nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Cryptocurrency futures

Cryptocurrency futures are instruments, traded on unregulated cryptocurrency exchanges outside the United States, that resemble U.S. exchange-traded futures contracts. Like a futures contract, cryptocurrency futures provide for settlement on a date in the future from the trading date and are leveraged. 
Cryptocurrency futures are not novated, cleared and guaranteed by derivatives clearing organizations (DCOs). Nor are cryptocurrency futures subject to regulatory oversight. 
Two U.S. futures exchanges, the CME and the Cboe Futures Exchange, listed bitcoin futures for trading in November 2017. Their contracts are not meant to be included in the meaning of cryptocurrency futures because they are traded on futures (not cryptocurrency) exchanges in the United States and are cleared by DCOs.
 
== References ==
Category:Futures
Category:Cryptocurrency
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Cryptography

Cryptography contributes the crypto to the term cryptocurrency. Cryptography is the technology of making comprehensible text or other information indecipherable without the use of a key or extreme brute force efforts. 
==Cryptography in Bitcoin==
Cryptography is at the heart of bitcoin. Regarding making payments over a communications channel - as opposed to in person, Satoshi Nakamoto's white paper, "Bitcoin: A Per-to-Peer Electronic Cash System," states, "What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted
third party."
In bitcoin miners group transactions into blocks of data that are broadcast to the bitcoin network. Each new block contains a cryptographic hash of the last previous block. For purposes of data compression as well as privacy and security, transaction information is hashed before it is included in a block. After a transaction has been validated it is hashed before it is included in a block. Each block includes a hash of the last block which leads to the creation of the chain. Because cryptographic hash functions are deterministic and highly collision resistant, including a hash of the last previous block effectively prevents anyone tampering with its contents once the next block has been formed.
As suggested by the Nakamoto white paper, bitcoin uses the very strong SHA256 [hash function] for encryption. 
==Background==
Cryptography has been in use since at least the time of Julius Caesar, who employed what is known as the Caesar cipher in his military communications. The Caesar cipher replaced each letter in plain text with the letter that preceded it by some fixed number of places. For example, in a Caesar cipher -2, the term bitcoin would become "zhramzl." 
More recently, in 1991, an encryption program, "Pretty Good Privacy" or "PGP", controversially appeared on the Internet, free to use. A programmer named Phil Zimmermann designed the program to make it easy for the average person to encrypt their emails. The U.S. Government for a while maintained that such programs could not be exported from the U.S. for reasons of national security and was opposed to the availability of PGP on the Internet. In 1996, the Department of Justice announced that they had stopped their investigation.
In 2001, the U.S. Government's own National Institute of Standards and Technology published the Advanced Encryption Standard ("AES") which is widely used today.
===References===
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Cryptopia

Cryptopia was a cryptocurrency exchange based in Christchurch, Canterbury, in New Zealand. The exchange announced on May 15, 2019 that, due to a hacking attack early in 2019 that resulted in "significant" losses for the company, it had begun liquidating its assets.
== Overview ==
Cryptopia was founded in 2014 by Rob Dawson and Adam Clark. On January 14, 2019, Cryptopia posted on Twitter that the exchange had suspended services after detecting a major hacking attack that resulted in "significant" losses. Earlier, the exchange had informed the public that it was engaged in unscheduled maintenance, though it had not disclosed that this was due to a security breach. Cryptopia notified New Zealand Police and High Tech Crimes Unit, who opened an investigation on the attack, classifying it as a major crime. At the time, Cryptopia listed over 800 digital assets for trading services. Several members of the crypto community accused Cryptopia of instigating an "exit scam," pointing to the bearish state of the crypto markets at the time as evidence that Cryptopia may have been struggling financially regardless of whether the attack was real or not.
On February 27, 2019, Cryptopia announced that "worst case," approximately 9.4 percent of its total holdings had been stolen, and that it was working to assess the full impact of the January attack. Elementus, a blockchain data analytics firm, estimated that the losses may have been worth $16 million. On March 20, the exchange announced that it had resumed trading services for 40 trade pairs that Cryptopia had "quantified as secure."
=== Liquidation ===
On May 15, 2019, the exchange announced that it had halted trading and had begun liquidation. Its website was replaced with a single page displaying a press release announcing the news, which also specified David Ruscoe and Russell Moore of Grant Thornton New Zealand as its appointed liquidators. The notice said that the decision to liquidate was made "despite the efforts of management to reduce cost and return the business to profitability...for the benefit of all stakeholders." It also said that the investigation regarding the hacking attacks was expected to take an indeterminable number of months and that customers would be contacted within a few days to discuss the appointment of assets.
Grant Thornton published a series of updates on the liquidation, with the fifth published in June 2021. 
==References==
Category:exchanges
Category:cryptocurrency
Category:trading
Category:wallets with security issues
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Cryptos Fund

