nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Folic acid (Folate)

==Mechanism of action==
==Diseases for which it is used==
No known antineoplastic properties. Used to mitigate the toxicity of the folate antagonists Methotrexate (MTX) and Pralatrexate (Folotyn)
==Also known as==
*Generic name: folate
Category:Drugs
Category:Intravenous medications
Category:Oral medications
Category:Chemotherapy protective agents
Fondaparinux (Arixtra)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Selectively binds to antithrombin III (AT-III) and augments its activity to specifically inhibit activated Factor Xa. The risk of developing thrombus is reduced via inhibition of thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin in the coagulation cascade. Fondaparinux (Arixtra) package insert (locally hosted backup)
Route: SC
Extravasation: n/a
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias or the prescribing information.
==Patient drug information==
* Fondaparinux (Arixtra) package insert (locally hosted backup)
*Fondaparinux (Arixtra) patient drug information (UpToDate)Fondaparinux (Arixtra) patient drug information (UpToDate)
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2001-12-07: Initial approval: prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis, which may lead to pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery; patients undergoing hip replacement surgery; or patients undergoing knee replacement surgery.
==History of changes in EMA indication==
*2002-03-20: Initial authorization
==Also known as==
*Brand names: Arixtra, Quixidar
==References==
Category:Drugs
Category:Subcutaneous medications
Category:Anticoagulants
Category:Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia medications
Category:Venous thromboembolism medications
Category:FDA approved in 2001
Category:EMA approved in 2002
Forodesine (Fodosine)

==Mechanism of action==
From the NCI Drug Dictionary: The hydrochloride salt of the synthetic high-affinity transition-state analog forodesine. Forodesine binds preferentially to and inhibits purine nucleotide phosphorylase (PNP), resulting in the accumulation of deoxyguanosine triphosphate and the subsequent inhibition of the enzyme ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase and DNA synthesis. This agent selectively causes apoptosis in stimulated or malignant T-lymphocytes.
==Diseases for which it is used==
*Peripheral T-cell lymphoma
==History of changes in PMDA indication==
*2017-03-30: Initial approval for the treatment of relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma.
==Also known as==
*Code name: BCX-1777
*Generic name: immucillin H
*Brand name: Fodosine, Mundesine
Category:Drugs
Category:Oral medications
Category:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) inhibitors
Category:Peripheral T-cell lymphoma medications
Category:PMDA approved in 2017
Fosaprepitant (Emend for Injection)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist. Fosaprepitant is a prodrug of Aprepitant (Emend). Aprepitant is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and blocks substance P activation of tachykinin family neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors, which reduces the incidence of acute and delayed emesis.Fosaprepitant (Emend) package insert Fosaprepitant (Emend) package insert (locally hosted backup)Emend manufacturer's website
Route: IV
Extravasation: no information available
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias or the prescribing information.
==Patient drug information==
*Brief patient counseling information can be found in the Fosaprepitant (Emend) package insert
*Fosaprepitant (Emend) package insert (1/25/2008 version), has more extensive patient information.
*Fosaprepitant (Emend) patient drug information (UpToDate)Fosaprepitant (Emend) patient drug information (UpToDate)
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2008-01-25: Approved for prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy including high-dose cisplatin and prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.
==History of changes in EMA indication==
*2008-01-11: Initial authorization as Ivemend
==Also known as==
*Generic name: fosaprepitant dimeglumine
*Brand name: Emend for Injection, Focinvez, Ivemend, Proemend
==References==
Category:Drugs
Category:Intravenous medications
Category:Emesis prevention
Category:Neurokinin 1 (NK1) antagonists
Category:EMA approved in 2008
Category:FDA approved in 2008
Fosnetupitant (Arokaris)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist.
==History of changes in PMDA indication==
*2022-03-28: Newly indicated for the treatment of digestive symptoms (nausea and vomiting, including delayed phase) resulting from the administration of antineoplastic agents (cisplatin, etc.).
==Also known as==
*Generic name: fosanetupitant chloride hydrochloride
*Brand name: Arokaris
Category:Drugs
Category:Intravenous medications
Category:Emesis prevention
Category:Neurokinin 1 (NK1) antagonists
Category:PMDA approved in 2022
Fostamatinib (Tavalisse)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor. The main metabolite of fostamatinib is R406, which reduces antibody-mediated destruction of platelets. R406 also inhibits signal transduction of Fc-activating receptors and B-cell receptor.Fostamatinib (Tavalisse) package insert Fostamatinib (Tavalisse) package insert (locally hosted backup)Tavalisse manufacturer's websitePodolanczuk A, Lazarus AH, Crow AR, Grossbard E, Bussel JB. Of mice and men: an open-label pilot study for treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura by an inhibitor of Syk. Blood. 2009 Apr 2;113(14):3154-60. link to original article EuroPMCNewland A, Lee EJ, McDonald V, Bussel JB. Fostamatinib for persistent/chronic adult immune thrombocytopenia. Immunotherapy. 2018 Jan;10(1):9-25. link to original article EuroPMC
Route: PO
Extravasation: n/a
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias or the prescribing information.
==Diseases for which it is used==
*Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)
==Patient drug information==
*Fostamatinib (Tavalisse) package insert
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2018-04-17: Granted FDA regular approval "for the treatment of thrombocytopenia in adult patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) who have had an insufficient response to a previous treatment."
==History of changes in EMA indication==
*2020-01-09: Initial authorization as Tavlesse
==History of changes in Health Canada indication==
*2020-11-19: Initial notice of compliance
==History of changes in PMDA indication==
*2022-12-23: Initial approval
==Also known as==
*Code names: R-788, R-935788
*Brand name: Tavalisse, Tavlesse
==References==
Category:Drugs
Category:Oral medications
Category:Hematology medications
Category:Immune thrombocytopenia medications
Category:SYK inhibitors
Category:FDA approved in 2018
Category:EMA approved in 2020
Category:Health Canada approved in 2020
Category:PMDA approved in 2022
Fotemustine (Muphoran)

