nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Stuart Spodek

__NOTOC__ 
Stuart Spodek is head of U.S. bonds at money manager BlackRock. He is also a managing director for the firm. His research has been mentioned by major media outlets, including BusinessWeek. 
== Background ==
Spodek joined BlackRock in 1993 as an analyst in BlackRock's portfolio management group and became a portfolio manager in 1995. He assumed his current position in 2008.
== Education ==
He attended Princeton University from 1988 to 1993.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:BlackRock
Stuart Turner

__NOTOC__ 
Stuart Royston Turner is a British entrepreneur and the co-founder of Avenir Technology, a company specializing in financial market software solutions. He has over 30 years of experience in the financial market infrastructure sector, contributing to the development and implementation of post-trade systems.
== Background ==
=== Early Career ===
Turner began his career as a scrip clerk with ANZ Bank in Australia, where he was involved in ensuring the accuracy of share transfer forms and certificates. He later transitioned to the role of investment analyst, where he helped specify the first computer system for the bank's investment department. His early experiences in the financial sector laid the foundation for his future endeavors in financial market infrastructure.
=== Career in Financial Market Infrastructure ===
Turner has held various roles in the financial market infrastructure industry, including positions in investment banking and market data businesses. He has managed clearing houses, served as head of risk management, and led IT departments. His work has involved designing and developing financial market infrastructure systems, including a new clearing system while at OMX.
=== Avenir Technology ===
In 2014, Stuart Turner co-founded Avenir Technology, driven by his dissatisfaction with existing financial market systems. Avenir Technology focuses on creating cost-effective and user-friendly post-trade processing systems for exchanges, clearing houses, and central securities depositories. The company has developed products such as AvenirSettle and AvenirClear, which are designed to improve security settlement and clearing processes.
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category:Entrepreneurs
Category:Financial Technology
Category:Businesspeople in Software
Category:Financial Markets
Stuart Williams

__NOTOC__ 
Stuart Williams is chief operating officer of Intercontinental Exchange (ICE). He was appointed in 2022.
Before that, he served as president of ICE Futures Europe, a role he assumed in 2017. As president, he succeeded David Peniket
Before that, he served as COO of the exchange, from July 15, 2016 and he served as director of corporate development at ICE Futures Europe.
== Background ==
As COO of ICE Futures Europe, William’s responsibilities involved the implementation of Mifid II/Mifir requirements for the European exchange, including the open access rules.
Williams served as head of architecture and business development for NYSE Euronext prior to its takeover by ICE. He worked on the transition of Liffe’s trading and clearing operations to ICE Futures Europe and ICE Clear Europe following the announced acquisition in December 2013. Before NYSE Euronext, he was a consultant at firms including Protiviti and Accenture, focused on exchange clients.
== Education ==
Williams earned a bachelor of electronic engineering from the University of Pretoria.
== References ==	
Category:NYSE Euronext - Former Employees
Category:Accenture - Former Employees
Category:Consultants
Stéphane Boujnah

__NOTOC__ 
Stéphane Boujnah is the CEO of Euronext and chairman of its managing board. He is a longtime executive in the banking industry who, before joining Euronext, led Santander Global Banking and Markets, where he held the position of head of France & Benelux starting in 2010, and head of Continental Europe starting in June 2014. 
He took over the role of chairman and CEO of Euronext, the pan-European exchange operator, on November 16, 2015. Boujnah was appointed as a member of Euronext's managing board in October of 2015.
Boujnah was a member of the Commission pour la Libération de la Croissance Française, established by the then-President Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007. He is the founder and vice president of the board of directors of the think tank En Temps Réel and president of the board of directors of Accentus and Insula Orchestra, a non-proﬁt cultural initiative. He is also a member of the board of Borsa Italiana.
He also serves as an independent director at Groupe Fnac Société Anonyme. He has published books extolling the Swedish model of capitalism.
== Background ==
Before joining Santander in 2010, Boujnah spent five years at Deutsche Bank, as a managing director responsible for the development of the investment banking operations in France. Before that, from 2003 to 2005, he founded and developed KM5 Capital, an advisory company specializing in equity raising and M&A advice for venture capital funds and technology companies. He also spent two years as a director of the mergers and acquisitions team at Credit Suisse-First Boston.
Before working in the banking sector, Boujnah spent two years, from 1997 to 1999, as senior advisor to Dominique Strauss-Kahn, then the French Minister for Economy, Finance and Industry. He was in charge of innovation, new technologies, venture capital, foreign investments and on all matters related to State-controlled technology and telecom companies.
From 1991 to 1997, he was a business lawyer specialized in M&A transactions and structured financing in the international firm Freshfields.
== Education ==
Boujnah graduated from the Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris. He holds a Masters degree and a DEA in Law from La Sorbonne Paris, an LLM in international law from the University of Kent in Canterbury and an MBA from INSEAD.
== Video ==
Boujnah was interviewed by John Lothian News at the FIA Boca 2022 conference for the JLN Industry Leader Video series.
== References ==	
Category:Euronext
Stéphane Lannoy

