nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Sigma Broking Ltd.

Sigma Broking Limited is a London-based brokerage firm that operates on a private ownership model. The company's clientele primarily consists of investment banks, hedge funds, and portfolio managers.
Sigma also has operations in North America and the United Arab Emirates.
== History ==
Matthew Kent, the chairman of Sigma Broking Group, founded the company in 2008. In 2022 Sigma Broking became a Category 1 Ring Dealing member of the London Metals Exchange, becoming the first new ring member in 22 years.
Sigma Broking was fined £531,000 by the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority for not reporting or inaccurately reporting 56,000 CFD transactions between December 2014 and August 2016, and for failing to identify 97 suspicious transactions or orders. The failures were attributed to inadequate governance and oversight by Sigma’s board. Additionally, three directors were fined over £200,000 in total, with two, Simon Tyson and Stephen Tomlin, receiving prohibitions from holding significant management roles in FCA-regulated firms and fines of £67,900 and £69,600, respectively.
== Products and Services ==
Sigma Broking focuses on execution services and does not hold customer funds. It is one of eight Category 1 ring dealing members of the London Metal Exchange.
It offers execution services covering markets across ICE and CME Group and many other worldwide exchanges, focusing on commodities, including grains and livestock. In energies it provides execution services for both exchange-traded and OTC derivatives. Its London Metal Exchange team specializes in base metals trading.
Sigma Broking brokerage services extends to futures on the world’s top indices, including but not limited to the S&P 500, EuroStoxx, FTSE 100, and NASDAQ 100. Additionally, it offers execution in fixed income securities, providing agency and matched principal brokerage services across all major global CSDs.
Sigma supports clients looking to engage in carbon trading as part of their climate mitigation strategies.
== Key People ==
*Matthew Kent - Chairman
*Gary Pettit - CEO
*Steve Umpelby - CFO & Executive Director
*Lorraine Barclay - Independent Non-Executive Director
*Kevin Costello - Non-Executive Director
== References ==
Category:Brokerage Firms
Category:LME Ring Dealers
Significant Risk Transfer

Significant Risk Transfer (SRT) is a financial strategy employed by banks and other credit institutions to manage and mitigate credit risk associated with their loan portfolios. SRT transactions involve transferring the credit risk of a pool of assets from the bank to third-party investors through cash or synthetic securitizations. This approach allows banks to achieve regulatory capital relief, thereby freeing up capital for additional lending and investment activities.
== History ==
The concept of significant risk transfer emerged in the 1990s as a response to increasing regulatory capital requirements and the need for banks to manage credit risk more effectively. Over time, SRT transactions have evolved into a sophisticated tool for risk management, allowing banks to offload portions of their credit risk to investors such as insurance companies, pension funds, and alternative investment funds.M
== Products and Services ==
SRT transactions can be structured in various ways, typically categorized into funded and unfunded transactions:
* Funded SRT Transactions: In these transactions, investors provide collateral equal to the maximum potential loss, ensuring performance. This type of transaction is fully collateralized, providing a high level of security for the bank.
* Unfunded SRT Transactions: These involve investors with strong credit ratings who do not need to provide collateral. Instead, the bank relies on the investor's creditworthiness to guarantee performance. Unfunded transactions may involve a modest capital haircut to protect against potential investor default. 
SRTs cover various types of assets, including corporate loans, infrastructure projects, and mortgage-backed loans. They offer non-renewable insurance coverage that provides credit protection for a specified period, typically ranging from three to five years.
== Key People ==
While specific individuals are not typically highlighted in discussions of SRTs due to their nature as financial instruments rather than corporate entities, professionals involved in structuring and managing these transactions include investment bankers, risk managers, and legal advisors specializing in securitization and capital markets.
== Regulatory Considerations ==
SRT transactions are subject to extensive regulatory frameworks designed to prevent regulatory arbitrage. These frameworks ensure that there is a substantive transfer of risk commensurate with the regulatory capital relief achieved by the securitization. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has issued guidelines that standardize how banks calculate risk-weighted assets (RWAs), influencing the use of SRTs globally.
In recent years, the market for SRTs has grown significantly, driven by increased regulation and the need for banks to manage their balance sheets more efficiently. The U.S. Federal Reserve has provided clarification on how banks can engage in SRTs, further supporting their use as a tool for capital management.
== References ==
Category:Finance
Category:Risk Management
Category:Securitization
Category:Banking
Category:Risk Transfer Strategies
Silas Findley