==Mechanism of action==
From the NCI Drug Dictionary: A chloroethylating nitrosourea with antineoplastic activity. Fotemustine alkylates guanine by forming chloroethyl adducts at the 6 position of guanine, resulting in N1-guanine and N3-cytosine cross linkages, inhibition of DNA synthesis, cell cycle arrest, and finally apoptosis. This agent is lipophilic and crosses the blood-brain barrier.
==Diseases for which it is used==
*Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
*Classical Hodgkin lymphoma
*Melanoma
**CNS melanoma
**Uveal melanoma
==History of changes in EMA indication==
*1989-04-14: EURD
==Also known as==
*Brand names: Muphoran, Mustophoran
Category:Drugs
Category:Intravenous medications
Category:Nitrosoureas
Category:Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma medications
Category:Classical Hodgkin lymphoma medications
Category:Melanoma medications
Category:Uveal melanoma medications
Category:EMA approved in 1989
Fruquintinib (Elunate)

==Mechanism of action==
From the NCI Drug Dictionary: An orally available, small molecule inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs), with potential anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, fruquintinib inhibits VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFRs 1, 2, and 3 which may result in the inhibition of migration, proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, microvessel formation, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and tumor cell death.
==Diseases for which it is established==
*Colorectal cancer
==Diseases for which it is used==
*Gastric cancer
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2023-11-08: Approved for adult patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who received prior fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an anti-VEGF therapy, and, if RAS wild-type and medically appropriate, an anti-EGFR therapy. (Based on FRESCO & FRESCO-2)
==History of changes in NMPA indication==
*2018-09: Approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin and irinotecan, including those who have previously received anti-VEGF therapy and/or anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy (RAS wild type). (Based on FRESCO)
==Also known as==
*Code name: HMPL-013
*Brand names: Elunate, Fruzaqla
Category:Drugs
Category:Oral medications
Category:VEGFR inhibitors
Category:Colorectal cancer medications
Category:Gastric cancer medications
Category:NMPA approved in 2018
Category:FDA approved in 2023
Category:Stub
Furmonertinib (Ivesa)

