nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Deionized water

== Description ==
Water which has had all charged particles removed. Deionized water (DI water) is produced using a two-stage process that first passes water through an ion exchange resin to replace any dissolved cations with hydrogen; the resultant acids are then adsorbed in a second column that contains an acid scavenger. Another type of filtration, called reverse osmosis, uses pressure to force the small water molecules through a membrane while trapping larger minerals and contaminants.
Soaking any material in DI water will readily dissolve or leach any salts or ions.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
DI water; de-ionized water; demineralized water; deionised water (Br.); agua desionizada (Esp.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Normal deionized water: resistance=1 mega-ohm/cm 
* Ultra-pure deionized water: resistance=18 mega-ohm/cm
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* Conservation termlist: www.hants.org.uk/museums 
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/htm
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deionized_water (Accessed Mar. 1, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Delamination

== Description ==
The separation of one or more layers in a multiple layer material. Delamination indicates a failure in the integrity, i.e., of the adhesive or bond to the adherend (substrate). This can happen in any material produced with layers, such as rolling, or 3D printing, or most commonly, with surface coatings. For minerals, delamination is associated with weathering, particularly for sedimentary stones. However, in some cases delamination may be desirable, such as for the removal of a laminating material from a document. See also exfoliation.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
deslaminación (Esp.); délamination (Fr.); désquamation (Fr.); delaminazione (It.); scagliatura (It.);
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Delftware

== Description ==
A blue on white glazed pottery first made in Delft, Holland in the early 17th century. Delftware is a variation of tin-glazed faience where the opaque, tin-based white glazes were applied first, then blue copper oxide decoration was added. The delftware patterns were painted onto all types of pottery including plates, ornaments, and tiles.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
delft pottery
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "delftware." Accessed 4 Feb. 2005.
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delftware (accessed Feb. 2005)
Category:Materials database
Deliquescence

== Description ==
A deliquescent material absorbs or releases water vapor to the atmosphere to maintain a constant vapor pressure of water at a given temperature. For example, if a saturated aqueous solution of a deliquescent material has a lower water vapor pressure than that of the atmosphere, moisture will condense into the solution until the solution water vapor matches the atmospheric water vapor. Some deliquescent materials are: concentrated sulfuric acid, glycerol, calcium chloride, sodium hydroxide pellets, anhydrous sodium sulfate and potassium carbonate. Many of the solid compounds will absorb enough water from the air to dissolve into a saturated liquid. The opposite phenomenon is called efflorescence.
==Resources and Citations==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Delrin

== Description ==
[DuPont] A registered trademark for a type of acetal resin. Delrin, first marketed in 1959 by DuPont, is a polymer of formaldehyde. It is an extremely hard and durable thermoplastic with excellent dimensional stability and chemical resistance. Delrin is used for injection molded parts and numerous automotive supplies.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
POM; polyoxymethylene, acetal resin; Ertacetal [Quadrant]; Celcon [Ticona]; Hostaform [Ticona]; Ultraform [BASF]
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiDELRINacetal.jpg~FTIR]]]
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Resistant to acids, alkalis and most solvents.
* Density = 1.41-1.43 g/ml
* TAP Plastics: Technical data sheet
==Resources and Citations==
* DuPont: Website
* Dupont: Delrin
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.791
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* History of Plastics: www.nswpmith.com.au/historyofplastics.html
Category:Materials database
Deluge system

== Description ==
An indoor sprinkler system with open heads. When the fire detectors activate, a valve opens for water to flow out all sprinkler heads wetting large areas quickly and completely. This type of system is used in areas where flammable materials are stored and water damage is not important (Bucher 1996).
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Delusterant

== Description ==
A compound used to dull the natural luster of synthetic textile materials. Delusterants, such as titanium dioxide, barium sulfate, clays, or chalk are added either to the spinning solution or later to a finish coating on the fiber.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
delustering agent
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
Category:Materials database
Demerara greenheart

== Description ==
Wood from the laurel tree, Octotea rodioei, native to Guyana in South America. Greenheart wood is hard, durable, dense, and greenish black in color. It is valued for building ships, docks, and locks. Greenheart wood weathers well and is resistant to water, fungi, termites, and marine borers. Other woods are also been called greenheart and used as substitutes, such as dahoma, almendro, bethabara, manbarklak, and angelique.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bibiru; bebeeru; bebeerine; Octotea rodioei
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 376
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Greenheart." Accessed 12 May 2004 .
Category:Materials database
Denaturation

