nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Silicon ester

== Description ==
A clear liquid composed of an organic salt of silicic acid. Silicon esters hydrolyze to form a colorless, transparent film of silica. Silicon esters have been tried as binders to form a solid glass-like paint film. They have also been used for consolidation and weatherproofing stone, mortars and cements. Examples are ethyl silicate, methyl silicate, amyl silicate, tetraethyl silicate. 
See also water glass.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
éster de silicona (Esp.); éster de silício (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Silicic Acid." Accessed 14 Apr. 2004.
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Silicon iron

== Description ==
A silvery white iron alloy that contains 10-15% silicon. Silicon iron was first produced about 1810 by a Swedish chemist and a German physicist, working independently. The alloy is resistant to heat, acids, and corrosion, but is brittle and does not machine easily. Silicon iron is often used for cast parts in pumps and furnaces. The magnetic qualities of iron are also amplified.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ferrosilicon alloy; ferrosilicium (Fr.); ferro silicio (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 715
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Olympus Microscopy Resource Center at http://www.olympusmicro.com/galleries/abramowitz/index.html
Category:Materials database
Silicon zirconium alkoxide

== Description ==
[Fraunhofer Institut fur Silicatforschung, Germany] An inorganic sol-gel material. Silicon zirconium alkoxide, SZA, was developed as a consolidant for loose paint layers on stained glass windows. The mixture of silicon and zirconium alkoxide combine through a sequence of hydrolysis and condensation reactions to form a cross linked Si-O-Zr network. The reaction is initiated by the addition of water. When added to glass or ceramics, SZA forms an irreversible bond.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
SZA
==Resources and Citations==
* H.Romich, M.Pilz, D.R.Fuchs, "A New Material for Glass Conservation: Perspectives for Ceramics Heritage" in The Ceramics Cultural Heritage, P.Vincenzini (ed.), Faenza: Techna Srl: 613-620. 
* S.Bradley, Y.Shashoua, W.Walker, M.Pilz, "A Novel Inorganic Polymer for the Conservation of Ceramic Objects" in ICOM Preprints, Lyon, 1999. p.770-776
Category:Materials database
Silicone adhesive

== Description ==
A water-resistant, flexible adhesive. Silicone adhesives contain easily hydrolyzable end groups, such as acetates, that are designed to crosslink (i.e. cure) when exposed to water vapor in the air. The type of end-group that is used will determine the type of emmissions that are release during curing. For example, the acetate engroups, such as acetoxy, will release acetic acid that is corrosive. An oxime end group release ketoxime and an alkoxy endgroup will release methanol. Most silicone adhesives cures at room temperature (RTV: Room Temperature Vulcanization) with 24 hours at ambient temperatures. Some can cure faster when heated or exposed to UV light.
Examples:
Product 	Cure process 	By-Product
Dowsil 744 RTV Adhesive Sealant 	alkoxy/methoxy	methanol
Dowsil 781 Acetoxy Rapid-cure Silicone 	acetoxy 	Acetic acid
Dowsil 832 Multi-surface Adhesive Sealant 	alkoxy 	methanol
Dowsil 1080 Oxime Sealant  	Oxime 	ketoxime
Dowsil 3145 RTV MIL-A-46146 Adhesive Sealant	alkoxy/methoxy	methanol
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
silicone mastic (Br.); adhesivo de silicona (Esp.); colle silicone (Fr.); colla siliconica (It.); adesivo de silicone (Port.)
== Applications ==
== Risks ==
* May release acetic acid or methanol during cure
==Resources and Citations==
* Irving Skeist, Handbook of Adhesives, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1977
Category:Materials database
Silicone cement

== Description ==
A strong, heat-resistant adhesive. Silicone cements are composed of polysiloxanes mixed with mineral fillers. They have been used industrially as adhesives for metals, glass, and ceramics.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cemento de silicona (Esp.); ciment silicone (Fr.); cemento siliconico (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 719
Category:Materials database
Silicone foam

== Description ==
A heavy, resilient foam rubber composed of polysiloxane. Silicone foams are water repellent and can withstand temperature up to 300 C. They are used for insulation, cushioning and damping.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
espuma de silicona (Esp.); mousse silicone (Fr.); schiuma siliconica (It.)
Category:Materials database
Silicone oil

== Description ==
The liquid form of the polymer that contains silicone, carbon and oxygen. Silicones were first discovered by F. Kipping in England in 1900, but were not commercially produced until 1943 by Dow Corning. They were called silicones because their empirical formula (R2SiO) is similar to that for ketones (R2CO) (Lewis, 1993). Silicone oils are usually formed with chains of dimethyl siloxane. They are very resistant to weathering, chemicals, water and high temperatures. Additionally, silicone oils are odorless, tasteless and have a low surface tension. Because of the low surface tension, they penetrate readily and can crawl long-distances over most types of surfaces. Silicone oils are used as lubricants, mold releasing agents, wetting agents and antifoaming agents. They can be crosslinked via a room-temperature vulcanization (RTV) process to produce a rubbery type solid.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aceite de silicona (Esp.); huile silicone (Fr.); olio siliconico (It.); óleo de silicone (Port.); polysiloxane; organosiloxane;
==Risks==
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Miscible in methylene chloride.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 720
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: entry 8639
* Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Glyn E. Daniel, ed., Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York, 1977 Comment: p. 873
* C.V.Horie, Materials for Conservation, Butterworth-Heineman, London, 1997 Comment: p.156
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
Category:Materials database
Silicone release paper

== Description ==
A paper impregnated or coated with a small amount of silicone polymer, usually polydimethyl siloxane. Silicone release paper is resistant to water, chemicals and has a slippery feel. It is nonabsorbent and does not adhere most surfaces.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
pH=6-7
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 576
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
Category:Materials database
Silicone resin

== Description ==
A polymer that contains silicon, carbon, and oxygen. Silicone resins were first discovered by F. Kipping in England in 1904, but were not commercially produced until 1943 by Dow Corning. They were called silicones because their empirical formula (R2SiO) is similar to that for ketones (R2CO) (Lewis, 1993). Silicone resins are made by the room-temperature vulcanization (RTV) of silicone oils. They can cure either with moisture in the air (single-component system) or by the addition of a peroxide catalyst (two-component system). Once cured, silicone resins are chemically inert and can exist as elastomers and resins (both thermoset and thermoplastic). They function over a wide temperature range, are water repellent and have very poor adhesion. Silicones are used as sealants, molding compounds, varnishes, enamels, gaskets, implants, and unbreakable windows. The use of silicone resins for preparing molds of museum objects is not recommended as residual curing compounds, release agents, and uncured silicone oils can stain porous materials and corrode metals. For more information, Silicone cure systems.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiSILICNE.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
SI; polysiloxane; resina de silicona (Esp.); résine silicone (Fr.); resina siliconica (It.); resina de silicone (Port.); organosiloxane; polymethyl siloxane; polydimethylsiloxane; RTV (room temperature vulcanization)
Examples: Silastic [Dow]; Clear Museum Gel [Ready America]
== Risks ==
* May contain acetone or methylene chloride as a solvent.
* Single component silicone resins release acetic acid or methanol during cure.
* Silicone Solutions: SDS for clear gel
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Properties include chemical inertness, thermal stability, low surface tension, and high compressibility. 
* Some silicone resins do not burn, others burn slightly with yellow flame and gray smoke. 
* Water repellent. 
* Most are stable to about 300C.
* Density = 0.80 g/ml
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* J. P.Maish, "Silicone rubber staining of terracotta surfaces", Studies in Conservation 39:250–56, 1994.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 719
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
* History of Plastics at www.nswpmith.com.au/historyofplastics.html
Category:Materials database
Silicone sealant

== Description ==
A water-resistant, flexible adhesive (caulk or sealant). Silicones contain easily hydrolyzable end groups, such as acetates, that are designed to crosslink when exposed to water vapor in the air. Since they crosslink at room temperature (within 24 hours), they are often call RTV silicones (Room Temperature Vulcanization). Some types of one-part silicone curing systems include: acetic-cure cure; alkoxy neutral-cure and oxime neutral-cure. A comparison for some of their properties are listed below.
Other types of silicone systems use a catalyst for cure. These are called 2-part systems.
For more information see silicone cure systems.
 	Acetic-cure silicones 	Alkoxy neutral-cure silicones	Oxime neutral-cure silicones
Maximum temperature 	+200°C/+392°F 	+180°C (+356°F) 	+220°C (+428°F)
Odor 	Strong (vinegar) 	Slight 	Slight
Unsuitable substrates	Corrosion-sensitive metals (Copper, crude steel, crude aluminum, iron, zinc, lead, etc)	None 	Polycarbonate and PMMA (stress cracking and copper discoloration)
Smoothing agents 	Soapy water/Silicone liquids 	Silicone liquids 	Silicone liquids
Released volatiles 	acetic acid 	methanol, other alcohols 	methyl ethyl ketoxime, acetone
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
silicone caulk; silicone mastic (Br.); adhesivo de silicona (Esp.); colle silicone (Fr.); colla siliconica (It.); adesivo de silicone (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Irving Skeist, Handbook of Adhesives, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1977
* Silicone Technologies: Silicone cure systems
Category:Materials database
Silk gauze

== Description ==
A thin, transparent silk cloth. Silk gauze has been used as a reinforcing material, but it degrades more quickly than cellulose products. Exposure to natural light and alum can increase the rate of degradation of the silk gauze.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gasa de seda (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Silk grass

== Description ==
Any fine, silky fiber obtained from plants of the genus Furcraea, such as pineapple fiber. See piña.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pita; pina
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
Category:Materials database
Silk paper

== Description ==
A thin tissue paper made from linen in Persia in the Middle Ages. Silk paper contained on or more strands of silk running through each sheet. In the 19th century silk paper was used for bank notes and postage stamps since it was difficult to counterfeit.
==Resources and Citations==
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Silkscreen ink

== Description ==
Typically a waterbased, non-toxic acrylic ink designed for screen printing on signs, posters, and fine art prints. several formulations are available for printing on various surfaces such as silk, synthetic fabrics, paper, plastic, leather or foil. One type of screen printing inks, called plastisol, ccontains a vinyl polymer base that is best that is best cured for 45 seconds at 320 F.
See also screenprint.
Category:Materials database
Sillimanite

== Description ==
A fibrous or prismatic aluminum silicate mineral. Sillimanite was named in honor of Benjamin Silliman, a professor of mineralogy at Yale. It was previously called fibrolite. Sillimanite is found in South Africa, India, Germany (Bavaria), France, the Czech Republic, Scotland, United States (California, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Delaware, Connecticut, Massachusetts) and southeast Asia. Its color is usually a brown or gray, but stones found in southeast Asia are a gem quality sapphire blue. Sillimanite is a refractory material with high heat resistant. It is used for kiln brick, spark plugs, and laboratory items.
thumb|FTIR (MFA)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fibrolite; aluminum silicate; bucholzite; Sillimanit (Deut.);
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Orthorhombic crystal system; usually occurs as fibrous mass or prismatic crystals 
* Perfect cleavage in one direction 
* Fracture = uneven or splintery 
* Luster = vitreous to silky 
* Streak = colorless or white
* Pleochroism = colorless to pale brown
* Fluorescence = generally inert
Composition 	Al2SiO5
Mohs Hardness 	6.0 - 7.5
Melting Point 	1900 C
Density 	3.23-3.24 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.65; 1.66; 1.68
Birefringence 	0.015 - 0.021
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Sillimanite
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Sillimanite." Accessed 18 Aug. 2004
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: Sillimanite (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005 and Jan 2023)
Category:Materials database
Silly Putty

== Description ==
[Binney & Smith] A bouncing, rubbery polymer developed in 1943 by James Wright at General Electric. Silly Putty is made from silicone oil polymerized by the addition of boric acid. Peter Hodgson gave the bouncing rubber the name Silly Putty in 1950 when he introduced it at the International Toy Fair in New York. Binney & Smith purchased the rights to the product in 1971. To celebrate its 50th anniversary, Silly Putty was put on display in the Smithsonian Institution.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiSILLYPUTY.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Potty Putty (Br.); Tricky Putty
== Risks ==
May leave silicone oil residue on contacted surfaces.
==Resources and Citations==
* Crayola: Silly Putty
* Thought Co. Chemistry and History of Silly Putty
Category:Materials database
Siloxane

== Description ==
A class of organosilicone compounds with a structural unit of R2SiO, where R is an alkyl group. Polymers made from siloxane chains are called silicones. An example is polymethyl siloxane (methyl silicone) resin. See resin silicone resin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
polydimethylsiloxane; siloxano (Esp.); siloxane (Fr.); silossano (It.); siloxano (Port.); oxosilane; organosiloxane; polymethyl siloxane;
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in chloroform, heptane, benzene, diethyl ether.Insoluble in methanol, ethanol.
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 719
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6201
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Siltstone

== Description ==
A sedimentary stone of fine-grain, consolidated particles. Siltstone grains usually measure 0.01 - 0.05 millimeters (Aston et al 2000). The grains are composed of quartz or clay cemented with chlorite, mica, epidote, and calcite. The color of siltstone ranges from dark gray to greenish gray. Siltstone does not have the pronounced layering of shale and schist.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
silt stone; siltito (Port.); Siltstein (Deut.); siltsteen (Ned.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Particle size 0.01 - 0.05 mm
==Resources and Citations==
* B.Aston, J.Harrell, I.Shaw, "Stone" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 57-58.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 174
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Silver Cloud granite

== Description ==
A fine grain, light gray color gneiss with black and white markings in cloud-like swirls. Silver Cloud granite is quarried in Conyers, Georgia. It is used for countertops and monuments.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Silver Cloud gneiss
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Water absorption by weight = 0.2-0.4%
==Resources and Citations==
* Website: http://www.findstone.com/daniel3.htm ; water absorption = 0.2-0.4% by weight
* National Building Granite Quarries Association at http://www.nbgqa.com/color.htm
Category:Materials database
Silver Dip

== Description ==
[Hagerty] A commercial cleaning formulation used for removing tarnish and corrosion from silver, copper alloys, and rusted iron. Silver Dip contains: 8 ml of 85% orthophosphoric acid 7 grams of thiourea 0.2 milliliter of a wetting agent (e.g. Kodak® Photoflo) mixed and diluted to 100 milliliters with water (from Organ 1976).
== Risks ==
* Thiourea is carcinogenic. 
* Corrosive. 
* Skin contact will cause burns.
==Resources and Citations==
* R.Organ, "The Corrosion of Tin, Copper, Iron and Steel and Lead" in Preservation and Conservation: Principles and Practices, Preservation Press, Washington DC, 1976, p. 249.
* Website: www.wenonahs.com/silverproducts.htm
* Website: http://www.hagerty-polish.com/products/silver2.html
Category:Materials database
Silver antimony sulfide

== Description ==
Common name used for the double sulfide of silver and antimony prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985). The mineral form is known as pyrogyrite and it was also called red silver, ruby silver ore and dark red silver ore.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
red silver; pyrogyrite
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
Category:Materials database
Silver arsenic sulfide

== Description ==
Common name used for the double sulfide of silver and arsenic prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985). It was also known as proustite, ruby silver ore and light red silver ore. It was sometimes confused with pyrogyrite (silver antimony sulfide) which is also called ruby silver ore and dark red silver ore.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
proustite; ruby silver
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
Category:Materials database
Silver birch

== Description ==
A slender deciduous tree, Betula pendula, native to Europe, the Balkans and Turkey. The silver birch produces a light, pinkish-yellow wood that is strong and naturally waterproof. It has been used for boxes, bowls, utensils, handles, musical instruments, weapons, boats, wagons, interior trim, millwork and toys.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
European weeping birch (Betula pendula); Sandbirke (Deut.); Slöjdbjörk (Sven.); bouleau argenté (Fr.); abedul (Esp.); vidoeiro pendente (Port.); betulla (It.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Tree height = 15-25 m 
* Bark = brown turning to white with age, smooth but may peel 
* Flowers = catkins (3-5 cm long) in early spring
==Resources and Citations==
* R.Gale, P.Gasson, N.Hepper, G.Killen, "Wood" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 334-371.
* Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:Wood anatomy of central European Species: Silver Birch,European White Birch, Betula pendula Roth
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Virginia Tech Dendrology website at www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm (accessed Oct. 3, 2005)
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Birch (Accessed Oct. 3, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Silver bromide

== Description ==
Pale yellow crystals that darken on exposure to light. Silver bromide is primarily used in photographic emulsions and photochromic glass.
== Risks ==
* Light sensitive. 
* Contact may cause irritation. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in solutions of potassium bromide, potassium cyanide, and sodium thiosulfate. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	AgBr
CAS 	7785-23-1
Melting Point 	432 C
Density 	6.473 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 187.77
Boiling Point 	700 C (dec)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8649
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database