nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Black diamond

== Description ==
An industrial grade diamond that is a dark or opaque color. Black diamond, also called carbonado, is usually used for abrasives, drills, and semiconductors. They are usually opaque, granular stones with no distinct cleavage.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
carbonado; carbons; industrial grade diamond
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Composition 	C
Mohs Hardness	10
Density 	3.1-3.3 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 264
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
Category:Materials database
Black ebony

== Description ==
A valuable, hard, black wood obtained from the Diospyros dendo trees of west Africa. Black ebony is a true ebony wood. It is hard, dense and extremely durable. Black ebony is used for ornamental inlays, piano keys and turnery.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Diospyros dendo
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Density	78 ppcf
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 285
Category:Materials database
Black fox

== Description ==
A color variation of some red foxes (Vulpes vulpes or Vulpes fulva). Black foxes are native to North America. Their fur is fine and black with long silky guard hairs. Fox pelts have been used for trim, capes, collars, and cuffs.
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "fox" [Accessed November 8, 2001].
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Black iron pipe

== Description ==
A wrought iron pipe used until the late 19th century for gas and water lines. Black iron pipes were usually 2 inches or less in diameter.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
wrought iron pipe; tuyau en fer (Fr.); canalisation en fer (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Black larder beetle

== Description ==
A black beetle, Dermestes ater, that has no distinctive pattern. The universally found larder beetle larvae feed on animal matter, including leather, fur, wool, feathers, horn, and carcasses. The larvae may also damage to cellulose materials. The adult insects are 7 to 9 mm long and have a life span of up to 2 to 3 months. The larvae grow up to 14 mm in length and can live from 6 to 9 weeks. The larder beetle is one of two species (the other is the hide beetle) formerly used to clean bones in museums.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
larder beetle
==Resources and Citations==
* MuseumPests.net: Black Larder Beetle
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, A Guide to Museum Pest Control, FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988
* Website: http://entowww.tamu.edu/images/insects/fieldguide/bimg154.html
* Website: http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2104.html
Category:Materials database
Black lead

== Description ==
An obsolete name for graphite. Powdered graphite was sold commercially as black lead (Zebrite) for use in blackening and polishing iron. Pencil leads made from a mixture of clay and graphite have also been commonly called black lead.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
graphite; plumbago; mineral black
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Winter, "The Characterization of Pigments Based on Carbon" Studies in Conservation, 28:49-66, 1983.
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: p. 98
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 374
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Black light

== Description ==
1) Radiation that occurs outside the visible region, such as ultraviolet or infrared.
2) A common name for a fluorescent lamp with a UV emitting phosphor. Filtered (black light blue = BLB) and nonfiltered (black light = BL) bulbs are available. 
* BLB = filtered, glows dark violet, phosphor emitting near 404.7 nm, visible wavelengths are blocked by glass filter 
* BL = non-filtered, glows light blue, phosphor emitting near 360 nm 
Black light lamps are used for ultraviolet examination of many materials (paint, varnishes, glass, ceramics, gemstones, cast iron, pottery, paper, metal, prints, textiles, ivory, etc.).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Blacklight; BL; BLB; black light blue; black lightbulb; Schwarzlicht (Deut.); lumière noire (Fr.); luz negra (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Website: IESNA at http://www.misty.com/people/don/f-spec.html
Category:Materials database
Black liquor

== Description ==
1) A dark liquid obtained from the sulfate papermaking process. After the removal of the cellulose pulp, the remaining liquid, called black liquor, contains sodium carbonate, tall oil resins, lignin, and carbon black particles. 
2) An aqueous solution of iron acetate that is often used as a mordant.
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Black locust

== Description ==
A common name for a small deciduous tree, Robinia pseudoacacia, native to the Appalachian and Ozark Mountains of the United States. The black locust tree is often planted for shade along European streets because it is pretty and tolerates pollution well. Locust trees have long paper pods that contain hard seeds. It produces hard, strong, heavy dark wood that was formerly used for shipbuilding and is now used for outdoor construction, fence posts, and mine timbers. 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia); Gewöhnliche Robinie (Deut.); Falsche Akazie (Deut.); Silberregen (Deut.); robinier (Fr.); robinia (It., Ned., Port.); falsa acacia (Esp., It.); valse acacia (Ned., Port.); Robinia akacjowa (Pol.); false acacia; yellow locust; North American locust
== Risks ==
All parts of tree are considered toxic.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Medium tree growing to 15-25 m 
* Bark=thick, fibrous gray to brown color 
* Leaves = alternate pinnate 
* Flowers=fragrant white hanging cluster (10 cm long) in late spring. 
* Fruit = pale brown flat pod containing kidney shaped beans; ripens in fall.
* Density = 55-65 ppcf
== Resources and Citations ==
* Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:Wood anatomy of central European Species: Locust,False Acacia, Robinia pseudoacacia L.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 462
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965 Comment: 55-65 ppcf
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Virginia Tech Dendrology website at www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm (accessed Oct. 8, 2005)
* Wikipedia: Black_locust (Accessed Oct. 8, 2005 and October 2024)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Black oak

== Description ==
The black oak, Quercus velutina (not Quercus nigra), has a black or dark brown bark and is native to the Eastern and Midwestern part of the United States. These small, but fast growing trees grow on rocky hillsides and sandy ridges. While the tree is occasionally used for lumber, its most important commercial product is a yellow dye obtained from the trees orange-yellow inner bark. The dye bark was named quercitron in the late 18th century and brought to Europe as a substitute for weld dye. The bark also contains tannins that were used in the leather industry. Quercitron contains three colorants: quercetin, quercetagetin and flavine. The dye is extracted from the black oak bark with boiling water. The outermost layer gives a bright yellow while the inner bark gives a darker oranges and tans.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
black oak (Quercus velutina); water oak (Quercus nigra); chêne noir américain (Fr.) ; yellow oak; American oak; quercitro
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Medium trees growing to 25 m. 
* Bark=rough, nearly black with deep vertical furrows and horizontal breaks. 
* The inner bark is bright yellow-orange. 
* Leaves=shiny green with 5 to 7 lobes. 
* Fruit=ovoid acorns with bowl shaped cap maturing in late summer every 2 years.
== Additional Images ==
File:52_Yellow Oak_Rad_100X.jpg|Yellow oak (Quercus velutina) radial section
File:52_Yellow Oak_Tan_100X.jpg|Yellow oak (Quercus velutina) tangential section
File:52_Yellow Oak_Tran_100X.jpg|Yellow oak (Quercus velutina) transverse section
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996 Comment: lists tree as Quercus velutina
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "black oak" [Accessed September 19, 2003]. lists tree as Quercus velutina)
* Virginia Tech Dendrology website at www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm (accessed Oct. 8, 2005)
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_oak (Accessed Oct. 8, 2005)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Black oil

== Description ==
A fast-drying linseed oil that has been cooked at high temperatures with lead white or litharge (Mayer 1969). Black oil was formerly used for making megilp. In the 1940's it was used in connection with Maroger medium (Mayer 1969).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
huile noire (Fr.); aceite negro (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Black opal

== Description ==
An opal with vivid iridescent colors on a dark background. Black opals were first discovered in 1902 at Lightning Ridge in New South Wales, Australia. Black opals display different color patterns depending on the viewing angle. The colors depend on the crystal size within the stone. When the particles are small, some purple can be seen. Medium sized particles diffract green and larger particles show red.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ópalo negro (Esp.); opala negra (Port.)
== Risks ==
* Chronic inhalation may cause lung damage 
* Dehydration may cause surface cracking
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Massive with no crystalline structure. 
* Cleavage=none 
* Luster = vitreous to pearly. 
* Fracture = conchoidal. 
* Streak = white 
* Iridescent. 
* Fluoresce=usually white or pale green, some samples phosphoresce
Mohs Hardness 	5.5 - 6.5
Density 	1.98-2.25 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.42-1.47
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Opal
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opal (accessed Oct. 12, 2005)
* Yasukazu Suwa, Gemstones: Quality and Value, Volume 1, Sekai Bunka Publishing Inc., Tokyo, 1999
* Michael O'Donoghue and Louise Joyner, Identification of Gemstones, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2003
Category:Materials database
Black oxide of manganese

== Description ==
A dense, black powder that occurs in nature as the mineral pyrolusite. Black oxide of manganese is composed of manganese dioxide and is primarily used for the production of manganese metal. It is was used as a pigment in prehistoric cave paintings, but is currently used as a drier for oil paints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pigment Black 14; CI 77728; manganese black
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* R. Newman, E. Farrell, 'House Paint Pigments', Paint in America , R. Moss ed., Preservation Press, New York City, 1994
Category:Materials database
Black pearl

== Description ==
A rare, pearl with an iridescent black color produced by black lipped oysters. Natural black pearls were indigenous to waters near Peru, Panama, and islands in Polynesia, Indonesia and the Phillipines. By 1900, overharvesting resulted in the near elimination of oysters that produced the black pearls. Because of their value, black pearls are often simulated by artificial methods. Prior to the 1970s, most commercial black pearls were dyed by soaking in a weak solution of silver nitrate and dilute ammonia. The black color was then developed by exposure to light or hydrogen sulfide gas. Another method used gamma radiation to change the color of Akoya pearls from white to black. Since 1966, techniques were developed for culturing black pearls at fairly rapid rates (2 mm per year).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
black pearls; gray pearls; grey pearls; Tahitian pearls. Polynesian pearls; zwarte parel (Ned.)
== Risks ==
* Easily damaged by acids. 
* Deteriorates at low humidities. 
* Easily scratched. 
*m May be discolored by soap or skin oil.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Natural and cultured black pearls: fluoresce reddish brown in long UV light
* Dyed black pearls and irradiated do not fluoresce.
==Resources and Citations==
* Pearl: Website
* Website: http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/347k/redesign/gem_notes/pearl/pearl_main.htm
* Website: http://www.perlesdetahiti.net/index.php?key=2
Category:Materials database
Black pigments

== Description ==
Black is a color defined as the total absorption of all frequencies of visible light. As such, it is the absence of reflection whereby no visible light reaches the eye. The color black is represented by the following color coordinates: 
* Hex triplet: # 000000
* RGB: (0, 0, 0); CMYK (0, 0, 0, 100) 
* HSV: (-°, -%, 0%) 
Examples of black pigments: 
* carbon (lampblack, carbon black, ivory black, vegetable black, graphite, charcoal, bone black)
* oxides (black iron oxide, Mars black, manganese black) 
* synthetic organic (iron gallotannate, nigrosine, aniline black, logwood)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sort (Dan.); Schwarz (Deut.); negro (Esp.); pigments noirs (Fr.); pigmenti neri (It.) niger (Lat.); zwart (Ned.); zwarte (Ned.); svart (Sven.); pigmentos negros (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Black poplar

== Description ==
A poplar tree, Populus nigra, found in Europe and Asia. The lightweight, softwood of the black poplar is used for interior woodwork, such as door and window frames. 
See English poplar.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Populus nigra; peuplier noir (Fr.); álamo negro (Esp.); pioppo nero (It.); choupo negro (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:Wood anatomy of central European Species: Black Poplar,Populus nigra L.
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Black shellac

== Description ==
A black varnish prepared from shellac mixed with lampblack. Black shellac was used for ebonizing woodwork and furniture (Bucher 1996).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
goma laca negra (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Black spruce

== Description ==
A medium-sized coniferous tree, Picea mariana, native to swampy regions of New England and eastern Canada. The black spruce produces a yellow, lightweight wood with a straight grain. It is logged primarily as pulp wood but has also been used for piles, posts and ship construction. Occasionally, the name blue spruce has incorrectly been used for black spruce.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Picea mariana; épicea noir (Fr.); bog spruce; eastern spruce; spruce pine; swamp spruce; double spruce
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 759
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Black walnut dye

== Description ==
A yellow to black dye extracted from the leaves and nut shells of the black walnut, Juglans nigra, native to Europe and North America. Black walnut extract has been used as a dye since ancient times. The primary colorant is juglone. Black walnuts shells form a substantive dye giving a yellow to tan color. Darker colors are obtained with mordants. The shells are ground, soaked in water for two days, then boiled for 30 minutes. The dye has good lightfastness on wool and cotton.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Natural Brown 7; CI 75500; nuez de agallas (Esp.); noyer noir (Fr.); Schwarz Nussbaum (Deut.); colorante dal noce nero (It.); nogal negro (Esp.); notenbolster (Ned.); corante preto de noz (Port.); akhnot; walnut husks; black walnut hulls or leaves; brou-de-noix
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Juglone is soluble in hot water, ethanol, ether. Juglone forms a red solution in sulfuric acid.
== Resources and Citations ==
* J.Hofenk-de Graaf, Natural Dyestuffs: Origin, Chemical Constitution, Identification, Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, September 1969.
* Palmy Weigle, Ancient Dyes for Modern Weavers, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1974
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
Category:Materials database
Blackberry

== Description ==
Any bramble plant of the Rubus genus (most commonly Rubus fruticosus) that bears small, purplish, edible berries. The leaves and young shoots of the blackberry bush produce a dark brown or black dye that is rich in tannins. The roots give orange and greenish tones. The blackberry fruit, when ripe, makes red (no mordant), green (chromium mordant) or purple (aluminum or tin mordants) dyes. The addition of vinegar to the dye bath strengthens the purple tones. The primary colorants in the berries are anthocyanins, such as cyanidin, malvidin, and chrysanthemin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Rubus fruticosus (common blackberry); mûre (Fr.); mora selvatica (It.); amora silvestre (Port.); bramble; blackberries (pl.)
==Resources and Citations==
* R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Blackberry." Accessed 13 May 2004 .
* Wikipedia at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: Blackberry
Category:Materials database
Blackbird clay

== Description ==
A proprietary term for a natural clay that fires to a dark brown or black color. The color of Blackbird clay is from manganese and iron impurities. It was used to manufacture black brick, terracotta floor tile, and pottery.
== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
Category:Materials database
Blackboard chalk

== Description ==
A soft, chalky stick used to write on blackboards by students and teachers since the early 1800s. Blackboard chalk originally contained calcium carbonate typically bound with kaolin clay, oleic acid, and sodium hydroxide. A wide variety of formulations are now used, most of which are made from calcium sulfate hemihydrate (plaster of Paris), which reacts with water to form gypsum. Dry pigments may be added for increased whiteness or coloration.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
blackboard crayon
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: crayon." Accessed 10 Mar. 2005 .
* Answers.com at http://www.answers.com/topic/chalk
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk access March 10, 2005
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Crayon"
* David Kearny, Conservator of Painted Surfaces, Australian War Memorial, Submitted information, Mar. 2005.
Category:Materials database
Blackbody radiation

== Description ==
A theoretical radiator that emits a continuous spectrum of wavelengths with no individually distinct emission frequencies. The term 'blackbody' is based on the thermodynamic principle that any material that emits all wavelengths when it is hot must absorb all wavelengths when it is cold. The color of a totally absorbing material is black and thus the perfect emitter must be black.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Schwarzkörperstrahlung (Deut.); rayonnement de corps noir (Fr.); black body; Plankian radiator
Category:Materials database
Blackbutt

== Description ==
A eucalyptus tree, Eucalyptus pilularis, native to Australia. Blackbutt trees produce a hardwood that is similar in appearance to oak. However, the wood can have a greasy feel and tends to warp and crack. Blackbutt timber is used for tool handles and small turned articles, but it is mainly cut commercially for its abundant oil. The pungent eucalyptus oil is used in pharmaceuticals, as an antiknock agent in gasoline and for the manufacture of menthol.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Density = 40-50 ppcf
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 382
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
Category:Materials database