nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Rubber band

== Description ==
A thin elastic loop of natural or synthetic rubber. Rubber bands are typically made from natural rubber, rather than synthetic due to its superior elasticity. With age, natural rubber becomes darker and brittle.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gum band; elastic band
== Applications ==
== Risks==
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
==Resources and Citations==
For types and sizes, see Wikipedia: [ link]
Category:Materials database
Rubber cement

== Description ==
An adhesive solution of nonvulcanized rubber in an organic solvent. Rubber cements were originally made from natural rubbers and were usually compounded with gums or natural resins (mastic, copal, pine tar, asphalt). In 1836, a commercial rubber-based cement called Caoutchouc was made using a small amount of the elastomer dissolved in a solvent and mixed with mastic. Natural rubber cements have high tack and give strong initial bonding, but, with time, discolor and become brittle. Most modern rubber cements are made from synthetic elastomers, such as polyisoprene, silicone, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), neoprene, and polyvinyl chloride.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
adhesivo de caucho (Esp.); latex cement; rubber adhesive; Caoutchouc; rubber-based adhesive
== Risks ==
* Become yellow and brittle with age.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Usually soluble in petroleum solvents.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 15
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
Category:Materials database
Rubber eraser

== Description ==
An eraser made from natural rubber. Erasers made from caoutchouc were first used in 1770 by Joseph Priestley. He dubbed the small elastic balls as 'rubbers' because they could remove pencil marks with a simple rubbing action.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
goma de borrar de caucho (Esp.); gomme (Fr.), gomme à effacer (Fr.); gomma da cancellare (It)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Ivan Amato, Stuff: The Materials the World is Made of, Avon Books, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Rubber fiber

== Description ==
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is composed of natural or synthetic rubber (Federal Trade Commission definition). This includes fibers made from natural rubber, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, amorphous polyolefin, acrylonitrile/butadiene and chloroprene. Natural rubber was first made into fibers in 1850, when sheets of vulcanized rubber were cut into thin slivers. In the 1920s, the U.S. Rubber (now Uniroyal) developed a method for extruding rubber fibers. The filaments were usually prepared as a central core then wrapped in other fibers, such as cotton, to form elastic threads (Joseph 1986). Rubber deteriorates in sunlight and loses elasticity with time. Synthetic rubber fibers, later called elastomers, were developed in the 1930s and had superior elastic properties and greater durability. Most elastic fibers made from natural and synthetic rubber (Lastex) were superseded with the introduction of Spandex (1959) and its much superior properties. Rubber fibers were used in fabrics to produce lingerie, swimsuits, hosiery and athletic apparel.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
rubber fibre; elastomeric fiber; fiber de caucho (Esp.)
== Risks ==
* Temperatures above 60C can cause degradation of natural rubbers. 
* Vulcanized rubbers can emit sulfur compounds as they degrade.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Natural rubber: Damaged by petroleum solvents and chlorinated hydrocarbons
* Degraded by oxygen, light, heat, oils, and oxidizing acids. 
* Cross section is square or circular. 
* Tenacity = 0.45 g/denier 
* Elongation = 700-900%
* Density = 0.960-1.066
==Resources and Citations==
* M. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt Reinhold & Winston, Fort Worth, 1986. 
* G.Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:II. Man-made Fibres, 5th edition, Merrow Publishing Co., Durham, England, 1984. p. 153.
Category:Materials database
Rubber mold

== Description ==
Several flexible polymers have been used for rubber-like molds and casts. Formerly, hide glue and gelatin casts were made by pouring the heated liquid over an item coated with a parting agent. Later latex molds were made with multiple layers of paint but these failed to retain the original form accurately. More recently polysulfide, silicone, and urethane rubber have been used with success for reproducing fine details.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
silicone; flexible mold; molding rubber
==Resources and Citations==
* J. P.Maish, "Silicone rubber staining of terracotta surfaces", Studies in Conservation 39:250–56, 1994.
Category:Materials database
Rubber sponge, vulcanized

== Description ==
A flexible, resilient foam of natural rubber. Sponge rubber is made by physically or chemically inducing air into a hot latex solution followed by curing by vulcanization. It has many small pores that create a highly absorbent surface area. Sponge rubber is used commercially for mattresses, cushions, vibration damping, gaskets, insulation, and carpet underlays. In conservation, it has been used as a dry cleaning sponge, since it will adhere dirt and soot without the use of detergents or solvents. Rubber sponges have been used for cleaning paper, textiles, wood, metal, and painted surfaces.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vulcanized rubber sponge; sponge rubber; foam rubber; cellular rubber; dry cleaning sponge
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 754
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
Category:Materials database
Rubber tile

