nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Fourth Amendment

On the surface the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution seems pretty clear, but when it comes down to it, it can be quite complicated. The text is pretty short:
Basically if the police are investigating a person they have to obtain a document from a judge that allows them to burst into that person's private property and search through it for evidence (this generally includes wiretaps). Likewise if the police want to arrest you they have to get permission first. In order to obtain this document the investigators have to convince a judge that there is "probable cause" that a crime has been committed or that evidence of said crime exists. If somebody is arrested and put on trial on the basis of evidence illegally obtained such evidence must be excluded from the trial., Wikipedia
==Ifs ands or buts==
Police and criminal procedure is rarely as cut and dry as the Bill of Rights would seem to suggest; there are many exceptions to the need for warrants. These include:
* If the officer actually sees you committing a crime he or she may arrest you.
* If you left evidence somewhere outside of your property (including the trash)., Wikipedia, Wikipedia
* If you invited the officers in and let them look around., Wikipedia
* Possible life or death situations (commonly known as "exigent circumstances"), e.g. officers witnessing gunshots emanating from a building can enter without a search warrant. 
* If you are in the custody of the U.S. Prison Service, the fact that you are in custody is reasonable enough for any search and seizure applied against you. 
* If you are a government employee in certain fields, you may be subject to "suspicion-less" random drug testing.What Does a Scanner See?
* If you are a public school student involved in competitive extracurricular activities, you may be subject to "suspicion-less" random drug testing.
The case law on what does, and doesn't, qualify as "probable cause" could fill several volumes.
==References==
Fox Business Network

Fox News II The Fox Business Network is a cable channel dedicated to business and financial market news.Or, at least, news as it is known to Fox News The impetus for the network's creation was Rupert Murdoch's purchase of the Wall Street Journal. The network was meant to be a rival to NBC's CNBC. Its two "star" pundits were Andrew Napolitano and John Stossel. The network initially attracted whopping 6,300 viewers per day. Compare CNBC's 283,000 per day.Few Viewers for Infancy of Fox Business (New York Times, 2008-01-04)
To be fair, it does appear to be enjoying a greater degree of success now than it did in the past, having now employed pundits with name recognition like Napolitano, Stossel, and Lou Dobbs (until he was given the boot). Beforehand, Neil Cavuto was its only real "star."
It may be inferred that FOX's standards of accuracy and conformance to reality are not highly respected by those who are literally using the information provided to bet their own money.
==References==
Category:American media
Category:Journalism
Category:Murdochsphere
Foxhole atheist

Foxhole atheist is a derogatory term applied to atheists who cry out to a god when under duress. Many theists like to tell jokes that imply their belief is correct because the punchline reveals that all atheists run crying back to God when they get scared.
 
The joke/argument generally goes as follows:
#Atheist publicly says they he does not believe in a god (see atheist professor myth).
#Atheist is placed under stress and behaves like a theist (e.g., by praying).
#Therefore, the atheists secretly believes in (my) god.
#I can feel better about believing nonsense because even atheists believe in my god. 
It is easy to see that the evidence does not allow for the implication and the argument only serves to bolster a believer's faith rather than present any actual facts. It even implies that the atheist has more intelligence than the theist would give credit for ("If God is good enough for that atheist, He's good enough for me"), following circular logic. The "evidence" as well is in dispute as there are atheists in foxholes, as well as an organization representing them.Atheists In Foxholes Freedom from Religion Foundation.
==Culture==
While somebody who is an atheist does not believe in any god, in American culture at least there is a strong precedent of using "god" as an expletive. Despite "Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain" (), the term "God" is often spoken without the gravity that senior godbotherers demand of it. Hearing the words "oh my god" or "oh god no" often incorporates them into a person's vocabulary, to be plucked and spit out in times of need regardless of actual belief or lack thereof. It is a sad fact that habits formed in childhood or adolescence plague individuals all through adulthood, and atheists are no exception. Making fun of an atheist for saying "oh my god" when under extreme stress isn't picking out some hidden desperate belief, but just the cultural saturation of the word "god". And it's probably embarrassing and humiliating to the atheist besides. In an ideal world, it would embarrass the Christians who so often take the Lord's name in vain that it is commonplace.
==In actuality==
In the United States at least, nonreligious people are more frequently found in the military than in the general population.Segal, David R.; Wechsler Segal, Mady (December 2004). "America’s Military Population". Population Bulletin 59 (4): 25, table 5. Population Reference Bureau, Washington, DC. Retrieved September 13, 2013. Say what?
There is also the counter-evidence of a Christian becoming an atheist in a foxhole. the highly influential moral, legal and political philosopher was raised Episcopalian but became an atheist after seeing firsthand the capriciousness of death as an infantryman during World War II while he was in combat in the Philippines.John Rawls Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
==External links==
*Here you are: Atheists in Foxholes on Military Atheists – not necessarily Militant Atheists.
*A monument to atheists in foxholes.
*The Foxhole Atheist. Who says there’s no atheists in foxholes?
==References==
Category:Fallacies
Category:Military
Francis Collins

Francis Collins is an American physician/geneticist who used to serve as the director of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). He was the head of the US research institute that worked on the Human Genome Project.
Collins has some strange and contradictory views. For example he is an Evangelical Christian http://biologos.org/blog/francis-collins-talks-about-science-medicine-religion-and-gods-action-in-th and a theistic evolutionist, which surprises skepticshttps://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2013/11/15/francis-collins-on-science-and-faith/ In addition to this entry, Jerry Coyne has other blog entries on Collins who nevertheless acknowledge his scientific expertise. He is also the founder of the supernaturally inclined "BioLogos Foundation" and served as its director until his appointment as director of NIH.
==References==
==External links==
*Talkreason on Collin's book The Language of God 
*NIH's Collins bio
Category:Authors
Category:Evolution
Category:Physicians
Category:Biologists
Category:Christians
Category:Living people
Francis Crick

Francis Crick was one of the discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953.The Francis Crick Papers: The Discovery of the Double Helix, 1951-1953 He was also a staunch supporter of eugenics.John Appleby, Rationalism's dirty secret. New Humanist, 23 December 2010.
==Life from Mars==
In 1973, Crick proposed a theory of directed panspermia, suggesting that life on earth could have originated from DNA "seeds" projected into space by an extraterrestrial civilisation.Directed Panspermia This is in contrast with normal panspermia (undirected) where life merely has its origins in space (a very broad assertion, with a range of interesting ramifications), but no intelligent entities were behind it. Because of this, he has sometimes been cited by the intelligent design movement as an example of a secular and atheist proponent of intelligent design. However, Crick never asserted that directed panspermia was a fact, just an interesting possibility, and seems to have later discarded the idea.Crick: Some past speculations of the origin of life. Where are they todayEven so, it's questionable at least if the average proposer of intelligent design would like that aliens instead of God were the creators of life.
Furthermore, the theory of directed panspermia relates to the origins of life — something about which evolution says absolutely nothing. Consequently, even if correct, it would not be incompatible with evolution and does not mandate an "intelligent design" for humans or other advanced organisms.
==Quote mine==
Being a well-famous biologist and one of the best-known proponents of panspermia, Crick is frequently quote-mined by creationists. In Life Itself, Its Origin and Nature, he stated:
However, the ellipsis there marks the start of a less frequently quoted section (and often creationists citing this comment will leave out the ellipsis to try and punctuate it at "miracle"). Crick continues, lest he be accused of being a total idiot rather than a fairly competent scientist:
In short, Crick acknowledges the difficulties in really figuring out the origin of life but doesn't suggest a literal miracle.
==References==
Category:Atheists
Category:Biologists
Category:Eugenics supporters
Category:History of science
Category:Racists
Francis Hitching