Cryptos Fund is a hedge fund investing in Cryptocurrencies. 
== History ==
Cryptos Fund was founded in 2017 as a mutual fund in the Cayman Islands. It later established a branch in the USA.
It is the first regulated fund that tracks a cryptocurrency index, namely the CCi30. 
== Products and Services ==
Class A: passively tracks the CCi30 Cryptocurrency index of the 30 main cryptocurrencies. The portfolio is rebalanced monthly and its composition is reviewed quarterly. It claims to have the lowest fees in the industry, charging an annual management fee of 0.99%, without any performance, subscription and redemption fees.
== Key People ==
*Carlo Scevola, President
*Igor Rivin, Chief Research Officer
*Jeffrey Zorn, Chief Security Officer
*Vincent Chiwade, Chief Financial Officer
*Roberto Zagatti, Chief Investment Officer
== References ==
Category:Hedge fund 
Category: Investment company
Crédit Agricole Cheuvreux S.A.

Crédit Agricole Cheuvreux S.A. is Crédit Agricole Group's European equity broker, and is wholly-owned by Calyon, the Group's Corporate and Investment Bank. A full-service broker, Crédit Agricole Cheuvreux serves 1,200 of the world's leading institutional investors, with local offices in ten European countries, as well as in the United States, Japan and the Middle East. 
As a pure agency broker, Crédit Agricole Cheuvreux is consistently ranked by international institutional investors as a leading European equity broker for the quality and independence of its research covering 760 European stocks (No.1 in Western Europe Country Research by Institutional Investor) and is recognized for the performance of its execution services.
It covers 760 stocks in Europe and the GCC countries. 
== History ==
Crédit Agricole Cheuvreux was ranked the No. 1 broker for its stock recommendations by StarMine awards two years in a row.
== Products and Services ==
*CrossFire, a non-displayed liquidity sweep algorithm
*Blink, an internal crossing network, also known as a dark pool
*Full service broker (institutional, corporate and retail)
*Research
*Global execution
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Brokerages
Category:Banks
Crédit Agricole Indosuez

Credit Agricole Indosuez Acquisition Finance is the London based investment arm of Groupe Credit Agricole. The company provides acquisition finance from $1.5 million to $7.5 million. Although there is no preference as to industrial sector, the company does restrict its investments to the United Kingdom.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Investment Firms
Crédit Agricole S.A.

__NOTOC__
Crédit Agricole Group is a leading retail bank in France and Europe. It has 11,500 branches worldwide and 160,000 employees and practices in all areas of banking and finance. 
The group's subsidiaries include Crédit Agricole Cheuvreux S.A., its European broker, and Crédit Agricole Indosuez.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Philippe Brassac, CEO
== References ==
Category:Banks
Category:Investment Banks
Cunningham Futures Clearing

Cunningham Futures Clearing has built an electronic network for futures trading that provides instantaneous, worldwide access to markets for futures traders. Through Cunningham’s network, traders may interact with the electronic markets of the Chicago Board of Trade, Chicago Mercantile Exchange and Eurex on one screen.
 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Clearing Firms
Category:Futures Brokers
Cunningham Trading Systems, LLC

