Sophismata

Sophismata (from the Latin plural of the Greek word meaning 'sophism') in Medieval philosophy are difficult or puzzling sentences presenting difficulties of logical analysis that must be solved. Sophismata-literature grew in importance during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and many important developments in philosophy (particularly in logic and natural philosophy) occurred as a result of investigation into their logical and semantic properties.
==Sophismata ==
[In progress]
== Primary Sources ==
Author 	Collection 	Manuscripts
Anonymus 	Abstractiones Digbeianae 	Oxf. Bodl. Digby 2 : 123r-140v.
Anonymus 	Abstractiones Regiae 	London BL Royal 12.F.xix: 112vA-115rB.
Anonymus 	Abstractiones Venetae 	Ven. Marc. Z. 302: 167vA-170vA.
Anonymus 	Ars sophistica (Dist. 2.26) 	Praha MK M.80 : 155vB-156vB (?)
Anonymus 	De hac dictione 'semper' 	Paris BN lat. 8802 (26v.)
Anonymus 	De hoc verbo 'vult' 	Paris BN lat. 3454 (163r.)
Anonymus 	De signativis dictionibus 	Cambr. Gonville & Caius 434/434: 21vA-22vB.
Anonymus 	Distinctiones 2.21 	Avranches BN 224: 1r-3v..
Anonymus 	Distinctiones 2.22 (Sophistaria Morguntina) 	Meinz, Stadtbibliothek 616, 1rA-29vB.
Anonymus 	Distinctiones 2.23 	Paris 4720A: 45rA-52vB.
Anonymus 	Distinctiones Parisienses "Notandum" 	Paris BN lat. 4720A: 67vA-69vB.
Anonymus 	Distinctiones sophismatum " circa singula " (Dist. 2.25(1)) 	Paris BN lat. 15170: 24rA-34vB.
Anonymus 	Distinctiones sophismatum 2.25(2) 	Paris BN lat. 15170: 35rA-36rA.
Anonymus 	Distinctiones sophismatum 2.25(3) 	Paris BN lat. 15170: 58rB…
Anonymus 	Opus puerorum 	Ms Amiens, BM, 406: 130rA-154vA.
Anonymus 	Regulae syncategorematum 	Ms Vat. Lat. 4546 Ir-v+1r-11r.
Anonymus 	Sophismata de signativis universalibus 	Ms Erfurt, CA 4o276: 2rA-4rB.
Anonymus 	Sophisma ? 	Cambr. G.&C. 512/543 (~5-6.)
Anonymus 	Sophisma " Nihil nihil est " 	Paris BN lat. 3454: 184v.
Anonymus 	Sophismata 	Paris BN lat. 16618: 137r-152v.
Anonymus 	Sophismata 	Paris BN lat. 15170 (~52v-53v.)
Anonymus 	Sophismata 	Madrid 1565: 79rA-113rA + 105-113 ?
Anonymus 	Sophismata Canonicana media 	Oxford Bodl. Canon. Class. Lat. 311: 35vA-36vB.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Canonicana posteriora 	Oxford Bodl. Canon. Class. Lat. 311: 37rA-40vB.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Canonicana priora 	Oxford Bodl. Canon. Class. Lat. 311: 9rA-33vA.
Anonymus 	Sophismata determinata a maioribus magistris Parisius tam gallicis quam anglicis	Vat. lat. 7678:1rA-72vB.
Anonymus 	Sophismata gramaticalia 	Paris BN lat. 3454: 45rA-48rA.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Ionannina altera 	Cambr. St. John’s College D.25: 87r-93v.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Ionannina prima 	Cambr. St. John’s College D.25: 75rA-75vB.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Ionannina quarta 	Cambr. St. John’s College D.25: 96r-100r.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Ionannina quinta 	Cambr. St. John’s College D.25:107rA-112vB.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Ionannina tertia 	Cambr. St. John’s College D.25: 95(bis)r.
