nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Electronic Clearing Services

Clearing services are intended to facilitate funds transfer and liquidation after a transaction has been affected. A neutral third party, also called a central counter party, acts as intermediary between buyers and sellers with the intention of eliminating counter-party risk by holding documents, securities or other pertinent items until contractual conditions are met by all parties. 
Electronic clearing services are identical but affected electronically, facilitating electronic trades. Electronic clearing services are offered by clearing houses such as The Clearing Corporation, Options Clearing Corporation, The Depository Trust & Clearing Corp., the CME Clearing House and others.
The clearing process begins with the execution of a trade through an electronic trading system. Once executed, the electronic trading system submits the transaction to the clearing service, which verifies that the specific terms of buyer's and seller's trade records match correctly . For a successful match to occur a ‘sell’ must exist for every ‘buy’ and all critical information required by the match process must correspond exactly between the two sides of the trade. 
Once a trade is matched, a guarantee takes effect with the clearing service acting as a buyer to every seller and as seller to every buyer, a process known as novation. Reports are then automatically and electronically transmitted to participant firms' computer systems. Transfer of ownership is conditioned on the simultaneous transfer of sufficient funds to pay in full for the instrument.
Other electronic clearing services include providing risk management, margining and collateral management
practices to organized derivatives markets
== Vertical Clearing ==
Vertical clearing is a description applied to clearing services that are owned, operated and integrated into the exchange or bourse. An example is the CME Clearing House. 
== Utility Clearing == 
Utility clearing is a description applied to clearing services, such as those offered by the Options Clearing Corporation, which are offered on a not-for-profit basis and serve multiple exchanges or bourses.
== References ==
Electronic Payments Network

The Electronic Payments Network is an electronic automated clearing house (ACH) that serves as the sole ACH for the private sector in the United States. The Electronic Payments Network handles numerous types of credit transfers, such as payroll payments, dividends, etc., as well as debit transfers, such as loan payments and insurance premiums.
EPN has been responsible for the most important ACH innovations over the past 35 years, including the creation of the first all-electronic environment, and its new risk management services.
== History ==
*1981: The Clearing House pioneered the use of evening processing cycle to permit overnight delivery of time-critical corporate ACH debits, providing earlier funds availability and served to replace depository transfer checks.
*1983: Streamlined return item procedures, reducing risk and improving accuracy and efficiency by converting ACH return items into electronic format on-site using online retrieval system. 
*1985: Implemented the system security measure via message authentication using ANSI X9.9standard. First ACH Operator to secure its network using this standard.
*1987: Embarked on 3-year program to become the first ACH Operator in the country to exchange files with all its participants electronically via data transmission. 
*1987: TCH became the first Operator to install high-speed dial-up 56KB lines for its high-volume participants. 
*1994: Three private operators (EPN included) formed the private ACH exchange (PAX).Established to enable the private operators to exchange transactions without using the Reserve Banks, thereby eliminating the inter-regional fees that the Reserve Bank charged the customers of private-sector operators. 
*1999: National Net Settlement with improved finality to ensure that settlement finality occurs onthe settlement day for all ACH transactions thus reducing risks to all participants 
*2002: EPN develops the Universal Payment Identification Code as an enhancement to the ACHproduct to secure the account number 
*2003: Internet and Fraud reporting – EPN delivers high-speed PCAIMS connection service viathe Internet and EPN WATCH fraud detection reporting service. 
*2004: EPN launches EPN WATCH - risk management services including: ACH Fraud Detection Service, Employee Fingerprint Service, Centralized OFAC Screening Service, and Universal Payment Identification Code. 
*2005: UPIC adoption rate grew 1800%, as US companies in all types of industries embraced the UPIC strategy and started reaping the benefits.
*2006: The EPN launches the industry's first centralized OFAC screening solution for financial institutions originating and receiving cross-border ACH transactions.
== References ==
Electronic Trading Hours