__NOTOC__
Cunningham Trading Systems offers an application service provider (ASP) hosting solution for electronic futures trading. FCMs, professional traders, brokers, institutional and retail customers can take advantage of CTS's network for their trading platform.
CTS T4 platform offers access to many of the world’s largest exchanges, three levels of customization and three types of applications—downloadable, browser-based and mobile. Three versions are available: T4 Desktop, T4 WebTrader and T4 Mobile applications.
== History ==
Established in Chicago in 2003, Cunningham Trading Systems (CTS) was founded by Bill Cunningham and Andrew Busby. In 2004, Nate Ostrye joined CTS as a partner. 
A veteran floor trader, Cunningham required an electronic trading platform to meet the growing needs of his customers. As a result, Cunningham teamed with Busby to create a trading platform for professionals. CTS now also widely serves retail and institutional traders, with the firm now supplementing its core trading product with charts, market profiles, news and a mobile application.
On February 18, 2008, FCMs, traders, brokers and others began to use Strategy Runner’s professional trading platform and server-based algorithmic trading solutions through the CTS API. 
On July 15, 2008, CTS announced the release of its newest product, T4 Mobile, the latest in CTS’s family of trading software products for professional and retail traders. T4 Mobile began offering support for the T-Mobile G1 phone running Google's Android on Oct. 31, 2008. This enables users to watch market activity, monitor positions, add new orders and revise existing orders from the palm of their hand. In Jan. 2009, CTS released a charting and news package for T4 Desktop built directly into the front end. View and configure studies and overlays including Bollinger Bands, Keltner Channels, Relative Strength Indexes, and more.
CTS settled a lawsuit filed by Trading Technologies over patent infringement on Jan. 24, 2011.
== Products and Services ==
*CTS API is an open API available for developers looking to connect to CTS' back end.
*CTS T4 Desktop Platfor is a customizable trading platform designed for institutional and professional traders (a free real-time, live market trading simulator is available).
*CTS T4 Charting provides professional and retail traders with real time streaming quotes for all futures, options and strategy markets, and is built directly into the T4 Desktop Platform.
*CTS T4 Web Trader is a browser-based trading system that provides retail traders with market access.
*CTS T4 Mobile is a mobile trading interface supported by Apple and T-Mobile.
*CTS T4 Risk & User Setup is a risk management system for CTS products.
== Key People ==
*Bill Cunningham, President & Owner
*Nate Ostrye, Partner
== References ==
Category:Independent Software Vendors
Currency pair

In the forex market, the value of a currency is determined by its comparison to another currency. The first currency of a currency pair is called the "base currency", and the second currency is called the "quote currency". The currency pair shows how much of the quote currency is needed to purchase one unit of the base currency.
Forex trades involve the simultaneous buying of one currency and selling of another; however, the currency pair itself can be thought of as a single instrument. If you buy a currency pair, you buy the base currency and sell the quote currency. The bid represents how much of the quote currency you need to get one unit of the base currency. When you sell the currency pair, you sell the base currency and receive the quote currency. The ask for the currency pair represents how much you will get in the quote currency for selling one unit of base currency.
== References ==
Currency swap

A currency swap is a swap that involves the exchange of principal and interest in one currency for the same in another currency. It is considered a foreign exchange transaction and therefore is not required to be shown on the balance sheet. 
Along with the initial exchange of a specific amount of one currency for a specific amount of another currency, currency swaps normally also include a series of recurring payments based on the cash flow performance of the two currencies, making them different from a simple currency exchange. 
The recurring payments that compose the second phase of a currency swap normally make use of both fixed and variable rates of interest. One party will agree to pay a fixed interest rate, while the second party will pay interest based on a floating rate of exchange. However, currency swap agreements can also be arranged in which both parties make recurring payments based on a fixed rate or a floating exchange rate. 
An example might be: A U.S. company that needed Swiss francs and a Swiss company that need U.S. dollars could arrange to swap currencies by establishing an interest rate, an agreed upon amount and a common maturity date for the exchange. Currency swap maturities are negotiable for at least 10 years, making them a flexible method of foreign exchange. 
== References ==
Currenex

