nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance

Delegated Byzantine fault tolerance (dBFT) is a consensus mechanism for distributed ledgers. It is used primarily by NEO.
== Overview == 
The delegated Byzantine fault tolerance model uses nodes that serve one of two roles in the network.
Ordinary Nodes ("Citizens"): Nodes whose computing power is used to transfer and exchange data. Users of these nodes can cast votes for "Delegates," regardless of how many digital tokens they hold.
Bookkeeping Nodes ("Delegates"): Nodes used to validate transactions made on its network's blockchain. In order to be eligible to be elected a "Delegate," the node must have a reliable internet connection, at least 1,000 of the pertinent digital tokens, and "special equipment." 
(NOTE: the nature of the "special equipment" mentioned above is left ambiguous in NEO's published explanation of the model, as well as other sources unafiliated with NEO. It may refer to specialized mining machines, such as ASICs.)
=== Consensus ===
In order to validate transactions, or add anything to a blockchain, a "Delegate" is chosen at random to serve as the "Speaker" for a particular transaction. The "Speaker" creates its own version of a block, or cluster of data, then proposes its addition to the blockchain to the rest of the "Delegates." As long as 67% of the "Delegates" approve, the block is successfully added to the publicly-viewable blockchain, and the information it contains becomes immutably recorded.
=== The Byzantine Generals Problem ===
The "Byzantine Generals Problem" is an abstract problem in computer network maintenance. It refers to errors in a computer network that can arise due to individual nodes failing. 
The concept is represented by a hypothetical scenario: a Byzantine army has encircled Rome, intending to attack and sack the city. The success or failure of this attack rests on the performance of nine generals who control the army by working in unison, attacking and retreating as a team. If a single general fails to act in a coordinated manner with the rest of the generals due to treachery or incompetence, the attack falls apart and the Byzantine army ultimately fails.
Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance attempts to solve this problem using the process explained above, which NEO calls "proxy voting."
== References ==
Category:Cryptocurrency
Category:Digital Assets
Category:Definitions
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Delegated proof of stake

Delegated proof of stake (DPoS) is a software protocol similar to proof of stake. DPoS is primarily used by EOS as a mechanism for achieving consensus in blockchain networks when adding new blocks.
== Overview ==
Delegated proof of stake is a software protocol similar to proof of stake, which assigns the privilege of validating transactions and making new blocks in a blockchain to users in the network that hold the most digital tokens used in that network (in other words, Ethereum's blockchain is regulated by users with the most ether tokens). Unlike a blockchain network regulated by proof of stake, a network that is regulated by the delegated proof of stake protocol doesn't assign the role of both validating and producing blocks to users who have the most tokens. Instead, it only assigns block producers (or "witnesses") this way. 
Block producers use the DPoS software on their nodes (personal computers or specialized mining machines) to organize transactions into a block, then broadcast that block to the network. Unlike other consensus models, this does not mean the block is automatically added to the blockchain - at this stage, it's more of a proposal or a schematic for a block to be added.
=== Delegation ===
Once the proposal is broadcasted to the network, it has to be vetted by users who are chosen by members of the network. Similar to a proof of stake mechanism, these chosen users are called "validators," though unlike in proof of stake, they don't produce blocks and are not randomly chosen by a computer algorithm. 
Validators take the block "proposals," which they receive from "witnesses" or block producers, and verify the validity of the transactions contained in that block using cryptographic hash functions. Once these blocks have been verified, they are added to the blockchain. Unlike the "validators" in a proof of stake system, DPoS validators do not organize digital records of transactions into blocks.
== References ==
Category:Cryptocurrency
Category:Digital Assets
Category:Definitions
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Deleveraging

Deleveraging is the unwinding of debt. It is a company's attempt to decrease its financial leverage. If it is unable to pay off its existing debt, the company will be in significant risk of defaulting. 
 
