe. It was the theme of her 1980 video documentary Strange Harvest, and she has followed up with many reports since then. Howe favors the aliensdidit theory.
==See also==
*Chupacabra
==References==
Category:Paranormal
Category:Ufology
Category:Horror