Anonymus 	Sophismata monacensia 3852 	Ms München, BSB, clm 3852: 44rA-53vA.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Norimbergensia 	Nürnberg, Stadtbibliothek, Cent.V.21: 54r-58r, 77v-79v, 125rA-B.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Orielensia 	Oxford, Bodlian Lib. Oriel 33: 385vA-410vB.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Palatina 	Vat. Pal. lat. 1202: 245r-250r & 279r-288v.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Parisina 16089 	Paris, BN lat. 16089?
Anonymus 	Sophismata Parisina nal 1374 	Ms Paris, BNF, n.a.l. 1374: 87rA-109rA
Anonymus 	Sophismata Pragensia 	Praha Mk 83 : 1-66vB ?
Anonymus 	Sophismata Upsaliensia 	MS Uppsala, BU, C.604: 82rA-92vB
Anonymus 	Sophismata variorum 	Cambridge, Gonville & Caius. 611/341: 47vB-60vB.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Vaticana 14812 	Vat. lat. 14812 (formerly 14718.)
Anonymus 	Sophismata Vaticana 3061 	Vat. lat. 3061: 22vA-45rA.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Vaticana Palatina 1202 	Vat. Pal. Lat. 1202, 245-250.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Veneta altera 	Ven. Marc. lat. Z.302: 170vA-176vB.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Veneta prima 	Ven. Marc. lat. Z.302: 56rA-119vB.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Veneta tertia 	Ven. Marc. lat. Z.302: 194vB-195rA & 190rA-194vB, 196rB-198vB.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Veneta Ultima 	Ven. Marc. lat. Z.302: 199rA-240vA.
Anonymus 	Sophismata Wigorniensia 	Worcester Q.13 : 21-53 + 22v-66v + 74r-76r.
Anonymus 	Tractatus de distinctionibus sophismatum, De Rijk 2.13 	Cambridge Gonville & Caius 344/540; Erfurt 4° 276.
Anonymus 	Tractatus Florianus de solutionibus sophismatum 	Ed. De Rijk 1988 (Sankt Florian, Stiftsbiliothek XI, 632: 42rA-51vB.)
Anonymus 	Tractatus Vaticanus de communibus distinctionibus 	Ed. De Rijk 1988 (Vat. lat. 7678: 73rA-82rA.)
Anonymus 	Tractatus Vaticanus de multiplicitatibus circa orationes accidentibus 	Ed. De Rijk 1988 (Vat. lat. 7678: 82rB-88rA.)
Anonymus (Iohannes Dacus, Petrus de Insula & al.)	Sophismata Mantuana 	Mantova, BC, D. II.19.
Anonymus Alani 	Sophismata 	Paris BN lat. 16135: 38rA-103vB.
Anonymus Catacheus 	Sophismata 	Paris, BN lat. 3572: 26rA-33vB & 167vA-167rB, 169vA-B, 170rA-171vB.
Anonymus Cracoviensis 	Sophismata 	Kraków BJ 649: 253rA-271vB.
Anonymus Erfordensis 	Sophismata 	Erfurt WAB 4° 328: 1rA-73vB.
Anonymus GC466 	Quaestio sophismatica 	Cambridge, GONVILLE & CAIUS 466/573: 108v.
Anonymus Liberanus 	Sophismata 	Paris BN lat. 16135: 3rA-37rB.
Anonymus Oriel33(2) 	Sophismata 	Oxford, Oriel 33: 385vA-410vB.
Anonymus Tabarroneus 	Sophismata 	München BSB Clm 14522 (1-71?)
Anonymus Victorinus 	Sophismata 	Paris BN lat. 15170 (~23r-v)
Bartholomaeus de Brugis 	Sophismata 	Leipzig UB 1444; Vat. Pal. lat. 1202; Flaconara Mar. 11.
Boethius de Dacia 	Sophismata 	Firenze Laur. St. Croce 12 sin., 3; Bruge SB 509.
Dionysius de Cauda 	Sophisma 	Falconara Marittima, Archivio dei Frati minori delle Marche, 11: 204rA-207rA
Gualterus Burlaeus 	De puritate artis logicae, tractatus brevior 	Ed. Boehner 1955 (Los Angeles, Hoose Library 6; Vat. lat. 3066.)
