nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Directorate of Personnel and Administration

The MI6 Directorate of Personnel and Administration came into existence at some time between 1959 and 1962 with the redesignation of the existing Department of Finance and Administration]].Philip H.J. Davies, MI6 and the Machinery of Spying, Frank Cass, 2004, p.256.
==Directors of Personnel and Administration (D/PA)==
*Jimmy James c.1974.Jimmy James, Scotsman, 9 February 2002.
*Desmond Parkinson c.1978.'Desmond Parkinson, The Times, 7 September 1995.
*Richard Dearlove 1993-94.Profile: Sir Richard Dearlove, BBC News, 20 February 2008.
==Structure (1995)==
*Director of Personnel and Administration (D/PA)
*Head of Personnel Section (H/PS or H/PD)
*Recruitment (under H/PS)
*Head of Training Section (H/TS)
*Finance
*Central Registry
*Area Registries (under Central Registry).Philip H.J. Davies, MI6 and the Machinery of Spying, Frank Cass, 2004, p.302.
==Notes==
Category:MI6
Directorate of Requirements and Production (MI6)

The Directorate of Requirements and Production is the apparent name of a major directorate within the Secret Intelligence Service MI6.Philip H.J. Davies, MI6 and the Machinery of Spying, Frank Cass, 2004, p.302.
==Structure==
Philip H.J. Davies' 2004 book MI6 and the Machinery of Spying describes the structure of the directorate as of 1995 follows: 
*Director of Requirements and Production (D/PR)
**Controller, Europe (C/EUR)
**Controller, Central and Eastern Europe (C/CEE)
**Controller, Middle East (C/ME)
**Controller, Far East (C/FE)
**Controller, Global and Functional(C/GF)
**Controller, UK (C/UK)
**Requirements, Government Communications (RGC)
**Requirements, Economic Intelligence (R/Econ)
**Requirements, Technical Intelligence (R/Tech)Philip H.J. Davies, MI6 and the Machinery of Spying, Frank Cass, 2004, p.302.
==People==
===Director of Requirements and Production (D/PR)===
*Barrie Gane -1993Stephen Dorril, The Silent Conspiracy: Inside the Intelligence Services in the 1990s, Mandarin, 1994, p.760.
*David Spedding 1993-94
==Notes==
Category:SpooksCategory:MI6
Directorate of Security and Public Affairs (MI6)

The Director of Security and Public Affairs was a position established within the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) in the early 1990s, replacing the Director, Counter-Intelligence and Security.Philip H.J. Davies, MI6 and the Machinery of Spying, Frank Cass, 2004, p.297.
==Structure==
Philip H.J. Davies describes the following structure for the directorate following MI6's 1995 re-organisation:
*Director, Security and Public Affairs (D/SPA)
**Security Branch, Operations (SBO)
**Security Branch, Personnel (SBP)
**Security Branch, Vetting (SBV)
**Counter-Intelligence (CI) Registry
**Area Counter-Intelligence stations
**Information Operations (I/Ops)Philip H.J. Davies, MI6 and the Machinery of Spying, Frank Cass, 2004, p.302.
==People==
===Director, Security and Public Affairs (D/SPA)===
*John Gerson c.1997Stephen Dorril, The Silent Conspiracy: Inside the Intelligence Services in the 1990s, Mandarin, 1994, p.796.
==Notes==
Category:SpooksCategory:MI6
Dirk Coetzee

::Throughout the 1980s, Dirk Coetzee had been a commander of the notorious Vlakplaas unit which was based some twenty miles outside Pretoria. Until 1989, that is, when Coetzee saw that the Apartheid game was probably up and deserted Vlakplaas, making contact with the ANC in Lusaka, the capital of Zambia - which in previous British colonial times was described as 'Northern Rhodesia'.A Very British Jihad, Collusion, Conspiracy & Cover-up in Northern Ireland, by Paul Larkin, Beyond the Pale, 2004, p199.
==Loyalist assassination plot==
Coetzee testified to the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission about loyalist involvement in a plot on his life in London in 1992.
::Were there any other attempts on your life? --- There was - well, one well documented one in Britain, Mr Chairman, when on the 11th of April 1992 Captain Pamela du Rand and Lieutenant Leon Flores met with the Ulster Royalists, terrorists in Northern Ireland, to negotiate a contract murder on my life. They were eventually arrested on the 15th of April 1992 by Scotland Yard, and held at the Paddington Green Police Station under the Terrorism Act. A lot of communiques went out between the ... (incomplete - end of Side A, Tape 3) ... of all these attempts, and to know that I am one step ahead.Proceedings held at Durban on 5 November 1996.South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
Willem Nortje also testified to the Commission about the plot:
::One evening I was at Flores' home when we met Simpson, and there it was not directly stated, I don't know what Flores and Simpson spoke about, but I came to know through Mr de Kock that he would launch an action to get to Mr Coetzee via the Irish Organisation, RUC or something like that.
According to Nortje, the assasination was to be procured by Charlie Simpson, an Ulster loyalist who the South Africans believed to be a British agent.
::MR LAX: And I didn't catch the full extent of your evidence in relation to that incident and I just wanted to re-canvass it with you please. What exactly did you pick up from Simpson on that night in relation to their discussion? What was his task?
::MR NORTJE: You must just remember that we knew he was an MI6 agent. Mr de Kock handled him with care, he also did not trust him so he wouldn't have told him directly what we wanted, but after the discussion and after we left, there was talk about the fact that he had contacts with this group in Ireland who did this type of work and that is the assassination of a person, so that was still the beginning of the process, so far as I can remember, they just talked about it.
Amnesty Transcript Hearing, South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 17 November 1999.
==Affiliations==
*Vlakplaas
==References==
Coetzee, DirkDirk Coetzee
Discourse Institute