Although companies often take on excessive debt to spur initial growth, increasing leverage increases a firm's risk. Deleveraging attempts to lower risk. 
When a firm deleverages its balance sheet, it is a sign to investors of slowing growth.
 
== References ==
Category: definitions
Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLP

Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLP (DTTL) is a UK private company that has several independent member firms throughout the world that provide audit, consulting, financial advisory, risk management, and tax services to selected clients. It is one of the largest professional services firms in the world and one of the 'big four' auditors, along with PricewaterhouseCoopers, Ernst & Young, and KPMG.
DTTL does not itself provide services to clients. DTTL and each DTTL member firm are separate and distinct legal entities, which cannot obligate each other. DTTL and each DTTL member firm are liable only for their own acts or omissions and not those of each other. Each DTTL member firm is structured differently in accordance with national laws, regulations, customary practice, and other factors, and may secure the provision of professional services in its territory through subsidiaries, affiliates, and/or other entities.
== History ==
The firm began in 1845, when William Welch Deloitte opened his own accountancy office on Basinghall Street in London.
== Products and Services ==
DTTL member firms offer clients a broad range of audit, consulting, financial advisory, risk, and tax services.
== Key People ==
*Chairman, John P. Connolly 
*CEO, Jim Quigley 
== References ==
Delta Capita

Delta Capita is a London-based independent financial services consultancy that helps financial institutions comply with regulatory obligations, simplify operations, reduce cost and adopt new business models and technologies. The firm's clientele focuses prominently on investment and banking institutions. 
On September 9, 2019, Delta Capita announced it was collaborating with the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC) to create a standaridized SFTR (Securities Financing Transactions Regulation) industry test pack that it would make available to DTCC to test its own SFTR matching and reporting service before the launch. 
== References ==
Category:Consultants
Delta Strategy Group

Delta Strategy group is a Washington DC-based advisory firm specializing in government affairs and advocacy for clients in the energy, commodity and financial services sector. The firm was founded in 2010 by former CFTC chairman and NYMEX CEO James Newsome and former CFTC COO and executive vice president of the Managed Funds Association Scott Parsons.
The firm represents clients including exchanges, energy and agribusiness companies, trade groups, financial services firms, investment funds, and Fortune 500 companies in connection with key regulatory reforms and landmark financial legislation.
== Key People ==
*James E. Newsome, founding partner
*R. Scott Parsons, founding partner; managing partner
*W. Graham Harper, partner
*James Overdahl, partner
== References ==
Category:Delta Strategy Group
Category:Advisory Firms
Demand

Demand in economics refers to the amount of something that consumers or investors will want to buy at a given price - in general, demand goes up if price goes down. Along with supply, demand is considered one of the key factors that determines how the price of a good or service is set.
== Gimme ==
The demand curve is a downward slope illustrating the relationship between demand and price, since as price goes down demand is assumed to to rise in a linear fashion, and vice versa. Higher prices tend to reduce demand because as prices rise consumers face an opportunity cost because they can no longer afford other things they value. Supply impacts demand if there is not enough of something for the number of people wanting to purchase it, thus pushing up the price, while setting the price of something too low will push up demand.
Demand-side economics, also called Keynesian economics, holds that governments need to take an active role in deciding monetary and fiscal policy to ensure economic stability an prosperity. Demand-side economic policies include adjusting taxation rates, government spending or market regulation to achieve economic goals.
== References ==
Demand-pull

Demand-pull is a situation which is described in Keynesian economics. According to British economist John Maynard Keynes, inflation can be caused by increase in demand and/or increase in cost.
Demand-pull describes when an increase or upward trend in spendable money leads to an increase in competition for available goods and services, in addition to a jump in consumer prices. 
In turn, cost-push attributes the basic cause of inflation to supply side factors.
Demand-pull inflation can occur, for example, when consumers suddenly find themselves with more money in their pocket - such as after a tax cut.
== Resources ==
*The Keynesian Revolution
*Theory 1 Demand-Pull Inflation - Is Inflation Demanding?
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Economic Terminology
Demand destruction

