Melville Sahyun

Lebanese-American biochemist Melville Sahyun (born 1895 in Obei, Lebanon) was the son of a notable Beirut physician, Dr. Fares Sahyoun. He graduated in 1916 (B.A., biology) from the American University of Beirut (AUB). He then served there as an instructor for three years. T. Maurice, “Melville Sahyun, leader in medical chemistry, nutrition”, Santa Barbara News-Press, March 9, 1958. In 1919, he was appointed to the Secretariat of the Commandant of the British Mediterranean Navy (Army and Navy of occupation) and assigned to the office of the S/S Prince Line in Beirut; he was later transferred to Cairo. In the latter two assignments he was responsible to British intelligence and, according to his own account, served as “eyes and ears” for them. 
In 1923, he emigrated to the United States, in part because he did not want to spend his life in such a violence-prone society as was Lebanon at that time. Wm. McClure Thomson,Wm. M. Thomson, The Land and the Book, vol. 1, Harpers, New York, 1859. one of the founders of AUB, writes that Lebanon “...has always been subject to revolutions, invasions and calamities of various kinds; ...a feeling of insecurity hovers over the land like a dismal spectre.” In the United States Melville initially joined his uncle Nicolás Rayes, who was a woodcarver and violin maker, in Santa Barbara.M. R. V. Sahyun, “ Nicolas Rayes—an Early Santa Barbara Luthier”, Ancestors West, 2014, 39, vol 1, p 29. He there began his scientific career, which can be divided into three phases,M. R. V. Sahyun, “Melville Sahyun—a life in biochemistry”. Bull. Hist. Chem. 2019, 43(2), 111-124. namely diabetes research, nutritional role of proteins and amino acids, and drug discovery.
While in Santa Barbara he met Geraldine Valde (1905-1999). They married in 1935, and had one son, Melville Richard. 
==Diabetes Research==
His involvement in research in the area began when he joined the Potter Metabolic Laboratory of Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, which had recently come under the direction of Dr. William Sansum. At that time treatment of diabetes with insulin had just been developed at University of Toronto, and Dr. Sansum was the first US physician to successfully treat a terminally-ill diabetic patient with insulin, isolated in this case in Sansum’s own laboratory. Under the direction of Dr. Sansum’s chief chemist, Dr. Norman Blatherwick, Sahyun’s research had to do with both preparation and standardization of insulin. As a result of guidance and encouragement from Prof. John Mcleod, in whose laboratory in Toronto the first therapeutic insulin had been prepared, Melville decided on a career in biochemistry, rather than in clinical medicine, which had been his father’s intent for him. W. A. Tompkins, Continuing Quest, Sansum Medical Research Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, 1977.
Consequently, Sahyun undertook graduate studies at Stanford University and received the Ph.D. degree from Stanford in 1930, where he subsequently continued as an instructor for three years. In 1934, he joined the laboratories of pharmaceutical manufacturer Frederick Stearns & Co. in Detroit, Michigan. Sahyun continued his insulin research there, exploiting the work of AbelJ. J. Abel, “Crystalline insulin”, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1926, 12, 132-6; J. J. Abel, E. M. K. Geiling, C. A. Rouiller, et al. , “Crystalline insulin”, J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap., 1927, 31, 65-85. , who had succeeded in crystallizing insulin in 1926, to develop an industrially feasible process for producing an insulin product that was pure, stable and of reproducible potency. M. Sahyun, US Patent 2,174,862 (1939); M. Sahyun, “Crystalline Insulin”, J. Med. Assoc. Georgia, 1939, 28, 39-42. 
==Proteins and Amino Acids in Nutrition==
Driven by the exigencies of the World War II situation the Stearns Company became involved, at the government’s behest, in efforts to develop a nutritional supplement to facilitate the recovery of war-wounded combatants, as well as malnourished prisoners of war and, later, Holocaust survivors. Melville Sahyun was put in charge of this effort and, as background, documented the state of knowledge as to the human consequences of protein deficiency in a landmark review article. M. Sahyun, “Protein deficiency in man”, Amer. J. Dig. Dis., 1946, 13, 59-73. The resulting amino acid formulation became known commercially as ParenamineTM.Frederick Stearns and Company, Prevention and correction of protein malnutrition with Parenamine, Stearns, Detroit, MI, 1954; available at https://books.google.com/books/about/Prevention_and_Correction_of_Protein_Mal.html?id=feZ2tQEACAAJ, accessed May 2, 2018. An important theme in Sahyun’s development of this supplement was the awareness of the physiological need for simultaneous availability of all amino acids required for protein biosynthesis.M. Womack and C. F. Kade, in M. Sahyun, Ed., Outline of the Amino Acids and Proteins, op. cit., chap. XII.
In the mid-1940s the Stearns enterprise was acquired by Sterling Drug, of which Melville became a vice-president. Both Melville and Geraldine Sahyun desired strongly to return to California, and after Melville failed to convince Sterling management to establish a research facility on the West Coast, he resigned to become a “Chemist Consultant”.T. Maurice, “Melville Sahyun, leader in medical chemistry, nutrition”, Santa Barbara News-Press, March 9, 1958. 
==Drug Discovery==
In 1949, Melville Sahyun decided on a new career direction, emphasizing drug discovery. He formed an independent research organization, Sahyun Laboratories, and had a building especially designed and built for this work in Santa Barbara. The structure is now the home of the Sahyun Library of the Santa Barbara County Genealogical Society, having been donated to that organization by the Sahyun family in 1998.S. Cappon, Santa Barbara News-Press, October 21, 1998. 
The new organization was highly productive and over 50 patentable inventions resulted from the work at Sahyun Laboratories.T. Maurice, Melville Sahyun, leader in medical chemistry, nutrition. Santa Barbara News-Press, March 9, 1958. Perhaps the most successful molecule was tetrahydrozoline, an anti-inflammatory agent.“Tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride”, http://www.pharmacompass.com/health-canada-drug-product-database, accessed May 2, 2018. It was initially the basis of a nasal decongestant, TyzineTM, marketed by Chas. Pfizer & Co.“Tyzine”, https://www.drugs.com/pro/tyzine.html, accessed April 21, 2017. Sahyun personally formulated it into an ophthalmic preparation, motivated by the irritation that their son was experiencing from swimming pool chemicals. It was taken over and marketed by Pfizer & Co. under the now well-known trade name, VisineTM. Geraldine coined the slogan later employed by Pfizer marketing, “It gets the red out”, over the dinner table one night, after seeing the formulation’s successful reduction of inflammation owing to swimming pool chemicals in her son’s eyes.T. Maurice, “Melville Sahyun, leader in medical chemistry, nutrition”, Santa Barbara News-Press, March 9, 1958. 
The final successful product to emerge from Sahyun Laboratories was DariconTM, chemically oxyphencyclimine. It is an anticholinergic drug (interferes with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine), and was marketed, starting in 1958, also by Chas. Pfizer and Co., as an antispasmodic drug for the treatment of peptic ulcers and gastrointestinal spasms. It has been discontinued in the United States, as peptic ulcers are now treated with antibiotics, but it is still marketed worldwide for certain other applications.“Oxyphencyclimine”, https://drugs.ncats.io/drug/4V44H1O8XI, accessed December 28, 2020. 
==Final Years==
Melville Sahyun formally retired and closed his enterprise in 1973. He died in Santa Barbara in 1977 of cardiovascular complications.https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/90317064/melville-sahyun#source, accessed July 23, 2023. The blood thinners which might have presented his heart attack were contraindicated on the basis of his peptic ulcer. And ironically, DariconTM, the medication he developed for peptic ulcers, was contraindicated by his cardiovascular complications. It was, of course, not known until 1983 that peptic ulcers are the result of bacterial infection,G. Watts, “Nobel prize is awarded to doctors who discovered H. pylori”, Brit. Med. J. 2008, 331, 795; doi: 10.1136/bmj.331.7520.795. a piece of medical detective work that was also recognized with the Nobel Prize. Had antibiotic treatment for the ulcer been available in 1977, Melville’s cardiovascular symptoms would have been treatable. 
Category:1895 births
Category:Lebanese American
Category:American University of Beirut alumni
Category:Biochemists