Francis Hitching was a British television journalist and author. He was notable not least because creationists have extensively quotemined his 1983 book The Neck of the Giraffe or Where Darwin Went Wrong and some other works. His other books are on dowsing, ley lines, and pseudohistory.
==Evolution==
Hitching became well known in the creation-evolution debate in the late 20th century, starting with an article titled "Was Darwin Wrong?" in the April 1982 issue of Life magazine. In the same year, he wrote a popular book titled The Neck of the Giraffe or Where Darwin Went Wrong (1982). His book has been quote mined by many creationists and some of his comments appear in hundreds if not thousands of creationist and intelligent design books.
===Fake credentials and made-up endorsements===
In The Neck of the Giraffe he claimed to have been an evolutionist, which implies some sort of scientific credentials, which he didn't possess. He also claimed to be a member of the Royal Archaeological Institute, but an inquiry to that institute said he was not. Perhaps even worst of all, in the "Acknowledgements" section he implies that Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins helped with and/or endorsed the book, but both Dawkins and Gould stated that they had no idea who Hitching was. Dawkins being Dawkins didn't mince any words about it: "I know nothing at all about Francis Hitching. If you are uncovering the fact that he is a charlatan, good for you. His book, The Neck of the Giraffe, is one of the silliest and most ignorant I have read for years."
Of course, some creationists still call him a scientist.this one calls him a "biologist"
===Doesn't even deny evolution===
In spite of creationist quote-mining, any honest reader of Hitching's book can see that he doubted only the Darwinian mechanisms of evolution (such as natural selection), and not evolution in general. Hitching accepted the evidence for common descent and wrote that evolution is a confirmed fact.http://www.donaldsauter.com/neck-of-the-giraffe.htm Furthermore, Hitching even wrote creationism was based on fraud and magical faith; creationists have ignored that part of Hitching's book.
Hitching wrote that evolution is driven by neo-Lamarckian and saltational mechanisms, and was thus an advocate of non-Darwinian evolution.
==Publications==
*Pendulum: The Psi connection (1977)
*Earth Magic The Astounding Mystery of the Greatest of All Lost Civilizations (1977)
*Earth Magic (1978)
*Dowsing: The psi connection (1978)
*The Mysterious World: An Atlas of the Unexplained (1979)
*The World Atlas of Mysteries (1981)
*The Neck of the Giraffe or Where Darwin Went Wrong (1982)
*Boom Business of the 90s: Essential Start-Up Guide to Network Marketing (1992)
==External links==
*Francis Hitching: Commonly quoted by creationists, Talk Origins
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:British people
Category:Journalists
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Category:Paranormal
Category:Living people
Francis Schaeffer

Francis August Schaeffer was an American Evangelical Christian theologian, philosopher, and Presbyterian pastor. He is most famous for his writings and his establishment of the L'Abri community in Switzerland, as well as for his series of dominionist videos How Should We Then Live?, cited by politician Michele Bachmann as formative to her worldview."Leap of Faith", The New Yorker Opposed to theological modernism, Schaeffer promoted a more historic Protestant faith and a presuppositional approach to Christian apologetics, which he believed would answer the questions of the age. A number of scholars credit Schaeffer's ideas with helping spark the rise of the Christian Right in the United States. At one point, he even claimed that the Christian evangelical movement was too Marxist. On another occasion, he warned against "love" because it tempted true believers away from the confrontation which he believed necessary.http://www.touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=03-03-023-f
==Family==
Schaeffer's son Frank Schaeffer has become known for his break with the religious right and criticizes the movement harshly in his book Crazy for God.Open Letter to the Republican Traitors (From a Former Republican), Frank SchaefferCrazy for God: How I Grew Up as One of the Elect, Helped Found the Religious Right, and Lived to Take All (or Almost All) of It Back by Frank Schaeffer (2008) Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306817500. He also directed the 1989 satirical dystopian film Rising Storm, whose setting goes thus 'The year (...) 2099. The United States is ruled by the Reverend Jimmy Joe II, in a dictatorship where big guns and fundamentalist religion are used to keep the masses in control.'
==References==
Category:Christians
Category:Ministers
Francisco Ayala

