nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
China brain

The China brain (also known as the Chinese Nation or Chinese Gym) is a thought experiment which asks what would happen if each person living in China were asked to simulate the action of one neuron in the brain, using telephones or walkie-talkies to simulate the axons and dendrites that connect neurons. The experiment posits that this entity would therefore possess some form of consciousness as an emergent phenomenon, as consciousness should, without invoking dualism, be independent of the medium which it is made of and only on the patterns which the medium can create. The "China brain" could then, in principle, be asked questions; have a personality; and, perhaps, could die if the experiment was ended.
It is often invoked to cause some discomfort when talking about artificial intelligence or consciousness. If people are able to accept that neurons can combine to form a conscious entity (which they must, because we "know" that we are conscious by definition) then why not something else? This can apply equally to a computer, such as in singularity research where computers simulate human brains within them, or to more odd objects such as people.
==See also==
*Chinese room: A related thought experiment reaching an antagonistic conclusion. Philosophers have a thing about China, it seems.
Category:Philosophy
Category:Artificial intelligence
Category:China
Category:Thought experiment
Chisholm v. Georgia

Chisholm v. Georgia is considered the first U.S. Supreme Court case of significance. An estate executor named Alexander Chisholm and his friend (both from South Carolina) sued the State of Georgia over things the state owed them, and Georgia refused to appear before the Supreme Court because it had claimed that it was its own "sovereign state" and didn't need to answer to anybody. The Court, led by founding father John Jay, said that Article 3, Section 2 of the Constitution annulled any sovereign immunity Georgia claimed and held that federal courts could hear disputes between private citizens and States. The Court ruled 4 to 1 in favor of Chisholm.
In addition to Jay, two of the other majority justices in the opinion — James Wilson and John Blair — were founding fathers. Apparently these original originalists were completely wrong in what they thought when they wrote the Constitution. People were outraged! 
As a result of Chisholm, the Eleventh Amendment was passed in 1795, overturning their ruling and removing federal jurisdiction in cases where citizens of one state attempted to sue another state under state law in federal court. Now, the only way a citizen of one state or country can sue another in federal court is if the state being sued agrees, or the U.S. Congress takes away the state's immunity in the case via the Fourteenth Amendment.
The lone dissenter in Chisholm, James Iredell, a very active revolutionary from North Carolina, was not involved in the drafting of the Declaration of Independence or the Constitution, although he supported them both fervently. Iredell was instrumental in whipping up support for North Carolina's ratification of the new Constitution (but only after it included a Bill of Rights to protect the citizens from the federal government).
== Sources ==
*Chisholm v. Georgia at Cornell College
*
Category:United States Supreme Court cases
Category:Constitutional law
Chlorella

Chlorella is a genus of green algae. Due to the fact that Chlorella is high in protein, calories, fat, and other nutrients, there was once a great deal of interest in the possibility of developing Chlorella-based substitutes for certain foods. This would, in theory, be a simple way of delivering food with high caloric content to the Third World.Warren Belasco. Algae Burgers for a Hungry World? The Rise and Fall of Chlorella Cuisine. Technology and Culture, Vol. 38, No. 3, Jul. 1997 Today, it is more popular as a staple of health food quackery and often marketed as a "superfood".
Hardcore woo-meisters will hawk it as part of detox diets or chelation regimens, as it allegedly flushes "toxins" and heavy metals out of the body.Quick, purchase your Mercola BrandTM Chlorella here! Unsurprisingly, like many organisms, Chlorella produces its own toxins: lipopolysaccharides that can cause inflammation.Systemic LPS Causes Chronic Neuroinflammation and Progressive Neurodegeneration by Liya Qin et al. (2007) Glia 55(5): 453–462. doi:10.1002/glia.20467.
Like most food woo, Chlorella is advertised on any and every diet page that will take their advertising money. With no evidence whatsoever, it is sold as a supplement that makes weight loss easier, in that vague, non-committal, not testable way that is so popular with food wooists.
==References==
Category:Biology
Category:Food supplement woo
Category:Plants
Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is what makes some plants (and cyanobacteria) green. There are several different pigment proteins with the name chlorophyll, but they're all functionally similar. It is essential to photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is usually located in the chloroplasts.
==Health claims==
Chlorophyll is often claimed to be useful in detoxification, and there's a rather worrying blog which claims it can cure gangrene and breast cancer. If chlorophyll did by any chance have miraculous health effects, we would have already felt them by now because all green vegetables contain chlorophyll.
The counterclaim to chlorophyll-woo is an old ditty (made in reference to the supposed breath-freshening properties of a certain chewing gum)
*The goat that lives on yonder hill
*Lives all day on chlorophyll
Category:Food supplement woo
Category:Biology
Category:Cancer woo
Choice theory