__NOTOC__
Currenex is an electronic forex market owned by State Street that serves corporate and institutional investors. The platform connects to more than 60 banks and offers spot, forwards and swaps.
State Street also operates another OTC forex market called FX Connect, which is part of State Street's multi-asset class trading platform called Global Link.
== History ==
Currenex, the first multi-dealer platform for institutional foreign exchange, was founded in 1999 and run by a private investor group until March 2007 when it was sold to State Street for $564 million in cash.
== Products and Services ==
Currenex's platform offers executable streaming prices (ESP), request for streams (RFS), benchmark trading, algorithmic trading and prime brokerage functionality with fully integrated straight through processing (STP). 
Currenex's patented technology is also available to users in privately-branded solutions.
== References ==
Category:Forex 
Category:Foreign Exchange
Curv

Curv is a digital assets custody and security firm for institutions. Using multiparty computation technology, it provides a cloud-based wallet which is fully software driven; that is, there is no need for hot or cold wallets. 
Curv eliminates the private key and instead relies on joint signing of transactions with customers in accordance with the particular agreement between Curv and a customer. The wallet service is insured by an underwriter in the Munich Re insurance group.
 
In June 2020 Curv raised $23 million in its Series A offering, which attracted participation by Digital Currency Group, Coinbase Ventures and CommerzVentures. Demand for Curv's digital product was driven in part by Germany's BaFin, which regulates digital asset custody.
PayPal, the 20-year-old digital payments provider, said on March 8, 2021 that it had agreed to purchase Curv. The price and other terms of the transaction were not provided. 
 
== References ==
Category:cryptocurrency
Category:Custodian
CurveGlobal

CurveGlobal was an interest rate derivatives venture started up in October of 2015 by the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG) and a number of leading dealer banks: Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Barclays, BNP Paribas, Citi, Goldman Sachs, J.P. Morgan and Société Générale, together with the Chicago Board Options Exchange. 
Trading of CurveGlobal products on the London Stock Exchange's derivatives market went live on September 26, 2016. The platform was designed to compete with Deutsche Boerse and Intercontinental Exchange, but it struggled to gain traction and required additional funding from its investors. LSEG, which owned a 44% stake in CurveGlobal, recorded an operating loss of 4 million pounds on the project in 2020.
The platform was shut down on Jan. 28, 2022.
== History ==
LSEG began working on the futures initiative in 2013, though the project remained a secret until October 2015, when the company announced the launch. Bill Templer, who served as a lead consultant to the project and was rumored to become its first CEO, left the company in November 2015. The CEO position was given to Andrew Ross.
CurveGlobal's COO, Cathryn Lyall, left the company in July of 2016, a couple of months before the venture was scheduled to go live. At the same time, Richard Walker joined as head of business development.
The venture, intended to complement LCH.Clearnet’s interest rate portfolio margining service, raised £30 million in 2016 and another £20 million in January 2018. From its launch through January 2018, CurveGlobal traded 2.2 million contracts. 
== Products and Services ==
CurveGlobal offered a range of short and long-term futures contracts, including:
Short Term Interest Rate (STIR) Futures
*Cash-settled Futures contracts, based on 3-month Euribor
*Cash-settled Short Sterling Futures, based on ICE LIBOR.
Medium and Long Term Interest Rate (LTIR) Futures
*Physically settled Schatz Futures
*Physically settled Bobl Futures
*Physically settled Bund Futures
*Physically settled Long Gilt Futures.
All CurveGlobal products were admitted to trading on LSEG’s wholly owned subsidiary, London Stock Exchange plc’s (LSE plc), London Stock Exchange Derivatives Market, and cleared through LCH.Clearnet.
CurveGlobal launched three-month SONIA futures contracts in February 2018 as the UK transitioned from the LIBOR benchmark to the new index. A global hedge fund executed the first three-month SONIA contract on the platform on 30 April 2018, which was then completed and cleared by Citi. CurveGlobal has said it will add one-month SONIA interest rate futures at the end of July 2019 to meet client demand.
== Key People ==
*Michael Davie, Chairman
*Andrew Ross, Chief Executive
*Richard Walker, Head of Business Development
*Ralph Bird, Head of Product Development
*James Brinsden, Programme Manager
== References ==
Curve (CRV)