__NOTOC__ 
Silas Findley is a lawyer and banker and head of OTC clearing for Europe, the Middle East and Africa, for Citi.
He is based in London. He previously worked in the bank's general counsel's office providing legal coverage for its credit trading business.
== Background ==
Findley joined Citi in 2007 as director, Citi Global Markets Legal. Previously, he was with Financial Guaranty Insurance Company and before that the law firm of Sidley Austin LLP.
== Education ==
He holds a bachelor of arts degree in English with a writing concentration from Western Washington University and a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Iowa College of Law.
== References ==	
Category:Sidley Austin - Former Employees
Category:Lawyers
Silas Keehn

__NOTOC__
Silas Keehn the former president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. He served in the role from 1981 to 1994.
He is a former public representative on the board of directors of National Futures Association. Keehn also served as a member of the NFA Audit Committee and the NFA Membership Committee.
== Background ==
Keehn also served on the board of directors of the CBOE.
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:NFA Board of Directors - Former Members
Category:NFA Membership Committee
Category:NFA Audit Committee
Category:Bios - Board Members
Silver

Silver is a traded commodity that is often paired with gold, as two of the top-traded precious metals that previously underpinned the value of the U.S. currency. Silver futures and spot contracts are traded OTC and exchanges such as the CME Group and NYSE LIFFE U.S. Silver reached an all-time high of $49.51 on April 28, 2011, inching past the high set in 1980, when the Hunt brothers attempted to corner the silver market. 
== Available Products ==
CME Group's silver futures include a full-sized contract, which is 5,000 troy ounces, as well E-mini silver futures, which were launched in April 2009. E-mini silver futures are sized at 1,000 troy ounces. 
NYSE LIFFE U.S., which launched in 2008, purchased the former Chicago Board of Trade's (CBOT) silver and gold futures complex. Included in the deal were mini-silver and full-sized silver contracts which were, and still are, traded on the LIFFE CONNECT electronic trading platform. (LIFFE Connect was licensed by the CBOT, but that deal ended when the exchange was purchased by CME Group.) NYSE LIFFE U.S.'s full-sized silver futures is sized at 5,000 troy ounces per contract, mini-silver futures is sized at 1,000 ounces. 
There are also exchange traded funds that focus on silver such as the iShares Silver Trust and the ETFS Silver Trust ETF.
== History ==
After five years of looking into allegations of price manipulation in the silver futures markets, in September of 2013 the CFTC announced that it was closing its investigation without taking any action because, "there is not a viable basis to bring an enforcement action with respect to any firm or its employees related to our investigation of silver markets" the Commission said in a statement. Market participants complained to the CFTC that the futures market prices on CME Group's COMEX were trading at a premium to the prices for retail silver products. They said that silver futures prices should have been trading lower to reflect the decrease in retail prices and alleged that large traders with short open positions in the silver futures contracts were the cause of the unexplainable price discrepancy.
== References ==
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:Definitions
Silvergate Bank

Silvergate Bank was a bank catering to the digital asset industry. It is now defunct. It was a fully owned subsidiary of Silvergate Capital Corporation, which went public in November 2019 on the New York Stock Exchange. 
Silvergate reported a $1 billion loss in the fourth quarter of 2022 after selling securities at fire-sale prices to ward off a bank run. The company sold additional securities in January and February of 2023, recording further losses, the bank said in its filing. The company detailed in filings that it was delaying submitting its annual report to the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Silvergate collapsed in the wake of the fraud that brought down FTX. It was ordered to pay $63mn to settle civil charges brought by federal and state regulators related to the FTX fraud. The SEC sued Silvergate in July of 2024, saying the company and three executives had deceived investors about its legal compliance and monitoring of clients, including FTX. 
The $63mn includes penalties assessed by the US Securities and Exchange Commission, the Federal Reserve and the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation. The bank and two executives, former chief executive Alan Lane and former chief risk officer Kathleen Fraher, settled the SEC charges without admitting or denying the allegations.
== History ==
Founded in 1988, the bank was a member of the Federal Reserve System. It provided commercial lending, commercial banking and Fintech banking. For most of its 30-year history, Silvergate was a small real estate lender with three branches in southern California, but in 2013 it launched a "digital currency initiative" and began a strategy to become the largest cryptocurrency bank in the US in 2019. By 2021, it was one of the banks behind Sam Bankman-Fried’s crypto empire. Deposits at the bank shot from $2bn to more than $10bn during that period. In March 2023 Silvergate announced it was shutting down, after customers had withdrawn about $8bn of deposits after FTX, its largest customer, imploded.
Silvergate Bank offered its cryptocurrency customers the "Silvergate Exchange Network" ("SEN") which permitted its customers to settle U.S. dollar transactions 24/7. 
SEN allowed participants transfer U.S. dollars from their SEN account at Silvergate Bank to the account of another SEN participant with which a counterparty relationship had been established, and to view fund transfers received from their SEN counterparties. 
Despite adding 48 new cryptocurrency clients during the fourth quarter of 2019, the bank reported that it experienced a 55% decline in earnings for the quarter. 
In July 2020, Silvergate added ErisX to its Silvergate Exchange Network (SEN), allowing its trading and clearing members to make deposits and withdrawals in U.S. dollars from Silvergate accounts with no fees between 7:00 a.m. and 7 p.m. Central time.
== Key People == 
* Alan Lane, CEO
* Ben Reynolds, President
* Kathleen Fraher, Chief Risk Officer
* Antonio Martino, Chief Financial Officer
* John M. Bonino, Chief Legal Officer
== References ==
Category:cryptocurrency
Category:banking
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Silvia Davi

__NOTOC__ 
Silvia Davi is Chief Marketing Officer and Chief Corporate Development Officer at 280 CapMarkets, a fixed income technology company. She also advises various fintech organizations. She is on the Board of Directors of Tuesday's Children, a nonprofit organization providing healing for those whose lives have been changed by terrorism and traumatic loss.
== Background ==
Previously, Davi was senior vice president and global head of marketing and communications at Thesys Technologies. She has served as Vice President, Global Corporate Communications and Head of MarketSite studio at Nasdaq. Additionally she has held leadership roles at Marsh & McLennan Companies and Instinet. She is served as an Adjunct Professor at Hofstra University.
== Education ==
Davi earned a Bachelor of Arts in Arts, Media & Communications from Queens College, CUNY. She attended executive leadership programs at The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania.
== References ==
Silvio Berlusconi

__NOTOC__ 
Silvio Berlusconi is a former Italian prime minister. He won a third term as prime minister in 2008. On Nov. 8, 2011, reports said he would resign after passing an austerity bill called the "Stability Bill."
Berlusconi was pressured to resign in November of 2011, with many saying Italy ran a real risk of losing access to financial markets after yields on government bonds approached 7 percent. Although there had been many calls for his resignation. He never listened to any calls to resign before his term would end in 2013.
By late 2011, Italy was the Eurozone's third-largest economy, with debts of around €1.9 trillion ($2.6 trillion). Representing 17 percent of the Eurozone's gross domestic product (GDP), it was considered too big for Europe to bail out like the continent already had done for Greece, Portugal and Ireland.
In October of 2012, Berlusconi was found guilty of tax fraud and sentenced to four years in prison. He was expected to appeal the verdict and was not expected to go to prision because of Italian restrictions against putting someone his age behind bars. 
He is also the owner of one of Italy's top football teams, the leader of a media empire and the richest man Italy.
== Background ==
The pressure on Berlusconi to resign continued after his country's Parliament approved the government's budget — but with less than the 316 votes he needed to maintain a ruling majority. The budget got 308 aye votes. But 321 members abstained from voting.
In 1993, Berlusconi founded his own political party, Forza Italia or Go Italy - named after a chant used by fans of AC Milan. A year later he became prime minister, forming a coalition with the right-wing National Alliance and Northern League. However rivalries between the three leaders, coupled with Berlusconi's indictment for alleged tax fraud, led to the collapse of the government just seven months later. He lost the 1996 election to the left-wing Romano Prodi. Berlusconi spent the next few years re-organizing his party. In 2001 he took power again, in coalition once more with his former partners. However, further accusations of embezzlement, tax fraud and false accounting followed Berlusconi and culminated in a narrow election defeat in 2006. He lost once again to old rival Romano Prodi. After Prodi's resignation in 2008, Berlusconi won a third term. 
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Government Officials
Silvio Oliviero

__NOTOC__ 
Silvio Oliviero is the CEO of agency trading and processing at ION.
Oliviero leads ION’s exchange-traded and cleared derivatives business, which has developed breakthrough products like XTP and remains dedicated to continuous innovations in trade execution, trade processing, and risk management. 
== Background ==
He joined ION in 2008 from JP Morgan, where he helped develop their credit and rates electronic strategy, distribution and product offering.
== Education ==
Oliviero has a master’s degree in economic, business, and administration from University of Rome Tor Vergata.
== References ==	
Category:ION Trading
Simon Grensted

__NOTOC__ 
Simon Grensted is managing director of business development for LCH.Clearnet Limited. He heads the business development unit for the company, and is responsible for development of new services.
== Background ==
Grensted joined LCH Clearnet in 1997, designing the SwapClear service. Grensted was director of IT and special projects for Eurobrokers from 1995 to 1997. He's also worked for Reuters and Datastream.
Grensted has been a visiting lecturer at Leeds and Sheffield universities. 
== Education ==
Simon has a B.S. from University College London in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
== Resources ==
Simon Grensted's LinkedIn Page
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:LCH.Clearnet
Simon Ho

__NOTOC__ 
Simon Ho is the CEO and founder of T3 Index, a financial research and technology firm based in Sydney, Australia. He is the creator of the SPIKES Volatility Index.
== Background ==
Simon Ho has worked as an executive for a number of financial institutions. He was a vice president of JPMorgan from 1994 to 1999, primarily in FX options trading in Asian emerging markets. He has also worked at Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs, and Deutsche Bank in various executive roles. He was also a partner at Antipodean Capital Management before founding T3 Index in 2009, which later created the SPIKES Index.
In February 2019, MIAX Options debuted the SPIKES Index.
== Education ==
Simon Ho has a Bachelor of Social Science and Economics from the University of New South Wales.
== References ==
Simon Johnson

__NOTOC__ 
Simon Johnson is the Ronald A. Kurtz Professor of Entrepreneurship at MIT Sloan School of Management. He is also a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics in Washington, D.C., a co-founder of BaselineScenario.com, a popular website on the global economy, as well as a member of the Congressional Budget Office's Panel of Economic Advisers. He is a published author and recently co-authored 13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and The Next Financial Meltdown, which is a bestselling analysis of the dangers currently posed by the US financial sector. 
He is also a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), a CEPR Research Fellow, a BREAD affiliate, a member of the advisory group at the Center for Global Development (CGD) in Washington, D.C., a member of the International Advisory Board of the Center for Social and Economic Research in Warsaw, and a non-resident research fellow at the Asian Institute for Corporate Governance of Korea University.
== Background ==
Johnson was the International Monetary Fund's Economic Counselor (chief economist) and director of its research department from March 2007 to August 2008. He is also a co-director of the NBER Africa Project and works with various non-profits around the world. From 2000-2001, he served as a member of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission's Advisory Committee on Market Information. Previously, he has worked closely with clients in the investment banking, oil, telecommunications, and consumer goods sectors on worldwide issues. 
He was named to the FDIC Advisory Committee on June 3, 2011.
== Education ==
Johnson earned his BA from the University of Oxford in Economics and Politics, an MA from the University of Manchester in Economics, and his PhD in Economics from MIT.
== References ==
Category: Bios - Executives
Simon Lewis

__NOTOC__ 
Simon Lewis is the CEO of the Association for Financial Markets in Europe ("AFME").
== Background ==
Before joining AFME, Lewis was the director of communications and the U.K. Prime Minister's official spokesman at 10 Downing Street. He has also held corporate communications roles with firms such as SG Warburg, Vodafone, Centrica and NatWest.
He first came to prominence in the U.K. following the death of Princess Diana when he was hired by Buckingham Palace to help stabilize its reputation after the tragedy of her death.
== Education ==
Lewis holds a degree from Oxford University in philosophy, politics and economics. He also holds an masters of arts in political science from the University of California at Berkeley as a Fulbright scholar. He is a Visiting Professor at the Cardiff School of Journalism.
== References ==	
Category:Industry Organization Executives
Simon Potter

__NOTOC__ 
Simon Potter is the executive vice president of the New York Federal Reserve's Market Group, which oversees the Fed's activity with Wall Street and foreign central banks. The group is also responsible for carrying out Fed actions in the open market including Operation Twist. Before this, Potter was the co-head of research and statistics at the New York Fed and also managed the Fed's System Open Market Account (SOMA). 
 
== Background ==
Potter was a 14-year employee of the New York Fed, where he helped design the 2009 U.S. bank "stress tests" and sat on an international group that supported the Basel Committee's efforts to strengthen bank capital standards. From April 2011 - July 2011 he was a Senior Policy Advisor for the U.S. Treasury's Financial Stability Oversight Council, where he headed a team producing the Orst Financial Stability Oversight Council Annual Report to Congress. From 1990-2009, Potter taught at Princeton, NYU, Johns Hopkins and UCLA.
== Education ==
Potter received a B.A. in Philosophy, Politics & Economics from Oxford University in 1983, master's degree in Philosophy and Economics from Oxford in 1986 and a Ph.D. in Economics from University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1990.
== References ==
Category: New York Federal Reserve
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Simon Puleston Jones

__NOTOC__ 
Simon Puleston Jones is the co-founder and CEO of Climate Solutions, which provides climate-focused capital raising and strategic advice. 
From May 2018 - Feb 2021 he was the founder and CEO of WokenUp (previously called Yopo), a global social network for "giving back" to the community. 
Puleston Jones is the former chief executive of FIA Europe and also a member of the board of directors of FIA Global starting in 2016. FIA announced his resignation in January 2019. 
== Background ==
Jones began with the Futures and Options Association (FOA) on March 10, 2014, replacing FOA founder and chief executive Anthony Belchambers. FOA was a London-based trade association for the European derivatives sector that merged with the Futures Industry Association to form FIA Global. In March 2014, FOA was rebranded as FIA Europe.
Since 2009, Puleston Jones had been chair of the FOA's legal working group, where he directed the association's legal activities through the implementation of the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR). He also chaired the Joint Trade Association Group, a group of more than 20 financial services associations that address issues such as MiFID II and Brexit.
Before joining the FOA, Puleston Jones, an attorney, was a director in the investment banking unit of Barclays, where he headed European legal coverage for futures and OTC clearing.
Earlier in his career, he covered Barclays’ structured credit, cash CDO and fixed income rates businesses. 
Prior to his work at Barclays, he was a solicitor in the financial markets practice at the law firm of Simmons & Simmons.
He is also a trustee at The Haven in London.
== John Lothian News Videos ==
Simon Puleston Jones, CEO of FIA Europe – In Pursuit of Happiness
Simon Puleston Jones, CEO of FIA Europe, gives advice for balancing personal life with career life at the 2014 MarketsWiki Education event in London.
== Education ==
In 1998, Puleston Jones earned a law degree from the University of Southampton. He is a 1994 graduate of the Tonbridge School, Kent. 
== References ==	
Category: Bios - Executives
Category: FIA
Category:FOA
Category: MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:FIA Global Board of Directors