nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago

The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (Chicago Fed) is one of 12 regional Federal Reserve system banks and serves the Seventh Federal Reserve District. The Chicago Fed regulates over 2,000 financial institutions in the northeastern Midwest and has offices in Des Moines, Chicago and Detroit. 
== History ==
The Chicago Fed was created with the Federal Reserve Bank system in 1913 and is one of 12 regional banks that reports to the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank in Washington, D.C. It currently oversees 2,640 depository institutions in Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan.
== Location == 
Initially the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago opened for business with 41 employees on two floors in the Rector Building at Clark and Monroe. By 1919, the Bank's 1,200 employees were scattered throughout the Chicago Loop. In some cases stenographers had to cross the street from one building to another and climb three flights of stairs to take dictation. Other problems cropped up: One building was overrun with rats, and another had heating deficiencies. Years later, two of the Bank's original employees wrote of trying to keep warm by resorting to the Dickensian solution of wrapping currency sacks around their feet. It was clear that new quarters were needed. Accordingly, the Chicago Fed purchased a 165 x 160-foot lot on LaSalle Street extending from Quincy Street to Jackson Boulevard. The 1918 annual report noted that the property was not only "the most desirable site" in the city for the Bank's purposes, but was "acquired at an exceedingly low cost, the purchase price being $2,936,149."
The current structure was designed by famed Chicago architectural firm Graham, Anderson, Probst and White and built in 1922. Over the years, the property has evolved as the Chicago Fed found itself needing more space. A 180,000-square-foot, 16-story addition was completed in 1960. And in the early 1980s, the bank underwent a major renovation to accommodate modern infrastructure and expand its space further. In 1986, the bank renovated its existing 820,000 square feet and added a 14-story, 165,000-square-foot addition. 
In 2001, the bank opened its 5,600-square-feet Money Museum for visitors. Free and open to the public, the museum offers visitors an interactive look at the role of the Federal Reserve in maintaining a healthy economy as well as a look at millions of dollars in various denominations; education on how to detect counterfeits.
== Key People ==
 President and Chief Executive Officer Charles L. Evans (left) was named in September 2007 as successor to the high-profile Michael Moskow to direct the Chicago Fed and serve on the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC,) which sets U.S. short-term interest rates. 
Gordon Werkema is the First Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. He, also, serves as the product director of the Federal Reserve System's National Customer Relations and Support Office. 
== References ==
Category: MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:Federal Reserve Banks
Category:Federal Reserve System
Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland

The Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland was established in 1914 as a part of the Federal Reserve System, the central bank of the United States. The Bank’s main office took up residence in its current home in the heart of downtown Cleveland in 1923.
The Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland serves the Ohio, western Pennsylvania, eastern Kentucky, and the northern panhandle of West Virginia. It is one of twelve regional Reserve Banks that, together with the Board of Governors in Washington, D.C, make up the Federal Reserve System. The Bank has offices in Cleveland, Cincinnati and Pittsburgh.
Sandra Pianalto took office on Feb. 1, 2003, as the tenth chief executive of the Fourth District Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.
== History ==
The Cleveland Fed began operating in 1914 and opened its current headquarters in 1923. 
Elvadore R. Fancher, the first governor, now called president and CEO of the Cleveland Federal Reserve bank, served from November 2, 1914 to January 16, 1935. He was involved in the planning and erection of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland building.
The second governor-president was Matthew J. Fleming, who served from January 19, 1935 to September 15, 1944.
Ray M. Gidney was the third president from November 1, 1944 to April 16, 1953.
Wilbur D. Fulton was the fourth president, from, May 14, 1953 to April 30, 1963, and was the first native Clevelander to head the Bank.
W. Braddock Hickman served as president from May 1, 1963 to November 28, 1970.
Willis J. Winn served as president from September 1, 1971 to April 30, 1982.
Karen N. Horn was the first woman to serve as president of a Federal Reserve Bank, doing so from May 1, 1982 to April 8, 1987.
W. Lee Hoskins was president from October 8, 1987 to November 15, 1991.
Jerry L. Jordan was president from March 1992 to January 31, 2003.
Sandra Pianalto was the second woman to serve as Cleveland Fed president and did so from February 1, 2003 to May 31, 2014.
Loretta J. Mester is the current president and CEO and assumed the role in June of 2014.
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
*Loretta J. Mester - President and CEO
*Greg Stefani - First Vice President and COO
== References ==
Category:Federal Reserve System
Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas

The Federal Reserve Bank Of Dallas is the eleventh district of the Federal Reserve System. Richard Fisher began his duties as the Bank’s 12th president and chief executive officer in 2005.
== History ==
On October 16, 1914, the first official meeting of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas board of directors was held in the Directors’ Room at City National Bank of Dallas, and on November 16, 1914, the Dallas Fed opened for business. Oscar Wells was appointed the first governor (later called president) of the Dallas Fed. R.L. Van Zandt is named the Bank’s first vice president.
== Products and Services ==
The US Treasury in 1999 selected the Dallas Fed to provide three new services:
*Along with Reserve Banks in Boston and Minneapolis, the Dallas Fed was chosen to operate a consolidated service center for TreasuryDirect, a program of the Treasury's Bureau of the Public Debt that allows investors to buy securities directly from the Treasury without the need for brokers or banks.
* The Dallas Fed was selected as the nation's central processor for Treasury coupons.
* The Treasury chose the Dallas Fed to manage the national Electronic Transfer Account (ETA) program, which targeted millions of federal benefit recipients currently receiving payment by check.
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City

Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City opened for business on Nov. 16, 1914. The Bank employs over 900 people and covers the 10th District of the Federal Reserve, which includes Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Wyoming, and portions of western Missouri and northern New Mexico. The Bank has branches in Denver, Oklahoma City, and Omaha.
Since 1978, the Kansas City Fed has held an annual symposium in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. The symposium brings together people from the Fed, the private sector and other parts of government. 
== History ==
The Federal Reserve was established by Congress and signed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1913. 
== Products and Services ==
*FedLine® Access Solutions
*Account Services
*Check Services
*FedACH® Services
*FedCash® Services
*FedComplete® Packages
*FedTransaction Analyzer®
*Fedwire® Services
*National Settlement Services
*Treasury Services
== Membership ==
Any state chartered bank may become a member of the Federal Reserve System. The 12 regional Reserve banks supervise state member banks as part of the Federal Reserve System's mandate to assure strength and stability in the nation's domestic markets and banking system. 
== Key People ==
*Esther L. George, President
*Kelly J. Dubbert, COO
*Barbara Mowry, Chair, CEO
== References ==
Category:Federal Reserve System
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis

The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, with one branch in Helena, Montana, serves the Ninth Federal Reserve District. Included in the district are Minnesota, Montana, North and South Dakota, 26 counties in northwestern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
Gary Stern became president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis in March 1985. Stern is one of seven members of senior management of the Bank. 
Stern has encouraged involvement in Federal Reserve System responsibilities. Recent assignments have included the Electronic Payments Product Office and selection as a savings bonds processing site. He has taken an active role in promoting awareness of the Minneapolis Fed through enhanced publications and district dialogues with community leaders.
==Functions==
As one of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks, the Minneapolis Fed carries out a variety of Federal Reserve System functions, including operating a nationwide payments system, distributing the nation's currency and coin, supervising and regulating member banks and bank holding companies, and serving as a banker for the U.S. Treasury.
==Location==
Minneapolis Fed headquarters are located downtown Minneapolis along the Mississippi River. 
== History ==
The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis was incorporated on May 18, 1914. Directors were elected during the summer of 1914. On October 1, 1914, the Federal Reserve Board appointed John Rich, a successful banker and businessman, to be Minneapolis' Federal Reserve Agent. At their first meeting on October 14-15, 1914, directors adopted by-laws, set up an executive committee, and appointed Theodore Wold chief administrative officer. As Minneapolis' first Governor, Wold assembled and organized the Fed's staff and coordinated work during the Bank's pioneer period as well as during World War I.
During World War I, the Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank expanded rapidly, peaking at 500 employees in 1918. This expansion was due to the Fed's responsibility, as agent for the U.S. Treasury Department, to issue war bonds. World War I also resulted in a shift in the predominately male work force. By 1918, women comprised about half of the Bank's staff. By 1943, the number of employees at the Minneapolis Fed had soared to over 900. 
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Federal Reserve Banks
Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia

The Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia is responsible for the Third District, which covers eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, and Delaware. Charles Plosser became the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia's 10th president and chief executive officer on Aug. 1, 2006.
The Philadelphia Fed is located at Ten Independence Mall, on the corner of 6th and Arch streets.
The Philadelphia Fed employs about 1,100 people. The Bank's check processing volume averages about 5.6 million checks each day. 
The Philadelphia Fed currently has 311 employees in its Retail Payments Department. These employees process both commercial and government checks and handle check adjustments and other support services for our customers nationwide. 
The Philadelphia Fed processes about 8 million notes each day using six high-speed machines that detect fit, unfit, and counterfeit notes. The Bank has two cash vaults – one for currency and one for coin – each the size of a football field. On an average day, the vaults hold between $5 billion and $8 billion in currency and $50 million in coin. The Philadelphia Fed provides cash services for 300 financial institutions and their branches in its district.
 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Federal Reserve System
Category:Federal Reserve Banks
Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond

Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond represents the fifth district for the Federal Reserve. The district consists of Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, the District of Columbia and most of West Virginia.
 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
Jeffrey M. Lacker became president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond on Aug. 1, 2004. Previously, he was the director of research at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.
Sally Green is vice president and chief operating officer (COO) at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.
== References == 
Category:Federal Reserve Banks
Category:Federal Reserve System
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco

The Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco is the federal bank for the twelfth district in the United States. It is the largest Federal Reserve district, covering Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington, plus American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Bank has branch offices in Los Angeles, Portland, Salt Lake City, and Seattle. It also has a cash processing center in Phoenix.
The current president, appointed in 2004, is Janet Yellen.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
On Dec. 13, 2007, two new members joined the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco's board of directors: William Jones, president and CEO of San Diego-based CityLink Investment Corp., and Daniel Myers, president and CEO of Bridge Bank, N.A., located in San Jose, California, were elected for three-year terms beginning Jan. 1, 2008.
== References ==
Category:Federal Reserve System
Category:Federal Reserve Banks
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis was established in 1914 after the creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913. The St. Louis Fed is the headquarters of the Eighth Federal Reserve District and has branches in Little Rock, Louisville and Memphis.
In 2005 Richard Fisher, vice chairman of Kissinger McLarty Associates, began his duties as the Bank’s 12th president and chief executive officer.
The District includes all of Arkansas and portions of six other states: Missouri, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois. The St. Louis Bank serves most of eastern Missouri and southern Illinois.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Federal Reserve System
Federal Reserve Board of Governors' Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey

The Federal Reserve Board of Governors' Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey (SLOOS) is a survey of approximately 60 large domestic banks and 24 U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks. The Federal Reserve generally conducts the survey quarterly, timing it so that results are available for the January/February, April/May, August, and October/November meetings of the Federal Open Market Committee.
Questions cover changes in the standards and terms of the banks' lending and the state of business and household demand for loans. The survey often includes questions on one or two other topics of current interest. The survey is qualitative rather than quantitative, focusing on loan officers’ judgments about recent changes in their banks’ non-price lending practices. Multiple-choice questions are asked.
== History ==
The Federal Reserve Board first began conducting its Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey in late 1964. The survey was considered experimental until 1967, when it was made official and the Board began releasing its results to the public.
Since early 1990, the results of the survey have been cited frequently as an indicator of general credit availability.
== Survey Release Schedule ==
The Federal Reserve generally conducts the survey quarterly, timing it so that results are available for the January/February, April/May, August, and October/November meetings of the Federal Open Market Committee. The Federal Reserve occasionally conducts one or two additional surveys during the year.
== Resources ==
*The January 2011 Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices
== References ==
Category:Federal Reserve System
Federal Reserve Discount Window

The discount window is an instrument of monetary policy that allows financial institutions to borrow money from the central bank, usually on a short-term basis, to meet temporary shortages of liquidity. The interest on such loans is called the discount rate.
When the U.S. Federal Reserve System was established in 1913, lending reserve funds through its discount window was intended as the principal instrument of central banking operations. The window was superseded by open market operations as the most important tool of monetary policy, but it continues to complement the market, acting as a safety valve to relieve liquidity strains in particular institutions and the banking system as a whole.
On Feb. 18, 2010, the Federal Reserve announced that it was raising its discount rate in order to push banks to borrow from the private market for short-term credit. In a statement, the Fed said it would raise its discount, or primary credit rate, to 0.75 percent from 0.50 percent on Feb. 20, 2010.
To reduce the stigma and give banks in need an added incentive to borrow from it, the Fed in August 2007 reduced the gap between the discount rate and the fed funds rate.
In the depths of the financial crisis in late 2008, Fed discount window loans exceeded $100 billion, but they eventually declined to less than $15 billion in the years that followed, and other emergency-lending programs also declined in use. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Federal funds rate

The Federal funds rate is the interest rate that banks charge each other on an overnight sale of immediately available funds (balances at the U.S. Federal Reserve) to another depository institution.
Fed funds rates will vary from day to day and from depository institution to depository institution. The Federal Open Market Committee sets a target level for the Fed funds rate by examining a number of economic indicators. An actual decline in the rate stimulates economic growth, but an excessively high level of economic activity can cause inflation pressures to build to a point that ultimately undermines economic expansion. An actual rise in the rate curbs economic growth and helps contain inflation, and thus can help sustain an economic expansion. Too great a rise, however, can retard economic growth too much. The FOMC's actions on the target federal funds rate attempt to achieve the maximum rate of economic growth consistent with price stability and moderate long-term interest rates.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Federal Reserve System
Category:Types of Interest Rates
Federation of European Stock Exchanges

The Federation of European Stock Exchanges (FESE) is an association that represents operators of 42 securities exchanges active in equities, bonds, and derivatives in the European Union and Iceland, Norway and Switzerland as well as seven corresponding members from European emerging markets. Through its members’ activities on a global scale, FESE enjoys links with the regulatory community and industry from around the world.
FESE is one of the founding members of the European Capital Markets Institute (ECMI) and is a member of the European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI). Through its members’ activities, FESE enjoys links with the regulatory community and industry from around the world and and works closely with the European Association of Central Counterparty Clearing Houses (EACH) and European Central Securities Depositries Association (ECSDA) in particular in the context of the code of conduct on clearing and settlement.
In a submission to Jacques de Larosière, chairman of the so-called High Level Group on cross-border financial supervision. FESE said the current crisis “originated from the U.S. and specifically from the unregulated part of the market, ie structured products and over-the-counter derivatives.”
== History ==
 
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
*FESE President, Spyros Capralos
*Head of Market Infrastructures Policy and Economics, Rafael Plata
*Economics and Statistics Adviser, Rosa Armesto
== Resources ==
* FESE Study On “Alternative” Markets/Segments In Equity, September 2008
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
Federica Mazzucato

__NOTOC__ 
Federica Mazzucato is the global head of execution and clearing services at UBS. She is responsible for the bank’s exchange-traded derivatives business across execution and clearing, OTC clearing and FX prime services. She currently represents UBS in the global board of the Futures Industry Association.
She chaired the UBS Investment Bank Swiss Diversity and Inclusion Committee for seven years. 
Mazzucato also contributed towards the current FX Global Code of Conduct as one of the two Swiss representatives under the Swiss National Bank’s sponsorship. 
== Background ==
Mazzucato began her career as a particle physicist conducting research at CERN and teaching physics at the University of Geneva. 
She began her career in finance in 2003 when she joined UBS in market risk control. She moved to the front office in 2010 and held various positions in emerging markets trading and FX. In 2014, she was appointed global head of FX prime services. In 2018 her role was expanded to include UBS’s exchange-traded derivatives and OTC clearing business.
From 2014-2020, she was the chair of the Swiss Investment Bank Diversity and Inclusion Committee. Before joining UBS, Mazzucato served as Assistant Professor and European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) Research Associate at University of Geneva (2000-2002).
== Education ==
Mazzucato holds a Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics from University of Padova and CERN.
== References ==
Fee

Investment fees are usually charged by brokers and fund managers for either performing transactions on behalf of an investor, for servicing an investor's account or for managing a fund. Some advisors are shifting from a commission-based revenue structure to one based more on flat service fees, which many investors consider more transparent.
== Money for something? ==
Investors generally incur most of their transaction fees on the buy side, which are charged by their securities broker, although they also incur a smaller "SEC fee" when selling that is actually passed on from broker to client. The higher the rate of transaction within an account, the more revenue the broker generates from these fees. Mutual fund fees are separate charges, expressed as a percentage that defines the proportion of an investor's money, that are diverted from an investor's account by the fund manager. These fees, which are intended to cover the fund's internal expenses, can seriously affect performance especially in bear markets.
Investment advisors that are shifting from commissions to charging investors hourly service fees on their accounts often take a broader view of investors' financial needs and adjust their fees accordingly. Investors can usually expect more efficient service from such advisors, as well as and objective advice untainted by outside commission incentives.
== References ==
Category:Market Terms
Felipe Gazitúa Undurraga

__NOTOC__ 
Felipe Gazitúa Undurraga is a sales trader in the corporate finance division of Chilean broker IM Trust.
== Background ==
Undurraga has been in sales and trading at IM Trust since June 2010. He was previously a corporate finance analyst there, beginning in August 2008.
== Education ==
*Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Commercial Engineering, Finance (2003 – 2007)
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:IM Trust