nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Meiosis

The process by which a diploid (2n) cell forms four haploid (1n) gametes. Meiosis differs from mitosis as meiosis I involves chromosomal content being recombinantly halved.
==Overview of meiosis==
Meiosis is involved in producing genetic variation within a species and is part of the process of sexual reproduction. Two stages occur in meiosis, each split down into several fundamental processes. Meiosis I is a reduction divisionBiology 2, Jones M. & Gregory J., 2001, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-79714-4 resulting in two haploid daughter nuclei from one diploid cell. Meiosis II is very similar to mitosis, where the genetic material in each of the two meiosis I daughter nucleus is halved to form four gametes.
The stages involved in mitosis, meiosis I and meiosis II are:
*Prophase
*Metaphase
*Anaphase
*Telophase
The names of these stages can be memorised by the phrase PMAT.
==Meiosis==
There are four stages to meiosis I:
#Prophase. This is much longer than the mitotic prophase and is divided into 5 substages:
##Leptotene. Chromosomes organise axial elements and acquire recombination proteins. Homologues pair ready for synapsis.
##Zygotene. Crossing over sites are designated, chromosomes begin and complete synapsis. Axial elements align to form synaptonemal complex.
##Pachytene. Chromosomes are thicker due to pairing and contraction.
##Diplotene. Synaptonemal complex degrades and 4 chromatids become visible. In some organisms (such as goats) this stage is prolonged into dictyotene.
##Diakinesis. Chromosomes continue to thicken due to coiling, nuclear envelop disappears, kinetochores and spindle develop.
#Metaphase
##Bivalents line up along equator of spindle, attached to centromeres.
#Anaphase
##unlike mitosis, centromeres do not divide.
##whole chromosomes move to spindle of cell, centromeres first, pulled by microtubules.
#Telophase
##spindle dissolves
##nuclear envelopes form around the two daughter nuclei
##a nucleolus reforms in each of the two daughter nuclei
##Cytokinesis may occur - most animal cells will undergo Cytokinesis but many plant cells pass into meiosis II without doing so.
==Meiosis II==
Meiosis II is very similar to mitosis, with the exception that four haploid cells are formed. The stages listed below occur in both of the meiosis I daughter cells:
#Prophase II.
##nuclear envelope dissolves
##nucleolus disperses as chromosomes become visible due to condensation of chromatin
##centrioles replicate and move to opposite poles of the cell
#Metaphase II.
##spindle formed
##chromosomes line up across the equator of the spindle
#Anaphase II
##centromeres divide
##individual chromatids are moved the poles of the cell by microtubules, centromeres first
#Telophase II
##spindle dissolves
##nuclear envelopes form around the four daughter nuclei
##a nucleolus reforms in each of the four daughter nuclei
##cytokinesis
==See also==
*Cell
*Sexual reproduction
==References==
Category:Articles needing RWification
Category:Cellular biology
Melt up

Melt up is a term that refers to the general improvement of the value of the stock market not correlated with improvements in the fundamentals of the economy. This usually refers to bubble type movements, where investors buy into an asset because the growth is rocketing upwards instead of fundamentals of the asset, or the result of general inflation.
This term was bantered about after the housing bubble crash due to the credit crunch in 2008. It was an attempt to explain the increase in the market while the unemployment rate still remained very highBusiness Week - Behind the Great Stock Rally of 2009 in 2009 and 2010. It was stated that if the market "melted up" that unemployment would continue to remain steady or increase while the market would continue to rise at the level of inflation. What was not taken into account is that people are panicky creatures and general market fears after a bubble bursts can push market prices of certain assets significantly below "fair value". A recovery in value can occur even without improvement in the fundamentals and is known as a "dead cat bounce."
The recovery was predicted to be a painful one, but unemployment decreasedUS Bureau of Labor Statistics Data, "Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey" (2009-2019), Series ID LNS14000000, July 22, 2019, accessed July 22, 2019. and market levels have exceeded the level of inflation.
==Cranks==
This term is a new favorite of cranks attempting to explainSupposedly a "Must see! (If you can handle it). A very credible and highly pessimistic view of US economic prospects" why their economic apocalypse predictions are in no way disproved by economic improvements.National Inflation Association - The Second American Revolution has begun Many cranks like to champion that every investor is just "going along with the herd," while they are brighter than all the sheeple who will get caught in the coming hyper-inflation.YouTube - Meltup The New Inflation Documentary This way they can rant "Don't worry, it will happen. Just you wait" as the economy slowly improves and people go back to ignoring them again.
What is really great about those cranks that love to rant about how the "melt up" will eventually implode is that they are the most likely to never invest a dime, even into bank accounts. What eludes them is that greenbacks stuffed into a mattress will be just as worthless as an investment account if there is a total economic collapse, while if it doesn't happen they lose buying power from inflation (at 1-3%) and those invested in market indexes gain at least inflation (usually 8-10%, much more than inflation). In addition there is a risk of some one throwing out the mattress,Woman mistakenly junks $1 million mattress while accounts are covered by FDIC/SIPC if the bank fails. Every year the economy doesn't collapse they get even more ragingly pissed off at those who invested.
==References==
Category:Economics
Memon

