nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Copper naphthenate

== Description ==
A green copper salt that is generally used as a solution in mineral spirits or oils. Copper naphthenate is used as a fungicide, insecticide, wood preservative, and as a component in antifouling paints. A 0.1% solution has also been used as a paper treatment to minimize the growth of mold and fungi (Roberts and Etherington 1982). Copper naphthenate can leave a green residue on treated materials.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
copper salt of naphthenic acid; Cuprinol; Wittox-C
== Risks ==
* Flammable. 
* Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. 
* Skin contact may cause irritation. 
* Priority Care: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in benzene, mineral spirits, oils.
CAS	1338-02-9
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Copper nitrate

== Description ==
Large green blue, deliquescent crystals. Copper nitrate is used to colorize metals. It gives a blackened, or antique, look to copper and turns zinc brown. Additionally it is used to brighten aluminum and burnish iron. Copper nitrate is used as a mordant and oxidizing agent in textile dyeing. It is used as a pigment for glass, enamels, and ceramics. Because of its toxicity, it is also used as a fungicide, and wood preservative.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
copper (II) nitrate; cupric nitrate; 
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. 
* Skin contact causes irritation. 
* Strongly oxidizing - contact with organic materials may cause combustion or explosion. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in water, ethyl acetate, dioxane, ether, ethanol. 
* Deliquescent, orthorhombic crystals.
Composition 	Cu(NO3)2
CAS 	3521-23-8
Melting Point 	255-256 C
Density 	2.32 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 187.56
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 2710
Category:Materials database
Copper number

== Description ==
A measured value used to determine the condition and stability of cellulose. The copper number is determined as the amount of copper reduced from the cupric to the cuprous state by 100 grams of cellulose pulp. A high copper number indicates that the cellulose is not pure and may have been degraded by bleaching. A low copper number indicates that the cellulose is not degraded. This test does not account for the presence of lignin.
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Copper oxalate

== Description ==
Light blue crystals formed by oxalic acid interaction with metallic copper. It has been identified as a corrosion product in the patina of the horses of San Marco in Venice (Rosetti and Marabelli 1976). Copper oxalate has also been found a biomineral formed by the action of lichens on cupriferous rocks. The copper oxalate mineral, moolooite, is named after the Mooloo Downs station in Western Australia where it was found in 1986.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
copper(II) oxalate; moolooite; Kazach turquoise
==Risks==
* CDH Fine Chemicals: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Composition = Cu(C2O4)·H2O
* Description = light blue to turquoise
* Luster = waxy, dull
* Insoluble in water
* Melting point = 310 C
* Density = 3.43 g/ml
* Hardness = 2.5-3
==Resources and Citations==
* V. Alumno-Rosetti, M. Marabelli. 'Analysis of the Patina of a Gilded Horse of the St. Mark's Basilica in Venice: Corrosion Mechanism and Conservation Problems". Studies in Conservation 12(4):161-70, 1976.
* Wikipedia: Copper oxalate Accessed Dec 2022
* Frank-Kamenetskaya OV, Zelenskaya MS, Izatulina AR, Vereshchagin OS, Vlasov DY, Himelbrant DE, Pankin DV. Copper oxalate formation by lichens and fungi. Sci Rep. 2021 Dec 20;11(1):24239 Link Note: This article contains XRD and Raman spectra of moolooite.
* Mindat: Moolooite
* Webmineral: Moolooite
Category:Materials database
Copper oxide black

== Description ==
A brownish-black amorphous powder. Black copper oxide occurs in nature as the mineral tenorite (triclinic crystals) and paramelaconite (cubic crystals). It is used as a pigment in glass, artificial gems, enamels, and ceramics. Black copper oxide is also used as an abrasive for polishing optical glass and as a flux in copper metallurgy.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
copper (II) oxide; cupric oxide; melaconite; copper monoxide; tenorite; paramelaconite
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. 
* Skin contact causes irritation. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in acids. Slightly soluble in water.
Composition 	CuO
CAS 	1317-38-0
Melting Point 	1026 C (dec)
Density 	6.315 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 79.55
Category:Materials database
Copper oxide glaze

== Description ==
Under oxidizing conditions, copper oxide will produce blue (with potassium oxide) or green (with lead oxide) glazes. Under reducing conditions, copper oxide will produce red or or black glazes (Hodges 1988).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
glaçure à l'oxyde cuivre (Fr.); vidrado de óxido de cobre (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
Category:Materials database
Copper oxide red

== Description ==
Yellow, red or brown crystals depending on preparation method and particle size. Red copper oxide occurs in nature as the mineral cuprite (octahedral or cubic crystals). It is used as a red pigment in glass, artificial gems, enamels, and ceramics. The color can range from blood red to purple to brown in a reducing atmosphere and change to green in an oxidizing kiln. Red copper oxide is also used as a fungicide, insecticide, antiseptic for fish nets and as an antifouling agent.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cuprous oxide; cuprite; copper protoxide; copper hemioxide; copper suboxide; CI 77402; Perenex; Yellow Cuprocide; Copper-Sandoz; Caocobre
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Cupriteitaly1.jpg~Raman|copper oxide red.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Skin contact causes irritation.
* Chemet Corp.: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in ammonium hydroxide. Reacts with hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric acids to form copper salts. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	Cu2O
CAS 	1317-39-1
Melting Point 	1232-1235 C
Density 	5.75-6.09 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 143.1
Refractive Index	2.705
Boiling Point 	1800 C
== Resources and Citations ==
* David Scott, 'Copper Compounds in Metals and Colorants: Oxides and Hydroxides', Studies in Conservation, 42, 93-100, 1997
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 2734
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: ref. index = 2.705
Category:Materials database
Copper oxychloride

== Description ==
Bluish-green powder that occurs naturally in the mineral atacamite. Copper oxychloride is used as a pigment, fungicide, and pesticide.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cupric oxychloride
== Risks==
* Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.
* Biosynth Carbosynth SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in acids, ammonia. Insoluble in water.
* CAS number 1332-40-7
* EC number 603-724-0
* Chemical formula 3Cu(OH)₂·CuCl₂
* pH in water = 7.6
Category:Materials database
Copper phosphate

== Description ==
Blue to bluish green crystals of one or more types of basic cupric phosphate salts. Copper phosphate occurs naturally in the minerals cornetite, dihydrite, libethenite, pseudomalachite, and tagilite. Copper phosphate salts have also been found on bronze and copper objects exposed to phosphate burial environments apparently due to the nearby decomposition of bone, horn, or ivory. Phosphate-containing detergents, such as Calgon, are also suspected as a source of some copper phosphate corrosion products. Commercially, copper phosphate salts have been used as a fungicide, fertilizer, and corrosion inhibitor (for oxidation).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cupric phosphate
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Insoluble in cold water. Soluble in acids and ammonium hydroxide. Decomposes on heating.
==Resources and Citations==
* W. von Geilmann, K. Meisel, "Rontgenographische Untersuchungens Methoden in der Vorgeschichtsforschung: Libethenite ein Mineral der Patinabildung" Nachrichtenblatt fur Deutsche Vorzeit, 18, 1992, pp. 208-212.
* The Merck Index, Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: entry 2639
* H. Otto, "X-ray fine structure investigation of patina samples" Freiberger Forschungshefte.B, 37, 1959, pp. 66-77.
Category:Materials database
Copper resinate

== Description ==
The common name for a transparent green glaze containing copper salts of resin acids. Examples of copper resinate layers have been seen on manuscripts dating to the 8th century but it was most commonly used in 15th - 17th c. paintings. Several recipes for copper resinate indicate it is a mixture of verdigris in Venice turpentine while others describe it as a mixture of verdigris in an oil/resin medium. Current preparation techniques melt natural resins then mix in reactive copper salts such as copper acetate, copper hydroxide, copper oxide, or basic copper carbonate (Kuhn 1993).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cupric resinate; transparent copper green; Kupferresinat (Deut.); résinate de cuivre (Fr.); resinato de cobre (Esp., Port.); resinato di rame (It.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Copper Resinate.PNG~FTIR (MFA)|Copper Resinate, sample 2.PNG~FTIR (MFA)]]]
== Risks ==
* Combustible. 
* Decomposes with heat. 
* Turns brown with exposure to short-wave ultraviolet light.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in ether, oils, and many organic solvents (benzene, chloroform, mineral spirits, etc.). Insoluble in water. 
Appears microscopically as irregular, green fragments.
Refractive Index	1.52
==Resources and Citations==
* H. Kuhn, "Verdigris and Copper Resinate", in Artists Pigments, Volume 2, A. Roy (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1993. 
* Pigments Through the Ages: Copper Resinate
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: p. 110
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* R. Newman, E. Farrell, 'House Paint Pigments', Paint in America , R. Moss ed., Preservation Press, New York City, 1994
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Pigments"
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Copper ruby glass

== Description ==
A deep red glass that was first produced by glass manufacturers in Bohemia in the 19th century. The deep red color is produce by microscopic size copper and/or copper oxide particles dispersed the melt. Copper ruby glass may also contain salts of selenium, cadmium, and arsenic. The Bohemian ruby glass was often cast in thin layers over clear glass, then carved for a two-tone decorative effect. In the 20th century, copper ruby glass was used for automobile taillights.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vidro rubi de cobre (Port.); Bohemian glass; Bohemian ruby glass
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 365
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "ruby glass." Accessed: 12 Sept. 2002 .
* Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
Category:Materials database
Copper selenate

== Description ==
Light blue triclinic crystals. Copper selenate is used to form a black patina on copper and copper alloys.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cupric selenate; seleniato de cobre (Esp.); sélénate de cuivre (Fr.); seleniato di rame (It.)
==Risks==
* AmericanElements: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in acids, ammonium hydroxide, water. Insoluble in ethanol.
Composition 	CuSeO4-5H2O
Density 	2.559 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 206.50
Category:Materials database
Copper sulfate

== Description ==
Blue granules or triclinic crystals. Copper sulfate occurs in nature as the minerals chalcanthite (hydrated) and hydrocyanite (anhydrous). It is made synthetically by the reaction of sulfuric acid with copper or copper oxide. Copper sulfate (chalcanthite) is also found as a corrosion product on outdoor copper and copper alloys in areas with sulfur dioxide pollution. Copper sulfate was a major source of copper or in early civilizations. It has also been used as a mordant and as a bluish green dye. Copper sulfate is used as a biocide and as a preservative for wood, paper and leather. It is also used in indelible inks, in metal coloring baths and as a copper print toner in photography. Anhydrous copper sulfate quickly absorbs water, turning blue. As a chemical reagent, blue copper sulfate reacts with reducing sugars to form red copper oxide. 
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Cupric sulfate.TIF~FTIR (MFA)|copper sulfate.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
See also dibasic copper sulfate (antlerite) and tribasic copper sulfate (brochantite)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
copper sulfate pentahydrate; copper sulphate (Br.); cupric sulfate; blue vitriol; bluestone; blue copperas; vitriol of Venus; Roman vitriol; Salzburg vitriol; Kupfersulfat (Deut.); Kupfervitriol (Deut.); sulfate de cuivre (Fr.); kopersulfaat (Ned.); siarczan miedzi (Pol.); sulfato de cobre (Port.)
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion. 
* Strongly irritating to skin and membranes.
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water, methanol. Slightly soluble in ethanol, glycerol.
Composition 	CuSO4-5H2O
CAS 	7758-98-7
Melting Point 	150 C
Density 	2.284 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 159.60
Refractive Index	1.724, 1.733, 1.739
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry #2722
* Palmy Weigle, Ancient Dyes for Modern Weavers, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1974
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_sulfate
* Conservation termlist - www.hants.org.uk/museums
* Photographic chemicals - www.jetcity.com/~mrjones/chemdesc.htm
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: ref. index=1.724, 1.733, 1.739
Category:Materials database
Copper sulfate, ammoniated

== Description ==
Dark blue, crystalline powder. Ammoniated copper sulfate is used as an insecticide. It is also used to print calico fabric.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cupric ammonia sulfate; ammonio-cupric sulfate; copper amino-sulfate
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol.
Composition	Cu(NH3)4SO4-H2O
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Copper sulfate, dibasic

== Description ==
Green powder that occurs in nature as the minerals antlerite. Dibasic copper sulfate is mixed with copper hydroxide to make Bordeaux mixture. It is also found as a corrosion product on copper and bronze sculptures. Dibasic copper sulfate is used as a fungicide and insecticide. 
See also antlerite and copper sulfate.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
copper hydroxide sulfate; cupric subsulfate; Basi-Cop; Cuproxat; Bordeaux mixture; basic copper sulfate; basic copper sulphate (Br.); brochantite
==Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion. 
* Strongly irritation to skin.
* American Elements: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in acids.
* Composition = CuSO4-2Cu(OH)2-H2O
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry #2723
Category:Materials database
Copper sulfate, tribasic

== Description ==
Pale blue or bright green powder that occurs in nature as the minerals brochantite and langite. Tribasic copper sulfate is one component in Bordeaux mixture that is prepared by mixing copper sulfate and copper hydroxide. It is also found as a corrosion product on copper and bronze sculptures. Tribasic copper sulfate is used as a fungicide and insecticide. 
See also brochantite and copper sulfate.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
copper hydroxide sulfate; cupric subsulfate; Basi-Cop; Cuproxat; Bordeaux mixture; tribasic copper sulfate; brochantite
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Brochantiteitaly1.jpg~Raman|PIG385.jpg~XRD|f385sem.jpg~SEM|f385edsbw.jpg~EDS]]]
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion. 
* Strongly irritation to skin.
* NIH: Safety sheet
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in acids.
Composition	CuSO4-3Cu(OH)2-H2O
CAS 	7758-98-7
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry #2723
Category:Materials database
Copper sulfide

== Description ==
Dark blue hexagonal crystals or black powder. Copper sulfide occurs in nature as the blue mineral covellite, that turns black in air. It is used in antifouling paints and in textile dying with aniline black. Copper sulfide was probably used as a black pigment in antiquity (Orna et al 1980). Spots of black copper sulfide can sometimes be seen on corroded bronzes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
covellite (Pigment Blue 34; CI 77450;); cupric sulfide; indigo copper; kopersulfide (Ned.)
== Risks ==
* Irritating to skin and eyes. 
* Highly toxic by ingestion. 
* Can emit highly toxic hydrogen sulfide gas it exposed to high heat or acid.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in nitric acid. Insoluble in water, ethanol, dilute acids, alkalis.
Composition 	CuS
Mohs Hardness 	1.5 - 2.0 (covellite)
Melting Point 	220 C (dec)
Density 	3.9-4.6 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 95.61
==Resources and Citations==
* M.V.Orna; M.J.D.Low, N.S.Baer, "Synthetic Blue Pigments: Ninth to Sixteenth Centuries. I. Literature" Studies in Conservation, 25:53-63, 1980.
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
* Monona Rossol, The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide, Allworth Press, New York, 1994
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 2724
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_sulfide (Accessed Sept. 7, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Copperas

== Description ==
Common name for iron sulfate used prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985). It was also called green copperas to differentiate from blue copperas (See copper sulfate) and white copperas (zinc sulfate). 
See ferrous sulfate.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in water.
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 322
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Coptos gold

== Description ==
Gold mined in the eastern deserts of Egypt such as in the vicinity of Quseir. The gold was brought to the town of Coptos on the Nile and sold as Coptos gold in the 19th and 20th dynasty (Odgen 1982).
==Resources and Citations==
* J. Ogden, Jewelry of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications, New York, 1982.
Category:Materials database
Copy paper

== Description ==
A good-quality, smooth, uniform, white paper with good reflectivity. Early photocopy papers had a surface emulsion layer that was sensitive to light. Current papers used in photocopy machines do not have the emulsion layer, but rather just a smooth, low porosity surface. The papers must be capable of holding a charge and have good heat resistance.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
photocopy paper; photocopying paper; xerography paper
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database