right|thumb|300px|Discourse Institute masthead, Credit: [https://discr.org/ Discourse Institute] 
This UK-based organisation describes itself as a:
'Non-profit studying conscience and risk in Europe. Extending help to those who face death for voicing their opinions, whilst conducting free speech research'.
It has received funds from the US-based anti-Muslim hard right Middle East Forum, via its grant programme the Middle East Forum Education Fund (MEFEF).
==People==
*George Igler, Discourse's founder director who describes himself on his Twitter handle as a 'one time Cambridge theology bod and City EU policy specialist. I now help prevent people from getting their heads chopped off, for the @DiscourseInst. George Igler, Twitter, accessed 25 November 2015 
==Website and social media==
Twitter: Discourse Institute @DiscourseInst 
==Notes==
Category:Counterjihad[[Category:UK]
Discourse coalition

According to Maarten Hajer 'A discourse coalition is the ensemble of a set of story lines, the actors that utters these story lines, and the practices that conform to these story lines, all organized around a discourse.'Hajer, Maarten (1993) 'Discourse Coalitions and the Institutionalisation of Practice: The Case of Acid Rain in Great Britain'. In: Fischer, Frank and Forester, John (Hrsg.) The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning. Durham NC/London: Duke University Press: 43-67. 
==Contending concepts==
Articles from Google Scholar on the spread of ideasSearch conducted on Google Scholar from the UK on Thursday 24 May @ 12.50 hrs approx. Search terms = First number: "Discourse coalition"; "Epistemic community"; "Invisible college"; "Thought collective". Second number: "Discourse coalition" OR "Discourse Coalitions"; "Epistemic community" OR "Epistemic communities"; "Invisible college" OR "Invisible colleges"; "Thought collective" OR "Thought collectives"
Discourse coalition
Epistemic community
Invisible college
Thought collective
 
 
 742/1,750
 8,040/16,100
 7,250/11,100
 1,340/1,690
 
It is clear that the concept of Epistemic community is used more often than contending concepts.
==Notes==
Discover the Networks

Discover the Networks is a database website that describes itself as 'a 'Guide to the Political Left.What this Site is About, DiscovertheNetworks.org, accessed 20 June 2011 It has also been described as 'a website dedicated to exposing radical professors'.Gary Younge, G2: Silence in class: University professors denounced for anti-Americanism; schoolteachers suspended for their politics; students encouraged to report on their tutors. Are US campuses in the grip of a witch-hunt of progressives, or is academic life just too liberal?, The Guardian, 4-April-2006 
Launched in 2005Discover the Network, Contact, discoverthenetworks.org, Accessed 20-May-2011 the group is connected to David Horowitz who is involved with the similar websites Campus Watch, Jihad Watch, Professors Watch and Media Watch. Horowitz also founded Students For Academic Freedom, a group designed to 'force American universities to adopt quotas for conservative professors as well as monitor the political inclinations of their staff'.
==Paul Gilroy==
Chair of African American studies at Yale University, Paul Gilroy, was listed by Discover the Networks after speaking at a university-sponsored teach-in on the Iraq war. Gilroy argued that:
:I think the morality of cluster bombs, of uranium-tipped bombs, (of) daisy cutters are shaped by an imperial double standard that values American lives more. adding that (The war seems motivated by) a desire to enact revenge for the attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon . . . (It's important) to speculate about the relation between this war and the geopolitical interests of Israel.
==Affiliations==
*David Horowitz Freedom Center
==Website==
Discover the Networks
==Notes==
Category:Academic Freedom
Disinformation

