nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
International Monetary Fund

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization of 185 member countries. It was established to promote international monetary cooperation, exchange stability, and orderly exchange arrangements. The IMF also aims to foster economic growth and high levels of employment, and to provide temporary financial assistance to countries to help ease balance of payments adjustment.
== History ==
The IMF was conceived in July 1944, when representatives of 45 governments meeting in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire agreed on a framework for international economic cooperation. They believed that such a framework was necessary to avoid a repetition of the disastrous economic policies that had contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s.
In January of 2008, the IMF and the World Bank began stepping up their active engagement in emerging market countries to help them develop local markets in bonds to reduce the countries' reliance on bank loans and increase investment opportunities.
In mid February of 2010, the IMF said it would soon begin phased sales of 191.3 tonnes of gold to the open market, a move that called into question demand for bullion from official sector buyers.
On April 23, 2010, Greece asked it's European partners and the IMF for emergency loans. Countries in the European union have pledged 30 billion euros in aid and the IMF has pledged about 10-15 billion euros. This comes after overwhelming market pressure to fund the first financial rescue package for a member of the euro zone. 
== Products and Services ==
The work of the IMF involves the monitoring of economic and financial developments and the provision of policy advice aimed especially at crisis-prevention. The IMF also lends to countries with balance of payments difficulties to provide temporary financing and to support policies aimed at correcting the underlying problems. Loans to low-income countries are also focused especially at poverty reduction. Finally, the IMF provides countries with technical assistance and training in its areas of expertise. Supporting all three of these activities is IMF work in economic research and statistics.
== Key People ==
Kristalina Georgieva is the managing director of the IMF. She succeeded Christine Lagarde in that role on October 1, 2019. 
The IMF's Board of Governors, the highest decision-making body of the IMF, consists of one governor and one alternate governor for each member country. The governor is appointed by the member country and is usually the minister of finance or the governor of the central bank. The IMF governor for the U.S. is Jacob J. Lew.
Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas will be the Fund's next chief economist, succeeding Gita Gopinath, who is joining the IMF management team in January 2022.
== References ==
Category: International Regulatory Organizations
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
International Monetary Market

The International Monetary Market (IMM), a division of the CME Group, pioneered the trading of international financial derivatives, most notably futures on the world's largest foreign currencies. It has since merged into the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.
== Brief History ==
The IMM was launched by the CME in 1972 under the direction of exchange chairman Leo Melamed to facilitate trading in international financial futures, then in its infancy. The market was created separately because the CME reckoned that its target customers - most of them corporate financial decision-makers, had mostly not participated in futures markets before. The IMM later expanded beyond forex futures into trading derivatives on interest rates and stock indexes before fully merging with the CME in 1986. Today the IMM trades derivatives on the London Interbank Offer Rate (LIBOR), the 10-year Japanese government bond and the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI).
== IMM Index ==
To price interest-rate futures, the International Monetary Market developed its IMM Index, which is calculated by subtracting the security's yield, or return as a percentage of overall value, from 'par' (100). The IMM Index gave a price to securities that had previously been quoted only by yield into price-quoted, and vice-versa. The IMM has since become a standard for pricing all interest-based financial futures.
One commonly-employed trading strategy using the IMM Index is called the TED spread and requires trading the price differential between three-month U.S. Treasury bill futures and three-month Eurodollar futures. Traders use the IMM to assign an interest rate to each contract and then try to predict and profit from those rates' relative future movements. 
== References ==
Category:CME Group
Category:Currencies
International Options Market Association

