nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange

The Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange (ADX) was formerly called the Abu Dhabi Securities Market (ADSM). ADX competes with fellow United Arab Emirates (UAE) exchange Dubai Financial Market (DFM) for Middle-Eastern securities trading volume. It has agreed to cooperate on developments with NYSE Euronext.
ADX is regulated by the Emirates Securities and Commodities Authority (ESCA).
ADX serves the domestic cash equity market and has 65 listed companies with a market capitalization of $136 billion. In 2007, the average daily trading volume increased by more than 400 percent, with a substantial increase in foreign net investments.
ADX is a full member in the World Federation of Exchanges (WFE) and is the youngest stock market to become a full member at that organization.
ADX became a member of the Futures Industry Association (FIA) in January 2024.
==Brief History==
ADX launched trading in 2000 as the Abu Dhabi Securities Market. It was the same year the DFM launched. ADX, which also competes with the Dubai International Financial Exchange (DIFX), also operates branches in UAE cities Sharjah, Ras al Khaimah, Fujeirah and Zayed City.
ADX currently lists stocks from companies mostly based in the UAE or neighboring Persian Gulf states like Qatar and Oman. Its board is dominated by companies involved in the financial services sector like banks and insurers. 
In early May 2008, the exchange announced that it had rebranded itself from ADSM to ADX, complete with smoother new logo (see top box), and aimed to add foreign equities and ETFs to its listings. As of July of 2008, only 13 percent of ADX listed shares were owned by foreign investors.
== Partnerships and Agreements ==
In 2008, ADX gained some ground on its competitors by signing a cooperation agreement with international exchange group NYSE Euronext to share developments in trading systems, investor services and new products. ADX officials said that the agreement would boost the ADX aim of becoming the Gulf region's leading global securities exchange. NYSE Euronext also holds a 25 percent stake in Qatar’s Doha Securities Market (DSM).
== Technology ==
In March 2013, the exchange announced it was upgrading to a new trading platform from NASDAQ OMX, called Xstream.
On November 9, 2023, ADX announced that it had selected the ICE Global Network from Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. to offer direct market access to global institutional investors, a first initiative of its kind for a financial market in the Middle East. ADX said that by leveraging the ICE Global Network to facilitate real-time market data access and order entry, ADX aims to expand its global investor base.
==Key People==
* Abdulla Salem Al Nuaimi, Chief Executive
* H.E. Ghannam Butti Almazrouei, Chairman
* Matthias Büchler, Chief Strategy and Transformation Officer 
* David Nevin, Chief Financial Officer
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Stock Exchanges
Category:Middle East Exchanges
Category:Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange
Accenture

Accenture is a global management consulting, technology services and outsourcing company based in Bermuda. It focuses on helping big corporations adapt to changing market conditions and helping them outsource such functions as human resources, finance and information technology. It serves companies in many industries, including: aerospace and defense, commercial manufacturers, defense contractors, airports, automotive suppliers, building materials, wireless and cable, apparel, electronics, energy, financial services and media. 
It was originally the consulting arm of Arthur Andersen, but split from Andersen in 1989 to become Andersen Consulting. It adopted the name "Accenture" on January 1, 2001. 
	
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Access Fintech

Access Fintech is a risk management service for banks, brokers and buyside firms launched in 2016 by Roy Saadon. The service is intended to help firms track the trade lifecycle and get a true sense of prioritized risk across an increasing number of systems. 
The Access Fintech visual dashboard aggregates vendors and allows customers to manage risk and exceptions. The company launched its product in beta in the first quarter of 2017.
== Background ==
The idea for the firm came from the increased number of risk management systems firms have added after the 2008 financial crisis. New regulations and more attention toward various risks in a firm created risk management systems on everything from order entry to middle office, compliance, regulation and back office operations. Saadon reasoned that if you could pull all of those monitoring systems together in a platform that does not interfere with any of them, firms could have a simple and holistic view of the many risks and problems that exist for firms.
In April 2018, the firm announced an investment from JPMorgan Chase. AccessFintech also joined JPMorgan's "In-Residence" program, which assists emerging fintech firms and allows them to test technologies at scale at the bank.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
Roy Saadon, co-founder
Steve Fazio, co-founder
== References ==
Account balance

In futures trading, your Account Balance is your Ledger Balance plus or minus your Open Trade Equity. This represents the amount of cash in your account. Net Option Value would be added to your Account Balance to create your Liquidation Value.
== Futures Account Opening ==
 
When a trader first opens a futures account and deposits money in the account, this amount is reflected in the Ledger Balance and the Account Balance. If the account has not been traded or any other charges or fees assessed, the Ledger Balance and Account Balance are the same. Once a trader incurs charges, those fees and commissions and any losses or gains are subtracted and/or added to the ledger balance. If a trade is opened and the account is charged a commission, this amount is subtracted from the Ledger Balance. Assuming the Open Position closed at the same price as the Entry Price, the Ledger Balance and Account Balance should again be the same amount.
== References ==
Ledger Balance
Liquidation Value
Category:Trading Terms
Accrued interest