The term Choice theory (originally called Control theory) is a theory of behaviours posited by Dr. William Glasser, who has made a living publishing numerous books on the subject. It was first coined with the 1998 book entitled Choice Theory but the ideas had evolved from his earlier writings from the 1960s. Choice Theory Psychology, by William Glasser International According to Glasser, we all choose how to behave at any time, and cannot control anyone's behaviour but our own. This behaviour is driven by five central needs: The Glasser Institute For Choice Theory's Quickstart Guide to Choice Theory.
*Survival
*The need to belong
*The need to have fun
*The need for power
*The need for freedom
Like Neurolinguistic programming (NLP), this theory has caught on with adherents applying it to elements of educational teaching.
==Criticisms==
Glasser's books have been criticised as being anti-psychiatry and anti-medical science. For example, it is Glasser's belief that there is no biological basis for mental illness - the brain is simply creatively expressing its unhappiness that can't be cured with medication. If the cause of this mental illness is almost always unhappiness then helping people to find happiness would cure most of these conditions, but it doesn't.
In education, when a student misbehaves, Glasser in his book Schools Without Failure, written in 1968, places responsibility for that misbehaviour on the teacher for failing to meet the needs of the student. Highlights From Schools Without Failure, by William Glasser, Published in Educational Horizions Vol.52 in Fall 1973. This goes against his principle of choice theory which posits it is the individual who is responsible for their own behaviour.
==References==
Category:New Age
Category:Psychology
Chris Stedman

Chris D. Stedman is a writer and interfaith activist. He is Managing Director of State of Formation for The Journal of Inter-Religious Dialogue and Assistant Humanist Chaplain and the Values in Action Coordinator for the Humanist Community at Harvard (where he was previously the inaugural Interfaith and Community Service Fellow).
Stedman, who was raised in a secular home, converted to Evangelical Christianity at age 11 and later rejected his belief in the supernatural (and coming out as gay),About the Author tends to promote atheist and non-religious dialogue with the religious for the sake of finding "common ground" on social justice issues, and tends to criticize fellow atheists for not doing enough to address issues such as IslamophobiaAtheists Ignore Islamophobia at their Peril (a critique which has been rebutted,Islamophobia and Skepticism, by Stephanie Zvan He catches significant heat from atheist bloggers due to perceived "accommodationism" with purveyors of faith and woo.)
==Relations with other writers==
===Sam Harris===
Stedman criticized Sam Harris over Harris' support for look-based profiling at airports as an anti-terror tacticSam Harris, Will You Visit A Mosque With Me?, open letter) and Harris' strenuous critique of Islam and Muslims (which Stedman calls "Islamophobic"). Harris suggested that Stedman misunderstood the problem of Islam, but appreciated his tone.Sam Harris's Twitter account,
===PZ Myers===
PZ Myers has frequently criticized Stedman on his blog over the idea of faith as something positive,Me vs. Chris Stedman which Myers flatly rejects. The two were joined by Leslie Cannold and Meredith Doig in a panel debate, Can Believers & Atheists Work Together for the Common Good?, at The Road Less Traveled, a conference held in May 2012 in Melbourne.Meredith Doig, PZ Myers, Chris Stedman, Leslie Cannold - The Road Less Travelled
==Bibliography==
*Faithiest: How an Atheist Found Common Ground with the Religious (Beacon Press, November 2012)
==References==
==External links==
*NonProphet Status - main blog to which he contributes
Category:Atheists
Category:Authors
Category:LGBTQ people
Category:Living people
Christian Action Research and Education