__NOTOC__ 
Stéphane Lannoy is Managing Director, Asia-Pacific, for RTS Realtime Systems. 
== Background ==
Lannoy joined RTS from NewEdge Group, where he most recently served as the Chief Information Officer for Asia Pacific, working out of the Hong Kong office. He has more than 20 years of experience working in financial services and technology positions for one of the world’s largest banks and futures brokerage firms. 
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:RTS Realtime Systems Group
Sub-penny quoting

Sub-penny quoting is the practice of offering a decimal of a cent higher than a stock’s asking price or another buy order. It is also called sub-penny pricing or sub-penny trading. 
Subpenny trading followed, in part, from the switch from fraction-based stock prices to decimalization in 2001. When stocks began to be quoted in decimal increments, the smallest increment in which stock prices move was narrowed to a penny at Nasdaq and at the New York Stock Exchange. However, some systems continued to let their customers trade in increments smaller than a penny, in order to gain an edge. 
The practice led to dispute because Nasdaq's system did not use sub-pennies and therefore was at a competitive disadvantage. Eventually, Nasdaq asked the SEC to let it trade in sub-pennies. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Stocks
Category:Options
Subprime mortgage lending

Sub-prime mortgage lending involves lending to borrowers who do not qualify for loans from mainstream lenders. Some sub-prime lenders are independent, but increasingly they are affiliates of mainstream lenders operating under different names. In U.S. mortgage lending, the term refers to loans that do not meet Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac guidelines for a number of reasons, including the borrower's credit rating, income and job history. It can also refer to bank loans taken on property that cannot be sold on the primary market. 
Rates and fees for sub-prime lenders are higher than mainstream lenders because of the greater risk and higher costs of sub-prime lending - the latter because more applications are rejected and marketing costs are higher. Default rates on oversold subprime mortgages were the catalyst that sparked 2007's meltdown in the mortgage-backed securities market and later the 2007-2008 credit crisis.
In August of 2008, nonprofit, nonpartisan research and policy organization Center For Responsible Lending projected that almost 2.2 million subprime foreclosures would occur primarily in late 2008 through the end of 2009, up from the organization's original 1.1 million estimate made in 2006. Additionally, it was estimated that 40.6 million homes in neighborhoods surrounding the foreclosures would suffer price declines averaging over $8,667 per home and resulting in a $352 billion total decline in property values. 
== References ==
== Resources ==
* Commissioner of Financial Regulation Statement on Subprime Mortgage Lending
*Give Credit Where Credit is Due: Increasing Access to Affordable Mainstream Credit When Using
Alternative Data by Michael A. Turner, Alyssa Stewart Lee, Ann Schnare, Robin Varghese, and Patrick D. Walker, December 2006.
==References==
Category:Definitions
Subsidiaries of CME Group