Curve Finance, or simply Curve, is a decentralized autonomous organization, or DAO, which is governed by Ethereum-based tokens called CRVs. It provides a decentralized trading platform or DEX designed to facilitate trading across Ethereum-based stablecoins. It lets users swap like assets such as Ethereum for Staked Ethereum, or Tether's USDT for Circle's USDC. It can be an arbitrage tool for many traders should those assets decouple in price from one another.
The governance token launched on August 14, 2020. DeFi Pulse, an online data provider dedicated to the Decentralized Finance industry, ranked Curve first among DEXes by trading volume in mid August 2020. 
== Design ==
The Curve platform as well as the native CRV governance token were designed to incentivize early participation by liquidity providers by granting more voting to longer holding of CRVs. As an automated market maker (AMM), it allows digital assets to be traded permissionlessly and automatically by using liquidity pools instead of trading between buyers and sellers.
According to Curve's CEO, the platform was designed to enable users to exchange tokens while maintaining low fees and low slippage by only accommodating liquidity pools made up of similarly behaving assets.
== Launch ==
While the launch was previously planned for some time in August, the CRV development community was surprised on August 14, 2020 when one of its anonymous members jumped the gun and mined 80,000 CRVs. Once the CRVs were transferred and the mining was validated, the launch was endorsed by the developer team. CRV trading was promptly made available on Binance, OKEx and Poloniex. According to The Block Crypto, by August 16, two days after launching CRV, more than $1 billion worth in cryptocurrency assets had been locked up by traders seeking to earn CRVs and the accompanying governance rights.
== References ==
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Custodia Bank Inc.

Custodia Bank Inc., formerly Avanti, is a cryptocurrency-centric bank in the state of Wyoming. It was founded by Caitlin Long, who worked on Wall Street for 22 years at Morgan Stanley, Credit Suisse, and Salomon Brothers. 
== History ==
Caitlin Long announced the founding of Avanti Bank in Wyoming during a podcast with Nathaniel Whittemore on CoinDesk on February 24, 2020. The bank is to have full reserves of customer deposits. 
In March 2020, Avanti Financial Group announced its leadership team. Avanti also announced that it planned to open its doors in early 2021. 
In June 2020, Avanti Financial Group announced the close of a $5 million angel funding round led by the University of Wyoming Foundation. Other contributors included Morgan Creek Digital, Blockchain Capital, the Digital Currency Group, and others.
The bank announced on July 23 that its application had been accepted as complete by the Wyoming Division of Banking on July 15, 2020 and that Avanti expected to launch in October.
On October 28, 2020, Avanti announced it had gained approval from the Wyoming State Banking Board, giving it a bank charter, which gives Avanti Bank & Trust the same powers as national banks in its approved business lines. Avanti's announcement said that with the charter, Avanti plans on launching a USD-backed stablecoin called Avit, digital asset custody services, online banking services (where customer deposits must be backed 100 percent by Avanti's reserves), "prime services for digital assets," though the announcement was not specific about what this might entail. The announcement also said commercial accounts "with high minimum balance requirements" will launch in early 2021.
== Products and Services ==
Avanti is to have full reserves of customer deposits. Wyoming's cryptocurrency custody law creates a bailment for deposits rather than surrender of ownership or control.
In a blog post on July 23, 2020, Avanti said that it would introduce a new payments product, Avit, which would allow banks to settle cryptocurrency payments among themselves as well as between banks and institutional customers in real time.
== Key People ==
*Caitlin Long - Co-founder, CEO
*Bryan Bishop - Co-founder, Chief Technology Officer
*Britney Reddy - Co-founder, Chief of Banking Operations and Chief Financial Officer
*Zev Shimko - Co-founder, Chief Operating Officer
*Chuck Thompson - Co-founder, Chief Compliance Officer and Chief Legal Officer
== References ==
Category: digital assets
Category: banks
Category: women in cryptocurrency
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: fintech
Category: bitcoin
Category: blockchain
Category: distributed ledgers
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki