nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
DCCWiki

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==What is a DCCWiki?==
DCCWiki is an encyclopedia for DCC written collaboratively by many of its readers, meaning articles can be added or changed by nearly anyone. Lots of people are constantly improving DCCWiki, all of which are recorded. Nonsense and vandalism are usually removed quickly, and their creators are banned.
The DCCWiki project began on October 28, 2005 is now operated by Mitch Schwenk using MediaWiki software. DCCWiki currently has articles. 
Don't have an account? Create a free account now and start contributing!
DCCWiki is built on the belief that collaboration among users will improve articles over time, in much the same way that open-source software develops. This collaborative model allows for the rapid updating of existing topics and the introduction of new topics. Article contributors and authors do not need any expertise or formal qualifications in the subjects that they edit. Users are warned that their contributions may be "edited mercilessly and redistributed at will" by anyone who so wishes. Its articles are not controlled by any particular user or editorial group, and decision-making on the content and editorial policies of DCCWiki is instead done by consensus and occasionally vote. In the event an article, topic, etc, cannot be agreed upon, Mitch Schwenk will make the final call after reviewing material from multiple sources and considering user's suggestions.
==How can I help?==
Don't be afraid to edit pages on wiki. Anyone can edit, and we encourage users to be bold...but don't be reckless! Find something that can be improved, either in content, grammar, or formatting, then fix it. Worried about breaking the Wiki or it's content? Don't be: it can always be fixed or improved later. So go ahead, edit an article and help make DCCWiki the best source of information for DCC-related topics on the Internet! Please note that wiki has no specific spelling: American English and Commonwealth English are both used and accepted.
Editing is very easy:
# Login
# Click the pencil in the top right navigation bar.
# Enter some changes or create a new page.
# Click "Submit" at the bottom of the page to save your writing, or "Preview" to test your changes. 
== Why was this created? ==
Originally, when Mitch was just learning about DCC he added whatever information he learned to his personal wiki. After growing in size, he decided to create DCCWiki and migrate related pages to it.
DCCWiki book outline

Due to the nature of Wiki's, this is not a complete listing of this website. Consider this page a "jumping point" to get you started, or as a quick index. Also, you will find links to many other topics within these topics.
==Understanding the basics==
* Introduction to DCC - DCC Tutorial
* DCC advantage over DC - Why DCC is better than DC power.
* DCC versus Radio Control - Why DCC is better than R/C.
* Selecting a system - Help you select a DCC system right for you.
* Terms - Terms used throughout this website.
* Components of a standard DCC system:
** Command Station - Controls your DCC layout.
** Boosters - Getting power and signals to trains.
** Decoders - Includes stationary and mobile types.
** Power supplies - Getting power from standard electrical outlet to your booster.
** Throttles - Control your trains.
*** Throttle Network - Connecting your throttles to the layout.
**** LocoNet - Digitrax's throttle network - used to connect various components of a Digitrax system together.
**** XpressNet - Lenz's throttle network - used to connect Lenz, and compatable, components together.
==Intermediate Topics==
Should include things like layout wiring, typical decoder installations, helper operations, basic decoder programming.
* Decoder installation - How to install a DCC decoder into a locomotive.
* Stationary decoder wiring - How to wire various stationary decoders, etc.
** Stationary decoder wiring#Wiring switches - Wiring switches
* Soldering - Tips and techniques on soldering for model railroading
* Track wiring - Suggestions on wiring tracks, wire selection, tips/hints.
==Advanced Topics==
* Animation - Controlling animation with DCC
* Configuration variables - How a decoder stores data. 
* Connecting your computer to DCC - Introduction to getting computers interfaced with DCC layouts
* DCC Software - Software for DCC - operations and/or programming
* MU consisting - Running more than one locomotive in a train.
* Signaling - How to wire signals, crossing gates, etc.
* Software - Software for model railroading
* Sound - Bring realism to your layout with sound.
==Expert Topics==
* Do-It-Yourself - Building DCC components from scratch - boosters, command stations, etc.
==Appendix 1 - FAQs==
* FAQ - Frequently asked questions
* Manufacturer Specific FAQs
** Digitrax
==Appendix 2 - Other topics in Model Railroading==
* Binary - Binary notation - bits
DCC Friendly Turnout/Demystifying The NMRA Standards

