nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Palonosetron (Aloxi)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Chemotherapy medications and surgery can cause nausea and vomiting by stimulating release of serotonin from the enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine, and serotonin triggers the vomiting reflex by binding to and activating 5-HT3 receptors. Palonosetron prevents nausea and vomiting by binding with high affinity to 5-HT3 receptors and blocking their activation by serotonin.Palonosetron (Aloxi) package insert Palonosetron (Aloxi) package insert (locally hosted backup)Aloxi manufacturer's website
Route: IV
Extravasation: no information available
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias such as Micromedex, Lexicomp, or the prescribing information.
==Patient drug information==
*Brief patient counseling information can be found in the Palonosetron (Aloxi) package insert
*Palonosetron (Aloxi) patient drug information (UpToDate)Palonosetron (Aloxi) patient drug information (UpToDate)
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2003-07-25: Approved for the prevention of acute nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately and highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy and the prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.
==History of changes in EMA indication==
*2005-03-22: Initial authorization
==Also known as==
*Generic name: palonosetron HCL
*Brand name: Aloxi
==References==
Category:Drugs
Category:Intravenous medications
Category:Emesis prevention
Category:Serotonin 5-HT3 antagonists
Category:FDA approved in 2003
Category:EMA approved in 2005
Pamidronate (Aredia)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Bisphosphonate, inhibits osteoclast activity and bone resorption. Exact mechanism not understood, but is believed to also involve blocking dissolution of bone calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) crystals.Pamidronate (Aredia) package insertPamidronate (Aredia) package insert (locally hosted backup)Pamidronate manufacturer's website
Route: IV
Extravasation: no information
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias such as Micromedex, Lexicomp, or the prescribing information.
==Disease-specific information==
===Breast cancer===
*Hortobagyi GN, Theriault RL, Porter L, Blayney D, Lipton A, Sinoff C, Wheeler H, Simeone JF, Seaman J, Knight RD, Heffernan M, Reitsma DJ, Kennedy I, Allan SG, Mellars K; Protocol 19 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group. Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal complications in patients with breast cancer and lytic bone metastases. N Engl J Med. 1996 Dec 12;335(24):1785-91. link to original article EuroPMC
===Multiple myeloma===
*Berenson JR, Lichtenstein A, Porter L, Dimopoulos MA, Bordoni R, George S, Lipton A, Keller A, Ballester O, Kovacs MJ, Blacklock HA, Bell R, Simeone J, Reitsma DJ, Heffernan M, Seaman J, Knight RD; Myeloma Aredia Study Group. Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal events in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 1996 Feb 22;334(8):488-93. link to original article EuroPMC
===Prostate cancer===
*Smith MR, McGovern FJ, Zietman AL, Fallon MA, Hayden DL, Schoenfeld DA, Kantoff PW, Finkelstein JS. Pamidronate to prevent bone loss during androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001 Sep 27;345(13):948-55. link to original article EuroPMC
==Patient drug information==
*Pamidronate (Aredia) patient drug information (UpToDate)Pamidronate (Aredia) patient drug information (UpToDate)
==History of changes in FDA indication==
* 1991-10-31: Initial FDA approval 
==Also known as==
*Generic name: pamidronate disodium omega
*Brand name: Aredia, Padium, Pamisol
==References==
Category:Drugs
Category:Intravenous medications
Category:Bisphosphonates
Category:FDA approved in 1991
Pancreatic cancer, BRCA-mutated - null regimens

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The purpose of this page is to provide references to "null therapy" such as placebo and observation. These references provide further insight into the historical development of the treatment landscape. See the main BRCAm pancreatic cancer page for regimens that include active anticancer treatment.