==Mechanism of action==
From the NCI Drug Dictionary: The mesylate salt form of alflutinib, an orally available selective inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant form T790M, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, alflutinib specifically binds to and inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of EGFR T790M, a secondarily acquired resistance mutation. This prevents EGFR T790M-mediated signaling and leads to cell death in EGFR T790M-expressing tumor cells. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase that is mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization. Compared to some other EGFR inhibitors, alflutinib may have therapeutic benefits in tumors with T790M-mediated drug resistance.
Route: PO
==Diseases for which it is used==
*EGFR-mutated NSCLC
==History of changes in NMPA indication==
*2021-03-03: Initial approval for the treatment (second-line) of the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with EGFR sensitive mutation and EGFR T790M drug-resistant mutation.
==Also known as==
*Code names: ASK-120067, AST-2818
*Generic names: alflutinib, alflutinib mesylate, furmonertinib mesylate
*Brand name: Ivesa
Category:Drugs
Category:Oral medications
Category:Mutation-specific medications
Category:EGFR inhibitors
Category:Non-small cell lung cancer medications
Category:NMPA approved in 2021
Futibatinib (Lytgobi)

==General information==
Class/mechanism from the NCI Drug Dictionary: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Futibatinib selectively and irreversibly binds to and inhibits FGFR, which may result in the inhibition of both the FGFR-mediated signal transduction pathway and tumor cell proliferation, and increased cell death in FGFR-overexpressing tumor cells.
==Diseases for which it is used==
*Cholangiocarcinoma
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2022-09-30: Granted accelerated approval for adult patients with previously treated, unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma harboring fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene fusions or other rearrangements. (Based on FOENIX-CCA2)
==History of changes in EMA indication==
*2023-07-04: Lytgobi monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with a fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion or rearrangement that have progressed after at least one prior line of systemic therapy.
==History of changes in PMDA indication==
*2023-06-26: A drug with a new active ingredient indicated for the treatment of unresectable FGFR2 fusion gene positive biliary tract cancer that has progressed after cancer chemotherapy.
==Also known as==
*Code name: TAS-120
*Brand name: Lytgobi
Category:Drugs
Category:Oral medications
Category:Mutation-specific medications
Category:FGFR inhibitors
Category:Cholangiocarcinoma medications
Category:EMA approved in 2023
Category:FDA approved in 2022
Category:PMDA approved in 2023
G207

==Mechanism of action==
From the NCI Drug Dictionary: A neuroattenuated, replication-competent, recombinant herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) with potential oncolytic activity. Upon intracerebral administration, oncolytic HSV-1 G207 preferentially replicates within glioma cells, which may elicit tumor-specific systemic immune and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in addition to direct cytopathic effects. Derived from wild-type HSV-1 strain F, this agent has been neuroattenuated by deletions in both copies of the gamma34.5 gene, the major determinant of HSV neurovirulence. In addition, the HSV-1 gene UL39, encoding the viral ribonucleotide reductase large subunit infected cell protein 6 (ICP6), has been inactivated through the insertion of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene. By inactivating UL39, viral ribonucleotide reductase activity is disrupted, resulting in the inhibition of nucleotide metabolism and viral DNA synthesis in nondividing cells but not in dividing cells.
==Preliminary data==
Note: This is not meant to be an exhaustive list of preliminary results. References included in this section include non-randomized studies published in high-profile journals (e.g., NEJM) and experimental arms of phase 3 RCTs. Inclusion here is not an indication of impending regulatory approval, although many of these drugs do end up receiving approval by a regulatory authority.
===High-grade glioma, pediatric===
#UAB 1472: Friedman GK, Johnston JM, Bag AK, Bernstock JD, Li R, Aban I, Kachurak K, Nan L, Kang KD, Totsch S, Schlappi C, Martin AM, Pastakia D, McNall-Knapp R, Farouk Sait S, Khakoo Y, Karajannis MA, Woodling K, Palmer JD, Osorio DS, Leonard J, Abdelbaki MS, Madan-Swain A, Atkinson TP, Whitley RJ, Fiveash JB, Markert JM, Gillespie GY. Oncolytic HSV-1 G207 Immunovirotherapy for Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas. N Engl J Med. 2021 Apr 29;384(17):1613-1622. Epub 2021 Apr 10. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT02457845
Category:Drugs
Category:Intralesional medications
Category:Oncolytic viral therapy
Category:High-grade glioma, pediatric medications (investigational)
Category:Investigational drugs
GD2-CART01

