nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
NEM

NEM standards are the standards for model railroads issued by the MOROP. NEM stands for Normen Europäischer Modellbahnen (German) or Normes Européennes de Modélisme (French), both of which translates to European standards for Model Railroads.
The NEM standards are defined and maintained by the Technical Commission of the MOROP in collaboration with model railroad manufacturers. 
The NEM standards define the model railroad scales and guide manufacturers in creating compatible products and assist modellers in constructing model railroad layouts that operate reliably. The standards cover areas like suggested gradients, curvature, wheel profiles, coupling designs and Digital Command Control, and are mostly scale specific. A fundamental principle in NEM standards are compromises in the exact scale reduction ratio in order to favour operational reliability of model railroad systems. An example for this are wheel flanges which tend to be proportionally wider in smaller scales to ensure a reliable operation.
The NEM standards cover aeras similar to the standards and recommended practices defined by the NMRA in North America, but the two standards are not universally interchangeable. In recent years, MOROP and NMRA have been working more closely together to establish common standards for developments such as Digital Command Control. European model railroad manufacturers generally follow the NEM standards, while North American manufacturers generally follow NMRA standards.
==See Also==
* MOROP - MOROP, the association defining and maintaining the NEM standards
==External links==
* German
* French
*NEM standards on MOROP website in English
*NEM standards on MIBA website
*MOROP website
*NEM article in Wikipedia
* English, many are older and outdated.
(Some of this page's content was taken from the NEM article in Wikipedia)
Category:Standards
NMRA DCC Plug

#REDIRECT Locomotive Interface
The NMRA DCC Plug is one of the standard plugs used for Locomotive Interfaces. It commonly refers to the 8 Pin DCC Plug, but there are other versions. S-9.1.1 DCC Interfaces 
The NMRA discourages the use of these connections, preferring more recent interfaces which offer more connections. See Locomotive Interfaces for details. 
# 1X6, 6-Pin Plug, 750mA capacity. N scale or larger.
# 2X4, 8-Pin Plug, (typical HO scale plug), 1.5A capacity
# 2X2, 4-Pin Plug, typically found in O and Large Scale equipment. Four Amp capacity.
Also see the page on Locomotive Interfaces for more details.
NMRA Plugs 	NMRA Plugs 	NMRA Plugs 	NMRA Plugs
DCCWiki.com	DCCWiki.com 	DCCWiki.com 	DCCWiki.com
Pin # 	Small(1 X 6)	Medium(2 X 4)	Large(2 X 2)
1 	Orange 	Orange 	Grey
2 	Grey 	Yellow 	Orange
3 	Red 	Optional 	Black
4 	Black 	Black 	Red
5 	White 	Grey 	N/A
6 	Yellow 	White 	N/A
7 	N/A 	Blue 	N/A
8 	N/A 	Red 	N/A
Category:Decoder_Features
Category:Multifunction Decoder Features
Category:Multifunction Decoder
Category:DCC_Tutorial
Category:Terms
Category:Electrical
Category:Decoder Interface
N Gauge Plug-n-Play Decoder

