nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008

The Housing and Economic Recovery Act is a law that was enacted with the aim of helping an estimated 400,000 borrowers in danger of losing their homes, enabling these individuals to refinance into more affordable government-insured mortgages. The law, signed into effect on July 30, 2008.
The hope was that the legislation would strengthen and modernize the regulation of the housing government-sponsored enterprises – Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (the enterprises) and the Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLBs or Banks) – and expands the housing mission of these government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs).
The program began on Oct. 1, 2008 and will end on Sept. 30, 2011.
== Background ==
H.R. 3221, the “Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008,” passed the House on July 23, 2008, by a vote of 272-152. On Saturday, July 26, 2008, the Senate passed the bill by a vote of 72-13. The President signed the bill on July 30, 2008.
The bill includes the following provisions:
*GSE Reform
*FHA Reform
*Mortgage Revenue Bond Authority
*LIHTC 
*The Neighborhood Stabilization Program 
 
== Resources ==
 NAR Summary of Key Provisions of H.R. 3221 - The Housing Stimulus Bill
== References ==
Category:Legislation
Houston Mercantile Exchange LLC

Houston Mercantile Exchange LLC (HMX) is an independent online commodity exchange developed for trade of midstream energy, feedstocks, chemicals, plastics and metals.
HMX announced in November of 2008 that in connection with a new offering of cleared over-the-counter (OTC) products by the CME Group, HMX would list five new Natural Gas Liquid (NGL) products and two new plastics products for trading on the HMX OTC platform. The new contracts would be electronically submitted for clearing in real time to ClearPort.
The Houston Mercantile Exchange LLC is a registered user of NYMEX ClearPort Clearing.
 
== Products and Services ==
*Petrochemicals
*Natural Gas Liquids 
*Commodity Polymers
*Metals
=== Natural Gas Liquids ===
*Ethane 
*Propane 
*Iso & Normal Butane 
*Natural Gasoline 
=== Petrochemicals === 
*Benzene 
*Toluene 
*Mixed Xylene 
*Paraxylene 
*Styrene 
*Ethylene 
*Propylene 
*Methanol 
=== Commodity Polymers ===
*Polyethylene 
*LLDPE 
*HDPE 
*LDPE 
*Polypropylene 
*PET
=== OTC ===
*Ethane Swap - Mt. Belvieu, TX - Oil Price Information Service (OPIS) 
*Normal Butane Swap - Mt. Belvieu, TX - OPIS 
*Iso Butane Swap - Mt. Belvieu, TX - OPIS 
*Natural Gasoline Swap - Mt. Belvieu, TX - OPIS 
*Propane Swap - Conway, KS - OPIS 
*High Density Polyethylene - Houston, TX - Physical 
*Polypropylene - Houston, TX - Physical
 
== History ==
== Key People ==
* Eric T. Paulsen, President & CEO; 
* Michael G. Ereli, Executive Vice President & COO
* Cynthia Wigren, Vice President – Market Development & Strategic Planning
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Over the Counter Trading Companies
Category:OTC Trading
Howard A. Stotler

Howard Arthur Stotler Jr. was a member of the Chicago futures community for many years. His firm, Stotler & Co., which was part of a group of old family firms that dominated the industry in the middle part of the century, ceased operations in 1990. He died on Aug. 25, 2008, at the age of 94. 
==Background==
As a member of the NFA Organizing Committee, Stotler was a powerful champion for the establishment of the industrywide self-regulatory organization.
He also served as a member of the board of directors of the Futures Industry Association for many years, and in the role of FIA chairman for two terms in the early 1980s, during which the Hunt brothers attempted to manipulate silver prices. The FIA devoted considerable energy to building the industry’s image in Washington and opposing federal margin controls, and Stotler was a central force in this effort, personally meeting with President Jimmy Carter and Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker to explain the industry’s view on the attempted manipulation and the appropriate federal response.
In 2005, Stotler was inducted into the Futures Industry Association's Futures Hall of Fame, which was established in 2005 to commemorate outstanding contrributions to the global futures and options community. 
== Patron of the Arts ==
Stotler was a renowned patron of the arts and a distinguished member of the Lyric Opera family, having begun a long and noteworthy association with the company as a member of the Lyric Opera Chorus, performing in the 1976 performances of Die Meistersinger. 
Stotler served on both the Lyric Board of Directors and the Ryan Opera Center Board. He sponsored numerous Ryan Opera Center singers, nurturing their talents and careers. His significant contribution to Lyric's Building on Greatness Capital Campaign was recognized by the naming of the Howard A. Stotler Chorus Lounge. His generous gift to Lyric's Look to the Future Endowment Campaign was acknowledged by the naming of the Howard A. Stotler Chorus Master Endowed Chair. 
Stotler was also an active supporter of the Lake Forest Symphony and served as a Ravinia Board of Life Trustee. 
==Education==
Stotler attended the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, where he was the editor of the school’s yearbook, the Illio in 1937.
==Registration Information==
 
