nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Exfoliation

== Description ==
The irreversible loss of scales, flakes, or layers from a surface. Exfoliation may occur on exterior stones due to weathering, deterioration from salts, or freeze-thaw action. Exfoliation also occurs in audio and video media when the surface coating flakes from the supporting tape or disc. 
See also efflorescence, scaling, subflorescence.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Exfoliation (Deut.); esfoliação (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: ICOMOS website ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Expanded polystyrene

== Description ==
A rigid foam composed of polystyrene. Expanded polystyrene is used for disposable coffee cups and for other insulating requirements.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
EPS; poliestireno expandido (Esp.); polystyrène expensé (Fr.); polistirene espanso (It.); poliestireno expandido (Port.)
Category:Materials database
Expanded slag

== Description ==
A type of synthetic pumice made by injecting steam into molten slag. Expanded slag is a lightweight siliceous material used for gravel and and as an aggregate in concrete.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cinder; laitier expansé (Fr.);
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 641
Category:Materials database
Explosive

== Description ==
A chemically unstable material that can expand quickly producing large changes in temperature and pressure. Examples of explosives include: gunpowder, TNT, nitroglycerin, Greek fire, napalm, dynamite, fulminate, priming powder, tinder.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gunpowder; TNT; priming powder; nitroglycerin; Greek fire; napalm; tinder; dynamite; fulminate
==Risks ==
Explosives must be labeled as hazardous materials
== Resources and Citations ==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive (Accessed Jan. 25, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Extender

== Description ==
An additive used to dilute main components of the mixture. For example, alumina trihydrate and talc are two common extenders used to dilute pigments because they are inexpensive, inert and colorless.
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Extra White Rutland

== Description ==
A nearly pure white marble quarried near West Rutland, Vermont. It is primarily used for high quality interior decoration.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Extruded latex

== Description ==
An elastic fiber produced from latex. Extruded latex, or rubber fibers, were introduced in the 1920s. The solid, round elastic yarns were often woven with other fibers to produce elastic garments and elastic tape. The fibers lost elasticity and became brittle with repeated washing, drying and exposure to ultraviolet light. Elastic fibers made from natural and synthetic rubber (Lastex) were superseded with the introduction of Spandex (1959) and its much superior properties.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
rubber fiber
== Resources and Citations ==
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Website: www.fabrics.net
Category:Materials database
Extrusive rock

== Description ==
Igneous rocks that come to the surface of the earth in a molten condition.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
volcanic rock; rocha extrusiva (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, Submitted information, 2009.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
Category:Materials database
FAIC

= Foundation for the American Institute of Conservation of Artistic and Historic Works =
A nonprofit funding arm of the American Institute for Conservation of Artistic and Historic Works (AIC). The FAIC provides grants, scholarships, fellowships and awards to support the professional development of the membership of AIC.
Web Address 	http://aic.stanford.edu/faic/
Postal Address 	Foundation of the AIC
1717 K. Street, NW, Suite 301 
Washington, DC 20006USA
Phone 	+1 202 452 9545
Contact 	InfoAic@aol.com
Information Online	Grants / funding
Searchable 	No
Categories 	Grant / funding organization
Website Languages 	English
Category:Directory
Category:Directory: Grant / funding organization
FD & C dyes

== Description ==
An acronym for Food, Drug and Cosmetic dyes. This classification for synthetic dyes is given by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. While D & C dyes can be used in drugs and cosmetics while a FD & C dyes can be used in food, drugs and cosmetics. This designation certifies the dye does not contain toxic amounts of heavy metals. Examples are: 
D&C Red No. 21 = eosin 
D&C blue No. 6 = indigo 
FD&C Red No. 2 = Amaranth
== Resources and Citations ==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
Category:Materials database
FIMO

== Description ==
[Eberhard Faber GmbH, Germany] A registered trademark for a plasticized polyvinyl chloride modeling compound. FIMO® comes is a variety of non-fading colors. Once shaped, the clay is hardened in the oven at 130C. It has been used for decoration, beads, and ceramic fills.
== Risks ==
FIMO® decomposes at 190C (375F) and precautions recommend using only temperatures at or below 130C (275F). Polyvinyl chloride decomposes to form toxic hydrogen chloride fumes.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Eberhard Faber: Website
* Ceramics and Glass Conservation Section, List of Workshop Materials, The British Museum, London
* Art Hazards Newsletter Vol 14(5) 1991
Category:Materials database
Fabri-Sil

== Description ==
A brand name for a lining fabric devised by Robert Fieux. Fabri-Sil is a Teflon® impregnated glass cloth coated on one side with a silicone-based pressure sensitive adhesive. It is supplied with a protective release layer on the adhesive side. The threads are anisotropic. The fabric has 13 threads per cm in the warp direction and 8 threads per cm in the weft.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Fabrisil
== Resources and Citations ==
* A.Phenix, G.Hedley, "Lining Without Heat or Moisture", in preprints for the ICOM Committee for Conservation Triennial Meeting, Copenhagen, 1984.
* Meredith Montague, contributed information, 1998
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
* External source or communication: advertisement in Tech & Cons
Category:Materials database
Fabric

== Description ==
1) [textile] A textile composed of interlocking fibers or filaments. A fabric can be made by weaving, knitting or felting fibers. The fibers may be natural (wool, cotton, silk, etc.), synthetic (nylon, acetate, polyethylene, etc.) or inorganic (glass, asbestos, graphite, etc.). See cloth, Synthetic fiber (table) and Natural fiber (table).
2) The composition and structure of an object or building.
3) [geology] Spatial arrangement and geometrical relationships of the rock elements, as observed in hand specimen or by optical microscope.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
1) cloth; textile; tela (Esp.); tejido (Esp.); stof, weefsel, materiaal (Ned);
3) fábrica (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, Submitted information, 2009.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Fabrikoid

== Description ==
[DuPont] A brand name for a cellulose nitrate coated textile that is water-resistant and washable. Fabrikoid is also called imitation leather. It is used for book covers, shoes, belts, and luggage.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
imitation leather
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 203
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Fabrilite

== Description ==
[DuPont] A brand name for a series of vinyl and vinyl coated fabrics. Fabrilite is used for purses, bags, notebook covers, seat covers, belts, shoes, and upholstery.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Facade paint

== Description ==
A term commonly used in Europe for an exterior masonry paint.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tinta para exteriores (Port.);
== Resources and Citations ==
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
Category:Materials database
Facsimile

== Description ==
1) An exact copy of an original. 
2) A telecommunication method used to transmit documents by wire or radio wave. Fax machines scan printed textual and graphic material and then transmit the information as a digital signal through the telephone network to other fax machines, where the signals are decoded to reproduce the original document. Worldwide compatibility of fax machines was established by the adoption of a standard (Group 3) in 1980.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
2. fax; telefax
== Resources and Citations ==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "facsimile" [Accessed September 3, 2002]
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/htm
Category:Materials database
Factice

== Description ==
A coarse, soft rubbery material. Factice is made by vulcanizing vegetable oil (rapeseed, linseed, or soybean) with 10-30% sulfur for several hours at 175C to produce a dark elastomeric polymer. Alternatively, sulfur chloride can be used for room temperature vulcanization to produce a lighter color product. Factice is used for erasers and other soft rubber goods.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vulcanized oil
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* E.Estabrook "Considerations of the Effect of Erasers on Cotton Fabric" JAIC 28:79-96, 1989
Category:Materials database
Fadeometer

== Description ==
A general term for a chamber used to expose materials to a carbon arc lamp under controlled and monitored conditions. The intense actinic light will fade non-fast colors in a manner that is similar, but faster, than exposure to sunlight. Fadeometers are used to determine the comparative resistance to fading for sets of materials such as textiles, dyes, paints, and resins.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Weather-O-Meter; Lichtechtheitsprüfer (Deut.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Fading

== Description ==
The gradual loss of brightness or color. Fading is an irreversible process due to chemical alteration, such as oxidation, of the color-forming compound. Non-lightfast, or fugitive, pigments and dyes can loose color with exposure to ultraviolet light in the presence of oxygen and moisture. Comparative studies of fading for various materials can be done with a fadeometer.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
discoloration; whitening; color loss; verblassen (Deut.); ausbleichen (Deut.); décoloration (Fr.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Fahrenheit

== Description ==
An old temperature scale that is still used in the United States for weather-related temperatures. The Fahrenheit scale was developed by Gabriel Fahrenheit, a German, in 1714 when he invented the mercury thermometer. This scale sets the boiling point of water at 32 F (1 atm) and the boiling point of water at 212 F. Temperatures in the Fahrenheit scale can be converted to the international scale units of Celsius by the following equations: 
T (C) = 0.555[ T (F) -32] 
T (F) = 1.8 T (C) + 32
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
temperature scale; F
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, E1142, 695-696, Jul-94
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Faience

== Description ==
1) A highly colored, opaque glaze used for pottery, ceramic tiles, and architectural terracotta, particularly in the 16th-18th centuries in France and Germany. Faience was the French name given to a tin-glazed pottery originally made in Faenze, Italy. The Italian made pottery is now called majolica. 
2) Any glazed earthenware.
3) Finely glazed Egyptian pottery.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
faience (Ned.); faïence (Fr.); faiança (Port.); fayence; majolica
== Resources and Citations ==
* P.Nicholson, E.Peltenburg, "Egyptian Faience" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 177.
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "faience." Accessed 4 Feb. 2005 .
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faience Accessed 4 Feb. 2005
Category:Materials database
Faille

== Description ==
A soft, lightweight, plain weave, taffeta-like textile. Faille has a flat cross-grain rib made by using slightly heavier yarn in the filling than in the warp. The fine, lustrous fabric is made from one or more of the following fibers: silk, Rayon, cotton, wool, or synthetic fibers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
faya (Esp.)
== Additional Images ==
File:faille.jpg|Faille material
File:faille ovr.jpg|Faille material
== Resources and Citations ==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Website: www.fabrics.net
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Failure

== Description ==
The inability of a structure, object, or material to maintain its original or expected properties. Failure may occur by numerous pathways such as collapse, rupture, adhesion loss, color loss, and delamination.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
False-color infrared film

== Description ==
Film in which various color dyes are activated by exposure to visible and infrared radiation. Color infrared film was developed by Kodak and became commercially available in the 1960s. Kodak Ektachrome® type 2236 film has three emulsion layers sensitive to infrared, red and green radiation. The infrared layer releases a red dye when activated, the red layer releases a green dye and the green layer releases a blue dye. The overall effect is an image whose colors are not an accurate representation of the object, thus giving the film its name of false-color. Combinations of the absorption of infrared and visible light can indicate composition for some pigments. Blue pigments in particular show significant variation with false-color infrared film (Hoeniger 1991). All colors vary with exposure conditions and should be run concurrently with standards. The film must be stored at cold temperatures (~ -20 C) to maintain sensitivity (Moon et al 1992).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
false color film; Ektachrome® IR film type 2236 [Kodak]
==Resources and Citations==
* T.Moon, M.Schilling, S.Thirkettle "A Note on the Use of False-color Infrared Photography in Conservation" Studies in Conservation, 37:42-52, 1992. 
* C.Hoeniger, "The Identification of Blue Pigments in Early Sienese Paintings by Color Infrared Photography" JAIC 30:115-124, 1991.
Category:Materials database
False indigo

== Description ==
A pale blue dye produced from the leaves and blue flowers of Baptisia tinctoria plant. This perennial herb from the pea family is native to the southeastern United States. The leaves and flowers can be boiled in water to produce a blue dye that is rich in flavonoids including indican, pseudobatigenin, and orobol. It has been used as a substitute for indigo.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
wild indigo; indigo weed; Baptisia tinctoria
==Resources and Citations==
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 985
Category:Materials database
False powderpost beetle

== Description ==
A beetle (Xylopsocus capucinus) from the family Bostrichidae, most often found in neotropical and tropical regions. The false powderpost beetle larvae feed on hardwoods leaving round to slightly oval emergence holes. The dark-colored adult insects are about 3-6 mm in length and can live up to two years. They are active flyers at night.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bostrichid; Xylopsocus capucinus
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Distribution: most tropical areas
== Resources and Citations ==
* Museum Pests: Pest Fact Sheets
* Conserve-O Gram-(National Park Service): Insect Pest Damage
* University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology: False powderpost beetle (accessed Dec. 2004)
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, A Guide to Museum Pest Control, FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988
Category:Materials database
Far infrared

== Description ==
The region of the electromagnetic spectrum (500 - 20 cm-1; 20 - 500 micrometers) that falls between the mid-IR and the microwave region. The far infrared (far-IR) region is well suited to the study of organometallic or inorganic compounds. It is useful in the identification and differentiation of many minerals and colorants.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
far-IR; FIR; Ferninfrarot (Deut.); infrarouge lointain (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Derrick, D.Stulik, J.Landry, Infrared Spectroscopy in Conservation Science, in Scientific Tools for Conservation series, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1999
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_infrared: lists FIR as 30 to 1000 microns
Category:Materials database
Fastice

== Description ==
A rubbery material composed of vulcanized vegetable oil. Fastice is often mixed with inorganic fillers and/or other organic components to produce flexible erasers. Examples of some fastice erasers are: Draft Clean eraser; Pink Pearl eraser; Tapeten Reiniger eraser.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fastice eraser
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiFastice.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Resources and Citations ==
* E.Estabrook "Considerations of the Effect of Erasers on Cotton Fabric" JAIC 28:79-96, 1989. Link 
* E. J. Pearlstein, D. Cabelli, A. King, & N. Indictor :Effects of Eraser Treatment on Paper" JAIC 22(1):1-12, 1982. Link
Category:Materials database