Electronic trading hours (ETH) refer to the hours when an exchange's electronic trading system such as CME Globex or LIFFE CONNECT is operating. In contrast, regular trading hours (RTH) are those hours traditionally associated with trading on an exchange's trading floor. The distinction is necessary today, as electronic trading hours (ETH) have expanded the trading day. Thus, a trader can be in the market during RTH, ETH, or during both. Some exchanges such as Eurex offer only electronic trade.
== Examples Of Trading Hours At Exchanges ==
*CME Group
*NYSE Euronext
*ICE Futures Europe
*ICE Futures US
*Eurex
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Electrum

Electrum is a bitcoin wallet developed by a programmer named Thomas Voegtlin and a number of other programmers across the world.
== How it works ==
Electrum is a bitcoin wallet. It holds the private keys of its user in a manner comparable to having a bank account; just as nobody can move money out of your bank account without your password and bank information, nobody can move your bitcoins out of your wallet without having access to your private keys. Electrum users cannot import private keys from other bitcoin wallet clients.
=== Simple Payment Verification ===
Electrum uses a technology called Simple Payment Verification (SPV), which is mentioned in bitcoin's original whitepaper written by Satoshi Nakamoto. It allows a user to verify that a transaction was added to bitcoin's blockchain without requiring that user to download the entire blockchain. Instead, the user can use Electrum's SPV to download the block headers of the blockchain pertinent to the transaction, which requires less data.
=== Seed ===
Electrum requires password verification before a user can move bitcoins in or out of the wallet. However, lost passwords cannot be recovered. The private keys of a user's bitcoin can be recovered using a "seed," which is a randomly-generated nonsense phrase that is tied to the letters and numbers in a person's private keys. The example of a seed given in Electrum's whitepaper is the phrase "slim sugar lizard predict state cute awkward asset inform blood civil sugar." Knowing the seed that corresponds to your private keys allows you to recover your wallet if you forget your password.
=== Encryption ===
Electrum uses encryption to protect a user's data from hacking attacks. It uses two levels of encryption. The first layer of encryption is performed using through Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 256-CBC. The second layer is an encryption of the wallet's data onto the disk drive of the user's computer.
=== Payment management ===
The Electrum software client allows users to send each other invoices, or requests for payments in bitcoin. These are signed digitally by the person requesting the payments.
Electrum wallets keep a history of all of the payments sent and received by the user, which the user can check at any time. The software also allows the user to keep a list of contacts and wallet addresses.
== References ==
Category:Wallets
Category:Wallets with security issues
Category:cryptocurrency
Category:bitcoin
Category:cybersecurity
Elena Kagan

__NOTOC__ 
Elena Kagan is an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was nominated by President Barack Obama on May 10, 2010, and has served since August 7, 2010. 
Kagan was previously 45th Solicitor General of the United States, starting in March 2009. She had not previously sat on the bench as a judge. President Clinton nominated her in 1999 to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, but Kagan never got a hearing from the GOP-dominated Senate Judiciary Committee.
 
== Background ==
Prior to her Justice Department confirmation, Kagan was the Charles Hamilton Houston Professor of Law and became the 11th Dean of Harvard Law School in 2003. 
Kagan came to Harvard Law School as a visiting professor in 1999 and became Professor of Law in 2001. 
From 1995 to 1999, Kagan served in the White House, first as associate counsel to the President (1995-96) and then as deputy assistant to the President for domestic policy and deputy director of the Domestic Policy Council (1997-99).
In 1995, Kagan was named a tenured professor of law at University of Chicago Law School.
Kagan clerked for Judge Abner Mikva of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit from 1986 to 1987. The following year, she clerked for Justice Thurgood Marshall of the United States Supreme Court. She worked as an associate in the Washington, D.C. law firm of Williams & Connolly from 1989 to 1991.
== Education ==
Kagan received her bachelor’s degree, summa cum laude, from Princeton in 1981. She attended Worcester College, Oxford, as Princeton’s Daniel M. Sachs Graduating Fellow, and received an M. Phil. in 1983. 
Kagan attended Harvard Law School, where she was supervising editor of the Harvard Law Review, and graduated magna cum laude in 1986.
== References ==
Elena Patimova

