nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
LID BMP Fact Sheets

==Overview==
Please find below a collection of the most common LID Best Management Practices for both Development, Planning and Design. These fact sheets provide helpful details on:
*Design Considerations
**Geometry and Site Layout
**Pre-Treatment (if applicable)
**Conveyance and Overflow
**Proper Landscaping Techniques
**Access Structures, etc.
*Construction 
**Soil Disturbance and Compaction
**Erosion Sediment Control (ESC)
**Excavation
**Base Construction (if applicable), etc.
*Planning Considerations
**Soil
**Wellhead Protection (if applicable)
**Karst (if applicable)
**Site Topography
**Setback Distances
**Proximity to Underground Utilities, etc.
The fact sheets also include helpful details on overall, general specifications associated with key materials of the given LID installation, associated pictures, plan and profile views of LID cross section schematics, etc. These fact sheets are to be used to help practitioners understand the benefits and key details associated with the implementation of these various LID practices and offers a great introductory look into appropriate LID practices for their given needs. Further technical details can be found on the corresponding LID practices wikipages hyperlinked below the clickable buttons housing the fact sheets below. 
==Exfiltration Systems==
Read more about *Exfiltration trenches
==Infiltration Trenches/Chambers & Soakaways==
Read more about *Infiltration chambers & *Infiltration trenches
==Bioretention==
Read more about *Bioretention & *Stormwater planters
==Green Roof==
Read more about *Green roofs
==Permeable Pavements==
Read more about *Permeable pavements
==Rainwater Harvesting==
Read more about *Rainwater harvesting
==Enhanced Swales==
Read more about *Enhanced swales, Bioswales & *Swales
==Better Site Design==
Read more about *Better site design
==Stormwater Tree Trenches==
Read more about *Stormwater Tree Trenches
LID opportunities on residential land

On residential lands, hard surfaces such as roofs, patios, walkways and driveways can all be targeted to collect, treat, and infiltrate runoff. The practices you choose will vary depending on neighbourhood and site constraints and landscape ideals.
==Landscape alternatives==
==Rain gardens==
 
Rain Gardens
==Permeable Pavements==
Focus on aesthetic appeal when marketing permeable pavers to homeowners. They come in a variety of colours and shapes, and can be laid out to form patterns or designs that enhance the aesthetics of residential properties. 
Permeable pavements
==Soakaways and Infiltration Trenches==
Soakaways, also known as infiltration chambers or dry wells, are excavations in native soil that are filled with clean granular aggregates. Soakaways are typically designed with a perforated pipe inlet from a relatively clean water source, such as a roof tops or pedestrian area. 
When possible, install soakaways in areas where native soils allow for infiltration. If poorly draining soils are present, an underdrain can be installed to remove standing water.
Where lot size is a constraint, a linear variation known as infiltration trenches can be used. This technique may be appropriate for sites where retrofit space is limited to long strips between buildings or along property lines.
==Rainwater Harvesting==
Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting and storing rainwater for future use. Harvested water can be used for a variety of non-potable indoor and outdoor uses with minimal treatment. Rainwater harvesting provides an easy, low-cost option for homeowners to reduce the volume of runoff conveyed from their properties to the municipal storm sewer system.
===Rainwater harvesting systems===
Rainwater harvesting systems collect rainwater from roof runoff and store it until it is needed. These systems are often used for irrigation, but with additional equipment and proper treatment, this water can be used for flushing toilets. By using rainwater around the home, residents can reduce their water bills while also reducing the amount of stormwater runoff entering the storm sewer system.
Rainwater storage tanks come in a variety of dimensions and shapes to accommodate both the size and desired aesthetics of residential properties. Fro four season use, they are usually placed in the basement or buried underground.
===Rain Barrels===
While they provide similar functions to rainwater harvesting systems, rain barrels have limited storage space and seasonal function. They are installed at the outlet of downspouts and intercept water draining down roofs for later use in irrigation. Rain barrels come in a variety of shapes, sizes and styles. Residents can choose a style of rain barrel best suited to their home and personal tastes. 
category:residential
Category:planning
Landscape hub