==Mechanism of action==
Anti-GD2 CAR T-cell
==Preliminary data==
Note: This is not meant to be an exhaustive list of preliminary results. References included in this section include non-randomized studies published in high-profile journals (e.g., NEJM) and experimental arms of phase 3 RCTs. Inclusion here is not an indication of impending regulatory approval, although many of these drugs do end up receiving approval by a regulatory authority.
===Neuroblastoma===
#GD2CAR01: Del Bufalo F, De Angelis B, Caruana I, Del Baldo G, De Ioris MA, Serra A, Mastronuzzi A, Cefalo MG, Pagliara D, Amicucci M, Li Pira G, Leone G, Bertaina V, Sinibaldi M, Di Cecca S, Guercio M, Abbaszadeh Z, Iaffaldano L, Gunetti M, Iacovelli S, Bugianesi R, Macchia S, Algeri M, Merli P, Galaverna F, Abbas R, Garganese MC, Villani MF, Colafati GS, Bonetti F, Rabusin M, Perruccio K, Folsi V, Quintarelli C, Locatelli F; Precision Medicine Team–IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù. GD2-CART01 for Relapsed or Refractory High-Risk Neuroblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2023 Apr 6;388(14):1284-1295. link to original article EuroPMC NCT03373097
Category:Anti-GD2 CAR T-cells
Category:Intravenous medications
Category:Anti-GD2 cellular therapy
Category:Neuroblastoma medications (investigational)
Category:Investigational drugs
Category:Stub
Gail model breast cancer risk factors

The Gail model Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool takes into account the following risk factors:
*Current age (Gail model only calculates risk for women at least 35 years old)
*Age at menarche; that is, the age at the time of the first period
*Age at first live birth or whether the patient has never had children
*Number of first-degree relatives (mother, sisters, daughters) with breast cancer
*Number of previous benign breast biopsies
*Atypical hyperplasia in a previous breast biopsy
*Race/ethnicity
Category:Breast cancer pages
Category:General reference pages
Galeterone (TOK-001)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Antiandrogen with multiple mechanisms of action: androgen receptor inhibitor (ARI), androgen biosynthesis inhibitor (CYP17 inhibitor), and accelerates degradation of the androgen receptor. Galeterone is believed to decrease prostate cancer proliferation and trigger cell death by interfering with testosterone-mediated pathways and signaling mechanisms used by prostate cancer cells.Robert B. Montgomery, Mario A. Eisenberger, Elisabeth I. Heath, A. Oliver Sartor, Franklin Chu, Neal D. Shore, William Jeffery Edenfield, Alan J. Koletsky, David Uri Lipsitz, James S. Cochran, Luke T. Nordquist, Jennifer Roberts, Mary-Ellen Taplin. Galeterone in men with CRPC: Results in four distinct patient populations from the ARMOR2 study. 2014 ASCO Annual Meeting abstract 5029. link to abstractGaleterone Shows Activity in Variant Form of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer The ASCO Post, 11/19/2014
Route: PO
Extravasation: n/a
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias or the prescribing information.
==Patient drug information==
No information available. 
==Also known as==
*Code names: AR-V7, TOK-001, VN/124-1
==References==
Category:Drugs
Category:Oral medications
Category:Steroidal androgen receptor inhibitors
Category:CYP17 inhibitors
Category:Halted drugs
Gallbladder cancer - null regimens

