Singer

The singers are the most common and widespread sapient species on Roshar. The Alethi refer to them as parsh or parshmen. They are native Rosharan lifeforms characterized by their bipedalism, carapace, high intelligence, tetramorphic sexual paradigm, and the presence of a gemheart they can use to create symbiotic bonds with spren, which has a significant impact on both their biology and cognition. They are highly social sapient life capable of forming complex social structures and civilizations, with complex institutions defining their social interactions. 
 
They are descended from the ancient Dawnsingers who first inhabited ancient Roshar before the Shattering of Adonalsium, first emerging upon their creation over ten-thousand years prior to the True Desolation. The level of biological similarity they have with their ancestors is unclear. 
Singers predate the humans as inhabitants of Roshar. Around the time of the Recreance, many of the singers had their Connection and Identity stolen, pieces of their souls ripped away. This made those singers docile and subservient, which humans called parshmen and enslaved for millennia after. With the advent of the Everstorm, these singers were healed and restored.
== Etymology and definition ==
Singer and listener are the translations of what the singers call themselves in their own respective languages, Dawnchant and Listener, both in the Dawnate language family. Singer technically does not refer to the entire species, with the species name being currently unknown. Listener refers specifically to the singers which, at some point prior to the Recreance, turned away from Odium and abandoned their Regal forms and chose to settle on the Shattered Plains.
Etymologically, Singer refers to their singing of the Rhythms of Roshar, and is likely derived from Dawnsinger.
To the Alethi, they are known as the Parshendi, translating to Parshmen who can think, referring to their high cognitive capacity compared to slaveforms kept as slaves by humans.
== Evolution ==
Singers did not evolve naturally, but were instead intentionally created by Adonalsium some time prior to its Shattering. It is unknown how much modern singers differ from their distant ancestors. 
They were created as an essential part of the Rosharan ecosystem, to what effect is unknown. They were also intentionally made to be able to breed with humans.
== Biology and Appearance ==
Singers are humanoid, but not entirely similar to Homo sapiens, differing in various notable aspects. 
They are bipedal, and posses a foramen magnum at the base of the skull; they also have a large intracranial space, comparable to Homo sapiens. This, alongside a presumably well-developed cerebrum, gives them a high cognitive capacity. It is unclear how prominent of a supraorbital ridge they possess, if any. They have a protruding nasus very similar to that of humans.
Their resistance to extreme temperatures is greater than humans.
=== Aging and Senescence === 
Apart from their polychromatic skin, singers have other features that differentiate them from humans. They grow at a faster rate than humans and have slightly shorter average lifespans. In the listeners' culture, Venli started to learn about singing as a keeper of songs at age three and is considered adult at age ten. 
Their epidermal marbling whitening at the edges is a sign of age and senescence. Furthermore, elderly singers can experience cognitive decline, memory loss, and difficulty developing new memories. Dullform experiences rapid degradation in mental faculties as one ages, Singer children are born in dullform, and do not experience the normal cognitive impairments of dullform in adult singers. By around seven or eight Rosharan years, cognitive decline begins to manifest, forcing young singers to take on a different form.
=== Carapace ===
Their bodies have red-orange carapace growing over various parts of their body; where and how much depends on what form the singer is currently in, but they typically cover the cranium and the upper extremities. Their carapace is held on to their body by a series of blue ligaments, suggesting the lack of an epidermis under their carapace.
The amount of carapace and where it forms is dependent on the form the singer is in, for example, in warform it manifests as armor-like plating across the entire body; this carapace armor is designed not only to grant greater protection to the singer, but also to trap air and push it up underneath to cool them. On the other hand, nimbleform entirely lacks carapace.
=== Circulatory System ===
Singers have orange blood. They possess a heart which pumps blood through their body in a closed circulatory system.
=== Endoskeleton ===
Their endoskeletons are made up of red-coloured bones. They are known to possess a sternum, which is fused with their gemheart. Within the bone is a white marrow-like substance.
