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STANDARD 9: The Design Planning Process

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==STANDARD 9: The Design Planning Process The exhibit design plan must meet the Conservation Requirements that were established for the exhibit objects to go on exhibition== 
click on the individual Guidelines below to read more information 
 Guideline 9.1: The exhibit team collaborates with the designer to select conservation safeguards that will best meet the Conservation Requirements
:Why is teamwork necessary in selecting options to meet the Conservation Requirements?
:What are the main approaches to meeting the Conservation Requirements?
:An example of the different approaches to meeting the Conservation Requirements: Meeting Security Requirements
:What variables should the team consider when creating a plan to meet the Conservation Requirements?
 Guideline 9.2: The exhibit team collaborates with technical specialists to select the best safeguards for meeting the Conservation Requirements
:Which technical specialists can assist in selecting safeguards to meet the Conservation Requirements?
 Guideline 9.3: The exhibit team carefully considers the scale on which to respond to each Conservation Requirement 
:What is meant by the scale of response?
:What are important factors in deciding the scale of response to the various Conservation Requirements?
:An example of scale of response decision-making: Controlling Relative Humidity 
 Guideline 9.4: All conservation safeguards selected to protect objects and fulfill the Conservation Requirements can be maintained for the duration of the exhibit
:Why is proper maintenance of the conservation safeguards essential to fulfilling the Conservation Requirements?
:What steps can the exhibit team take to ensure conservation safeguards will be effectively maintained?
 Guideline 9.5: The exhibit design includes back-up conservation safeguards 
:When is it important to include back-up safeguards?
:Examples of back-up safeguards
 Guideline 9.6: Responsibility for implementing the conservation safeguards selected to fulfill the Conservation Requirements is clearly defined and communicated to all project participants
:Why is it essential to record all decisions concerning responsibility for implementing the conservation safeguards?
:Why should decisions be communicated to all project participants?
Category:Exhibition
Category:Exhibit Design
Category: Standards & Guidelines
Salted Paper and Calotype Prints

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Photographic Materials Conservation Catalog 
Photographic Processes
Date: Initiated June 2012 
Contributor: Amanda Maloney, Stephanie Watkins
The Photographic Materials Conservation Catalog is created and maintained by the Photographic Materials Group of the American Institute for Conservation for the convenience of the membership. The treatments, methods, or techniques described herein are provided for informational purposes. The reader assumes responsibility for any application results or interpretation of information.
==Salted Paper and Calotype Prints==
Historical Facts
Invented: 
The first viable paper negative process was developed by William Henry Fox Talbot in the late 1830s. In 1847 Louis-Désiré Blanquart-Evrard developed a simplified version of Talbot’s formula and published it in France. 
Patented: The first salt-print negative process was patented by William Henry Fox Talbot in England 1841 and called a calotype. 
Historic Practioners: 
Talbot, Hill and Adamson, Louis-Désiré Blanquart-Evrard, Gustave Le Gray, Édouard Baldus, Heri Le Secq,
Contemporary Practioners:
Identification Characteristics
Image layer: 
The image is formed by silver deposited directly in the paper support.
Color: Range from warm brown to cool gray tones.
Support: paper, initially stationery, later wove papers that can withstand prolonged water immersion
Analysis:
 (Non-destructive) XRF can be used to identify the silver image and also detect sulfur if the image has been fixed in sodium thiosulfate. 
(Destructive) GC-MS may be used to identify coating materials. 
Basic Process Overview
Types of Deterioration
Housing and Storage Considerations
Temperature: A stable temperature between 18 and 30°C is necessary to avoid embrittlement, melting, or developing a bloom. Cold storage is not advisable unless rigorous handling and acclimatization procedures are in place. 
Relative Humidity: Between 30% and 50% to avoid saponification and biodeterioration. 
Housing: There are a variety of good choices of paper and plastic materials that have passed the PAT and are suitable for housing paper. One must consider all factors (research, access, preservation, exhibition, art in transit) and balance the pros and cons for a specific collection. 
Emergency Recovery
Helpful Treatment Techniques, Things to Know, and CAUTIONS!
Resources
Conservation
Process and Historic Material
Root, M.A. 1864. The Camera and the Pencil, History of the Heliographic Art, Philadelphia
Scully, France and Osterman, 2009, Mark, "Scully and Osterman" website: http://www.collodion.org/q&a_salt.html
Contemporary Practice
Category:Photographic Materials
Category: Photographic Processes
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Scaling

