nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Fading

__NOTOC__
Fading refers to the diminishing of color or tones on items such as fabric, photographs and negatives, and other works on paper and wood. The damage is usually caused by excessive exposure to light.
==Related Terms==
blanching, color shift, discoloration, light fastness
=== Synonyms in English ===
bleached, dim, vanish, washed out
=== Translation ===
English 	fading
French 	décoloration
Spanish 	descoloramiento
Portuguese 	desvanecimento
Italian 	sbiadisc
German 	Verblassen
Russian 	увядать
Arabic 	ذبول
Chinese (Traditional)	褪色
==Discussion==
Fading is a clear sign of damage to an object. It is not a uniform process; some dyes and materials fade faster than others. Factors such as exposure levels and time also affect the rate at which colors fade (Michalski 2016). Fading also has a cumulative affect, where once fading has occurred it can not be undone (Conn 2012). Thus, limiting the amount of light an object receives can help lessen the fading. The discussion in Conservation Concerns says that light in galleries should be kept at about 5-10 foot candles or 50-100 lux (for light-sensitive materials such as works of art on paper, fur, feathers and hair, skin and leather, dyed materials and natural fibers) and should be evenly distributed (Bachman 1992). Some museums are now using LEDs (light-emitting diodes) to minimize the damaging heat aspects of natural and artificial light. Other ways to minimize fading damage is to not display objects near windows and to limit the time an object is on display.
==References==
 Bachman, K. ed. 1992. Conservation Concerns. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
 
 Conn, Donia. Northeast Document Conservation Center. "2.4 Protection from Light Damage". Revised 2012. Retrieved from: http://nedcc.org/free-resources/preservation-leaflets/2.-the-environment/2.4-protection-from-light-damage
 Michalski, Stefan. Canadian Conservation Institute. "Agent of Deterioration: Light, Ultraviolet and Infrared". Revised 2016. Retrieved from: http://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1444925073140 (accessed 7/21/2017)
Category:Lexicon
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Field Kits

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Image: oc logo.gif‎ Objects Specialty Group Conservation Wiki 
FIELD KITS
Contributors: 
Susanne Grieve.
Your name could be here! Please contribute.
Copyright: 2011. The Objects Group Wiki pages are a publication of the Objects Specialty Group of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. 
----
 CAUTION: The Objects Group Wiki pages are published for the members of the Objects Specialty Group. Publication does not endorse or recommend any treatments, methods, or techniques described herein.
=Field Kits=
==What Are Field Kits?==
A field kit is a collection of tools, equipment, and chemicals that conservators can use when performing an examination or treatment of an object on site. Some objects may be too large or fragile to be transported to a conservation lab and have to be treated in situ. thumb|A conservation field kit in a pelican case. While each conservator has their own preferred tools, there are some common items that should be included in any field kit.
==Supplies==
*sharpies
*pencils
*Mylar
*plastic sealable bags, variety of sizes
*plastic tubs (ziploc, tupperware)
*tape (masking, duct, teflon)
*zip ties
*gloves
*acid free tissue paper
*tweezers
*scalpels and blades
*fiberglass screening/netting
*padding (volara, sponges, foam, bubble wrap)
*brushes (tooth, paint)
*dental tools
*bamboo sticks
*plastic wrap
*coroplast (can use lids or trays) 
*Q-tips
*tyvek
*cooler and ice packs
*vials (film, glass, pharmacy)
*garbage bags
*monofilament
*bandages (gauze, cast)
*cutting tools (scissors, utility)
*ruler
*magnet
*spray bottle
*syringes and droppers
*air blower
==Traveling With A Kit==
Traveling with a conservation kit does not have to be problematic. Here are a few tips to help:
*Use a hard covered case to contain your materials. Pelican cases have a foam interior that can be trimmed to match the shape of your equipment.
*Place a list inside of your case explaining the purpose of the case and an invetory of contents. It is helpful to have the list in English and in the language of the country you are traveling to.
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Back to the Objects Page
Category: Objects.
Film

