nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Net domestic product

Net Domestic Product (NDP) is variant of national income accounting equal to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a nation minus any depreciation of its capital stock. The depreciated capital is sometimes referred to as the "capital consumption allowance".Kenton, Will. "Capital Consumption Allowance (CCA)". Investopedia. Some economists see NDP as a useful alternative to GDP.Spant, R. (2003). "Why net domestic product should replace gross domestic product as a measure of economic growth." International Productivity Monitor, 39-43.
==Basics==
NDP's purpose is to consider the depreciation in a nation's capital stock over some time period in order to estimate how much investment is needed to maintain current levels of output."Net domestic product (NDP)" www.bea.gov.
The formula for calculating NDP is as follows:
GDP-D=NDP
Where GDP is Gross Domestic Product, D is capital depreciation, and NDP is Net Domestic Product.
===Why it's useful===
As roads wear down, computers break, and machines rust they need to be fixed. An increase in investment spending meant to prop up existing capital, public or private, does not make anyone better off. Rather, it simply maintains existing production capacity. Suppose there is a big increase in GDP in the late 21st century due to spending on things to combat the negatives of global warming. All that investment spending to engage in flood control, rebuild burned homes, or relocate factories and power plants won't be making anyone better off, even though conventional GDP statistics how a huge boost in investment. The main issue with NDP is the difficulty in measuring all depreciation.Glossary:Net domestic product (NDP)
==Net National Product==
A similar concept to NDP. Net National Product subtracts depreciation from Gross National Product.
The formula is as follows 
GNP-D=NNP
==External links==
*Fred: Net Domestic Product
==References==
Category:Economics
Category:Statistics
Net national income

Net national income (NNI) is a type of national income accounting defined as gross national income minus the depreciation of fixed capital assets (dwellings, buildings, machinery, transport equipment and physical infrastructure) through wear and tear and obsolescence.https://data.oecd.org/natincome/net-national-income.htm In that sense it is very similar to Net Domestic Product.
==Formula==
The formula for calculating net national income is: NNI = C + I + G + NX + NFF - IT - D
Where C is consumption, I is investment, G is government spending, NX refers to imports minus exports, NFF is net foreign factors, IT are any indirect taxes, and D is capital depreciation."What is net national income?" BusinessDictionary.com. A somewhat obscure variant of NIA it often takes a back seat to more prominent indicators like GDP and GDI. 
==See also==
*Gross domestic product
*Gross domestic income
*Gross national income
==References==
Category:Economics
Neurolink

Neurolink (not to be confused with Neuralink) is a little known form of medical woo, founded by Dr. Allan Phillips in New Zealand.http://www.naturalhealthclinicni.com/-what-is-neurolink.html The basic theory is that, by tapping on your head while holding something that is sore and interacting with it in various ways, you can trigger parts of your brain and tell them to make it better.http://www.neurolinkglobal.com/How-Does-NIS-Work_59.aspx In reality, it is only about as effective as a placebo, with the bonus effect of having strangers touch you a lot. At the very least, they also half-heartedly suggest to use this "in addition" to things that might actually help you (They're more than happy to be an extra strain on your wallet, though!), but say that Neurolink is the only way "optimum sustainability" can be achieved.http://www.neurolinkglobal.com/Practitioners_11.aspx If you're intrigued by this magical cure-all, you can learn how it all works and magically cure mental disabilitieshttp://www.neurolinkglobal.com/Learn_480.aspx that "normal science" (as always) is unable, for a presumably low unstated fee. Regular 'check-ups' (emphasis theirs) are encouraged, and it is important to make sure you continue to operate at maximum potential at all times.http://www.neurolinkglobal.com/Patients_10.aspx
==How it works==
Neurolink is purportedly based on quantum physics, which is apparently the idea that you can tell the brain to fix every problem the human body has, from diseases like cancer, to mental disabilities like Asperger's and ADHD.http://www.neurolinkglobal.com/Science_148.aspx Their own site lists a bunch of technobabble to somehow explain this, in a way that would make Dr. Daniel Jackson of Stargate Command blush. Curiously, there are no links to anything backing up their claims, but there is a lot of bold text, and when there's bold text afoot, you know they're super serious and one hundred percent accurate. They even claim to be able to cure animals, and say that the same methods they use on humans can be easily remodeled to work on them,http://www.neurolinkglobal.com/NIS--Animals_336.aspx which is incredibly scientific, as one "Thunder the Dog" is eager to testify.http://www.neurolinkglobal.com/RLThunder_287.aspx
==See also==
*Therapeutic touch
==References==
Category:Alternative medicine
Neutral theory

