nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
CSDMS 2013 annual meeting poster Nicole Gasparini

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2013</font>
=Landlab: a component-based software modeling environment for computational Earth-surface processes modeling=
Nicole Gasparini, Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana, United States. ngaspari@tulane.eduGregory Tucker, University of Colorado , United States. Erkan Istanbulluoglu, University of Washington , United States. Eric Hutton, University of Colorado , United States. Daniel Hobley, University of Colorado , United States. Sai Siddhartha, University of Washington , United States. 
Abstract:
The Landlab project creates an environment in which scientists can build a numerical landscape model without having to code all of the individual components. Landscape models compute flows of mass, such as water, sediment, glacial ice, volcanic material, or landslide debris, across a gridded terrain surface. Landscape models have a number of commonalities, such as operating on a grid of points and routing material across the grid. Scientists who want to use a landscape model often build their own unique model from the ground up, re-coding the basic building blocks of their landscape model rather than taking advantage of codes that have already been written. Whereas the end result may be novel software programs, many person-hours are lost rewriting existing code, and the resulting software is often idiosyncratic and not able to interact with programs written by other scientists in the community. This individuality in software programs leads to lost opportunity for exploring an even wider array of scientific questions than those which can be addressed using a single model. The Landlab project seeks to eliminate these redundancies and lost opportunities by creating a user- and developer-friendly numerical landscape modelling environment which provides scientists with the fundamental building blocks needed for modeling landscape processes. The Landlab will include a number of independent, interoperable components such as (1) a gridding engine to handle both regular and unstructured meshes, (2) an interface for space-time rainfall input, (3) a surface hydrology component, (4) an erosion-deposition component, (5) a vegetation dynamics component and (6) a simulation driver. The components interface with each other using the basic model interface (BMI) and will be fully compatible with the CSDMS Modeling Toolkit. Users can design unique models simply by linking together already-built components into a “new” landscape model within the landlab environment. Alternatively, users can design new landscape models by creating process components that are specialized for individual studies and linking these new components with preexisting Landlab components.
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CSDMS 2013 annual meeting poster Phaedra Upton

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2013</font>
=Coupled models place constraints on fluvial input into Lake Ohau, New Zealand=
Phaedra Upton, GNS Science Lower Hutt , New Zealand. p.upton@gns.cri.nzRachel Skudder, Victoria University of Wellington Wellington , New Zealand. skudderach@myvuw.ac.nz
Abstract:
Lake records provide a long-term record of climate events and transitions, earthquakes in tectonically active regions, landscape response during and following deglaciation and recent human influenced land use changes. In order to unravel the story preserved in lake sediments, it is necessary to understand the dynamics of the lake system and the source of the sediment coming into the lake. Our study focuses on Lake Ohau, New Zealand, which occupies a fault controlled glacial valley and contains a high resolution sedimentary record of the last ~17 ka. It is presently the focus of a multi-disciplinary studied which aims to recover a long core encompassing the whole ~17 ka record in the next several years. 
We use two CSDMS codes: HydroTrend, a climate-driven hydrological model, and Sedflux, a basin filling model, to model sediment flux into Lake Ohau. Using measured climate parameters from the last 60 years, we model water and sediment discharge into the lake and the distribution of sediment through the lake basin. Using a simple conceptual model of the lake dynamics, we produce a series of simulations to examine sediment accumulation at different positions across the lake basin. We then compare these modelled accumulation records to short cores from a number of locations within the lake basin.
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CSDMS 2013 annual meeting poster Phu Nguyen

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2013</font>
=Modeling the Upper Little Missouri River flash flood 2010 Using a Coupled Distributed Hydrologic and Hydraulic Model=
Phu Nguyen, UC Irvine Irvine California, United States. ndphu@uci.eduSoroosh Sorooshian, UC Irvine Irvine California, United States. soroosh@uci.eduKuolin Hsu, UC Irvine Irvine California, United States. kuolinh@uci.eduAmir AghaKouchak, UC Irvine Irvine California, United States. amir.a@uci.eduBrett Sanders, UC Irvine Irvine California, United States. bsanders@uci.edu
Abstract:
Flash floods are among the most devastating natural hazards, which cause loss of life and severe economic damages. Modeling flash floods to provide warnings to the public to prevent/mitigate the impacts of this type of disaster is still challenging. A coupled model which consists of the currently used Hydrology Laboratory - Research Distributed Hydrologic Model (HL-RDHM) at NWS and a high resolution hydraulic model (BreZo) has been developed for flash flood modeling purposes. The model employs HL-RDHM as a rainfall-runoff generator in coarse resolution to produce surface runoff which will be zoned into point source hydrographs at the sub-catchment outlets. With point source input, BreZo simulates the spatial distributions of water depth and velocity of the flow in the river/channel and flood plain.
The model was utilized to investigate the historical flash flood event in the Upper Little Missouri River watershed, Arkansas. This event occurred on June 11th, 2010 and had killed 20 people and caused severe property damages. The catchment was divided into 55 sub-catchments based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) at 10m resolution from USGS. From HL-RDHM surface runoff, 55 hydrographs can be derived, which then become 55 point sources as input in BreZo. The system was calibrated by tuning the roughness parameter in BreZo to best match the USGS discharge observation at the catchment outlet. The simulation results show the system performed very well not only for the total discharge at the catchment outlet (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.91) but also the spatial distribution of the flash floods.
Discharge (m3/s) at USGS gauge 07360200 (top), Flooded map (m) (left) and Flow velocity (m/s) in 3-Dimensional view (right)
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CSDMS 2013 annual meeting poster Qian Zhang

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2013</font>
=Long-term Seasonal Trends of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Suspended Sediment Load from the Non-tidal Susquehanna River Basin to Chesapeake Bay=
Qian Zhang, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland, United States. qzhang19@jhu.eduDamian Brady, University of Maine Walpole Maine, United States. damian.brady@maine.eduWilliam Ball, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland, United States. bball@jhu.edu
Abstract:
Reduction of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and suspended sediment (SS) load has been a principal focus of Chesapeake Bay Watershed management for decades. To evaluate the progress of management actions in the Bay's largest tributary, the Susquehanna River, we analyzed the long-term seasonal trends of flow-normalized N, P, and SS load over the last two to three decades, both above and below the Lower Susquehanna River Reservoir System. Our results indicate that annual and decadal-scale trends of nutrient and sediment load generally followed similar patterns in all four seasons, implying that changes in watershed function and land use had similar impacts on nutrient and sediment load at all times of the year. Above the reservoir system, the combined loads from the Marietta and Conestoga Stations indicate general trends of N, P, and SS reduction in the Susquehanna River Basin, which can most likely be attributed to a suite of management actions on point, agricultural, and stormwater sources. In contrast, upward trends of SS and particulate-associated P and N were generally observed below the Conowingo Reservoir since the mid-1990s. Our analyses suggest that (1) the reservoirs' capacity to trap these materials has been diminishing over the past two to three decades, and especially so for SS and P since the mid-1990s, and that (2) the Conowingo Reservoir has already neared its sediment storage capacity. These changes in reservoir performance will pose significant new kinds of challenges to attainment of total maximum daily load goals for the Susquehanna River Basin, and particularly if also accompanied by increases in storm frequency and intensity due to climate change. Accordingly, the reservoir issue may need to be factored into the proper establishment of regulatory load requirements and the development of watershed implementation plans. (Published in Science of the Total Environment (2013); available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.012. For a pdf pre-print, please contact Qian Zhang at qzhang19@jhu.edu.)
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CSDMS 2013 annual meeting poster Sai Siddhartha Nudurupati

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2013</font>
=Integration of an ‘Eco-hydrologic Component’ to a Generic Gridding Engine for 2D Modeling of Earth-Surface Dynamics=
Sai Siddhartha Nudurupati, University of Washington Seattle Washington, United States. saisiddu@gmail.comErkan Istanbulluoglu, University of Washington Seattle Washington, United States.Greg Tucker, CIRES Boulder Colorado, United States. Nicole Gasparini, Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana, United States. Eric Hutton, CSDMS Boulder Colorado, United States. Dan Hobley, University of Colorado Boulder Colorado, United States. 
Abstract:
This presentation discusses the implementation of component-based software design in Eco-hydrologic modeling. As a first step, we present development and integration of a radiation component that uses the local topographic variables to compute shortwave and longwave radiation data over a complex terrain for modeling Eco-hydrologic dynamics. This component is integrated to a central element that develops and maintains a grid, which represents the landscape under consideration. This component communicates with various other components such as ‘vegetation component’ and ‘soil moisture component’. This component is adapted from the Channel-Hillslope Integrated Landscape Development (CHILD) Model code and has been enhanced. Preliminary results of this study demonstrate the advantages of adopting component-based software design such as improved flexibility, interchangeability and adaptability.
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CSDMS 2013 annual meeting poster Samuel Roy

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2013</font>
=The Influence of Tectonic Strain on Landscape Evolution=
Samuel Roy, University of Maine Orono Maine, United States. sgroy27@gmail.com
Abstract:
Tectonic strain localization creates spatially anisotropic mechanical strength patterns that are reflected by landscape. Strain in the frictional-brittle crust produces predictable anisotropic cohesion and grain size distribution fabrics that influence spatial strain induced (SI) erodibility patterns where exposed at the surface. We assume that bedload impact is the primary mechanism for bedrock incision and erodibility is an inverse function of cohesion, which can be reduced by more than 2 orders of magnitude at the meter scale due to fragmentation and grain size reduction. The density, position, and orientation of SI anisotropies depends on the magnitude of strain and the tectonic horizontal/vertical shear stress ratio. The influence of tectonic strain on landscape becomes apparent by incorporating 3D strain induced crustal failure in a landscape evolution model. Natural observations and model results suggest naturally occurring SI anisotropy exerts a first order influence on geomorphic metrics for active orogens, including incision rate, 3D stream network geometry, and topographic evolution. Rates of vertical incision and knickpoint migration are orders of magnitude faster along SI anisotropy exposures. Shallowly dipping faults produced in a dip-slip regime are largely protected from vertical incision by unstrained overburden while a steeply dipping fault produced in a strike-slip regime is largely exposed to vertical incision. The strain field controls hydraulic geometry by influencing 1) the spatial distribution of discharge by establishing anisotropic erodibility patterns and 2) slope changes at erodibility transitions and differential uplift in a watershed. The influence of tectonic strain on landscape increases with the horizontal/vertical shear stress ratio because more steeply dipping and interconnected faults are produced. SI anisotropy controls channel network geometry by amplifying long wavelength tortuosity where fault-bound channels connect and muting short wavelength tortuosity along faults. Both effects increase with increasing tectonic horizontal shear strain. Channel width becomes constricted by the width of SI cohesion reduction, causing channel width to become a function of strain rather than reflecting only the hydraulics of a drainage basin.
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CSDMS 2013 annual meeting poster Siavash Hoomehr

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2013</font>
=Combined Effects of Climate Change and Urbanization on Cohesive Streambank Erosion=
Siavash Hoomehr, Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia, United States. hoomehrs@vt.eduTess Wynn-Thompson, Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia, United States. tthompson@vt.eduOlivia W Parks, Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia, United States. wparks@vt.eduMatthew J Eick, Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia, United States. eick@vt.edu
Abstract:
Urbanization and global climate change will severely stress our water resources. One potential unforeseen consequence of these stressors, which is neglected in channel evolution models, is accelerated stream channel erosion due to change in stream water temperature, pH and salinity which affect the surface potential and hence stability of soil colloids. Summer thunderstorms in urban watersheds can increase stream temperature >7 °C and the impact of global warming on average stream temperature is already evident in some stream systems. Initial estimates indicate a 2 °C rise in stream temperature could increase erosion by 30%. Urbanization has significant effects on the pH and salinity of stormwater runoff and as a result on the water quality of headwater streams. Channel erosion and the resulting sediment pollution threaten the sustainability of water resources and urban infrastructure. The goal of this research is to assess the impact of changes in stream water temperature, pH and salinity on stream channel erosion rates and to explore changes in the electrical surface potential of clay colloids as a potential soil stability mechanism. This exploratory research utilizes two reference clays with different permanent surface charges: montmorillonite, and vermiculite. Samples will be eroded in a recirculating sediment flume to determine soil critical shear stress and erodibility. Three water temperatures (12 °C, 20 °C, 27 °C), two pH (5 and 7), and two salinity levels (5 and 50 mg/l NaCl) will be analyzed. Three replicates of each treatment will be conducted for each clay. Additionally, the zeta potential of the clays will be determined under each condition. Research has demonstrated that variations in zeta potential affect liquid limit and shear stress of soil colloids. Results of this research could lead to a reassessment of stream channel stability modelling in urban watersheds and a paradigm shift in urban stormwater management.
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CSDMS 2013 annual meeting poster Stephanie Higgins

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2013</font>
=Land Subsidence at Aquaculture Facilities in the Yellow River Delta, China=
Stephanie Higgins, CSDMS/INSTAAR Boulder Colorado, United States. stephanie.higgins@colorado.eduIrina Overeem, CSDMS/INSTAAR Colorado, United States.Akiko Tanaka, AIST , Japan. James Syvitski, CSDMS/INSTAAR Boulder Colorado, United States. 
Abstract:
While many researchers have mapped and tracked coastal erosion in the Yellow River Delta, determining its cause has proven nearly impossible, because myriad natural and anthropogenic processes are simultaneously affecting the delta. These processes include reduced sediment supply, reduced river discharge, changing tide and current patterns, new seawalls, groundwater withdrawal, substrate compaction, oil extraction, burgeoning urban centers, and rising sea level. Here, we use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) to map surface deformation in the delta between the years 2007 and 2011. We find that rapid, localized subsidence of up to 22 cm/y is occurring along the coast, apparently related to groundwater extraction at aquaculture facilities. This finding has important consequences for the sustainability of the local aquaculture industry. Similar subsidence may also be occurring in deltas like the Mekong, though these signals may be difficult or impossible to measure. 
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CSDMS 2014 annual meeting poster Alberto Canestrelli

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2014</font>
=An immersed boundary method in Delft3D=
Alberto Canestrelli, Penn State University University Park Pennsylvania, United States. auc26@psu.eduRudy Slingerland, Penn State University University Park Pennsylvania, United States. rxs15@psu.edu
Abstract:
In this work an approach is proposed for solving the three dimensional shallow water equations with embedded boundaries that are not aligned with the underlying Cartesian grid. A hybrid cut-cell/ghost-cell method is proposed: ghost cells are used for the momentum equations in order to prescribe the correct boundary condition at the immersed boundary, while cut-cells are used in the continuity equation in order to conserve mass. The resulting scheme is robust and does not suffer any time step limitation for small cut cells. Comparisons toward analytical solutions and reference numerical solutions on curvilinear grids confirm the quality of the method.
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CSDMS 2014 annual meeting poster Andrew Wickert

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2014</font>
=Integrating glaciers and isostatic deformation into Landlab, a computational framework for Earth-surface systems=
Andrew Wickert, University of Colorado Boulder Colorado, United States. wickert@colorado.eduWilliam Colgan, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Copenhagen , Denmark. william.colgan@colorado.eduLeif Anderson, University of Colorado Boulder Colorado, United States. leif.anderson@colorado.eduDaniel Hobley, University of Colorado Boulder Colorado, United States. daniel.hobley@colorado.eduRobert Anderson, University of Colorado Boulder Colorado, United States. robert.s.anderson@colorado.eduGregory Tucker, University of Colorado Boulder Colorado, United States. gtucker@colorado.edu
Abstract:
Landlab is a new modeling framework to integrate components of the Earth-surface system and understand their interactions. Here we add two new components: (1) a mechanical ice flow model and (2) a model of Earth's flexural isostatic response to surface loads. The two are fully coupled, as large ice masses produce significant deflections of the surface. The mechanical ice flow model calculates 2D (depth-averaged) horizontal ice fluxes in response to an evolving surface mass balance parameterization and prescribed isothermal ice temperature. Solving depth-integrated ice velocity under prescribed ice temperature provides sufficient computational efficiency, relative to a fully 3D thermo-mechanical ice flow model, to explore glacier form and flow on geologic timescales. The flexure model ingests load distributions and a prescribed map of lithospheric elastic thickness to produce surface deflections. These connect with GRASS GIS to act as a database and platform for data–model integration and bypass the need to prepare input files. We explore the fully-transient interplay between ice overburden and lithospheric flexure using as a case study the evolution of the Yellowstone ice cap over the last glacial cycle, which covered an area of ~40,000 km2 at the Last Glacial Maximum (~26.5–19.5 ka).
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