=Maintenance after first-line therapy=
==Placebo==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Golan et al. 2019 (POLO)	2015-2019 	Phase 3 (C)	Olaparib 	Shorter PFSMedian PFS: 3.8 vs 7.4 mo(HR 1.89, 95% CI 1.22-2.86)
====Preceding treatment====
*First-line platinum-based chemotherapy for at least 16 weeks
===References===
#POLO: Golan T, Hammel P, Reni M, Van Cutsem E, Macarulla T, Hall MJ, Park JO, Hochhauser D, Arnold D, Oh DY, Reinacher-Schick A, Tortora G, Algül H, O'Reilly EM, McGuinness D, Cui KY, Schlienger K, Locker GY, Kindler HL. Maintenance olaparib for germline BRCA-mutated metastatic pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jul 25;381(4):317-327. Epub 2019 Jun 2. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT02184195
##HRQoL analysis: Hammel P, Kindler HL, Reni M, Van Cutsem E, Macarulla T, Hall MJ, Park JO, Hochhauser D, Arnold D, Oh DY, Reinacher-Schick A, Tortora G, Algül H, O'Reilly EM, McGuinness D, Cui KY, Joo S, Yoo HK, Patel N, Golan T; POLO Investigators. Health-related quality of life in patients with a germline BRCA mutation and metastatic pancreatic cancer receiving maintenance olaparib. Ann Oncol. 2019 Dec 1;30(12):1959-1968. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
##Update: Kindler HL, Hammel P, Reni M, Van Cutsem E, Macarulla T, Hall MJ, Park JO, Hochhauser D, Arnold D, Oh DY, Reinacher-Schick A, Tortora G, Algül H, O'Reilly EM, Bordia S, McGuinness D, Cui K, Locker GY, Golan T. Overall Survival Results From the POLO Trial: A Phase III Study of Active Maintenance Olaparib Versus Placebo for Germline BRCA-Mutated Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Dec 1;40(34):3929-3939. Epub 2022 Jul 14. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
##TWiST analysis: Kindler HL, Yoo HK, Hettle R, Cui KY, Joo S, Locker GY, Golan T. Patient-centered outcomes in the POLO study of active maintenance olaparib for germline BRCA-mutated metastatic pancreatic cancer. Cancer. 2023 May 1;129(9):1411-1418. Epub 2023 Feb 22. link to original article EuroPMC
Category:Pancreatic cancer regimens
Category:Biomarker-specific pages
Category:Gastrointestinal cancers
Category:Null regimens
Pancreatic cancer, NRG1-positive

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Note: this page has regimens which are specific to pancreatic cancer that is NRG1-positive. Please see the main pancreatic cancer page for other chemotherapy regimens.
Last updated on 2024-07-23:3 regimens on this page
3 variants on this page
=Guidelines=
Given the rapid change in evidence in many areas of hematology/oncology, readers are encouraged to consider any guideline published 5+ years ago to be for historical purposes, only.
==NCCN==
*NCCN does not currently have guidelines at this granular level; please see NCCN Guidelines - Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.
=Advanced or metastatic disease, subsequent lines of therapy=
==Zenocutuzumab monotherapy==
===Regimen===
FDA-recommended dose
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence
Schram et al. 2025 (eNRGy)	2019-09-25 to ongoing	Phase 1/2 (RT)
====Biomarker eligibility criteria====
*NRG1 fusion positive
====Targeted therapy====
*Zenocutuzumab (Bizengri) 750 mg IV over 2 hours once on day 1
14-day cycles
===References===
#eNRGy: Schram AM, Goto K, Kim DW, Macarulla T, Hollebecque A, O'Reilly EM, Ou SI, Rodon J, Rha SY, Nishino K, Duruisseaux M, Park JO, Neuzillet C, Liu SV, Weinberg BA, Cleary JM, Calvo E, Umemoto K, Nagasaka M, Springfeld C, Bekaii-Saab T, O'Kane GM, Opdam F, Reiss KA, Joe AK, Wasserman E, Stalbovskaya V, Ford J, Adeyemi S, Jain L, Jauhari S, Drilon A; eNRGy Investigators. Efficacy of Zenocutuzumab in NRG1 Fusion-Positive Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2025 Feb;392(6):566-576. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to EuroPMC NCT02912949
Category:Pancreatic cancer regimens
Category:Biomarker-specific pages
Category:Gastrointestinal cancers
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria - null regimens

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The purpose of this page is to provide references to "null therapy" such as placebo and observation. These references provide further insight into the historical development of the treatment landscape. See the main PNH page for regimens that include active anticancer treatment.
=All lines of therapy=
==Placebo==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Hillmen et al. 2006 (TRIUMPH)	2004-10 to 2005-06 	Phase 3 (C)	Eculizumab	Worse stabilization of Hgb levels and QoL
No active treatment. Used as a comparator arm in one or more trials; for reference purposes, only.
===References===
#TRIUMPH: Hillmen P, Young NS, Schubert J, Brodsky RA, Socié G, Muus P, Röth A, Szer J, Elebute MO, Nakamura R, Browne P, Risitano AM, Hill A, Schrezenmeier H, Fu CL, Maciejewski J, Rollins SA, Mojcik CF, Rother RP, Luzzatto L. The complement inhibitor eculizumab in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 21;355(12):1233-43. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00112983
##Update: Hillmen P, Muus P, Dührsen U, Risitano AM, Schubert J, Luzzatto L, Schrezenmeier H, Szer J, Brodsky RA, Hill A, Socié G, Bessler M, Rollins SA, Bell L, Rother RP, Young NS. Effect of the complement inhibitor eculizumab on thromboembolism in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood. 2007 Dec 1;110(12):4123-8. Epub 2007 Aug 16. link to original article EuroPMC
Category:Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria regimens
Category:Disease-specific pages
Category:Bone marrow failure syndromes
Category:Complementopathies
Category:Hemolytic process
Category:Null regimens
Pathology

==External references==
===Hematopathology atlases===
*ASH image bank - online collection of hematology-related slides
*PathPedia Pathology e-Atlas
*Hematopathology case studies with a virtual microscope
===Cell markers & identification===
*E-immunohistochemistry.info - immunohistochemistry characteristics by cell type and antigen; "An immunohistochemical vade mecum" 
*Immunohistochemistry (IHC)/immunostain index
*Information about individual CD (cluster of differentiation) markers
*Special stains in histology
===Genetics===
*My Cancer Genome - Information about specific mutations and clinical trials by mutation type 
*Genetics Atlas (use the search box on the main page) - Contains wonderfully detailed information about genetic mutations, including images and information about associated diseases.
===General pathology===
*Surgical Pathology Criteria (Stanford)
*Pathology Outlines
*SurgPath4U
===Inactive links===
*Teaching Cases in Hematology: A Virtual Slide Atlas (https://www.pathology.ubc.ca/html/3DBooks/HematologyCases/index.html) - If login prompt appears, use username: dhplc password: hardwick
==Labs==
===Conversion between different methods of measuring EBV (Epstein-Barr) viral loads===
Unit 	Conversion factor	Low load 	High load
Copies/10^5 peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL)	1 	8-200 	>200
Copies/ug DNA 	3 	24-600 	>600
Copies/10^6 PBLs 	10 	80-2000 	>2000
Copies/mL of blood (about 2 x 10^6 PBLs) 	20 	160-4000 	>4000
Copies/10^7 B cells 	1000 	10^4-10^5	>10^5
Adapted from: Rowe DT, Webber S, Schauer EM, Reyes J, Green M. Epstein-Barr virus load monitoring: its role in the prevention and management of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Transpl Infect Dis. 2001 Jun;3(2):79-87. link to original article EuroPMC
Category:General reference pages
Pegaspargase (Oncaspar)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Depletes plasma asparagine, selectively killing leukemic cells which are unable to synthesize asparagine due to a lack of asparagine synthetase. The Oncaspar formulation involves L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase) being covalently conjugated to monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG), increasing its half-life and reducing the risk of hypersensitivity reactions in patients who have history of hypersensitivity to Asparaginase (Elspar).Pegaspargase (Oncaspar) package insert Pegaspargase (Oncaspar) package insert (locally hosted backup)
Route: IV, IM
Extravasation: neutral
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias such as Micromedex, Lexicomp, or the prescribing information. 
==Diseases for which it is used==
*B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
*Extranodal NK- and T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
*NK- and T-cell lymphoma
*T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
==Patient drug information==
*Pegaspargase (Oncaspar) patient drug information (Chemocare)Pegaspargase (Oncaspar) patient drug information (Chemocare)
*Pegaspargase (Oncaspar) patient drug information (UpToDate)Pegaspargase (Oncaspar) patient drug information (UpToDate)
==History of changes in FDA indication==
* 1994-02-01: Initial FDA approval for treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in patients who require L-asparaginase in their treatment regimen but have developed hypersensitivity to the native forms of L-asparaginase. (Based on CCG 1962)
* 2006-07-24: FDA approved for the first-line treatment of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (Based on CCG 1962)
==History of changes in EMA indication==
*2016-01-14: Initial authorization
==History of changes in PMDA indication==
*2023-06-26: A drug with a new active ingredient indicated for the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia.
*2023-06-26: A drug with a new active ingredient indicated for the treatment of malignant lymphoma.
==Also known as==
*Generic names: PEG-L-asparaginase, peg-asparginase, pegasparaginase
*Brand name: Oncaspar
==References==
Category:Drugs
Category:Pegylated medications
Category:Intramuscular medications
Category:Intravenous medications
Category:Neutral
Category:Asparagine-specific enzymes
Category:B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia medications
Category:Extranodal NK- and T-cell lymphoma, nasal type medications
Category:NK- and T-cell lymphoma medications
Category:T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia medications
Category:FDA approved in 1994
Category:EMA approved in 2016
Category:PMDA approved in 2023
Category:WHO Essential Cancer Medicine
Pegfilgrastim-apgf (Nyvepria)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), biosimilar of pegfilgrastim. Binds to cell surface receptors on hematopoietic cells and stimulates proliferation, differentiation, and some end-cell functional activation.
Route: SC
Extravasation: n/a
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias such as Micromedex, Lexicomp, or the prescribing information.
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2020-06-11: Approved to decrease the chance of infection as suggested by febrile neutropenia in patients with non-myeloid cancer who are receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy that has a clinically significant incidence of febrile neutropenia.
==Also known as==
*Brand names: Nyvepria
Category:Drugs
Category:Subcutaneous medications
Category:Pegylated medications
Category:Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors
Category:FDA approved in 2020
Category:Biosimilars
Pegfilgrastim-bmez (Ziextenzo)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), biosimilar of pegfilgrastim. Binds to cell surface receptors on hematopoietic cells and stimulates proliferation, differentiation, and some end-cell functional activation.
Route: SC
Extravasation: n/a
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias such as Micromedex, Lexicomp, or the prescribing information.
==Patient drug information==
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2019-11-05: Approved
==Also known as==
*Brand names: Ziextenzo
==References==
Category:Drugs
Category:Subcutaneous medications
Category:Pegylated medications
Category:Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors
Category:FDA approved in 2019
Category:Biosimilars
Pegfilgrastim-cbqv (Udenyca)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), biosimilar of pegfilgrastim. Binds to cell surface receptors on hematopoietic cells and stimulates proliferation, differentiation, and some end-cell functional activation.Pegfilgrastim-cbqv (Udenyca) package insert Pegfilgrastim-cbqv (Udenyca) package insert (locally hosted backup)Udenyca manufacturer's website
Route: SC
Extravasation: n/a
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias such as Micromedex, Lexicomp, or the prescribing information.
==Patient drug information==
*Pegfilgrastim-cbqv (Udenyca) package insert
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2018-11-02: Approved to decrease the chance of infection as suggested by febrile neutropenia in patients with non-myeloid cancer who are receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy that has a clinically significant incidence of febrile neutropenia.
==Also known as==
*Brand names: Udenyca
==References==
Category:Drugs
Category:Subcutaneous medications
Category:Pegylated medications
Category:Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors
Category:FDA approved in 2018
Category:Biosimilars
Pegfilgrastim-fpgk (Stimufend)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Binds to cell surface receptors on hematopoietic cells and stimulates proliferation, differentiation, and some end-cell functional activation.
Route: SC
Extravasation: no known issues
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias such as Micromedex, Lexicomp, or the prescribing information.
==Diseases for which it is used==
Note that colony stimulating factors may be used for their adjuvant effect e.g. removing leukemia stem cells from their protective niches; but they are not thought to have inherent anti-cancer activity.
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2022-09-06: Approved as a biosimilar to US-licensed Neulasta.
==Also known as==
*Brand names: Stimufend
Category:Drugs
Category:Subcutaneous medications
Category:Pegylated medications
Category:Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors
Category:FDA approved in 2022
Category:Biosimilars
Pegfilgrastim-jmdb (Fulphila)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), biosimilar of pegfilgrastim. Binds to cell surface receptors on hematopoietic cells and stimulates proliferation, differentiation, and some end-cell functional activation.
Route: SC
Extravasation: n/a
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias such as Micromedex, Lexicomp, or the prescribing information.
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2018-06-04: Approved to decrease the chance of infection as suggested by febrile neutropenia in patients with non-myeloid cancer who are receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy that has a clinically significant incidence of febrile neutropenia.
==Also known as==
*Brand names: Fulphila
Category:Drugs
Category:Subcutaneous medications
Category:Pegylated medications
Category:Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors
Category:FDA approved in 2018
Category:Biosimilars
Pegfilgrastim-pbbk (Fylnetra)

==General information==
Class/mechanism: Pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Binds to cell surface receptors on hematopoietic cells and stimulates proliferation, differentiation, and some end-cell functional activation.
Route: SC
Extravasation: no known issues
For conciseness and simplicity, HemOnc.org currently will focus on treatment regimens and not list information such as: renal/hepatic dose adjustments, metabolism (including CYP450), excretion, monitoring parameters (although this will be considered for checklists), or manufacturer. Instead, for the most current information, please refer to your preferred pharmacopeias such as Micromedex, Lexicomp, or the prescribing information.
==Diseases for which it is used==
Note that colony stimulating factors may be used for their adjuvant effect e.g. removing leukemia stem cells from their protective niches; but they are not thought to have inherent anti-cancer activity.
==History of changes in FDA indication==
*2022-06-01: Approved as a biosimilar to US-licensed Neulasta.
==Also known as==
*Brand names: Fylnetra
Category:Drugs
Category:Subcutaneous medications
Category:Pegylated medications
Category:Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors
Category:FDA approved in 2022
Category:Biosimilars