"Detachment of stone as a scale or a stack of scales, not following any stone structure and detaching like fish scales or parallel to the stone surface. The thickness of a scale is generally of millimetric to centimetric scale, and is negligeable compared to its surface dimension." International Council on Monuments & Sites, Illustrated Glossary on Stone Deterioration Patterns. May also occur as a form of weathering, primarily on rocks or rocky surfaces that reside in a salt ladened environment.
 
==Related Terms==
Flaking
Weathering
=== Synonyms in English ===
Contour Scaling
=== Translation ===
English 	scaling
French 	desquamation
Spanish 	desincrustación
Portuguese 	
Italian 	
German 	schuppen
Russian 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	片狀剝落
==Discussion==
Appears to primarily be an issue within sandstone which easily erodes. Is also affected by the conditions of the weathering process and from the salinity of the air.
==References==
Category:Lexicon
Category:Condition Terms
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Scrapbook (book binding structure)

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A book used to store a variety of memorabilia, such as clippings, pictures, and photographs. Generally produced as a blank book and then filled in by the user, though printed and manuscript volumes have been reused as scrapbooks. A scrapbook is distinguished from a photographic album (photo album) by the variety of materials it contains, though there is significant overlap between the two in terms of structure and function.
 
==Related Terms==
=== Synonyms in English ===
album, blank book, blankbook, scrap album, scrap-book
=== Translation ===
English 	scrapbook
French 	recueil de collages, un scrapbook
French (Québec) 	créacollage, collimage
Spanish 	álbum de recortes
Portuguese 	
Italian 	album di ritagli
German 	Sammelalbum
Russian 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	剪貼簿
Chinese 	jiǎn tiē bù (transliterated Hanyu Pinyin), jian tie bu (transliterated Pinyin without tones), chien t'ieh pu (transliterated Wade-Giles)
Dutch 	plakboeken, plakboek
Swedish 	klippalbum, klippbok
==Discussion==
A more in-depth discussion of the nature of scrapbooks and their conservation and preservation is located in the Book Conservation Wiki's page on BPG Scrapbooks.
==References==
"Scrapbook." 2005. A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology. Society of American Archivists. Accessed August 12, 2015. http://www2.archivists.org/glossary.
"Scrapbooking" Wikipédia (French). Accessed August 12, 2015. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrapbooking.
"Scrapbooks". 2004. Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Trust. Accessed August 12, 2015. http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/.
Etherington, Don, and Roberts, Matt T. 1982. "Blankbook". Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books, A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology. Accessed August 12, 2015. http://cool.conservation-us.org/don//.
Horton, Richard. 2000. “Glossary of Terms Relating to Photo Albums” in Conservation of Scrapbooks and Albums: Postprints of the Book and Paper Group/Photographic Materials Group Joint Session at the 27th Annual Meeting of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. 21-28. AIC, Washington, DC. Note that this term was accidentally omitted from the 2011 version of this text.
Horton, Richard. 2012. “Glossary” in Hand Bookbinder's Guide to Making Photo Albums. 75-88. Published by the author.
Category:Lexicon
Category:Book & Paper
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Sharing Your Work

Navigate back to Emerging Conservation Professionals
This page includes information about how to best showcase and share your work in various formats. 
== Resume and Curriculum Vitae ==
This page discusses the differences between a resume and a curriculum vitae; how to effectively format these documents for maximum impact and legibility; and how to update these documents as your career evolves.
== Portfolios ==
Navigate to this page for guidelines on how to prepare and maintain a portfolio at all career stages. 
== Presenting Talks and Posters ==
This page presents a summary of an ECPN webinar from 2015, "Presenting Talks and Posters," including tips for public speaking and creating a visually engaging powerpoint.
== Publishing ==
Click here for an overview of the 2015 ECPN webinar "Demystifying the Publication Process in Conservation," with a focus on different publication venues and the process of writing a peer-reviewed article.
Category:Education & Professional DevelopmentCategory: Emerging Conservation Professionals
Shattering

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Broken into many small pieces. In regard to textiles, usually silk, the term refers to loss of fiber strength resulting in linear breaks.
 