Disinformation is the deliberate spreading of false or misleading information in order to manipulate public opinion or hide the truth Merriam-Webster, Disinformation, Merriam-Webster website, accessed 16 March 2015. 
It should not be confused with Misinformation, the unknowing spreading of a falsehood. Whilst both concepts describe the spreading of untrue information, what separates Disinformation is that the act is a deliberate deception, with the disseminator knowing the conveyed information to be falseBernd Stahl (2006), On the Difference or Equality of Information, Misinformation, and Disinformation: A Critical Research Perspective, Informing Science Journal, Volume 9, accessed 16 March 2015. As a deliberate act of manipulation, Disinformation can be considered a technique of Propaganda. 
==Reported Examples of Disinformation==
===Operation INFEKTION===
----
Operation INFEKTION was a self-confessed KGB Disinformation campaign designed to foster anti-Americanism in the international community. The campaign involved the spreading of information linking the outbreaks of HIV/AIDS to United States Government research facilities. It specifically stated that HIV/AIDS was most likely manufactured by the US Government as a biological weapon created by genetic engineers Thomas Boghardt (2009), Operation INFEKTION, Studies in Intelligence, Volume 53, Issue 4, Central Intelligence Agency website, accessed 16 March 2015.
After anonymous reports were sent to, and published in various news outlets, the story was widely reported across many different branches of the Soviet media. The Disinformation campaign was so successful that the story was covered in over eighty countries and broadcast in over thirty languages 
In March 1992, Russian Prime Minister Yevgeni Primakov (who was Russian Intelligence Chief at the time) admitted that the Disinformation service of the KGB had fabricated this false story. This admission was published in the Russian newspaper Izvestiya on 19 March 1992IIP Digital, AIDS as a biological weapon, IIP Digital website, 14 January 2015, accessed 16 March 2015.
==Resources==
*The Vigilant Citizen, The 25 Rules of Disinformation: How to conduct Disinformation
*Wikipedia, Disinformation: Brief overview of Disinformation
*Bernd Stahl (2006), On the Difference or Equality of Information, Misinformation, and Disinformation: A Critical Research Perspective: The philosophy of Disinformation
==Notes==
Category:Propaganda Techniques
Category:Propaganda
Category:Psychological Warfare
Dispatch International

Dispatch International (DI) is a publication, launched in 2012 and run by Lars Hedegaard, that serves as a mouthpiece of the counterjihad movement.Honest Press Certificate, Dispatch international, accessed 21 December 2013. As well as a website, DI's founders aspired to publish a weekly print newspaper.
==History==
<youtube size="medium" align="right" caption="Ingrid Carlqvist and Lars Hedegaard discussing DI">QOLeeTKXvXk</youtube>
DI was reportedly co-founded by Lars Hedegaard and his close associate Ingrid Carlqvist.Torbjörn Jerlerup, Dispatch International: CounterJihad Publishes a Paper, LoonWatch, 6 September 2012, accessed 13 February 2015 
Carlqvist's LinkedIn page states that she had been 'editor in chief' since 2012.Ingrid Carlqvist, LinkedIn, accessed 13 January 2014
Its launch was reportedly announced at Counterjihad Brussels 2012 conference and the following rationale rationale and statement of its aims provided:
::We decided to call it Dispatch International because our vision is that this newspaper will become worldwide one day. But first we take Manhattan, then we take Berlin. Or rather – first we take Scandinavia and then we take the world!
==Activities==
An edition of the newspaper available online, published 30 August 2012, states that the publication will be published 'every Thursday in Danish, Swedish, English and German'. It carried articles from many counterjihad activists including Hans Jansen, Nidra Poller, Diana West and an article called 'Genocidal Multiculturalism' by the British Freedom Party's Paul Weston.Dispatch International - English edition, Dispatch International, accessed 13 February 2015
The website has carried interviews with many counterjihad activists including Henrik RönnquistIngrid Carlqvist, Gallery owner in shock – wants to leave Sweden, Dispatch International, 5 July 2014, accessed 13 February 2015 and Tommy Robinson.Ingrid Carlqvist and Lars Hedegaard, Tommy Robinson’s long journey has only begun, Dispatch International, 5 November 2013.
===Pegida Sweden links===
According to English language translations of Swedish press reports, DI supporters were involved in the first, poorly attended protest of Pegida Swerige, an attempt to start a movement similar to the PEGIDA protests seen in Germany.Thousands gather to oppose Pegida demo, Radio Sweden, 9 February 2015.
==People==
===Key people===
Lars Hedegaard - co-founder | Ingrid Carlqvist - co-founder and editor-in-chief | Nicolas Bredefeldt - 'art director'
===Notable contributors===
Paul Weston | George Igler | Diana West | Nidra Poller | Hans Jansen | Anne Marie WatersOpen letter to Labour leader Miliband: Your policies fill me with fear, Dispatch International, 7 October 2013, accessed 13 February 2015
===Other contributors with bylines===
Roger Sahlstrom | Kim Moller | Ole Humlim | Birger Silfverstrohm | Ingeborg Olsson | Torben Mark Pederson | Tatjana Jensen | Jannich Kofoed | David Gress | Karin Bengtsdotter
==Contact==
*Website: http://www.d-intl.com/
==Notes==
Category:Counterjihad
Category:Islam Critics
Disraelian Union