Gualterus Burlaeus 	De puritate artis logicae, tractatus longior 	Ed. Boehner 1955 (Erfurt 4° 259 & 4° 291, Brugge 501, München Clm 1060.)
Gualterus Burlaeus 	Quaest. Arist. int. 	Ed. Brown 1973 (Cambridge, G.&C. 512/543 (~102-107).)
Gualterus de Alliaco 	Sophisma 	Vat. lat. 3061 (~30-40.)
Guillelmus Dalling 	Sophisma 	Cambridge, Gonville & Caius 512/543.
Guillelmus de Hennore 	Sophisma ‘Sola species definitur’ 	Cambr. Gonville & Caius 512/543: 23vB & 44rA-46rB.
Guillelmus de Shyreswode 	Syncategoremata 	Ed. O’Donnell 1941 (Paris BN lat. 16617; Oxford, Bodl., Digby 55.)
Henricus Gandavensis 	Syncategoremata 	Ed. Braakhuis 1979, 1 (Brugge 510: 227rA-237rB; Erfurt WAB F.135: 60-85vB.)
Hervaeus Sophista 	Abstractiones 	Ed. De Libera 1986 (Paris BN lat. 15170: 48vA-5252vA..)
Iohannes Dacus, Petrus de Alvernia, Anonymus 	Sophismata 	Paris BN lat. 16089.
Johannes Pagus 	Syncategoremata 	Ed. Braakhuis 1979, 1 (Paris BN lat. 15170: 63rA-70vB, 46rA-48rB.)
Matthaeus Aurelianensis 	Sophistaria 	Ed. Spruyt 2001 (Barcelona, Arch. De la Corona de Aragon, Ripoll 109: 278rA-309vB; Vat. Lat. 4546: 1r-305r; Paris BN 16618: 119r-136v.)
Nicolaus Parisiensis 	Syncategoremata 	Ed. Braakhuis 1979, 2 (Paris, BN lat.11412: 41r-81r.)
Petrus de Alvernia 	Sophismata 	Firenze Laur. St. Croce 12 sin., 3; Brugge
Petrus de Alvernia apud Anonymum 	Sophismata variorum 	Cambridge, Gonville & Caius 611/341.
Petrus de Colonia 	Sophisma 	Vat. lat. 3061: 29rB-31rB
Petrus de Insula 	Sophismata 	Falconara Marittima, Archivio dei Frati minori delle Marche, 11: 191rB-204rA
Petrus Hispanus 	Syncategoreumata 	Ed. De Rijk 1992.
Radulphus Brito 	Sophismata 	Vat. lat. 2173 ; Vat. Lat. 3061.
Richardus, magister abstractionum. 	Abstractiones 	Oxford Digby 24 ; Brugge SB 497 .
Robert Bacon 	Syncategoremata 	Ed. Braakhuis 1979, 1 (Erfurt WAB Q.328: 74rA-93vB; Oxford Digby 204: 88rA-100vB.)
Robertus Anglicus 	(Sophismata?) 	
Roger Bacon 	Summa de sophismatibus et distinctionibus 	Ed. Steele 1940 (Oxford, Digby 67: 117r-124v.)
Sigerus de Cortraco 	Sophismata 	München clm 3852: 50rA- 51rA & Paris, BNF, lat. 16222: 5vA-8vA, Vat. Ottob. lat. 2520: 246v-252r.
Simon de Faverisham 	Sophisma 	München, Clm 3852; Vat. lat. 2173
== Secondary Sources ==
*Bazán, Bernardo (ed.) 1974: Siger de Brabant, Écrits de logique, de morale et de physique, Philosophes Médiévaux 14, Louvain-Paris.
*Braakhuis, H.A.G. 1979: De 13de Eeuwse Tractaten over Syncategorematische Termen, 2 vols, diss., Meppel, Leiden.
