nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Woodfree paper

== Description ==
An indicative term that the paper contains no mechanically ground wood pulp. Paper made with only chemical pulp has longer fibers, is stronger and contains less lignin. In Britain, a woodfree paper may contain up to 10% mechanical pulp and 1% lignin. In the U.S., groundwood-free paper contains less that 5% mechanical pulp.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
groundwood-free paper; chemical paper
==Resources and Citations==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Silvie Turner, Which Paper?, Design Press, New York, 1991
Category:Materials database
Woodlands Bast Fiber Reference Collection

Note: this page is in progress. Please do not link or cite until it is finalized
==Description==
Some images of plant fibers in the FRIL Database are from the Woodland Plant Fiber Reference Collection as the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI). 
Pre-Columbian clothing, baskets, pouches, cords and mats were often made from the inner layers of bark and plants. In the northern and eastern regions of North America, the most commonly used fibers were 
* Basswood: Bass wood (Tilia americana)
* Elm: Slippery elm (Ulnus rubra)
* Nettle: Stinging nettle (Urtica dioca)
* Dogbane: Dogbane (Apocynum annabinum)
* Milkweed: Common milkweed (Aspclepias syria), Swamp milkweed (Aspclepias incarnate)
A table containing a comparison of these fibers can be found here.
Common name 	Scientific Name 	Micro-fibrillar Spin	Crystals 	Crystal Diagram	Cross-section Diagram	Fiber Diameter (microns) 	Fiber L:W Ratio	EDSresults
Dogbane 	Apocynum cannabinum	S 	Calcium sulfate in parenchyma 	 	 	Range: 5-35Typical: 15-25 	2.09 	Ca, S, Na
Nettle 	Urtica dioica 	S 	Frequent calcium oxalate druses in parenchyma. 	 	 	Range: 10-75Typical: 15-70 	2.7 	Ca, S
Common milkweed	Asclepias syriaca 	S 	Infrequent calcium oxalate druses in parenchyma, calcium sulfate in parenchyma. 	 	 	Range: 10-30 Typical: 10-20	1.3 	Ca, S, Na
Swamp milkweed 	Asclepias incarnata	S 	Infrequent calcium oxalate druses in parenchyma, calcium sulfate in parenchyma. 	 	 	Range: 5-25 Typical: 15-20 	1.23 	Ca, S, Na
Basswood 	Tilia americana 	Z 	Calcium oxalate druses and prismatic, found within fiber network.Calcium sulfate also present.	 	 	Range: 8-20Typical: 10-18 	1.32 	Ca, S, Na
Slippery elm 	Ulmus rubra 	Z? 	Frequent calcium oxalate prismatic crystals in fiber network. 	 	 	Range: 4-14Typical: 5-10 	1.59 	Ca, Mg, Na
== Resources and Citations ==
* Nora Frankel, edited 4/10/18, National Museum of the American Indian
Category:Materials database
Category:FRIL
Category: FRIL: Plant Fibers
Wool felt

== Description ==
A non-woven fabric made from a pressed mat of wool. The oldest known fabric samples, excavated in Turkey, are made of wool felt and date to at least 6500 BCE. In the wet-process, a matt of moist wool fiber is alternately stroked or pulled in varying directions, then pressed flat usually with heat. The scales on the woolen fibers create the bond to form the cloth.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Filz (Deut.); feutre (Fr.); vilt (Ned.); fieltro de lana (Esp.)
== Risks ==
* Damaged by alkalis and most bleach solutions. 
* Decomposes in boiling water. 
* Susceptible to moth larvae and other protein-feeding insects.
* May release harmful by-products
* Can cause allergic reactions
==Resources and Citations==
* Olympus Microscopy Resource Center at http://www.olympusmicro.com/galleries/polarizedlight/pages/sheepwoolfeltsmall.html - Wool felt samples have been excavated from a 5th c. BCE tomb in Siberia.
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felt (Accessed Nov. 29, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Wool grease

== Description ==
A fatty, pale yellow solid that coats the fibers of a sheep's wool. Raw wool contains about 20% grease and 12% suint. Wool grease, or wax, is separated from the suint, or salts, by a solvent cleaning procedure. The wax contains a mixture of esters and alcohols, including cholesterol and isocholesterol. It emulsifies with water and can take up to about 80% of its weight in water. Wool wax is used for ointments, emollients, soaps, and dressing leather and furs. Purified wool wax is called lanolin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gras de la lana (Esp.); wool wax; wool fat; lanolin; degras
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I Natural Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England, 1984
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Lanolin." (Accessed 14 Apr. 2004).
Category:Materials database
World Heritage

= World Heritage - UNESCO =
UNESCO's World Heritage mission is define and conserve the world's heritage, by drawing up a list of sites whose outstanding values should be preserved for all humanity and to ensure their protection through a closer co-operation among nations. An international agreement, signed to date by more than 150 States Parties, was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO in 1972. The Committee, consisting of twenty-one States Parties, decides on the inscription of new properties on the World Heritage List, establishes the World Heritage Fund budget for the following calendar year, examines requests for international assistance, and defines policy matters. (extracted from website)
Web Address 	http://whc.unesco.org/nwhc/pages/home/pages/homepage.htm
Information Online	Conferences / seminars
Publishes newsletter
Books / brochures / articles
Publications viewable online
Publication sold online
Searchable 	Yes
Categories 	Grant / funding organization
Research / training
General
Technical info
Website Languages 	English
French
Spanish
== Comments ==
WH Review - A full-color quarterly (English, French, Spanish). See a preview of the latest issue 
WH Newsletter - (free)gives up-to-date accounts of policy-making and issues facing World Heritage. Available in English and French 
The World Heritage list (free of charge)Category:Directory
Category:Directory: Grant / funding organization
Category:Directory: Research / training
Category:Directory: General
Category:Directory: Technical info
Worsted

== Description ==
A yarn or fabric made from high quality, combed wool fibers that are long and straight. Worsted yarns are produce a smooth, tightly woven fabrics, such as gabardine and serge. They are durable and wrinkle-free.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
serge; garbardine; rep; covert; charmeen
== Additional Images ==
File:Image3_802516.jpg|Gabardine
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 879
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Wove paper

== Description ==
A paper cast onto a woven screen made from wire mesh or fabric. When examined in transmitted light, wove paper sometimes shows a characteristic weave impression from the screen pattern. Wove paper differs from laid paper as there are no laid lines and chains lines visible in transmitted light.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
woven paper; papier vélin (Fr.)
== Additional Images ==
File:CranePaperCo_watermark.jpg|Modern wove paper with a Crane Paper Co. watermark
==Resources and Citations==
* Bernard Toale, The Art of Papermaking, Davis Publications, Portland OR, 1983
* D. van der Reyden "Identifying the Real Thing" at www.scmre.org/analysis.htm
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Wrapping paper

== Description ==
1) A strong, brown or grey, heavy weight paper used to wrap packages for shipping or storage. 
2) A strong, decorative paper used to wrap gifts.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
papier d'emballage (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 575
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Wrinkle

== Description ==
Small furrows and ridges due to shrinkage, folding, or compression. Wrinkles can occur in fabric, paper, skin, paint, and varnishes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
wrinkling
== Additional Images ==
File:21.2314_det1.jpg|Detail of wrinkling
File:11.10166_det3X.jpg|Detail of wrinkling
Category:Materials database
Writing paper

== Description ==
A smooth, uniform paper used for writing with pen or pencil. Writing papers generally exhibit good strength and erasability. They are available in a variety of finishes and colors.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
stationery; papier écriture (Fr.); papier d'écriture (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Wrought iron

== Description ==
A malleable form of metallic iron. Wrought iron is nearly pure iron with less than 1 percent carbon and about 2.5 percent slag. It was the only type of iron produced from iron ore until cast iron was developed in China in the 3rd century BCE. Wrought iron continued to be the only iron made in Europe and the Middle East until the medieval period. For production, the ore was smelted, then the resultant iron bloom was hammered, stretched, and annealed to remove impurities. It was then easily worked by forging, bending, rolling, and drawing. Modern wrought iron is industrially made from refined cast iron. Over the years, wrought iron has been used for many decorative items (hand-crafted church screens and body armor) as well as architectural components (hardware, roof sheeting, pipes, grilles, railings, and fences).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
weld iron; puddle steel; puddled iron, charcoal iron; fer forgé (Fr.); Schmiedeeisen (Deut.); smeedijzer (Ned.); ferro forjado (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Jonathan Taylor, Steve Suff, "Wrought Ironwork" Building Conservation Directory 2000: Link 
* Wrought Iron Advisory Center: Link
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 882
* David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "wrought iron" [Accessed October 18, 2001].
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Iron and Steel"
* Handbook on Wrought Iron Conservation from Chriss Topp Co. at http://www.christopp.co.uk/pdfs/CToppStudentsConservation.pdf
* Submitted information from Steve Suff
Category:Materials database
Wutong

== Description ==
A small deciduous tree (Firmiana platanifolia) native to the mild, temperate zones in China. Wutong trees are cultivated for wood and fibers. The fibers, obtained from retting the bark, are used for cordage and cloth. The soft, lightweight, resonant wood traditionally used for soundboards in Asian musical instruments. It has also been used for making furniture and coffins.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Firmiana platanifolia; Firmiana simplex; Chinese parasol tree;
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Height to 5-10 m.
== Risks ==
This tree is considered an invasive species in Japan.
==Resources and Citations==
* MFA Musical Instruments book
* Plants for a Future at http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Firmiana+simplex&CAN=LATIND
* Melody of China athttp://www.melodyofchina.com/06instruments/guzheng.html
Category:Materials database
X-ray

== Description ==
High energy radiation (from some keV to 110 keV) with very short wavelengths (0.001 - 10 nm). X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895. They can pass through materials, ionize gases, and expose photographic film. X-rays can be produced by X-ray tubes associated with high voltage generators, or synchrotrons or radioactive sealed sourcesThe depth of penetration of x-rays through a material depends on there energy & of the atomic number & density of the material. The more frequent use of x-rays in museums consists in non destructive examination of artefacts like easel paintings, sculptures, ceramics, archaeological objects... by radiography. This permits to caracterise density variations in composite materials, to examine differences in painting pigments, to visualise sculpture structures ... Radiographs of paper and other low thickness & density materials are made with soft X-rays. X-rays are also used in analytical equipment (see x-ray diffraction and x-ray fluorescence) for the determination of cristalline structure and elemental compositions.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
x-rays; xray; x-radiation, Roentgen ray
== Risks ==
Overexposure or cumulative exposure can damage or destroy cells and tissue structures & so can induce illnesses like radiodermite, cancer,....
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* G.G. Hawley, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 6th ed., 1961
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
X-ray diffraction

== Description ==
An analysis method used to determine the composition of a solid crystalline material and to identify its crystalline structure. When an x-ray beam is transmitted through or reflected from a crystalline material, it is diffracted at varying angles due to the spacing of the atoms in the crystal. The pattern of the diffracted beam is analyzed and used to determine the atomic structure in the material. Samples may be in the form of a single crystal or crushed powder. The primary XRD reference collection is produced by JCPDS (Joint Committe on Powder Diffraction Standards) in conjunction with the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
XRD; x-ray diffractometer; x-ray crystallography; diffraction X (Fr.); Röntgenbeugungsanalyse (Deut.); retgenografia strukturalna (Pol.); difracção de raios X (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* X-ray Diffraction Analysis, http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/departments/conservation_and_science/research/scientific_techniques/x-ray_diffraction_analysis.aspx
* G. Artioli, Science for the cultural heritage: the contribution of X-ray diffraction, Rendiconti Lincei (February 2013), Vol 24, 1 Supplement, pp 55-6 
* ICDD: Website
* http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/glossary/x-ray-diffraction-analysis/*/chooseLetter/X
* http://www.nga.gov/resources/scienceresearch/glossary.shtm
* http://www.c2rmf.fr/homes/home_id21988_u1l2.htm
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies, Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: B.Aston, J.Harrell, I.Shaw, "Stone"
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffraction (Accessed Sept. 28, 2005)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy

== Description ==
A nondestructive analytical method used to qualitatively and semi-quantitatively determine the elemental content of materials. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy The secondary x-rays emitted from each element has a unique set of energies thus allowing its identification; the combined energy spectrum produced from an analyzed sample provides the qualitative as well as quantitative identification of the components. Detection limits vary depending on instrument, elements, and sample matrix. The instrument source can be an x-ray tube, synchrotron, or a sealed radioactive source. Since removing a sample is unnecessary, XRF analysis is often one of the first analytical methods for surveying the inorganic components in a museum object, such as the composition of metals, glass, stones, and ceramics. Pigments in paintings, drawings and prints can usually be inferred, then supplements with other techniques, such as multispectral imaging, optical microscopy, as well as Raman and FTIR spectroscopies.
A similar x-ray spectrum is generated by the emission of x-rays using an electron beam as a source in a scanning electron microscope (SEM); that detector is called Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Typically, for an XRF instrument in air, calcium is the lowest atomic number element measured; when air is evacuated, such as in a SEM, the lowest detectable element is carbon.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
XRF; analyse par fluorescence X (Fr.); spettrofotometria XRF (It.); Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA) (Deut.); Röntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopie (RFS) (Deut.); röntgenfluorescentiespectrometrie (Ned.); análise por fluorescência de raios X (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* E.S. Lindgren, Special millennium issue on cultural heritage, X-ray Spectrometry, 29 (2000) 1
* R. E. van Grieken, A. E. Markowicz, Handbook of X-ray spectrometry, 2nd edition, M. Dekker, New-York (2002)
* National Gallery of Art, Scientific Research: Glossary of Conservation Terminology
* http://www.c2rmf.fr/homes/home_id21988_u1l2.htm
* L. D. Glinsman, The Application of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry to the Study of Museum Objects, Doctoral Thesis, University of Amsterdam, 2004.
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies, Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: B.Aston, J.Harrell, I.Shaw, "Stone" and P.Nicholson, J.Henderson, "Glass"
* Wikipedia: X-ray fluorescence (Accessed June 2023)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Xanthan

== Description ==
A polysaccharide material produced by the fermentation of sugar by the bacterium Xathomonas campestris, originally isolated from the rutabaga plant. Xanthan is primarily composed of mannose, glucose, and glucuronic acid units. It is a cream-colored powder that is dissolves in water to produce a thick viscous solution at very low concentrations. Xanthan remains stable over a wide temperature range and forms a strong film on drying. Xanthan is used as a binder, an extender and stabilizer in foods and cosmetics.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiXANTHAN.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
xanthan gum; xanthaangom (Ned.); Ketrol F; Kelzan
==Risks==
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in hot or cold water, acids and bases.
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* I.W. Cottrell, J.K. Baird, gums chapter
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthan (accessed Mar. 10, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Xanthate

== Description ==
A salt or ester of a xanthic acid which is a substituted dithiocarbonic acid of the type ROC(S)SH. In the manufacture of rayon, a bright orange cellulose xanthate is produced by the reaction of carbon disulfide with an alkali cellulose. Many of the simpler salts are used as flotation collectors.
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
Category:Materials database
Xanthene

== Description ==
A yellow, crystalline material that is used as a fungicide. It is the central structure of the fluorescein, eosin, and rhodamine dyes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tricyclic diphenylenemethane oxide, tricyclic dibenzopyran
==RISKS==
*Sigma Aldrich: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in ether and slightly soluble in ethanol or water.
Composition 	CH2(C6H4)2O
Melting Point	100.5 C
Boiling Point	315 C
==Resources and Citations==
* G.G. Hawley, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 6th ed., 1961
Category:Materials database
Xanthene dye

== Description ==
A group of dyes having a xanthene-based molecular structure in which the aromatic groups are the chromophore. Their Color Index numbers range from 45000 to 45999. Examples of xanthene dyes are phenolphthalein and eosin.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.G. Hawley, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 6th ed., 1961
Category:Materials database
Xanthin

== Description ==
Originally used to refer to the yellow coloring material in madder. Now, the term xanthin generally refers to the insoluble color in yellow flowers, while xanthein refers to the water soluble colorant in yellow flowers. Xanthin is can be extracted from sunflowers with a hot alcohol solution.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
xanthein
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Insoluble in water, alcohol and ether
==Resources and Citations==
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
Category:Materials database
Xanthophyll

== Description ==
A yellow, carotenoid pigment found in egg yolks, yellow flowers, body fats, green vegetation, and bird feathers. Xanthophyll, or phylloxanthin, acts as an antioxidant and is included in eye medicines to prevent macular degeneration. Examples of xanthophylls include lutein, zeaxanthin and cryptoxanthin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
phylloxanthin; lutein; vegetable luteol; B,E-carotene-3,3'-diol; carotenoid; xantofila (Esp., Port.); xantofyll (Sven.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Insoluble in water. Slightly soluble in ethanol. Soluble in fats and oils. 
Abs. max = 481, 453, 429, 333, 268 nm
Composition 	C40H56O2
CAS 	127-40-2
Melting Point 	190-193 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 568.85
== Resources and Citations ==
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 9875
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthophyll (accessed Mar. 10, 2006)
Category:Materials database