Subsidiaries of CME Group Inc.
Subsidiary Name 	Jurisdiction of Incorporation
Board of Trade of the City of Chicago, Inc. 	Delaware
CBOT Singapore PTE. LTD. 	Singapore
C-B-T Corporation 	Delaware
Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc. 	Delaware
Chicago Mercantile Exchange Korea Inc. 	Korea
Chicago Mercantile Exchange Luxembourg Holdings S.A.R.L. 	Luxembourg
Chicago Mercantile Exchange Luxembourg S.A.R.L. 	Luxembourg
GFX Corporation 	Illinois
CME Alternative Marketplace Inc. 	Delaware
CME FX Marketplace Inc. 	Delaware
CME Global Marketplace Inc. 	Delaware
CME Group Index Holdings LLC 	Delaware
CME Group Index Services LLC 	Delaware
CME Group Marketing Canada 	Canada
CME Group Strategic Investments LLC 	Delaware
CMEG Brazil Investments 1 LLC 	Delaware
CMEG Brazil Investments 2 LLC 	Delaware
CMEG Brazil 1 Participações Ltda. 	Brazil
CMEG Brazil Sistemas Locação de Bens Ltda. 	Brazil
CMEG Strategic Sdn. Bhd. 	Malaysia
CMEG NYMEX Holdings Inc. 	Delaware
CME Clearing Europe Limited 	United Kingdom
CME Marketing Europe Limited (f/k/a Swapstream Operating Services Limited)	United Kingdom
CME Swaps Marketplace Ltd. 	United Kingdom
CMESCC Inc. 	Delaware
Commodity Exchange, Inc. 	New York
COMEX Clearing Association, Inc. 	New York
Credit Market Analysis Limited 	United Kingdom
Credit Market Analysis USA Inc 	Delaware
Financial Data Exchange Limited 	United Kingdom
Giotto Empreendimentos e Participações Ltda. 	Brazil
NYMEX Europe Exchange Holdings Limited 	United Kingdom
NYMEX Europe Limited 	United Kingdom
NYMEX London Limited 	United Kingdom
NYMEX Technology Corp. 	Delaware
New York Mercantile Exchange, Inc. 	Delaware
Quotevision Limited 	United Kingdom
Swapstream Limited 	United Kingdom
Swapstream Inc. 	Delaware
Special Technology Investments Limited 	United Kingdom
Swapstream France (f/k/a IT4F) 	France
Tradingear Acquisition, LLC 		Delaware
						
== References ==
Category:CME Group
Sudhanshu Agarwal

__NOTOC__ 
Sudhanshu Agarwal is the global chief executive officer of Tickmill, a global ECN broker. He was appointed to that position effective January 28, 2015. He had previously overseen all key aspects of the brokerage business with a focus on customer experience, regulatory compliance and forex operations.
== Background ==
Agarwal has held key positions at such brokerage firms as GFT and AvaTrade in Australia. He started in the industry at GFT and more recently sat on the board of directors for regulated firms such as USGFX and Responsible Manager for Direct FX. He served as CEO – Australia for AvaTrade while launching the Australian branch.
== Education ==
== References ==
Sudip Ghosh

__NOTOC__ 
Sudip Ghosh is the senior sales manager, Canada, for FTSE Russell. He is based in Toronto. 
Ghosh was previously the senior institutional account manager at Morningstar Research Inc.
At FTSE Russell he is responsible for new and existing client relationships within the Canadian financial industry to sell the company's equity and fixed income indices, data and software in the region.
== Background ==
== Education ==
== References ==
Sugar

Sugar is a commodity traded in various forms and at various exchanges around the world. It is produced from a variety of sources and and used as sweet-flavored ingredient for many types of food and drinks around the world. 
While sugar is grown and produced around the world, the three biggest producers of sugar are Brazil, India and the European Union. 
==Futures Trading==
In London, InterContinentalExchange's LIFFE exchange trades sugar futures contract No. 407 which is either from white beet, cane crystal or refined sugar.
On the Bolsa de Mercadorias & Futuros (Brazil), they trade sugar futures contract for cane crystal sugar.
There are two main sugar futures traded in the U.S., No. 11 Sugar and No. 16 Sugar. No. 11 Sugar is a often referred to as "World Sugar" while No. 16 is called "Domestic."
The Sugar No. 16 contract serves the hedging needs of U.S. sugar producers, end users and merchants. The contract prices physical delivery of US-grown (or foreign origin with duty paid by deliverer) raw cane sugar at one of five U.S. refinery ports as selected by the receiver.
The Sugar No. 11 contract is the world benchmark contract for raw sugar trading. The contract prices the physical delivery of raw cane sugar, free-on-board the receiver's vessel to a port within the country of origin of the sugar.
== References ==
Category:Commodities
Category:InterContinentalExchange
Category:InterContinentalExchange Contracts
Category:Bolsa de Mercadorias & Futuros
Sullivan & Cromwell LLP

