Greater Trochanteric Bursa Injection

Greater femoral trochanteric bursa injections under ultrasound-guidance ensures the injectate is accurately given into the bursa. The greater trochanteric bursa is the largest of the bursae surrounding the proximal femur, with the others including the subgluteus minimus and subgluteus medius bursae, which can also be targeted. 
==Anatomy==
==Indications==
* Pain i.e greater trochanteric pain syndrome
* diagnostic injection
==Contraindications==
*Absolute:anaphylaxis to contrast/ injectates, active local/ systemic infection 
*Relative:bleeding diathesis, recent injection with steroid in same/ other body parts, gluteus minimus and/or gluteus medius tendon tear, ipsilateral hip arthroplasty, unable to remain still for the procedure, young age
==Pre-procedural Evaluation==
Relevant imaging should be reviewed, and details of the patient confirmed. The patient should have an opportunity to discuss the risks and benefits and consent obtained. A focussed pre-procedure ultrasound is usually performed to assess bursae, and the gluteus minimus and medius tendons which are also referred to the ‘rotator cuff of the hip.’
Risks include: infection, bleeding, allergy, focal fat necrosis/ skin discolouration at injection site, complete tendon tear
==Equipment==
* ultrasound machine, sterile probe cover and a skin marker
* skin cleaning product
* sterile drape
* sterile field and tray for sharps
* syringe selection i.e. 5mL and 3mL
* larger bore drawing up needle
* needle to administer local anaesthetic i.e. 25-gauge needle
* needle to cannulate the bursae i.e. 25 or 22-gauge 90mm Quincke needle
* injectants i.e. local anaesthetics, iodinated contrast, corticosteroid preparation
* sterile gauze
* adhesive dressing
Smaller gauge needles can be less painful but are less stiff and can bend when trying to pass through the iliotibial band to reach the bursa. Pre procedure planning should calculate length required to reach the bursa, as larger patients will require longer needles. 
==Technique==
The general principles of guided injections are to: cannulate the bursae under image guidance, administer injectate, usually a corticosteroid and a small amount of longer-acting local anaesthetic, and avoid intratendinous injection
===Ultrasound Guided===
* check for allergies and if on blood thinners
* consent
* optimise patient positioning by lying them on the side and facing away, with the ipsilateral hip facing upwards and exposing the lateral targeted proximal femur, aiming for posterior access
* identify the greater trochanteric bursa in a transverse plane; perpendicular to the long axis, with dynamic manoeuvres helping to identify a non-distended bursa 3
* optimise imaging and mark a posterior skin entry point
* clean skin and draw up appropriate medications
* give local anaesthesia along the proposed needle path
* under ultrasound guidance using posterior to anterior approach, insert the needle in-plane with the transverse probe into the posterior aspect of the bursa
* the needle tip position can be checked with a small amount of local anaesthetic which should freely flow and distend the bursa
* administer steroid containing injectate under direct visualisation
* removed needle and apply dressing/ band-aid as required
* pain diary given if required
===Fluoroscopy Guided===
===Landmark Guided===
==Complications==
The most serious complication is infection. Steroid containing injections should be postponed if there are signs and/or symptoms of local and/ or systemic infection. Possible fat necrosis causing skin dimpling and skin discolouration can occur due to steroid leaking into the surrounding soft tissues
==Aftercare==
==Videos==
==See Also==
==External Links==
==References==
Category:Infoboxes
Category:Partially complete articles
Category:Pelvis, Hip and Thigh Procedures