==Related Terms==
embrittlement
=== Synonyms in English ===
=== Translation ===
English 	shattering
French 	
Spanish 	
Portuguese 	
Italian 	
German 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	碎裂 (織品)
==Discussion==
==References==
Category:Lexicon
Category:Condition Terms
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Shrinkage

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The act or fact of shrinking; reduction in the size or volume of a substance or material due to contraction such as is caused by heat, cold, or wet Shrinkage. (2015). In Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/178902?redirectedFrom=shrinkage&
==Related Terms==
=== Synonyms in English ===
diminishment, diminution, reduction, loss
=== Translation ===
English 	shrinkage
French 	rétrécissement
Spanish 	encogimiento
Portuguese 	encolhimento
Italian 	restringimento
German 	schwund
Russian 	усадка
Arabic 	انكماش
Chinese (Traditional)	收縮
==Discussion==
Shrinking can happen in organic materials including cotton, linen, and even wood. Like all organic materials, the cellulosic fibers in linen and cotton fabrics swell as they absorb moisture. This swelling then leads to an increase in the diameter of the yarns that make up the fabric, and as the yarns expand at high moisture levels, the canvas itself shrinks. Pocobene, G. & Hodkinson, I. (1992). Use of a pressure-sensitive adhesive to facilitate the transfer of a severely tented painting. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 31(2). Retrieved from http://cool.conservation-us.org/jaic/articles/jaic31-02-002.html 
Shrinking in wood occurs in response to variations in moisture content, determined by the relative humidity of its environment. Williams, M. A. (1996). Preservation and care of furniture and wooden objects. American Conservation Consortium. Retrieved from http://www.conservator.com/preservation_and_care.htm So as the relative humidity of the environment rises, wood absorbs moisture and expands, and when the relative humidity falls, wood gives up moisture and contracts. Williams, M. A. (1996). Preservation and care of furniture and wooden objects. American Conservation Consortium. Retrieved from http://www.conservator.com/preservation_and_care.htm
According to the Conservation Center The dutch method as an excellent approach in the treatment of severe shrinkage in canvases. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.theconservationcenter.com/article/677337-the-dutch-method-as-an-excellent, there is a technique to repair shrinkage called the "Dutch Method" that is used to stretch the canvas. The conservator removes the painting from the stretcher, removes the old lining canvas, and flattens the margins. Then strips of craft paper are adhered to the margins, wetted, and stretched onto a larger strainer. As the craft paper dries, the shrinking process carefully pulls the canvas, allowing the tented paint layer to settle back onto the surface. 
==References==
Category:Lexicon
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Silver mirroring

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Silver mirroring is a natural chemical process that affects photographic materials containing silver over time (Chen 2001). It results in a metallic sheen over the surface of the photograph, typically affecting the darker areas of a photograph most (Gawain Weaver 2011). 
=== Translation ===
English 	Silver mirroring
French 	Miroir d'argent
Spanish 	
Portuguese 	Espelho de prata
Italian 	
German 	
Russian 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	銀鏡現象
==Discussion==
Silver mirroring occurs when the silver in a photograph degrades. As the silver breaks down, some silver ions travel to the surface of the photograph and reduce to become silver sulfide, which produces a mirror-like deposit on the photograph (Gann et al. 2010). Silver mirroring can sometimes cause certain features of the photograph to become obscured (Chen 2001). This condition can be exacerbated by poor storage conditions, such as storing photographs in high-humidity areas (Gann et al. 2010).
==References==
Chen, Jiuan-jiuan. "Documenting Photographs: A Sample Book." Senior Specialization Project, Buffalo State University, 2001. http://paulmessier.com/pm/pdf/papers/documenting_photographs_chen.pdf
Gann, Lyzanne, et al. "Strategies for Treatment of Silver Mirroring." March 2010. Accessed April 20, 2014. http://www.conservation-wiki.com/wiki/PMG_Silver_Mirroring
Gawain Weaver Arts Conservation. "Conservation of a gelatin silver print by August Sander." September 1, 2011. Accessed April 23, 2014. http://gawainweaver.com/news/News-conservation-gelatin-silver-print-august-sander/
Category:Lexicon
Category:Photographic Materials
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Sintra

Sintra is a lightweight expanded polyvinyl chloride (PVC) board manufactured by 3A Composites. Sintra has been used in signage and display applications, as well as in exhibition cases as a deck and backboard material. It is available in the following colors: bright white, black, gray, light gray, dark red, bright yellow, dark green, and dark blue.
Create the page for Sintra on Cameo: CAMEO: Conservation & Art Materials Encyclopedia Online
 Back to Oddy Tests: Materials Databases
Skinning

Skinning is an abrasion of original surface material (e.g. paint or paper) by inexpert cleansing. 
== Related Terms ==
Over-cleaning
=== Synonyms in English ===
=== Translation ===
English 	
Dutch 	
French 	
Spanish 	desollado
Portuguese 	
Italian 	
German 	
Russian 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	變薄
==Discussion==
Skinning often emphasizes the weave of the canvas, since paint is removed from the raised portions of the painting's surface.http://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1439925170537 Skinning can also be extended to works on paper,in which a layer of the paper surface has been removed. http://www.artcareinc.com/Paper_Conservation_Terms.html An example of skinning occuring to a paper object could be when sticky tape is pulled off the surface in an effort to restore the object to its original state.https://aiccm.org.au/conservation/visual-glossary/skinning --TFann (talk) 21:43, 26 October 2015 (CDT)
Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections (SPNHC)

==Preservation Wikis and SPNHC== 
The Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections (SPNHC) is an international society whose mission is to improve the preservation, conservation and management of natural history collections to ensure their continuing value to society. The SPNHC wiki was created to foster that mission by allowing an open forum for museum professionals to access, add and comment on documents, procedures, and practices related to natural history collections care.
Category:Allied Organizations
Solvent Disposal

Something as simple as some chemical compounds in the solvents we use become pollutants when they enter the environment through off-gassing or disposal with the potential to adversely impact ecosystems. One thing to keep in mind is that our definitions of what pollutants are changes, almost daily, as we learn more and more about potential adverse effects through on-going research.
In 2001 the Health and Safety Committee published, as a special insert to the AIC newsletter, an article entitled Waste Management for Conservators that provides an excellent overview of the issues and our responsibilities. This document is now in the Health and Safety wiki.
Spall

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* A small fragment of a fragile art work with jagged edges.
* “Small fragments of glass, pottery, stone or other brittle object with a sharp or ragged edge (AAT 2004).”
* “An irregular sized chip or fragment from a ceramic, masonry, stone, or ore surface.’ ‘Spalling, or breaking up, of the surfaces are often induced by freeze-thaw action, corrosion, or salt formation (MFA Boston 2013).”
* “Defect in repeatedly fired clay materials where outer layers shrink and peel away—most often occurs in kiln hot-face when refractories are repeatedly fired beyond their rated temperature (Ceramic Arts Daily 2014).” 
==Related Terms==
=== Synonyms in English ===
flake/flaking (Note: refer to flaking definition.) 
"exfoliation and scaling" (MFA Boston 2013)
Translation (Homepage n.d.) 
Language 	Translation
Arabic 	شظية
English 	spall
French 	Le Morceau
German 	splitt
Italian 	frammento
Portuguese 	Lascar
Russian 	обломок
Spanish 	fragmento
Chinese (Traditional)	碎片
Discussion
In climates where stone or ceramic items rest outside and are exposed to the elements on a regular basis (i.e. buildings that have gargoyles on their roofs or ceramic pots for plants), they are more at risk for spalling. “Freeze-thaw cycles can result in spalling, or delamination of the stone surface, eventually leaving no more than a shapeless mass in a relatively short amount of time (Encyclopedia Britannica Online 2015).”
This can also happen with ceramics where there is a “defect in repeatedly fired clay materials where outer layers shrink and peel away—most often occurs in kiln hot-face when refractories are repeatedly fired beyond their rated temperature (Ceramic Arts Daily 2014).”
==References==
Encyclopedia Britannica Online, s. v. "art conservation and restoration", accessed March 23, 2015, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36477/art-conservation-and-restoration/225802/Stone-sculpture. 
Homepage. Google Translate. Accessed March 19, 2015. https://translate.google.com/?hl=en. 
MFA Boston. "Spall." CAMEO. Last modified July 24, 2013. Accessed March 22, 2015. http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Spall. 
Ovoid jar decorated with scale pattern in red. Photograph. MFA Boston. April 20, 2013. Accessed March 22, 2015. http://cameo.mfa.org/images/thumb/8/81/Image3_802414.jpg/180px-Image3_802414.jpg 
“Spall.” In Art & Architecture Thesaurus. J. Paul Getty Trust, 2004. Accessed March 22, 2015. http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=spall&logic=AND¬e=&english=N&prev_page=1&subjectid=300343517 
 "Spalling." In Glossary. Ceramic Arts Daily, 2014. Last modified 2007-2014. Accessed March 22, 2015. http://ceramicartsdaily.org/glossary/spalling/. 
CPaine (talk) 22:22, 28 March 2015 (CDT) *Note: photo added before the rest of my additions
Category:Lexicon
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Spatter

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Object covered with drops or spots of something. This can be from an accidental spray or splash of something. 
Commonly paint spatter, can be called paint deposits (NPS).
right|captionImage to the right -->
white paint spatter on 18th Century green Pennsylvania Windsor chair
==Related Terms==
=== Synonyms in English ===
shower, slosh, spray, sprinkle, squirt, wet
=== Translation ===
English 	spatter
French 	éclaboussure
Spanish 	salpicadura
Portuguese 	borrifo
Italian 	schizzare
German 	spritzer
Russian 	брызги
Arabic 	ترشيش
Chinese (Traditional)	潑濺
==Discussion==
It is best to cover objects if any painting in the same room is to be done. This will protect and avoid spatter.
==References==
2011. United Kingdom. The National Trust Manual of Housekeeping: Care and conservation of collections in historic houses. 
2005. National Park Service. Museum Handbook: Part 1, Museum Collections. http://www.nps.gov/museum/publications/MHI/MHI.pdf
Category:Lexicon
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Spew

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The substance deposited on the surface of leather. Spew is usually waxy and white or brown and oily. 
200px|thumb|right|Leather strap with crystals of spew seen across the surface
200px|thumb|right|White spew seen on untanned skin sandal strap
==Related Terms==
=== Synonyms in English ===
fatty bloom, fat bloom, fatty spew, spue
=== Translation ===
English 	spew
French 	
Spanish 	fluido oleoso
Portuguese 	
Italian 	
German 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	白霜 (皮革)
==Discussion==
The substance often found on leather goods is commonly referred to as spew. It is also known as “fatty bloom”, “fat bloom”, or “fatty spew” and can be either waxy or oil. The most common colors are white and brown. Spew is the result from fats and oils on the surface of the leather that solidify when exposed to air. 
==References==
"Leather and Skin." 2011. What's That White Stuff?. https://alaskawhitestuffid.wordpress.com/2011/08/09/leather-and-skin/
Roberts, Matt T., and Don Etheringon. 1982. Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books. A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology. http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/don.html. 
“Spew ID: 300251466.” 2000. Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Trust. http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/.
Category:Lexicon
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Stabilizing

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Verb: make or become unlikely to give way or overturn.
=== Synonyms in English ===
Balance, fix, maintain, preserve, secure, steady.
=== Translation ===
English 	Stabilizing
French 	Stabilisation
Spanish 	Estabilización
Italian 	Stabilizzazione
German 	Stabilisierung
Russian 	стабилизация
Chinese (Traditional)	鞏固
==Discussion==
Stabilizing an object is a key component of a conservationist job. The purpose of stabilization is to halt any deterioration or instability that an object may have in order to provide treatment or to implement a preservation plan over time. Objects such as textiles or pottery require conservationists who understand how to best treat those materials in a manner that will provide stability to a weak, broken, or deteriorating location on the object. "Stabilization does not attempt to make the object look new."(NPS.gov)
==References==
United States. National Park Service. (2015, March 27). Museum Conservation in the NPS: Stabilization. Retrieved March 27, 2015, from http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/conservation/stable.htm
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