Sullivan & Cromwell is a law firm with a large financial institutions practice in the United States. In addition to being an advisor in the global convergence of financial services companies, S&C assists in financial institutions M&A, compliance and regulatory matters and securities transactions. 
Sullivan & Cromwell is involved in all aspects of the commodities and derivatives businesses. Its Commodities, Futures and Derivatives Group provides a full range of transactional, advisory and litigation services in connection with the structuring, offering and trading of commodity and derivative products of all types. 
Among the many financial firms for which it has provided advisory services are: S&C is currently Counsel to Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group in its equity investment in Morgan Stanley; Counsel to JPMorgan Chase in its acquisition of Washington Mutual’s banking operations; Counsel to Goldman Sachs in its sale of $5 billion in Preferred Shares and warrants to Berkshire Hathaway; Counsel to Goldman Sachs in its conversion to a bank holding company; Counsel to Barclays in its acquisition of Lehman Brothers’ North American operations; Counsel to AIG in connection with the $85 billion emergency financing plan with the Federal Reserve; and Counsel to the Board of The Bear Stearns Companies in its sale to JPMorgan Chase. 
S&C has offices in 12 countries around the world, including New York, London, Beijing, Paris and Washington, D.C.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Law Firms
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group Inc.

Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. is a financial holding company. Through its subsidiaries and associated companies, it is active in two core business segments. 
The banking segment offers services, such as deposits, loans, securities transactions, securities investment, domestic and foreign exchange, financial futures trading, bond fiduciary and registration, trust, securities investment trust and insurance over-the-counter (OTC) sales. 
The leasing segment mainly offers leasing services through Sumitomo Mitsui Finance & Leasing Company Limited and Sumitomo Mitsui Auto Service Company, Limited in Japan and SMBC Leasing and Finance, Inc. overseas. The company is also engaged in the credit cards, business consulting, membership business, accommodation loan, factoring, system development, debt management and collection, information processing, money collection, venture capital, investment adviser and financial derivative businesses.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Koichi Miyata, President
*Masayuki Oku, Chairman of the Board 
== References ==
Summer K. Mersinger

__NOTOC__ 
Summer K. Mersinger is a Washington, DC-based attorney and derivatives regulator who serves as a commissioner of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission. 
Before being named a commissioner, she was a communications executive and government official who served as chief of staff in the Office of former Commissioner Dawn D. Stump at the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission. She was previously director of the CFTC's Office of Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs. 
She was nominated to become a CFTC commissioner on December 15, 2021 by President Joseph Biden. She was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on March 28, 2022 and sworn in on March 31, 2022. 
== Background ==
In her role at the CFTC, Mersinger was the commission's lead liaison with members of Congress. She serves as the key advisor to the CFTC chairman on legislative matters.
Mersinger spent 20 years working on Capitol Hill and in government relations roles. Before joining the CFTC, she was a senior vice president at Smith-Free Group, where she worked on financial services and other issues.
She served as a top aide to Sen. John Thune, who represents her home state of South Dakota, from 2014 to 2016. She most recently was his chief of staff. 
Before joining Sen. Thune's staff, she was a director of government relations at Arent Fox. She also served in Sen. Thune's office when he was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1999 to 2002.
== Education ==
Mersinger holds a bachelor of science degree from the University of Minnesota and a juris doctor degree from The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law.
== References ==	
Category:Communication Professionals
Category:CFTC - Former Employees
Category:Former Congressional Staff 
Category:Lawyers
Sun Trading, LLC

Sun Trading was a privately held proprietary trading firm that was diversified across geographies and asset classes, including equities, equity options, foreign exchange, fixed income and futures markets around the world. They traded these markets from three global offices located in Chicago, New York and London. Sun Trading had more than 100 employees in the U.S. and over 20 employees in London. 
On January 17, 2018, The Trade reported that Sun Trading would be acquired by the quant trading firm Hudson River Trading (HRT) in Q1 2018, the latest in a number of recent acquisitions in the HFT space. Sun went up for sale in September of 2017, reflecting the struggles many firms in the sector have had as a result of low volatility. 
== History ==
Bernard Dan was appointed president of Sun Trading on December 2, 2010. He stepped down as CEO on June 5, 2015, handing the title to Kevin Cuttica, the firm's global head of trading.
Sun bought New York-based options-trading firm Toro Trading in 2013 and acquired bond-trading firm Endeavor Trading in 2012.
== Key People ==
*Jeff Wigley, Founder and Executive Chairman
== References ==
Category:Proprietary Trading Firms
Category:Sun Trading
Category:Principal Traders Group
Suneel Bakhshi