*Braakhuis, H.A.G. & al. (eds.) 1981: English Logic and Semantics from the End of the Twelfth Century to the Time of Ockham and Burleigh, Artistarium, Supplementa I, Ingenium, Nijmegen.
*Brousseau, Christine 1991: ‘Le sophisme anonyme "Amatus sum vel fui", du codex parisinus BN Lat. 16135’, CIMAGL 61: 147-183.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1978: ‘The Sophism ‘Rationale est animal’ by Radulphus Brito’, CIMAGL 24: 85-120.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1988a: ‘A Grammatical Sophisma by Nicholas of Normandy ALBUS MUSICUS EST’,CIMAGL 56: 103-116.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1988b: ‘Stray Questions: Little Logical Notes in British and French Manuscripts’, CIMAGL 57: 68-80.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1989: ‘Three 13th-century Sophismata about Beginning and Ceasing’, CIMAGL 59: 121-180.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1992a: ‘Deus scit quicquid scivit. Two sophismata from Vat. lat. 7678 and a reference to Nominales’, CIMAGL 62: 179-195.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1992b: ‘Small Finds. Philosophical Texts in Erfurt, Hamburg, Oxford and Paris', CIMAGL 62: 197-218.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1993a: ‘Boethius de Dacia et al. The sophismata in mss Bruges SB 509 and Florence Med.-Laur. S. Croce 12 sin., 3', in: Read, Stephen (ed.), Sophisms in Medieval Logic and Grammar. Acts of the 9th European Symposium for Medieval Logic and Semantics, Kluwer, Dordrecht:. 45-63.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1993b: ‘ANIMAL EST OMNIS HOMO. Questions and Sophismata by Peter of Auvergne, Radulphus Brito, William Bonkes, and Others', CIMAGL 63, 145-208.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1993c: ‘Tu non cessas comedere ferrum, A Sophisma in cod. Marc. Ven. Lat. VI. 145 (2756)', CIMAGL 63: 225-230.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1994a: ‘Tractatus de signativis dictionibus’, CIMAGL 64: 151-163.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1994b: ‘Sophismata and Physics Commentaries’, CIMAGL 64: 164-195.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1995a: ‘Tantum unum est. 13th-century sophismatic discussions around the Parmenidean Thesis’, The New Schoolman 72: 175-199.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1995b: ‘Sophisma; Sophismata’, Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie 9, Schwabe & co., Basel: 1069-1075.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1995c: ‘Thirteenth-century Logic. Selected texts’, CIMAGL 65: 213-361.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1997a: ‘The More the Less. Natural Philosophy and Sophismata in the Thirteenth century'. In: S. Caroti & P. Souffrin (eds.), La nouvelle physique du XIVe siècle, Olschki, Firenze: 9-44.
*Ebbesen, Sten 1997b: ‘Doing Theology with Sophismata’, in: C. Marmo (ed.), Vestigia, imagines, verba. Semiotics and Logic in Medieval Theological Texts (XIIth-XIVth Century), Semiotic and Cognitive Studies 4, Brepols, Turnhout, 151-169.
*Ebbesen, Sten 2002: ‘Communia "Visitatio" & Communia "Feminae"’, CIMAGL 73: 167-258.
*Ebbesen, Sten & Braakhuis, H.A.G. 1997: ‘Anonymi Erfordensis (= Roberti Kilwardby ?) Sophisma TANTUM UNUM EST’, CIMAGL 67: 105-125.
*Ebbesen, Sten & Pinborg, Jan 1970: ‘Studies in the Logical Writings Attributed to Boethius de Dacia’, CIMAGL 3: 1-54.
*Ebbesen, Sten & Pinborg, Jan 1981: ‘Bartholomew of Bruges and his Sophisma on the Nature of Logic’, CIMAGL 39: iii-xxvi + 1-80.
*Ebbesen, Sten & Sirridge, Mary & Streveler Paul 2003: ‘The Pupils of the Master of Abstractions: Abstractiones Digbeianae, Regiae & Venetae’, CIMAGL 74: 87-150.