Accrued interest is a financial concept that represents the interest that has been earned or incurred but has not yet been paid or received as of a specific date. This concept is prevalent in various financial instruments, including bonds, loans, and savings accounts. This article provides an in-depth understanding of accrued interest, its calculation methods, and its significance in different financial contexts.
==Characteristics of Accrued Interest==
Accrual Basis: Accrued interest is calculated on an accrual basis, meaning that it accumulates over time, regardless of whether the actual payment has been made.
Interest Accrual Date: An interest accrual date is a specific date on which interest is calculated, but payment may not necessarily occur on that date. For bonds, it's typically the last interest payment date.
Payment Date: Payment of accrued interest usually occurs on predetermined dates, such as coupon payment dates for bonds or monthly payment dates for loans and savings accounts.
Calculation Methods: The method for calculating accrued interest depends on the type of financial instrument. For bonds, it's often based on the face value, coupon rate, and the number of days between interest accrual dates. For loans, it's based on the outstanding balance and the interest rate.
==Significance of Accrued Interest==
Accrued interest plays a crucial role in several financial contexts:
Bonds: For bondholders, accrued interest represents the interest earned since the last coupon payment date but not yet paid. When buying or selling bonds in the secondary market, accrued interest is typically added to the purchase price.
Loans: Borrowers are required to pay interest that has accrued but not yet been paid on their outstanding loan balances. This ensures that lenders receive compensation for the time value of money.
Savings and Investments: Accrued interest also applies to savings accounts and investments like certificates of deposit (CDs). Account holders may earn interest that accrues daily or monthly, even if they don't withdraw the funds.
Accounting and Taxes: Accrued interest is recorded as a liability for borrowers and as an asset for lenders on their financial statements. It also has tax implications, as it may be taxable income for recipients and deductible for payers in certain cases.
==Calculation of Accrued Interest==
Accrued interest calculations vary based on the type of financial instrument, compounding frequency, and conventions. Common methods include simple interest and compound interest formulas, often applied on a daily or periodic basis.
== References ==
Category:Debt
Category:Interest Rates
Accumulation/Distribution

Accumulation Distribution is a common price and volume indicator. A formula for calculation of Accumulation/Distribution values would be:
(Close – Low) – (High – Close)) / (High – Low)= CLV
CLV x period's volume = Accumulation Distribution
CLV = Close Location Value. CLV defines where the close is in relation to the range. 
Volume is "accumulated" when the current session close is higher than the preceding close. Volume is "distributed" when the close is lower than the previous session. 
For example: If the CLV=1 then the market closes on it's high. Conversely, if the market closes on it's low, the CLV value will be -1. Once derived, the CLV is multiplied by the volume of instruments traded in a given market. The resultant value is used to chart a line (the Accumulation/Distribution Line) which is used to evaluate trending in a given market. Correlation with a moving average indicates confirmation of a trend while divergence is considered to indicate a weak price movement or potential reversal. 
The concept behind Accumulation / Distribution as an analysis tool is generally credited to Marc Chaikin.
== Resources ==
*http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/accumulationdistribution.asp
*http://daytrading.about.com/od/indicators/a/AccumulationDis.htm
*http://www.onlinetradingconcepts.com/TechnicalAnalysis/AccumulationDistribution.html
Category:Definitions
Category:Technical Analysis
Accumulator Contract

An accumulator contract is a financial agreement between a buyer and a seller in which the seller commits to delivering a predetermined quantity of a commodity or another underlying asset to the buyer at a pre-established price. This delivery occurs on a series of specified accumulation dates, spanning a defined period. Accumulator contracts are commonly used in financial markets as hedging tools, risk management instruments, or investment strategies.
==Key Features of Accumulator Contracts==
Accumulation Dates: Accumulator contracts operate based on a schedule of accumulation dates. On each of these dates, the seller has an obligation to deliver the specified asset at the agreed-upon price if certain conditions are met.
Pre-determined Price: The contract outlines a fixed price at which the asset will be delivered. This price remains constant throughout the contract's duration, providing both parties with price certainty.
Knock-out Price: Most accumulator contracts include a "knock-out" price. If the market price of the asset reaches or surpasses this knock-out price before an accumulation date, all subsequent accumulations are canceled. This feature helps manage risk and protect both the buyer and seller from extreme market fluctuations.
Price Adjustments: Some accumulator contracts allow for adjustments in the quantity of the asset to be delivered based on predefined conditions. For example, if the market price of the asset reaches a specified level different from the knockout price, the quantity to be delivered may be doubled or otherwise adjusted.
Specified Period: Accumulator contracts have a defined period during which the accumulation dates occur. This period can range from weeks to months, depending on the terms of the contract.
==Applications of Accumulator Contracts==
Accumulator contracts serve various purposes in financial markets:
Hedging: Businesses and investors often use accumulator contracts to hedge against price fluctuations in commodities, currencies, or other assets. By locking in a predetermined price for future deliveries, they can protect themselves from adverse market movements.
Risk Management: Accumulator contracts with knock-out features help manage risk by limiting potential losses if the market moves against the holder. This can be particularly valuable in volatile markets.
Investment Strategy: Some investors utilize accumulator contracts as part of investment strategies. By gradually accumulating an asset at a fixed price over time, they seek to benefit from potential price appreciation.
Speculation: Traders and speculators may use accumulator contracts to take advantage of anticipated price movements in the underlying asset. The ability to adjust quantities based on specific conditions can enhance profit potential.
== References ==
Category:Contracts
Acquisition