The Disraelian Union is a London-based Conservative discussion forum.Alan Mendoza, CentreRight, ConservativeHome, accessed 13 April 2009.
The Union hosted a dinner with Michael Howard on 30 January 2008.Disraelian Union dinner, Eventbrite, accessed 13 April 2009.
==People==
*Alan Mendoza - Co-Founder
*William Duncan Crossey - Co-Founder
==Notes==
Category:UK
Distilled Spirits Council of the United States

The Distilled Spirits Council (DISCUS) is a coalition of alcohol producers within the United States. The aim of the coalition is is to represent distillers in relation to 'policy and legislative issues in our nation’s capital, state capitals and foreign capitals worldwide'. DISCUS About Us, no date, accessed 21st April 2010 DISCUS is a national trade association that plays an active role in promoting the alcohol industry interests in relation to trade policy. 
===Activities===
DISCUS has actively been involved in challening domestic regulations throughout the world. In 2003,DISCUS president testified at a U.S congregational hearing on the proposed US-Chile hearing that would open up the Chilean market for American competitors.Zeigler,D.W (2008), The alcohol industry and trade agreements: a preliminary assessment,Addiction,104:1, 13–26, accessed 21st April 2010. Furthermore, DISCUS claims to have been responsible for the reduction of Romanian Tariffs on US Bourbon.Zeigler,D.W (2008), The alcohol industry and trade agreements: a preliminary assessment,Addiction,104:1, 13–26, accessed 21st April 2010.
===Members===
*Bacardi Ltd
*Beam Global Spirits & Wine, Inc.
*Brown-Forman Corporation
*Constellation Brands, Inc.
*Diageo
*Imperial Brands, Inc
*Luxco, Inc.
*Moet Hennessy USA
*Patrón Spirits Company
*Pernod Ricard USA
*Remy Cointreau USA, Inc
*Sidney Frank Importing Co., Inc.
*Suntory International Corp. DISCUS Member Companies, no date, accessed 21st April 2010
==Notes== 
Category:AlcoholCategory:Alcohol Industry
Ditchley Park

Ditchley Park was built by the second Earl of Litchfield, a member of the Lee family, in 1722 to a design by James Gibbs. It stands on the site of an earlier, timber-framed family house in classic north Oxfordshire wooded farmland, once the royal hunting ground of Wychwood Forest. It is the base for the Ditchley Foundation. The interiors of Ditchley Park were designed by William Kent and Henry Flitcroft. 
Ditchley Park was often used by Winston Churchill and members of the War Cabinet, between 1940-41, as a weekend retreat. In preparation for Churchill's first visit, special telephone lines with a scrambling system were installed. 
==Contact Details==
The Ditchley Foundation
Ditchley Park
Enstone
Chipping Norton
Oxfordshire
United Kingdom
OX7 4ER
Telephone: +44 (0) 1608 667346
Fax: +44 (0) 1608 677399
Email: info@ditchley.co.uk 
==References==
# The Ditchley Foundation, Ditchley Park, http://www.ditchley.co.uk/page/37/ditchley-park.htm
# CotswoldsWebsite.com, Ditchley Park, http://www.cotswoldswebsite.com/ditchley-park.htm#
# The Churchill Centre, 'History Lives at Ditchley and Bletchley', http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=410
# The Ditchley Foundation, Contact Us, http://www.ditchley.co.uk/page/41/contact-us.htm
Diuretics