The neutral theory of molecular evolution, proposed in the 1970s by Motō Kimura, is/was a controversial theory that suggests that most mutations in an organism are, on the whole, selectively neutral, making genetic drift a more powerful mechanism of evolution than natural selection. It downplays the power of selective pressures by asserting that in general evolutionary changes are too minor to result in much actual selective advantage or disadvantage, although it acknowledges that some changes may be overwhelmingly positive or negative. Part of the implication of this is that a species can change substantially through mutation before any major change is seen; some of this holds true with current theories of pseudogenes and junk DNA mutation.On the differences between Neutral Theory and random genetic drift by Larry Moran, Sandwalk
Neutral theory is not generally considered to represent a complete model of evolution, and does not hold strictly true in all (arguably not even in most) cases, but it adds a great deal to our understanding and ability to model evolutionary changes on a genetic level: Namely, it marked the first major driftHaha, get it, because neutral theory is all about genetic drift! Haha… anyone? Tough room. from purely selectionist evolutionary theory, arguing that most mutations confer a selective advantage or disadvantage. It also provides an effective null model for positive selection. It's vital to note that neutral theory is in no way "anti-selection" or "anti-Darwinian"; it simply represents another facet of understanding to the existing model of evolutionary theory.
==Selectionist opposition==
While neutral theory has become the consensus in population genetics, some studies have challenged it. One special example is studies of Homo sapiensgenome in comparison to Pan trogolodytes genome, in which the estimates of adaptive evolution (as the reason of genetic variation) is estimated from 0-45%. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647533/
One study on Capsilla grandiflora found that 40% of amino acid substitutions could be non-neutral. A study on Drosophilia melanogaster found that adaptation plays a role in evolution of small populations too. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19882309 Other studies found similar results by sequencing regions of the Drosophilia melanogaster genome. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892965/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11875569?dopt=Abstract
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Evolution
Neutralization

Neutralization (often referred to as Techniques of Neutralization) is a psychological process by which an individual justifies personal behavior that contradicts their held values system, without surrendering either the values system in question or their conception of self as one in good standing with it."Neutralization Theory" by Heith Copes (2015) DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0140 It is generally structured according to categories first proposed by two of its early proponents: Specifically and who in the 1950s set out to observe and describe the process by which "delinquent youths" overcame what Sykes and Matza theorized to be an otherwise universal inherent shame to the committing of "criminal acts." While this perspective presupposes a number of different ideas about human nature and objective morality that have since come under serious reconsideration (or rejection) by the broader psychological and philosophical communities, the categories themselves retain explainative power within the framework of the theory even when extracted from Sykes and Matza's sloppy editorializing.
==Sykes' and Matza's Categories==
*Denial of Responsibility: Self image is maintained through displacing fault. "Techniques of Neutralization" by Bradley Wright October 26 2008 Everyday Sociology ("I was only following orders." "It wasn't my place to intervene.")
*Denial of Harm: Self image is maintained through minimizing or denying the consequences of admitted actions. ("It was just a joke." "So I hit him, it's not like I shot him." "That didn't hurt and you know it.")
*Victim Blaming: Exactly what it says on the tin. The person harmed is made out to be responsible for the behavior that harmed them, at the convenient excuse of the person who committed the action. ("Look how she was dressed!" "If he hadn't been such a pussy I wouldn't have beat him down.")
*Reflexive Blame: Self image is maintained through casting accusations back at the accusers from a position of denial, claiming instead to be the innocent victim of their aggression, or discounting their aspersions on the basis of their unrelated "guilt." ("You disrespected me first!" "You're a god-hating atheist! I don't need to listen to your words!")
*Appealing to the Greater Good: Self image is maintained by asserting that seemingly contradictory actions will ultimately aid the values system in question. ("By beating the child, we stop them from getting into trouble." "If we rob this old lady, we can finance our organization.")
==See also==
*Denial
*Psychological projection
*Vigilante
==References==
Category:Psychology
Neutrino

A neutrino is a type of subatomic particle. Specifically, it is a lepton. Neutrinos come in three flavors — electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos, and tau neutrinos (which correspond to the electron, muon, and tau, respectively). Neutrinos are electrically neutral, don't interact through the strong force, but do interact through the weak force. For many years, they were thought to be massless, but recent observations have shown that they actually have a small mass. 
==History and discovery of the neutrino==
The neutrino (specifically, the electron neutrino) was first proposed by Wolfgang Pauli to resolve the apparent non-conservation of energy and momentum in nuclear beta-decay. Essentially, a neutron would decay to a proton, and a high energy electron would be emitted by the nucleus. This electron would have a certain, fixed energy. However, there was a continuous spectrum of electron energies and the energy was always less than what was expected. Pauli proposed that perhaps some of the extra energy was being carried off by an unseen particle — the neutrino. (Pauli actually called it a neutron. This meant that there were two types of neutrons — the nucleon and Pauli's particle. Enrico Fermi resolved this by calling Pauli's particle a neutrino, which means little neutral one in Italian.)
A while later, the neutrino that Pauli proposed was detected. (The one Pauli proposed is the electron neutrino. The muon and tau neutrinos have also been observed.)
==Properties==
===Interactions===
Neutrinos are electrically neutral so they do not interact through the electromagnetic force. They do not have color charge so they do not interact through the strong force. They do however, interact through the weak force.
===Mass===
For a long time, neutrinos were thought to be massless. However, recent observations have shown that neutrinos do, in fact, have a small mass. Specifically, scientists observed neutrino mixing, which can only happen if neutrinos have mass.
===Lepton number===
Lepton number is a property of particles. Leptons have lepton number +1, and antileptons have lepton number -1, and everybody else has lepton number 0. In the Standard Model, lepton number is always conserved. However, there is no particularly deep reason for this. Such symmetries are dubbed accidental symmetries. In Grand Unification Theories (GUTs), lepton number and baryon number (which is the quark analog of lepton number and is also an accidental symmetry) are not conserved.
===Speed===
Neutrinos tend to travel very fast, because the highly energetic environment that generates them can accelerate their small mass quickly to just slower than the speed of light. Neutrinos have very little interaction with other objects, so once they are moving, they tend to continue moving at the velocity they started with. See Newton's First Law of Motion.
One observation of the speed of electron neutrinos seemed to indicate that they actually travelled faster than light.http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120608152339.htm That result was caused by a loose cable to the clock used for timing them.
==References==
Category:Physics
Category:Fundamental particles
Neville Chamberlain

Arthur Neville Chamberlain , was a member of the Conservative and Unionist Party, and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940. He had been a Member of Parliament since 1918, and his father was Joseph Chamberlain, himself a prominent politician who served as a government minister and leader of the opposition. As Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1931–37 he advocated a tariff system to protect trade with the British Empire, and badmouthed Wallis Simpson during the 1936 Abdication Crisis.
==Passing notes with Hitler==
Chamberlain is now remembered chiefly for declaring, upon his return from a meeting with Adolf Hitler in 1938, "I believe it is peace in our time," while gesturing with a piece of paper. This has left him with the reputation of being an appeaser in the face of antagonism. Britain declared war on Germany in 1939. Chamberlain has been subsequently castigated as a weakling (possibly true) in the face of German aggression (certainly true).His appeasement, however, has since acted as a warning against diplomacy to some US conservatives. What we should bear in mind is that Chamberlain didn't do anything wrong by talking with Hitler — he erred by giving him half of Czechoslovakia, especially given that no Czech or Slovak was consulted on their opinion on the matter.To be fair, he did realize the need for mass rearmament when the cards were down. But that was probably too late at that point.
==Ousting==
Following the fall of Norway to the Nazis in May 1940, he lost a large measure of parliamentary support, and the Labour Party agitated for his resignation as a precondition for entering a coalition government with the Conservatives. He was replaced by Winston Churchill.
==References==
==External links==
*Chamberlain declares war on Germany (transcript of speech)
Category:British people
Category:Former Members of Parliament (UK)
Category:Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
New Apologetics

New Apologetics is a pseudo-intellectual movement creatinvented by Christian apologists in response to the increasing presence of outspoken atheists.newapologetics.com The New Apologetics has a similar aim to traditional apologetics — to defend religious faiths and to provide reasoning for religious ideas. What's "New" is a difference in style and policy. Instead of providing arguments in defence of one's beliefs, as traditional apologists tend to do, New Apologists move to smear-tactics and defamation and slander of atheist authors and activists, branding them as intolerant, racist, bigoted, and unsophisticated.An open letter to atheists
==Irony==
Insofar as it is uncivil, abrasive, and disrespectful of those of other faiths, the New Apologetics movement is defying the rather explicit command of : "But in your hearts revere Christ as Lord. Always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have. But do this with gentleness and respect,"NIV. Emphasis added. or, in simpler terms, treat the filthy heathens respectfully when they question your faith. In other words, New Apologetics is disregarding the faith in order to defend the faith.
==References==
Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics
New Apostolic Church

The New Apostolic Church (NAC) is a restorationist Christian denomination that was created in 1863 after branching off from the also-restorationist Catholic Apostolic Church (not to be confused with the mainstream Roman Catholic Church.)About the NAC, New Apostolic Church International website, 15 Feb 2016 The denomination holds that they are the restoration of the original Catholic Apostolic Church, which had been created in 1832 by Jesus himself to prepare the world for His second coming (or at least by followers of Scottish clergyman Edward Irving at Jesus's instigation).https://www.naccanada.org/IMIS_PROD/NAC/Believe/History.aspx Sound familiar to anyone?
Despite having some Protestant-like beliefs, the NAC also holds the Catholic belief in a hierarchical church structure led through apostolic authority. Their belief that baptism is needed for salvation means that Evangelical Protestants consider them to be a cult.https://www.gotquestions.org/New-Apostolic-Church.html In a way, the NAC feels like a novus ordo boomer Catholic Church cut off from the main organization in the same way baraminology is evolution cut off from the main stem.
NAC claims apostolic authority, meaning that people have to listen to and obey whatever they teach. With a smaller organization that, unlike bigger apostolic churches like Roman Catholicism, does not receive much media scrutiny, it's easy to see how this could potentially go wrong. 
==Beliefs==
===Core Theology===
====Salvation====
The NAC rejects the Protestant interpretation of sola fide, believing that salvation begins with baptism.http://www.nak.org/catechism/8-the-sacraments/81-holy-baptism-with-water/813-the-necessity-of-holy-baptism-with-water-for-salvation/
====Trinity====
The NAC accepts the mainstream view of the Trinity.
===Society and Family===
====Homosexuality====
The NAC does not yet have a clear teaching on homosexuality and seems to be in the process of discerning the topic. It does not call homosexuality a sin, but does view it with caution with regard to homosexuals serving in ministry and homosexual marriage.http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/14592/
====Abortion====
The NAC is anti-abortion but states that abortions should be dealt with on an individual basis.http://www.nak.org/en/news/news-display/article/12687/
===Faith and Science===
====Evolution====
The NAC's statement on evolution seems to point toward theistic evolution. It objects to the secular theory of evolution that "takes no account of God" but also says that current scientific findings are not incompatible with the Bible.http://www.nak.org/en/news/news-display/article/12684/
==References==
New Communist Party of Britain

The New Communist Party of Britain (NCP; as distinct from the not to mention the Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist-Leninist), the the or the ) is a British political party advocating communism, specifically Stalinism. It runs a newspaper entitled 
==History== 
It was founded in 1977 by Sid French and others as a result of the decline of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). By the 1970s, the CPGB (founded 1920) was split between an old guard ("tankies") and an emerging Eurocommunist faction within the CPGB. The NCP decided to stand up for Uncle Joe and established Stalinist doctrine against various forms of revisionism.Communist Party of Great Britain, Marxists Internet Archive
==Views==
The party's website praises Joseph Stalin, painting him as the heroic victim of "a seemingly endless torrent of lies" from "the unholy alliance of bourgeois politicians, social democrats, Trotskyites and revisionists."JOSEPH STALIN The site also casts doubt on the death toll attributed to Stalin's gulags ("Surely some of those foreign observers would have noticed. Millions in the gulag camps? Even Trotsky with his network of informants, put it lower: thousands dead, tens of thousands imprisoned"Stalin's ‘crimes’ that saved humanity) and concludes that "The world has much for which to thank Stalin, Man of Unparalleled Success. What a tragedy there has been no one to succeed him."Stalin: world statesman
Stalin is not the only murderous dictator beloved of the party; their fondness for dictators even goes beyond the communist variety, as the party also supported the Ba'athist Bashar al-Assad government in Syria: "Genuine solidarity with the Syria’s [sic] communist and progressive forces goes hand in hand with defence of the Assad government in the face of imperialist threats", declared the site. "While the war of words goes on at UN HQ the struggle for peace in Britain has to be stepped up to prevent British involvement in yet another war against the Arabs."The Fall of Tripoli
The New Communist Party of Britain use My enemy's enemy argument almost as much as Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist-Leninist).
Unlike the CPGB-ML, which is known for its transphobia, the NCPB supports LGBT rights.Lesbian, Gay, Bi‑Sexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ) rights
==See also==
*Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist-Leninist)
==External links==
* Official website
==References==
Category:British political parties
Category:Communist political parties
Category:Far-left political parties
Category:Tankies