Plug-n-Play Decoders are designed to drop in place of the standard circuitry of a locomotive. Often replacing the lighting board for example. 
==N Gauge Plug-n-Play (PnP) Decoders==
There are several locomotive manufacturers who have designed their equipment to make it easy to install a PnP decoder. Often a compatible decoder is made by more than one manufacturer.
===KATO Locomotives===
Most modern KATO equipment can be fitted with a compatible decoder from Digitrax. KATO also released their own decoders
KATO Decoders	KATO Decoders	KATO Decoders
Code 	Name 	Description
29-351 	EM13 	Motor unit decoder
29-352 	FL12 	End car decoder switches between red and white depending on direction
29-353 	FL11 	Lighting decoder for passsenger cars (needs 11-209 LED Lighting Kit)
KATO American Prototypes 	KATO American Prototypes 	KATO American Prototypes
Model 	Decoder 	
RDC 	Digitrax DN122K2, other? 	
SD80	SD90 	Digitrax DN141K2, other? 	
C44-9W 	Digitrax DN144K, other? 	
RS-2, RSC-2 	Digitrax DN148K, other? 	
SD40-2 	Digitrax DN149K2, other? 	
P42, PA-1, E-8 	Digitrax DN163K0A, other?	
F3 (A+B) 	Digitrax DN163K0B, other?	
C44-9W 	Digitrax DN163K1A, other?	
SD70MAC, SD40-2, AC4400CW, (C44-9W)	Digitrax DN163K1B, other?	
SD80/90MAC, RS-2	RSC-2 	Digitrax DN163K2, other? 	
Kato N GP40-2 & U25B 	Digitrax DN163A0, other? 	
Kato N SD50,60,60M 	Digitrax DN163A1, other? 	
Kato N SD40-2 Made in 2006+ 	Digitrax DN163K1C, other?	
===Atlas Locomotives===
Both NCE and Digitrax make PnP decoders for Atlas locomotives. Lenz also manufactures the decoders that are factory installed in some of the Atlas range.
==See also==
# Decoder - General information on DCC Decoders
# Digitrax Mobile Decoder Listing
# KATO Decoder Info - Listing of which decoders go in which KATO locomotives (Google Sheets Database)
Category:Decoder
Category:N scale
Category: Multifunction Decoder Features
Category: Multifunction Decoder
N scale

N scale (more properly N gauge - proportions range from 1:148 to 1:160) is a popular model railway size, allowing hobbyists to build layouts that take up less space than other scales, or put longer track runs into the same amount of space, because the models are smaller (by nearly a half) than they are in HO scale (1:87). The name comes from an abbreviation for Nine millimetres, which is the distance between the inside edges of the rails. 
== General N Scale Topics ==
Here is a list of topics relating to N Scale:
* N Scale History - How the size was started, etc.
* N Scale Coupling - Coupling information for N scale railroads.
* N Scale Track Work - Working with N scale tracks
* N scale turntables - Using turntables with N scale and DCC
** see also Turntables for general turntable information
* N Gauge Plug-n-Play Decoder - Decoder PnP charts.
== DCC for N scale ==
(Just getting this page started. Feel free to add to this section, or create new N scale DCC topics, and link them to this section. TazzyTazzy 13:37, 29 March 2006 (EST))
Due to the small scale of the trains, you may find it tricky to get decoders installed into some locomotives... There are very few "impossible" locomotives in N scale, but some can be difficult.
You will find there are at least 4 situations when it comes to DCC and locomotives in N gauge.
# Factory installed decoder
# N Gauge Plug-n-Play Decoder available
# NEM socket provided
# No Provision for DCC
== Installing DCC in N scale Locomotives ==
* NRMRC DCC installation pages - a very good source for installation methods for N scale locomotives.
== Links to Clubs==
* The N Gauge Society
* The Modern Area Group of the N Gauge Society
* The 2 mm Scale Association
* N-Trak N scale modular group with clubs worldwide
*Bend Track N scale modular group with double-tracked in-and-out free-form modules.
*T-Trak Micro-modular N scale group. A typical module is approximately letter-paper sized.
== Additional Reading ==
* What's N Scale?
Category:Model railroad scales
N scale coupling

The agreed-to standard coupling is known as a Rapido coupler1 for the manufacturer (Arnold) which kindly allowed it to be copied. While this coupling system can be found on all N scale rolling stock, it barely serves the purpose of keeping the train together. This has prompted U.S. modellers to make use of a more reliable proprietary coupler system, available initially from Micro Trains (the company was known as KADEE). The MT couplers (as they are known) are more delicate and closer to scale appearance than rapido couplers. Other manufacturers are now making couplers that mate with Micro Trains couplers.
800px|left|Kadee Coupler (side view)
European modellers have the option to convert the couplers to the Fleishmann Profi-Coupler system for more reliable operation should they wish to do so.
N scale has a large worldwide following. Models are made of very many standard gauge prototypes from every continent. N scale is second only to HO scale in popularity. In Japan, where space in homes is more limited, N scale is the most popular scale, and HO scale is considered large. In the U.S., modellers build large N scale layouts in spaces large enough for HO layouts.
== Notes ==
1Rapido refers to Arnold Rapido, a brand name for their N scale products. It is not related to Rapido Trains Inc.
Category:Model railroad scales
New for DCCWiki 2010