Here Tim Warris from Fast Tracks uses CAD animation and graphics to help explain just how the NMRA standards work.
=== Demystifying The NMRA Standards - Part 1 of 4 ===
=== Demystifying The NMRA Standards - Part 2 of 4 ===
=== Demystifying The NMRA Standards - Part 3 of 4 ===
=== Demystifying The NMRA Standards - Part 4 of 4 ===
DCC Multifunction Decoder Comparison

There are many decoders from many manufacturers. Although we would like to think this list is complete, don't assume it is. If you find another model, please add it to the list.
Please see the decoders page for more details about what these are used for.
==Multifunction Decoder Comparison Charts==
=== G / O ===
=== HO ===
=== TT ===
=== N ===
=== Z ===
==See Also==
Decoders
Category:Comparisons
Category:Multifunction Decoder Features
DCC Power/Summary

Some Notes on Digital Command Control
The encoding method for digital data onto the track power employed by command control systems based upon the NMRA Digital Command Control Standard provides a much greater signal-to-noise ratio than methods utilized by many other command control systems. If there is sufficient power to operate a locomotive, there is adequate signal amplitude for operation of a decoder.
The designers for the DCC Standard were aware of the difficulties that users of some command control systems experienced with inadequate wiring. Therefore a number of tests with intentionally bad wiring practices were conducted. If the locomotive could receive sufficient power to operate, the DCC signal was strong enough for reliable operation.
At ≈10KHz, the DCC signal is essentially immune from problems such as reflections and standing-waves, which the higher frequency tone systems can experience. The DCC specification requires that decoders reject signals greater than 100 KHz. All the useful DCC signal information is below 100 KHz, and the behaviour of wiring at frequencies greater than 100 KHz is irrelevant to DCC operation..
Telephone companies and LANs provide data communications at frequencies in excess of 10 MHz over an ordinary unshielded copper twisted-pair wiring.
At frequencies greater than 100 KHz, the controlled impedance and proper termination of transmission lines is far more important than the skin-effect. The impact on conductivity by the skin-effect is insignificant below 100 MHz.
Model railroaders should always provide adequate wiring to minimize voltage loss between power sources and operating locomotives, whether they are using command control or not. Many model railroads do not have adequate wiring. Digital Command Control systems do not require special wiring to work. As with ordinary analog operation, inadequate wiring will cause poor locomotive performance. Since multiple locomotives share the same wiring with DCC, the effect of inadequate wiring includes the slowing of one locomotive when another nearby loco draws current.
Category:DCC
Category:Electrical
Category:Electronics
Category:Trackwork
Category: Decoder Features
Category:Booster
DCC Sniffer

=== Data Packet Analysis ===
left|frame|DCC signal on the rails
In this application, the sniffer's output goes to another device, such as a computer or a handheld analyser. Software then processes the DCC data stream to extract information which is presented in a human readable form.
For example, it could extract a multifunction decoder packet and display details such as Address, Functions, Direction and Speed. It could be used to troubleshoot issues such as poor decoder response or determine that the signal is of poor quality resulting in excessive errors being generated.
=== Booster Interface ===
A more recent application is to bridge between DCC systems with incompatible throttle networks. The sniffer will provide the DCC data (at logic levels) to the input of a command station or booster via its Sniffer Input. This avoids using a throttle network, which may be proprietary or subject to licence fees. A number of European DCC suppliers feature this, such as Roco's Z21 and the ESU ECoS.
The sniffer may be connected to the track outputs of the command station / booster, feeding the resulting logic level signal to another command station or booster.
=== See Also ===
* NCE DCC Meter and Packet Analyser
* NCE Packet Analyzer (This product has been discontinued)
* Pricom DCC Tester (This product has been discontinued)
Category:Electronics
Category:Computers and DCC
DCC Starter Systems Comparison/Digitrax