Francisco José Ayala Pereda is an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Irvine. Ayala is also an ordained Dominican priest. He believes that evolution and creationism can coexist. Ayala states that there is a better approach to getting creationists on board with evolution than those employed by the likes of Richard Dawkins, who tends towards ridiculing the faithful. He feels that simply "engaging religious people in dialogue" will assist in allowing the coexistence of religion and science.
Ayala won the 2010 Templeton Prize.Francisco Ayala – 2010 Press Release (March 25, 2010) Templeton Prize.
==Quotes==
*"If God explicitly designed the human reproductive system, is God the biggest abortionist of them all?" - in reference to the fact that 1 of 5 pregnancies end in spontaneous miscarriage.The Christian Man's Evolution: How Darwinism and Faith Can Coexist by Sally Lehrman (November 1, 2008) Scientific American
*"Natural selection can explain the ruthlessness of nature, and remove the 'evil' from the living world." - answering the Christian paradox of "How can an all-knowing, loving God allow evil and suffering?"
==References==
Category:Biologists
Category:California
Category:Christians
Category:Evolution
Category:Living people
Francisco Gil-White

Francisco Gil-White is an academic who moonlights as an internet conspiracy theorist, writing on a variety of topics on his own website, "Historical and Investigative Research," which does not have a comments section below articles.
Until 2006, Gil-White used to write at conspiracy theory website Emperor's Clothes (which publishes conspiracy theories about 9/11, former Yugoslavia and Israel) before a falling out with the editor of that website, Jared Israel.
== Climate change ==
Gil-White is a climate change denialist who has trotted out the old chestnut that Antarctic ice cores "refute" the theory of anthropogenic climate change, because they show that in prehistoric times, changes in CO2 concentrations lagged behind global temperature changes. Gil-White seems to regard this as some kind of devastating critique. What he (deliberately?) fails to understand is that, as the climate scientist he quotes says in the quotation he quotes, there are multiple factors behind prehistoric climate changes, and of course this time it really is different because this is the first time a rapidly-growing industrial civilisation has ever existed on earth.http://www.hirhome.com/climate_change/global_warming02.htm
He also sneers at Al Gore's arguably clumsy and roundabout attempt to respond to the CO2 lag argument, as if a non-scientist - and a politician at that - coming off badly in a political committee proves anything at all about the scientific theory.
Gil-White also trots out the old "argument from government funding," a variation on the more usual denialist argument, "skeptics cannot get published due to a conspiracy to suppress the truth among all climatology publication venues, so they are forced to sign angry petitions and go on Fox News instead." So, essentially the same implausible conspiracy then, but taking place at the funding approval stage rather than (or in addition to) at the peer review stage. He fails to explain why sceptical scientists could not simply get bootstrap funding from the likes of the Koch brothers (indeed, one climate sceptic famously tried to do this, and ended up changing their mind on climate science on the Kochs' dime). He also claims that climate change sceptics are not "defending" the fossil fuel industrieshttp://www.hirhome.com/climate_change/global_warming_faq.htm#oil - but not only are some of them defending them, some of them are actually funded by them!
Other amazing lines of argument include citing climate denier and former Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott abolishing the post of science minister to advance the thesis that some scientists reject climate change, and citing the notorious propaganda "documentary" The Great Global Warming Swindle.
==References==
Category:Living people
Category:Conspiracy theorists
Category:internet kooks
Frank Lewis Marsh

Frank Lewis Marsh (1899-1992) was an American biologist, Seventh-Day Adventist and creationist known for his pseudoscientific views.Frank Marsh on CreationWiki Marsh was the founder of the Creation Research Society and the Geoscience Research Institute.https://www.andrews.edu/library/car/MarshFL.pdf He taught at and was posthumously made an emeritus Professor of Biology at Andrews University.http://christiananswers.net/creation/people/marsh-fl.html Marsh did actual research in biology relating to entomology and parasitology and created the modern creationist concept of baraminology.Frank Lewis Marsh Papers at the Center for Adventist Research.
His creationist views have been criticised by biologists such as Theodosius Dobzhansky for having no scientific basis.
==Founder of modern creationism==
Being a Seventh-Day Adventist, Marsh was an adamant creationist. While he published papers in peer-reviewed science journals, he also wrote publications in creationist circles advocating baraminology, which is a hash of biblical concepts and taxonomy. Baraminology has no scientific basis and does not follow the scientific method. Marsh also published guides to Adventist Philosophy of Biology and Geology, which re-affirmed the Seventh-Day Adventist take on creationism, and he was also a major contributor to the pseudojournal Creation Research Society Quarterly.
==Selected publications==
===Actual scientific research===
*Biology of the Ichneumonid Spilocryptus Extrematis Cresson (Hymenoptera) (Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 1937)
*Biology of the New Chalcid Parasite Cirrospilus Inimicus Gahan (Annals of the Entomological Society, 1938)
*Biology of the Tachinid Winthemia Datanae Tns (Psyche, 1937)
===Pseudoscience===
*The Christian and Natural Science (1936)
*The Controversy in Nature between Christ and Satan (1962)
*Creationism to the Front (Lake Union Herald, 1972)
==External links==
*
==References==
Category:Biologists
Category:Creationism
Category:Christians
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Frank Luntz

Frank Luntz is a Republican spin doctor, push pollster, and heir apparent to Edward Bernays. If you hear some new, conservatively correct, political buzzword or meme on Fox News, you can bet that Luntz cooked it up in a focus group last month.
Luntz is often invited on Faux as an "analyst" or "opinion pollster." Other stations have been increasingly loath to invite him on shows due to his reputation as a GOP shill. He has also been reprimanded by the American Association for Public Opinion Research after refusing to release data and methodology.Why should we trust this man? Dante Chinni
==Luntz-speak==
Luntz is an expert framer; here are some of his greatest hits:
*"Death Tax" (for estate tax)http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2005/02/23/317/dueling-with-the-death-tax/?mobile=nc
*"Government takeover" and "Washington takeover" (in reference to health care reform)http://www.onthemedia.org/2009/jul/24/the-language-of-reform/transcript/
*"Health care rationing"http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2009/07/16/51137/luntz-memo-capitol-words/
*Emphasizing "Climate Change" (vs. global warming)http://www.skepticalscience.com/print.php?r=326
*"Job-killing"http://hereandnow.wbur.org/2011/01/18/frank-luntz-politics
*"Help small businesses" (in lieu of talking about Capitalism)http://www.scpr.org/blogs/economy/2011/12/02/3932/frank-luntz-first-rule-capitalism-you-do-not-talk-/
*Mentioning 9/11 in close proximity to anything having to do with foreign policy in the Middle East.http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2005/02/23/309/luntz-watch-911-the-perfect-distraction/
*Contract with and http://mediamatters.org/blog/201009270024
*"Job Creation" (in lieu of entrepreneurship)"Growth, Prosperity, Energy, Economy"
==Global warming memo==
The most notorious of Luntz's memos focused on global warming denial in which he urged Republicans to use only the term "climate change" as it was less threatening than "global warming." Luntz further explains how to bullshit:
He has since distanced himself from the memo and claims to accept the science behind global warming.Luntz converts on global warming
==Orwell rolls in his grave==
In an interview on NPR, Luntz permanently upped the irony bar for future shysters by saying:
==Penn & Teller==
Penn & Teller: Bullshit! did an episode showing how statistics and polls were abused in the media. A large chunk of the episode centers on Luntz. P&T claim that they got 24% of people they polled to pledge to say "Fuck you, Frank!" every time they saw a pie chart.Penn & Teller: Bullshit!, episode 4.09, Numbers
==External links==
*Word Doctors, aka Luntz's bullshit factory
*Luntz coverage at PBS
*Frank Luntz Rides Again, Columbia Journalism Review
*PolitiFact named the "government takeover" soundbite The Lie of the Year for 2010
==References==
Category:Conservative deceit
Category:Political strategery
Category:Propaganda
Category:Right-wing activists
Category:Living people
Category:Shysters