Memon is a "bionic instrument" using technology learned and created from nature which is designed to completely harmonize and re-nature you, your family, your environment, food and water from the harmful effects of mobile phones, DECT wireless phones, WiFi, computer technology, televisions, lights, household electrical appliances, mobile phone masts, high voltage power lines, geopathic stress (water veins, curry grids), pathogenic informations [sic] caused by synthetic chemicals, driving your car, plus many more.
If that wasn't compelling enough, there's a picture of a butterfly sitting on a mobile phone. That surely beats the crap out of science.
==How Memon works==
How does this fabulous technology work, you may ask? 
Apparently "since the dawn of the age of technology we have begun to experience other electromagnetic frequencies outside the natural light spectrum. Apparently, as these waves travel through space they can rotate, which gives them chirality or polarization"Restoring Natures Resonance (Memon) Golden Light Dowsing: Earth Medicine Alchemy (apparently the inventor doesn't know which or show any understanding of the difference).
We are told that right-turning waves are natural and fine, but left-turning ones are transmutative and destructive. And they carry pathogenic information's [sic]. Bet you're worried now.
Have no fear, though, because the "Memon device uses Information's Polarizations Interference Chip Technology (IPICT) to sense an interference and then, via a massive library of information's [sic] stored within it, transform the pathogenic information's by rotating them 180 degrees then reflecting them back out again. The newly rotated and reflected information energy waves are then an exact mirror opposite to the original waves, which are thus completely and effortlessly cancelled out."
And it does all this without batteries, how cool is that?
==Evidence==
The evidence is overwhelming. For example, Dr. George Carlo has certified that:
* The memon® technology is clearly positive efficient on each level of biological systems (including cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organism and supra-organism)
* The action of the memon® technology is ‘anti-oxidant’ and restorative for disrupted inter-cellular communication.
* The mechanism of action of the memon® technology is both biologically mediated and direct energetic.
* The protective effect of the memon® technology is long-lasting.
These tests are so thorough they even include applied kinesiology (supra-organism, biofield expansion and contraction) tests. 
It's also certified by The Institute for Energy Field Measurement, Frequency, Testing & Analysis (INEFA), who used a "computer handled" frequency measuring device to test pathogenic interferences including electronic smog, water veins, earth radiation, cell nucleus membrane health, as well as harmful substances which include DDT, amalgams, mercury, lead, copper, cadmium, nickel and a host of other disruptive interferences.
==External links==
* InHarmony with Nature, Memon distributor.
* IMedvind, Norwegian Memon distributor (April 6, 2016 archived copy).
==References==
Category:woo
Category:Pseudoscience
Memory lapse