__NOTOC__ 
 
Elena Patimova is an exchange professional who was appointed Director of Derivatives Sales for Cboe Global Markets in May 2022. 
She was formerly director, equities & FICC at SGX. Previous to that she was senior vice president, business development at R.J. O'Brien & Associates. Earlier, she served as head of commodity buy side sales for the London Metal Exchange.
== Background ==
Patimova joined the LME in January of 2015, having previously been a business development manager for OSTC Ltd. She served as a business development manager for NYSE Liffe from 2009 to 2012.
She was also a sales and marketing manager for GFMS.
== Education ==
Patimova holds a MSc in marketing from The University of Birmingham.
== References ==	
Category:Business Development Professionals
Category:NYSE Liffe - Former Employees
Eli Lederman

__NOTOC__ 
Eli Lederman is the former chief executive of the pan-European equity trading platform Turquoise. He was appointed to the position in October of 2007, but he was replaced by David Lester in February of 2010, soon after the London Stock Exchange(LSE) took full control of Turquoise. 
Lederman sued the LSE in March of 2011 for unfair dismissal. On March 17, 2011, the LSE conceded the unfairness of the dismissal at an employment tribunal. 
== Background ==
Lederman was a post-doctoral Research Fellow at Harvard until he joined Morgan Stanley in New York in 1993. At Morgan Stanley, he developed risk management software and worked on derivatives and portfolio analytics.
In 2001, he moved to London and worked as a managing director in Morgan Stanley's sales & trading division until December of 2007. 
From 2004 to 2006, he served as co-chair for FIX Steering Committee for Europe, Middle East and Africa.
== Education ==
Lederman received his Sc.B. in physics from Brown University in Rhode Island and his Ph.D in physics from New York University. 
== Resources == 
* LinkedIn Page for Eli Lederman
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Elie El Hayek

__NOTOC__ 
Elie El Hayek is a managing director and a member of the Global Markets Executive Committee at HSBC Bank Plc. and is on the board of directors of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association.
== Background ==
El Hayek started his career in 1994 at JP Morgan in Paris, where he traded FX and interest rate swaps. He moved to HSBC France in 1998 where he was responsible for euro rates trading in 2005 and shortly after that was head of rates Europe, and then global head of rates starting in 2008.
El Hayek is also a member of the SIFMA Rates Board. 
He is fluent in English, French and Arabic.
== Education ==
Born in Lebanon, he holds a degree in mathematics and a master in Engineering from the ESIB (Ecole Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Beyrouth). He also holds an MBA from the HEC business school. 
== References ==	
Category:JP Morgan - Former Employees
Category:SIFMA
Eligible Contract Participent

Eligible contract participant ("ECP") is a legal term used to describe certain persons active in the commodity and securities markets. ECP is the statutory minimum qualification for obtaining access to off-exchange products and services.
ECP is defined in the U.S. Commodity Exchange Act at section 1a(18). ECPs must, roughly speaking, have $10 million in invested assets unless the activity for which they need to qualify as ECPs is a hedging or other similar risk management activity, in which case they must have $5 million in invested assets. Additionally, many financial enterprises that are federally regulated are either automatically deemed to be ECPs or are subject to lower or modified minimum requirements.
==References==
Eligible contract participant

Eligible contract participant ("ECP") is a legal term used to describe certain persons active in the commodity and securities markets. ECP is the statutory minimum qualification for obtaining access to off-exchange products and services. 
ECP is defined in the U.S. Commodity Exchange Act at section 1a(18). ECPs must, roughly speaking, have $10 million in invested assets unless the activity for which they need to qualify as ECPs is a hedging or other similar risk management activity, in which case they must have $5 million in invested assets. Additionally, many financial enterprises that are federally regulated are either automatically deemed to be ECPs or are subject to lower or modified minimum requirements. 
== References ==
Eliot Wickersheimer

