nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Comisión Nacional Bancaria y de Valores

The Comisión Nacional Bancaria y de Valores is responsible for monitoring and regulating Mexican financial institutions to ensure their stability and proper functioning, maintaining and promoting the healthy and balanced development of the financial system as a whole, and protecting the interests of the public. 
 
== History ==
In response to Mexico's economic crisis of 1994, Congress passed legislation in 1995 that created the Comisión Nacional Bancaria y de Valores (CNBV). The new organization consolidated in a single body decentralized functions that previously had been performed by the National Banking Commission and the National Commission of Values. The Commission also was given the authority to issue rules designed to preserve liquidity, solvency and stability of intermediaries. 
In 1996, Mexico established the Mexican Derivatives Exchange (MeXDeR), a futures and options market, and CNBV assumed supervisory responsibility for the new marketplace. As the Mexican financial system consolidated over the next few years, the responsibilities of CNBV continued to expand.
== Products and Services ==
== References ==
Category:International Regulatory Organizations
Category:Mexico
Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores

The Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores (CNMV) oversees the regulation of financial markets in Spain, including the Bolsas y Mercados Españoles stock market and the Mercado Español de Futuros Financieros derivatives exchange. 
==Organization and Purpose==
The purpose of the CNMV is to ensure the transparency of the Spanish market and the correct formation of prices in them, and to protect investors. 
The main beneficiaries of the CNMV's work are Spanish investors. The CNMV focuses on improving the quality of information disclosure to the market. Particular efforts are made in the area of auditing and developing new disclosure requirements relating to remuneration schemes for directors and executives that are linked to the price of the shares of the company where they work and in the area of detecting and pursuing illegal activities by unregistered intermediaries.
The actions of the CNMV relate to companies that issue securities for public placement, to the secondary markets in securities and to investment services companies. The CNMV
also exercises supervision over the last two in order to ensure transaction security and the solvency of the system. 
 
 
== History ==
The CNMV is a member of the Committee of European Securities Regulators. Carlos Arenillas, vice chairman of CNMV, represents the organization on the CNMV.
== References ==
*Category:European Securities Regulators
Comissao de Valores Mobiliarios

The Commissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM), the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission, is an independent government entity linked to the Ministry of Finance. The CVM is its own legal entity and is endowed with independent administrative authority.
The CVM is directed by a board comprised of a chairman and four commissioners, all appointed by the president of Brazil. 
 
== History ==
The Comissao de Valores Mobiliarios was established by Law no. 6.385 of December 7, 1976.
== Products and Services ==
The agency's objectives are to:
*assure the proper functioning of the exchange and over-the-counter markets 
*protect all securities holders against fraudulent issues and illegal actions performed by company managers, controlling shareholders, or mutual fund managers 
*avoid or inhibit any kind of fraud or manipulation that may give rise to artificial price formation in the securities market 
*assure public access to all relevant information about the securities traded and the companies which have issued them 
*ensure that all market participants adopt fair trading practices 
*stimulate the formation of savings and their investment in securities 
*promote the expansion and efficiency of the securities market and the capitalization of Brazilian publicly held companies 
== References ==
Category:International Regulatory Organizations
Category:Brazil
Comissao do Mercado de Valores Mobiliarios

The Comissao do Mercado de Valores Mobiliarios (CMVM), or the Portuguese Securities Market Commission, is an independent public institution responsible for supervising and regulating securities and other financial markets in Portugal. 
== Organization and Purpose ==
The CMVM monitors the acts of the individuals and entities that operate in the Portuguese capital markets, determines rules compliance, detects criminal offenses and punishes infringers, grants registrations of individuals and operations, and provides information, particularly about listed companies, via its Web site. 
The CMVM derives its income from fees charged for services and not from the General State Budget. 
== History ==
The CMVM was established by Decree-Law no. 142-A/91, of 10 April. 
CMVM is a member of the Committee of European Securities Regulators. Carlos Tavares represents the CMVM, and also serves as vice chairman of the Committee.
== References ==
*Category:European Securities Regulators
Commercial bank

Commercial banks and financial institutions differ from investment banks in earning most of their income from lending from their pool of deposits rather than by charging investment-service fees on brokerage and underwriting. Because a commercial bank is required to hold only a fraction of its deposits as reserves, it can use some of the money on deposit to extend loans. When a borrower receives a loan, his checking account is credited with the amount of the loan; total demand deposits are thus increased until the loan is repaid. As a group, then, commercial banks are able to expand or contract the money supply by creating new demand deposits.
Most commercial-bank loans are short-term to their mostly business customers, to whom they offer additional business-based banking services.
Some commercial banks may be members of the Federal Reserve System. 
In 2011, Fortune Magazine ranked Bank of America Corp. as the top U.S. bank by revenue, followed by JPMorgan Chase & Co., Citigroup, Wells Fargo, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and American Express.
== References ==
Category:Banks
Commercial paper

__NOTOC__
Commercial paper consists of high-denomination, short-term unsecured debt instruments issued by corporations and traded directly on the money market without involving the SEC. Companies sell these promissory notes to raise money for their daily operations, to meet payroll, and other short term financial needs. It's a low-cost source of cash that is cheaper than tapping a line of credit from a bank. 
The market began to grow in the 1970s as money-market mutual funds emerged and became large buyers of commercial paper. Since 1980, annual issuance of commercial paper has gone from $124 billion to $1.6 trillion. 
Although these instruments are generally considered safe and low-yielding, the recent global credit crisis has significantly pushed up the price of cash for some commercial-paper issuers.
== Easier money? ==
Commercial paper must mature within 270 days but averages around 30 days, and is usually offered at a discount to prevailing interest rates. The U.S. Federal Reserve publishes one-month, two-month and three-month rates on AA financial and AA non-financial commercial-paper rates in weekly statistical releases. Because commercial paper is usually not issued in denominations below $100,000, retail investors typically gain exposure indirectly though money-market funds or money-market deposit accounts.
== Latest news ==
The 2007-2008 credit crisis has even hit the commercial-paper market, long considered as good as cash for security and affordability. Volume on the market has declined in recent months while issuing corporations have been forced to pay much higher interest rates of up to six percent on short-term paper. This trend is likely to force more businesses back to banks for credit-line financing of short-term obligations like accounts receivable and payrolls at a time of bank contractions.
On October 7, 2008, the Federal Reserve said it would step in and purchase three-month unsecured and asset-backed commercial paper directly from issuers. Traditionally, when the Fed lends to banks and other financial institutions, the loans are secured by collateral, but in this case, the Fed plans to collect up-front fees paid by issuers. The Treasury will make a special deposit at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to support this facility. It is the first time the Fed has intervened in the commercial-paper market since the Depression. The Fed released a statement that said, in part: "The commercial paper market has been under considerable strain in recent weeks as money market mutual funds and other investors, themselves often facing liquidity pressures, have become increasingly reluctant to purchase commercial paper, especially at longer-dated maturities."
== References ==
Commerzbank AG

Commerzbank AG is a major German bank headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. It is Germany's second-largest bank by total assets and operates as a universal bank, providing services to private and commercial customers as well as corporate clients.
== History ==
Commerzbank was founded in 1870 as Commerz- und Disconto-Bank in Hamburg. It expanded through mergers in the early 20th century, including with Mitteldeutsche Privatbank in 1920 and Mitteldeutsche Creditbank in 1929. During the Great Depression, the German government ordered Commerzbank to merge with Barmer Bank-Verein in 1932. The name Commerzbank Aktiengesellschaft was officially adopted in 1940.
After World War II, Commerzbank was broken up into three regional banks, which were reunited in 1958. The bank's headquarters moved to Frankfurt in 1970. Commerzbank acquired Dresdner Bank in 2009, making it Germany's second-largest bank. During the global financial crisis, the German government took a 25% stake in Commerzbank, which it still partially retains.
The bank maintains a historical archive, established in 1988, which preserves records dating back to 1870. This archive includes materials from Commerzbank and its predecessors, totaling over 10,000 meters of documents, photos, and historical objects.
== Operations ==
Commerzbank operates as a universal bank, offering retail, corporate and investment banking services. Its main business segments are:
* Private and Small-Business Customers
* Corporate Clients
* Others and Consolidation
The bank has around 400 branches across Germany and international operations in major financial centers. It is listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and is a component of the DAX stock market index.
== Products and Services ==
Commerzbank offers a range of financial products and services, including:
* Retail and business banking
* Corporate and investment banking
* Asset management
* Trade finance
* Cash management
* Foreign exchange and money markets
* Securities services
The bank is a major player in financing German foreign trade and has strong ties to small and medium-sized enterprises in Germany.
== Key People ==
=== Board of Managing Directors ===
* Manfred Knof - Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (since 2021)
* Bettina Orlopp - Deputy Chairwoman and Chief Financial Officer
* Michael Kotzbauer - Business Segment Corporate Clients
* Sabine Mlnarsky - Group Human Resources
* Jörg Oliveri del Castillo-Schulz - Chief Operating Officer (since 2022)
* Thomas Schaufler - Business Segment Private and Small-Business Customers
* Bernhard Spalt - Chief Risk Officer (since 2024)
=== Supervisory Board ===
* Jens Weidmann - Chairman of the Supervisory Board (since May 2023)
* Uwe Tschäge - Deputy Chairman
The Supervisory Board consists of 20 members in total, with equal representation from shareholders and employees. It advises and supervises the management of the bank.
== References ==
Category:Banks
Category:German Companies
Category:Companies lListed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange
Category:Investment Banks
Category:Multinational Companies
Category:Financial Services Companies of Germany
Commission

A fee charged by a broker or agent for their service in facilitating a transaction. 
== Futures ==
In futures trading a commission may be charged at the time a position is initiated, when it is closed, or both. Some brokers charge commissions up front, especially for futures options trade. Others will only charge a commission after the trade is completed. And, others may structure the charges to be applied half when the trade is initiated and half when the trade is closed, commonly referred to has half in/half out.
Futures commissions are commonly quoted on a round-turn basis, which means the price for a complete purchase and sale of a single contract.
== References ==
Category:Transaction Charges
Committee of European Securities Regulators

The Committee of European Securities Regulators (CESR) was an independent committee of European securities regulators, consisting of European Union member countries, as well as those of Norway and Finland. CESR ceased to exist on January 1, 2011, when it became part of the newly created European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA). 
==History==
The Committee was established under the terms of the European Commission's Decision of June 6, 2001. It is one of two committees envisaged in the Final Report of the Committee of Wise Men on the regulation of European securities markets, chaired by Baron Alexandre Lamfalussy. The report is endorsed by Heads of State in the European Council and the European Parliament.
The role of CESR was threefold:
*Improve coordination among securities regulators by developing operational network mechanisms to enhance day-to-day consistent supervision and enforcement of the Single Market for financial services.
*Act as an advisory group to assist the EU Commission in its preparation of draft implementing measures of EU framework directives in the field of securities.
*Work to ensure more consistent and timely day-to-day implementation of community legislation in the Member States. This work is carried out by the Review Panel under the leadership of CESR's Vice Chairman Carlos Tavares, and by two operational groups: CESR-Pol and CESR-Fin.
==References==
==Resources==
ESMA: About Us
Category:European Securities Regulators
Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems

The Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (CPSS) was an international committee established by the central banks of the Group of Ten (G10) countries under the auspices of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). It played a crucial role in promoting the safety and efficiency of payment, clearing, and settlement systems.
== History and Evolution ==
The CPSS was established in 1990 as a response to the growing complexity and importance of payment and settlement systems in the global financial landscape. In September 2014, the CPSS was renamed to the Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI), reflecting its expanded mandate.
CPSS cooperated with other groups such as the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) and the Financial Stability Board (FSB), on certain issues such as global payment systems. On Jan. 17, 2012, the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (CPSS) and the technical committee of the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) published their final report on the OTC derivatives data that should be collected, stored and disseminated by trade repositories.
== Mandate and Objectives ==
The primary objectives of the CPSS were to:
* Monitor and analyze developments in domestic and cross-border payment, clearing, and settlement systems
* Develop standards and recommendations for the design and operation of these systems
* Serve as a forum for central bank cooperation in related oversight, policy, and operational matters
== Key Publications and Contributions ==
The CPSS produced numerous influential reports and guidelines, including:
* Core Principles for Systemically Important Payment Systems (2001)
* Recommendations for Securities Settlement Systems (2001, jointly with IOSCO)
* Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures (2012, jointly with IOSCO)
These publications have become global standards for the regulation and oversight of payment and settlement systems.
== Structure and Membership ==
The CPSS consisted of senior representatives from central banks of major economies. While initially focused on G10 countries, its membership expanded over time to include other significant financial centers.
== Legacy and Impact ==
The work of the CPSS has been instrumental in shaping the global landscape of payment and settlement systems. Its standards and recommendations have been widely adopted by central banks and market regulators worldwide, contributing to the stability and efficiency of the global financial system.
The committee's successor, the CPMI, continues to build on this legacy, addressing emerging challenges in the rapidly evolving world of payments and market infrastructures.
== References ==
Category:Regulators
Category:Industry Associations
Commodities

Commodities are negotiable goods or securities. In the context of the financial industry, the term "commodity" was the general descriptor for any physical goods, financial instruments (such as bonds, currencies and interest rate measurements) and artificial indexes traded in a standardized manner on an established futures exchange. 
Not too many years ago, products traded on a futures market were lumped under the commodity header. Most commodity futures, until the mid-1970s were, indeed, commodities that one could see and touch. In recent years, despite the fact that futures transactions work the same no matter the product being traded, a distinction has been drawn between physical commodities like grains and livestock, and interest rate, foreign currency, stock index and "financial futures." Nevertheless, the interaction between buyer and seller, whether an exchange offering is tagged as a "commodity" or a "financial instrument," is the same in the futures market. Delivery does differ, however, as some futures contracts are physically delivered and others are cash settled. 
While paper clips and bark mulch might be considered negotiable commodities, the lack of a central, regulated marketplace for such items would exclude them from being called a "commodity" in the stricter financial arena.
== Market News ==
In December of 2010, the commodity markets were reportedly in backwardation markets, which was beneficial for commodity traders. Investors sell low and buy high when replacing expiring futures contracts with later dated ones and this eats at returns in opposite market conditions, called contango. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Commodity Channel Index

The Commodity Channel Index is an oscillator used in technical analysis to help determine when an investment vehicle has been overbought and oversold. The Commodity Channel Index, first developed by Donald Lambert quantifies the relationship between the asset's price, a moving average (MA) of the asset's price, and normal deviations (D) from that average. It is computed with the following formula: 
CCI=(Price-MA)/ (0.015xD) 
==Resources==
*About.com: Commodity Channel Index
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Technical Analysis
Category:Market Terms
Commodity Customer Coalition

__NOTOC__
The Commodity Customer Coalition (CCC) was founded in November 2011 and advocates for former customers of bankrupt broker-dealer MF Global. Based in Chicago, the non-profit represents more than 8,000 former customers in an effort to return all of the customer segregated funds missing during MF Global's liquidation proceedings. The CCC is not tied to any corporation.
== History ==
John L. Roe, principal at futures broker BTR Trading and commodity trading advisor (CTA) with Roe Capital Management, and James Koutoulas, CEO of Typhon Capital Management and Typhon Securities, founded the CCC in November 2011. On Dec. 29, 2011, the CCC was officially incoporated as a non-profit entity, Commodity Customer Coalition, Inc.
==John Lothian News Interviews==
Protection Fund: Building a Better Piggy Bank
Is there any protection for my futures account? That is the key question for futures customers today and quite likely, the answer is "no" or "not much." While dialog and debate ranges on the type of customer protection fund or insurance that might or might not work, John Roe, co-founder of the Commodity Customer Coalition and principal at BTR Trading, says it is essential to restore customer confidence.
In this video, Roe explains how protection for futures customers can be established with a small fund that ultimately will grow over time using a small trading fee. And, in the case of a default, it would replace customer funds before they were tied up in bankruptcy court. Published Jan. 8, 2012. Visit the Restoring Customer Confidence video series page >
== Products and Services ==
The CCC is a consumer advocacy non-profit connecting Congress, bankruptcy courts, regulators and the media with former MF Global and PFGBest customers.
*MF Global Information Center
*PFG Information Center
== Key People ==
*John L. Roe, Co-founder
*James Koutoulas, Co-founder
== References ==
Category: MF Global
Category: Managed Futures
Commodity Exchange Authority

The Commodity Exchange Authority (CEA) was a regulatory agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture established to administer the Commodity Exchange Act prior to 1975. The CEA was the predecessor agency to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). 
While the Commodity Exchange Authority only regulated agricultural commodities enumerated in the Commodity Exchange Act, the CFTC has exclusive jurisdiction over all futures and options on futures contracts.
== References ==
Category:Futures Regulation
Commodity Floor Brokers & Traders Association

__NOTOC__
The Commodity Floor Brokers and Traders Association (CFBTA) was a non-profit membership organization that represented the interests of the New York floor community. It has ceased operations.
== History ==
Founded in 1990, the CFBTA's goal was to explain, enhance, improve and represent the floor community to the broader trading community, the investing public and regulatory bodies. 
The group addressed common concerns like government proposals and regulations, ethical business practices, trading facilities, technology, and the globalization of world markets. It also focused on the individual member's needs in the areas of health, life and disability insurance.
== Resources ==
Link to CFBTA's Newsletter 'The Opening Call'
== Key People ==
The 2012 officers were:
Officers
*Fred Schoenhut, Co-Chairman
*Madeline Boyd, Co-Chariman
*Stephen Ardizzone, Vice Chairman 
*Frank Siciliano, President
*David Greenberg, Vice President
*John McNamara, Vice President
*Jan Willem van den Dorpel, Secretary
*Jeff Grossmanl, Secretary
*Scott Hess, Treasurer 
*George Gero, Chairman Emeritus 
Directors
COMEX:
*John Johnston
*Jeremy Lubcher
*Howard Malzberg
*Thomas Vitiello
 
Options: 
*Ray Carbone
* Alexander Kevis
*Michael Hammer
*Thomas LoBue
 
ICE Futures: 
*Vincent Angelico
*Thomas Butler
*Walter Fair
*Greg Greves
*Paul Liubicich
*Al Peras
 
NYMEX: 
Joseph Cicchetti
*Jeff Grossman
*Z. Lou Guttman
*Michael McCallion
*Al Pennisi
*Richard Saitta
*Frank Siciliano
*Richard Schaeffer
*Mitchell Steinhause
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
Category:FIA Association Members
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day