nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Chalcopyrite

== Description ==
A common mineral composed of copper iron sulfide. Chalcopyrite has brassy yellow crystals with a metallic luster and greenish or purplish iridescence. Chalcopyrite is an important source for copper and is mined in Canada (Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia), Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Japan (Ani), England (Cornwall), Germany (Saxony), France (Alsace), Spain (Rio Tinto) and the U.S. (Montana, Arizona, Utah, Tennessee, Missouri, Wisconsin).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
copper pyrite; peacock ore; yellow copper; copper yellow; Chalcopyrit (Deut.); Chalkopyrit (Deut.); Kupferkies (Deut.); calcopirita (Esp.); chalcopyrite (Fr.); chalcopyriet (Ned.); calcopirite (Port.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Chalcopyrite Raman RRUFF R050018.png~Raman (RRUFF)|Chalcopyriteitaly2.jpg~Raman (U of Parma)]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Tetragonal crystal system, often with repeated twinning. 
* Fracture = uneven, brittle. 
* Luster = metallic. 
* Streak =greenish-black. 
* Soluble in nitric acid. 
* Magnetic on heating
Composition 	CuFeS2
Mohs Hardness	3.5 - 4.0
Melting Point	950 C
Density 	4.1-4.3 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Chalcopyrite
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "chalcopyrite" [Accessed December 11, 2001].
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcopyrite (accessed Sept. 2, 2005)
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 231
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Challis

== Description ==
A soft, lightweight fabric woven from wool, cotton, rayon, or other staple fiber. Challis originated in England. The plain weave fabric is often printed with a delicate figured or floral design. Challis is used for scarves, dresses, and blouses.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
challie; chally; shalle
== Additional Images ==
File:wool challis new.jpg|Wool challis
File:wool challis_100X.jpg|Wool challis at 100x
File:wool challis_100X_pol.jpg|Wool challis at 100x polarized light
File:Image3_802544.jpg|Spun viscose challis
== Resources and Citations ==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Website: www.fabrics.net
Category:Materials database
Chambray

== Description ==
A lightweight fabric woven with a colored warp and a white filling. Chambray fabrics are made from cotton, silk or linen with a plain weave. It has a white selvage. Chambray is used for shirts, dresses, linings and children's clothing.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cambray (Esp.); chambray (weefsel met witte inslag en gekleurde ketting) (Ned)
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 247
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Chamois

== Description ==
1) An obsolete name for a dull yellow ochre pigment (Mayer 1969). 
2) A small goatlike antelope, Rupicapra rupicapra, native to the mountainous regions of Europe and the Caucasians. The soft, supple leather prepared from the goat skin is also called chamois. See chamois leather, and PVA Chamois.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
2) Rupicapra rupicapra; gamuza (Esp.); camurça (Port.); chamois, gems, zeemleer (Ned);
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 181
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Chamois leather

== Description ==
The soft, supple yellow leather prepared from the skin of the chamois goats native to the Alps. Chamois leather was originally tanned with cod liver oil. It can be soaked in hot water and dried, but still remain soft and supple. Chamois is used for clothing and as blending, erasing and polishing cloths. Modern chamois leathers are prepared from inner side of sheepskins or lambskins. To use the name chamois, they must be split, oil-dressed, and mechanically sueded. Artificial chamois leathers are made from sheepskins tanned with formaldehyde or alum then impregnated with oil and sueded. Synthetic chamois cloths are made from polyvinyl alcohol fibers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chamois (Fr.); zeemleer (Ned); chammy; shammy; shamoy
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 181
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* American Leather Chemists Association Glossary at www.leatherchemists.org
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Chamomile dye

== Description ==
A yellow dye obtained from perennial herbs such as chamomile (Anthemis nobilis), corn chamomile (Anthemis arvensis), or dyer's chamomile (Anthemis tinctoria) that are native to Europe. Chamomile has been grown in gardens since medieval times as ground cover between stones in a walking path. The dried flowers, obtained from the plants or teabags, are used to produce a buff color on wool with an aluminum mordant and a golden color on wool with a chrome mordant.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Anthemis nobilis (chamomile), Anthemis arvensis (corn chamomile); Anthemis tinctoria (dyer's chamomile, yellow chamomile, golden chamomile, or golden marguerite); CI 75580; Natural Yellow 1; camomila (Esp., Port.); manzanilla (Esp.); camomilla (It.); apigenin; camomile
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Composition	C15H10O5
CAS 	520-36-5
==Resources and Citations==
* R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
* S. M. Robertson, Dyes From Plants, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1973
* Helmut Schweppe, Schweppe color collection index and information book
* Palmy Weigle, Ancient Dyes for Modern Weavers, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1974
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 2082
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Colour Index International online at www.colour-index.org
* Sigma Dyes, Stains and Natural Pigments, Infrared Library, Nicolet, 1991-1995
Category:Materials database
Champlain marbles

