nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Clifford Asness

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Clifford Scott Asness (born October 17, 1966) is an American hedge fund manager, financial researcher, and the co-founder of AQR Capital Management. He is known for his contributions to quantitative investing and financial research, particularly in the areas of value and momentum investing.
== Background ==
Asness was born in Queens, New York, to a Jewish family. His mother, Carol, ran a medical education firm, while his father, Barry Asness, was an assistant district attorney in Manhattan and a former Golden Gloves boxer. The family moved to Roslyn Heights, New York, when Asness was four years old.
=== Career ===
Asness began his professional career in 1990 at Goldman Sachs, where he eventually became the manager of Goldman Sachs Asset Management's new quantitative research desk. In 1995, he persuaded Goldman Sachs to provide an initial $10 million investment to employ computer-driven models developed by his team.
In 1998, Asness co-founded AQR Capital Management with David Kabiller, John Liew, and Robert Krail. The firm, which started as a hedge fund, has since expanded into traditional investment management and mutual funds. As of June 2023, AQR managed approximately $97 billion in assets.
=== Research and Contributions ===
Asness is an active researcher and has authored numerous articles on financial topics for publications such as The Journal of Portfolio Management, Financial Analysts Journal, The Journal of Finance, and The Journal of Financial Economics. His research focuses on quantitative investing strategies, particularly value and momentum investing.
He has received multiple awards for his research, including:
* Five Bernstein Fabozzi/Jacobs Levy Awards from The Journal of Portfolio Management
* Two Graham and Dodd Awards from Financial Analysts Journal
* The James R. Vertin Award from CFA Institute in 2006 for his lifetime contribution to research
* The second prize of the Fama/DFA Prize for Capital Markets and Asset Pricing in the 2020 Journal of Financial Economics
=== Other Activities ===
Asness serves on the board of directors of the American Enterprise Institute and is a member of the editorial board of The Journal of Portfolio Management. He is also known for his active presence on social media, where he often shares his views on financial markets and economic policy.
== Education ==
Asness graduated summa cum laude from the University of Pennsylvania in 1988, where he received bachelor's degrees in both computer science and finance as part of the Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology (M&T). His interest in finance and portfolio management began during his time as a research assistant in the Finance Department at Wharton.
He then pursued graduate studies at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, where he earned his MBA with high honors in 1991 and his Ph.D. in finance in 1994. During his doctoral studies, Asness was a teaching assistant for Nobel laureate Eugene Fama, who became his mentor.
== References ==	
Category:Hedge Fund Managers
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:Goldman Sachs
Category:Goldman Sachs - Former Employees
Clifford Chance LLP

Clifford Chance LLP provides legal advisory services focusing on banking and finance, capital markets, corporate merger and acquisition, litigation and dispute resolution, and real estate. It caters to pharmaceuticals, automobiles, aviation, construction, insurance, and real estate sectors.
== History ==
In 1987 Clifford Chance LLP became England's largest law firm with the merger of Coward Chance and Clifford-Turner. Then in 2000 it merged with New York City's Rogers & Wells and Germany's Punder, Volhard, Weber & Axster. This unprecedented consolidation of law firms is one approach to globalization and the increasing number and size of multinational corporations. Clifford Chance's predecessor firms that dated back to 1802 served corporate, individual, and government clients throughout the British Empire, including India, Africa, Australia, and the Middle East. In 2000 some of its long-term clients included Citibank, Midland Bank, Fujitsu Europe, Panasonic UK, and Sumitomo Bank.
== Products and Services ==
Clifford Chance LLP has four key markets in the Americas, Asia, Europe and the Middle East, and has six core areas of commercial activity:
* Capital markets
* Corporate and M&A
* Finance and banking
* Real estate
* Tax, pensions and employment
* Litigation and dispute resolution
== Key People ==
*David Childs, Managing Partner
*Amanda Burton, Global Chief Operating Officer
*Stephen Purse, Chief Finance Officer 
*Matthew Layton, Global Head of Corporate
*David Bickerton, Regional Managing Partner (London & the Gulf)
*Mark Campbell, Global Head of Banking & Finance
*Peter Charlton, Regional Managing Partner (Asia)
*Andreas Dietzel, Regional Managing Partner (Germany)
*David Dunnigan, Global Head of Capital Markets]]
*David Harkness, Global Head of Tax, Pensions & Employment]]
*Jan ter Haar], Continental Europe representative]]
*Cliff McAuley, Global Head of Real Estate]]
*Craig Medwick, Regional Managing Partner (Americas)
*Chris Perrin, Executive Partner/General Counsel
*Jeremy Sandelson, Global Head of Litigation & Dispute Resolution 
*Yves Wehrli, Continental Europe Representative 
== References ==
Clifford Histed