=Film=
==History==
A full explanation of the history of film can be found on Wikipedia's filmFilm, Wikipedia. Accessed 2014. page.
==Technical Details==
The techniques used to manufacture color film changed over the years, evolving from tinting by applied colors to the subtractive color used to produce Technicolor film. The Timeline of Historical Film Colors has a chronological list of color film types.
==Conservation Practices==
The National Film Preservation Foundation has a list of Preservation Basics for film preservation. They recommend three key actions for preserving film:
:* printing old film onto new, more stable film stock
:* storing the original film and new master under cool-and-dry conditions
:* providing public access through surrogate video, DVD, and film copies. Preservation Basics, National Film Preservation Foundation. Accessed 2014.
Film is prone to several issues of inherent vice, namely vinegar syndrome, color dye fading, and the degradation of cellulose nitrate film base.
The Library of Congress has detailed the proper care, handling, and storage of motion picture film, which also includes special instructions for dealing with cellulose nitrate film.
The A/V Artifact Atlas has examples of technical issues and anomalies in audio and visual signals, particularly during preservation reformatting.
==Conservation Products, Equipment, and Supplies==
* Archival Methods has general archival supplies
* Christy's Editorial sells various film equipment
* Gaylord also has general archival and library supplies
* Hunt's Photo and Video offers photographic and video supplies
* Motion Picture TV & Theatre Directory has a comprehensive list of services and supplies by type
==References==
==Further Reading==
National Film Preservation Foundation. Film Preservation Guide. 2004.
Category: Moving Image
Fire extinguisher

==Maintenance==
Workplace fire extinguishers should be inspected and tested annually by a certified professional, as well as visually inspected and maintained at least once a month by work staff in order to make sure they accurately perform in an emergency. 
A visual inspection and maintenance checklist for fire extinguishers should include: 
(provided by https://www.usfa.fema.gov/prevention/outreach/extinguishers.html)
*Easy access in an emergency
Be sure nothing is blocking or limiting your ability to reach it.
*The recommended pressure level
Many extinguishers have gauges that show when pressure is too high or too low.
*Working parts
Make sure the can, hoses and nozzles aren't damaged, dented, or rusted.
*Cleanliness
Remove any dust, oil, or grease that might be on the outside of the extinguisher.
*Guidelines and instructions
Some extinguishers need to be shaken monthly, others need to be pressure tested every few years.
In addition, check your fire extinguisher's individual inspection and maintenance guidelines found on the canister. Set up a monthly reminder and assign someone in your lab to routinely check and shake you fire extinguisher (if needed).
Category:Health & Safety
First Aid Kit

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<Br>Back to Health & Safety Network page 
----
Health & Safety Network Conservation Wiki 
Copyright: . The Health & Safety Wiki pages are a publication of the Health & Safety Network of the American Institute for Conservation (AIC). 
Some of the information included on this wiki may be out of date, particularly with regard to toxicological data and regulatory standards. New information on safety issues is continually published; therefore, resources outside of AIC should be consulted for more specific information. 
----
=FIRST AID KIT: Does your Laboratory Have What it Takes?=
Have you looked in your first aid kit recently? Do you know where it is? Have you checked the contents? What’s there? What’s missing? What’s out of date? Would you want it used on your body?! Do your co-workers know where it is?
The First Aid kit should contain everything you need to control bleeding, assist with a burn, and applying a sling, as well as with cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR)or rescue breathing. You may want your first aid kit monitored just as closely as fire extinguishers and eye wash stations because supplies often need to be replenished or replaced.
==Contents==
* several pairs of fresh latex free gloves
* latex free band-aids in several sizes 
* sterile gauze pads 
* non-stick wound dressing
* rolls of sterile gauze 
* adhesive tape 
* antibacterial ointment 
* alcohol pads
* antiseptic towelettes 
* antimicrobial hand wipes 
* elastic bandages 
* a pair of safety goggles 
* a few disposable mouth/nose covers 
* scissors 
* tweezers 
* a breathing barrier
Each laboratory is going to have to tailor their first aid kits. Other additions in the kit itself might be:
* a first aid booklet
* a disposable plastic apron 
* eye wash and sterile eye pads 
* e triangular bandages
If machinery, knives, etc are actively used, the kit’s corollary in a freezer might be cold packs and ice packs ready for use.
=Resources=
*First Aid Kit Brochure containing information on first aid supplies and procedures. (English)
*First Aid Kit (Spanish) Brochure containing information on first aid supplies and procedures. (Spanish)
=References=
The American National Red Cross provides safety courses and also sells safety booklets as does the American Heart Association
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has promulgated standards for the teaching curriculum of courses.
Back to Health & Safety
<Br>Back to Main Catalogs Page
Category:Health & Safety
Flaking

__NOTOC__
Flaking is the separation of small, thin pieces of material or coating from its substrate.
==Related Terms==
Cracking, scaling, spalling
=== Synonyms in English ===
=== Translation ===
English 	
French 	écaillage
Spanish 	descamación
Portuguese 	descamação
Italian 	desquamazione
German 	abplatzungen
Russian 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	剝落
 
==Discussion==
Flaking refers to the separating of small, thin pieces of a coating from the underlying layer, such as wood, canvas, or metal. It can also occur at stone surfaces, resulting in the detachment of small, thin scales of stone. Flaking is a surface or structural change. It is generally due to a combination of cracking and adhesion loss (CAMEO). Art paper and cheaper grades of coated cloth are more likely to have this issue. 
 
Flaking can be caused by physical damage, changes in relative humidity, or corrosion. Unstable relative humidity can cause dimensional changes in the substrate, which can lead to the coating flaking off. Substrate layers, such as wood and canvas, absorb and release moisture as the relative humidity changes, causing dimensional changes. As the coating absorbs and releases moisture at a different rate than the substrate, the resulting stress causes it to flake off. Fluctuations in temperature, direct contact with water, improper coatings, or even materials and techniques used by artists, can also cause flaking. Once the paint layer detaches from the substrate layer, the process can continue, leading to loss.
 
To prevent flaking, paintings and other objects, should be stored at a relative humidity of 50% and in stable temperature. Objects should also be protected from excessive light. 
Flaking can be halted through a process called consolidation, which is a treatment that reattaches the flaking layers back to its substrate. This treatment can either be done locally, or to the entire surface, depending on the extent of the damage.
==References==
Etherington, D. & Roberts, M. Flaking. Etherington & Roberts Dictionary. Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology. November 19, 2011. Accessed March 20, 2015. http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt1344.html
Flaking. Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online. Getty Institute. Accessed March 20, 2015. http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=flaking&logic=AND¬e=&english=N&prev_page=1&subjectid=300054129
Flaking. CAMEO. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. July 24, 2013. Accessed March 20, 2015. http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Flaking
Painting Conservation. Parma Conservation. 2013. Accessed March 20, 2015. http://www.parmaconservation.com/paintingconservation.html
Painting Conservation. Winterthur. 2009. Accessed March 20, 2015. http://www.winterthur.org/?p=461
Vergès-Belmin, V., ed. 2008. Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns. English-French ed., Monuments & Sites no. 15. Paris: ICOMOS and (ISCS) International Scientific Committee for Stone. http://www.icomos.org/publications/monuments_and_sites/15/pdf/Monuments_and_Sites_15_ISCS_Glossary_Stone.pdf 
Category:Lexicon
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Fragile

__NOTOC__
==Related Terms==
weakened
=== Synonyms in English ===
=== Translation ===
English 	fragile
French 	fragile
Spanish 	
Portuguese 	fragilizado
Italian 	
German 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	脆弱
==Discussion==
==References==
Category:Lexicon
Category: Condition Terms
Return to List of Lexicon Terms
Frass

Navigate back to the really long list of Lexicon Terms
<Br>
This page is a placeholder created during an online wiki training. It is not to be considered complete or an example of the wiki lexicon template.
'''
== Definition ==
Frass is another better scientific word for insect poop.
== Characteristics ==
=== Cockroach frass ===
* German cockroach
* Brown banded cockroaches
* Asian cockroaches
=== Dermestid frass ===
#Carpet beetle
#Flour beetle
== Online Resources ==
There are a lot of other gross images of frass on the Integrated Pest Management Working Group's museumpests.net website
Visit the Pest Odyssey website
Fraying

__NOTOC__
Fray: "Intransitive verb: to wear out or into shreds or to show signs of strain" 
=== Synonyms in English ===
Erode, frazzle, unravel, wear away, rub.
=== Translation ===
English 	Fraying
French 	Effilage, effilochage
Spanish 	Deshilache
Italian 	Sfilacciamento
German 	Ausfransen
Russian 	расшатывающаяся
Chinese (Traditional)	磨損 (織品)
==Discussion==
The fraying is usually found to happen with textiles or animals skins e.g. leather. Fraying occurs when the surface of the material is rubbed against another surface (could be itself) to the extent that the fibers become weak, unwoven, or tattered due to said friction. Fraying can occur from not only from human consumption but also from exposure to elements or laundering."When abrasive, acidic soil from the environment becomes embedded in the fibers it weakens and disfigures the textile" (Winterthur) Once the threads of the material become weakened and pulled out of the weave they become a liability to the object's integrity. Fraying not only damages the integrity to the object it also interferes with the ability for the object to be on display. Fraying causes lightening of the dye and creates and, under the right lighting, is a fire hazard as the fibers become dry and brittle.
==References==
United States. National Park Service. (2015, March 27). Museum Conservation in the NPS: Stabilization. Retrieved March 27, 2015, from http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/conservation/stable.htm
Winterthur. (2009, January 1). Retrieved March 27, 2015, from http://www.winterthur.org/?p=455
Category:Lexicon
<Br>
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Freeze drying

Contributors: Alex Garcia-Putnam
__NOTOC__
Through low pressure and freezing temperatures, sublimation can occur, dehydrating or removing the water from an object. 
==Related Terms==
sublimation, lyophilization
=== Synonyms in English ===
=== Translation ===
English 	freeze-drying
French 	lyophilisation
Spanish 	
Portuguese 	
Italian 	
German 	
Russian 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	冷凍乾燥
==Discussion==
Freeze-drying allows the water to be removed from an object in a controlled way. This is critical in the conservation of waterlogged artifacts, such as those from maritime environments. Freeze-drying can be done by simply freezing the object at a low temperature which allows natural sublimation to occur, or in a more aggressive treatment such as vacuum freeze-drying, where the drying takes place in a vacuum (CCI 2013).
Wooden artifacts respond well to freeze-drying, as do metals and other artifactual materials. Bone however should never been freeze-dried, as it will degrade rapidly under such conditions (CCI 2013). 
==References==
CCI. 2013. Vacuum Freeze-Drying Archaeological Artifacts. http://www.cci-icc.gc.ca/publications/notes/4-2-eng.aspx 
Category:Lexicon
Return to List of Lexicon Terms
Friability

__NOTOC__
is the ability for a medium to crumble easily.
==Related Terms==
brittle; chalking
=== Synonyms in English ===
crumbly
=== Translation ===
English 	friability
French 	friabilité
Spanish 	
Portuguese 	friável
Italian 	
German 	
Russian 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	粉碎性
Ukrainian 	крихкість
==Discussion==
Often describing a media on paper, friability refers to the capacity of a material to crumble and separate from a support. This is frequently the result of inadequate binding in the medium. Friable media such as pastels, charcoal, and some paint may separate from a support due to abrasion or contact.
==References==
Friable. AICCM. Visual Glossary. http://www.aiccm.org.au/visual-glossary (accessed 16 March, 2014).
Friability. Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online. Getty Research Institute. http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/ (accessed 16 March, 2014).
Quandt, A.B. (1996, June). Recent developments in the conservation of parchment manuscripts, delivered Book and paper specialty group session, aic 24th annual meeting, Norfolk, VA. Retrieved from http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/bpg/annual/v15/bp15-14.html.
Papierniak, K. (2012). Challenges of undertaking conservation treatment of mixed media artworks by john olsen: A case history in conservation of contemporary works of art. Paper for 7th Aiccm book, paper and photographic materials symposiym. Retrieved from http://www.aiccm.org.au/sites/default/files/PAPIERNIAKPaper.pdf
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Category:Lexicon
Category: Condition Terms
Category:Paper
Gelatin Printing-Out Paper (POP)

Back to PMG Photographic Processes
Page Information	Page Information
Date initiated 	May 2024
Contributors 	Luisa Casella
__TOC__
==Gelatin Printing-Out Paper (POP)==
=== Historical Facts===
Gelatin Printing-Out Paper (POP), popular from the 1880s to the 1920s, was one of the first silver-based photographic papers used extensively. Unlike later photographic papers which develop out rapidly in chemical baths, the image on a POP appears gradually and visibly upon exposure to light and is then stabilized through toning and fixing. POPs were favored for their rich, subtle tonal variations and deep, warm blacks which were ideal for portraiture and landscape photography.
=== Identification Characteristics===
==== Image material====
POPs use a gelatin-silver process where the image is formed by metallic silver in a gelatin binder.
==== Color ====
The prints typically exhibit a range of sepia tones to rich browns and creamy whites, depending on the toner used.
==== Support ====
The support is generally a high-quality, heavyweight paper, coated with a baryta layer, often with a smooth, glossy surface.
=== Conservation ===
=== Housing and Storage Considerations===
==== Housing ====
==== Storage ==== 
=== Exhibition ===
=== Emergency Recovery === 
=== References ===
 
=== Further Reading===
* Graphics Atlas - Gelatin POP Entry
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Category:Photographic Materials
Category: Photographic Processes
German 1479

Back to Section 3 Decoration
German (1479)		LARGER IMAGES
:FRONT
:BACK
:SPINE & FOREDGE
:ENDPAPER
:ENDBAND
BINDING DESCRIPTION 	BINDING DESCRIPTION
COVER material/hardware, etc corner style/turn ins repairs	 
BOARDS material back cornering 	 
SPINE rounding/ backing lining 	 
ENDBANDS style material/color core material 	 
SEWING style #stations support material lacing in 	 
ENDPAPERS material # of flyleaves/attachment 	 
TEXT BLOCK material edge treatment 	 
DECORATION style 	 
describer (s) 	Baughman, Metzger, Primanis
University of Texas Cataloging Record 	University of Texas Cataloging Record
Back to Section 3 Decoration
Getting Started in Your Career

Navigate back to Emerging Conservation Professionals
== Introduction ==
This page includes topics relevant to individuals who are just learning about conservation or are in the early stages of pursuing a career in conservation. In addition to the below subpages, please see ECPN's Quick Start Guide: A Career in Art Conservation. 
To learn more about the day-to-day work of conservation professionals, here is a list of social media accounts and blogs you can follow. 
In 2016, ECPN wrote an article titled "Changing Horizons: Observations from Emerging Conservation Professionals," which features the perspectives of members representing our primary constituencies (pre-program individuals, graduate students, and recent graduates). This article reflects common concerns for emerging professionals, while highlighting the strengths and contributions of this demographic. This article is particularly useful for those considering a career in conservation. 
== Education and Training==
This page includes information and resources related to the pursuit and completion of graduate-level training in conservation. 
==Internships and Fellowships==
Navigate to this page to learn how to find and prepare for practical training opportunities in conservation, such as internships and fellowships. This includes tips for assembling application materials, interviewing, and making the most of these experiences. 
==Choosing a Specialty==
This page outlines considerations and resources to consult when selecting an area of specialization within conservation. 
Category:Education & Professional DevelopmentCategory: Emerging Conservation Professionals
Getty Conservation Institute Database

Back to Oddy Tests: Materials Databases
Display materials prior to 2003:
DESCRIPTION---------------------------DATE---- PASS / FAIL
		
"""Delta Design"" silicone gasket"	9/19/00	P
"""Delta Design"" skywhite paint"	9/19/00	P
"""Sheetrock"" Acoustical sealant"	3/21/00	P w/reservations
"""Umbria"" flameproof 100% polyester"	8/10/06	P
"""Wigglewood"" bending plywood"	3/21/00	F
"""Work Site"" glazing sealant tape"	3/21/00	F
3 panels: (DuPont)	3/12/91	F
3M #2070 Safe Release Masking Tape 	9/13/94	P
3M 2500PC Tape	9/17/06	P
3M 90 High Strength adhesive	5/7/90	P
3M Adhesive	10/25/99	F
3M Adhesive 9459	10/1/91	P w/reservations
"3M Adhesives 9453,9458 "	10/1/91	F
3M DP-100 epoxy adhesive	11/10/93	P
3M Fast bombed 30-NF Neutral adhesive	10/28/96	P
3M Fastbond Construction mastic (9323)	9/18/00	F
3M Industrial Mastic (4289-NF)	9/18/00	F
3M Jet melt hot glue- 3762-PG	2/19/01	F
3M Jet melt hot glue- 3792-G	2/19/01	P
3M Jet-melt adhesive #3764	3/3/96	F
"3M laminating acrylic adhesives #9471, 467 "	3/9/89	P 
3M Laminating adhesive 465	9/23/90	P
3M laminating strips	3/22/05	F
3M low temp hot melt adhesive #3762 LM	10/28/93	F
3M Oxidation arrest paper	1/24/96	P w/reservations
3M Scotch roll-on adhesive	9/26/00	P
3M Scotch tape #4416	1/15/01	F
3M Scotch VHB foam tape 	5/9/07	P
3M Scotch Weld urethane adhesive	3/27/00	F
3M Sparkfast lightweight filler	8/22/05	P w/res. 
3M Super 74 foam fast adhesive	1/20/92	P
3M Super 77-N spray adhesive	1/20/92	P
"3M Tape #652, Correction & Coverup Tape "	9/13/94	F
3M Tape with adhesive: red	3/26/07	P/w reservations
3M Urethane Adhesive DP-605NS off-white 	2/17/94	P
3M VHB acrylic foam tape 4910 clear	3/12/07	P
Conservation Materials & Materials Testing