== References ==	
Category:Futures Hall of Fame Members
Category:NFA Board of Directors - Former Members
Category:Deceased
Category:FIA - Former Board Members
Howard Davies

__NOTOC__ 
Sir Howard Davies currently chairman of insurance business Phoenix and heads the UK government-appointed Airports Commission. He is also the former head of the UK's Financial Services Authority. 
Davies is set to become the next chairman of Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) on August 31, 2015 when the current chairman Sir Philip Hampton steps down to join GlaxoSmithKline. 
== Background ==
Davies previously held positions on the board of Morgan Stanley and the advisory board of RBS unit NatWest.
== Education ==
== References ==
Howard I. Atkins

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Howard I. Atkins is senior executive vice president and chief financial officer for Wells Fargo & Co.. He is responsible for the company’s financial management functions, its investment portfolios, and its corporate properties functions. He joined the company in 2001.
He is a member of the American Banker CFO Advisory Board, the Financial Executives Institute, and the Conference Board. He also is a director of Ingram Micro, the largest IT distributor in the world.
== Background ==
Previously, he was executive vice-president and chief financial officer of New York Life Insurance Company, responsible for financial management and information technology.
Before joining New York Life in 1996, he was chief financial officer at Midlantic Corporation before its merger with PNCBank Corp. He helped design and oversee Midlantic’s financial restructuring, taking the company from near bankruptcy to one with among the best operating margins, productivity levels and capital ratios in commercial banking in the United States at that time.
He also spent 17 years at Chase Manhattan Bank, where he rose to corporate treasurer. During his tenure at Chase, he was responsible for asset liability management, capital planning, funding, and investments and interest rate insurance products. He spent four years in Europe with responsibility for Chase’s foreign exchange and capital markets business.
== Education ==
Atkins received a B.S. degree in mathematics from City College, New York, and his master’s degree in economics from Ohio State University.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Howard J. Siegel

__NOTOC__ 
Howard J. Siegel is an independent trader. He has served as a member of the CME Group board since 2000. 
== Background ==
Siegel began his trading career in 1978 at Moccatta Metals in its Class B arbitrage operations filling orders. 
Siegel has been a member of CME for more than 25 years, and an independent trader since 1977. In 1980, he moved to the cattle pit and filled orders there until 1982. 
He was also a partner and officer of a futures commission merchant during this time until he sold his interest in 1990.
Siegel is the secretary and treasurer of the CME Group Foundation. He also chairs the CME Group clearing house oversight committee. He is a member of the CME Group risk committee and a member of the executive committee. 
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category:CME Members
Category:CME Group Board
Category:Independent Traders
Category:Bios - Executives
Howard Packowitz

__NOTOC__
Howard Packowitz is a Chicago-based freelance print and broadcast reporter.
== Background ==
Previously, he was a reporter for Dow Jones Newswires, covering financial exchanges and the U.S. Treasury bond market.
He is also a former WJBC reporter.
== Education ==
He studied journalism at Illinois State University.
== Resources ==
*Howard Packowitz LinkedIn Page
== References ==	
Category:Journalists
Category:Dow Jones - Former Employees
Howard Shelanski

Bold text__NOTOC__ 
Howard Shelanski joined the law firm Davis Polk in August 2011, focusing on antitrust and regulatory matters. He will continue on as a faculty member of Georgetown University, where he's been since 2011, teaching and researching antitrust, regulation and telecommunications policy.
== Background ==
Shelanksi has an extensive career as an antitrust regulator. He was a former economist at the Federal Trade Commission and the Federal Communications Commission. He was also a senior economist for the President's Council of Economic Advisors at the White House.
He began his career as a clerk for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit and the U.S. District Court in Philadelphia. He also clerked for Justice Antonin Scalia of the United States Supreme Court. 
He joined the law firm Kellogg Huber Hansen Todd & Evans before joining the Berkeley faculty in 1997, where he received the Berkeley Law's Rutter Award for Teaching Distinction. 
== Education ==
Shelanski received his J.D. from the University of California at Berkeley in 1992. He went on to earn his Ph.D. in economics at Berkeley in 1993. 
 
== References ==
Howard Simons

__NOTOC__ 
Howard Simons is owner and president of Rosewood Trading.
He was previously a market strategist with Bianco Research, LLC. 
He was an active contributor to a variety of publications, including Active Trader, Currency Trader, SFO, Futures/Modern Trader, TheStreet.com and Minyanville, publishing close to 1,600 articles between 1994 and 2017. He is the author of The Dynamic Options Selection System: Analyzing Markets & Managing Risk (John Wiley & sons, 1999).
== Background ==
Simons was special academic advisor to NQLX, a now defunct securities futures exchange. 
Also previously, Simons was director of research at Fimat USA, a risk manager and public policy economist for Amoco and manager of econometric analysis at Transworld Oil.
Simons has served as an economist, oil trader, trading systems designer, director of research and professor of finance. He writes on macroeconomic and financial market topics including fixed-income, commodities, currencies, derivatives and equity markets and consults for a wide variety of financial industry organizations.
== Education ==
Simons received a master's degree in business administration, concentrating in finance and econometrics, from the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business. He received a master's degree in international economics from the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, and holds a bachelor's degree in international relations from Johns Hopkins. 
== Published Books and Articles ==
* The Dynamic Option Selection System: Analyzing Markets & Managing Risk (John Wiley & Sons, 1999) 
* Active Trader articles
* Minyanville articles
== References ==	
Category:Market Analysts
Howard Stone

__NOTOC__ 
Howard Stone is a senior advisor with Urban Retail Properties, LLC. On Nov. 19, 2009, he was elected a Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) board director.
Stone has served on the board of advisors for the Catholic Theological Union. 
== Background ==
Until his retirement in March 2005, Stone was a senior managing director of American Express Tax and Business Services. Prior to that, he served continually from 1957 to 1998 in various roles for the certified public accounting firm of Altschuler, Melvoin and Glasser LLP, most recently as the senior partner. He also held the title of managing partner there from 1981 to 1998.
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:CBOE
Category:Urban Retail Properties
Howey test

The Howey test is an artifact of U.S. securities law that dates from 1946. It is used to test whether a financial instrument or investment scheme constitutes a security. It is also used to analyze whether cryptocurrencies, initial coin offerings, digital assets, etc. constitute a security - and is hence a "security token" - for legal and regulatory purposes under U.S law.
== Background ==
The Howey test derives from the application of several findings by the U.S. Supreme Court regarding a case involving a land investment scheme (an orange orchard) in Florida in 1946. In U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") versus W.J. Howey Co. the court found that the Howey Company had violated the U.S. Securities Act of 1933 by not registering as securities the investment contracts that it was offering to members of the public. In his opinion for the majority Judge Frank Murphy, among other things, formulated the test, writing, "The test is whether the scheme involves an investment of money in a common enterprise with profits to come solely from the efforts of others."
== The SEC and the DAO ==
The DAO was a venture capital fund established in 2016 in Germany to make investments in entities designing technologies that exploit smart contract technologies on the Ethereum platform. About $50 million in Ether tokens were stolen from the fund shortly after it was established. A year later, on July 17, 2017, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission published an investigative report because participation in the DAO's schemes had been offered and sold to U.S. residents. The report provides a comprehensive description of the establishment and organization of the DAO and notes that by doing business with U.S. residents the DAO likely violated the federal securities laws in a number of ways. According to the agency, DAO tokens would have been securities under the Howey test and they should have been registered and offered pursuant to the Commission's regulations. In addition, the Commission indicated that platforms where the DAO tokens were traded probably should have been registered as securities exchanges or other regulated facilities unless there were relevant exemptions available.
== References ==	
Category:Cryptocurrency
Category:Digital Assets
Category:Definitions
Category:Regulation
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Hsiao Hsin-Chen

Hsiao Hsin-Chen is a Taiwanese politician. He is known as Taiwan's first-ever candidate to accept political donations in the form of bitcoin.
== Background ==
Hsiao Hsin-Chen is a member of Taiwan's New Power Party (NPP), a left-leaning political party founded in 2015 that aims to eventually rewrite the country's constitution to include more democratic oversight in its political system. It also strives to eventually eliminate the country's current ruling party, the Kuomintang (KMT), which the NPP views as an "undemocratic, pre-modern political party."
Hsiao was a candidate for Taipei city council. He announced in August 2018 that his campaign would be open to accepting donations in cryptocurrency. In September, Hsiao announced that he had accepted what was at the time $325 worth of bitcoin, which is the country's limit for "non-cash" political donations. This made him the first politician in Taiwan's history to publicly accept cryptocurrency donations for a campaign.
== References ==
Category: digital assets
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: bitcoin
Category: People
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Hsieh Fu Hua

Hsieh Fu Hua is a Singapore-based financial services executive and industry advisor who is the chairman of ACR Capital Holdings Pte Ltd, an advisor to the Prime Partners Group, which he co-founded. 
He also serves on the board of GIC and Grab Holdings. He is a member of the GIC board's human resource and organization committee
Hsieh is the former CEO of the Singapore Exchange Limited (SGX). He was appointed to that role in January 2003 and joined the Singapore Exchange and its board in March of that year. He left in 2009 and was succeeded by Magnus Böcker.
== Background ==
Hsieh was previously managing partner of PrimePartners, a Singapore-based private equity group, and group managing director of BNP Prime Peregrine Group in Hong Kong. Before founding PrimePartners in 1993, he was chief executive of Morgan Grenfell Asia Holdings Pte Ltd which he joined in 1974.
He previously served on the board of the government investment agency Temasek Holdings from 2010 to 2012. Hsieh also served as the non-executive chairman of United Overseas Bank (UOB).
== Affiliations == 
Haieh is active in the Singapore community, serving on the boards of not-for-profit organizations including chairing the National University of Singapore, National Gallery Singapore, the Stewardship Asia Centre, and the National University Health System (wef 1 January 2019).
He is also chairman of SIM Pte Ltd (a subsidiary of the Singapore Institute of Management). 
== Education ==
Hsieh graduated in 1974 from the University of Singapore in Business Administration. 
== References ==	
Category:Exchange CEOs
Hu Liang

Hu Liang is an American entrepreneur. He is the founder and CEO of Omniex.
==Background==
Hu Liang started his career at the IBM Almaden Research Center after graduating from Rutgers University and the Haas School of Business at UC Berkeley. He attempted to launch a security startup called Forion before moving on to Currenex, a company that designs and manages a large-scale Internet-based FX platform for institutional traders and high-frequency markets. The State Street Corporation later acquired Currenex in 2007. Liang designed Currenex's automated trading platform. Liang later spent four years in Hong Kong overseeing State Street Bank's FX platforms and data services before becoming the bank's SVP, as well as the founder of its Emerging Technologies Center, which focused on developing crypto, blockchain, and other technologies.
Liang left his position at State Street to found "Project Omni," which later became Omniex. He told Coindesk that the purpose of creating Omniex was to meet rising demand for institutional investors to have "traditional" software applications with which to make large investments in digital assets.
==Education==
Hu Liang has a BS in Electrical Engineering from Rutgers University and an MBA from the Haas School of Business at UC Berkeley.
== References ==
Category: digital assets
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: altcoins
Category: People
Category: fintech
Category: trading
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Huang Hongyuan

__NOTOC__ 
Huang Hongyuan is the chairman and president of the Shanghai Stock Exchange. He has served in that position since September 2012, having previously been deputy president at the exchange.
Huang has also been the executive vice president of the Bank of Communications since December 2022.
== Background ==
Huang Hongyuan is a veteran securities regulator. He was appointed chairman of the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 2018, filling the vacancy left by Wu Qing.
== Education ==
He obtained a Bachelor's degree in Electronic Engineering from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1986 and a Master of Finance degree from the PBC School of Finance, Tsinghua University in 1992. He also obtained a Master of Finance degree from Imperial College London in 2001 and a Ph.D.in Economics from the School of Finance of Renmin University of China in 1998.
== References ==
Hudson River Trading

Hudson River Trading (HRT) is a high frequency trading firm based in New York City. It trades equities, futures, options, currencies and fixed income on over 100 markets worldwide. It was founded in 2002 by Jason Carroll, a 37-year-old computer scientist, and four others. 
According to HRT, the firm differs from most HFT firms in that instead of closing flat every day it holds about 25 percent of its trading capital overnight. Also, it has an average holding time for a security of about five minutes, as opposed to milliseconds. HRT also does less than 1 percent of its trading in dark pools.
== History ==
The company was founded by Jason Carroll, Suhas Daftuar, and Alex Morcos, who graduated from Harvard and MIT with degrees in computer science and mathematics. They started the company by pooling their modest savings and renting a tiny office in lower Manhattan overlooking the Hudson (hence the name).
HRT announced in January 2018 that it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire the Chicago-based market making firm Sun Trading.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Jason Carroll, Co-Founder and Director
*Adam Nunes, Head of Business Development
== References ==
Hugh Evans

__NOTOC__ 
Hugh Evans is the chief financial officer of TwoFour Systems.
== Background ==
Prior to TwoFour, Evans worked for Exel PLC for 10 years, most recently serving as chief financial officer of their global freight forwarding business. His career has been with businesses providing consulting and technology services to large international clients. Evans has worked in Europe and Asia as well in as the United States.
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:TwoFour Holdings
Hugh Flannery

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Hugh Flannery is an executive director at Morgan Stanley. He manages the North American sales and trading division for listed derivatives and oversees the Chicago Futures and Options operations. 
== Background ==
Flannery has been with Morgan Stanley since 1986. He is a member of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, the Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Board Options Exchange. He is also on the Chicago Advisory Board at Back On My Feet, a non profit organization that helps the homeless become self sufficient. 
 
== Education ==
Flannery graduated with a bachelors of science in political science from Spring Hill College in 1983. He received his MBA in financial markets and trading from Illinois Institute of Technology in 1997.
== References ==	
Category:Morgan Stanley
Hugo Jenkins

__NOTOC__ 
Hugo Jenkins is a derivatives industry professional who spent 16 years at the Futures & Options Association, now FIA Europe in London.
Jenkins served most recently as senior vice president of strategic solutions for the FIA.
He currently serves on the board of Ancoa, an exchange-trading focused technology firm.
In 2017, Jenkins was inducted into the Futures Industry Association's Futures Hall of Fame, which was established in 2005 to commemorate outstanding contributions to the global futures and options community,. 
== Background ==
While at FOA, Jenkins focused on issues related to policy, operations, compliance and business advisory services related to trading, execution, clearing and risk management.
Jenkins worked at LIFFE, now part of ICE, in business development. He has also been an options broker with GNI and with Merrill Lynch in a sales role.
== Education ==
*University of Reading, 1980 – 1983
*Tonbridge School, 1974 – 1979
== References ==	
Category:Futures Hall of Fame Members