nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Communities of practice / Situated learning

== Communities of practice / Situated learning theory ==
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 This theory is waiting to be summarized!
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== IS articles that use the theory ==
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== Original Contributor(s) ==
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Communities of practice / Situated learning theory

== Communities of practice / Situated learning theory ==
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 This theory is waiting to be summarized!
== Acronym ==
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== IS articles that use the theory ==
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== Original Contributor(s) ==
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Conflict theory

== Conflict theory ==
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 This theory is waiting to be summarized!
== Acronym ==
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== Original Contributor(s) ==
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Critical realism

== Critical realism theory ==
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 This theory is waiting to be summarized!
== Acronym ==
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Critical success factors, theory of

== Theory of Critical Success Factors ==
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 This theory is waiting to be summarized!
== Acronym ==
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== Original Contributor(s) ==
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Critical systems thinking

== Critical systems thinking ==
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 This theory is waiting to be summarized!
== Acronym ==
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== Original Contributor(s) ==
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Critical systems thinking theory

== Critical systems thinking theory ==
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 This theory is waiting to be summarized!
== Acronym ==
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== Original Contributor(s) ==
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Customer Focus Theory

==Customer Focus Theory==
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==Acronym==
CFT
==Alternate name(s)==
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N/A
==Main dependent constructs/factors==
Customer Focus
==Main independent construct(s)/factor(s)==
Customer Requirements, Customer Information, Customer Feedback, Customer Relationship, Customer Identity, Customer Location, Customer Personality, Prior Experience with Customer
==Concise description of theory==
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==Diagram/schematic of theory==
==Originating author(s)==
Lohan et al. 2011
==Seminal articles==
Lohan, Garry; Conboy, Kieran; and Lang, Michael (2011) "Examining Customer Focus in IT Project Management: Findings from Irish and Norwegian case studies," Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems: Vol. 23: Iss. 2, Article 2. Available at: http://aisel.aisnet.org/sjis/vol23/iss2/2
==Originating area==
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==Level of analysis==
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==IS articles that use the theory==
Lohan, Garry; Conboy, Kieran; and Lang, Michael (2011) "Examining Customer Focus in IT Project Management: Findings from Irish and Norwegian case studies," Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems: Vol. 23: Iss. 2, Article 2. 
Available at: http://aisel.aisnet.org/sjis/vol23/iss2/2
==Links from this theory to other theories==
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==External links==
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==Original Contributor(s)==
Decision theory

== Decision theory ==
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 This theory is waiting to be summarized!
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== Original Contributor(s) ==
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Ecology theory

== Ecology theory ==
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 This theory is waiting to be summarized!
== Acronym ==
== Alternate name(s)==
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== Original Contributor(s) ==
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Embodied social presence theory

== Embodied social presence theory ==
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== Acronym ==
ESP 
== Alternate name(s)==
Embodied Social Presence Theory
ESP Theory
== Main dependent construct(s)/factor(s)==
Flow, Perceptions of Embodiment, Perceptions of ESP, Task Focus
== Main independent construct(s)/factor(s) ==
Virtual Embodiment, Technological Readiness, Psychological Readiness, Embodied Presence, Embodied Co-presence
== Concise description of theory ==
ESP Theory posits that the body is the nexus of communication, and that an embodied representation affects the perceptions of users by drawing them into a higher level of cognitive engagement in their shared activities and communication acts. During this process users engage in a loop of shifting attentional focus on the virtual and real self, on the other social actor’s virtual and real self, and on the context of interactions. 
== Diagram/schematic of theory ==
== Originating author(s) ==
Brian Mennecke, Janea Triplett, Lesya Hassall, Zayira Jordan, Rex Heer
== Seminal articles ==
Mennecke, B.E., Triplett, J., Hassall, L.M., Jordan, Z., and Heer, R., (forthcoming). An Examination of User Embodiment and Activity-based Social Interaction in Virtual Worlds: Implications for the Development of a Theory of Embodied Social Presence. Decision Sciences, Vol. 42, Num. 2. 
Mennecke, B.E., Triplett; J. L., Hassall, L., & Jordan-Conde, Z. Embodied Social Presence Theory. 43rd Hawaiian International Conference on System Sciences, Jan. 2010, Koloa, HI. 
== Originating area ==
Communication Studies
Human Computer Interaction
Management Information Systems
== Level of analysis ==
Individual
== IS articles that use the theory ==
== Links from this theory to other theories ==
Media synchronicity theory
== External links ==
www.embodiedsocialpresencetheory.com
== Original Contributor(s) ==
Brian Mennecke, Janea Triplett, Lesya Hassall, Zayira Jordan, Rex Heer
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Escalation theory