Eliot Wickersheimer, 34, is Principal of Chicago based Mirus Futures, a futures and FX brokerage firm offering the data feed, Zen-Fire. 
== Background ==
Wickersheimer started his career as sales representative under the Regional Manager at Olde Discount (later purchased by HR Block and re-named HR Financial). 
From there, he joined Cornerstone/ProTrader Securities in 2000, and later became Assistant Branch Manager of the brokerage. 
He rounded off his pre-Mirus trading experience at JS Services, a trading research firm, from 2003 to 2004. 
Wickersheimer currently serves on the Board of Directors for Northwestern University’s School of Continuing Studies for Futures and Options. Wickersheimer and his partner Pat Shaughnessy founded Mirus Futures in February 2004.
==References==
Elisabeth Samuels

__NOTOC__ 
Elisabeth Samuels is the marketing director at Green Key Technologies. She joined the firm in April 2016. 
She was previously marketing manager at Eurex Exchange, where she was responsible for promoting exchange products and technology in the Americas and Offshore. Before joining Eurex Exchange she was responsible for marketing at RTS Realtime Systems.
Samuels was a founding member of Women in Listed Derivatives and was a board member from 2012 to 2014 serving as secretary. She also served on the WILD events committee from 2014 to 2015 which is the team that designs educational and networking offerings for members. 
== Education ==
She holds a B.B. A from Saint Mary’s College in Notre Dame, Indiana. 
== References ==	
Category:Eurex
Category:Women in Listed Derivatives
Category:RTS Realtime Systems
Elise Fleischaker

__NOTOC__ 
Elise M. Fleischaker is a Chicago-based marketing professional. She is executive vice president, chief marketing & communications officer for Trading Technologies International, Inc. (TT). She is based at the company's headquarters in Chicago and is responsible for heading TT's global marketing initiatives.
Before being promoted to chief marketing & communications officer, she was executive vice president of marketing at TT.
== Background ==
Her career has included work in corporate, agency and non-profit environments. Before TT, Fleischaker was principal and senior vice president at Corporate Technology Communications; the director of marketing at Datamax Corp.; a senior public relations administrator at Zebra Technologies Corp.; and the director of promotions and production at American Supply Assn.
In the non-profit sector, she has worked with community organizations such as the Greater Chicago Food Depository, the Anti-Cruelty Society, Gallery 37 and Chicago Gateway Green. She currently serves as a member of the Illinois Technology Association.
== Education ==
Fleischaker has a B.S. in public affairs from Indiana University, Bloomington.
== Honors and Awards ==
*Corporate Awards Secured for TT: 
**FOW's "Professional Traders ISV of the Year", "Innovation of the Year" and "Technology Company of the Year"
**Buy-Side Technology’s "Best Buy-Side Commodities Trading Platform
**Chicago Magazine's "Top Places to Work"
**ITA Lighthouse Award
*Personal Awards: 
**Publicity Club of Chicago Golden Trumpet Award
**Chicago Women in Publishing Public Relations Award
**Greater Chicago Food Depository Volunteer Services Award
**Leadership Orlando
== Interviews ==
*"Code Free Coding": an interview with Waters Technology
== References ==	
Category:Marketing Professionals
Category:Trading Technologies
Elissa Fulop

__NOTOC__ 
Elissa Fulop is the chief marketing officer at Lightspeed Financial. 
== Background ==
Most recently, Fulop was the director of client acquisition at Gain Capital Group. She was responsible for developing and executing a direct response marketing and communications strategy. Prior to Gain Capital, she was with HSBC Bank USA where she managed marketing prorams for the firm's e-segment and was responsible for the implementation of the bank's online banking strategy. 
== Education ==
Fulop received her Bachelor's degree in Finance from Florida Atlantic University. 
== Resources ==
*LinkedIn Profile
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Lightspeed Financial
Category:Lightspeed Financial
Elisse B. Walter