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Clifford "Cliff" Histed is a partner at K&L Gate, and a former Assistant US Attorney. As a prosecutor, he tried numerous cases dealing with derivatives and financial misconduct.
== Background ==
Clifford "Cliff" Histed is a former CFTC enforcement lawyer and federal prosecutor. As a prosecutor, he was involved in the first ever spoofing investigation. The case was successfully prosecuted against Michael Coscia, the owner and manager of Panther Energy Trading. Histed was also involved in the prosecution of Eric Bloom, former CEO of Sentinel Management Group, and Steven Dombrowski, the former Audit Chief of Allscripts Healthcare Solutions Inc. In addition to his work as a prosecutor, he formerly worked at BP America in its compliance and legal departments.
== Education ==
*B.A. University of Illinois at Chicago 1988
*J.D. Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology 1995
*M.A. University of Illinois at Chicago 1995 
== References ==	
Category:CFTC
Clifford J. Weber

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Cliff Weber is the owner of Financial Products Consulting Group, LLC. Previously, he was executive vice president, head of product development and strategy for NYSE Liffe U.S. He was appointed to the position in November 2008.
== Background ==
Weber worked at the American Stock Exchange (Amex) from 1990 to 2008, most recently as executive vice president of development and strategy.
He played a key role in the development and deployment of the Amex’s ETF business, and has held various positions at the Amex since starting there in 1990.
== Education ==
Weber earned a master of science in engineering from the University of Pennsylvania and a bachelor of arts from Dartmouth College.
== John Lothian News Interview ==
* Five Minutes with Cliff Weber - September 2012 
== References ==	
Category:NYSE Liffe US Executives‏‎
Category:NYSE Liffe US
Category:NYSE Euronext
Category:NYSE Euronext
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Clifford Lewis

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Clifford Lewis is a global financial markets professional who currently serves as the chairman of FairX, a start up futures exchange. 
He was the lead independent director of Eris Exchange and is a former member of the CFTC's Technology Advisory Committee. He is a member of the supervisory board of Eurex Clearing AG, appointed in December 2014. 
He previously served as executive vice president at State Street Bank and Trust and head of the e-Exchange business. He also managed State Street's derivatives and bond clearing business.
He was CEO and chairman of Currenex in 2007 when State Street bought the firm.
== Background ==
Lewis has served in both the public and private sectors in a number of roles, including at KPMG, the Chicago Board of Trade, the World Bank and in the U.S. State Department during the Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush administrations.
He was a partner in KPMG’s Financial Institutions Consulting Group. He was responsible for strategy, international business development and electronic trading while a senior executive with the CBOT.
At the World Bank, he was responsible for developing capital markets and restructuring financial sectors. And, at the U.S. State Department, he was a top official heading the U.S. Government’s efforts to assist newly free countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
== Education == 
Lewis is a graduate of Harvard College.	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Former CBOT Staff
Category:Former CBOT Officials
Category:CBOT
Category:Currenex
Category:State Street
Category:CFTC
Category:CFTC Technology Advisory Committee Member
Climate Markets & Investment Association

The Climate Markets & Investment Association (CMIA), was established in October 2011, replacing the prior name, the Carbon Markets and Investors Association. 
The new name was chosen to reflect "both the need and potential for the diversification of the role of the private sector in combating climate change," said director, Miles Austin. The new name also is in response to the shift away from legally binding climate treaties, as well as the failed efforts to create a federal US cap-and-trade scheme. 
CMIA's membership accounts for an estimated 75 percent of the global carbon market, valued at $120 billion in 2010. 
== Key People ==
Miles Austin, director
Abyd Karmali, president, and managing director and global head of carbon markets at Bank of America Merrill Lynch
Board of Directors
Jonathan Shopley of the Carbon Neutral company 
Anna Lehman of Climate Focus
Alexander Sarac of DLA Piper
Gareth Phillips of Sindicatum
Yvo De Boer of KPMG
== References ==
Climate change

For over the past 200 years, the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, and deforestation have caused the concentrations of heat-trapping "greenhouse gases" to increase significantly in our atmosphere. These gases prevent heat from escaping to space, somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse. Greenhouse gases are necessary to life as we know it, because they keep the planet's surface warmer than it otherwise would be. But, as the concentrations of these gases continue to increase in the atmosphere, the Earth's temperature is climbing above past levels. According to NOAA and NASA data, the Earth's average surface temperature has increased by about 1.2 to 1.4ºF in the last 100 years. The eight warmest years on record (since 1850) have all occurred since 1998. 
If greenhouse gases continue to increase, climate models predict that the average temperature at the Earth's surface could increase from 3.2 to 7.2ºF above 1990 levels. Scientists are certain that human activities are changing the composition of the atmosphere, and that increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases will change the planet's climate. But they are not sure by how much it will change, at what rate it will change, or what the exact effects will be. 
==Background==
Dr. Charles David Keeling was the first scientist to study carbon dioxide and its effects on the atmosphere. Previously, scientists did not know the fate of the excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that is produced by the burning of fossil fuels and other industrial activities. Keeling's research, however, has shown that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are increasing. They have risen more than 14 percent since 1957. 
==Main Greenhouse Gases==
The main greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), a number of fluorinated gases, and water vapor (H2O). Some greenhouse gases occur naturally, such as water vapor and carbon dioxide, while others (such as chlorofluorocarbons) are produced only through human activities. Greenhouse gas inventories account for only those gases whose effects are well-understood (e.g., they include CO2, CH4, N2O, and fluorinated gases, and they include only anthropogenic (human-controlled) sources.
==Resources==
Climate Change Q & A EPA
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Report EPA
2007 U.S. Climate Action Report
== References ==
Category:Environmental Markets
Category:Weather
Climex

Climex, formerly called New Values, is an online emissions market that offers spot trading in European Union Allowances (EUAs) and Certified Emission Reductions(CERs). The exchange also offers auctions in EUAs, CERs and Voluntary Emission Reductions (VERs).
 
== History ==
Climex, formerly New Values, was founded in 2003 by Axel Posthumus and Tames Rietdijk, with shareholders Rabobank and TenneT. In 2004, Climex developed an online trading platform for several environmental products. It facilitated trading in nitrogen oxides (NOx) for the local Dutch market and in Certificates of Origin (for green electricity). Another platform was launched for CO2 emission rights in 2005.
New Values helped form the pan-European Climex Alliance for CO2 trading and collaborated with Asia Carbon Exchange (ACX-Change), for the world’s first online auction for CERs.
In February 2008, New Values, European Energy Auction and euets.com merged to form Climex. Under the merger, Vertis Environmental Finance, the Budapest-based emissions trading finance firm which owned euets.com became a shareholder of Climex and continues to be exclusive distribution partner and liquidity provider of the exchange in Central and Eastern Europe.
New Values acquired European Energy Auction BV in 2007, a Netherlands and Belgium firm trading under the name "EnergieKeuze". EnergieKeuze is an auction platform for electricity, natural gas and Certificates of Origin.
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Environmental Markets
Clint Becker

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Clint Becker is a chief financial officer for Marketwire.He has been with the company since November of 2007.
== Background ==
Becker joined Marketwire from Pareto Corporation, a growing marketing execution company. As CFO, he guided Pareto through a financial and operational strategy of organic and acquisition growth. 
Prior to his position at Pareto, he served as vice president of finance, and later senior vice president and CFO, at Mosaic Group Inc., a company that provided integrated marketing services to clients in North America and Europe. 
== Education ==
Becker holds a Bachelor's Of Commerce degree from Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. He also is a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants. 
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Cliq

Cliq, which SunGard launched in 2010, is a communications hub for market participants involved in the derivatives post-trade lifecycle.
Cliq provides a single point of entry for a variety of activities, including account set-up, allocations, give ins and give outs, so buy- and sell-side firms can track the status of a transaction throughout its lifecycle in real time. 
This makes it easier to track, prioritize and manage operations activities, including unallocated trades, reconciliation breaks and other exceptions through unified work dashboards. Cliq, which handles all listed derivatives, futures and options in every global market, also provides real-time alerts to facilitate communication and collaboration.
Cliq helps enable the buy side to communicate with the sell side and executing brokers, and the sell side to communicate with their customers, other sell-side firms and exchanges and clearing corporations.
Ultimately, Cliq gives buy-side firms greater control of their post-trade activities while helping their sell-side counterparts streamline their operational processes and reduce operational, execution and counterparty risk.
Cliq was decommissioned in 2011.
== References ==
 
Category:SunGard Data Systems
Clive Christison

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Clive Christison is the chief executive officer, global oil – Americas at BP Products North America Inc.
He is also a member of the board of directors of the Futures Industry Association..
== Background ==
Christison has worked for BP in a variety of roles since 1996.
== Education ==
He holds a BSC from the University of Warwick - Warwick Business School and a masters of business administration from The University of Edinburgh.
== References ==	
Category:FIA Board of Directors Members
Clive Furness

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Clive Howard Furness is the chief executive officer of Contango Markets Ltd., a consultant for commodities, derivatives, clearing and related technology. The firm's customers include investment banks, exchanges, clearing houses, fund managers, technology companies and other institutions with an interest in the global cash, derivatives and OTC commodity markets.
He is also a member of the advisory committee of John J. Lothian & Company, Inc.
== Background ==
Previously, Furness co-founded Comdaq Ltd, a leading internet physical commodity exchange, in 1999. At Comdaq he was responsible for writing the functional specifications for and launching four of 15 markets. He was also responsible for Comdaq’s marketing and press activity, and advised on the trading and development of Comdaq’s 15 product lines.
Also, Furness was a senior executive at LIFFE/LCE between 1993 and 1999. He held the posts of director of business development (LCE), director - commodity products, market development and communications director and director – account management.
For 14 years, he was a coffee trader, first as a floor trader with GNI and then running futures and physical books for the J. Aron coffee division of Goldman Sachs International. While at Goldman, he was elected to the board of the London Commodity Exchange. He was also was chairman of the LCE options and coffee markets and was chairman of the coffee-grading panel.
== Education ==
Furness was a pupil at the Old Caterham school and serves as president of the Old Caterhamians' Association.
== Published Works ==
*Could Trading Commodities be Bad for Your Health?
==MarketsWiki Education Videos==
== References ==	
Category:Contango Markets Ltd.
Category:LIFFE - Former Employees
Category:Goldman Sachs - Former Employees
Category:John J. Lothian & Company, Inc.
Category:MarketsWiki World of Opportunity
Category:John J. Lothian & Company, Inc. - Advisory Board
Clive Stainton