ALSO SEE: merger
An acquisition is the purchase of one company by another. In a "friendly" acquisition, companies cooperate in negotiations and come to an agreement on terms. The acquiring company assumes control of the target company, usually paying in cash, the acquirer's stock, or a combination of the two. 
Most acquisitions involve a larger company buying a smaller one. Sometimes a smaller firm will take over the management of a larger one; this is called a reverse takeover.
A hostile acquisition is sometimes called a takeover. In this case, the target company does not want to be bought. 
== References ==
Category:Market Terms
Category:Definitions
Actant

Actant is a privately held independent software vendor (ISV) founded in 1998 by software engineering and trading professionals. Actant builds real-time systems for automated derivatives trading on electronic exchanges. Their customers and target markets include traders who make markets on derivatives markets.
Actant has offices in London, New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and Zug, Switzerland.
== Products and Services ==
 
Actant Quote supports the publication of commodity, interest rate and index option prices, using a proprietary scripting language to provide a level of quote calculation flexibility for users. Scripting can give traders a way to customize an automated quote management application to fit their particular needs.
Aside from published quote management, hidden quotes provide the ability to calculate and compare unpublished options prices. When published market prices cross an unpublished hidden quote, Actant Quote generates an order on behalf of the trader.
Actant ExStream is a low latency, programmable, automated trading engine for market-takers. It is unique in offering access to a scripting language, Actant QuickScript, that allows the instantaneous creation, modification, refinement and expansion of trading strategies, as market conditions dictate – no developers required. There is also a library of pre-scripted template algorithms available to get started quickly.
Designed to run in a fully or semi-automated fashion, it specializes in facilitating futures and options trading, as well as trading stocks as part of a hedge or multi-leg derivatives strategy.
== Key People ==
*Rob Prior, Chief Executive Officer
*Mark Aarons, Chairman
*Clive Weston, Chief Financial Officer
*Lukas Luthy, Chief Technology Officer
*Fraser Reid, Business Development Director
*Daniel Ekengren, Head of Development and Project Management
*Charlotte Andersen, Vice President of Marketing
*Dan Sacks, Client Services
== References ==
 
Category:Independent Software Vendors
Category:Actant
Activ Financial Systems, Inc.

ACTIV Financial Systems, Inc. is an independent, global market data services provider. They are a vendor to global exchanges, offering a single solution to complex data management challenges by licensing, aggregating and distributing market data to capital market participants. 
== History ==
ACTIV Financial is privately held firm founded in 2002 with offices in Chicago, New York, Singapore, Tokyo and Cambridge, UK.
== Products and Services ==
The ACTIV Market Data Platform provides market data tailored to the needs of a wide variety of market participants. Some of the types of implementations which ACTIV engages in regularly include:
*Algorithmic & Electronic Trading 
*Global Enterprise Distribution 
*DMA & Trading Platforms 
*Tick Capture Engines & Backtesting 
*Market Making & Auto-Quoting 
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Technology Firms
Category:Activ Financial Systems
Active Trader Magazine

Active Trader is a monthly magazine featuring trading strategies, trading system tests, market analysis, news, commentary, among other features, aimed at the highly sophisticated, short-term, active traders and investors. 
== History ==
 
The first issue of Active Trader was published in April 2000. Seed circulation was derived from firms with active traders. This list was used only to distribute the publication to the right demographic for the editorial, but was released for no other purpose.
== Staff ==
*President: Phil Dorman
*Publisher: Bob Dorman
*Editor-in-Chief: Mark Etzkorn 
*Managing editor: Molly Flynn 
*Senior editor: Jeff Ponczak 
*Contributing editors: Thom Hartle, Thomas Stridsman
*Contributing writers: Robert A Green, Peter Navarro, Jim Kharouf, Kiara Ashanti
 