A "memory lapse" is a convenient unfortunate inability to recall specific events when asked about them by a Senate (US) or Parliamentary (UK) body. These events often concidentally occur in case where the "forgotten" information wold be detrimental to the interogatee or her/his organisation. 
Alternative explanations for inability to answer valid questions include: the unexpectedness of the topic; the protection of other's rights; commmercial sensitivity of the information and "security".
Similar events occur in less formal circumstances, as when being quizzed by television or newspaper reporters, in such cases it is often easier to divert the query or to give deceitful answers.
Category:Psychology
Mermaid

right|thumb|165px|Where's my hair dryer?
A mermaid is a mythical aquatic creature possessing the hideous ass end of a fish and the beautiful head and torso of a gorgeous human woman (fish would beg to disagree). Legends of mermaids, and their counterparts, the wily mermen, first originated circa 1000 BCE in Assyria.
Mermaids probably perished in the Great Flood after the destruction of their habitat. Mermaids were thought to be harbingers of disaster and related to the Sirens. Story holds that mermaids would sing beautiful songs to entice men into the ocean where they would drown. A birth defect named , also known as Mermaid Syndrome, causes the legs to be fused together, like a mermaid's tail, in utero and is usually fatal. Prior to the 19th century creatures of the genus were commonly thought to be, and called, mermaids.
Another possible source of the mermaid legend is completely human. Before the invention of modern diving technologies, diving for pearls and other ocean-floor goodies was sometimes a largely female occupation. Some notable traditional female divers have been the of JapanHitokuchi Memo - Ama – The women divers of Japan and the of KoreaHaeneyo: the Last Generations of Korean Mermaids | GRRRL TRAVELER.
==Modern "spells"==
Too many people claim to have spells to transform you into a mermaid, mostly involving salt water of some kind. Note escape hatches in the videos and the Law of Attraction style wording. To us rationalists, these make no sense, but they sure do to tween girls. Many have drank the Kool-Aid, and one commenter claims to have weather control powers .
==Real dangers==
In January 2018 there was a spate of news stories about the dangers of swimming while wearing a fake mermaid tail: such costumes are popular with children who want to be like Disney heroine Ariel. The Royal Life Saving Society of Western Australia warned that wearing a fish tail significantly impaired children's swimming ability. In 2015 or 2016 (accounts vary) a young girl wearing a mermaid tail reportedly got stuck upside down in a swimming pool when the tail got caught on something; she was rescued by her mother. As of January 2018, nobody has actually died from this menace, but experts warn it is only a matter of time if people are stupid enough.Bad news about your plans to be a mermaid: the tails are more likely to make you drown, Metro (UK), 21 January 2018Mermaid tail and fin toys dramatically increase drowning risk in children, experts warn, ABC (Australia), 18 Jan 2018
==Upside down mermaid==
An upside down mermaid has a fish head and human legs. For some reason, this is less popular in human mythology. However, as pointed out in an episode of Futurama, at least they reproduce through sexual intercourse rather than spawning, unlike the merman in this clip from Family Guy.
==See also==
*Atlantis
*Dolphin
*Dragon
*Mermaids: The Body Found
==References==
category:Folklore
category:Cryptozoology
Mermaids: The Body Found

Mermaids: The Body Found, is a 2012 docufiction created by Animal Planet. It convinced many people that mermaids are real and that organizations, such as the NOAA, were covering up the evidence. It is based on the Aquatic ape theory. At the start of the film a message is shown that says it is speculative fiction. Still, it was so convincing that people ignored this. NOAA thoroughly debunked this show as being false and distorting scientific evidence to support a speculation.http://www.snopes.com/photos/supernatural/mermaids.asphttp://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/mermaids.htmlhttp://www.npr.org/2012/07/07/156416968/noaa-just-to-be-clear-mermaids-do-not-existhttp://www.wtsp.com/news/article/262368/58/Animal-Planet-show-Mermaids-The-Body-Found-prompts-NOAA-to-issue-statement-saying-mermaids-do-not-existhttp://lite987.com/noaa-responds-to-mermaid-body-found-says-mermaids-and-mermen-are-not-real/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/327909
This is hardly the first time people took a piece of fiction a tad too seriously. Famous examples include The Bible, the Quran, and Orson Welles' 1938 The War of the Worlds broadcast (although the latter has been greatly exaggerated). Or, more recently, the 1995 film Alien Autopsy: (Fact or Fiction?) which caused many to believe in the whole "aliens at Roswell!!!" nonsense.http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0163521/
There's also a 2013 follow-up: Mermaids: The New Evidence.
==External links==
*The website on Animal Planet.com
*Mermaids: The Body Found on IMDB
*Mermaids on Monster Week website
==References==
Category:Hoaxes
Category:Science fiction
Category:Television programmes
Category:Schlockumentaries
Merneptah Stele