== Description ==
The commercial name for several colors of dolomitic marble quarried near Lake Champlain, Vermont since 1664. Champlain marbles contain high quantities of silica resulting in a hard marble that polishes to a high gloss. These marbles have been used in all parts of the U.S. for decoration and floors (Lent 1925). 
* Champlain Black -a hard black marble with occasional white fossil shells 
* Isle la Motte and Fisk Black - same as Champlain black 
* Royal Red - dark reddish-brown with lighter clouds and white streaks 
* Jasper - red background with pink and white brecciated corals 
* Lyonnais - a red and brown marble with occasional white spots 
* Olive - a pale greenish-gray with streaks of pinkish-gray 
* Oriental - a dark reddish brown with purplish markings and white spots. 
* Winooski - same as Lyonnais
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Champlain Black; Fisk Black; Royal Red; Jasper; Lyonnais; Olive; Oriental; Winooski
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Champlevé enamel

== Description ==
An enamel prepared by filling a recessed design in the metal with glass powder. The piece is then fired, smoothed to a uniform level and polished. Champlevé enamel technique was used by the Britons prior to the Roman conquest (Oxford Art). Provincial Roman and the subsequent Celtic enamels were produced on a bronze base and by the 12th century, copper was used as the base metal for champlevé enamelling. Copper ground was inexpensive but required opaque enamel colors since the copper discolored when fired.
==Resources and Citations==
* Oxford Art Online: at http://www.oxfordartonline.com www.oxfordartonline.com
Category:Materials database
Chantilly lace

== Description ==
A delicate, handmade bobbin lace from silk, cotton, or linen. Chantilly lace was first produced in Chantilly, France in the 17th century from linen. By the mid-18th century, the lace patterns were made with white, black, or blonde silk threads. Good quality machine-made imitations were sold by 1840. Chantilly laces had a characteristic double background and scalloped edges with designs of flowers in vases or baskets. They were used for bridal gowns and evening gowns.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
de lace; encaje chantilly (Esp.); Chantillykant (Ned);
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Chantilly Lace." Accessed 2 Aug. 2004.
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantilly_lace (Accessed Oct. 18, 2005)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Charbonnel Restoration Colors

== Description ==
[Lefranc & Bourgeois] A brand name for a series of paints based on a mixture of acrylic and ketonic resins. Charbonnel Restoration Colors are available in 33 colors. The consistency is similar to oils and the films dry by evaporation of the solvent. Charbonnel Restoration Colors are described as non-yellowing, permanently flexible, strongly pigmented, and highly lightfast.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Lefranc & Bourgeois Colors; Charbonnel Colori per il restauro (It.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|LeFrancyellowMFAIR.jpg~FTIR]]]
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
The paints thin with turpentine or mineral spirits and the dried films may also be removed with these solvents. The dried film is also soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons admixed with either acetone or an aromatic solvent.
==Resources and Citations==
* C. Metzger, Submitted indformation, Feb. 23, 2010
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
Category:Materials database
Charcoal

== Description ==
A black, porous carbonaceous material. Charcoal is the carbon containing residue from burned wood (e.g., willow, maple, beech, linden or plum) or other organic containing materials such as bone, plants or animals. Charcoal contains 80 to 98% carbon with some ash and moisture. Charcoal has been used since ancient times as a drawing material and pigment (see charcoal black). Charcoal is also sold commercially as a fuel, abrasive, sorbent, filter media, and decolorizer. 
See also activated carbon, and charcoal crayon.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
trækul (Dan.); negro carbón (Esp.); carbón vegetal (Esp.); Holzkohle (Deut.); charbon de bois (Fr.); karboyno (Gr.); carbonella (It.); carbone (It.); carbo ligni (Lat.); houtskool zwart (Ned.); carvão vegetal (Port.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|PIG508.jpg~XRD|f508sem.jpg~SEM|f508edsbw.jpg~EDS]]]
== Risks ==
Fire risk. May ignite spontaneously in air.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Microscopically, tiny wood splinters may be visible.
Density	oak=0.57; pine=0.28-0.44
== Additional Images ==
File:natvscomp charcoal.jpg|Charcoal
File:willow_charcoal_gen5.jpg|Willow charcoal sticks
File:SEM of charcoal.jpg|Charcoal mark on paper
File:charcoal C100x.jpg|Charcoal
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 182
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal (Accessed Sept. 2 2005)
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density for oak=0.57; pine=0.28-0.44
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Charcoal black

== Description ==
A black pigment prepared from the porous black residue left on the oven walls after the destructive distillation of wood. Charcoal black has been used as a pigment and writing tool since ancient times. The best charcoal black is produced from willow, basswood, beech, birch, maple, or other even-textured wood (Gettens and Stout 1966). The residue is ground then washed to removed an potash. Charcoal contains about 80-98% carbon with some ash and moisture. The gray-black powder is porous and light, but it has poor covering properties and is seldom used in paints. Charcoal black has been used for preliminary sketches, cartoons, pouncing, and underdrawings (Ellis 1999). It produces a soft, easily smudged drawing that is often sprayed with a fixative to prevent smears. Charcoal black was also used as a pigment in English house paints. 
See also carbon black, charcoal, and charcoal crayon.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pigment Black 8; CI 77268; Pflanzenschwarz (Deut.); noir de charbon de bois (Fr.); carboncillo (Esp.); nero di carbone (It.); negro de carvão (Port.); charcoal grey; peach black; vegetable black; vine black; birch black; blue black; soft black; willow black; beech black
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Particles are small, elongated and splintery 
* ASTM (1999) lightfastness = I (excellent)
* Refractive Index = opaque
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Slide14 F508.PNG~XRF]]]
== Resources and Citations ==
* J.Winter, "The Characterization of Pigments Based on Carbon" Studies in Conservation 28:49-66, 1983. 
* M.Holben Ellis, "Charcoal (Wood and Vine)" in Media and Techniques of Works of Art on Paper, New York University Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York, 1999.
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* R. Newman, E. Farrell, 'House Paint Pigments', Paint in America , R. Moss ed., Preservation Press, New York City, 1994
* Monona Rossol, The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide, Allworth Press, New York, 1994
Category:Materials database
Charcoal crayon

== Description ==
While charred sticks have been used since ancient times as a drawing tool, charcoal crayons, were not developed until the mid 19th century. Charcoal crayons, or compressed charcoal, contain finely ground charcoal that has been pressed into sticks with little to no added binder (Stratis 1999). The sticks are fired then enclosed in soft wooden casings. Charcoal crayons produce a denser, darker color than charcoal sticks. Although its lines do not smear as readily as charcoal, they are still sprayed with a fixative to prevent smudging.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
charcoal pencil; charcoal stick; matita al carboncino (It.); lápis de carvão (Port.); compressed charcoal
== Resources and Citations ==
* H.Stratis, "Compressed Charcoal" in Media & Techniques of Works of Art on Paper, New York University, 1999.
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Charcoal paper

== Description ==
A drawing paper designed for use with charcoal crayons. Charcoal paper has a porous finish that hold the carbon particles well. It is usually made of high rag content pulp.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
drawing paper; papier à fusain (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Chardonnet silk

== Description ==
The first synthetic fiber. Chardonnet silk was the commercial product name for a regenerated cellulose fiber developed by Count Hilaire de Chardonnet in France in 1884. In 1920 DuPont purchased the rights to the process and sold the fibers as Fibersilk. Using the Chardonnet process, a cellulose nitrate solution was pressed through the holes of a spinneret to form fibers. Once the fibers were dried, they were chemically treated to convert the cellulose nitrate back into cellulose. Only small amounts of Chardonnet silk were made because the cellulose nitrate mixture and fibers were flammable and explosive.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Fibersilk
==Resources and Citations==
* The Textile Institute, Identification of Textile Materials Manchester England, 1985.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 654
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Identification of Textile Materials, The Textile Institute, Manchester, England, 1985
* History of Plastics: www.nswpmith.com.au/historyofplastics
Category:Materials database
Charmeuse

==Description==
a lightweight fabric woven with a satin weave, in which the warp threads cross over four or more of the backing (weft) threads. These float threads give the front of the fabric a smooth, shiny finish, whereas the back has a dull finish. Charmeuse differs from plain satin in that charmeuse has a different ratio of float (face) threads, and is of a lighter weight. Charmeuse may be made of silk, polyester, or Rayon. Charmeuse woven from blended fibers has also become more common. It is used in women's clothing such as lingerie, evening gowns, and blouses, especially garments with a bias cut.
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmeuse
Category:Materials database
Chay root

== Description ==
A natural red dye extracted from the root of the chay plant, Oldenlandia umbellata (or Hedyotis umbellata), that is found in the sandy plains of India and southeast Asia. Chay root was used for dying fabrics. The principle colorants are anthragallol-1,3-dimethyl ether, anthragallol-1,2-dimethyl ether and alizarin. It has good lightfastness.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Oldenlandia umbellata; Hedyotis umbellata ;Natural Red 6; Indian madder; robbia indiana (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* H.Schweppe, J.Winter, "Madder and Alizarin", Artists Pigments, Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Cheesecloth

== Description ==
A lightweight, loosely woven unsized cotton fabric. Cheesecloth is very absorbent and lint-free. Cheesecloth was originally used for wrapping cheese and meat. It has since been used for lining, filtering (dyes, varnishes, etc.), polishing, and bandaging. Cheesecloth used to line the spines of books was usually sized.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gasa rectilínea (Esp.); kaasdoek (Ned); butter muslin; beef cloth;
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 183
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database