=== Epidermis and Epidermal Marblings ===
The most apparent sign of their non-human nature is the epidermis; it is covered in marblings, swirls of various colors - red, black or white. Most singers have dichromatic epidermides, either red-black or red-white; these marblings can manifest in various way, both as delicate swirls and large, wind-swept patterns. There are singers whose skin is trichromatic, but they are extremely rare relative to the dichromatic phenotype. The color whitening at the edges is a sign of age and senescence. Their hair is typically orange or red -- colors that do not appear to occur naturally in Rosharan humans, outside of those with partial singer genetic admixture. There is a relationship between the color of singer hair and their individual marbling colors.
=== Extremities === 
They possess four limbs, made up of two upper and two lower extremities. Their upper extremities end with five-digit hands, and their lower extremities end with five-digit feet. 
=== Gemhearts ===
Like many local species in the Rosharan biosphere, singers possess gemhearts, though theirs have a cloudy white coloration, and are fused to and grown into their sternum. Those gemhearts allow them to bond with spren, letting them change their forms, leading to a change in both appearance and some mental faculty. Due to their gemhearts, singers do not leak Lights like humans do.
The gemheart forms due to the internal chemical workings of the body, which uses the nutrients and chemicals present in crem in order to form the gemheart.
=== Height ===
Due to Roshar's relatively low gravity, they are relatively tall compared to humans from other planets, averaging at over six feet (1.83 metres). Their height varies between forms, with forms such as Warform being taller and bulkier than other forms, and with envoyform being even taller than warform and Alethi humans.
=== Mandible and Molar Structure ===
Their teeth are built differently than human teeth; their back molars allow them to chew through shells, their dental formula is unknown, but is likely divergent from the dental formula of homo sapiens. Their ability to crush shells is further assisted by a divergent mandible structure, with several bones not present in human mandibles, situated near the back of the structure.
=== Metabolism and Diet ===
Their metabolism is geared towards metabolizing shells, which their jaw structure helps them to crush, allowing them to make better use of the local fauna. 
Singers can drink crem without getting sick.
=== Ocular Structure ===
They have two eyes set in orbital cavities. They are divergent from the eyes of humans - with black sclerae and no visible iris, giving them an all-black appearance. They are capable of crying during period of heightened emotion.
=== Sexes and reproduction ===
Singers possess four distinct sexes; male and female, which are capable of reproduction, and their neutered variants, malen and femalen. Singers' sex will change from between male and malen, or female and femalen, as they change forms; the vast majority of forms are either malen or femalen. As such, most singers are asexual the vast majority of the time. Singers usually identify as one of those four genders as well, though some identify with a non-quaternary gender and singer culture recognizes at least one non-quaternary gender.
Singers cannot switch between male and female or malen and femalen by biological means, though it is possible to do so through Invested means. Their sex-determination system is unknown, and following from the inability to switch between male and female, ultimately decides between two sexes, despite their tetramorphism. 
==== Interspecies Breeding and Introgression ====
Despite these genotypical and phenotypical differences, singers and humans are capable of cross-breeding; the Herdazians and Unkalaki are notable examples of human ethnicities with singer ancestry, although they experienced a heavy degree of introgression. This ancestry is the source of the Herdazians' stone-like nails as well as the Unkalaki's shell-chewing teeth and red hair. As a result of their singer ancestry, Herdazians and Unkalaki are also more likely to identify as asexual. It's unknown whether there are currently any people with both human and singer ancestry who identify as singers.
They do not share a common ancestor, though can interbreed due to the similar intent behind their creation.
==== Sexual Tetramorphism ====
Sexual tetramorphism is minimal in asexual forms, enough so that it is easy to misidentify the sex of a singer. The presence of facial hair on male and malen singers is one mark of sexual dimorphism present in malen and femalen forms. Female individuals, particularly those in mateform, have prominent breasts which are less notable in femalen individuals.
=== Spiritual Aspects ===
Despite these biological differences, singers are like humans in many Spiritual aspects. Like humans, they can receive boons and curses from the Nightwatcher. They can also bond spren to attain Radiant powers, though most spren are unwilling to reach out for such a bond. Singers can see the reality of the spren more closely than a human.
== Forms ==
By bonding various spren in the highstorm or Everstorm, Singers are capable of changing their form, leading to a different appearance, capabilities and even mental state, as well as changing subtly their Spiritual aspect. It is possible that the forms also alter Identity. New forms come with a level of instinctual understanding. ​Singers can maintain their form indefinitely, without needing to resupply with stormlight or voidlight, and can use the abilities granted by the form without needing additional fuel. New forms could exist. Certain things can stop a singer from changing forms, such as Shardplate.
The forms are specializations, and gear the singer towards a particular purpose; for example, warform grants armor and increased strength, making it suitable for combat, while nimbleform grants dexterity, making it good for delicate tasks. There are also more specific forms, such as artform for creative endeavours, or mateform for breeding. Aside from dullform, every form is associated with a specific type of spren. Ordinarily, what spren a singer will bond -- and thus what form they'll assume -- depends on their mindset during the highstorm. However, capturing a spren in a gemstone and bringing it into the storm all but ensures that a specific form will be selected. Bonding to a corrupted spren will give different results. 
When changing forms, a singer may temporarily not be able to hear certain rhythms, or hear pure tones.
Hemalurgy could also be used to replicate the transformation of the forms.
Listeners recounted many common forms in the Song of Listing; they also have songs speaking of forms of power -- the Song of Secrets and the Song of Winds.
=== Known common forms ===
These forms are mentioned in the listener Song of Listing. After the Recreance and before the True Desolation, when the only singers who could think clearly were the listeners, the listeners only discovered five forms: dullform, mateform, warform, workform, and nimbleform. When the Everstorm arrived and healed the other singers, singers held these forms and other common forms the listeners could not reproduce, such as artform and scholarform, and had a "dozen" options.
====Dullform====
Dullform occurs when a singer bonds an incorrect spren, or a spren that does not grant any other form. It's physically similar to the "slaveform" of the parshmen, to the point where a dullform singer can easily pass for one. It is also mentally limiting; those in dullform find thinking difficult, as if they were half-asleep, and have a harder time hearing the rhythms. 
Dullform was one of the two forms the Last Legion was left with after breaking away from the rest of the singers, alongside mateform. It was largely abandoned as other forms were rediscovered. However, listener spies still used it when infiltrating the human warcamps, thanks to its similarity to slaveform.
Singer children are born in dullform, though for them, it is more vibrant and less cloudy; a property it loses as the singer ages. The listeners call this subtype of dullform "childform". They need to take another form around the age of seven or eight.
====Mateform====
Mateform is used by singers to reproduce; though the other forms are capable of having children, mateform is the one most specialized for the purpose. In female singers, entering mateform increases the size of their breasts; it's unknown what physical effect it has on male singers. Mentally, mateform causes a singer to behave irresponsibly and become distracted in favour of the form's primary purpose; mateforms will sometimes ignore their assigned task, or do things that are expressly forbidden, without realizing the issue with that. Some singers are, however, capable of keeping themselves together while in mateform, though this requires strong mental discipline. Singers in mateform are bonded with lifespren.
It was one of the original forms the Last Legion had after abandoning the Regal forms, alongside dullform. Presently, most singers assume it only transiently, when they wish to attempt having children, though there are some who keep it on at all times.
====Warform====
Warform gives listeners an armor-like carapace, and makes them taller and bulkier than other forms. The carapace armor is designed to trap air and push it up underneath to cool the singer. It grants them vastly increased strength; a singer in warform can leap over a chasm of the Shattered Plains with a running start. Stamina is greatly increased, allowing singers to run for hours without strain. It also deepens their voice. Out of all the forms known to the listeners, warform requires the most food, but is also the most durable, and a warform singer heals faster than they would in any other form. Mentally, the warform has less impact than most others; it makes one more pragmatic and slightly more inclined towards violence. It also severely hampers artistic ability, and is not well-equipped to handle abstractions. Singers in warform are bonded with painspren.
The first listeners to enter warform heard the pure tone of Honor.