== References ==
Category:News Companies
Actual delivery (cryptocurrency)

The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission's (CFTC) published final guidance on what constitutes "actual delivery" of cryptocurrency under its rules on March 24, 2020.
With regard to transactions involving the purchase or sale of cryptocurrency, actual delivery is an important regulatory concept that provides a critical component of the basis for the CFTC to apply its rules. Under the U.S. Commodity Exchange Act (CEA), actual delivery of cryptocurrency in a retail cryptocurrency transaction is necessary for the transaction to be excepted from the CFTC's definition of and rules for futures contracts. The exception permits those transactions to occur away from regulated futures trading platforms known as designated contract markets pursuant to the CEA. According to the CFTC's Final Interpretive Guidance on Retail Commodity Transactions Involving Certain Digital Assets, “'actual delivery' has occurred within the context of virtual currency when: 
(1) A customer secures: (i) possession and control of the entire quantity of the commodity, whether it was purchased on margin, or using leverage, or any other financing arrangement, and (ii) the ability to use the entire quantity of the commodity freely in commerce (away from any particular execution venue) no later than 28 days from the date of the transaction and at all times thereafter; and 
(2) The offeror and counterparty seller (including any of their respective affiliates or other persons acting in concert with the offeror or counterparty seller on a similar basis) do not retain any interest in, legal right, or control over any of the commodity purchased on margin, leverage, or other financing arrangement at the expiration of 28 days from the date of the transaction." 
In its "Voting Draft" of its final guidance, the CFTC provides two examples of what it considered actual delivery and three examples of what it considered not to be actual delivery.
== Background ==
On August 23, 2013, the CFTC published a final interpretation of "actual delivery" for any commodity under the CEA and the CFTC's regulations. The interpretation included five examples of the CFTC's views of what constitutes actual delivery for commodity transactions under its jurisdiction. 
In response to the CFTC's June 2, 2016 settlement and fine against Bitfinex for offering U.S. customers off-exchange bitcoin futures contracts, on July 1, 2016 the law firm Steptoe and Johnson petitioned the CFTC for rule making that would address chiefly the issue of when the CFTC considers actual delivery to have taken place. 
In October 2017, CFTC Commissioner Brian Quintenz told an audience that the Commission was considering what constitutes actual delivery of cryptocurrency and was "working very hard to provide a suitable response to that question." Shortly thereafter, on December 30, the CFTC published a proposed interpretation of actual delivery and invited public comment. The March 2020 final guidance was the CFTC's first public response on its invitation for public comment. 
 
== References ==
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Actuals

In financial and commodity markets, actuals refer to the physical or cash commodity itself, as distinct from a futures contract or other derivative instrument. The concept of actuals is fundamental to understanding how commodities are traded and the differentiation between the physical product and speculative contracts.
==Understanding Actuals==
Actuals represent the tangible, real-world commodities that are bought and sold in physical markets. These commodities can include:
*Agricultural Products: Such as grains, livestock, and produce.
*Metals: Such as gold, silver, copper, and aluminum.
*Energy Resources: Including crude oil, natural gas, and coal.
*Soft Commodities: Like cotton, coffee, and sugar.
*Industrial Materials: Such as steel, lumber, and cement.
Actuals are characterized by their physical presence and the inherent qualities of the commodity itself, such as grade, quality, weight, and volume.
==Distinction from Derivative Contracts==
The primary distinction between actuals and derivative contracts, such as futures or options, is that actuals involve the direct exchange of the physical commodity, while derivatives are financial instruments whose value is derived from the price movements of the underlying actuals.
==Uses and Significance==
Physical Trading: Businesses engaged in the production, distribution, or consumption of commodities rely on actuals for their day-to-day operations. For example, a bakery requires actual wheat to produce bread.
Hedging: Actuals play a crucial role in hedging strategies. Producers and consumers of commodities often use derivatives to manage price risk related to actuals. For instance, a farmer can use a wheat futures contract to hedge against a potential drop in the price of the actual wheat crop.
Speculation: Traders and investors in commodity markets may speculate on the price movements of actuals through derivative contracts. While they do not intend to take delivery of the actuals, their trading activity can impact market prices.
Settlement: In futures and options markets, contracts often settle in cash based on the price of the actual commodity at a specified time. The actuals' prices influence these settlements.
Supply and Demand Dynamics: Actuals' supply and demand dynamics significantly impact their prices. Factors like weather conditions, geopolitical events, and global economic trends can influence the availability and pricing of actuals.
==Spot and Cash Markets==
The term "actuals" is often associated with the spot or cash market. In these markets, participants buy or sell the physical commodity for immediate delivery and settlement. Actuals' prices in the spot market reflect the current supply and demand conditions and serve as benchmarks for pricing in derivative markets.
== References ==
Category:Commodities
Category:Spot Market