*Goubier, Frédéric 2003, 'Les syncatégorèmes au XIIIe siècle', Histoire Epistémologie Langage 25/II: 85-113.
*Grabmann, Martin 1940: Die Sophismatalitteratur des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts mit Textausgabe eines Sophisma des Boetius von Dacien, Beiträge zur Geschrichte der Philosophie und Theologie des Mittelalters 36.1, München.
*Green-Pedersen, Niels Jørgen & Pinborg, Jan 1978: ‘Radulphus Brito: Commentary on Boethius’ De differentiis topicis & the Sophism "Omnis homo est omnis homo"’, CIMAGL 26: i-viii & 1-121.
*Lafleur, Claude 1997: ‘Une trace de l’exégèse "artienne" de l’Institution arithmétique de Boéce : le début des Questines mathematice (ms. Paris, BnF, lat. 16390); in Lafleur (ed.) 1997: 489-520.
*Lafleur, Claude (ed.) 1997: L’enseignement de la philosophie au XIIIe siècle, Studia Artistarum 5, Brepols: Turnhout.
* Libera, Alain de 1985a: ‘Les Abstractiones d'Hervé le Sophiste (Hervaeus Sophista)’, AHDLMA 52: 163-230.
* Libera, Alain de 1985b: 'La litterature des abstractiones et la tradition logique d'Oxford', in P.O. Lewry The Rise of British Logic, Papers in Mediaeval Studies 7, Toronto: PIMS, 1985.
* Libera, Alain de 1986: ‘La litterature des Sophismata dans la tradition terministe parisienne de la seconde moitié du XIIIe siècle’, in Asztalos, Monika, ed., The Editing of Theological and Philosophical Texts from the Middle Ages, Acta Universitatis stockholmiensis, Studia Latina Stockholmiensia 30: 213-244.
* Libera, Alain de 1989a: ‘Le sophisma anonyme "Socrates desinit esse non desinendo esse" du Cod. Parisinus 16135’, CIMAGL 59: 113-120.
* Libera, Alain de 1989b: ‘La problématique de "l'instant du changement" au XIIIe siècle: Contribution à l'histoire des sophismata physicalia", in Caroti, Stefano, ed., Studies in Medieval Natural Philosophy, Biblioteca di Nuncius. Studi e testi, Olschki, Firenze: 43-93.
* Libera, Alain de 1991: César et le phénix. Distinctiones et sophismata parisiens du XIIIe siècle, Centro di cultura medievale IV, Scuola normale superiore, Pisa.
* Libera, Alain de 2002: ‘Omnis homo de necessitate est animal. Référence et détermination selon l’Anonymus Erfordensis Q 328 (pseudo-Robert Kilwardby)’, AHDLMA 69: 201-237.
*Maier, Annelise 1964: ‘Die italienischen Averroisten des Codex Vaticanus Latinus 6768’, Manuscripta 8: 68-82.
*Maurer, A. (ed.) 1983: Siger de Brabant, Quaestiones in Metaphysicam... reportation de Cambridge ... reportation de Paris, Philosophes Médiévaux 25, Editions de l'Institut Supérieur de Philosophie: Louvain-la-neuve.
*Pattin, A. 1988: Pour l'histoire du sens agent, Ancient and Medieval Philosophy, De Wulf-Mansion Centre, Series I, VI, Leuven University Press.
* Pinborg, Jan 1967a: ‘Three Unedited Sophismata of Siger of Kortrijk’, Classica et Mediaevalia 26 (vol. for 1965!): 276-278.
* Pinborg, Jan 1967b: Die Entwicklung der Sprachtheorie im Mittelalter, Beiträge zur Geschrichte der Philosophie und Theologie des Mittelalters 42.2. Aschendorff & Frost-Hansen, Münster & Kopenhagen.
* Pinborg, Jan 1971: ‘Simon of Faversham’s Sophisma Universale est intentio: A supplementary note’, Mediaeval Studies 33: 360-364.
* Pinborg, Jan 1972: ‘The Sophismata of Radulphus Brito. An Inventory’, CIMAGL 8: 33-34.