====Workform====
Workform endows increased strength, though it lacks the armor; rather, singers in workform are limber and rugged. It's better suited for labor, and most workers use it; however, it is also sometimes used when fighting. Singers in workform have carapace in ridges along the backs of their hands, and no carapace on the rest of their body. They are also fairly resistant to cold weather. While in workform, singers are more obedient, and have greater difficulty committing violence, forcing one to find peaceful solutions to various problems. It's also considered more flexible than warform. Singers in workform are bonded with gravitationspren.
The first listeners to bond workform heard the pure tone of Cultivation.
====Nimbleform====
Nimbleform is a general form without any singular, apparent function; rather, it's useful for all work that requires dexterity and care. For this reason, listeners use it for tasks such as research, art, and raising children. It has no carapace, and less endurance than other forms; singers in nimbleform are physically weaker, grow longer hair, and have thinner, more slender facial features. It does not impede the mind, and in fact encourages greater focus.
This form was rediscovered by the singers during the War of Reckoning, through research led by Venli. It is possible that a bond with a windspren is what allows singers to enter nimbleform. During the True Desolation, most liberated singers wore either it or workform.
====Mediationform====
Little is known about mediationform; it appears to bestow improved speech capabilities, or better ability to convince or bestow information upon others. Singers in mediationform have smooth, beautiful carapace, and open faces. The head researcher of the listeners, Venli, claimed that she was looking for it throughout the War of Reckoning, but in reality, she never truly attempted to rediscover mediationform in the first place, instead searching for stormform.
====Scholarform====
Though present in the Song of Listing, scholarform has only been reclaimed during the True Desolation; during the War of Reckoning, listeners used nimbleform as a substitute. It appears to increase one's mental faculty and patience. Physically, it produces long hairstrands and angular features.
====Artform====
Artform is formed by bonding creationspren; as its name implies, it specializes in artistic expression, such as painting or music. Venli claimed to be researching this form to other listeners, though that was most likely a lie. It has not been discovered during the War of Reckoning, but rather returned to the singers through the Everstorm.
===Forms of Power===
Forms of power are attained by bonding a voidspren rather than an ordinary spren. Within Odium's army, such singers are referred to as Regals. In contrast to common forms, forms of power bestow explicitly supernatural abilities, such as being able to shoot lightning from one's fingers or speak any language in the world. They can drastically alter one's ways of thinking, such as making people more selfish and callous, and can feel intoxicating. They allow singers to hear and use new rhythms, but make hearing the old ones extremely difficult.
Forms of power include, among others, stormform, nightform, smokeform, decayform, and envoyform.
==Slaveform==
The term slaveform is how listeners describe singers with no spren bond, no form, and vastly limited mental capacity; humans refer to such singers as the parshmen. It looks visually similar to dullform, enough so that humans can confuse the two. Slaveform did not exist until after the False Desolation. It was created when Melishi led a strike team to capture Ba-Ado-Mishram, who was providing the singers with Regal forms. Though successful, it had an unintended side effect of robbing singers of Connection and Identity, and thus creating slaveform.
Physically, slaveform singers are strong enough to perform physical labor. However, they lack Identity and Connection, rendering them mentally stunted. Though seemingly capable of feeling and understanding their situation, they cannot fully comprehend it. Their awareness is dreamlike and they have no capacity to understand fully or act on their feelings. It is described as living in a fog, confused about the world around them. They are capable of processing and understanding orders, and will obey without question. When left on their own, they sit around, not doing anything. Despite this, slaveform singers do retain some mental faculty. They can speak, though rarely do so. They care about and are protective of their dead, usually objecting to anyone tending to them. They also care for and love their young, though they have little capacity to object if separated. 
It was possible for magical effects exotic to Roshar such as Breaths to affect slaveform. The passing of the Everstorm healed the parshmen and restored their Connection and Identity; as such, this form no longer exists during the True Desolation. Many former slaveform singers remember their experiences as slaves and the limitations that slaveform forced upon them. 