Diuretics, or "water pills," are used to help relieve fluid retention in the body or for treating high blood pressure. While the medicine is primarily used under medical supervision, it has recently become favored as an extreme weight-loss toolDiuretic Abuse, Diuretic Abuse, The Women's Center for Healthy Living, Accessed 28-January-2010.
==Diuretic use for Weight Loss==
People suffering from Bulimia nervosa have been known to use DiureticsFrancis J. Dunne, Sean Feeney and Johanna Schipperheijn, Eating disorders and alcohol misuse: features of an addiction spectrum, Postgrad Med J (1991) 67, 112- 113. These medications were never developed for weight loss reasons and as such, can lead to many potential health risks. Some of the common diuretics abused by people suffering from eating disorders include:
*Thiazide Diuretics 
*Bendrofluazide
*Chlorothiazide
*Chlorothalidone
*Loop Diuretics
*Burnetanide
*Frusemide
*Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
*Amiloride
*Spironolactone
*TriatereneDiuretic Abuse, Diuretic Abuse, The Women's Center for Healthy Living, Accessed 28-January-2010.
==Notes==
Category:Addictions
Dixons

Dixons is a major electricals retailer. According to the Mail on Sunday:
:Dixons, which includes the Currys, PC World and The Link brands, has already made serious inroads on the Continent.
:In 1999, it bought Scandinavian computer and electrical appliances retailer Elkjop, turning it into the leader in its field in Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
:Dixons has also moved into Hungary and the Czech Republic and last year it paid GBP 230 million for Italian retailer UniEuro. (Mail on Sunday, February 2, 2003)
In May 2014 Dixons and Carphone Warehouse agreed on a £3.8 billion merger.Juliette Garside and Sean Farrell, 'Carphone Warehouse and Dixons agree £3.8bn merger', The Guardian, 15 May 2014.
==Affiliations==
Dixons Group plc was a donor to the Science Media Centre from April 2003 to October 2004 according to the SMC.Data from Internet Archive holdings of the Science Media Centre website, 2002-2013. 
*Apr 2003 http://web.archive.org/web/20030625193943/http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/aboutus/fundingsystem.html
*Nov 2003 http://web.archive.org/web/20040214043237/http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/funding.htm
*Oct 2004 http://web.archive.org/web/20041205182639/http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/funding.htm ; and http://web.archive.org/web/20051029205959/http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/funding.htm
==Notes==
Category:retail IndustryCategory: Science Media Centre
Diána Bánáti

Professor Diána Bánáti is a former chair of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). 
Bánáti was forced to resign over her links to the GM industry via the powerful lobbying group the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI).Sean Poulter (2012), EU watchdog forced out over links to 'Frankenstein food' firms, Daily Mail, 5 May 2012, accessed 12 January 2013
Bánáti took up a new post as executive and scientific director of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) on 1 July 2012.Martin Banks (2012), Former EFSA chairwoman defends 'transparency' of under-fire EU agency, The Parliament, 9 May 2012, accessed 12 January 2013
==Affiliations==
==Conflict of interest==
==Contact==
==Notes==
Bánáti, Diána 
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Dodge Company

The Dodge Company calls itself "the world's leading supplier of embalming chemicals".About, Dodge Co website, acc 29 Mar 2010 Its executive office is in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, and it has subsidiaries in the UK and Canada, as well as elsewhere in the US.Directory, Dodge Co website, acc 29 Mar 2010
==Lobbying activities==
The Dodge Company joined other funeral groups, including the National Association of Funeral Directors, in "a series of briefings with influential members of the European Parliament and European Commission in Brussels".NAFD makes headway on European funeral issues, NAFD website, undated, acc 29 Mar 2010
One of the issues discussed at these meetings was the Biocides Directive, a European regulation designed to protect the public from harmful biocidal substances such as formaldehyde, which is routinely used in embalming. The directive is also intended to harmonize formaldehyde's regulation across the whole of Europe. The Centre for Natural Burial reports that the funeral industry fears that the directive "could put makers of embalming fluid out of business and threaten the livelihoods of those who practice the craft". It is estimated that there are 2,500 to 3,000 embalmers throughout Europe. All of them, in some way or another, are affected by the directive.Parmalee, Thomas A., Biocides Directive Causes Storm Of Controversy, Centre for Natural Burial website, Sept 30 2007, acc 29 Mar 2010
The directive, it is feared, may mean that embalming fluid manufacturers will have to pay for a variety of safety tests. Adrian Haler, managing director of the U.K. subsidiary of the Dodge Company, the leading supplier of embalming fluid to funeral homes in the United States, said, “I don’t think it’s likely anyone could afford to get the tests done. ... They are talking about 350,000 pounds (about $654,500) for the tests necessary. And if you bump up the price for the chemical, no one will buy it.”Parmalee, Thomas A., Biocides Directive Causes Storm Of Controversy, Centre for Natural Burial website, Sept 30 2007, acc 29 Mar 2010
==References==
Category:Funeral Industry