Christian Action Research and Education is the successor organisation to the set up by Mary Whitehouse, launched in 1983."About Us", via the official website of CARE.
==Beliefs==
CARE has been described as "an evangelical charity that promotes traditional family values";"In bad taste?". (4 October 1988). The News-Journal. p.2A. the organisation has actively campaigned against LGBT rights, abortion, stem cell research and assisted dying bills. Its work has been dismissed in the House of Lords as "propaganda"."Exclusive: right-wing Christian group pays for Commons researchers" (30 March 2008). The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 November 2009.
===Homosexuality and abortion===
The organisation believes that the Bible is literal truth, and has stolen the tactics of the religious right in the United States to persue its agenda through its association with Care for the Family, the European arm of Focus on the Family. In 2009, CARE sponsored a "Judaeo-Christian" event held on the Sabbath"100 protest outside London 'gay cure' conference". PinkNews. about homosexuality and promoting "'gay cure' therapy", which CARE billed as "mentoring the sexually broken". The conference also included a keynote speech from National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH) founder Joseph Nicolosi, alongside Arthur Goldberg, co-founder of (JONAH).Joseph Patrick McCormick. "MP who took interns from 'gay cure' event sponsor, appointed as Welsh Secretary". PinkNews. 14 July 2014, 11:16 PM. The organisation also was influential in mounting pressure against the repeal of the homophobic Section 28 legislation. CARE has received media criticism for its stance on abortion and homosexuality and Ben Bradshaw described the organisation in 2000 as "a bunch of homophobic bigots". 
CARE have funded the network of crisis pregnancy centres in the UK, some of which came under criticism in an investigation by The Daily Telegraph when counsellors were filmed undercover claiming abortions would increase chances of breast cancer and could predispose women to becoming child sexual abusers.
==Connections to politicians==
CARE was condemned in 2012 when it was revealed to have placed paid-for interns in 20 MPs’ offices, from Labour, the Conservatives – including Stephen Crabb, who formerly worked for the organization as an intern and consequently hired interns from the charity – and the Liberal Democrats – including the Lib Dems' former leader, , who upon becoming leader of the party wouldn't say whether he thought gay sex was a sin.
==External links==
* Christian Action Research and Education at Skeptical-Voter.org. A very good resource.
==References==
Category:Fundamentalist Christian organizations
Category:Homophobia
Category:Right-wing activists
Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry

The Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry (CARM) is a Christian ministry founded by apologist Matt Slick, who is also its president. Slick holds a Masters of Divinity degree from the Westminster Theological Seminary, a conservative seminary in the Calvinist tradition. CARM is written from a Biblical inerrantist, conservative Protestant point of view and has a trove of arguments against differing versions of Christianity such as Catholicism and Jehovah's Witnesses and against other religions such as Islam.
Along with "Got Questions", CARM is one of the most in-depth conservative evangelical online resources and ranks high in search engine rankings. 
==The site==
CARM does a good job of refuting the viewpoints of sects like Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons while promoting its own brand of biblical literalism. Bizarrely, it also warns about other Christian cults. Although Slick claims to emphasize reasoned argumentation, his arguments were not sufficient to persuade his own teenage daughter who is now an atheist. It is sometimes more honest than many other apologetics websites; for instance, CARM quotes Charles Darwin's often quote-mined quote about the eye in whole. On the other hand it also claims that humans and dinosaurs co-existed so it's clearly not where you want to go for your scientific advice.
==Fundamentalism==
CARM, is a literalist and fundamentalist website, and predictably rejects rational stuff like scientifically-supported theory of evolution and opposes sensible viewpoints on issues like homosexuality and abortion. Surprise!
==References==
Category:Christianity
Category:Creationists
Category:Fundamentalism
Christian Coalition

The Christian Coalition is a special interest group founded by Pat Robertson, From 1988 to the year 2000 it was considered the de facto leader of the Religious Right and the Coalition was a significant force in the election victory of George W. Bush. Jerry Falwell was willing to speak for them in 2000.
Their hegemony fell apart due to Pat's eccentricities and political differences.
==Controversial tactics==
They did, however, succeed in refining several tactics which have since been copied by the Religious Right on a larger scale. These included publishing "nonpartisan" voter's guides to be distributed in churches in violation of those churches' tax-exempt status; fomenting demagoguery and moral panics as a voter organizing/manipulation tool ("the Democrats are going to BAN THE BIBLE!"); and forming local "grassroots" networks which took control of the Republican Party machinery in some states.
==Tax-exempt status==
After its founding the Christian coalition was granted tax-exempt status by the IRS as a 501(c) organization. However complaints arose that the group engaged in partisan politics, which is not allowed for tax-exempt organizations. The complaints stemmed from reports that voter guide pamphlets handed out in churches were in fact partisan, as well as a tape released by the Americans United for Separation of Church and State in which Pat Robertson, speaking to Coalition members, expressed a desire to emulate famous political machines.IRS Denies Christian Coalition Tax-Exempt Status, Washington Times 1999 The IRS pulled their status, but after a long legal battle their status was restored.
==Decline==
In addition to tax troubles the Christian Coalition accumulated a large amount of debt, and members began to feel that the group was drifting away from its core goals of defending marriage, strengthening the family, and opposing abortion. As an example of their evolving priorities, the organization sent out an email to members in support of net neutrality. The chapters in Ohio and Alabama broke away from the national group. Of course, the Alabama breakaway stemmed from a dispute over a new state tax plan that the national group favored despite the state group's opposition. The president of the Christian Coalition of Alabama complained that the movement had strayed from its traditional Christian commitment to low taxes...Christian Coalition Is Splintering, Los Angeles Times 2006 The Christian Coalition still exists despite some loss of power, though what will happen when Pat Robertson finally dies, and a new leader emerges, is anyone's guess.
==Christian Broadcasting Network==
The Christian Broadcasting Network was also started by Pat Robertson and was linked to the Christian Coalition.Christian Coalition of America
==See also==
*Religious right
*Republican Party
*TheocracyWatch
==External links==
*Christian Coalition of America Right Wing Watch
*Scary News from the Christian Coalition As of 2011 they were still active and supported the Tea Party
==References==
Category:Political action groups
Category:Right-wing activists
Category:Christianity
Category:Homophobia
Christian Democratic Party (The Fred Nile Group)

The Christian Democratic Party (The Fred Nile Group) is a minor, Australian Conservative political party. The party is, by any reasonable measure, deeply xenophobic and homophobic. It is wholly distinct from the centre-right Christian Democrat tradition of mainland Europe.
==Policies and political stance==
As the name implies, the party expounds Christian values, and this is reflected in their policies. 
*A 10-year moratorium on all Arab immigration
*No action on climate change, as they believe that "the issue remains unresolved"
*A ban on in vitro fertilisation (IVF)
*No gay marriage
*A ban on abortionThe Federal policies of the party
*Promotion of religious and scripture classes into public schools and the removal of "Safe Schools and Gender ideologies"Education. Our Policies. Christian Democratic Party. Accessed July 17, 2021.
*law based on "the Judeo-Christian ethic"Our Principles. Christian Democratic Party. Accessed July 17, 2021.
==The porn research incident==
In September of 2010, it was revealed that some 200,000 hits on pornographic sites had been made from the computer within Fred Nile's office at the NSW Parliament. Nile claimed that this was performed as "research." As of yet, no action has been taken.Jamal, Nadia and Paul Tatnell. Fred Nile caught in web porn scandal. The Sydney Morning Herald. September 2, 2010.
==Prominent members==
*Fred Nile
==References==
Category:Anti-abortion activists
Category:Australian political parties
Category:Far-right political parties
Category:Global warming denialists
Category:Homophobia
Category:Racism
Christian Liberty Party

The Christian Liberty Party is a (thankfully) very small American political party that, despite the middle name, is a fringe right, theocratic, ultra-authoritarian party that seeks to enact biblical positions into government laws.
==Social issues==
Their stand on homosexuality is about what you would expect for a Christian Fundamentalist party.
Of course, whether this means they want gays imprisoned or murdered is unclear, as that is all they say on the subject. Either way, it's not pretty.
Not surprisingly, they also want to ban abortion and pornography, and have harsh consequences for participating in either.
==Services==
They would also like to repeal Social Security, the Federal Reserve, minimum wage, the Federal Food and Drug Administration, and other "unconstitutional agencies". The public education system also needs to go because public schools aren't willing to indoctrinate children with Christianity as homeschooling might. No, really, that's their position.
The government's only jobs appear to be providing national security, implementing tariffs, and harshly punishing heathens. Sounds fun.
==Nuttiness== 
==See also==
*American Taliban
*Constitution party
==References==
Category:Far-right political parties
Category:Homophobia
Category:Paleoconservatism
Category:Purity culture
Category:United States political parties
Category:Misnomers
Christian Party

The Christian Party (aka Scottish Christian Party and Welsh Christian Party in those countries, and registered as Christian Party "Proclaiming Christ's Lordship" to avoid confusion with similarly named parties) is a minor, Eurosceptic, Christian political partyChristian Party "Proclaiming Christ's Lordship" The Electoral ComissionChristian Party, Proclaiming Christ's Lordship UK Parliament in the United Kingdom founded by pentecostal minister and former songwriter out of Scottish-based Christian Peoples Alliance splinter Operation Christian Vote in May 2004 to campaign for Brexit and fundamentalist Christian policies. Such policies include abolishing progressive tax and the NHS, 'Christian Education' including corporal punishment and "balanced teaching" of Creationism and evolution, removing the "satanic" red dragon from the Welsh flag, and increasing speed limits to 90mph. Fined and de-registered for failiure to pay fees in 2012, the party was re-registered by current leader Jeff Green in 2013. The proclomation of Christ's Lordship has, however, not resulted in any sort of electoral success.
== Electoral performance ==
Nearly reaching the 1% mark of votes cast in elections for the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly and gained nearly 20,000 votes in a UK General election, the Christian Party is being heard in some areas, but is a long way from actually taking a seat.
== Manifesto promises ==
Their policies range from those on taxation, which are more right-wing than the Conservative Party (abolish progressive taxation & remove all income tax exemptions, while adding one for married couples) to the standard fundamentalist Christian views espoused by the Religious Right of America: no gay rights, no abortion. They believe in withdrawal from the European Union, compulsory voting and advocate decreased transparency in the banking sector (seriously). They're in favour of abolishing the National Health Service, but accept global warming as something we need to take seriously.
Below are some other gems:http://www.englishchristianparty.org.uk/policies.html
*Enforce a 9pm curfew for children and have social services get involved if kids are out late.
*Allow teachers to hit children.
*Draft legislation to enforce respect for the Sabbath.
*Require Abstinence education as the only form of sex education.
*Require compulsory 'Christian Education' in the public schools.
*"Encourage balanced teaching" about Creation and evolution and the weaknesses of evolution.
*"Mind Pollution Levy" on 18 Certificate Films, DVDs, CDs, Video Games and Top Shelf magazines.
*Discourage the practice of addressing women as "Ms". 
*Replace the standard of 'beyond reasonable doubt' with the more biblical 'evidence of two or three reliable witnesses' in the criminal justice system.
*Increasingly strict copyright laws.
*Repeal all race equality laws.
*Replace the Welsh flag, because that red dragon is a satanic symbol. No, really.Christian Group wants "Evil" Welsh Flag Changed, Wales Online
*Increase speed laws to 90mph. Vroom Vroom!
== External links ==
*Their Website
==References==
Category:British_political_parties
Category:Christianity