nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Coupon

Coupon refers to the interest payments that are paid, either annually or semi-annually, on debt securities like notes or bonds. Zero-coupon bonds don't make such payments, selling at a discount to their face value, also called par. They are named for a part of the paper security that investors used to redeem to receive their interest payment.
== Par for the course ==
Until around 20 years ago, investors in corporate or government bonds would receive a bond certificate with detachable "coupons" that the investor could exchange with the issuer's trustee for their interest payment - these were called 'bearer bonds'. Later came 'registered bonds', which were issued in the investor's name and automatically made coupon payments to investor, while computer-based 'book-entry bonds' are now sent to the investor's financial institution and also make automatic coupon payments.
Zero-coupon bonds, as their name suggests, do not pay coupons but instead sell at a deep discount to the face value of the bond, also known as the par value. The extent of this discount depends on both the prevailing market interest rate and the bond's maturity, which means the the price of zero-coupon bonds is more sensitive to interest-rate changes.
== References ==
Courtney Leimkuhler

__NOTOC__ 
Courtney Leimkuhler is the CFO of the U.S. and Canadian division of Marsh, Inc.
Previously, she was an executive vice president of corporate strategy for NYSE Euronext.
In July 2011, Leimkuhler joined the Futures and Options board, a career skills training organization offering paid internships to under-served New York City high school students.
She has been honored by the Women's Bond Club of New York and the YWCA of New York City. She's a volunteer mentor with Big Brothers Big Sisters, and she serves on the board of the friends of Harvard Lacrosse. 
In fall of 2012, she was honored by Profiles in Diversity Journal as one of their “Women Worth Watching.” 
== Background ==
Prior to joining NYSE Euronext, Leimkuhler worked for Goldman Sachs in the equities division, focused on the firm's electronic trading business and investments, and then in the principal investments area.
== Education ==
Leimkuhler graduated summa cum laude from Harvard College with a degree in Government, where she was also inducted to Phi Beta Kappa and was an Academic All-American on the women's lacrosse team. She received her MBA from Harvard Business School where she was a Baker Scholar.
== References ==	
Category:NYSE Euronext - Former Employees
Category:Futures and Options
Covantis

Covantis is a Geneva, Switzerland-based company with an international slate of founders that focuses on making global commodity trade more secure and efficient by using Ethereum blockchain technology in the post-transaction execution phase of physical commodity trading. 
== History ==
ADM first announced Covantis in late 2018 as a consortium consisting of international grain trading companies Bunge, Cargill, Louis Dreyfus Company and itself to deploy blockchain technologies to digitize their global shipping transactions.
Ethereum-focused software developer ConsenSys announced in January 2020 that the Covantis Initiative had chosen it as its lead partner after what an independent project advisor termed "a robust selection process, including a two week hackathon." According to ConsenSys, "ConsenSys will leverage its enterprise-ready blockchain products and services, including ConsenSys Codefi, PegaSys Orchestrate, Kaleido and MythX."
The company was launched as a legal entity in March 2020. Its founding members were ADM, Bunge, Cargill, COFCO, Louis Dreyfus Company and Viterra, all prominent agricultural enterprises. COFCO is a large, state-owned Chinese food company. Viterra is the rebranded Glencore Agriculture, with roots as Canada's largest grain handling business.
On May 18, 2021 Covantis announced that it had expanded to 18 companies as participants in its network. The company also said, "Covantis network has now over 500 users and 50 legal entities from all over the world."
== Products and Services ==
Using ConsenSys's Quorum, the enterprise blockchain technology first developed with JPMorgan, the Covantis blockchain went live in February 2021 for bulk shipments of corn and soybeans exported out of Brazil.
== Key People ==
Petya Sechanova, CEO
== References ==
Category:Ethereum
Category:grains
Category:blockchain
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Covered Bond

