nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Thermoluminescence dating

== Description ==
A dating method that measures the amount of light released when an object is heated. Thermoluminescence, or TL, has been used since the 1950s to determine the approximated firing date of pottery and burnt silicate materials. TL has a wide dating range; it has been used to date ceramics from a few hundred years old to geologic formations that are half a million years old. The technique measures the small amount of energy that continually builds up in the mineral crystal lattice. When heated, this energy is released as a burst of light. The intensity of the light is proportional to the amount of energy, which in turn corresponds to the length of accumulation time. Thus the time can be approximated for original original firing date. Recently new techniques (optically stimulated luminescence dating) using lasers and sensitive detectors have been used to improve the light detection. Samples require about 100 milligram and the sample collection and handling step is critical. The accuracy of the technique is about 10%. The rate of energy accumulation depends on the amount of background radiation to which the object has been exposed. Thus, preliminary X-ray or gamma radiography examination of the object can increase the amount of accumulated energy and thus give erroneous dating result.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
TL; optically stimulated luminescence dating; OSL; Thermolumineszenzdatierung (Deut.); datation par thermoluminescence (Fr.); termoluminescenza (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Aitken, M.J., Thermoluminescence Dating, Academic Press, London (1985)
* C. Furetta, Questions and answers on Thermoluminescence (TL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), World scientific publishing, Singapore (2008) 
* I. Liritzis, A. K. Singhvi, J. K. Feathers, G. A. Wagner, A. Kadereit, N. Zacharias & S.H. Li, Luminescence dating in archaeology, anthropology, and geoarchaeology: An Overview, Springer (2013)
* Aitken, M.J., Introduction to Optical Dating, Oxford University Press (1998)
* Roy Switzur "Dating Techniques" Building Conservation Directory 2001: Link (lists analysis labs in England)
* Caring for your Collections, Arthur W Schulz (ed.), Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , New York, 1992
* Tom Chase, CoOL DISTLIST, 5/1/01 - "X-radiography can affect the TL date. In the case of bronze objects with clay cores, I remember Stuart Fleming saying that one normal radiograph adds about 5 years....."
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Thermopane

== Description ==
[Interpane divison of Pilkington] A registered trademark for an insulating double glazed window glass. Thermopane® windows were first introduced in 1944. They are composed of two panes of plate glass separated by a hermetically sealed airspace. The air space is filled with either desiccated air or an inert gas, such as argon. The aluminum frames are typically sealed with a polyisobutylene primary seal and a two-part silicone secondary seal. The enclosed air space significantly reduces the thermal transfer between indoor and outdoor environments. Thermopane® windows are used in the construction of energy-efficient homes and buildings. The term thermopane is sometimes commonly used for any double glazed window.
==Resources and Citations==
* Interpane Glas: thermal insulation
Category:Materials database
Thermoplastic polyesters

== Description ==
A class of polyester resin that melt when heated. Thermoplastic polyesters are used for films (Mylar®, Melinex®), fibers (Dacron®, Terylene) and soda bottles. Examples are polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
poliésteres termoplásticos (Esp.); polyesters thermoplastiques (Fr.); poliestere termoplastico (It.); poliésteres termoplásticos (Port.)
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Thermoset

== Description ==
A polymer that, once fused, cannot be resoftened with heat. Thermoset polymers are usually insoluble in most solvents. Examples of thermoset polymers are Epoxies, Silicones, and Phenolics along with some Polyesters and Polyurethanes.
Physical Properties for Selected Thermoset Resins
polymer 	Tg © 	Ref.index (film) 	Density 	Tensile strength (1000 psi)	Flexural strength (1000 psi)	Compres- sive strength (1000 psi)	Elongtaion at break (%)	Shrinkage (%)	water absorption (24 hrs.)
casein 	35 	1.33 (sol'n); 1.4-1.5 (film)	1.35 	 	 	 	 	 	
chlorinated rubber 	 	1.55-1.60 	1.24 	 	 	 	 	 	
epoxy resin 	90-180 	1.56 	1.1-1.4 	4-13 	13-21 	15-21.5 	2.6 	0.1-0.4 	0.01-0.10
melamine formaldehyde	 	1.65 	1.40-1.48	7-9 	11-14 	40-45 	 	1.0-1.5 	0.01-1.3
phenol formaldehyde 	 	1.70 	1.30-1.86	6-9 	11-17 	12-15 	1.5-2.0 	1.0-1.2 	0.1-2.0
polyimide 	150-200 	 	1.42-1.90	5-27 	7.1-49.5 	4.7-40 	<10 	0.1-0.3 	0.3-0.4
polyisoprene 	-70 to - 74	1.53 	0.92 	 	 	 	 	 	
polyxylylene 	60-100 	1.669 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
siloxane 	-125 	1.41 	1.30-1.34	4-8 	9-19 	9-15 	 	1-1.5 	
polyester 	70 	1.55 	1.12-1.46	6-12 	8.5-18.5 	13-36.5 	20 	2-8 	
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
termoestable (Esp.); thermodurci (Fr.); resina termoindurente (It.); resina termoendurecível (Port.); thermosetting resin;
== For easy printing or to download ==
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 789
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Thickening agent