== Acronym ==
NA
== Alternate name(s)==
NA
== Main dependent construct(s)/factor(s)==
NA
== Main independent construct(s)/factor(s) ==
NA 
== Concise description of theory ==
According to Escalation Theory, individuals with a high degree of responsibility persist to self-justify or convince themselves that their initial decision is correct, even though the objective reality says otherwise, in order to conceal their mistake. Staw and Ross (1987a, p. 54) observes that if the objective facts disconfirm one’s opinion, then the individual will look to find out different reasons to discredit other sources as cause for the disconfirmation. Thus, this escalation behavior stems from the individual’s denial to take responsibility for the failure. 
== Diagram/schematic of theory ==
NA
== Originating author(s) ==
Staw, B.M. and Ross, J
== Seminal articles ==
Staw, B.M. and Ross, J. "Behavior in Escalation Situations: Antecedents, Prototypes, and Solutions," in Research in Organizational Behavior (9), B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings (eds.), JAI Press Inc., Greenwich, CT, 1987a, pp. 39-78. 
Brockner, J. "The Escalation of Commitment to a Failing Course of Action: Toward Theoretical Progress," Academy of Management Review (17:1), January 1992, pp. 39-6 
Ross, J. and Staw, B.M. (1993), “Organizational escalation and exit: lessons from the Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 36 No. 4, pp. 701‐32. 
Drummond, H. 1998. Is escalation always irrational? Organization Studies, 19: 911-929. 
Mähring, M., Holmström, J., Keil, M. and Montealegre, R. (2004), "Trojan actor‐networks and swift translation", Information Technology & People, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 210-238. https://doi.org/10.1108/09593840410542510 
 
== Originating area ==
Organizational Behavior
== Level of analysis ==
Individual
== IS articles that use the theory ==
Keil, M., Mixon, R., Saarinen, T., and Tuunainen, V. "Understanding Runaway Information Technology Projects: Results from an International Research Program Based on Escalation Theory," Journal of Management Information Systems (11:3), Winter 1995b, pp. 67-87 
Keil, M. (1995). Pulling the Plug: Software Project Management and the Problem of Project Escalation. MIS Quarterly, 19(4), 421-447. doi:10.2307/249627 
Keil, M. "Escalation of Commitment in Information Systems Development: A Comparison of Three Theories," Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, 55th Annual Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, August 4-8, 1995a. 
Keil, M. and J. Flatto (1999) "Information Systems Project Escalation: A Reinterpretation Based on Options Theory," Accounting, Management and Information Technologies (9) 2, pp.115-139. 
== Links from this theory to other theories ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-justification
 
== External links ==
NA
== Original Contributor(s) ==
Mukesh Narmetta
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Expectancy theory

== Expectancy theory ==
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 This theory is waiting to be summarized!
== Acronym ==
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== Original Contributor(s) ==
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Garbage can theory

== Garbage can theory ==
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== Acronym ==
N/A
== Alternate name(s)==
Garbage Can Model, Garbage Can Process
== Main dependent construct(s)/factor(s)==
Net energy load, energy distribution, decision structure, problem access structure
== Main independent construct(s)/factor(s) ==
Net energy load, energy distribution, decision structure, problem access structure
== Concise description of theory ==
The Garbage Can theory, or model, attempts to explain some organizational decision-making anomalies-in particular, decision making by "organized anarchies" where preferences are not clear, technology is not clear, or participation is fluid. 
Problems, solutions, and decision makers move from one choice to another depending on the mix of recognized problems, the choices available, the mix of solutions available for problems, and outside influences on the decision makers. In short, problems are uncoupled from choices giving an image of "rummaging around" inside a garbage can. Problems are addressed based on a solution choice, but choices are made based on shifting combinations of problems, solutions, and decision makers. In this sense, decision-making appears "pathological" instead of rational. 
The Garbage Can theory allows problems to be addressed and choices to be made, but does not necessarily following a rational process. Poorly understood and addressed problems can drift into and out of the garbage can process, depending on the situation and factors.
== Diagram/schematic of theory ==
N/A
== Originating author(s) ==
Michael D. Cohen, James G. March, Johan P. Olsen
== Seminal articles ==
Cohen, M., March, J., and Olsen, J. "A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 1 (March, 1972), pp. 1-25.
== Originating area ==
Organizational theory, Administrative sciences
== Level of analysis ==
Firm
== IS articles that use the theory ==
Boynton, A. and Zmud, R. “Information Technology Planning in the 1990’s: Directions for Practice and Research,” MIS Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 59-71, March, 1987.
Lovata, L. “Behavioral Theories Relating to the Design of Information Systems,” MIS Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 147-149, June, 1987.
Watson, R. “Influences on the IS Manager’s Perceptions of Key Issues: Information Scanning and the Relationship With the CEO,” MIS Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 217-231, June, 1990.
Collins, F. and Munter, P. “Exploring the Garbage Can: A Study of Information Flows,” Omega, Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 269, 1990.
Travica, B. and Cronin, B. “The Argo: A Strategic Information System for Group Decision Making,” International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 15, No. 3, p. 223, 1995.
Hayes, S. and McGee, P. “Garbage Can Decision Making in a Structured Anarchy for Your CWIS,” Campus-Wide Information Systems, Vol. 15, No. 1, p. 129, 1998.
== Links from this theory to other theories ==
Chaos theory
== External links ==
Wikipedia entry: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_Can_Model,
== Original Contributor(s) ==
Scott Schneberger
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General Strain Theory

== Acronym ==
GST
== Alternate name(s) ==
N/A
== Main dependent construct(s)/factor(s) ==
Strain caused in an individual 
== Main independent construct(s)/factor(s) ==
Failure to achieve positively valued goals, loss of positively valued stimuli, and the presence of negative stimuli
== Concise description of theory ==
GST is a modified version of traditional strain theory from crime and delinquency literature proposed by Agnew in 1992. It states that strains in an individual causes delinquency. According to Agnew there are three main sources that causes strain in an individual i.e. failure to achieve positively valued goals; loss of positive-valued stimuli; and presentation of negative stimuli. The 1st reason for strain is mostly same as that of traditional strain theories, whereas the rest two are mostly situational dependent. For example loss of positive valued stimuli may include loss of any important person for an individual and negative stimulus like bullying, physical and emotional abuse. Presence of any of these three causes or all lead to create strain in an individual because he feels that he has not been treated in the way he is supposed to. Agnew further argued that though strain did not directly cause crime, it leads to negative emotions of frustration and anger which can latter results in delinquent or violent behavior. In IS literature usage of this theory started recently, in studying online deviant behaviors like cyber-bullying, cyber-harassment etc. 
== Diagram/schematic of theory ==
N/A
== Originating author(s) ==
Robert Agnew(1992)
== Seminal articles ==
Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47-87.
== Originating area ==
Criminology
== Level of analysis ==
Individual
== Links to WWW sites describing theory ==
== Links from this theory to other theories ==
N/A
== IS articles that use the theory ==
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Traditional and nontraditional bullying among youth: A test of general strain theory. Youth & Society.
Jang, H., Song, J., & Kim, R. (2014). Does the offline bully-victimization influence cyberbullying behavior among youths? Application of general strain theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 85-93.
Lowry, P. B., Zhang, J., Wang, C., & Siponen, M. (2016). Why do adults engage in cyberbullying on social media? An integration of online dis-inhibition and deindividuation effects with the social structure and social learning model. Information Systems Research, 27(4), 962-986.
== Contributor(s) ==
Monalisa Mahapatra
== Date last updated ==
1st March 2017
General deterrence theory

== General deterrence theory ==
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== Acronym ==
GDT
== Alternate name(s)==
Deterrence theory (DT)
== Main dependent construct(s)/factor(s)==
== Main independent construct(s)/factor(s) ==
== Concise description of theory ==
Schuessler (2009)Schuessler, J. 2009. General deterrence theory: Assessing information systems security effectiveness in large versus small businesses. Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Texas, United States -- Texas. (Publication No. AAT 3377466). wrote that General Deterrence Theory (GDT) "posits that individuals can be dissuaded from committing antisocial acts through the use of countermeasures, which include strong disincentives and sanctions relative to the act" (p. 11). He references Straub and Welke (1998) Straub, D. W., & Welke, R. J. (1998). Coping with systems risk: Security planning models for management decision making. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 22(4), 441. for the foundational work on this subject. Schuessler also noted "Using GDT as a guideline, countermeasures could be put in place to eliminate such a threat or at least mitigate some of the risk should the event occur. Countermeasures such as education and training, backups, reprimands and so on can all serve as tools to eliminate or mitigate such risk. The current research expands this conceptual view of GDT to include other sources of threats such as non-humans threats. In this way, other threats such as natural disasters and technical failures can also be examined. It is believed that this extension is valid because often times, preemptive planning can help to mitigate these threats as well. For example, backups can replace lost data after hardware failure or a natural disaster (p. 12)."
== Diagram/schematic of theory ==
== Originating author(s) ==
Straub, D. W., & Welke, R. J.
== Seminal articles ==
Straub, D. W., & Welke, R. J. (1998). Coping with systems risk: Security planning models for management decision making. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 22(4), 441.
== Originating area ==
Information Systems
== Level of analysis ==
== IS articles that use the theory ==
Straub, D. W., & Welke, R. J. (1998). Coping with systems risk: Security planning models for management decision making. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 22(4), 441.
Jeffrey D. Wall, Paul Benjamin Lowry, and Jordan Barlow (2016). “Organizational violations of externally governed privacy and security rules: Explaining and predicting selective violations under conditions of strain and excess,” Journal of the Association for Information Systems (JAIS), vol. 17(1) [in press] (http://aisel.aisnet.org/jais/vol17/iss1/). 
== Links from this theory to other theories ==
Selective_organizational_information_privacy_and_security_violations_model_(SOIPSVM)
== External links ==
== Original Contributor(s) ==
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Information integration theory

== Information integration theory ==
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 This theory is waiting to be summarized!
== Acronym ==
== Alternate name(s)==
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== Seminal articles ==
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== Level of analysis ==
== IS articles that use the theory ==
== Links from this theory to other theories ==
== External links ==
== Original Contributor(s) ==
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