As founder of this open source community wiki for all things DCC, I (TazzyTazzy) felt it was time for a revamp and add some much need user interface improvements. Over the last year or so, I have not done much to this site. There have been a few dedicated users here, but I want to bring this wiki to the next level.
Feel free to add what you feel is missing, here's a list to start with. As these items get address, they will be moved to the appropriate section.
==What is missing==
* Old home page - needs more useful navigation (work in progress)
* Navigation in general (started adding navboxes to major dcc topics)
** Where do I find what I'm looking for?
** Where do I put information that I have?
* Adding content
** Wiki syntax isn't very easy everyone
** Uploading images and adding them to an article can be bothersome, at best.
** How do I catalog this data?
** Where do I put data - reviews, decoder information
** Writing up decoder installs
** Non consistent data for various items - eg, decoders or command stations
==What has been done==
* Adding basic content is being addressed first. It's now easier to add/edit/update:
** Command Stations List - Can add command stations easier and see a quick comparison
** Mobile Decoders List - Easier to add / update mobile decoders.
** Multifunction Decoder Install List - Now everyone should be able to document a mobile decoder installation project
** Terms List created, but still needs some work.
*** Perhaps migrate terms and the main pages together - less stubs.
== What needs to be done==
* Finish revamping the home page
* Complete the help system for navigating the wiki, adding and edit content, etc.
* Migrate data / pages from the other manual method to the new system.
* Create additional forms:
** Boosters
** Power supplies
** Stationary Decoders
** Cabs (Throttles)
** Product reviews
==Where can I help==
There's lots to do.
* For starters, the Command Station List needs to be completed. We need to catalog all the command stations. There's already a DCC Systems comparison but needs to be migrated over to the new system.
* Propose how what other items should be captured in the command station database. I think we need a section for notes or tips for each command station.
** Put your ideas here:
Ohm's Law

There is a good description of Ohm's Law on Wikipedia.
== Ohm's Law ==
 These examples apply to Direct Current.
Ohm's Law is a statement of the relationship between Voltage, Current, and Resistance in an electrical circuit. It can be represented by this diagram:
 Voltage may be represented by the letter E. This stands for "Electromotive Force," an older name for what is now called Voltage. Current is expressed with the uppercase I, as Ampere originally described it as "intensité du courant." 
So, you may see the equations as:
* E = I × R (The animation below uses the European "U" for Voltage)Unterschied, which means difference in German.
* I = E ÷ R
* R = E ÷ I
300px|leftOhm's Law
=== Examples ===
One common question is: "How much series resistance is needed for an LED?
To determine this, begin with the data sheet for the LED in question. Specifically, the values for the continuous forward current, IFWD, and forward voltage VFWD.
For example, the data sheet lists IFWD as 30mA maximum, VFWD at 20mA is from 3 to 3.6V.
The power source is 16VDC. The maximum voltage across the LED, VFWD, is 3.6V. For safety, the VFWD will be 3.3V. The series resistor (Rseries) will be determined by the 3.3V at 20mA rating. Rseries will have the difference between 16 and 3.3V across it.
VRseries = 16 − 3.3 = 12.7V
Using R = V ÷ I, calculate the value: 
12.7 ÷ IFWD = 12.7 ÷ 20mA
; = 635 Ohms
* Using I = E ÷ R: 12.7 ÷ 635 = 0.02A
* Using E = I × R, 0.02 × 635 = 12.7V
There is no 635Ω resistor available on the market, so the closest value would be 680 ohms.
Using 680Ω, the current is 12.7 ÷ 680 = 19mA. Increasing the value to 750Ω reduces the current to 15mA.
=== Resistors in Series and Parallel ===
==== Series ====
Total Resistance equals the sum of the resistances.
==== Parallel ====
The total resistance of resistors connected in parallel is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistors.
* 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 … + 1/Rn)
 When resistors are wired in parallel, the total resistance will be less than that of the lowest resistor's value. 
=== Power Dissipation ===
The series resistor must be able to handle the power that will flow through it. Using the above calculations, the result is found as follows:
Watts = I2 × R
= 0.22 × 635
= .0004 × 635
= 0.25 W
In this case, a ¼W resistor or better will suffice.
=== Ohm's Law Explained ===
== See Also == 
Electronics Primer
Category:Electronics
OneControl