thumb|right|180px|The stele in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
The Merneptah Stele is something Biblical literalists don't like talking about. In 1896, a black granite obelisk was uncovered in Thebes, dating from around 1213-1203 B.C.E. It bears a very interesting inscription:
"The princes are prostrate, saying 'Mercy!' Not one raises his head among the nine bows.
Desolation is for Tehenu; Hatti is pacified; plundered is the Canaan with every evil.
Carried off is Ashkelon; seized upon is Gezer; Yanoam is made as that which does not
exist; Israel is laid waste, his seed is not; Hurru is become a widow for Egypt! All lands
together, they are pacified."You can read the full text and some analysis here
==So what?==
This is the first extrabiblical reference to Israel. No one mentions them before this. Also, the hieroglyph for Israel describes them as a people, whilst the others are described as "lands".https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045731/http://prophetess.lstc.edu/~rklein/Doc6/Merneptah.htm So this means that Israel wasn't a kingdom yet, so the Stele must date from the time of the Judges at the latest. This doesn't fit with Usher's chronology, which claims Solomon ascended in 970 B.C.E.
==External links==
*
==References==
Category:Ancient Egypt
Category:History
Category:Biblical archaeology
Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia (literally, from ancient Greek, meso, or "(land) in between", and potamia, "river") was an ancient land area in the Middle East generally circumscribed by two rivers: the Tigris and the Euphrates. From about 3,000 BCE to 300 BCE several ancient civilizations flourished there, notably the Sumerians and the Assyrians. 
==Fertility==
Early agriculture flourished in Mesopotamia helped by the development of irrigation from the Tigris and the Euphrates. This might have led to ancient myths such as the garden of Eden. Ironically this irrigation might have been one of the prime causes of the loss of this "paradisical" Eden. Not only was the area often laid waste by enemies, who then did not maintain the irrigation canals, allowing the surrounding desert to recapture the land but also irrigation leads to the build up of salts in the soil as the water evaporates, which renders the soil infertile. Ancient IrrigationMesopotamia
The Arabic name for the region and the surrounding land is Iraq, "fertile," now the name of the modern state that roughly covers the same ground.
==Mesopotamian culture==
A rich variety of cultures, religions and languages emerged from the Mesopotamian region. There were two major Mesopotamian languages: Sumerian, and the Semitic languages like Akkadian (and later Hebrew and Arabic). The religions shared common practices and mythologies across four empires and nearly a thousand years. The proto-Israelite religion appears to share an ancestor with these religions, as many of the ancient stories in the Torah closely resemble Sumerian, Assyrian, and Babylonian counterparts.
The commonality of "flood narratives" in the area, found in virtually all of the religions from Mesopotamia, has given rise to several theories of an actual flood of epic proportions that likely happened around 10,000 BCE.http://ncse.com/cej/8/2/flood-mesopotamian-archaeological-evidence The Bible's own flood story is similar in language and style to the recitation in The Epic of Gilgamesh, a Sumerian religious tale.
==See also==
*Anunnaki
*Babylon
*Nimrod
*Semiramis
*Tower of Babel
==External links==
*Mesopotamia Chicago University on Mesopotamia
*Mesopotamia The British Museum on Mesopotamia
==References==
category:geography
category:Ancient history
Category:Iraq
Meta

# meta-, a prefix in loanwords from Greek (e.g. metaphysics), meaning after, behind, along with, or beyond.
# Together with some word or topic, a related topic at a higher level of abstraction, e.g. statistical meta-analysis.
# In informal discussion, "meta" as adjective often indicates meta-discussion.
# Meta Platforms, Inc., aka. Facebook – the social media and surveillance capitalism giant.
Category:Language
Metabolism