The purpose of this page is to provide references to "null therapy" such as placebo and observation. These references provide further insight into the historical development of the treatment landscape. See the main gallbladder cancer page for regimens that include active anticancer treatment.
=Neoadjuvant therapy=
==No neoadjuvant therapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Awaiting publication (ECOG-ACRIN EA2197)	2020-ongoing 	Phase 3 (C)	GC 	TBD if different primary endpoint of OS
No systemic therapy prior to surgery.
====Subsequent treatment====
*Surgical resection
===References===
#ECOG-ACRIN EA2197: NCT04559139
=Adjuvant therapy=
==Observation==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Nakachi et al 2023 (ASCOT)	2013-09-09 to 2018-06-22	Phase 3 (C)	S-1 	Shorter OSOS36: 67.6% vs 77.1%(HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.06-1.96)
No systemic therapy after surgery.
====Preceding treatment====
*Surgical resection
===References===
#ASCOT: Nakachi K, Ikeda M, Konishi M, Nomura S, Katayama H, Kataoka T, Todaka A, Yanagimoto H, Morinaga S, Kobayashi S, Shimada K, Takahashi Y, Nakagohri T, Gotoh K, Kamata K, Shimizu Y, Ueno M, Ishii H, Okusaka T, Furuse J; Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology Group of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG-HBPOG). Adjuvant S-1 compared with observation in resected biliary tract cancer (JCOG1202, ASCOT): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023 Jan 21;401(10372):195-203. PMID: 36681415. link to original article EuroPMC UMIN000011688
=Metastatic or unresectable disease, all lines of therapy=
==Best supportive care==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Sharma et al. 2010	2006-2008 	Randomized (C)	1. FUFA 	Did not meet primary endpoint of OS
Sharma et al. 2010	2006-2008 	Randomized (C)	2. mGEMOX 	Seems to have shorter OS
No active antineoplastic treatment.
===References===
#Sharma A, Dwary AD, Mohanti BK, Deo SV, Pal S, Sreenivas V, Raina V, Shukla NK, Thulkar S, Garg P, Chaudhary SP. Best supportive care compared with chemotherapy for unresectable gall bladder cancer: a randomized controlled study. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Oct 20;28(30):4581-6. Epub 2010 Sep 20. link to original article EuroPMC
Category:Gallbladder cancer regimens
Category:Disease-specific pages
Category:Biliary tract cancers
Category:Null regimens
Gallium Ga 68 gozetotide (Locametz)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Radioactive diagnostic agent for PET. The radionucleotide gallium-68 binds to PSMA (prostate-specific membrane antigen), a transmembrane protein that is expressed in prostate cancer, to allow detection of PSMA positive cells by PET. Gallium 68's half-life is 68 minutes.Gallium Ga 68 gozetotide (Locametz) package insert Gallium Ga 68 gozetotide (Locametz) package insert (locally hosted backup)Locametz manufacturer's website
Route: IV
Extravasation: no information
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias or the prescribing information.
==Diseases for which it is used==
*Prostate cancer
==Patient drug information==
*Gallium Ga 68 gozetotide (Locametz) package insert
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2020-12-01: FDA approved "for patients with suspected prostate cancer metastasis...who are potentially curable by surgery or radiation therapy. Ga 68 PSMA-11 is also indicated for patients with suspected prostate cancer recurrence based on elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels."
*2022-03-23: FDA approved "for positron emission tomography (PET) of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-positive lesions in men with prostate cancer": 
**with suspected metastasis who are candidates for initial definitive therapy. 
**with suspected recurrence based on elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level
**for selection of patients with metastatic prostate cancer, for whom lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan PSMA-directed therapy is indicated.
==History of changes in EMA indication==
==Also known as==
*Generic names: Gallium 68 PSMA-11
==References==
Category:FDA approved in 2020
Category:FDA approved in 2022