It also provides I/O ports for interfacing with other hardware devices. It can also manage a 16-fold GBM16T occcupancy detector. Advanced configuration of each port is possible via the BiDiB-Wizard software is possible. Also, macros can be programmed on the device to operate multiple output ports under a single command.
It is also possible to create "virtual" accessories, with multiple aspects. In this manner it is possible to configure, for example, a turnout with 2 aspects. Each aspect can be implemented with macros to turn on/off a light and change a turnout coil or servo motor. The model control software would "see" a turnout with two aspects (front and side) each of which would be implemented by the board (via macros) by manipulating its outputs.
Example of a Virtual Turnout
* Aspect 1 (front)
** Turn off the branching light signal
** Activate the appropriate output to change a turnout forward
** Turn on the forward light signal
* Aspect 2 (sideways)
** Turn off the front light signal
** Activate the appropriate output to change a turnout to the branching side
** Turn on the branching light signal
In essence the model rail control software would only operate an accessory with two aspects. This is a very powerful configuration feature that allows complex behavior to be easily implemented.
== Technical information ==
* BiDiB bus support.
* Input voltage of 12-18V DC / AC
* 16 programmable switching outputs with 1000mA max current each.
* 8 servo outputs
* 16 GPIO universal inputs or outputs for a maximum of 10mA each.
* Connector for one GBM16T occupancy detector.
== Typical Usage ==
=== Magnetic devices ===
The 16 power outputs can be used to control a total of 16 coil turnout motors or 8 double-coil turnout motors. Each output can be configured to operate in pulse mode, up to a maximum current of 1A.
== Further Reading ==
Fichtelbahn
=== External Links === 
*OneControl on the BiDiB wiki (German)
*Product page (German)
OpenDCC

==Description==
OpenDCC is a DIY DCC project developed by Wolfgang Kufer based on the Atmel AVR Microcontroller. The project developed consists of a command station (OpenDCC Z1), a throttle, accessory decoder (OpenDecoder) amongs other items for advanced DCC operation such as a DCC protocol sniffer and a Railcom feedback board for track occupancy detection.
On 2010 an offshoot project, BiDiB developed from OpenDCC.
==External links==
*RocRail wiki
*Project main website
* AVR Microcontrollers at Wikipedia
OpenLCB

==What is OpenLCB?==
OpenLCB refers to a set of protocol standards developed as a non-proprietary Layout Control Bus, but also to the people, ideas, and technology behind them.
==What is the Purpose of OpenLCB?==
OpenLCB is designed as a separate, generic non-proprietary control bus which is positioned next to and designed to take the load off your throttle bus. It is a bi-directional data bus that can send and receive data. It can be used to control layout signalling, lighting, sound, and animation. It can interface to traction control systems in a unified manner. 
A selected subset of protocols has been accepted by the NMRA as the LCC Standard. 
===OpenLCB Capabilities===
OpenLCB is transport agnostic - which means it is designed to communicate across multiple different transports, such as Ethernet, CAN, RS485, RF and WiFi. 
OpenLCB is traction agnostic - that means it is designed to work with multiple track control systems, including DC, DCC, Marklin, etc. It has a Traction Protocol which is unified so that throttles can use any traction system.
OpenLCB can connect to legacy control systems, and therefore it protects your investment.
== External Links ==
* OpenCLB.org
OpenMRN

