nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Chromo paper

== Description ==
A coated paper used for color printing. Chromo paper has a high quality smooth surface that provides uniform ink receptivity and good reflectance.
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Chromogen

== Description ==
A compound that can be converted into a dye or pigment. Color films use color couplers in the emulsion layers that react with the chromogen and the photosensitive halide to produce the developed color. Chromogenic compounds and their color couplers are not always stable and may cause staining or discoloration on storage. Chromogenic compounds are used in some color negative films, in papers used for printing color negatives, and in some papers used for printings positive color transparencies.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chromogenic compound
Category:Materials database
Chromolithograph

== Description ==
An early color lithograph prepared using a separate plates for each color. First developed in the early 1800s, chromolithography was used commercially as a color reproduction technique until the end of the 19th century.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chromolithography; chromo-lithography; chromo; oleograph; color lithograph; chromolithografie (Ned.); chromolithographie (Fr., Deut.); Farblithografie (Deut.); Farbensteindruck (Deut.); cromolitografia (It., Esp.), färglitografi (Sven.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "oleograph." - "pioneered in the 1830s" Accessed 3 Feb. 2005 .
* Luis Nadeau, Encyclopedia of Printing, Photographic, and Photomechanical Processes, Atelier, New Brunswick, 1997 Comment: "Senefelder seems to have been the first, published color print in 1817....another source mentions Michele de Serres as the inventor in 1814"
* The Bullfinch Guide to Art History, Shearer West (ed.), Bullfinch Press, Boston, 1996
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromolithograph - "first commercialized in 1830s by Godefrey Engleman of France"
* B. Gascoigne, How to Identify Prints, Thames & Hudson, London, 2004
* Multilingual Glossary for Art Librarians at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/pub/mgl.htm
Category:Materials database
Chromophore

== Description ==
A group of atoms in an organic compound that produces color. Chromophores absorb or emit radiation in the visible spectrum. Examples of chromophore groups are -NO (nitroso), -NO2 (nitro), and -N=N- (azo).
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Mary-Lou Florian, Dale Paul Kronkright, Ruth E. Norton, The Conservation of Artifacts Made from Plant Materials, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1990
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
* B. Berrie, S.Q. Lomax, 'Azo Pigments: Their History, Synthesis, Properties and Use in Artists' Materials', Studies in the History of Art , National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, No. 57, 1997
Category:Materials database
Chromotropic acid

== Description ==
White crystalline material used as an analytical reagent for the detection of aldehydes. A solution of chromotropic acid dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid will turn purple in the presence of aldehydes. A test using chromotropic acid in a closed enviornment to detect the offgassing of volatile aldehydes was recommended in 1994 by Zhang, Thickett, and Greene.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chromotropic acid test; 4,5-dihydroxy-2,7-napthalenedisulfonic acid; 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid
==Risks==
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in water.
* The fluorescence of chromotropic acid changes with pH (colorless below 3.5, and fluorescent blue above 4.5).
Composition 	C10H8O8S2
CAS 	129-96-4 (Anhydrous)
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 320.29
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Zhang, D.Thickett, L.Greene, "Two Tests for the Detection of Volatile Organic Acids and Formaldehyde" JAIC 33(1), 1994, p. 47-53.
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 2298
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: The fluorescence of chromotropic acid changes with pH. It is colorless below pH=3.5 and above 4.5, it fluoresces blue.
Category:Materials database
Chrysoberyl

== Description ==
A hard green to yellow mineral composed of beryllium aluminate. Chrysoberyl occurs in granitic rocks, pegmatites, and mica schists. Some transparent varieties of chrysoberyl have been used as gemstones. In the 18th century, a large deposit of clear, yellowish-green chrysoberyls was found in Brazil and the stones were popularly used for Portuguese and Spanish jewelry. Cat's eye chrysoberyls are cut as cabochons and polished. The alexandrite variety of chrysoberyl appears red in artificial light and green in daylight. Chrysoberyls are found in the Ural Mountains (alexandrite), Czech Republic, Sri Lanka, Rhodesia, Brazil, Malagasy Republic and the United States (New York, Colorado).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cat's eye; cymophane; golden beryl; alexandrite; oriental chrysolite; crisoberilo (Esp., Port.); chryzoberyl (Pol.); Chrysoberyll (Deut.); chrysoberyl (Ned.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Orthorhombic crystal system with tabular or short prismatic crystals 
* Good cleavage in one direction 
* Fracture = uneven to conchoidal 
* Luster = vitreous 
* Streak = colorless to white
* Fluorescence = generally inert; yellow to green stone may show weak yellow under SW; 'mint' chrysoberyl shows strong red in LW
* Pleochroism = generally weak to moderate (red, yellow, green); Alexandrite is strongly pleochroic (green, red)
Composition 	BeAl2O4
Mohs Hardness 	8.5
Density 	3.5-3.8 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.745-1.754
Birefringence 	0.008 - 0.010
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Chrysoberyl
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "chrysoberyl." Accessed 7 Apr. 2005 .
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: Chrysoberyl (Accessed Sept. 2, 2005 and Dec 2022)
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 101
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Chrysoidine

== Description ==
A yellowish orange synthetic monoazo dye discovered independently in 1875 by H. Caro and in 1876 by O.N.Witt. Chrysoidine is used to dye some acrylic, polyester, and nylon fibers. It is also used in ballpoint inks, coloring inks, wood stains, lacquers, and polishes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
CI 11270; Basic Orange 1; Chrysoidine Y; Solvent Orange 3
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Composition 	C12H13ClN4
CAS 	532-82-1
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 248.71
Category:Materials database
Chrysoin

== Description ==
A yellowish orange synthetic monoazo dye discovered independently by P. Greiss in 1875 and O.N.Witt in 1876. Chyrsoin is used to dye wool, polyamides, leather, and paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
CI 14270; Acid Orange 6; Food Yellow 8
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
CAS	547-57-9
==Resources and Citations==
* Colour Index International online at www.colour-index.org
Category:Materials database
Chrysophanic acid

== Description ==
A natural yellow dyestuff found in the roots of rhubarb plants and also in a yellow colored lichen, Xanthoria parietina, in the form of parietin. Chrysophanic acid is extracted from the ground plant in an alkaline solution. The yellow colorant precipitates when the solution is neutralized with an acid.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|chrysophanic acid.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Xanthoria parietina; 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone; chrysophanol; 3-methylchrysazin; 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione; rhenic acid; acido crisofanico (It.)
== Risks ==
* Contact may cause irritation. 
* Ingestion may cause nausea and vomiting. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in ethanol, benzene, chloroform, ether, acetone, acids, alkalis. Insoluble in water. 
* Absorption max. = 226, 256, 278, 288, 436 nm.
Composition 	C15H10O4
CAS 	481-74-3
Melting Point 	196 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt.=254.24
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 2318
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876 Comment: pp. 296 and 298
* Sigma Dyes, Stains and Natural Pigments, Infrared Library, Nicolet, 1991-1995 Comment: OMNIC: formula= C15H10O4, CAS= 481-74-3
Category:Materials database
Chrysoprase

== Description ==
A translucent, apple-green stone composed of microcrystalline quartz. Chrysoprase is a variety of chalcedony that contains small amounts of hydrated nickel silicate. The gemstone has occasionally been found in Egyptian, Greek, and Roman jewelry. Chrysoprase was also valued for mural decorations.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chalcedony; crisoprásio (Port.); Chrysopras (Deut.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* No visible crystals 
* Fracture = conchoidal, granular 
* Luster = waxy to greasy
* Streak = white 
* Fluorescence = generally inert
* Pleochroism = absent
Composition 	SiO2
Mohs Hardness 	6.0-7.0
Density 	2.65-2.91 g/ml
Refractive index	1.535 - 1.539
Birefringence 	0.004 - 0.009
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* Mineralogy Database: Quartz
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 647
* Wikipedia: Chrysoprase Accessed Dec 2022.
Category:Materials database
Chrysotile

== Description ==
A fibrous serpentine mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate. Chrysotile is the most widely used type of asbestos fiber, accounting for about 95% of the world's usage most of which comes from Quebec. Chrysotile fibers are white and have a soft, silky texture. They have excellent flexibility and spinning properties. Chrysotile fibers are used to reinforce polymers and as heat resistant textiles. Because the inhalation of chrysotile fibers causes lung cancer, its use is regulated in the U.S. and banned in Australia and the European Union.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|chrysotileRS.jpg~Raman (RASMIN)]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
asbestos; white asbestos; serpentine; hair of gold (Gr.); clinochrysotile (monoclinic form); orthochrysotile (orthorhombic form); parachrysotlie (orthorhombic form); chrysotiel (Ned.); crisótilo (Port.); Chrysotil (Deut.) 
== Risks ==
* Noncombustible. Unaffected by heat. 
* Carcinogenic. 
* Highly toxic by inhalation of dust. 
* Skin contact causes irritation. 
* NIH: Information sheet
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Fiber length = 12-300 mm (0.5 - 12 inches) 
* Diameter = 300-350 angstroms 
* Cross section is polygonal or circular 
* Tensile strength = 80,000-200,00 psi 
* Resistant to alkalis; Attacked by dilute acids
* Monoclinic, crystals rare, usually fibrous
* Cleavage = almost perfect 
* Fracture = fibrous
* Luster = silky 
* Streak = white 
* Low birefringence; dispersion = weak
Composition 	Mg3Si2O5(OH)4
Mohs Hardness 	2.5-3.0
Density 	2.2 - 2.5 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.569 - 1.570
==Resources and Citations==
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 70
* Identification of Textile Materials, The Textile Institute, Manchester, England, 1985
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "chrysotile." Accessed 7 Sept. 2005 .
* Wikipedia: Chrysotile (Accessed Sept. 7, 2005 and Dec 2022)
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Chrysotoluidine

== Description ==
A yellow amorphous powder that dyes wool and silk a deep yellow color. Chrysotoluidine was discovered in 1866 by Girard and Chapoteaut. It readily oxides to form a red color.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aniline yellow; yellow magenta
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in ethanol, ether and benzene. Slightly soluble in boiling water.
Composition	C21H21N3
== Resources and Citations ==
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
Category:Materials database
Chuckanut sandstone

== Description ==
A pinkish-brown color, sandstone quarried in the Chuckanut Mountains in northwest Washington State. Chuckanut sandstone was quarried from 1856 to 1908. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the stone was used in the construction of buildings in many towns in the northwest including Seattle, Portland, and Bellingham.
==Resources and Citations==
* J. Dixey, Contributed information (3/8/04)
* Website: http://www.cob.org/pcd/cd/historic/tour/18.htm - contains image of building with facade made of Chuckanut sandstone
* History of Chuckanut Stone Quarry at http://www.kurtswanson.com/info/chuckanutquarry.html
Category:Materials database
Chymotrypsin

== Description ==
A group of proteolytic enzymes. Chymotrypsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of various proteins, especially casein. It is obtained from the pancreas of oxen and sold as a yellowish white amorphous powder. Chymotrypsin has been used for debridement and other types of cleaning.
== Risks ==
* Skin contact may cause irritation. 
* May be harmful by ingestion and inhalation. 
* Sigma Chemical: Technical sheet
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in water and saline solution.
CAS	9004-07-3
Category:Materials database
Chōshi (Clove) - left (21 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_04-09-2009_021.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 21
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 1st shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (21 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| cotton
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| dark brown
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| 掟花の子実/掟子/丁子: Chōshi
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Clove
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Eugenia aromatica
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| bud /dried
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| ash water; iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Chōshi (Clove) - right (21 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_04-09-2009_021.jpg~Normal]]]
Museum number 	21
Uemura number / title 	; "Haze-some 25"
Folder location 	1st shelf
Sample location 	right (21 R)
Fiber type 	silk
Color 	light brown
Dyestuff (Japanese common name)	掟花の子実/掟子/丁子: Chōshi
Dye (English common name) 	Clove
Dyestuff (botanical name) 	Eugenia aromatica
Plant part 	bud /dried
Dyestuff extraction 	boiled in water
Auxiliary agent in dye bath 	-
Mordant 	ash water; iron (less quantity)
Other auxiliary agent 	-
Uemura's notes 	So-called " (Chji-zome)" in the Tale of Genji ().
Uemura's date 	Kyoto
Category:Uemura dye archive
Cialux

== Description ==
[Manifattura del Seveso] A registered trademark for a fine textured, Italian book cloth. Cialux Natural Finish Book Cloth is a viscose rayon fabric that is lined with tissue paper using an acrylic adhesive. Cialux is used for book covers, book binding and hinges.
==Resources and Citations==
* Manifattura del Seveso: Cialux
* Garry Harrison, Indiana University Libraries Preservation Department at http://www.indiana.edu/~libpres/manual/manfront.html
* ICG Holliston at http://www.icgholliston.com/products/premium_cialux.html - see for color selection
Category:Materials database
Cibachrome

== Description ==
[International Paper] A former registered trademark for a tricolor process used to make color prints from slides and transparencies. Cibachrome was introduced in 1963 after the merger of Ilford UK and Ciba-Geigy Photochemie of Switzerland. Its name was officially changed to Ilfochrome in 1992 when Ilford was purchased by International Paper, but it is still commonly called Cibachrome. The Cibachrome process uses pure cyan, yellow, and magenta color azo dyes. Once exposed, the film is placed in a black and white developer, then an acid bleach bath followed by a fixer. The bleach step removes the dye colors in regions where they do not occur. The Cibachrome process produces highly saturated, permanent colors with excellent sharpness and contrast. In 2012, Ilford announced its final production run of Ilfochrome
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Ilfochrome; Ciba
== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
* Anatomy of Films: Cibachrome
* Historic New Orleans: History of Cibachroe
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Photography
* Website: http://www.merrill.demon.co.uk/Ciba%20History.htm
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/htm
* Ilford: www.ilford.com
Category:Materials database
Cibacron dyes

== Description ==
[Ciba-Geigy] A former brand name for a series of fiber reactive dyes. Cibacrons were first marketed in 1957. Fiber reactive dyes have bright colors and are lightfast. They react with the hydroxyl or amino groups found in cellulose, protein, nylon, acrylic, and acetate fibers.
==Resources and Citations==
* Ciba-Geigy Company history
* Fiber Reactive dyes at http://www.straw.com/tan/tan_fiberreactives.html
* Dye History timeline at http://www.straw.com/sig/dyehist.html
Category:Materials database
Cigarette beetle

== Description ==
A reddish brown beetle, Lasioderma serricorne, found throughout the world. The cigarette beetle received its name because it is often found in dried tobacco. The larvae also feed on seeds, paper, spices, drugs, grain, cereal products, silk, botanical specimens, books, and insect specimens. The adult insects are 2 to 3 mm long and have a life span of up to 90 days. Females lay 10-100 egg, which hatch in 6-10 days. The larvae have a c-shaped white body and grow in length up to 3 mm. The larval period ranges from 30 to 60 days depending on temperature and humidity. The sex pheromone serricornin is used in cigarette beetle traps.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tobacco beetle; tow bug; Lasioderma serricorne
==Resources and Citations==
* MuseumPests.net: Cigarette Beetle
* University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology: Cigarette beetle (accessed Dec. 2004) adult life span is 40-90 days
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, A Guide to Museum Pest Control, FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988 Comment: adult life span = up to 26 days
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Cigarette smoke

== Description ==
The volatile emission from a burning cigarette. Cigarette smoke contains over 100 compounds many of which are toxic. Some of the chemicals in cigarette smoke are: nicotine, cresol, carbon monoxide, pyridine, and benzopyrene. The smoke forms a dark yellow residue on any nearby surface. Cigarette smoke is considered deleterious to all works of art as well as to humans.
== Risks ==
Carcinogenic.
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Cilician fir

== Description ==
A tall, straight coniferous tree, Abies cilicica, native to the mountains in Lebanon, Syria and nearby regions of Turkey. Cilician fir produces a soft, yellowish-white wood that is easily split. The timber was used for masts, general construction, flag-poles and small turned items.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sapin de Cilicie (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* R.Gale, P.Gasson, N.Hepper, G.Killen, "Wood" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 334-371.
* H. A. Alden, A.C. Wiedenhoeft, "Qualified Determination of Provenance of Wood of the Firs (Abies spp. Mill) Using Microscopic Features of Rays: An Aid to Conservators, Curators and Art Historians" AIC Poster, reprinted online at http://www.si.edu/scmre/abies.html
Category:Materials database
Ciment fondu

== Description ==
A fast setting aluminous cement. Ciment fondu, French for melted cement, is often used for casting sculpture (Mayer 1969). Its surface texture can be modified by additives such as sand and it is often reinforced with glass fibers to make a thinner, lighter structure.
==Resources and Citations==
R. Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row, New York, 1969.
Category:Materials database
Cinder block

== Description ==
A concrete block that uses coal cinders as a filler. Cinder blocks were patented by F.J.Straub in 1917. They retained the high compressive strength of concrete blocks with the added benefits of being lightweight, less expensive and penetrable by nails. Lightweight cinder blocks weigh less than 105 pounds per cubic foot while medium weight concrete blocks weigh 105 to 125 pounds per cubic foot. Cinder blocks were only used for a short period because they had poor durability.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Straublox
Category:Materials database