Covered bonds are securities issued by a bank and backed by a dedicated group of loans known as a cover pool. The two different types of covered bonds include those backed by public sector loans and those backed by high-quality mortgage loans. Covered bonds are widely used in Europe, where they are seen as an important tool for banks to fund themselves. Interest is paid to investors from the issuer's cash flow.
The credit crisis in the U.S. has fueled interest in the wide use of covered bonds in the U.S. as it's seen as a possible method to unfreeze housing funds. Unlike the complex securities that backed many subprime mortgages, covered bonds are kept in plain view on a bank's financial statements.
On July 28, 2008, U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson, accompanied by officials from four of the largest banks — Bank of America, Citigroup, JPMorgan Chase, and Wells Fargo — issued a document outlining what Treasury considers best practices for residential covered bonds. The banks said they plan to start issuing the bonds.Paulson said officials had been looking for ways to increase the availability and lower the cost of mortgage financing to accelerate the return of normal home buying and refinancing activity. Paulson said he wants to keep the government out of covered bonds in the U.S.
Showing support of the U.S. Treasury's efforts to establish the covered bond market, the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA) announced that it had formed a U.S. Covered Bonds Traders Committee, which comprises participants in the primary market and secondary market for covered bonds. Member firms that are part of this committee support the growth of the covered bond market in the U.S. and will play an active role in fostering and strengthening this market. SIFMA noted that a liquid U.S. covered bond market can provide an additional and complimentary funding alternative for the residential mortgage market.
Also on July 28, 2008, over-the-counter (OTC), multi-asset online marketplace Tradeweb (which is owned by Thomson Reuters and 10 leading global dealers) announced that it is planning to introduce an online marketplace for covered bonds backed by pools of U.S. residential mortgages. Tradeweb said in a press release that the decision to provide the marketplace was made at the encouragement of the U.S. Treasury, as well as Tradeweb's dealers and institutional clients.
 
== Resources ==
U.S. Department of the Treasury, Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. July 28, 2008 Statement on Covered Bond Best Practices
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Bonds
Category:Fixed Income
Category:Trading Strategies
Cows on Parade

"Cows on Parade" was a project spearheaded by a Chicago shoe magnate, Peter Hanig, who saw an exhibit of fiberglass cows in Zurich, Switzerland and invited hundreds of artists to transform 306 88-pound hollow fiberglass cows into works of art, which were then displayed around the city of Chicago. The project, Chicago's 1999 Summer Public Art Exhibition, was curated by Nathan Mason.
Pictured is one of the cows in the atrium of the Chicago Board of Trade Building. 
== References ==
Category:Images Misc
Crack spread

A crack spread is a strategy employed in energy trading that involves buying crude oil futures and selling refined products (for example, Brent Crude Oil and Gas Oil). Any combination of energy futures can be used, provided that the number of crude contracts equals the number of product contracts.
The spread allows refiners to lock in the differential between refinery input and output prices, and profit from or protect against changes in that value.
The name "crack spread" comes from the fact that the act of processing crude oil to make gasoline and heating oil is called "cracking" the oil.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Craig Abruzzo

__NOTOC__ 
Craig Abruzzo is a managing director at Morgan Stanley. He heads up Morgan Stanley's client listed derivatives business which provides execution, clearing and related services to clients transacting in exchange-traded futures and options across all asset classes.
Abruzzo also serves as a member of the board of the Options Clearing Corporation ("OCC").
He is also a member of the board of directors of FIA Global.
== Background ==
Before starting his career at Morgan Stanley, Abruzzo was an associate at Cravath, Swaine & Moore.
== Education ==
Abruzzo received a juris doctor degree from New York University School of Law in 1994, where he was an editor of the New York University Law Review. He received a bachelor of arts degree in economics from Drew University in 1990. He is also a member of the adjunct faculty of the Drew University Wall Street Semester.
== References ==	
Category:Morgan Stanley
Category:FIA Global Board of Directors
Category:OCC
Category:OCC - Board Members
Category:Lawyers
Craig C. Messinger

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Craig Messinger is the global head of trading and risk for foreign exchange, derivatives, fixed income and equities at the Bank of New York Mellon. He is a member of the executive committee for global markets and the operating committee at the bank.
Currently, he serves on the board of the American Bankers Association securities organization and the OCC Options Clearing Corp. Mr. Messinger has served on the boards of the Chicago Board of Options Exchange, the Boston Stock Exchange, the Archipelago Exchange and as a member of the Executive Committee at the Bond Market Association, where he also served as Treasurer.
== Background ==
Prior to his current role he was a Managing Director of Pershing a BNY Mellon company where he was responsible for the management of Pershing Trading Services and Pershing Prime Services. He also was a member of the Executive Committee at Pershing and the Operating Committee of BNYMellon. In his expanded role he continues to have senior management responsibility for Pershing's global agency and principal trading which will be integrated into BNYMellon Global Markets over the coming year.
Before joining Pershing in 2005, he was President of Fidelity Capital Markets and was responsible for leading the growth of the trade execution business and prime brokerage, providing execution services to institutional and introducing broker-dealers, hedge funds and registered investment advisors. Prior to that, he held numerous senior management positions at Lehman Brothers Inc., including President of Lehman Brothers Canada and Head of Trading and Products for Lehman Brothers Asia.
== Education ==
Mr. Messinger earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
== References ==
Category:Archipelago
Category:The Bank of New York Mellon
Category:Boston Stock Exchange
Category:CBOE
Craig Delany

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Craig Delany is the chief investment officer for JPMorgan Chase & Co. He was named to the position in September of 2012. He reports to co-chief operating officer Matthew Zames and sits on the bank's executive committee. Delany manages the firm’s mortgage-servicing rights as part of his role.
The change in Delany's role followed a broader reorganization of the bank’s upper ranks, which was intended to strengthen JPMorgan’s focus on its clients.
Delany's predecessor, Ina Drew, resigned in May of 2012 and had to return considerable compensation awards after JPMorgan management discovered an extensive bad derivatives bet in its $359.1 billion investment portfolio.
 
== Background ==
Before moving into the chief investment officer position, Delany was chief operating officer of mortgage banking at JPMorgan Chase & Co.
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Craig F. Smithson

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Craig Smithson is president and CEO of Limelight Investment Corp. in Chicago. 
== Biography ==
Craig Smithson has worked in the securities and futures industry for more 35 years, employed with banks, securities firms and futures commission merchants in positions related to research, trading, sales, and management of fixed income, equities, and derivatives products. 
Smithson served as director on the board of the Futures Industry Association from 1990 to 2004. He has been a member of the Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange for more than 25 years, working on a number of the exchanges' committees and industry advisory boards. He has served as chairman of the Futures Industry Association's “EXPO” in 2002 and 2003.
He chaired the FIA’s Advisory Board to Common Clearing in 2003, and in 2005, was inducted into the Futures Industry Association's Futures Hall of Fame, which was established in 2005 to commemorate outstanding contributions to the global futures and options community. 
From 1985-1998 he was a Director of "The Traders Foundation," a philanthropic organization focusing on the needs of disadvantaged children.
== Previous Positions ==
*1971-1976 Seattle First National Bank/Sr. Trader Money Market Department
*1976-1978 Donaldson Lufkin Jenrette/Sr.Trader Financial Futures
*1978-1979 Dunavant Financial Corp./Financial Futures Sales Manager
*1979-1984 A.G.Becker Paribas Securities Corp./Sr.VP & Manager Financial Futures Department (acquired by PaineWebber in 1984)
*1984-2000 PaineWebber/Managing Director Global Futures and Options; National Sales Manager Fixed Income (PaineWebber acquired by UBS in December of 2000)
*2000-2003 UBS/Executive Director and Client Relationship Director
*2004- Sr. Advisor/JP Morgan Futures & Options
== Education ==
Smithson receive a degree in economics from the University of Washington.
== References ==
Category:Futures Hall of Fame Members
Craig Fuller

__NOTOC__ 
Craig Fuller is the CEO and managing director of FreightWaves, a freight-focused organization that offers a comprehensive view of the freight and logistics market, including news, market data, analytics, content and risk management tools. 
Before founding FreightWaves, Fuller was the founder and CEO of TransCard, a fleet payment processor that was sold to US Bank. 
He is a trucking industry veteran, having founded and managed the Xpress Direct division of US Xpress Enterprises, the largest provider of on-demand trucking services in North America.
== Background ==
Craig Fuller grew up around the freight industry and was exposed to trucking, airfreight, digitization, and technology from an early age. His father started US Xpress, now the largest privately held trucking company in the US. As a small boy he learned about technologies such as telematics and digitization, and worked as the company's first help-desk technician in his pre-teens.
== Education ==
== References ==
Craig Iseli

__NOTOC__ 
Craig Iseli is a founding partner of the SpiderRock Group of companies including Spider Rock Trading and SpiderRock Execution Services. He also serves as Chief Operating Officer.
== Background ==
Prior to forming SpiderRock, Iseli was the Managing Partner of a consulting firm specializing in operations and technology across the energy industry. In prior roles, Iseli has been both a manager and adviser on large capital projects and investment programs with large multinational energy companies. 
== Education ==
Iseli graduated from Michigan Technological University with a degree in chemical engineering. He went on to receive an MBA from the University of Chicago. 
== MarketsWiki Questions: Exploring Financial Technology ==
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Iseli participated in the MarketsWiki Questions: Exploring Financial Technology interactive video series. See his responses to the following questions:
*Q1: What is the single greatest opportunity for technology in the financial markets? (June 1, 2011)
*Q3: Whose responsibility is risk management technology today – exchanges, firms, brokers – and what is the best solution for risk management? (July 13, 2011)
*Q6: What impact will technology have on high frequency trading, beyond improving speed? (September 14, 2011)
*Q7: What, in terms of technology, is missing in the financial markets? (September 28, 2011)
== References ==
Craig J. Mohan

__NOTOC__ 
Craig J. Mohan is chief growth officer at Trading Technologies. Named to the post in October 2019, he is responsible for the firm's growth and product development of its data and infrastructure services.
== Background ==
Before joining TT, he served as managing director, co-location and data center services, for CME Group. He was appointed to that newly created position on May 25, 2010 and was responsible for the strategic development, management and overall execution of the company's co-location and data center hosting business, including sales, product development and client services. He served that role from May 2010 to April 2019.
== Education ==
He earned a bachelor of science degree in engineering from the University of Illinois in 1990. 
== References ==	
Category:CME Group
Craig L. Caudle

__NOTOC__
Craig L. Caudle is chief executive officer of Liberty Funds Goup, Inc.
==Background==
He formerly served as a commodity pool operator representative on the board of directors of National Futures Association. Caudle also served as a member of the NFA Membership Committee.
He was formerly the director of trading and marketing for Abraham Trading Co.
==Education==
He holds a bachelor of science degree from Texas Tech University in international trade, economics and Spanish.
==Registration Information==
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*	
Category:NFA Board of Directors Members - Former Members
Category:NFA Membership Committee - Former Members
Craig Lax

__NOTOC__ 
Craig Lax is the head of ConvergEx's execution services group, a position he took over in June 2013. He is also an executive managing director at ConvergEx Group and chief executive officer of G-Trade Services and ConvergEx Execution Solutions, member companies of ConvergEx. Lax manages the global electronic trading business that provides direct market access to more than 50 markets worldwide. 
== Background ==
Lax joined G-Trade in 1999. He previously served as managing director and chief operating officer of The LatInvest Group from 1994 to 1999. 
== Education ==
Lax received a B.A. from Tufts University and a J.D. from Emory University Law School.
== References ==
Craig M. Lewis

__NOTOC__ 
Craig Lewis is the Madison S. Wigginton Professor of Finance at Vanderbilt University’s Owen Graduate School of Management. 
He returned to that post after serving as chief economist and director of the division of economic and risk analysis (DERA) at the Securities and Exchange Commission. He was named chief economist in May 2011, filling a post that had been left open since March 2010. 
Lewis served as a visiting academic fellow in 2010 in what was then the division of risk, strategy, and financial innovation (and later became DERA). He returned in that role in 2011 and was named chief economist and director several months later. 
During his tenure at the agency, Lewis led a division of more than 100 staff established in the wake of the financial crisis to identify market trends and risk. The SEC under Lewis worked on strengthening the way it assesses the economic impact of its rules, in response to a number of court challenges that accused the commission of inadequately assessing the costs and benefits of its regulations. He helped to develop new guidelines in 2012 that called for the SEC to rely more on economists during rulemaking and to provide stronger economic justifications for final rules.
== Background ==
Lewis joined the SEC from Vanderbilt University, where he served as a faculty member since 1986. He was listed as the Madison S. Wigginton Professor of Finance at Vanderbilt's Owen Graduate School of Management. 
As an SEC scholar, Lewis examined market volatility and credit default swaps. At Vanderbilt, he specialized in corporate finance, and once co-directed its law and business program. He also has written on the subjects of volatility in stock and futures markets, margin adequacy, corporate earnings management, corporate financial policy, executive compensation, selective disclosure and herd behavior of equity analysts.
Lewis also has been a visiting professor at Dartmouth College’s Tuck School of Business, Donau University in Austria and Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany.
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:SEC Staff
Craig Reilly

__NOTOC__ 
Craig Reilly is senior vice president of options sales at LiquidPoint. He is responsible for expanding LiquidPoint's electronic execution client base. He reports to David Cross, managing director of sales and business development, ConvergEx.
== Background ==
Reilly was previously at Knight Capital, where he helped develop the firm's listed agency options and contributed to technology initiatives. He has also held positions at On Point Executions, Hampshire Trading and Israel A. Englander.
== Education ==
== References ==
Craig Resnick

__NOTOC__ 
Craig Resnick, CPA, is chief financial officer with the IEX Group, where he leads all financial functions, including accounting, audit, tax, treasury, corporate finance and investor relations. He was promoted to his current position in 2021.
== Background ==
Before joining IEX Group in 2019, Resnick spent six years with Gerson Lehrman Group, a financial and global information organization, ultimately in the role of senior vice president of finance and treasurer.
He began his financial services career in 2000, as a senior accountant with Ernst & Young. 
 
== Education ==
Resnick earned a Bachelor of Business Administration in accounting and finance and a Master of accountancy, both from the University of Michigan.
== References ==	
Category:Gerson Lehrman Group - Former Employees
Credit

Credit means both the capacity of an individual or corporation to borrow cash or raise financing, and actual contracts - sometimes publicly tradable on credit markets - defining borrowing agreements. 
The credit crisis of 2007-08 froze many parts of that market and restricted companies' ability to obtain credit.
== Consumer Credit ==
Credit allows consumers to finance transactions without having to pay the full cost of the merchandise at the time of the transaction. The most common form of consumer credit is a credit card issued by a financial institution. Merchants may also provide financing for products which they sell. Banks may directly finance purchases through loans and mortgages.
== High Cs ==
For potential borrowers to gain credit, they must demonstrate a range of characteristics that credit experts have called "The Five Cs."
* 'Character' is the borrower's demonstrated integrity;
* 'capacity' is the cash flow to service the debt;
* 'capital' is the borrower's overall net worth;
* 'collateral' is the assets needed to secure the debt; and 
* 'conditions' refer to the overall financial health of both the borrower and the economy.
Recently it's the 'conditions' part that has been killing corporate credit-seekers. Franchise businesses are seeing their franchisees unable to gain financing to purchase or upgrade stores, while venture capital funds are under pressure from their investors not to fund risky start-ups while credit is drying up. Other companies are unable to fund payroll and inventory as money markets that offer larger players short-term credit also become illiquid.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Market Terms