OpenMRN (Open Model Railroad Network) is a set of software libraries that are designed to make it easier to implement support for the NMRA's LCC (Layout Command Control) bus. 
==What Does OpenMRN Do? ==
OpenMRN has the ability to connect to a Layout Command Control bus, pass messages to and from the network, as well as formatting messages.
==What is the Advantage of OpenMRN==
OpenMRN is Open-Source Software, meaning anyone and any manufacturer can use it for their hardware. Being open source, it is available free of charge.
OpenMRN is a set of C++ code designed to make it easier to implement LCC support. This might be in accessory decoders, in a command station, in a throttle, or any other device. The code is designed to be able to run on microcontrollers.
===Features===
* Cross Platform, Easily Ported
* OS Abstraction layer allows shared code
* Runs on Desktops, microcomputers and microcontrollers.
* C++ implementation of various Model Railroad protocols. The first on is OpenLCB/[Layout Command Control]
===Ports===
MacOS, Linux, Microsoft Windows, in 32- and 64-bit versions
;Microcomputers
#Raspberry Pi
#BeagleBone Black
;Microcontrollers
#ARM
#MIPS
==Is OpenMRN Compatible with Digital Command Control? ==
# Command station (packet stream generation)
# DCC and Marklin-Motorola protocol
# RailCom cutout and feedback reception
## CV reads & writes using RailCom
== External Links ==
* OpenMRNLite
* OpenMRN
Category:Layout Command Control
Open source

A main principle of open-source software development is peer production, with products such as source code, blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open-source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open-source appropriate technology, and open-source drug discovery.
Open source promotes universal access via an open-source or free license to a product's design or blueprint, and universal redistribution of that design or blueprint. Before the phrase open source became widely adopted, developers and producers have used a variety of other terms. Open source gained hold with the rise of the Internet. The open-source software movement arose to clarify copyright, licensing, domain, and consumer issues.
Generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the source code is available to the general public for use or modification from its original design. Code is released under the terms of a software license. Depending on the license terms, others may then download, modify, and publish their version (fork) back to the community.
==Related to DCC==
There are a few open source projects related to DCC. See the Do It Yourself for a list of projects and links.
Opto-isolated

== Opto-Isolators or Optocouplers==
In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal. Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV and voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/μs. 
The concept is similar to that of a transformer, which through Galvanic Isolation, connects two circuits together while providing isolation. Aside from power supplies, a common application of galvanic isolation is Ethernet connections on a circuit board.
A common type of opto-isolator (or Optocoupler) consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque package. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (On-Off) signals, but some techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.
Optoisolator Pinout.svg|Optocoupler schematic symbol
Optocoupler cross section.jpg|thumb|Optocoupler cross section
Opto-isolator (aka).jpg|thumb|Optocoupler in DIP packaging
DCD-IPCCT.PNG|Optocoupler application for input to the decoder's microcontroller.
===Operation===
An opto-isolator connects input and output sides with a beam of light modulated by input current. It transforms the input signal into light, sends it across the dielectric channel, captures light on the output side and transforms it back into electric signal. Unlike transformers, which can pass energy in both directions with low losses, opto-isolators are unidirectional and cannot transmit power. Typical opto-isolators can only modulate the flow of energy already present on the output side. Unlike transformers, opto-isolators can pass DC or slow-moving signals and do not require matching impedances between input and output sides. Both transformers and opto-isolators are effective in breaking ground loops, common in industrial and stage equipment, caused by high or noisy return currents in ground wires.
===DCC Applications===
==== Boosters ====
Boosters with opto-isolated throttle network inputs are available, a typical application would be use with a layout with common rail wiring. This prevents damage from incorrect signals being applied to your booster's input. This is why common rail wiring is discouraged with DCC.
==== Homemade Decoders ====
The schematics for a number of homemade DCC decoders often use an optocoupler as part of the circuit which extracts the DCC signal from the incoming power. The DCC track voltages would damage the microcontroller if connected directly. This allows the DCC data to be extracted easily at the voltages needed.
Category:Electronics
PCB

A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is how virtually all electronics are constructed these days. PCBs are usually made from copper-plated fiberglass where the desired circuit is etched into the copper and then the various components are soldered on.
Another term is Printed Wire Board, which means the same thing. The term has fallen out of use today.
PCB material is also used for ties in hand-laid track. When used in such an application a cut must be made in the copper foil to break the circuit. If not, the layout will short when power is applied to the track. This will mean hours finding the culprit and correcting the issue. Turnouts laid using PCB ties can be particularly troublesome in this respect.
Category:Electrical
Category:Wiring
Category:Trackwork
Category:Electronics