== Description ==
Both natural and synthetic rubber have been used to product rubber flooring in the form of tiles and sheets. As early as 1853, Charles Goodyear described a waterproof flooring made from painted canvas with a rubber varnish. In the 1870s, rubber tiles were used for English courtyards to deaden the sound of carriages. The first patent was issued for rubber flooring in 1894 to Frank Furness for interlocking rubber tiles. The small tiles (about 2 square inches with dovetail connectors on each side) were held in place with friction rather than adhesive. By the early 1920s, Goodyear introduced a hard, continuous sheet rubber flooring that was glued directly to the subflooring. Rubber flooring is composed of a mixture of rubber, oil, sulfur (for vulcanization) and fillers (clay, chalk, barite, asbestos, wood and/or pigments). Synthetic rubber, used since the 1930s, provided more durability and chemical resistance.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
rubber flooring
== Risks ==
* Ozone, heat and light degrade rubber. 
* Some oils (pine oil), solvents (naphtha and turpentine) can soften and stain rubber tiles.
==Resources and Citations==
Sharon Park, "Rubber Tile", in Twentieth-Century Building Materials, T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
Category:Materials database
Rubberized fabric

== Description ==
A fabric coated or impregnated with natural or synthetic rubbers. Rubberized fabric was first developed in Scotland by Charles Macintosh in 1823. His latex coated fabric, called Mackintosh cloth, was used for waterproof coats. Rubberized fabric is used for crib sheets, hospital sheets, tarps, and rainwear.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
rubberized cloth; rubber coated fabric; rubber fabric; Mackintosh cloth; tissu caoutchouté (Fr.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 202
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Rubbermaid

== Description ==
[Rubbermaid, Inc.] A registered trademark for a series of plastic containers marketed since the 1950s. Rubbermaid® storage containers are usually made with polypropylene or polyethylene.
==Resources and Citations==
* Rubbermaid: Home Page
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Rubeanic acid

== Description ==
Red crystalline powder. Rubeanic acid readily chelates with metals ions. It is used as a colorimetric detection agents for copper, cobalt, and nickel ions.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ethanedithioamide; dithiooxamide
==Risks==
* Millipore Sigma: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Slightly soluble in water. Soluble in alcohols. 
* Copper produces an olive green reaction product.
Composition 	C2H4N2S2
Melting Point 	200 C (dec)
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 120.2
Category:Materials database
Ruben's madder

== Description ==
A brownish-orange transparent lake pigment. Ruben's madder is made from synthetic alizarin (Mayer 1969)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
madder brown; Rubens madder; Reubens madder (sp)
==Resources and Citations==
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Ruberoid

== Description ==
[GAF] A registered trademark for a series of rubber-based membranes used on roofs. Most Ruberoid® products are constructed from a nonwoven polyester mat coated with styrene-butadiene-styrene modified asphalt. They are strong, tear resistant and waterproof. Ruberoid® membranes are also called ready roofing.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ready roofing
==Resources and Citations==
* GAF Materials: List with links to Technical information and MSDS 
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Ruberythric acid

== Description ==
Yellow, needle crystals. Ruberythric acid is one of the natural colorants extracted from madder roots. It decomposes to form alizarin in boiling water. The brilliant red color is usually mordanted with potassium, barium, or calcium salts.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ácido ruberítrico (Port.); rubian; ruberythrinic acid; rubianic acid
==Risks==
* NIH: Info page
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in hot water. Slightly soluble in cold water, ethanol. Decomposes in acids and alkalis.
Composition 	C25H26O13
Melting Point 	258-261 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 534.47
==Resources and Citations==
* Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, Elisabeth West FitzHugh, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Vol. 3, 1997 Comment: H.Schweppe, J.Winter, "Madder and Alizarin"
Category:Materials database
Rubiadin

== Description ==
Yellow plate-like crystals. Rubiadin is one of the natural dyes extracted from madder roots and other Rubiaceae family plants. It dissolves in alkalis to form a red solution and turns yellow in acids.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
1,3-hydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone; CI 75350; rubiadina (Port.)
==Risks==
* Millipore Sigma: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene. Insoluble in boiling water, lime water. 
* Absorption max = 246, 280, 415 nm.
Composition 	C15H10O4
Melting Point 	302 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 254.24
==Resources and Citations==
* Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, Elisabeth West FitzHugh, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Vol. 3, 1997 Comment: H.Schweppe, J.Winter, "Madder and Alizarin"
Category:Materials database
Rubidium

== Description ==
A silvery-white, very reactive, metallic element. Rubidium occurs in concentrations of about 34 ppm in the earth's crust. It is found throughout the world in alkali metal minerals such as rhodizite, lepidolite, and carnallite. It is also present in sea water and mineral springs. Rubidium was discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861. It is a soft metal with a silvery white color that tarnishes quickly. Rubidium is used in photoelectric cells and as a catalyst.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Rb; rubidio (It., Port., Esp.)
== Risks ==
* Ignites spontaneously in air. 
* Reacts vigorously with halogens and mercury. 
* Metal can burn skin on contact.
* EChemi: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in acids and ethanol. Decomposes in water.
* Flame color is dark red to violet. 
Composition 	Rb (atomic no. 37)
CAS 	7740-17-7
Melting Point 	39 C
Density 	1.532 g/ml
Molecular Weight	atomic wt = 84.4678
Boiling Point 	688 C
==Resources and Citations==
* Web Elements: Website; gives discovery as 1861
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 682
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976 Comment: discovered 1860
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8439: discovered 1861
Category:Materials database
Rubin-Brite polish

== Description ==
A metal polish formerly made by David Rubin. The dense carnauba wax coating provided a long lasting finish. 
A replacement, called Rub n Brite, is available. It advertises a hard, protective coating of carnauba wax that is an excellent polish for un-lacquered brass, silver, copper, pewter, chrome, nickel, aluminum, stainless steel and jewelry. 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Rub n Brite (replacement)
==Resources and Citations==
* WR Smith Master Clock builder: Rub n Brite
Category:Materials database
Ruby

== Description ==
A red transparent gemstone composed of corundum (aluminum oxide). Rubies range in color from a deep rose red to a pale pink due to small amounts of chromium impurities. They are primarily found in Myanmar (formerly Burma), Kashmir, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Kenya, Madagascar and the U.S.(North Carolina). Rubies were rarely used in antiquity, probably because of their rarity and extreme hardness. A large clear ruby is more valuable than a diamond of equivalent size. Synthetic rubies were first made in 1837 by fusing aluminum oxide with chromium oxide. They are used in watches, scientific instruments, masers, and lasers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
red corundum; aluminum oxide; pigeon blood; rubin (Dan., Pol., Sven.); Rubin (Deut.); rubis (Fr.); robijn (Ned.); rubi (Esp.,Port.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Ruby, 785nm, 100mw.TIF~Raman]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Composition = Al2O3::Cr
* Trigonal crystal system. Strongly pleochroic. 
* Fracture= uneven or conchoidal. 
* Streak = white. 
* Luster = vitreous. 
* With high temperatures, ruby becomes green but returns to red on cooling. 
* Fluoresces a weak to vivid red. May phosphoresce.
* Mohs Hardness = 9.0
* Density = 3.96-4.05 g/ml
* Refractive Index = 1.76-78
* Birefringence = 0.008 - 0.010
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 682
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962 Comment: 500-50 BC
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "ruby." (Accessed 14 Sept. 2005)
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby (Accessed Sept. 14, 2005)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Ruby glass

== Description ==
A bright red glass. Ruby glass is made by one or more of the following to the molten mixture: colloidal gold, gold chloride, tin oxide, copper oxide, copper chloride, cadmium salts, selenium salts. Paler red glass has been called cranberry glass.
See gold ruby glass and copper ruby glass.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gold ruby glass; copper ruby glass; cranberry glass; vidro rubi (Port.)
Category:Materials database
Ruby silver ore

== Description ==
An unstandardized common name used for the both double sulfides of silver/arsenic (proustite) and of silver/antimony (pyragyrite).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
proustite; pyragyrite; red silver ore
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
Category:Materials database
Rush

== Description ==
A grassy plant of the genus Juncus that are found in temperate regions and particularly in moist or shady locations. The cylindrical, unjointed rush stems (or culms) tend to grow straight and to be tufted in habit. They are hollow or pithy and always round in cross section. Rush stems have been used since early times to make baskets, mats and chair seats. 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
junco (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Britannica.com Rush
Category:Materials database
Russet leather

== Description ==
A leather prepared from sheepskins or lambskins tanned in cold-leached hemlock bark. Russet leather is often used for shoe linings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
russet sheepskin
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 704
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937 Comment: p. 230
* American Leather Chemists Association Glossary at www.leatherchemists.org
Category:Materials database
Russia leather

== Description ==
A brand name for a soft, sweet-smelling, vegetable tanned leather produced in Russian from calfskin. Russia leather, or Russia calf, was tanned with bark extract (willow, poplar, larch, etc.) then dressed with birch bark oil. It was usually dyed red and embossed with lattice lines. From the 17th century, Russia leather was used for book covers, upholstery, shoe uppers, and small bags. It was highly valued for book covers in the early 18th century. The aromatic smell from the birch bark was thought to repel insects.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Russia calfskin; Russian leather; piel de Rusia (Esp.); cuero antiguado (Esp.); móscóvia (Port.); couro da Rússia (Port.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Smells of birch oil
==Resources and Citations==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* American Leather Chemists Association Glossary at www.leatherchemists.org
Category:Materials database
Russian glue

== Description ==
An old name for an opaque, white glue. Russian glue was typically a bone glue, but some varieties were composed of burnt Cologne glue (Doerner 1934). White pigments, such as chalk, clay or lead white, were added to lighten the color and opacify the glue.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
opaque glue
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1934.
Category:Materials database
Rust

== Description ==
A reddish powder composed of iron oxide and hydrated iron oxide that forms on the surface of iron and iron alloys. Rust is formed by the oxidation of iron in the presence of moisture. At least 40% humidity is required for the corrosion to occur.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hydrated iron oxide; iron rust; red iron oxide; rust (Dan.); Rost (Deut., Sven.); rouille (Fr.); óxido (Esp.); roest (Ned.); ferrugem (Port.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Composition: 2Fe2O3 . 3H2O
== Resources and Citations ==
* N.Binnie, 'Commercial Rust Conserverters: Surface Protection for Rusted Iron', Canadian Conservation Institute Publications, Conservation Information Database.
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database