=== Exploitation ===
Prior to the arrival of the Everstorm, parshmen are used as slave labor across the entirety of Roshar. Parshmen slaves are typically more expensive than human ones, due to being naturally obedient and extremely unlikely to attempt an escape. Singers who can successfully birth healthy children are purposefully bred, and often sold off on this basis, even if this requires splitting up families.
They are often used as servants, as well as heavy menial labor. They are used as porters in various locations around the world, hauling both cargo and carriages. Many countries rely on them for their economy and proper functioning of their cities; the loss of their labor due to the Everstorm would spell a crisis even without the ongoing war.
== Rhythms ==
Singers are connected to rhythms, the underlying "beats" of the cosmere that manifest particularly strongly on Roshar. There are numerous rhythms, and singers can attune to any one of them. Each rhythm represents a certain state of mind, emotion or feeling; when not paying attention, singers will attune to the rhythm that corresponds to their mood, but can also attune another to fit with their message. This attuning manifests as hearing the beat of the rhythm in one's head. All rhythms connect the singers to each other and Roshar itself. This, and their regular nature, allows the singers to use the rhythms for measuring time, among others.
The singers speak and sing to the rhythms; they carry the singers' emotions, as well as add meaning to their words. However, not all forms can attune the rhythms equally. Dullform can only hear them weakly; slaveform cannot hear them at all. Additionally, those infused with the power of Odium, mainly the Regals and the Fused, can only hear Odium's rhythms, also called the Rhythms of Power. Those rhythms, while similar to regular ones, are usually more violent and aggressive, and represent more twisted, angrier emotions -- for example, Ridicule replaces Amusement, and Command approximates Appreciation. They also feel and sound different than the ordinary rhythms.
Soothers can affect singer rhythms and may dampen Odium's influence. Singers with the Third Heightening would be able to sing Pure Tones of planets other than Roshar, and could potentially do this before the Third Heightening.
== History ==
=== Creation ===
The singers predate the arrival of humans on Roshar, having been created by Adonalsium as part of the planet's natural ecosystem. During this time, they worshipped Adonalsium, and the Wind and Stone. By the time of Honor and Cultivation's arrival ten thousand years before the Night of Sorrows, the Singers were fledgling hunter-gatherers. When Honor arrived, he attempted to supplant himself as the God of the Singers, and many over time would convert to his worship, though the old ways of worshipping Adonalsium, the Wind, the Stone would persist even thousands of years later.
=== The Dawnsingers ===
Eight-thousand years before the Night of Sorrows, Honor left Roshar to wage a proxy war against Odium on Alaswha. During these centuries, around nine-hundred years, the Singers would begin to feel as if Honor had abandoned them.
By the time of humanity's arrival seven thousand one hundred years before the True Desolation, they wore basic loincloths with straps over their carapace. They were known to have kept chulls as a form of chattel, but it is unknown if they were fully domesticated at this point in time. 
After the Expulsion, in which mankind accidentally destroyed their homeworld, Ashyn, the ancient singers were ordered by their gods Honor and Cultivation to help the human refugees who arrived on their planet. These ancient singers were known as the Dawnsingers. Initially, the two species interacted peaceably, with some singers and humans even intermingling, creating Herdazians and the Unkalaki.
Humans, originally granted only the land of Shinovar, sought to expand, causing the conflict that would eventually come to be known as the First Desolation. During that time, the singers came to call humans "Voidbringers", as humans cannot hear the rhythms. In that conflict, spren eventually came to side with humans, leading to a sense of deep betrayal in the singers. Which compounded with their preexistent feelings of betrayal and abandonment from Honor and Cultivation. 
It seems that the singers did something that caused the spren to turn on them.
=== The Fused ===
Around fifty years after the Expulsion, Honor and Cultivation sided with the humans, while singers came to work with Odium, who granted their most valiant warriors immortality and great power to fight against the humans. This switch in sides occurred due to many Singers, over Honor's centuries of absence, came to believe that Honor had abandoned them, making them more open to side with Odium. This power made them into Cognitive Shadows, and allowed them to be reborn by possessing the bodies of other singers. Those immortal singers came to be known as the Fused. The Fused became both gods and rulers of the singers, despising mankind, wanting humans wiped off Roshar regardless of the cost.