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Clive Stainton is head of the risk practice at Rule Financial with experience on business, financial and market risk modeling. He specializes in risk management, strategic management, management development, communication and project management.
He has more than 25 years experience in project management and risk consulting in financial services, as well as in industry and government sectors. 
In August 2011, Stainton submitted his first guest commentary to MarketsReformWiki entitled The Quest for Regulatory Harmonization.
== Background ==
In additiona to Stainton's role as head of the risk department at Rule Financial, a position he has held since June 2010, he is also a partner at management consulting firm Marionet Consulting. Past financial clients include Royal Bank of Scotland, Deutsche Bank, and Barclays.
Stainton is also a frequent lecturer, and is currently a visiting fellow at both Henley Management College and Manchester Business School. 
== Education ==
*University of Oxford - MA; PhD, Maths, Computing
*Henley Management College & Brunel University - PhD, Expert Systems
*Pembroke College, Oxford University - MA, Mathematics
*University of Southampton - Visiting Fellow of Accounting and Mgt Science
== References ==
Clive Triance

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Clive Triance was appointed Chief Executive of Penson Financial Services Ltd. on March 15, 2010. 
== Background ==
Since 2007, Triance served as Chief Operating Officer of Nomura Holdings Inc.'s Instinet Europe, an agency brokerage that runs Chi-X, the first and largest pan-European equity multilateral trading facility (MTF). From 2004-2007, Triance was COO of Citigroup's Securities and Fund Services division for Europe, Middle East and Asia. From 1998-2004, he was Global Head of Operations of Cantor Fitzgerald International, the London-based subsidiary of the institutional brokerage firm. 
== Education ==
== References ==
Clive Weston

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Clive Weston is the Chief Financial Officer at Actant. He joined the firm in 2008. 
== Background ==
Weston has held chief financial officer positions for the past ten years. He was most recently the CFO at Moore Capital and prior to that, held the position at the international voice technology company VoxGen.
== Education ==
Weston graduated from Warwick University in the United Kingdom. His studies were focused on Accounting and Financial Analysis.
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Actant
Closed-end funds

Also known as a closed-end company, a closed-end fund is one of three types of an investment company. The other two kinds are unit investment trusts (UITs) and mutual funds.
Closed-end funds do not continuiously offer shares for sale, instead selling a fixed number of shares in an initial public offering (IPO), after which time the shares trade on a secondary market. 
The shares associated with closed-end funds generally are not redeemable. The price of closed-end fund shares that trade on a secondary market is determined by the market and may differ from the shares’ net asset value (NAV).
The investment portfolios of closed-end funds generally are managed by separate entities known as investment advisers. Investment advistors must be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
== References ==
Category:Types of Funds
Closed-end mutual funds

A closed-end mutual fund is legally known as a "closed-end company," and is generally permitted to invest in a greater amount of "illiquid" securities than a mutual fund.
A type of an investment company, a closed-end mutual fund sells a fixed number of shares at one time (in an initial public offering), after which the shares typically trade on a secondary market, such as the New York Stock Exchange. A closed-end fund is not required to buy its shares back from investors upon request. 
A closed-end fund is subject to Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) registration and regulation. The definition of "closed-end company" can be found in Section 5 of the Investment Company Act of 1940.
Even though it goes by the name of mutual fund, a close-end mutual fund can be said to be a cross between a mutual fund and a stock. 
It does resemble the mutual fund in that it is formed using capital generated from investors and invested in diverse assets. But unlike the mutual funds, the shares of a close-end mutual fund are not redeemed by the investment company using the net asset value.
 
Closed-end mutual funds make an initial public offering of shares as a way of generating capital from the investors. This capital is then invested in a diverse portfolio which is used for calculating the net asset value, that is the actual value per share, of the fund. 
While the NAV ("Net asset value," or "NAV," of an investment company is the company’s total assets minus its total liabilities) indicates the actual value of the fund, it is not necessary that the investor will realize the same value for the shares he holds. This is because after the initial public offering, the investment company managing the fund does not have any obligation to redeem the shares.
The shares are traded in the open market much like stocks, according to the rates decided by the demand and supply situation. Therefore a share in a close-end fund could sell at a premium, that is, at more that its actual value or at a discount, that is, below its NAV or the actual value.
It is important to differentiate between a closed-end mutual fund and a closed fund. Unlike a closed-end fund, a closed fund is a regular mutual fund that has stopped selling shares and closed the fund to new investors. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions