nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Alkali

== Description ==
A general term now used for any basic material (pH greater than 7). Historically, 'alkali' referred to hydroxides and carbonates of sodium and potassium. Before the composition of materials were known, compounds were named based on their sources and reactivity. For example, sodium carbonate was called fixed alkali and mineral alkali, while potassium carbonate was called effervescent alkali or vegetable alkali. Caustic alkali referred to both sodium and potassium hydroxides. After 1800, the term 'alkali' was extended to refer to water soluble compounds of all alkali metals and ammonium. In general, alkali compounds will react with fatty acids to form soaps, turn litmus paper blue and dissolve in water to form alkaline solutions. These solutions taste bitter and are irritating to the skin. Alkaline solutions are used in deacidifying and buffering paper. Alkalis also act as fluxes in ceramics and glass production.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
base; basic; alcali (Fr.); álcali (Esp.);
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 25
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Website: http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/a/htm
Category:Materials database
Alkali blue

== Description ==
A class of blue pigment powders that are prepared from fuchsin, a synthetic red dye. By weight, alkali blue dyes have the highest tinting strength of any blue pigment, approximately 50% greater than phthalocyanine blue and 500% greater than Prussian blue. Alkali blue pigments are resistant to bleeding in water, oils and waxes, but dissolve in alcohols. Alkali blues have fair color permanency and are used in blue and black printing inks.
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Alkali carbonates

== Description ==
A general term referring to the carbonate of an alkali metal. Historically, 'alkali' referred just to hydroxides and carbonates of sodium and potassium. It was later extended to refer to water soluble compounds of other alkali metals and ammonium ion. Alkali metals consist of all metals in group 1A of the periodic table (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium).
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Alkali cellulose

== Description ==
Alkali cellulose is produced by cooking wood pulp in a sodium hydroxide solution. Alkali cellulose is used as a precursor for many synthetic cellulose products such as viscose rayon and carboxymethyl cellulose.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
alcali-cellulose (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Alkali feldspar

== Description ==
A group of feldspar minerals that are rich in the alkali elements of potassium and sodium. Alkali-rich feldspars are: microcline, orthoclase, anorthoclase, sanidine, and albite. They contain less than 5% anorthite.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
feldspath alcalin (Fr.); feldspato alcalino (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, 2009, submitted information.
Category:Materials database
Alkali metal

== Description ==
A general term for any metal in group 1A of the periodic table (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium). Historically, 'alkali' referred just to sodium and potassium. It was later extended to refer to other univalent metals. The alkali metals tend to be soft, silvery metals that are strongly electropositive. They react vigorously with water to form a basic hydroxide solution. All alkali metals burn readily is air and are very reactive. See also alkaline earth metal for comparison.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 26
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Alkalimetry

== Description ==
The measurement of alkalinity or basicity of a material. An alkalimeter is an instrument that makes the measurement based on the quantity of carbon dioxide present in the material. The concentration may also be determined by titration of a solution.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Alkalimetrie (Deut.); alcalimétrie (Fr.); alkalimeter
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Alkaline

== Description ==
An adjective of the noun alkali. Alkaline is the description used for a material or solution that has a pH greater than 7.0.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
alkalisch (Deut.); alcalin (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Website: http://www.archivalsuppliers.com/glossary.html
Category:Materials database
Alkaline air

== Description ==
Common name used for gaseous ammonia prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ammonia; volatile alkali
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 57
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Alkaline earth

== Description ==
An oxide of any one of the alkaline earth metals (calcium, barium, strontium, radium and sometimes magnesium). Alkaline earth compounds act as fluxes in the manufacture of glass and ceramic glazes.
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
Category:Materials database
Alkaline earth metal

== Description ==
A general term for all metals in group IIA of the periodic table (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, barium, strontium, and radium). Alkaline earth metals are usually white, malleable, extrudable and machinable. The divalent alkaline earth metal anions form stable oxides (alkaline earths) and carbonates. Additionally, they are less reactive than alkali metals (i.e., sodium and potassium) and they form hydroxides that are less soluble and less basic than the alkali metal hydroxides.
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Alkaline glaze

== Description ==
A ceramic glaze that has an alkaline flux, such as borax, potash, or soda ash (Mayer 1969). Alkaline glazes can produce brilliant colors, such as Egyptian blue, using low temperature firing. However, the alkali materials are often hygroscopic resulting in lumpy, poorly dispersed suspensions. In addition, if the composition contains too much alkali, the glaze maybe susceptible to crazing. A typical composition for an alkaline glaze is: alumina (10-15%), silica (30-70%), potash (up to 15%), lime (up to 15%) with variable small quantities of iron oxide, magnesia, and phosphates (Hodges, 1988).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
soda-lime glaze; glaçure alcaline (Fr.); alkalisch glazuur (Ned.); vidrado alcalino (Port.); soda lime glaze; potash-lime glaze, ash glaze; kiln ash glaze; salt glaze
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Alkaline reserve

== Description ==
A supply of an alkaline substance added to a material for the purpose of neutralizing future acidic components that may otherwise accumulate. As cellulosic materials are very sensitive to acid degradation, an alkaline reserve is sometimes added to archival papers and treated papers to minimize acid produced embrittlement, yellowing, and deterioration. Some substances that have been tried as alkaline reserves are: 
1) Aqueous solutions of [magnesium%20carbonate magnesium carbonate], calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium acetate, calcium acetate, calcium chloride, ammonium carbonate, borax, ammonium hydroxide; 
2) Alcoholic solutions of methoxy magnesium methyl carbonate, ethoxy magnesium ethyl carbonate, magnesium acetate; 
3) Vapor phase agents of ammonia, cyclohexylamine carbonate, morpholine, and diethylzinc.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
alkaline buffer; buffering; alkaline sizing; alkaline paper; alkaline sized paper; buffered paper
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
A 3% reserve is generally recommended.
==Resources and Citations==
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Roy Perkinson, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Alkalization

== Description ==
turned off for now- not a material***Alkalization is the term used when an acidic or neutral material is made alkaline. For cellulosic materials a mild alkaline substance, such as calcium carbonate, can be used to neutralize acidic components present in a paper at a pH of 7.0. For alkalization, an excess of alkaline material is added to the paper to raise its pH above 7; the excess material is called an alkaline reserve.
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Alkane

== Description ==
A compound in the homologous series of saturated, aliphatic hydrocarbons with the basic formula of (CnH2n+2). Examples are methane, ethane and propane. See also paraffin, and aliphatic hydrocarbon.
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Alkanet

== Description ==
A natural red dye obtained from the roots of two species of plants. In the near East and Europe, alkanet is extracted from the false alkanet plant, Anchusa officinalis (and A. tinctoria). In Asia, alkanet is extracted from the true alkanet plant, Lawsonia alba. Alkanet was used in late Egyptian times through the Middle Ages at which time its use was discontinued because of poor lightfastness. Alkanet roots produces a deep red color that is soluble in weak acids, alcohols, oils, and other organic solvents. The primary colorant is alkannin. Since alkanet gives a blue tone in basic solutions, it is sometimes used as an acid-base indicator. The colorant has been used as a cosmetic, textile dye, wood stain, lake pigment, and for medicinal purposes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Anchusa officinalis (common bugloss); Anchusa tinctoria (Dyer's bugloss); Natural Red 20; CI 75530; anchusa (Esp.); alcanna (Fr.); orcannette (Fr.); orkanette (Deut.); ancuse (It.); Boettger's paper; anchusin paper; dyer's alkanet; bugloss; violet carmine; aldanet; alkannin; orchanet; orkane
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Alkannin is soluble in alcohols, oils and other organic solvents. Alkannin is slightly soluble in water. 
Alkannin forms a deep blue solution with alkalis and a purple precipitate with bichloride of tin.
== Resources and Citations ==
* J.Hofenk-de Graaf, Natural Dyestuffs: Origin, Chemical Constitution, Identification, Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, September 1969.
* R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Palmy Weigle, Ancient Dyes for Modern Weavers, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1974
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
* J. Thornton, 'The Use of Dyes and Colored Varnishes in Wood Polychromy', Painted Wood: History and Conservation, The Getty Conservation Insitute, Los Angeles, 1998
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 184
* Website: http://www.coloria.net/varita.htm - NR 20, 75520
* Wikipedia at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: alkanet
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Alkannin

== Description ==
The red crystalline colorant obtained from the alkanet root, Alkanna tinctoria. Alkannin is an indicator appearing red at pH 6.1, purple at pH 8.8, and blue at pH 10.0. Alkannin pH indicator paper is similar to litmus paper. It is prepared by dying white paper with a 1% dye solution. When used, alkalis turn the paper green or blue and acids appear red. Alkannin is also used as a red colorant in food stuffs and cosmetics.
See alkanet.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
alkannin paper; anchusa acid; anchusin; alkanna red; alkanet extract; Natural Red 20; CI 75530
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Alkannin is soluble in alcohols, oils and other organic solvents. Alkannin is slightly soluble in water. 
Alkannin forms a deep blue solution with alkalis and a purple precipitate with bichloride of tin.
Composition 	C16H16O5
Melting Point 	149 C
Molecular Weight	288.29
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 184
* The Merck Index, Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: entry 238
Category:Materials database
Alkathene

== Description ==
[ICI, England] The commercial product name for polyethylene when first released by ICI in 1939. Alkathene has since become a commonly used name for the waxy, white, thermoplastic polymer that can be injection molded into numerous shapes. Kitchenware items made of Alkathene were popular in the 1950s (see also Tupperware®).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Alkathene® [Qenos]; polyethylene
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* History of Plastics at http://www.mlaust.com/HistoryofPlastics.shtml
Category:Materials database
Alkene

== Description ==
A compound in the homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons that contain only one double bond. The basic formula for the group is (CnH2n). Examples are ethylene and propylene.
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Alkoxysilane

== Description ==
A general name for chemically reactive silane compounds. Alkoxysilanes were introduced in the 1980s as sealers and consolidants for concrete and sandstones. The silane solution penetrates well into the pores of the stone and deposits a nonlinear glasslike matrix of silicon dioxide. Examples of alkoxysilanes are polydimethylloxysiloxane (often used in sol gels), methyltrimethoxysilane, alkytrialkoxysilane, and tetraethoxysilane. They are used alone or in combination with acrylic resins.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
polyalkoxysilane; polysillicate; ConservareOH [Prosoco]
== Risks ==
Evolves methane during cure.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Hydrolysis is catalyzed by either an acid (hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, or nitric acid) or base (ammonia, ammonium carbonate, triethanolamine, calcium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, etc.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Gerald Larson, 'An Introduction to Oganosilicon Chemistry', Petrarch Systems, Bristol PA.
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
* George Wheeler paper at www.b72.com/objects/stone/consolidants.html (accessed Aug. 1998)
Category:Materials database
Alkyd resin

== Description ==
A thermoset polymer made by the esterification of a polybasic acid with a polyhydric alcohol (glycol, glycerol, etc.). Alkyds were first synthesized in 1901 by J.Smith and later patented by General Electric in 1914. The first commerciallized alkyd paint was Glyptal made by GE in 1926. As paints, alkyds are commonly combined with oils (safflower, soybean, linseed, etc.) to form durable, resistant, nonyellowing paints. Oil-modified alkyds made with small amounts of added oil (30-45%) are called short-oil alkyds and are commonly used in baked enamel finishes on metal appliances and automobiles. Alkyds modified with greater amounts of oil (56-70%), called long-oil alkyds, have been used as house paints, artist paints (Griffin), and varnishes. They have good color retention and drying speeds that are faster than oil paints. In addition, alkyd coatings and paints produce a glossy, hard, tough, and durable finish. They do, however, have a tendency to drip and wrinkle in thick areas. The first molded alkyd resins were produced in 1948. The thermosetting resin has been used to make make car parts, electric switches, engine insulators, electronic components, and television parts.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
résine alkyde (Fr.); resina alquid (Esp.); resina gliceroftálica (Esp.); resina alchidica (It.); resina alquidica (Port.); glycerophthalic resin 
Examples: Glyptal;Griffin [Winsor & Newton]; Galkyd Painting Medium [Gamblin];
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==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas J.S. Learner, Analysis of Modern Paints, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2004.
* H. Standeven, "Problems associated with the use of gloss house-hold paints by 20th century artists" V&A Conservation Journal, Summer 2003, number 44. Link
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 26, 624
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Matte Paint: Its history and technology, analysis, properties and conservation treatment, Eric Hansen, Sue Walston, Mitchell Bishop (ed.), J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, Vol. 30 of AATA, 1993
* C.V.Horie, Materials for Conservation, Butterworth-Heineman, London, 1997
* Jo Crook, Tom Learner, Modern Paints, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 2000 Comment: date = 1927
* M.Phillips, 'A Survey of Paint Technology', Paint in America, R. Moss, ed., Preservation Press, New York, 1994
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* History of Plastics at www.nswpmith.com.au/historyofplastics.html : source of all dates in record
* Plastics Museum at http://www.sandretto.it/museo/inglese/eplasti.htm
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Alkyne

== Description ==
A compound in the homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons that have only one triple bond between two carbon atoms. The basic formula for the group is (CnH2n-2). Examples are acetylene (or ethyne) and crotonylene (or butyne).
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Allethrin

== Description ==
A synthetic pyrethin type pesticide most often used for flying insects, such as mosquitos and no-seeums.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bioallethrin; allethrine; chrysanthemummonocarbonxylic acid allethrolone ester; Exthrin; Necarbonxylic acid; Pallethrine, Pynamin, Pyresin
== Risks ==
* Skin irritant. 
* May cause headache, dizziness, nausea.
* Cayman Chemical: SDS
Category:Materials database
Alligator crack

== Description ==
A checkered crack pattern that resembles alligator scales. The grid most often occurs on thick varnishes or paints. It is often due to the drying and subsequent shrinkage of an outer surface while the inner material is still soft. Alligatoring can also occur when a high shrinkage coating adheres poorly to its substrate.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
alligatoring; alligator crackle; traction crackle
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Dictionary of Conservation Terms, European Union, 2003 Comment: synonym = traction crackle
* Matte Paint: Its history and technology, analysis, properties and conservation treatment, Eric Hansen, Sue Walston, Mitchell Bishop (ed.), J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, Vol. 30 of AATA, 1993
Category:Materials database