* Pinborg, Jan 1973a: ‘Addenda to "The Sophismata of Radulphus Brito", CIMAGL 9: 79.
* Pinborg, Jan 1973b: ‘Addenda to "The Sophismata of Radulphus Brito", CIMAGL 10: 47.
* Pinborg, Jan 1975a: ‘Die Logik der Modistae’, Studia Mediewistyczne 16: 39-97. Rp. in Pinborg (1984).
* Pinborg, Jan 1975b ‘Radulphus Brito’s Sophism on Second Intentions’, Vivarium 13: 119-152.
* Pinborg, Jan 1976a: ‘A note on Vat. lat. 3061’, Bulletin de philosophie médiévale 18: 78.
* Pinborg, Jan 1976b: ‘Magister Abstractionum’, CIMAGL 18: 1-4.
*Pinborg , Jan (ed.) 1977: Sigerus de Cortraco, Summa modorum significandi. Sophismata, Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science, Series III: Studies in the History of Linguistics 14, Benjamins, Amsterdam.
* Pinborg, Jan 1981: ‘Walter Burley on Exclusives’, in: Braakhuis & al., eds., 1981: 305-329.
* Pinborg, Jan 1984: Medieval Semantics. Selected Studies on Medieval Logic and Grammar, Variorum, London.
*Read, Stephen, ed.: 1993: Sophisms in Medieval Logic and Grammar. Acts of the 8th European Symposium for Medieval Logic and Semantics, Kluwer.
*Rijk, L.M. de 1962-67: Logica Modernorum I-II.1-2, Van Gorcum, Assen.
*Rijk, L.M. de 1988: Some Earlier Parisian Tracts on Distinctiones sophismatum, Artistarium 7, Ingenium, Nijmegen.
*Roos, Heinrich. 1962. ‘Das Sophisma des Boetius von Dacien "Omnis homo de necessitate est animal" in dobbelter Redaktion.’ Classica et Mediaevalia 23: 178-197.
*Roos, Heinrich. 1963. ‘Ein unbekanntes Sophisma des Boetius de Dacia’, Scholastik 38: 378-391.
*Roos, Heinrich 1971: ‘Neuentdeckte Sophismata zum Formproblem’, Theologie und Philosophie 46: 248-256.
*Roos, Heinrich 1978: ‘Drei Sophismata zum Formproblem in der Hs. Uppsala C.604’, CIMAGL 24: 16-54.
*Rosier, Irène 1988: ‘"O Magister ...": Grammaticalité et intelligibilité selon un sophisme du XIIIe siècle’, CIMAGL 56: 1-102.
*Rosier, Irène 1989: ‘Un sophisme grammatical modiste de maître Gauthier d’Ailly’, CIMAGL 59: 181-132.
*Rosier-Catach, Irène & Ebbesen, Sten 1997: ‘Two Roberts and Peter of Spain’ CIMAGL 67: 200-288.
*Streveler, Paul, 1993: ‘A Comparative Analysis of the Treatments of Sophisms in MSS Digby 2 and Royal 12 of the Magister Abstractionum’, in Read 1993: 144-184.
*Streveler, Paul 2001: Richard the Sophister, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2001 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), .
*Tabarroni, Andrea 1989: "'Incipit' and 'desinit' in a thirteenth-century sophismata-collection", CIMAGL 59: 61-111.
*Weijers, Olga 1994-, Le travail intellectuel à la Faculté des arts de Paris: textes et maîtres 8ca. 1200-1500), Studia Artistarum, Brepols, Turnhout. Cited by fascicle and page.
*Yokoyama, Tetsuo 1969: Simon of Faversham’s Sophisma: "Universale est intentio", Mediaeval Studies 31: 1-14.
Keyword:=Logic puzzles
Keyword:=Difficult
Keyword:=Challenging
==External links==
* Sophismata project run by Alain de Libera at the University of Geneva
* Catalogue of sophismata
* Sophismata in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Category:Sophismata