Demand destruction is an economic term used to describe a reduced demand for a commodity induced by a prolonged period of high prices and/or constrained supplies. The term has been around for some time, but it was added to the buzzwords used to describe the economic situation in the U.S. in mid-2008 as high fuel prices began to change consumer spending behavior.
Demand destruction in the energy market has the potential of playing out as drivers not driving and not using gas and the hit to disposable income from the pain being suffered by consumers because of higher prices.
On July 29, 2008, BP Plc CEO Tony Hayward told reporters that he saw demand destruction of 5 percent to 10 percent for gasoline in developed OECD (Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development) economies as a result of less driving because of higher prices.
Some questioned whether the demand destruction was really a possibility during the time period in the U.S., however, as gasoline and oil data could be molded to fit both sides of the argument.
 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Economic Terminology
Demetria O'Sullivan

__NOTOC__ 
Demetria O'Sullivan is a director of The Artington Partnership Limited in London.
Previously, she was the chief risk officer for the London-based clearing business of NYSE Euronext. She assumed the position on Dec. 3, 2012, and reported to Mark Ibbotson, chief executive of NYSE Liffe for clearing, trading and regulation. NYSE clearing intends to launch a revamped NYSE clearing platform in June of 2013 to expand its existing clearing business.
She was previously global head of risk for futures and over-the-counter clearing at Citigroup.
 
== Background ==
O'Sullivan joined Citi in June of 2011 to help build the bank's OTC derivatives client clearing platform, reporting to industry veteran Jerome Kemp, head of exchange-traded derivatives sales and clearing at Citi.
== Education ==
O'Sullivan has a bachelor of science in Actuarial Mathematics and Statistics from Heriot-Watt University.
== References ==	
Category:NYSE Euronext - Former Employees
Category:NYSE Euronext
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:Citigroup - Former Employees
Demutualization

Demutualization refers to the process of changing the ownership structure of a member-owned (or mutually-owned) financial institution into a shareholder-owned corporation. High-profile demutualizations amongst securities-trading exchanges such as the NYSE and the CME are best known but demutualization has also become common among life insurers and building societies.
== That's money ==
 
Financial institutions that demutualize receive large influxes of capital from their new owners plus easier access to future capital through the financial markets and so is common amongst mutually-owned instututions that need to invest in growth to compete. Life insurers were amongst the earliest pioneers of demutualization but the 1980s and 1990s saw a wave first among building societies and then producer co-operatives and trading exchanges.
 Listed Exchange Operators
Listing date	Listed exchange/ exchange operator	Market value (US$m. equivalent 31.12.05)
Mar. 1987 	OMX Group 	1,645
Oct. 1998 	ASX 	2,407
June 2000 	HKEx 	4,407
Nov. 2000 	Singapore Exchange 	1,803
Feb. 2001 	Deutsche Boerse 	11,028
July 2001 	Euronext NV 	5,879
July 2001 	London Stock Exchange 	2,710
April 2002 	Sydney Futures Exchange 	1,315
Nov. 2002 	TSX Group 	2,745
Dec. 2002 	Chicago Mercantile Exchange 	12,651
April 2004 	Osaka Securities Exchange 	560
Feb. 2005 	The Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. 	2,834
Mar. 2005 	International Securities Exchange 	1,030
Mar. 2005 	Bursa Malaysia 	497
Oct. 2005 	CBOT Holdings Inc. 	4,951
Nov. 2005 	InterContinental Exchange 	2,015
Mar. 2006 	NYSE Group 	
July 2006 	Bolsas y Mercados Españoles 	
== Latest news == 
The 20-year push for demutalization by member-held public trading co-operatives is now being felt in some of the investing world's frontier markets. The latest global exchange to put demutualization on its agenda is Kenya's Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE), the fifth-largest in Africa. New NSE chief executive Peter Mwangi said on taking office in November 2008 that demutualization of the exchange ranked "very, very highly" on his to-do list.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Denery Fenouil