__NOTOC__ 
Suneel Bakhshi is the chief executive officer of LCH.Clearnet, which he joined in that role in January 2014. Bakhshi is also a member of the executive board of the London Stock Exchange. 
== Background ==
Bakhshi was previously president and CEO of Citigroup Global Markets Japan Inc. He had been with Citigroup for over 30 years, holding a variety of positions. He was chief risk officer for Citigroup's global commercial banking and global consumer group business. Bakhshi was also head of Citigroup's global emerging markets corporate banking operations. He was head of both Japanese derivatives and European fixed income derivatives trading in the 1990s.
His non-executive roles included being a member of the Derivatives Consultative Committee for the Bank of England from 1997-1998, as well as being a Citigroup representative for the International Swaps & Derivatives Association (ISDA).
== Education ==
Bakkshi earned a bachelor of commerce degree from Delhi University in India. He also earned an MBA from Queen's University in Canada.
== References ==
Sung Hee Hong

__NOTOC__ 
Sung Hee Hong is executive director, head of Korea at the CME Group. He was appointed to the position on June 24, 2012. At CME, Hong is responsible for expanding the firm's presence in Korea by developing growth opportunities and customer relationships in Korea. 
== Background ==
Prior to his position at the CME, Hong worked 15 years in the industry under the Korea Stock Exchange (KSE) and the Korea Exchange (KRX).
 
== Education ==
Hong received a master's in Industrial Engineering from Seoul National University in 1981 and a PhD in Finance from the University of Houston.
== References ==
Category:Korea Stock Exchange
Category:Korea Exchange
Category:CME Group
Sunil Benimadhu

__NOTOC__ 
Sunil Benimadhu is chief executive of The Stock Exchange of Mauritius. He assumed that position in 1998. He is the former president of the African Securities Exchanges Association and a senior lecturer at the University of Mauritius. 
== Background ==
Prior to joining The Stock Exchange of Mauritius, Benimadhu was a principal portfolio manager at the African Development Bank (ADB).
== Education ==
Benimadhu holds an MBA in Finance and Investment from the University of Illinois, United States. He also holds a DEA in Development Economics and a Maîtrise in Macro Economics from the University of Aix-Marseille, France.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Educators
Category:African Securities Exchanges Association
Sunil Cutinho

__NOTOC__
Sunil Cutinho is a Chicago-based exchange executive who serves as the chief information officer of the CME Group, a position he was named to in February of 2022. He replaced Kevin Kometer.
As CME CIO, Cutinho is responsible for improving technology collaboration with business units, developing a technology strategy aligned with the CME Group business strategy and providing technology analysis for business development activities, mergers and acquisitions.
Previously, he served as president of CME Clearing, a role he took over in 2014. Also, he served previously as managing director, deputy head of CME Clearing, succeeding Kim Taylor. 
He is a former member of the CFTC Global Markets Advisory Committee.
== Background ==
Cutinho joined the CME in 2002. As managing director and deputy head of clearing, he was responsible for collaborating with the company’s clearing members and customers to develop clearing solutions for listed and OTC derivatives, including credit, interest rates and foreign exchange. 
Before joining CME Clearing, Cutinho served as a director of enterprise architecture in the technology division. Previously he held various technology positions at CNA Insurance, Proxicom, VISA International and GDS.
== Education ==
Cutinho earned a bachelor's degree in electronics and telecommunications engineering from the University of Madras in Madras, India. He is a member of the Beta Gamma Sigma Honor Society.
== References ==	
Category:CME Group Senior Management
Category:CME Group
Category:CFTC Global Markets Advisory Committee - Former Members
Category:CNA Insurance
Category:CNA Insurance - Former Employees
Category:Proxicom - Former Employees
Category:VISA International
Category:VISA International - Former Employees
Category:CME Group Management Team