== Digitrax ==
 This table is no longer maintained. See the Starter Sets List for more information. Registered Users can add to or update the Starter Set listing. The table below is being kept as a historical reference. 
=== Digitrax Starter Set Comparisons ===
System Name 	Command Station	Amps	Throttle	Throttle 	Throttle 	Throttle 	Addressing Mode	Consists	Consists	Speed Steps	Feedback	Throttle Bus	Programming Modes 	Programming Track
System Name 	Command Station	Amps	Capacity	Type 	Control 	Model 	Addressing Mode	Maximum 	Mode 	Mode 	Feedback	Throttle Bus	Service / Operations 	Programming Track
Zephyr 	DCS50 	2.5 	10 	Base Unit	Lever 	 	All 	10 	All 	ALL 	No 	LocoNet 	All , plus Blast Mode	Yes
Zephyr XTRA (DCS51) 	DCS51 	3.0 	20 	Base Unit	Lever 	 	All 	 	All 	ALL 	No 	LocoNet 	All , plus Blast Mode	Yes
Zephyr Express (DCS52) 	DCS52 	3.0 	20 	Base Unit	Lever 	 	All 	 	All 	ALL 	No 	LocoNet 	All , plus Blast Mode	Yes
Super Empire Builder/ SEB XTRA	DB150 	5 	22 	Hand-Held	Buttons, Knobs	DT300/DT402	All 	22 	All 	ALL 	No 	LocoNet 	All 	No
Super Chief/ SC XTRA 	DCS100 	5/8 	120 	Hand-Held	Buttons, Knobs	DT300/DT402	All 	120 	All 	ALL 	No 	LocoNet 	All 	Yes
EVO Advanced 	DCS210 	5/8 	100 	Hand-Held	Buttons, Knobs	DT500 	All 	? 	All 	ALL 	? 	LocoNet 	All 	Yes
EVOD Advanced 	DCS210 	5/8 	100 	Hand-Held	Buttons, Knobs	DT500 	All 	? 	All 	ALL 	? 	LocoNet 	All 	Yes
Evolution Express Advanced 	DCS210+ 	5/8 	100 	Hand-Held	Buttons, Knobs	DT602 	All 	? 	All 	ALL 	? 	LocoNet 	All 	Yes
=== Notes ===
Some parameters were removed as they are not relevant to these systems.
==== Firmware ====
New command stations such as the DCS52, DCS 210 and DCS210+ can be updated via Digitrax's IPL software.
==== Speed Steps ====
All: Supports both 14 step and the 28/128 modes
==== Consists ====
All: Supports the Universal and Advanced consisting modes
Category:Starter Set
Category:Digitrax
DCC Starter Systems Comparison/Lenz

Category:Starter Set
Category:Lenz
== Lenz ==
 This table is no longer maintained. See the Starter Sets List for more information. Registered Users can add to or update the Starter Set listing. The table below is being kept as a historical reference. 
=== Lenz Starter Set Comparisons ===
System 	Maximum Throttles	Throttle Type	Speed Control	Addresses; Digits	Maximum Consists	Consisting: Universal or Advanced	Speed Steps	Functions 	Amps	Feedback	Communications Bus	Programming Modes: Service or Ops Modes	Separate Programming Track
Lenz Compact/Atlas Master	5 	Base Unit 	Knob 	100; 2 	? 	Advanced 	14/28/128 	5: F0-F4 	2.5 	No 	 	No 	No
Lenz Set 90 	31 	Hand-Held 	Knob 	9999; 2/4 	256 	All 	14/28/128 	13: F0-F12	5 	Yes 	XpressNet 	Yes 	Yes
Lenz Set 100 	31 	Hand-Held 	Buttons 	9999; 2/4 	256 	All 	14/28/128 	13: F0-F12	5 	Yes 	XpressNet 	Yes 	Yes
Lenz Set 101 	31 	Hand-Held 	Knob 	9999; 2/4 	256 	All 	14/28/128 	29: F0-F28	5 	Yes 	XpressNet 	Yes 	Yes
=== Notes ===
Some parameters were removed as they are not relevant to these systems.
==== Speed Steps ====
All: Supports both 14 step and the 28/128 modes
==== Consists ====
All: Supports the Universal and Advanced consisting modes
DCC Starter Systems Comparison/NCE