To combat the Fused, Honor created the ten Heralds, who would imprison them on Braize until one of them broke, whereupon the Fused and Heralds would return to Roshar and a new Desolation would begin. Their feelings were likely intensified by Honor's subsequent betrayal of the Singers as he sided with humans and gave the power to fight against them. Spren eventually came to side with humans, creating the Knights Radiant leading to a sense of deep betrayal in the singers, compounding upon their preexistent feelings of betrayal towards Honor and Cultivation.
The cycle continued for around three thousand years until finally, at the Aharietiam, the Heralds decided to leave only the strongest among them, Taln, to face the torture alone.
Not all singers, however, were eager to battle mankind continuously for Odium. One such group, the Last Legion, abandoned the Regal forms granted to them by Odium and left for the Shattered Plains, where they would settled, far from the ongoing conflict. They would eventually dub themselves the listeners.
=== The parsh ===
Around two thousand five hundred years after the last Desolation, a new movement of Singers would rise up against humanity in a blood conflict. They were named the parsh. This conflict was later dubbed the False Desolation, it was notable for the participation of Ba-Ado-Mishram, one of Odium's Unmade. 
Ba-Ado-Mishram, using the Well of Control, Connected with the singers and provided them Regal forms and Voidlight, as Odium once did in the Desolations, allowing the singers to wage war at levels closer to those of the real Desolations. In response, the Knights Radiant imprisoned Ba-Ado-Mishram. They succeeded, but in doing so, stole part of singers' souls, ripping out their Connection and Identity and turning them into near-mindless husks. 
These singers without form -- "slaveforms" to listeners, and parshmen to humans -- became the property of humans, turned into cheap, menial labor that would be exploited for millennia to come. The only ones who escaped that fate were the listeners, as they had broken ties with the Unmade and Odium.
=== The listeners ===
The listeners lived on in the Shattered Plains for the next few millennia, forming a number of tribes settled in the craters around the western edge of the Plains. Eventually, they made contact with the Alethi and, through diplomatic efforts, forged a treaty. However, on the night the treaty was to be signed, the listener Eshonai learned about King Gavilar's plans to return the "listener gods" -- the Fused -- to Roshar. Fearing the consequences, the listeners arranged for Gavilar to be assassinated. As a result, they were forced to flee, abandoning their homes for the more distant plateau of Narak right as humans arrived to exact vengeance. Thus began the War of Reckoning.
After six years of constant warfare, the listeners, manipulated by one of the voidspren, recovered stormform, one of the forms of power. Spurred on by its mental state, they planned to summon the Everstorm, which they succeeded at during the Battle of Narak. As it passed over Roshar, the Everstorm restored all parshmen, healing their Connection and Identity.
=== The new singers ===
The newly restored singers assumed seemingly random forms. Their attitudes were similar to those of the humans they spent their entire lives around -- the Alethi singers were angry and warlike, the Azish singers wished to negotiate with the government, and the Thaylen singers stole ships and sailed away. Most of them, however, were quickly swept up by the Fused, who had returned and sought to create new armies with which to conquer Roshar.
To make these new singers more combat-ready, the Fused employed not only their natural anger at their former oppressors, but also hefty amounts of propaganda, most notably using the supposedly last listener, Venli, as their mouthpiece. However, many singers were still apprehensive about fighting humans, and some outright wished that peace was an option. Some singers used the term essai to describe a human supporter (though the actual translation means "hairy").
=== The Night of Sorrows ===
After the Night of Sorrows, Retribution chose to be a beneficiary to the Singer people.
== Known singer groups ==
* Listeners - the singer nation on the Shattered Plains
* Regals - singers who have bonded Voidspren
* Fused - Cognitive Shadows of singers bound to Odium
* Voidbringers - general name for all singers (as well as humans) who work for Odium
== Trivia ==
* Singer gemhearts are related to Tamu Keks, a type of bone from Dragonsteel Prime.
== Notes ==
category: sapient beings