== Description ==
Any hydrophilic material that increases the viscosity of a liquid. Thickening agents are used in food, paper, adhesives, textiles, paints, printing ink, and detergents. The main types of thickeners are (based on Lewis 1993):
* Natural products: starch, gum, casein, gelatin, agar, etc. 
* Synthetic cellulose derivatives: carboxymethyl cellulose, etc. 
* Polymers: polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate, polyurethane, styrene/butadiene, acrylic polymers 
* Inorganics: clay, bentonite, silicates, fumed silica.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
thickeners; rheology modifier; gelling agents; 
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Thickening agent Accessed June 2023
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.294
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Tom Learner, A review of Synthetic Binding Media in Twentieth-Century Paints., The Conservator, Vol. 24, 2000
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000 Comment: thickener = preferred term
Category:Materials database
Thin-layer chromatography

== Description ==
A method to separate and characterize components in a mixture. In thin-layer chromatography (TLC) the stationary phase is prepared as a thin layer of an absorbent coated on a plastic sheet or glass plate. A drop of the analyte mixture is placed near the lower edge of the plate then the plate is placed in a solvent bath. Capillary action carries the solvent up the plate. The solvent selectively absorbs and desorbs components in the analyte as it rises. This results in each component traveling slightly different distances in the solvent front thus giving an effective separation. Identification is made by the comparison of the unknown analyte components with known reference materials analyzed under the same conditions.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
TLC; thin layer chromatography; Dünnschichtchromatographie (Deut.); chromatographie en couche mince (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Striegel, J.Hill, Thin-Layer Chromatography for Binding Media Analysis, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1996.
Category:Materials database
Thin-section petrography

== Description ==
An analytical method for the characterization of minerals. Thin-sections are prepared as a five to thirty micron thick slice of rock mounted on a glass slide. Polarized light microscopy is used to view the thin-section in transmitted light. Petrographic slides are useful for characterizing grain size, articulation and structure as well as the indicating the variety and relative abundance of minerals in the stone.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Petrographische Mikroskopie (Deut.); microscopie petrographique (Fr.); petrographic slide
Category:Materials database
Thin stone veneer

== Description ==
A stone cut less than 2 inches thick and applied to a building facade in a non-load bearing manner. Starting in the 1900s, thin stone slabs were used for veneer on interiors, street-level facades, storefronts and bulkheads. By the 1930s, thin stones were used for cladding entire buildings. Typical materials used are granite, marble, travertine, limestone and slate. Deterioration most often occurs near the connections or support components.
==Resources and Citations==
* Michael Scheffler, Edward Gerns, "Thin Stone Veneer", in Twentieth-Century Building Materials, T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
Category:Materials database
Thinner

== Description ==
An additive that decreases the viscosity of a liquid. Thinning agents, or thinners, are usually volatile solvents. They are used in paints, varnishes, inks, and adhesives to increase flow and spreadability or the decrease the thickness of the applied film. Turpentine and mineral spirits are used as thinners for oil paints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
thinning agent; diluent
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
Category:Materials database
Thinsulate

== Description ==
[3M, St Paul, MN] A trademark for a thin insulation fabric. Thinsulate (TM) is made from a blend of polyester and polyolefin microfibers. The microfibers trap small pockets of air providing warmth and insulation even when damp. It is listed as hypoallergenic and machine washable. Thinsulate(TM) is used to make outdoor clothing, sleeping bags, hats, and gloves.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Thinsulate Lite Loft (TM) [3M]
==Resources and Citations==
3M: Thinsulate Website
Category:Materials database
Thiobacillus

== Description ==
A group of microorganisms found in marine and terrestial environments that are capable of oxidizing sulfur to form sulfur dioxide. In wet environments, however, sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfuric acid, which can corrode or dissolve metals and concrete.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sulfur bateria; sulfur bacterium; denitrifying bacteria
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "sulfur bacterium." Accessed 2 June 2005 .
Category:Materials database
Thioflavine S

== Description ==
Fluorochrome
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
CI Direct Yellow 7; CI 49010
==Risks==
* MedChemExpress: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Maximum absorption wavelength = 430 nm 
* Maximum emission wavelength = 550 nm
CAS	1326-12-1
==Resources and Citations==
* R. Wolbers, N. Sterman and C. Stavroudis, "Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings", 1990, GCI, Los Angeles.
Category:Materials database
Thioflavine T

== Description ==
A yellow basic dye of the thiazole class. Thioflavine T fluoresces yellow to yellow-green in ultraviolet light. It is used for dyeing cotton, for painting fluorescent signs and for brightening blue and green paints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Basic yellow 1; CI 49005
== Risks ==
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Composition 	CH3C6H3N(HCl)SCC6H4N(NH3)2
CAS 	2390-54-7
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 318.85
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Aldrich Chemical Catalog Comment: p. 1416
Category:Materials database
Thioindigo red

** Note - record in progress --Not all information may be accurate
== Description ==
A synthetic red colorant that is typically used to dye polyester. Thioindigo colorants were first developed in 1905 by Friedlander. It was used in artist paints in 1907. A variety of colora can be acchieved ranging from blue (like indigo) to deep violet and bright redThioindigo is a sulfur dye with good lightfastness and washfastness.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pigment Red 88; CI 73312 ?? CI 73300; Vat Red 41
==Risks==
* Kremer Pigmente: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
ASTM (1999) lightfastness = II (very good)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 284
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Monona Rossol, The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide, Allworth Press, New York, 1994 
* Website: www.straw.com/sig/dyehist
* Website: www.handprint.com - PR88..ASTM (1999) rates its lightfastness in watercolors as very good (II)
Thioindigo violet

== Description ==
A synthetic colorant with an intense violet color. Thioindigo violet was first developed in 1905 by Friedlander. It was used in artist paints in 1907. Thioindigo is a sulfur dye with good lightfastness and washfastness.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pigment Red 83; CI 73312; blanco de estaño (Esp.); thio-indigo; thioindigo red-violet B; thioindigo violet [Winsor & Newton]; garnet lake [MaimeriBlu]; permanent violet [Danial Smith]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
ASTM (1999) lightfastness = II (very good)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 284
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Monona Rossol, The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide, Allworth Press, New York, 1994 Comment: CI Pigment red 83; CI No. 73312 an indigo-like dye containing sulfur and chlorine
* Website: www.straw.com/sig/dyehist
* Website: www.handprint.com - PR88..ASTM (1999) rates its lightfastness in watercolors as very good (II)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Thiokol

== Description ==
[PolySpec] A registered trademark for a series of polysulfide rubbers. Thiokol® rubbers were first made in the 1960s and were commonly used for o-rings, pipe linings, and building joints in the 1960s and 70s. The cured rubber, however, emitted sulfur containing fumes, especially in warm environments and the products were discontinued in the 1980s due to the popularity of urethane and silicones. The Thiokol® brand was revived in the 1990s by PolySpec for the production of polysulfide elastomeric sealants.
== Risks ==
* Emits sulfur containing fumes. 
* Early Thiokol products may contain PCBs.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Stable to organic solvents and dilute acids
* Density = 1.6 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* PolySpec: Thiokol products: datasheets and SDS sheets
Category:Materials database
Thiophene

== Description ==
A colorless liquid derived from coal tar.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
thiofuran
== Risks ==
* Flammable
* MerckMillipore: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in ether and alcohol. Insoluble in water
CAS 	110-02-1
Melting Point 	-38.5 C
Density 	1.0644 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.5285
Boiling Point 	84 C
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Thiourea

== Description ==
Shiny, white, crystals that can dissolve salts of silver, gold, and platinum. Thiourea is used in photography for toning and for removing stains on negatives. However, it can also act as a powerful fogging agent and care must be used to prevent cross contamination of thiourea solutions with other processing aids. Thiourea is often an active ingredient in silver dip type tarnish removal solutions. However, when thiourea is incompletely removed from a metal, it can form an insoluble adduct. Thiourea is also used to accelerate the vulcanization of rubber.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
thiocarbamide; sulfourea; sulfocarbamide; thiurea
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Thio urea.TIF~FTIR(MFA)]]]
== Risks ==
* Suspected carcinogen. 
* Skin contact causes irritation. 
* Should not be used on metals containing more than 7% copper. 
* ThermoFisher: MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water, ethanol, ammonium thiocyanate solutions. Slightly soluble in ether.
Composition 	(NH2)2CS
CAS 	62-56-6
Melting Point 	176-172 C
Density 	1.405 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 76.12
== Resources and Citations ==
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* The Merck Index, Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: entry 9505
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 837
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Thiourea formaldehyde resin

== Description ==
An early type of polymer. Thiourea formaldehyde resins were patented in 1923 by Frits Pollack of British Cyanides Co. and later introduced as molding powders in 1928 under the brand names of Beetle and Beatl. These lightweight plastics were made in pastel colors for inexpensive clock cases and radios. Beetle resins were not used for jewelry. These cellulose filled resins were soon superseded by urea formaldehyde resins.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
urea resin; thiourea-formaldehyde resins; 
Commercial Products: Beetle [American Cyanamid]; Beatl; Beetleware; Plaskon; Duroware; Hemocoware; Uralite
== Risks==
* Fading, cracking
* Susceptible to insects because of fillers
== Resources and Citations ==
* Care and Identification of Objects Made from Plastic, Conserve O Gram 8/4, National Park Service, September 2010.
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Sharon Blank, An introduction to plastics and rubbers in collections, Studies in Conservation, 35, 53-63, 1990
Category:Materials database
Thorium

== Description ==
A soft, silvery radioactive metallic element. Thorium was discovered by Baron Berzelius, a Swedish chemist in 1929. It has an abundance of about 8-15 ppm in the earth's crust and occurs mainly in the minerals thorite, thorianite, orangite, yttrocrasite, and monazite sand. Metallic thorium is a malleable and ductile. It turns dark and oxidizes in air. Thorium is used in the manufacture of ceramics, sun lamps, photoelectric cells, incandescent gaslight mantles, and welding electrodes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Th
== Risks ==
* Powder is flammable and explosive. 
* Radioactive.
* IBI Labs: [https://ibilabs.com/msds/thorium-compounds-msds/thorium-metal-msds/ SDS}
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in acids. Insoluble in water, alkalis.
Composition 	Th (atomic no. 90)
CAS 	7440-29-1
Melting Point 	1750-1800 C
Density 	11.0-11.7 g/ml
Molecular Weight	atomic wt = 232.038
Boiling Point 	4700-4800 C
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 807
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 9514
Category:Materials database
Thousand Island granite

== Description ==
A general name for granites quarried on the Thousand Islands in the St. Lawrence River (Lent 1925). These granites include Grindstone, Picton and Wellesley. They are fine-grain, red granites that have been used for monuments and buildings.
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Thread

== Description ==
A fine strand or cord of fibers formed by twisting together two or more filaments. Threads are typically made from cotton, flax, silk, polyester, or nylon. They are wound on spools for used in sewing and other needlework.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
strand; cord; gevind (Dan.); Gewinde (Deut.); enfilade (Fr.); draad (Ned.); hilo (Esp.); cabo (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "thread." Accessed 20 Sept. 2005 .
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread (Accessed Sept. 17, 2005)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Thuja oil

== Description ==
A pale yellow essential oil distilled from the leaves of American arborvitae, Thuja occidentalis. Thuja oil smells like camphor. It contains thujone, fenchone, thujetic acid, tannin, pinipicrin, and dextro-pinene Thuja oil is used in perfumes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Thuja occidentalis; esencia de tuya (Esp.); olio di tuja (It); cedarleaf oil; thuja leaf oil
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion. 
* Combustible.
* SoapGoods: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide, oils.
CAS 	8007-20-3
Density 	0.910-0.920 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.459
Category:Materials database