== Description ==
An irreversible alteration of a protein's structure that can be caused by heat, water, alkalis, acids and detergents. In denaturation, hydrogen bonds break causing the highly ordered structure of collagen to change into a disordered gelatin mass. Denaturation of parchment and leather has been measured using infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and liquid chromatographic techniques (Derrick, 1999)
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Derrick, D.Stulik, J.Landry, Infrared Spectroscopy in Conservation Science, in Scientific Tools for Conservation series, Getty Trust, 1999, p. 167.
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
Category:Materials database
Denatured alcohol

== Description ==
Clear, colorless liquid composed of ethanol mixed with a toxic denaturant. The added denaturant makes the alcohol unfit for consumption. Examples of denaturants are methanol, benzol, ether, tert-butanol, gasoline, methyl isobutyl ketone, pyridine or brucine. Denatured alcohol is sold as a shellac thinner, but some denaturants may effect the quality of other varnishes. Denatured alcohol is exempt from many of the taxes placed on alcoholic beverages.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
methylated spirit (Br.); reagent alcohol; denatured spirits, denatured ethanol
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion. 
* Inhalation and contact cause irritation. 
* Dangerous fire hazard when exposed to flames. Flash point = 13C. 
* Chemtel: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Miscible with water, acetone, ether, benzene
CAS 	64-17-5
Melting Point	-114 C
Density 	0.8 g/ml
Boiling Point	78 C
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Dendrite

== Description ==
A snowflake-like crystal that forms in a mineral or metal alloy during solidification. In an alloy, a dendrite, rich in the higher melting point constituent, will start growing from a central trunk near the exterior of the piece. As the mixture cools, branches extending out like a fir tree grow towards the interior of the piece. The portion of the alloy outside the dendritic crystal solidifies last as it contains a higher proportion of the lower melting point constituent.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
dendritic growth; Dendrit (Deut., Sven.); dendrita (Esp.); dendrite (Fr., Port.); dendryt (Pol.); dendriet (Ned.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Dendrochronology

== Description ==
An analysis method for dating wood using the number and width of annual growth rings. The sequential variations in a tree's ring width indicate the yearly climatic conditions for its local growing region. Thus, measurement of 50-100 years of growth rings produces a pattern that can be compared with master charts to determine the active growing years for that particular tree. Research produced by many forestry institutes have resulted in reference charts for oak, fir, spruce, and beech trees in a variety of geographical zones. Dendrochronology has been used to date structural timbers, archaeological finds, picture frames, panel paintings, and other wooden artifacts.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Dendrochronologie (Deut.); dendrochronologie (Fr.); dendrocronología (Esp., Port.); dendrocronologia (It.); tree ring dating 
==Resources and Citations==
* Jonathan Taylor "Dendrochronology in Dating Timber Framed Buildings and Structures" Building Conservation Directory 2000: Link
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Caring for your Collections, Arthur W Schulz (ed.), Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , New York, 1992
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Denglas

== Description ==
[Denglas Technologies Inc] A registered trademark (2006) for a nonreflective coated glass. Denglas® antireflective glass has a sol-gel coating that eliminates glare and provides better UV protection than uncoated glass. Denglas® sheets have a slight purplish color. The coating can be damaged by cuts and abrasion. Denglas® is used as a matte glass for glazing paintings.
As of 2022, no websites were found for Denglas, but the Trademark company (Denton Vacuum) still makes optical thin films.
==Resources and Citations==
* Trademark: 
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
* Denton Vacuum: website
Category:Materials database
Denier

== Description ==
A unit of fineness used to number filament yarns such as rayon, nylon, and silk. Denier is a weight per unit length measure that is numerically equal to the weight in grams of 9000 meters of the material. Thus, a low denier number indicates a light, fine filament while a high denier number indicates a coarse, heavy fiber. Most countries outside the United States have switched from the denier system to the tex system.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
denier(Esp.); denierof garennummer (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Denim

== Description ==
A sturdy, twill-weave cotton fabric made with white filling yarns woven into colored warp yarns. Coarse, heavy weight denim has been used to make jeans and overalls since 1853, when Levi Strauss switched from canvas to indigo blue denim for his new bibless overalls. Light weight denim is softer and is used for children's clothing, drapery and upholstery. A variety of denim with blue and white twisted warp yarns and a dark color filling yarn is called covert cloth.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
covert cloth; jean cloth ; dril tejano (Esp.); mezclilla (Esp.); denim (Ned); gekeperd katoen (Ned); spijkerstof (Ned);
== Resources and Citations ==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Densimeter

== Description ==
An instrument used to measure density or specific gravity of a material. In paper mills, the densimeter measurement is used to determine paper porosity.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Dichtemesser (Deut.); densimètre (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Densitometer

== Description ==
An instrument that measures the optical density of a material by measuring the amount of radiation that will reflect off or pass through the sample. It is used to measure local optical density on thin layer chromatographic plates, photographic or radiographic films and x-ray diffraction film. It exists also scanning microdensitometer
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
photometer; densitomètre (Fr.); Schwärtzungsmesser (Deut.); Densitometer (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Density

== Description ==
A measurement of the mass per unit volume of a material. Density is usually expressed as grams per cubic centimeter (g cm-3) for solids and liquids. The density of gases is generally expressed as grams per liter (g l-1). In practical term, a high density material is usually heavy, such as baryum, bismuth, gold, lead, platinum. Aluminium, carbon, magnesium, porous materials, such as a foam or paper will have a low density.
The term optical density is also used to refer to the optical opacity, or blackness, of a material like an exposed and developped photographic or radiographic film.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
masse volumique (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* W. M. Haynes, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 94th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2013) 
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "density." Accessed 17 Nov. 2004 .
Category:Materials database
Dental alginate

== Description ==
A highly purified polysaccharide extracted from giant seaweed. The water soluble alginate is used to make dental castings, but it tends to be floppy unless supported with a plaster base (Rowland and Riley 1981). It is available from dental supply companies. 
See also Jeltrate® Alginate
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
algin; sodium alginate; alginato (Esp.); alginato di sodio (It)
==Resources and Citations==
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
Category:Materials database
Dental plaster

== Description ==
A fine, highly purified plaster of Paris available from dental supply companies. The plaster sets completely within one hour, but may be removed with water. Dental plaster has been used for repairing ceramics, mending gesso-based frames, and casting replacement pieces.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gypsum cement; Permastone; Hydrocal
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in water.
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
Category:Materials database
Dentin

== Description ==
The primary, bone-like structure of a tooth. Dentin is hard calcareous material, with less porosity and less organic matter than bone. It is generally covered with a protective enamel layer. Layers of dentin cover animal teeth (whale, hippopotamus, boar, etc.) and tusks (ivory, elephant, walrus, etc.).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
dentine; dentina (Esp., Port.); dentine (Fr.); Dentin (Deut.); dentine (Ned.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Caring for your Collections, Arthur W Schulz (ed.), Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , New York, 1992
Category:Materials database
Deoxycholic acid

== Description ==
A naturally, occurring bile acid. Deoxycholic acid has been used as a natural cleaner because it attaches readily to fatty acids, thereby increasing the solubility of many oils and greases in alcohol and acetone.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
desocholic acid; (3 alpha,5 beta,12 alpha)-3,12-dihydroxy-5-cholan-24-oic acid
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|deoxycholic acid.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Risks ==
* Harmful if swallowed or inhaled. 
* Contact may cause irritation. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in acetone, alcohols and alkalis. Partially soluble in chloroform and ether. Insoluble in water and benzene.
Composition 	C24H40O4
CAS 	83-44-3
Melting Point 	172-178 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 392.57
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 2946
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
* Gordon Hanlon, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Deposition

== Description ==
For works of art, deposition refers to a process in which matter, usually particles of sediment, rocks, or soil, is added to a surface. In stagnant (low flow) environments, particles can settle in air in a fluid. More often deposition occurs through moving systems, such as weather, where particles are transported by water or wind. 
See also dust, pollutants, acid deposition, acid rain, dry deposition, and wet deposition.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
deposit; dust; Ausfällung (Deut.); déposition (Fr.); deposição (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
Category:Materials database
Depot fat

== Description ==
A semisolid mixture of long chain hydrocarbon fatty acids extracted from the fatty tissue of a human, Homo sapiens. Depot fat primarily contain the following fatty acids (average %): oleic acid (46.9), palmitic acid (24.0), stearic acid (8.42), linoleic acid (10.2) palmitoleic (5.0%), and myristic acid (2.7) (CRC Handbook 1980).
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Iodine value = 67.6; Saponification value=196.2
Melting Point 	15 C
Density 	0.918 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.4602
==Resources and Citations==
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: pages D-225-226
Category:Materials database
Depreter

== Description ==
A stucco surface with tooled joints that imitate the appearance of block and mortar. When small dry stones are also pressed into the surface of the stucco, it is called pebble dash.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pebble dash; rock dash
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Depth of field

== Description ==
The depth of field is the range of distances or thicknesses of an object that are simultaneously in good focus. The depth of field decreases as the distance from the object to the lens decreases. Thus, the depth of field for objects viewed with an optical microscope is very small. The depth of field increases with decreasing numerical aperture. The depth of field is frequently, but incorrectly, termed the depth of focus.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Tiefenschärfe (Deut.); profondeur de champ (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology of Microscopy, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, E175, 75-78, May 1982
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
Category:Materials database