__NOTOC__ 
Denery Fenouil is chief technology officer at QuantHouse, appointed to the role in November 2018.
== Background ==
Fenouil is a co-founder of QuantHouse. He rejoined the company in the CTO role, focusing on software and technology development. Before rejoining QuantHouse, he designed and built technology for companies such as IBM, ATOS and Karhoo. He was the designer and architect of the QuantHouse low latency market data technology.
== Education ==
He earned a masters degree in Computer Science from Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, in France.
== References ==
Denise Goldberg

__NOTOC__
Denise Goldberg is chief financial officer of Penson Futures, an FCM subsidiary of Penson Worldwide. 
==Background==
Goldberg has more than 15 years of experience in the financial services industry, as a CFO and as a Certified Public Accountant. She came to GHCO from Tokyo-Mitsubishi Futures where she served as vice president and CFO. She has a strong background in regulatory audit compliance and budgetary planning and process development. Goldberg previously held accounting management roles with National Steel Corporation and Chicago Mercantile Exchange.
Goldberg holds professional certifications and is a member of the Legal & Compliance Division of the Futures Industry Association. She is also a member of the Illinois Institute of Certified Public Accountants. 
==Education== 
Goldberg attended University of Illinois at Chicago where she graduated with Distinctive Honors in Accounting. 
==Registration==
*
*
==References==
Category:Penson GHCO
Category:FCM Executives
Category:Bios - Executives
Denise Knabjian

__NOTOC__ 
Denise Knabjian is a Chicago-based derivatives clearing executive who serves as a managing director of investor education for the OCC.
She is a member of Women in Listed Derivatives and is a member of the board of the Chicago chapter. She is also the secretary of WILD and its events committee co-chair.
Formerly, she was first vice president, process innovation, at OCC. 
She previously held various positions within OCC including director, member services; systems assurance analyst; and treasury operations specialist.
== Education ==
Knabjian has a bachelor of arts in finance from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She completed SIFMA's Securities Industry Institute Program at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
== References ==	
Category:WILD Members
Denise Voigt Crawford

__NOTOC__ 
Denise Voigt Crawford is commissioner of the Texas State Securities Board, a position she assumed in 1993. She also serves as the president-elect of the North American Securities Administrators Association. 
 
== Background ==
Voigt previously served as general cousel to the agency.
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:NASAA Board of Directors Members
Category:State Securities Commissioners
Denise Wyllie

__NOTOC__ 
Denise Wyllie is head of operations in Europe for Goldman Sachs. She is a member of the Global Operations Operating Committee, chairs the Operations Risk Committee and is co-chair of the European Diversity Committee. 
Wyllie is a company director and board member of J.Aron & Company (U.K.), the European Power Source Company (UK) and the LCH.Clearnet Group Ltd.
She joined Goldman Sachs in 1994 as manager of Foreign Exchange Operations in London, and moved to Energy Operations in 1995. She became head of Commodity Operations Europe in 1997 and global head in 2003, became co-head of Global Derivative Operations in January 2005 and Head of Operations in Europe in the summer of 2007. She was named managing director in 2002.
== Background ==
Before joining Goldman Sachs, Wyllie worked as manager of European Forex Operations for Citibank, and as a production manager/brewer for The Whitbread Beer Company, in the U.K.
== Education ==
Denise Wyllie earned a B.Sc. (Hons) in Biochemistry from Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, in 1987.
== References ==
Dennis A. Klejna