__NOTOC__ 
Elisse B. Walter is a former commissioner of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission who currently serves as a public governor to the board of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. She was appointed to that position in August of 2014.
Walter served as an SEC commissioner from July 9, 2008 to August 9, 2013. A Democrat, she was appointed by President George W. Bush and, under designation by President Barack Obama, she served as acting chairman during January of 2009. Obama named her as acting chairman of the agency, replacing outgoing Chairman Mary L. Schapiro. Walter was able to serve through 2013 without Senate approval because she had already been confirmed to the commission.
== Background ==
Before her appointment as an SEC Commissioner, Walter served as senior executive vice president, Regulatory Policy & Programs, for FINRA, where she coordinated policy issues and oversaw a number of departments. She was also on the board of the FINRA Investor Education Foundation. She held a similar position at NASD before its 2007 consolidation with NYSE Member Regulation.
Before joining NASD, Walter served as the General Counsel of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. Before joining the CFTC in 1994, she was the deputy director of the Division of Corporation Finance of the Securities and Exchange Commission. She served on the SEC's staff starting in 1977, in that Division and in the Office of the General Counsel. Before joining the SEC, she was an attorney with a private law firm.
Walter is a member of the Academy of Women Achievers of the YWCA of the City of New York and the inaugural class of the ABA's DirectWomen Institute. She also has received the Presidential Rank Award (Distinguished), the SEC Chairman's Award for Excellence, the SEC's Distinguished Service Award, and the Federal Bar Association's Philip Loomis and Manuel F. Cohen Younger Lawyer Awards.
== Education ==
Walter graduated from Yale University with a B.A., cum laude, in mathematics and received her J.D. degree, cum laude, from Harvard Law School.
== References ==
 
Category:Securities and Exchange Commission
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Elizabeth A. Duke

__NOTOC__ 
Elizabeth A. Duke is a former member of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, where she served from 2008 to 2013. She was one of only eight women to have served on the Fed’s board of governors. 
She became vice chair of the board of Wells Fargo in October 2016, after having served on the board since January of 2015. 
In August of 2017 Wells Fargo & Co. said she would replace its chairman, Stephen Sanger, on Jan. 1, 2018, making her the first woman to hold a top board role at one of the nation’s largest banks.
== Background ==
Before her appointment to the Fed board, Duke was senior executive vice president and chief operating officer of TowneBank, a Virginia-based community bank. Before that, she was an executive vice president at Wachovia Bank, and an executive vice president at SouthTrust Bank. Earlier in her career, Duke was president and chief executive officer of Bank of Tidewater, based in Virginia Beach, Virginia. 
Duke was active in a series of decisions over extending the Fed’s regulatory umbrella to a broader range of institutions. 
She voted against GMAC’s application to become a bank holding company; however, the Fed ultimately approved the proposal. She was also skeptical of some of the Fed’s efforts to boost the economy using monetary policy, but she voted for the policy choices favored by Ben Bernanke.
Duke served on the board of directors of the American Bankers Association from 1999 to 2006, and served as its chairman from 2004 to 2005. She also served on the board of directors and as president of the Virginia Bankers Association. From 1998 to 2000, Duke served on the board of directors of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. She has also served as a member of the Fannie Mae National Advisory Council.
== Education ==
She received her bachelor’s degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and her MBA from Old Dominion University. She is also a graduate of the Stonier Graduate School of Banking and the Virginia Bankers School of Bank Management.
== References ==
Category:Federal Reserve System
Elizabeth Cadwallader

__NOTOC__ 
Elizabeth (Betsy) E. Cadwallader is vice president, credit risk management at Constellation Energy. 
== Background ==
Prior to joining Constellation Energy, Cadwallader was managing director at JP Morgan, responsible for U.S. origination and portfolio management of JPM Mezzanine Capital, a proprietary principal investment management strategy of JP Morgan. Her key activities included managing new asset origination and risk assessment, credit approval and ongoing portfolio administration, as impacted by both market and fundamental credit events. She also has extensive experience as a credit risk manager with JP Morgan, Bank of America and Bank One, NA. 
== Education ==
Cadwallader graduated from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, with a bachelor's degree in finance. She also earned her MBA, with a concentration in finance, from the University of Cincinnati. 
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives