nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Offender profiling

Offender profiling (or criminal profiling), popularized by crime dramas, is the practice of trying to deduce a criminal's characteristics in order to better find that criminal. It is broken down into two types: geographic profiling concerning the logistics of the crime and the profiling of offenders' personal characteristics.How Effective Is Criminal Profiling? Flourish Itulua-Abumere Roehampton University, London
It turns out Cracker is just a cool TV show and offender profiling doesn't actually work very well.
==Methodology==
FBI profiling currently relies more on intuition than statistically validated information. Moreover, unsound assumptions are frequently made. For instance, traits of incarcerated criminals are assumed to be found in active offenders, and that these traits are static.Offender Profiling: a Review of the Literature, Nathan Gregory, Gloucestershire Partnership NHS Trust
Geographical profiling assumes that offenders will stick to routines, and choose victims within a "home range." Another prevalent theory is that offenders operate in an area forming a circle around their home.
==Accuracy==
Studies done on criminal profiling have demonstrated that there is little to no indication that it is effective.The Six Most Statistically Full of Shit Professions, Christina H, Cracked.com
Psychologist Ray Hyman has compared it to cold reading. Investigators and profilers will simply shift the vague narrative they've constructed to fit their findings.criminal profiling: cold reading for cold cases, Skeptic's Dictionary
One notorious example of the accuracy of offender profiling would be the investigation of the Beltway Snipers. Profilers all agreed that the perpetrators were white males, when in fact they were revealed to be black. Additionally, it was assumed that they would be Maryland residents, but this also turned out to not be the case.Facing the Beltway Snipers, Profilers Were Dead Wrong Elizabeth Bothe, Baltimore Sun 2002
A survey of forensic psychologists and psychiatrists conducted in 2006 revealed that less than 25% of them viewed profiling as scientifically reliable or valid.Perceptions of the validity and utility of criminal profiling among forensic psychologists and psychiatrists. By Torres, Angela N.; Boccaccini, Marcus T.; Miller, Holly A.
Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, Vol 37(1), Feb 2006, 51-58.
On the plus side, psychologists constructing a profile of a criminal do tend to average marginally more accurate statements than psychics.Expertise in Psychological Profiling: A Comparative Assessment
==See also==
*Racial profiling
==External links==
*Criminal Profiling: the Reality Behind the Myth, Lea Winerman, Monitor on Psychology (the American Psychological Association's magazine)
*criminal profiling: cold reading for cold cases, Robert Todd Carroll, The Skeptic's Dictionary Mass Media Funk column
==References==
Category:Crime
Category:Psychology
Office of Technology Assessment

The Office of Technology Assessment was part of the corporate industrial conspiracy to suppress free energy, natural cures and the like,OTA from Gary Null, quoted on whale.to masquerading as an office of the United States Congress.OTA archive
Its notional goal when set up in 1972 was to provide a central resource for authoritative evaluation of questions of fact relating to science and technology.Pharyngula In reality, its design was biased such that assessments gave much greater weight to objectively verifiable peer-reviewed "science" than to the much more compelling claims of lobbyists.
It was killed off in 1995 by the Republican "Contract On With America", and this death paved the way for the likes of NCCAM, whose framing makes the right result much more likely, prioritizing the search for supporting evidence and sound science over the stuffy old scientific dogma of testing against the null hypothesis.Chris Mooney, The Republican War on Science (New York: Basic Books, 2005) What has the scientific method ever done for us, eh?
There is some talk of bringing it back.Rush Holt, Wired
==External links==
* OTA official archive
==References==
Category:OrganizationsCategory:United States government
Oil pulling

Oil pulling is a very, um, unusual folk remedy for just about everything.No, seriously — "Pull the oil through the teeth often and this oil will pull all the toxins from your body through saliva"!Yes, even cancer It involves swishing some oil (vegetable oil, not gasoline) around in your mouth for 10-15 minutes to detoxify your body. While not usually dangerous, it has not been proven to come close to doing everything it is said to do. (Also, oil pulling for long periods (10-20 minutes) may lead to accidental inhalation of some of the oil; it can lead to lipoid pneumonia.Recurrent lipoid pneumonia associated with oil pulling.)
However, a study done in 2008 (a single study of 20 participants) showed that it does produce a statistically significant decrease in the amount of S. mutans bacteria, a major cause of tooth decay, in the mouth.Asokan S, Rathan J, Muthu MS, Rathna PV, Emmadi P, Raghuraman, Chamundeswari. Effect of oil pulling on Streptococcus mutans count in plaque and saliva using Dentocult SM Strip mutans test: A randomized, controlled, triple-blind study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2008;26:12-7 It doesn't have as much of an effect as mouthwash does, though. It is effective against Mexican food, so there's that.How To Make Hot Peppers Stop Burning
If you want to wash your mouth out to get rid of dangerous bacteria, use some mouthwash. It tastes much better. Swilling a shot of vodka around your mouth and then swallowing also works and is much more rock'n'roll. Jokes aside, ethanol dehydrates mucosa lining human mouth, therefore mouthwash have much lower alcohol concentration. In the long term strong liquors are detrimental for oral hygiene. 
==External links==
*Oil Pulling Your Leg, Steven Novella
==References==
Category:Cancer woo
Olav Torheim

Olav Torheim (born 25 August 1979) is a Norwegian neo-Nazi activist from the small town of Volda, Møre og Romsdal, Norway. He has been one of the few active members of the Norwegian neo-Nazi movement since the turn of the century. While openly identifying with the "identitarian" brand of the traditional neo-Nazi movement, he is also a proponent of Islamophobia and "counterjihad," the ideologies notoriously promoted by Anders Behring Breivik.
Torheim originally came to some modest prominence for his nationalist language politics; a proponent of an exceedingly obscure purist language ideology called "High Norwegian," he led a faction of around three people who split from the rest of this tiny language movement due to their pro-fascist, anti-immigration and ultraconservative Christian views. Torheim has published his own magazine called Målmannen (literally, "The Language Man") for several years. The magazine was ostensibly devoted to "High Norwegian" language politics, but much of its content consisted of anti-immigrant screeds and "enthusiatic reporting from neo-Nazi marches" in Germany, Sweden and elsewhere in which Torheim himself took an active part as a participant and organizer."Identitærane kjem" ("The Identitarians Are Coming"), Humanist (journal of the Norwegian Humanist Association)"Flisespikkeri fra Torheim" ("Hair-splitting from Torheim"), Humanist In later years Torheim has identified himself as "identitarian," a term that has recently become popular among Nazi and fascist groups (one of the best known examples of the "identitarian" brand of Neo-Nazism is the website Metapedia). Torheim was the subject of a detailed critical exposé on the popular left-wing website Radikal Portal in 2014,Målmannen – fascisme under høgnorsk dekke ("Målmannen – fascism under the cover of High Norwegian") and the Norwegian Humanist Association's journal Humanist has also published articles about Torheim's role as an organizer within the neo-Nazi movement. Norwegian newspapers have also previously written about Torheim's role in the neo-Nazi movement."Volding i nynazistisk selskap" ("Man from Volda involved with neo-Nazis"), Næravisa, Friday 1 March 2013 Torheim has been busy filing complaints against newspapers who wrote critically about him, to little avail.Olav Torheim mot Næravisa (nett og papir), pfu.no
==References==
Category:Fascists
Category:Islamophobes
Category:Living people
Category:Neo-Nazis
Category:Norway
Category:Racists
Category:Right-wing activists
Category:Antisemites
Category:Great Replacement conspiracy theorists
Old Believers

The Old Believers (Russian: староверы) are a sect of Eastern Orthodox Christians that separated from the Russian Orthodox Church in 1666. They are notable for rejecting the reforms of later Eastern Orthodoxy, hence the name.
==Origins==
In 1652 Patriarch Minolta Nikon of Moscow noticed slight differences between the rituals and liturgy of the Russian and Greek Orthodox Churches.
Unable to tolerate even the slightest difference of opinion or practice, Nikon naturally changed the Russian rite to exactly match the Greek rite, and banned all Russian practices different from the Greek ones. (Ironically, the Russian practices were often the original ones.)
==Consequences==
The changes made were, overall, incredibly minor, along the scale of a few letters, or repeating a few words. One conspicuous change was in the number of fingers used when making the Sign of the Cross. The Old Believers made the sign with two fingers and curled the thumb together with the ring and pinky fingers, while the reformers used three—the thumb and first two fingers—and curled the remaining two fingers to the side; in both cases the two fingers represent the dual nature of Jesus as both Man and God, while the three represent the Holy Trinity. However, there was a massive protest to these changes, the punishment for failure to go along with them was death, and surviving Old Believers were persecuted for centuries afterward. Thus, the New Atheist claim that "Religious people have been known to kill each other over the number of fingers used in a ritual blessing" is not, in fact, a fabrication—though it is citing an extreme example.
One family went so far as to isolate themselves in Siberia to avoid Soviet authorities, to the point that they were unaware of the moon landing or even World War II. Only one of them survived the harsh conditions as the rest of the family succumed to diseases brought on by both their isolationism, and in one case, pneumonia contracted from geologists who chanced upon them (as the family did not receive any vaccines or otherwise acquire some resistance against contagious diseases).
==References==
Category:Religion-related stubs
Category:Fundamentalism
Category:Christianity
Category:Russia
Old Catholic Church

The Old Catholic Church is a Christian denomination largely comprising congregations which split from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1870s because they disagreed with the dogma of papal infallibility promulgated in 1870 at the First Vatican Council.
Roman Catholic political intrigues!
==History==
Most Old Catholic church groups trace their line of episcopal succession to the see of Utrecht, in the Netherlands; the largest Old Catholic group, the Utrecht Union, is based around this see.The Episcopal Church of Europe. Dutch Jansenism at its finest!
During the Middle Ages, the Pope had granted clerics in Utrecht the right to elect their own bishops, instead of having them appointed. During the Protestant Reformation, Calvinism became the state religion in the Netherlands, the use of bishops was discontinued, and the see (by now an archdiocese) fell vacant. Eventually the Pope began appointing archbishops to Utrecht again, but they fulfilled a different role.
It was not until 1703 that the clerics actually attempted to exercise the ancient right by electing an archbishop without consulting the pope about it. The Pope, ignoring the fact that this right had been granted, promptly excommunicated the elected archbishop, sparking off a schism.
Subsequently, the Pope appointed a new archbishop to the See of Utrecht. However, the Dutch statesmen liked the idea of a locally elected archbishop, thinking that the Roman Catholic population in the Netherlands could be removed from the influence of the Pope by putting themselves under his jurisdiction, so they gave the elected archbishops all encouragement. The elected archbishops then became known as the "Old Catholic" bishops to distinguish them from the new line appointed by the Pope.
At the time of the the Old Catholic See of Utrecht was still going strong, and the many congregations that broke with Rome used it as an escape hatch by putting themselves under its jurisdiction.
==Modern incarnations==
The Old Catholic Church has grown in the last few years, largely in response in the Roman Catholic Church's positions on sexuality. Pope Benedict XVI's hardline stance on gay seminarians led to an influx of gays into the Old Catholic Church, which had grown into a more liberal sect with an international presence.William J. Tighe, Neither Old nor Catholic. Archived from the original at the New Oxford Review, September 1998. There are now many Old Catholic congregations in North America, and they openly support homosexuality, same-sex marriage, and women in the priesthood.Peggy Fletcher Stack, 'Old Catholics' embrace new movements. Archived from the original at USA Today, 21 May 2012.
==References==
Category:Catholicism
Category:Organizations
Oligopoly

Oligopoly is an economic concept referring to a state of competition where the market for some good or service is dominated by a few large firms. However, there are usually not enough firms to allow meaningful collusion. So long as there are more than two firms (duopoly) a market may be oligopolistic although there is no exact criteria for determining when exactly a market is oligopolistic.Chappelow, Jim. "Oligopoly". Investopedia. Oligopolies have become fairly common in the modern developed world dominating a number of markets.Wu, Tim. (2013) "The Oligopoly Problem". The New Yorker. 
==Model==
The diagram for oligopoly displays a downward sloping demand curve with a distinctive kink in it, roughly the equilibrium point. Above the kink, the slope is much flatter, indicating a zone where demand will be more elastic. Below that point, the line is far steeper, indicating a more inelastic zone. A firm will try to keep their price near the breaking point (E). Anything above that won't yield additional revenues, as consumers will be willing to switch over to the competitors given the high degree of elasticity. Below the kink lowering the price won't yield much additional revenue either. The inelasticity of demand there means that big price cuts don't significantly increases revenues. This may also result in a race to the bottom as firms try to outdo each other in cutting prices.
==Real world examples==
Automotive, energy, media, and cell phone markets tend to be dominated by a few large firms.Rodman, George. Mass Media in a Changing World. New York (2nd ed.), McGraw Hill, 2008Big six' energy firms face competition inquiry". BBC News, 27 March 2014 The American auto market was mostly dominated by General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and Chrysler Automobiles until the 1970s when more Asian and European manufactures began to compete. Although not as prominent an international force as it was when first created, OPEC has made the world oil market more oligopolistic than it otherwise might be. 
==Analysis==
Despite having important market power, no single firm in an oligopolistic setting can force others to actually do its bidding in spite of any deal making. Because of this, firms are constantly trying to anticipate the actions of other companies and outmaneuver them."OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Oligopoly Definition". stats.oecd.org. If one firm were to raise prices it wouldn't necessarily increase profits. If it were to cut prices, this may lead to a bitter price war between the major market players. Great news for consumers, but horrible for shareholders and upper management."Oligopoly". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 27 January 2020. From the perspective of a government oligopolies may be advantageous if they collude with the government and serve as informal backers in exchange for government favoritism. At the same time governments may also carefully analyze them as potential threats and use antitrust laws to weaken them.
==See also==
*Perfect competition
*Monopoly
*Game theory
*Oligarchy
==References==
Category:Economics
Oliver L. Reiser

Oliver Leslie Reiser was an American philosopher known for his pseudoscientific views on evolution.
==Biography==
Reiser was born in Columbus, Ohio and attended Ohio State University. He later earned a B.A. in 1921, M.A. in 1922, and Ph.D. in philosophy in 1924. He was a personal friend of Albert Einstein.John R. Shook, Richard T. Hull The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. A-C, Volume 1 2005, p. 2037
Reiser is most well known in humanist groups because of his book Promise of Scientific Humanism (1940). He also founded the International Committee on Scientific Humanism in the 1950s. Reiser had used the term "cosmic humanism", influenced by the work of Einstein to define what he termed a pantheist philosophy of science.
==Evolution==
Even though Reiser was a well-respected philosopher, he also advocated some pseudoscientific views about evolution. Most of these ideas have influenced New agers and proponents of quantum woo as well as 2012 conspiracy theorists.
The main belief of Reiser was that geomagnetic forces were directing evolution of species based on a very specific complex cyclical process. He also advocated the view that a "memory field" existed around the Earth which could also influence the evolution of organisms, he called this field the "psychosphere".The Everything Guide to 2012: All You Need To Know About the Theories, Beliefs, and History Surrounding the Ancient Mayan Prophecies by Mark Heley (2009). Adams Media, pp. 251-252. ISBN 1605501611.The Mayan Code: Time Acceleration and Awakening the World Mind' by Barbara Hand Clow (2007), Bear & Company, pp. 114-155. ISBN 1591430704.
==Paranormal==
Reiser was also an advocate of psychic phenomena as he believed things like telepathy were real. In a paranormal book titled Psychic Exploration by Edgar Mitchell (1974),Psychic Exploration: A Challenge for Science, Understanding the Nature and Power of Consciousness by Edgar D. Mitchell (2011). Cosimo Books. ISBN 1616405473. Reiser contributed a chapter titled "The Psychosphere: A Holistic View of Psychic Phenomena" where he believed his model of the "psychosphere" could explain all paranormal events.
==Religion==
Reiser was a pantheist and a strong critic of organised religion.Pantheism: The Religion of Science by Oliver L. Reiser (archived copy from 7 Jul 2013 13:42:40 UTC)
==See also==
*Non-Darwinian evolution
*Cyclical theory
==External links==
*Works by Oliver L. Reiser
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:Ohio
Category:Paranormal
Category:Philosophers
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Oliver North

Oliver North Oliver North was a military colonel most famous for his actions during the Iran-Contra scandal during the administration of Ronald Reagan.
==Iran-Contra==
North is most infamous for his actions during Iran-Contra scandal, where he sold weapons to Iran and gave large amounts of the profits to a group in Nicaragua called the Contras "with the full knowledge of National Security Adviser Admiral John Poindexter and with the unspoken blessing, he assumed, of President Reagan."The Iran-Contra Affair In the process, he violated both a weapons embargo the United States had placed on IranReagan explains secret sale of arms to Iran, Nov. 13, 1986 and a ban on funding the Contras Congress had put in effect.Appendix A: Background on United States Funding of the Contras
But this was far from the only time North broke the law, he went on to admit during a televised hearing that he had previously misled Congress regarding his actions‘Olliemania’: The stage-worthy scandal that starred Oliver North as a congressional witness along with the shredding of documents that would have provided information on what North did.Hostile Witnesses
For all of this and much more, North was indicted on sixteen felony counts in March 1988NORTH, POINDEXTER AND 2 OTHERS INDICTED ON IRAN-CONTRA FRAUD AND THEFT CHARGES with his trial starting in February of the following year.North Trial Opens After Long Delay North was convicted on some of these accounts,1989: Irangate colonel avoids prison although they were all later overturned over how his witnesses could have been impermissibly affected due to his Congressional testimony.United States v. Oliver L. North
==Punditry==
After the affair, North went on to become a pundit on Fox News, as well as the president of the National Rifle Association in September of 2018, before resigning on April 29, 2019.
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:Christians
Category:Gun nuts
Category:Living people
Category:Murdochsphere
Category:Political pundits
Category:Right-wing activists
Category:Texas
Olivier Bernard

​Olivier Bernard (a.k.a. Le Pharmachien or The Pharmafist) is a Big Pharma shillAbout the Pharmafist part-time pharmacist, part-time blogger and author/cartoonist from Montréal, Québec, Canada. His books and his website both discuss about pharmaceutical science and science in general, and he attacks quite boldly all sorts of myths and pseudoscience. He also drew the best artist's impression of Andrew Wakefield discovering that vaccines cause autism.5 opinions mal informées au sujet des vaccins (in French)
​Unfortunately for lots of us, his website and his books are in French. Fortunately for lots of us, a growing part of his website is translated into English.
==​Pharma-sir, where can I find the flu busters?==
​Like many other skeptics in the medical community, Bernard denounces the exaggerated statements made by the industry.
==What's the difference between voltage and amperage?==
Bernard sometimes writes about unrelated topics, be it mental health,Être déprimé VS Faire une dépression (in French) car woo,Une histoire d’octane (in French) etc., but usually does so while collaborating with an expert on such matters and giving them full credit.
==​Dude, why are you searching in my garbage?!==
​As one may expect, the comment section, almost unmoderated by Bernard, can easily get clogged with accusations of not caring about one's made-up, obscure condition, making stuff up (he does not), not giving enough references (he gives quite a lot — almost too much, and being a shill for the pharmaceutical industry (he probably is not, although he used to work for it for a few years). Most comments are quite good, as most of his readers seem to prefer to think critically instead of giving up to fear and visiting less credible websites
==External links==
*"The website in question"
*"Le site en question (French version)"
==References==
Category:Living people
Category:Science
Category:Blogs