Metabolism is the process performed by any living thing in order to continue to live. It includes animals' eating, digesting and breathing, plants' photosynthesis and respiration in both. It is normally a set of chemical reactions that obtain energy for life from the environment, these chains of reactions are termed metabolic pathways and eventually lead to the complete transformation of nutrients into energy or other materials that can be used by the body. 
==Science fiction origin==
The theory of metabolism was first introduced in the 13th century science fiction novel Theologus Autodidactus by Ibn al-Nafis. 
==Evolution==
Metabolic pathways are often very similar even in dramatically different species, utilising similar food sources and enzymes to work. Central common pathways are present in all domains of life from complex animals to simple bacteria. These pathways can be tracked throughout evolution.
==Metabolic rate==
The speed of someone's metabolism is often to blame for people being overweight or underweight. Although this is partially true, the real cause is that they haven't matched their food intake to their rate of metabolism. Age, drug intake and time of day are all factors that affect metabolic rate.
===Woo===
Many woo-peddlers describe miracle weight loss plans that center around somehow modifying or rebooting "your metabolism", usually with very little reference to where the actual energy released goes. A simple search of Natural News provides a plethora of examples, many contradictory.just look at all these solutions to your problems with a teaspoon of natural extracts.
==References==
*http://www.consumerhealthdigest.com/weight-loss/what-is-metabolism-and-how-to-increase-it.html
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Category:Biology
Category:Science fiction
Metacognition

Metacognition is thinking about thinking. Understanding one's beliefs and thoughts, their mechanisms and processes. 
Some examples of metacognition include meta-memory (including recognition of the fallibility of memory), monitoring one's learning/understanding.
Metacognition can act as a therapeutic tool, gifting one with the capacity for criticising and evaluating one's thoughts and beliefs. It holds them accountable to standards: normative and truth-evaluative. The errors people often make in pattern detection and attribution of causality (magical thinking, and pareidolia). Thoughts and beliefs — mental citizens, are the object of scrutiny. 
Category:Psychology
Metaphysics

Metaphysics refers generally to one of two similar but distinct uses of the term. In general, metaphysics is the study of that which is beyond the physical or scientific, and includes the study of the origin of all things, morality, the underlying nature of all existence, the nature of objects, and the nature of personhood.As philosophy develops and expands over time, many of these subjects lumped by the Greeks into "metaphysics" become fully fleshed out philosophical disciplines in and of themselves. The second, loosely associated use is from the wooish New Age community, which uses the term liberally for all things "spiritual" and "mystical" and "cool."
One particularly amusing explication of this difference is the disclaimer given by Professor Ron Amundson, a philosophy professor at the University of Hawaii, warning that the metaphysics course offered by his department is to do with things like free will and mind-and-body, and that those interested in ESP, auras, and astrology should drop the course because they'll fail.Metaphysics disclaimer. Phil 310, Metaphysics, University of Hawaii.
==Aristotle's Metaphysics==
Aristotle's Metaphysics was a pairing of his other seminal work, "Physics." One is a tract on science and the natural world, the other is a study and exploration of what can't be known by science or natural exploration, but which comes from questions and reflections, and indeed intuition. The name came from the words of the tract's title in Greek, tà metà tà physiká ("After the Physics"), and that has stuck ever since. Aristotle's work on metaphysics was in three parts: Ontology, the study of existence and personhood (being); Natural Theology, the study of god, gods, and things "supernatural"; and Universal Science, building blocks for logic and scientific reasoning.
Aristotle did believe (like Plato) in a craftsman to the universe, but based it on a complicated argument from movement. His enquiry was partially based on the pre-Socratic Parmenides, tracing all motion back eventually to what a conception his commentators would call causality. It requires the force of an Original Unmoved Mover. The result is a doctrine much more complicated than its usual modern interpretation, which is often blamed (by modern Aristotelians) on Plotinus' simplistic fetishization of the Unmoved Mover argument. The full argument for and about causation for Aristotle is prevalent throughout the rest of his work, including the Nicomachean Ethics, and leads him to some shockingly novel ideas about and the nature of action. Like it or not, causality principles are also one of the only ways of bypassing the is-ought problem.
==See also==
*Aristotle
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Philosophy