Landscape Architecture is the design profession concerned with the design, planning, management and stewardship of the land. 
The work of landscape architects touches the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks and structures. The goal is to achieve environmental, social or aesthetically pleasing spaces by investigating existing social, ecological and geological conditions in the landscape. 
The work of landscape architects is all around us in the form and function of the land: the work often touches on urban design, site planning, storm water management, urban planning, restoration, parks and recreation planning, green infrastructure planning and private or residential master planning and design.
*LARE
*Grading
*Trees
*Bioretention: Parking lots
*Bioretention: Streetscapes
*Stormwater planters
*Rain gardens
*Plant lists
*Plant selection
*Planting design
==External links==
*OALA
*CSLA
*IFLA
Level spreaders

Level spreaders should conform to the following design criteria in order to ensure non-erosive sheet flow into vegetated areas such as vegetated filter strips, bioretention, swales or forested conservation areasHathaway, J. M., & Hunt, W. F. (2006). Level Spreaders : Overview , Design , and Maintenance..
The length of the level spreader should be determined by the design storm inflow rate and type of landscape downstream:
* 1.4 m of level spreader length per every 0.01 m³/s of inflow when draining to a vegetated filter strip, bioretention, swale or grassed area;
* 4.3 m of level spreader length per every 0.01 m³/s of inflow when draining to a forested conservation area.
* The minimum level spreader length is 4 m and the maximum is 40 m.
* The level spreader lip should be concrete, wood or pre-fabricated metal.
* The ends of the level spreader section should be tied back into the slope to avoid overflow scouring or erosion around the ends.
* The width of the level spreader should be the greater of 300 mm or three times the diameter of the inflow pipe.
* The depth should be the greater of 200 mm or half the inflow pipe diameter.
==References==
Category:Pretreatment
Liner

An impermeable liner is incorporated into non-infiltrating practices such as stormwater planters, and may be applied in permeable pavements installations where separation from the native soils and groundwater is required. 
*Waterproof containment can be created using concrete or a plastic membrane/liner (HDPE or EPDM are common materials).
**When the membrane is being used directly in the ground, punctures from stones can be prevented by compacting a layer sand (30 - 50 mm) over the soil prior to installing the membrane. 
**Alternatively, a manufactured cushion fabric (geotextile) can be employed for this purpose. 
**The top surface of the membrane must also be protected from stone and gravel being used for inside the BMP. Again, sand or a cushion fabric may be used. 
*When a pipe is used to provide drainage from the practice to an outlet structure or storm sewer, a 'pipe boot' or flange should be sealed to both the pipe and the liner to prevent leaks. 
Category:Materials
Low impact development treatment train tool

thumb|x450 px|Menu bar of the LID TTT
==Overview==
The Low Impact Development Treatment Train Tool (LID TTT) is designed to help developers, consultants, municipalities and landowners understand and implement more sustainable stormwater management planning and design practices in their watersheds. 
The LID TTT focuses on the use of Low Impact Development best management practices (BMPs) to meet stormwater management criteria for the site and can be used to:
*analyze annual and event based runoff volumes,
**including water budget information: surface evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and infiltration to soil
*provide estimates of water quality improvements. 
The LID TTT is built upon the open source EPA SWMM5 hydrologic model providing a user-friendly interface for novice modelers and cross-compatibility with SWMM5 for further model development.
The LID TTT has been developed in partnership between Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, Credit Valley Conservation, and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority.
Integration with this guide is through suggested 'starting point' values for design parameters for the following BMP types:
*Bioretention
*Vegetated filter strips
*Infiltration trenches
* Permeable pavements
*Rainwater harvesting
*Swales
*Dry ponds
This links to the project page, where you can download your free copy of the LID TTT.
==How to download & install the Tool==
View the Step-by-step instructional video below on how to download and install the LID TTT. This video covers how to set up your model, add LIDs and analyze results for pre- to post-development scenario
==How to use the Tool==
View the Step-by-step instructional video below on how to use the LID TTT for you LID BMP projects.
Category: Modeling
==How to size your LID using an I:P ratio==
View the Step-by-step instructional video below on how to use the LID TTT to route a simple residential sub-catchment to a bioswale feature, and shows users to consider the Impervious to pervious (or I:P) ratio in sizing the LID.
Category: Modeling
Manning's n

n value range	Good condition turf grass 	Other
0.002 - 0.010	Where the average depth of flow is at ≥ 2 times the height of the vegetation 	Supple tree seedlings such as willow or cottonwood growing where the average depth of flow is at ≥ 3 times the height of the vegetation
0.010 - 0.025	Where the average depth of flow is between 1 - 2 times the height of the vegetation	Moderately dense weeds, or tree seedlings growing where the average depth of flow is from 2 -3 times the height of the vegetation
0.025 - 0.050	Where the average depth of flow is about equal to the height of the vegetation 	8- to 10-year-old willow or cottonwood trees inter-grown with some weeds and brush (none of the vegetation in foliage)
0.050 - 0.100	Where the average depth of flow is < 0.5 times height of the vegetation 	bushy willow trees about 1 year old inter-grown with weeds along side slopes (all vegetation in full foliage)
==References==
Media filters

For gravel filter ideas which use the filtering of geotextile, see infiltration trenches. 
 	Surface filter	Underground filter	Perimeter filter	Pocket filter	Organic filter	Bioretention
Minimum head (m)	1.5 	1.2 	0.9 	0.9 	1.5 	1.2
Ultra-urban 	Maybe 	Ideal 	Yes 	Maybe 	Maybe 	Maybe
Parking lots 	Ideal 	Yes 	Ideal 	Yes 	Yes 	Ideal
Roads 	Maybe 	Maybe 	Maybe 	Maybe 	No 	Yes
Residential 	Maybe 	Maybe 	Maybe 	Yes 	Maybe 	Yes
Landscaped 	No 	No 	No 	No 	Maybe 	Ideal
Rooftop 	Yes 	Yes 	Yes 	Yes 	Yes 	Yes
==To Review==
*https://chesapeakestormwater.net/training-library/stormwater-bmps/sand-filters/
*http://uwtrshd.com/assets/sand-flt-paper.pdf
*https://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.9.pdf
*http://www.virginiadot.org/business/resources/LocDes/BMP_Design-Manual/Chapter_12_Stormwater_Sand_Filters.pdf
Mulch

*Mulch is considered to be an normal finishing touch to many types of formal landscaping. Maintaining mulch application can help increase aesthetic value of LID BMPs.
*As in other landscaping applications, the mulch helps to preserve soil moisture for plant survival, and suppresses weed growth.
*Mulch can also help to maintain the organic matter content of underlying filter media, which provides cation exchange capacity for pollutant removal.
*Regular fresh applications of wood mulch can also promote denitrification, reducing nitrates in impacted surface waters.
*Mulch should be applied on the surface of the BMP in a layer of 75 -100 mm.
*Double-shredded hardwood or softwood mulch is recommended for LID facilities. Its fibrous texture knits together somewhat; providing limited erosion control.
*In areas with particularly high flow (e.g. around inlets and forebays) coarse decorative aggregate or stone is recommended to better dissipate energy and protect it from erosion.
*This advice also holds for stormwater planters, which often experience concentrated flow from a roof downspout or drain. 
*All organic mulches have the potential to float and migrate in surface flow, particularly after a previously dry period. Simcock, R and Dando, J. 2013. Mulch specification for stormwater bioretention devices. Prepared by Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd for Auckland Council. Auckland Council technical report, TR2013/056 
----
Category:Materials
Category:Green infrastructure
Notation

;Ac :Area of the catchment, whole contributing drainage area (usually in m2).
;Ai :Area of impervious cover within the catchment (usually in m2). 
;Ap :Area of the practice e.g. footprint area of a bioretention cell (usually in m2)
;D :Duration of the design storm event (in units of time, usually hrs)
;dp :Surface ponding depth of an infiltration practice (unit of length, usually mm or cm)
;dm :Filter media depth of a bioretention, stormwater planter or soil cell practice (unit of length, usually mm or cm)
;ds :Storage reservoir depth of an infiltration practice (unit of length, usually mm or cm)
;dT :Total depth of an infiltration practice (unit of length, usually cm or m)
;f :Infiltration rate, measured (usually mm/hr)
;f':Design infiltration rate (length per time, usually mm/hr) after application of safety correction factor (SCF)
;h :Height (units of length)
;i :Intensity of the design storm event (in units of depth/time, usually mm/hr)
;i :Thornthwaite monthly heat index (-)
;I :Thornthwaite annual heat index (-)
;L :Length, e.g. of a reach, channel or swale (usually in m)
;m :Run of side slopes in channel cross sections (length, but usually expressed as a ratio in relation to rise. e.g. side slopes = 1:3, so m = 3)
;n :Porosity, applies to aggregate and other void-forming materials, filter media and native soils (unit is vol/vol, so dimensionless)
;n :Manning's coefficient (unitless) Note: the symbol n is also used for porosity so it is important to be sure which term is implied.
;N :Number of days in the month
;Qp :Peak flow in units of volume per time (e.g. m3/s)
;R :Ratio of catchment impervious area (Ai) to the practice permeable footprint area (Ap). syn. I/P ratio. For green roofs and often permeable pavement systems that do not receive drainage from external impervious areas this will be 0. For bioretention, infiltration trenches and infiltration chambers receiving pavement runoff, it is recommended to be kept between 15 to 20. 
;Ra :Existing rise of swale gradient (length, usually m)
;Rb :Rise of compensation gradient for an enhanced swale (length, usually m)
;RVCT :Runoff volume control target (as outlined by MECP, units are mm)
;S0 :Longitudinal slope (m/m, i.e. dimensionless)
;ST :Storage (m3)
;Sx :Cross slope (m/m, i.e. dimensionless)
;SCF :Safety correction factor (dimensionless)
;t :Drainage time (usually in hrs)
;T :Temperature (°C)
;V :Volume (usually in m3)
;x :Perimeter of infiltration practice or swale x-section (m)
;y :Depth of water (L, usually m or sometimes mm)
Other guides

As there's a lot to be learned from our colleagues in other jurisdictions, here's a list of other manuals, guides and resources:
==Ontario==
*Toronto Green Streets
==Canada==
*Tools and calculators designed in and for British Columbia
==United States of America==
*Eastern Washington Low Impact Development Guidance Development Manual	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
*Western Washington Technical Guidance Manual for Puget Sound 	
*WSDOT Highway Runoff Manual	 	
*Tools, Strategies and Lessons Learned from EPA Green Infrastructure Technical Assistance Projects (2015)(pdf) 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
*Army Low Impact Development Technical User Guide (2013)(pdf)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
*Central Oregon Stormwater Manual (2012)(pdf)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	*Green Infrastructure Resource Guide for Fairbanks, Alaska(pdf)
*Maryland Stormwater Design Manual
*Michigan Low Impact Development Manual(pdf)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
*Minnesota Stormwater Manual 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
*Pennsylvania: A Homeowner’s Guide to Stormwater Management(pdf)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
*Pennsylvania Stormwater BMP Manual(pdf)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
*South Carolina: Low Impact Development in Coastal South Carolina: A Planning and Design Guide(pdf)
*Meadows LID Handbook (Reno, Nevada)
*University of New Hampshire
*Philadelphia Stormwater Retrofit Guidance Manual(pdf)
*Vermont Green Infrastructure Reseources
*Oregon State University guide by GreenGirl (creative commons licensed)
*Municipal Code Central Louisiana
*NACTO
==Worldwide==
*Derwent Estuary LID guide, Tasmania, AUZ
*CIRIA SuDS guide, UK
Overflow

===Routing===
*Infiltration facilities can be designed to be inline or offline from the drainage system. See figure to the right for an illustration.
*Inline facilities accept all of the flow from a drainage area and convey larger event flows through an overflow outlet. The overflow must be sized to safely convey larger storm events out of the facility. The overflow must be situated at the maximum surface ponding elevation or furthest downgradient end of the facility to limit surface ponding during periods of flow in excess of the facility storage capacity. 
*Offline facilities use flow splitters or bypass channels that only allow the design storm runoff storage volume to enter the facility. Higher flows are conveyed to a downstream storm sewer or other BMP by a flow splitting manhole weir or pipe, or when the maximum surface ponding depth has been reached, by by-passing the curb opening and flowing into a downstream catchbasin connected to a storm sewer.
===Overflow Elevation===
The invert of the overflow should be placed at the maximum water surface elevation of the practice (i.e. the maximum surface ponding level). 
A good starting point is 150 to 350 mm above the surface of the mulch cover. However, consideration should be given to public safety, whether or not an underdrain is included, the time required for ponded water to drain through the filter bed surface, and if no underdrain is present, into the underlying native soil (must drain within 48 hours). 
See Bioretention: Sizing and Stormwater planters for more details.
===Freeboard===
===Overflow Outlet Options===
Metal grates are recommended (over plastic) in all situations. 
Feature 	Anti Vandalism/Robust	Lower Cost Option	Self cleaning
Dome grate 	 	 	x
Flat grate 	 	x 	
Catch basin 	x 	 	
Ditch inlet catch basin	x 	 	x
Curb cut 	x 	x 	x
===Gallery===
Overflow: Gallery

Overflow-outlet Miss Road.jpg|Flat metal overflow with stone surround to reduce erosion around the cast concrete structure. Mississauga Road, ON 
BeehiveGrate.jpeg|Domed, metal overflow grate. Being flush with the surface reduces potential infiltration of ponded water. Photo credit: Aaron Volkening
BradleyRdoverflow.jpg|Overflow inlet for newly constructed stormwater bioretention areas in median of Bradley Road. Village of Brown Deer, Wisconsin. Bradley Road, east of 51st Street. Photo from October 2015. Constructed summer 2015. Photo credit: Aaron Volkening
Emeryville California Stormwater Curb Extension.jpg|Flat, metal overflow grate in Emeryville California Stormwater Curb Extension
Overflow - Elm Drive.JPG|Note the greyish colour change indicating UV degradation of this plastic overflow inlet in a bioretention cell; metal is recommended instead. Mississauga ON.
category:gallery
Permeable pavements: Climate

===Pervious concrete===
Concerns over the resistance to the freeze-thaw cycle have limited the use of pervious concrete in cold weather environments.Vernon R. Schaefer, Keijin Wang, Muhammad T. Suleiman, John T. Kevern, Mix Design Development for Pervious Concrete in Cold Weather Climates, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 2006 National Concrete Pavement Technology Center. Report No. 2006-01.mix_design_pervious.pdf 
The rate of freezing in most applications is dictated by the local climate. The addition of a small amount of fine aggregate to the mixture increases the durability of the pervious concrete.J. Kevern, John K. Wang, V.R. Schaefer, Iowa State University, 2008 Avoiding saturation during the freeze cycle is the key to the longevity of the concrete.Pervious Concrete and Freeze-Thaw http://www.cement.org/tech/Pervious_print.html Concrete Technology E-Newsletter PCA 30 September 2012 Related, having a well prepared 8 to 24 inch (200 to 600 mm) sub-base and drainage will reduce the possibility of freeze-thaw damage.
Permeable pavements: Gallery

Pervious asphalt.jpg|Porous asphalt, Coultice Park, Whitchurch-Stoufville, ON
Concrete grid paving.jpg|Laneways retrofit program, Toronto ON
Lakeside - permeable concrete 1.JPG| Permeable concrete at Lakeside Park, Mississauga ON 
Wychwood Permeable Pavers.jpg|Permeable pavers on residential driveways, Brampton ON 
Meadows in the Glen PP sidewalk and driveway bibs .jpg|Permeable pavers on a shared street, Georgetown ON
Elm Drive Mississauga After retrofit with permeable pavement and bioretention cells.JPG|Permeable pavers in parking bays, Mississauga ON (note inspection of bioretention occurring in the background)
BelfountainPermeablePavement.jpg|Although this permeable pavement at Belfountain Conservation Area was not maintained, it remains structurally sound after over 30 years of constant use.
PerviousConcretePrecast.png|Pre-cast pervious concrete slab. 
PICPchicago.jpg|Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement (PICP) on a narrow road between buildings in Chicago (Source: ICPI) 
CVC Head Office Parking lot.jpg|Different colours of permeable pavers in parking lot, CVC headquarters, Mississauga ON
PerviousConcreteConstruction.jpg|Crews pour pervious concrete into a parking lot (Source: Washington State Dept of Transportation on Flickr) 
Downloading.JPG|Inspection wells should be located at the edges or even off the side of permeable pavement areas
IMAX water quality sampling (2).JPG|Water quality sampling in permeable pavement study, Mississauga ON
Porousasphalt.png|Porous asphalt parking lot (Source: Villanova Urban Stormwater Partnership)
PermeablePavementConstruction.jpg|Placement of permeable pavers during construction. 
Category:Gallery