== NCE ==
Category:NCE
Category:Starter Set
=== Comparison Table ===
 This table is no longer maintained. See the Starter Sets List for more information. Registered Users can add to or update the Starter Set listing. The table below is being kept as a historical reference. 
NCE Starter Sets
System Name 	System Name 	Power House Pro 	Power Pro 	Power Cab
Booster Output	Current, Amps 	10 	5 	3
Cabs 	Maximum Supported 	63 	63 	3
Cabs 	Type 	Hand-Held 	Hand-Held 	Hand-Held
Cabs 	Speed Control 	Buttons andThumb Wheel 	Buttons andThumb Wheel 	Buttons andThumb Wheel
Addressing 	Mode 	PrimaryandExtended 	PrimaryandExtended 	PrimaryandExtended
Addressing 	Range 	1 – 9999 	1 – 9999 	1 – 9999
Consists 	Maximum Consists 	127 Advanced, plus 250 Old Style	127 Advanced, plus 250 Old Style	16 Advanced plus4 Old Style
Consists 	ModesSupported 	All 	All 	All
Consists 	ConsistAddress Range 	1 – 127 	1 – 127 	112 –127
Other Features	Speed Steps 	14, 28/128 	14, 28/128 	14, 28/128
Other Features	Functions 	29 	29 	29
Other Features	Feedback 	Yes 	Yes 	Yes
Other Features	Throttle Bus 	Cab Bus 	Cab Bus 	Cab Bus
Other Features	Maximum Simultaneous Trains	250 	250 	12
Other Features	Accessory Addresses 	1 – 2044 	1 – 2044 	1 – 2044
Programming 	Mode 	Service and Operations 	Service and Operations 	Service and Operations
Programming 	Programming TrackOutput 	Yes 	Yes 	Yes
Programming 	ComputerInterface 	Serial 	Serial 	USB, Optional
== Notes ==
Some parameters were removed as they are not relevant to these systems.
=== Power Cab ===
There are a number of limitations to the Power Cab.
With version 1.65B (the most recent) the number of additional throttles is limited to 3, using Cab Bus addresses 3 – 5, for a total of four throttles including the Power Cab. Additional Cab Bus devices are limited to addresses 8 – 10.
The maximum track power is limited to two amps. Track voltage is equal to the power supply voltage less 0.5V, measured as Voltage-Peak (Vp). Power supply specs, 10 – 15VDC, 3A. The Power Cab does not have short circuit protection and can be damaged by overheating. An external circuit breaker is strongly recommended.
These limitations are also present in the Smart Booster 5 (SB5).
=== Power Pro / Power House ===
The boosters supplied with the Power House and Power Pro systems include overcurrent protection, and track voltage is adjustable.
=== Consists ===
All: Support the Universal and Advanced consisting modes.
# Power House and Power Pro support 127 Advanced Consists with unlimited locomotives, and 250 Old Style consists with up to four locomotives each
# The Power Cab supports a maximum of 16 consists with unlimited locomotives, and four old style consists of two locomotives each. The Consist Address Range is limited to addresses 112-127.
DCC Surge Protector

== Description ==
The DCC-LSP Surge Protector effectively buffers power turn-on surges and helps to minimise annoying fast momentum short circuits that cause DCC system shut downs as well as sound decoder resets when trains move across turnouts or turntables with split-ring power feeds are rotating.
Inrush currents or spikes are often caused by energy storage devices used with multifunction decoders.
DCC Tutorial - Starter Sets

So, we have a starter set and we are ready to jump right into hooking it up, right? OK, but let's slow down and take it one step at a time, and try and keep Mr. Murphy from paying us a surprise visit. I will assume that you have carefully unpacked everything and there are no visibly damaged pieces of equipment, and that the manuals are also there. We should have a command station, a booster, and a throttle at the very least, but some starter sets have the booster built into the case of the command station. We also need a power supply. We are not going to get into how to build a power supply here. I will assume that you have one. When we have finished hooking it all up, it should look something like the diagram below.
==What's Next?==
Continue on to the installing your first mobile decoder.
Return to Back to introduction to DCC
Category:Beginner
Category:DCC Tutorial
DCC Waveform

thumb|right|DCC Waveform
== Is it AC or DC? ==
In short, the DCC waveform can be considered "bipolar DC". The NMRA defines it as a Differential Signal without a ground, meaning it is floating. Floating refers to the absence of a common reference point.
A common belief is that power is considered AC if it is associated with sinusoidal waves, but this is not the case with DCC. Many will point to the typical graphical representation of waveform as proof it is an AC signal, ignoring the fact that representation does not have a zero volt reference point (it is floating).
The DCC signal on the rails does not have polarity, therefore it is not DC. It does have a phase relationship, but it is not AC either.
== What DCC Waveform is ==
The DCC signal, or waveform, has enough energy to run your layout, while at the same time being able to transmit commands.
=== FSK vs PWM ===
The DCC waveform is created by imposing a series of pulses on each rail. It does not use Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) nor Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).
# FSK: No modulator or carrier used. The pulses are created by an amplifier switching the state of the rails from High to Low. 
# With PWM, the pulse repetition rate (period) remains constant, the duty cycle varies. 
# There are no high frequency carriers.
The DCC Booster is an amplifier. It amplifies the logic level data stream provided by the command station. The data is represented by the period between the leading edges. A value of "1" is represented by a short period of ≈106µSeconds, and a zero by ≈200µS. The periodic nature of the signal means measurement with a DC Voltmeter will indicate ≈50% of the actual value when measured from either rail to a common point. 
== Zero Stetching ==
Zero stretching is a technique where the pulse on one rail is maintained in the High state for much longer than the nominal Zero state. By doing so, current flow in the motor is unbalanced, allowing the motor to develop torque. The direction of travel is determined by which rail the zero stretching is applied to, and speed by the length of the pulse. Under normal circumstances the current flow between the rails is in balance, preventing the motor from developing torque. 
Zero stretching doesn't make the DCC Waveform DC, instead, it stretches the time the waveform is held high to provide a pseudo DC voltage. This allows analog trains to work. This comes at the expense of overheating the locomotive and consuming lots of electricity.
DCC in a Box

DCC In a Box refers a complete self-contained Digital Command Control system, which is used to provide DCC power to a modular layout. It is not a commercially available product.
The system is assembled from individual components, which are mounted in a box, with the needed inputs and outputs readily available. The box can be easily transported to a show or a modular group's meeting location, then quickly and easily connected to the layout. This eliminates problems related to connecting and disconnecting DCC Equipment at every event.
A typical DCC in a Box system would consist of a power supply, command station and booster, with connections for the power supply, track and throttle network. It may also include interfaces for a computer. The individual modules would have a booster if required and the wiring specified in the modular standard, with any additional wiring required by the club/standard for the DCC system. The connector types would also match those of the club's standard to enable a simple "plug and play" connection to the layout.
DCC in the garden

Category:Trackwork
Category:Wiring
Category:Electrical
Using Digital Command Control outdoors versus indoors is almost the same. The only exceptions are for larger boosters and larger power supplies due to the larger nature of the scale. Also, you'll need to protect your electronics from the outside elements. 
== Advantage of DCC in the garden ==
Putting DCC in the garden does make things easier. For instance, no more digging up your masterpiece to run a new wire for a block, rail turnout, or even building lighting. You can have signaling without an unsightly amount of wire. And let us not forget about the world of sounds that only DCC can control. In its simplest form you need only run the track bus and feeders - this is no more complicated than a simple traditional setup, yet sound and complex locomotive lighting can be controlled. 
== Distance between feeders ==
Here are some recommended quidelines for track feeders in the garden:
* 12' (4m) (or less) is a good rule. 14AWG feeders with railclaims for optimal performance. This helps with ensuring your trains don't slow down between feeders and helps ensure your DCC short circuit protection works incase of a short by not letting the magic smoke out. You do want this to be a trouble-free railroad, right? 
*18' (6m) should be your limit. At 18' (6m) distances, you will want to use at least 14 AWG feeders and stainless steel clamps. At the longer distance, the voltage drop across the rail might be noticeable to some. Also, the short circuit protections of your booster may fail.
* At longer distances you have to worry about the voltage drop, short circuit protection, and the quality of the joints. With a garden railroad, who wants to be digging up feeder buses to add more feeders? Or fix joints that have broken or corroded?
== DCC Decoders ==
There are DCC decoders made specifically for use with large scale locomotives. The important parameter is the maximum voltage. The NMRA DCC standard allows for a maximum of 27 volts on the track (which is 54V peak to peak). Decoders meant for smaller scales such as HO have a much lower voltage and current limits.
Decoders designed for large scale applications may not meet NMRA standards, which means their destruction is assured on a DCC system that outputs a higher voltage. Decoders are also designed to handle the larger current draw of motors in a much larger and heavier model. Check the specifications of any decoder you wish to install to make sure it is appropriate for the application and will work with your DCC booster's voltage output. There is also no reason you cannot reduce the voltage, which will impact the top speed. If you are running slow trains, you would never notice. Remember that reducing the voltage means more current is drawn to produce the same amount of power at the motor, which could be a problem if the decoder can't dissipate the heat or handle the current.