nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Earthenware

== Description ==
A coarse, opaque, baked pottery. Earthenware is probably the earliest kind of ceramics and was made in Turkey as early as 8000 BCE. It is typically made from secondary clays and fired at relatively low temperatures of 800-1200 C. Unglazed earthenware is porous. Soft or semi-hard glazes were used on earthenware starting about 3000 BCE by the Egyptians. Examples of tin-glazed earthenware are faience, delftware, and majolica. Earthenware is used to make brick, tiles, and terracotta objects.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
faience; faïence (Fr.); faiança (Port.); delft; majolica; terracotta
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Ceramics"
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Earthenware." Accessed 18 Aug. 2004.
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Earwax

== Description ==
A yellowish, waxy secretion produced from glands in the outer ear of mammals.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cerumen (medical term, also Esp.); Ohrenschmalz (Deut.); cérumen (Fr.); cerúmen (Port.); cerume (It); ear wax
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Earwax Impaction." Accessed 18 Aug. 2004 .
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earwax (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Eastern hemlock

== Description ==
A hemlock tree, Tsuga canadensis, native to eastern North America, ranging from Alabama to New England and west to Wisconsin. Eastern hemlock trees generally grow to 31 with trunk diameters of 1.8 m. It typically has a straight trunk with horizontal branches that droop to the ground. It is the state tree of Pennsylvania. The softwood tree produces coarse-grained wood that is strong, lightweight, and splinters easily. It is used primarily for paper pulp, but also for boxes, crates and railroad ties. Tannins extracted from the bark are used to make leather. The Eatern Hemlock is the state tree for Pennsylvannia. The tree is killed by a non-native insect (hemlock woolly adelgid)
See also hemlock bark.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Tsuga canadensis; Tsuga mertensiana (19th c.); sapinette noire (Fr.); sapinette du Canada (Fr.); Canada hemlock; Canadian hemlock; American hemlock; hemlock spruce
==Risks==
* May cause skin irritation
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Color: heartwood is reddish brown; sapwood is slightly lighter
* Grain/Texture: Straight grain with coarse uneven texture
* Durability: non-resistant to decay; susceptible to insect attack.
* Density = 28 pcf
* Odor: not distinctive
==Working Properties==
* Tends to splinter easily and plane poorly. 
* Because of the disparity between the soft earlywood and the hard latewood, sanding can create dips and uneven surfaces. 
* Glues, stains, and finishes well.
==Resources and Citations==
* The Wood Database: Eastern hemlock
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga_canadensis (accessed April 2020)
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 394
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* External source or communication Comment: Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufacturuers Association, Oshkosh, Wis.: air-dry weight = 28 pcf
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Hemlock." Accessed 18 Aug. 2004 .
* Gordon Hanlon, contributed information, 1998
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Eastern red cedar

== Description ==
An evergreen tree, Juniperus virginiana, native to eastern North America. Eastern red cedar contains an aromatic, volatile oil that makes it resistant to rotting and repulsive to insects. It has dark reddish brown heartwood and whitish sapwood. The medium strength timber was extensively used for pencils, fence posts, and cabinets. It was also cut in thin sheets for use as veneer. The eastern red cedar is now scarce and rarely used.
* For Eastern Red Cedar fiber identification, see http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Category:FRIL:_Eastern_Red_Cedar
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Juniperus virginiana; cèdre de Virginie (Fr.); zimbro-da-Virgínia (Port.); pencil cedar; red cedar; southern red cedar; red juniper
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Color: heartwood is reddish or violet-brown; sapwood is pale yellow; can be cut with streaks and stripes
* Grain/texture: Straight grain with fine, even texture; knows can be present
* Durability: Very resistant to rot and insect attack.
* Odor: Distinct with after scent; commonly used in closets to repel insects.
==Working Properties==
* Easy to work, notwithstanding any knots or irregularities present in the wood. 
* High silica content can dull cutters.
* Glues and finishes well, though in many applications, the wood is left unfinished to preserve its aromatic properties.
== Resources and Citations ==
* The Wood Database: Eastern red cedar
* Alden Identification Services, Microscopic Wood Identification: Link
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Eastern Red Cedar." 18 Aug. 2004 .
Category:Materials database
Eastern tamarack

== Description ==
A deciduous conifer, Larix laricina, that is part of the Larch family. The eastern tamarack grows in the northern parts of North America from Newfoundland to the Yukon. The strong, durable, close-grain wood is used for construction, cabinetry, furniture, telephone poles, and railroad ties. 
See also larch.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Larix larcina; mélèze laricin (Fr.); eastern larch American larch; hackmatack; tamarack
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Color: Heartwood is yellow to medium orangish brown; sapwood is white; Section can exhibit interesting patterns
* Grain/Texture: Grain is straight or spiraled; Texture in medium to fine with an oily feel
* Durability: Moderately resistant to decay
* Odor: No distinct odor.
* Density = 37 pcf
==Working Properties==
* Works well with most hand and machine operations
* High silica content may blunt cutting edges
* Disparity between the soft earlywood and the hard latewood can create dips and uneven surfaces with sanding
== Resources and Citations ==
* The Wood Database: Tamarack
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Northern Pine Manufacturers: air-dry weight = 37 pcf
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Larch." Accessed 18 Aug. 2004 .
Category:Materials database
Eastern white pine

== Description ==
A large conifer tree, Pinus strobus, found in the Eastern North America from the Appalachians to Canada. The Eastern white pine grows in well-drained, humid climates to heights of typically 70m. The needles occur in bundles of 5 to lengths of 5-13 cm. Their seed cones are only produced every 3-5 years and are slender with lengths of 8-16 cm and widths of 4-5 cm (when open). The trees were extensively logged in America prior to the 20th century resulting in a current old growth forest of less than 1%. The Eastern white pine lumber is a relatively soft, pale color, coarse-grain wood that was widely used for construction in the 19th century. The knot-free wood was used for colonial homes for paneling, floors and furniture. Currently, the straight-grain wood is used mainly for interior millwork, boxes, and matches.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pinus strobus; pin de Weymouth (Fr.); pinho-mole (Port.); pino strobo (It.); Northern white pine; Weymouth pine; soft pine
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Color: Heartwood is light brown; sapwood is pale yellow to white. Color darkens with age
* Grain/Texture: Grain is straight with an even, medium texture.
* Durability: Decay resistant is low to moderate
* Odor: Faint, resinous smell when worked
* Density = 25 ppcf
==Working Properties==
* Easy to work with both hand and machine tools
* Glues and finishes well.
==Resources and Citations==
* The Wood Database: [https://www.wood-database.com/eastern-white-pine/ Eastern White Pine}
* Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:Wood anatomy of central European Species: White Pine,Pinus Strobus L.
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_strobus (accessed April 2020)
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 612
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Northern Pine Manufacturers: air-dry weight = 25 pcf
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Pine." Accessed: 18 Aug. 2004
Category:Materials database
Eastman American film

== Description ==
A photographic film developed by George Eastman as an alternative to glass plates. American film was made with a gelatino-bromide emulsion on a gelatin support. It was introduced in 1884 and used in the Kodak No. 1 cameras. By 1889, gelatin film was replaced by roll film made with a cellulose nitrate substrate.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Eastman gelatin film
==Resources and Citations==
° Luis Nadeau, Encyclopedia of Printing, Photographic, and Photomechanical Processes, Atelier, New Brunswick, 1997
Category:Materials database
Eastman marbles

== Description ==
Fine-grain marbles quarried near West Rutland, Vermont (Bucher 1996). They polish to a soft sheen and were most often used for interior decoration. 
* Eastman Blue: fine-grain, bluish-gray. 
* Eastman Blanc Clair: cream with pale green and yellow veins. 
* Eastman Cipollino: greenish-gray background with masses of darker green. 
* Eastman Oxford Fleuri: dark gray with lighter clouds. 
* Eastman Pavonazzo: cream colored background with greenish gray veins. 
* Eastman Statuary: uniform cream that polishes to a high gloss. Some stones may have faint green veins.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Eastman Blue; Eastman Blanc Clair; Eastman Cipollino; Eastman Oxford Fleuri; Eastman Pavonazzo; Eastman Statuary
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Ebonite

== Description ==
An old brand name for a hard, dark, shiny rubber developed in the 1830s. First produced by Thomas Hancock in England, the term 'Ebonite' was used for marketing in Great Britain while the name Vulcanite was used in the U.S. Ebonite is made by heating natural rubber with 10-32% sulfur. This is a much higher sulfur concentration than is usually used in vulcanization and the process results in an extremely brittle, dense moldable product. Ebonite was given its name because it resembled the hardwood ebony. Early uses for Ebonite included piano keys, fishing reels, clarinet mouthpieces, and electrical insulation. Vulcanized rubber may gradually decompose in heat or light emitting sulfur rich fumes that may attack metals.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vulcanite; ebonita (Esp.); ebonite (Port.)
== Risks ==
* Combustible. 
* Emits hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur containing gases upon degradation.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Spot test for vulcanized rubber: Iodine/sodium azide reagent for presence of reducible sulfur compounds - positive reaction generates bubbles (Daniels and Ward, 1982)
Density 	1.15 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.66
== Resources and Citations ==
* V.Daniels, S.Ward, "A Rapid Test for the Detection of Substances which will Tarnish Silver" Studies in Conservation 27:58-60, 1982.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 676
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Website: www.me.umist.ac.uk/historyp/ebonite.htm
* Website: www.nswpmith.com.au/historyofplastics.html
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=1.1; ref. index=1.66 (red)
Category:Materials database
Ebonizing

== Description ==
A black wood stain design to imitate the appearance of ebony. This wood finish was popular during the 19th century for interior millwork, pianos, clocks, and furniture. One ebonizing method used black shellac while another used ferrotannin complexes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ebonize; black shellac
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Ebony

]]
== Description ==
Any of trees of the genus Diospyros, with very dark, hard, heavy heartwood. These trees are native to Africa (black or Gaboon ebony, D.dendo), to India and Ceylon (D.ebenum), east India (Coromandel or Macassar ebony, D.melanoxylon), Sri Lanka (Calamander ebony, D.quaesita). Ebony's dense, smooth-grain wood has been valued from the earliest times and was imported to Egypt from Nubia and the Sudan (Kuhn 1986). It is extremely durable and resistant to rotting, fungi and powder post beetles. Ebony, even though it is difficult to work and carve, is valued for decorative items, inlay work, black piano keys, musical instruments, and tool handles. It is rarely found in large pieces. 
Several other dark, heavy woods from unrelated species are also called ebony because of their color. These are: green ebony (cocuswood), brown ebony (coffeewood), blue ebony and Mozambique ebony (African blackwood).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
black ebony (Diospyros dendo); Macassar ebony (Diospyros melanoxylon); Calamander ebony (Diospyros quaesita); ébène (Fr.); Ebenholz (Deut.); ebano (It.); ébano (Esp., Port.); kokutan (Jap.); (Diospyros ebenum); Gaboon ebony; marblewood; partridgewood; acapau; kaki; Coromandel ebony
== Personal Risks ==
May cause skin allergies.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Rings: obscure. Pores: diffuse, fine. Grain: obscure or invisible. Rays: obscure. 
Extremely hard and heavy.
Density 	69-83 ppcf
Molecular Weight	specific gravity = 1.08
== Additional Images ==
File:qtebonywc.jpg|Macassar ebony Diospyros celebica)
File:Macassar_ebony.jpg|Macassar ebony (Coromendel) (Diospyros Sp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* H.Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 285
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965 Comment: 70-80 ppcf
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Ebony." Accessed: 18 Aug. 2004 .
* Museum of Japanese Traditional Art Crafts at http://www.nihon-kogeikai.com/ (Jap. term)
* H.L.Edlin, What Wood is That?, Viking Press, New York, 1969
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=69-83 ppcf (1.11-1.33 g/cm3)
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Category:Materials database
Ecoboard

== Description == 
Ecoboard is a brand name for a solid construction board made from cellulose fibers derived from straw and a water-based slurry of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) adhesive. Ecoboard is manufactured for 100% wheat straw and does not emit any of the organics acids found in other MDF boards. The strawboard has strength comparable to other MDF boards for weight bearing and resisting deformation. A wax coating on the surface of Ecoboard acts as a waterproof coating and sealant. Additionally the MDI/straw connection forms a hydrophobic barrier. No fire-retardants are added to Ecoboard since its high CO2 content inhibits flame production.
==Synonyms and Related Terms==
Strawboard; Wheatboard
== Applications ==
Used as a structural material for pedestals, display decks, display panels and risers.
== Personal Risks ==
MDI is the least hazardous of the commonly available isocyanates, but it may act as an allergen and sensitizer.. Personal protective equipment is recommended.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
 Property Comparison
Item 	Unit 	Particle Board	Straw Board	MDF Board
Density 	Kg/mm3 	400-900 	650-800 	600-800
Bending strength 	MPa 	>13 	>13 	>20
Vertical nail holding ability 	N 	>1100 	>1100 	>1000
Swelling rate/ water absorption	Fading%	<8 	<6 	<10
== Working Properties ==
* Standard wood product finishing processes. Can be painted, stained, laminated, veneered or covered with display fabric.
==Resources and Citations==
* Exhibit Guidelines Technical Notes: Using Composite Panels in Exhibit Case Construction
* Chesapeake Plywood: https://chesapeakeplywood.com/straw-board-wheatboard/
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory: WoodCategory: Board/Panel, CompositeCategory: Board/Box/Tube, Cellulose
Ecru

== Description ==
1) A hue designation for the color of raw silk or unbleached cotton, wool, or linen. 
2) Natural fibers or unbleached fabric.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
crudo (Esp.); ecru (ongebleekt doek) (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Edestin

== Description ==
A high molecular weight protein obtained from hempseed. Edestin is a soluble globulin protein with a high amino acid content.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in water, ethanol.
==Resources and Citations==
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Edulan

== Description ==
A brand name for a commercial mothproofing agent and contact insecticide that is not registered for use in museums. Edulan insecticide is irreversibly applied to objects with a high temperature bath. Edulan reacts with the sulfur bonds in the keratin found in hair, hides, and horns. It may potentially change specimen color.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Edulan CN; Edulan-U; Mitn FF
== Risks ==
* Upon combustion, release hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides.
* NIH: Safety sheet
==Resources and Citations==
* Stephen R. Edwards, Bruce M. Bell, Mary Elizabeth King, Pest Control in Museums: a Status Report 1980, Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1980
Category:Materials database
Eelgrass

== Description ==
An aquatic, grass-like plant, Zostera marina, commonly found on saltwater beaches and tidal pools. Eelgrass has been used since earliest times for packing, storage, and weaving. It is now used in the manufacture of wall boards and in wall insulation. The name eelgrass has also been used for tape grass (Vallisneria spiralis) which is found near temperate and tropical shorelines.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
eel grass; tape grass; wild celery; grass weed; grass wrack ; zeegras (genus Zostera) (Ned);
== Resources and Citations ==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Eelgrass." Accessed: 18 Aug. 2004 .
Category:Materials database
Efflorescence

== Description ==
A white powdery crust formed by extraneous salts evolving on the surface of an object (typically stone, plaster, or ceramics) as a result of water migration and subsequent evaporation. Typical efflorescence on masonry surfaces occurs when moisture dissolves water soluble salts, then seeps to the surface, where the water evaporates leaving a salt residue. Efflorescence crystal growth can result from fluctuations in water vapor pressure that occur with changing humidity and temperature. The salts most commonly found in efflorescence are sulfates, carbonates, and chlorides of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and iron. Efflorescence is associated with several degradative mechanisms such as salt petering, exfoliation, flaking, and spalling. Deliquescence is the converse phenomenon.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
encrustation; bloom
== Additional Images ==
File:Efflorescence.16x.jpg|Efflorescence at 8X of Aluminum potassium sulfate crystals
File:Efflourescence-01_ICOMOS.jpg|Efflorescence on dolomitic limestoneCredit E. Doehne
File:Efflourescence-02_ICOMOS.jpg|Efflorescence on sandstoneCredit: E. Hyslop
File:Efflourescence-03_ICOMOS.jpg|Efflorescence on limestoneCredit: V. Vergès-Belmin
== Resources and Citations ==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
* E. Ordonez and J. Twilley, "Clarifying the Haze" Analytical Chemistry, 69,:416 (1997).
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Anne Grimmer, Glossary of Building Stone Terms, A Glossary of Historic Masonry Deterioration Problems and Preservation Treatments, National Park Service, Washington DC, 1984
* Caring for your Collections, Arthur W Schulz (ed.), Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , New York, 1992
Category:Materials database