__NOTOC__ 
Dennis A. Klejna is an attorney and former regulator in the listed derivatives industry.
Most recently he was senior vice president with MF Global.
He also served as a member of the Futures Commission Merchant Advisory Committee of National Futures Association.
==Background==
He is a native of the Bronx in New York City and graduated from Fordham University Law School.
Klejnas spent 12 years as the director of enforcement at the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission. He served under multiple CFTC Chairmen, including Wendy Graham and Mary Shapiro. He was head of enforcement of the CFTC at the time of the the FBI led investigation into the U.S. future markets.
Klejna was a senior executive with Refco and moved to Man Financial, which later became MF Global, after Refco was acquired by Man Financial following its bankruptcy. He was hired by Refco as part of an effort to "resolve long-standing issues with regulatory authorities and to move ahead under the direction of its newly assembled top management team."
He was head of compliance at Refco, and though not criminally charged over his involvement in the Refco fraud, he did forfeit $1.25 million in Refco share gains and sign a consent order with the Department of Justice in disgorgement of those IPO profits.
Klejna became embroiled in the Whitewater investigation of improper trading by former First Lady Hillary Clinton, when as head of enforcement of the CFTC he volunteered CFTC information to then Independent Counsel Robert B. Fiske Jr. Subsequent to this information becoming known to Commissioners, a reorganization of the division of enforcement was announced, which effectively demoted Klenja. He was recommended to head enforcement operation in the New York office of the CFTC.
==Registration Information==
*
==References==	
Category:NFA FCM Advisory Committee - Former Members
Category:Bios - Legal
Category:Lawyers
Category:MF Global - Former Employees
Category:MF Global
Category:Former Regulators
Category:Refco - Former Employees
Category:CFTC - Former Employees
Dennis A. Suskind

Dennis A. Suskind has served as a director of CME Group since August 2008.
He is the former head of metals trading for Goldman Sachs & Co. and is credited for part of the worldwide expansion of the precious metals derivatives business. 
Suskind serves as president of the board of directors of the Arthur Ashe Institute for Urban Health, president of the Hampton Classic Horse Show, a board member of Bridgehampton National Bank and the United Equity Fund. He is also president of the board of the Stein Ericksen Lodge in Deer Valley, Utah. 
In 2005, Suskind was part of the inaugural class inducted into the Futures Industry Association's Futures Hall of Fame, which was established in 2005 to commemorate outstanding contributions to the global futures and options community. 
== Background ==
Dennis Suskind joined J. Aron & Company in 1961 where he served as executive vice president with responsibility for the worldwide precious metal trading operations. In 1980, he became a general partner of Goldman Sachs upon its acquisition of J. Aron & Company where he led the metals operations for the next 10 years until his retirement in 1990.
Under his leadership, J. Aron worked closely with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) on developing hedge exemptions and went on to build the largest precious metals arbitrage business in the world. He sent his team literally around the world to educate producers and consumers on the reasons for using futures as their pricing medium in order to help grow open interest and bring credibility to these markets.
Suskind served on the Futures Industry Association's (FIA) Board of Directors from 1988 to 1991, and in 1991 he received a distinguished achievement award from the International Precious Metals Institute.
During his tenure in trading metals, Suskind served as vice chairman of NYMEX, vice chairman of COMEX, a member of the board of directors of International Precious Metals Institute, chairperson of the Financial Times International Gold Conferences and a member of the boards of the Gold and Silver Institutes in Washington. 
Suskind served as an elected official of the town of Southampton. He also served as a member of the President's Council of the Peconic Land Trust, president of Brown University's Parent's Council, a founding member of Mt. Sinai's Hospital Associates, a board member of the Nature Conservancy, and a board member of the Collegiate School and Marymount Schools in New York, among others.
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category:Futures Hall of Fame Members
Category:Goldman Sachs - Former Employees
Category: CME Group Board
Category:Former NYMEX Members
Category:NYMEX
Dennis Cue

__NOTOC__ 
Dennis Cue is a director of professional development and organizational effectiveness for CME Group. He is responsible for leading the employee learning and development function at CME Group. 
== Background ==
Prior to joining the company in 2002, Cue held training and development roles for Nationwide Insurance and served as an applied psychology instructor at Ohio State University. 
== Education ==
He earned a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and a master's degree and Ph.D. in industrial-organizational psychology from The Ohio State University.
== References ==	
Category:CME Group