__NOTOC__
The International Options Market Association (IOMA) is a global group of exchanges and clearinghouses that trade and clear options on equities, indexes, debt, commodities and currencies. It is a division of the World Federation of Exchanges (WFE) and exists to discuss and promote higher market standards and better regulatory policies. 
== History ==
IOMA was founded in Amsterdam in 1983 as the International Association of Options Exchanges and Clearing Houses. The group adopted its present title in 1993 and became affiliated with the World Federation of Exchanges (WFE) in 2002, when it broadened its scope of interest to include options trading on futures and commodities. 
== Members ==
IOMA membership is open to regulated exchanges and clearinghouses that facilitate options and futures contract trading. The International Options Clearing Association (IOCA) consists of clearinghouse members of IOMA. New members are elected as part of the association's annual meeting. Membership in IOMA is automatically included for those exchanges that are members of the WFE.
There are 38 IOMA members that trade futures and options contracts and 20 members that perform post-trade activity.
As of 2008, members included:
*American Stock Exchange 
*Athens Derivatives Exchanges 
*Australian Securities Exchange 
*American Stock Exchange 
*Athens Derivatives Exchanges 
*Australian Securities Exchange 
*Bolsa de Valores do Sao Paulo - BOVESPA 
*Borsa Italiana 
*Bourse de Montreal 
*Bursa Malaysia Derivatives 
*Bursa Malaysia Derivatives Clearing 
*Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation 
*Chicago Board Options Exchange 
*CME Group 
*Deutsche Boerse 
*Eurex 
*Euronext.liffe 
*Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing 
*ICE Futures 
*International Securities Exchange 
*Korea Exchange 
*LCH.Clearnet 
*London Metal Exchange
*MEFF
*Mercado Mexicano de Derivados
*NASDAQ OMX Group
*New York Mercantile Exchange
*NOS Clearing
*NYSE Euronext
*Osaka Securities Exchange
*Oslo Børs
*Philadelphia Stock Exchange
*Shenzhen Stock Exchange
*Singapore Exchange
*Taiwan Futures Exchange
*Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange
*Thailand Futures Exchange
*The Clearing Corporation
*The Options Clearing Corporation
*Tokyo Stock Exchange
*Wiener Börse
*Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange
== Key People ==
* Jorge Alegria, IOMA Chairman
= Board Directors =
*William J. Brodsky, CEO, CBOE
*Andreas Preuss, CEO, Eurex
*Ravi Narain, Chairman Designate and CEO, NSE of India
*Yeong-Ho Woo, President, KRX Futures Market
*Michael Walinskas, IOCA Chairman, and Senior Vice President, OCC
== International Options Clearing Association (IOCA) ==
The International Options Clearing Association (IOCA) meets in conjunction with the IOMA annual meeting. IOCA is not a separate organization; rather it is a section within IOMA that consists of the clearinghouses that are members of IOMA. 
== Resources ==
* IOMA/IOCA Annual Conference 2008
== References ==
Category: Industry Associations
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
International Primary Market Association

International Primary Market Association (IPMA) was formed as an independent trade association in 1984 for leading underwriters of international issues of debt and equity.
IPMA merged with the International Securities Market Association (ISMA – the successor to the AIBD) in July 2005. The merger created the International Capital Market Association (ICMA).
 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
International Sustainability Standards Board

The International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) is charged with developing disclosure standards to provide investors and capital market participants with sustainability-related risk and opportunity information about companies.
== History ==
The International Sustainability Standards Board was created in November 2021 by the trustees of the IFRS Foundation. Housed in the IFRS Foundation, the ISSB is charged with developing standards for sustainability-related risk and opportunity information about companies. 
The inaugural meeting of the ISSB was held on July 20-21, 2022, in Frankfurt. 
== Inaugural standards ==
*On June 26, 2023, the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) issued its inaugural standards—IFRS S1 and IFRS S2. The Standards will help to improve trust and confidence in company disclosures about sustainability to inform investment decisions. The Standards create a common language for disclosing the effect of climate-related risks and opportunities on a company’s prospects. 
*On July 25, 2023, the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) announced its endorsement of the ISSB Standards following its comprehensive review of the Standards.
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
* Emmanuel Faber, Chair
* Sue Lloyd, Vice Chair
== References ==
International Transaction Log

The International Transaction Log (ITL)is one of two major carbon registries that verifies and tracks the trade and transfer of all United Nations' Kyoto Protocol units such as Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) that include Certified Emission Reductions CERs.
The ITL verifies transactions proposed by registries to ensure they are consistent with rules agreed under the Kyoto Protocol. Each registry sends transaction proposals to the ITL, which checks each proposal and returns to the registry its approval or rejection. 
The ITL was linked to EU’s Community Independent Transaction Log (CITL) which tracks European Union Allowances (EUAs) for all 27 EU countries on October 16, 2008. 
== References ==
Category:Carbon Registries
Category:Carbon Trading
International depository receipts

International Depositary Receipts (IDR) are negotiable bank-issued certificate representing ownership of stock securities by an investor outside the country of origin. An international depositary receipt, or IDR, is the non-U.S. equivalent of an American Depositary Receipt. These instruments have been used since the 1970s to facilitate international trading in securities. The securities backing the receipt remain in the custody of the issuing bank or a correspondent.
== History ==
The history of the IDR began in the late 1920s when Selfridges, the London department store, decided to expand its investor population in the U.S. The rules in the UK governing the transfer of shares were strict: all transfers were required to pass through the list of registered holders held by the share registrar, who was invariably located in England. In those days it was not felt necessary to specify the geographic scope applying to this rule. Therefore if a US investor in Selfridges wished to sell his shares to another investor via the New York Stock Exchange, the transfer was not considered legal until a two-legged communication had been successfully completed with the UK share registrar.
With the Cunard liners of the day taking four days to cross the Atlantic carrying the mail, the whole process of trading a UK share in New York could take weeks before final settlement was complete.
A U.S. bank, Guaranty Trust, solved the problem by holding the Selfridges shares in London in its own name, which was recorded on the UK register, and then issuing promissory notes representing those shares in New York. Being both denominated in U.S. dollars and issued against a U.S. legal contract with investors, the promissory notes traded as U.S. securities in New York and worked in exactly the same manner as other U.S. securities. Ownership of the promissory notes was recorded in a U.S.-held register.
These promissory notes became known as American Depositary Receipts.
== References ==
Category:Market Terms
Category:Definitions
Category:Stocks
Category:Equities
Internet of things

"Internet of things," or "IoT," refers to the growing trend of electronic devices being able to connect to the Internet, from cell phones to coffee makers. This interconnectivity presents both opportunity for innovation (a coffee maker connected to one's alarm might be set to begin brewing as soon as their 6 AM alarm goes off), as well as logistical challenges (if everything from cars to computers are connected, doesn't that mean that those things are vulnerable to hacking and malware?).
IoT innovations have the potential for significant innovation in a number of industries, including logistics, fintech, agriculture, transportation, and manufacturing. Companies currently involved with exploring IoT technology include Microsoft, Amazon, Google and IBM.
Some companies, such as VeChain, utilize distributed ledger and digital token technology to improve IoT capabilities.
== References ==	
Category:CryptocurrencyCategory:Digital AssetsCategory:DefinitionsCategory:distributed ledgersCategory:CryptoMarketsWiki
Interxion

Interxion is a provider of co-location, data centers and managed services in Europe. The company has seen notable growth in revenues. Revenues for the fourth quarter 2010 were €55.6 million, a 23 percent increase compared to €45.1 million in the fourth quarter 2009. Customers include government agencies, enterprises, systems integrators, internet service providers, finance, telecommunications companies, Internet exchanges, media companies, manufacturers and hosting companies.
== History ==
Interxion was established in 1998 in The Netherlands. As of 2011, Interxion managed 28 sites, covering 13 cities in 11 countries. 
Shares of InterXion Holding NV (INXN.N) rose 6.2 percent in their stock market debut on Jan. 28, 2011. The stock closed at $13.80 on the New York Stock Exchange after climbing as high as $15.40, or 18.5 percent above its IPO price.
== Products and Services ==
Interxion's services include co-location and fully-outsourced data center solutions. The colocation services offering includes space, power, cooling and a secure environment in which to house computing, network, storage and IT infrastructure. 
== Key People ==
*Chief Executive Officer, David Ruberg 
*Group Managing Director, Anthony Foy
*Executive Vice President, LegalJaap Camman
*Chief Financial Officer, Josh Joshi 
*Collocation And Proximity Hosting Director, Lilia Severina
 
== References ==
Category:Managed Services Provider
Intrade

Intrade was an online prediction market that allowed customers to bet on world political, entertainment and financial events. The company, which was based in Ireland, announced in March of 2013 that it was shutting down its operations after it discovered "potential financial irregularities," according to its web site. 
Intrade closed all its U.S. accounts in November of 2012 after the Commodities Futures Trading Commission filed a civil complaint accusing the company of offering its contracts outside traditional exchanges and without regulatory approval. It was part online gambling site and part unregulated futures market, both of which are illegal in the United States.
One of its two founders, John Delaney, died in 2011 on an expedition to reach the summit of Mount Everest. After Intrade was shuttered, co-founder Ron Bernstein started a new site called Tradesports.com, a fantasy sports venue that allows users to buy and sell positions based on predictions for specific sporting events. 
Intrade became widely popular during the 2012 presidential race, as users wagered on the outcomes of the primaries and congressional elections, but its business model was criticized by regulators and government officials because of the American prohibition against gambling on elections. Some people warned that such prediction markets are subject to market manipulation when orders are executed at times when liquidity is particularly scarce. The concern is that such orders at times cause markets to shift sharply, often against the broader narrative of the environment.
== Resources ==
*Intrade on YouTube: http://tinyurl.com/intrade-ut
*Intrade on GetSatisfaction: http://getsatisfaction.com/intrade 
 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
Intrade is a prediction market - a market that allows customers to make predictions on the outcome of hundreds of real-world events. Stock exchanges find the price of stocks, and futures markets find the price of commodities. Prediction markets find the probability of something happening - a predefined, uncertain future event.
== Key People ==
Intrade was co-founded by John Delaney and Ron Bernstein.
== References ==
Introducing Broker-Dealers

An Introducing Broker-Dealer (IBD) is a member firm in the securities industry that acts as an intermediary between clients and clearing broker-dealers. Unlike clearing broker-dealers, introducing broker-dealers do not execute or clear trades themselves. Instead, they focus on client acquisition and relationship management, directing trade execution and clearing responsibilities to a designated clearing broker.
== Role and Responsibilities ==
Introducing broker-dealers are primarily responsible for soliciting and managing client relationships. They accept client orders for buying or selling securities but rely on clearing broker-dealers to execute these orders and maintain custody of client securities and funds. This arrangement allows introducing broker-dealers to concentrate on customer service and advisory roles without the operational burden of trade execution and clearing.
== Relationship with Clearing Broker-Dealers ==
Introducing broker-dealers establish agreements with clearing broker-dealers, who handle the execution, clearing, and settlement of trades. These agreements, often referred to as clearing agreements, outline the responsibilities of each party. The clearing broker-dealer manages the back-office functions, including record-keeping and compliance with regulatory requirements, while the introducing broker-dealer focuses on client-facing activities.
== Regulatory Framework ==
Introducing broker-dealers are regulated by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) and must comply with various rules and regulations, including those related to trade reporting and customer protection. They are required to be members of FINRA and adhere to its standards for conduct and operations.
== Advantages of the Introducing Broker-Dealer Model ==
* Specialization: By outsourcing trade execution and clearing, introducing broker-dealers can specialize in client service and advisory roles.
* Cost Efficiency: Avoiding the high capital and infrastructure costs associated with clearing trades allows introducing broker-dealers to operate with lower overhead.
* Flexibility: Introducing broker-dealers can partner with multiple clearing firms, providing clients with a broader range of services and products.
== Comparison with Clearing Broker-Dealers ==
While both introducing and clearing broker-dealers play critical roles in the securities market, they differ significantly in their functions:
Aspect 	Introducing Broker-Dealer 	Clearing Broker-Dealer
Primary Role 	Client acquisition and relationship management	Trade execution, clearing, and settlement
Trade Execution 	Does not execute trades 	Executes trades
Clearing and Settlement	Relies on clearing broker-dealer 	Responsible for clearing and settlement
Regulatory Compliance 	Focus on client-related regulations 	Extensive compliance with clearing regulations
== References ==
Category:Financial Regulation
Category:Securites Markets
Category:Brokerage firms
Category:Accounting
Category:Investment
Category:Introducing Brokers
Category:FINRA
Category:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Introducing broker

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An Introducing Broker (IB) is an individual or organization that solicits or accepts orders to buy or sell futures contracts or commodity options but does not accept money or other assets from customers to support such orders. Client funds for trading must be placed in an account directly with a futures commission merchant (FCM).
An introducing broker (IB) must be a member of NFA. There are two types of IBs. A guaranteed introducing broker is guaranteed by an FCM and may only have customer accounts with one FCM. An Independent IB may have clearing relationships with multiple FCMs, but must meet certain minimum financial requirements.
== U.S. Registration ==
Individuals or organizations are required to register with the National Futures Association (NFA) unless they are already registered as an Associated Person, registered as an Futures Commission Merchant, registered as a Commodity Pool Operator and only operated pools, registered as a Commodity Trading Advisor and either solely manages accounts under powers of attorney or does not receive per-trade compensation. Additionally, registration is not required if the individual or organization is a non-U.S. resident or firm with only non-U.S. customers and their firm submits all trades to a futures commission merchant (FCM) for clearing.
== IB Organizations ==
The National Introducing Brokers Association is a nationally recognized organization representing professionals in the futures and options industry. Members include introducing brokers, commodity trading advisors (CTA), futures and options exchanges and FCMs. The NIBA was established in 1991.
== Resources ==
*National Futures Association
*National Introducing Broker Association
*Futures Industry Association
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:NFA
Category:National Futures Association
Category:Introducing Brokers
Category:Brokers
Inverted Yield Curve

An inverted yield curve is an interest rate environment in which long-term debt instruments such as 10-year notes have a lower yield than short-term debt instruments such as 2-year bills. An inverted yield curve is considered an early warning of an impending economic recession because many economists view this situation as showing little confidence in the short-term economy. In a healthy economy, longer-term bond yields are significantly higher than short-term instruments. This makes sense because those lending their money to the U.S. government for a longer term would expect to be paid more than those lending the money for only a short term.
The most recent example of an inverted yield curve was on August 14, 2019 when the yield on the 2-year rose to 1.634%, briefly rising above the 10-year note rate of 1.623%. The prior inversion occurred in June 2007, before the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and subsequent "Great Recession." 
Economists often pay particular attention to the spread between the 10-year and the 2-year bonds because inversions of that part of the curve have preceded every recession over the past 50 years.
Data from Credit Suisse from 1978 to 2019 showed that the previous five inverted yield curve events between 2-year and 10-year yields led to recessions on average within 22 months. Bank of American Merrill Lynch research put that average lead time at about 15 months. 
Nevertheless, there is debate on the reliability of the inverted yield curve as an indicator of an impending economic downturn. Some economists say the inverted yield curve may not predict the next recession because of quantitative easing measures taken by central banks during the 2008 Financial Crisis. This essentially meant that central banks purchased government bonds, driving down longer-term yields. That may distort the inverted yield curve as a predictor.
Other economists have said the inverted yield curve is just one of many possible indicators of a recession. 
== References ==