nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Trillion Dollar Coin

The creation of a trillion dollar platinum coin was suggested as a possible way to circumvent the debt ceiling in 2013. The U.S. government could cash in the coin to help pay down the nation's $16.4 trillion debt. The federal government hit its legal borrowing limit of $16.394 trillion on Dec. 31, 2012 and began taking "extraordinary measures" to cover shortfalls. It was estimated that, if left unaddressed, there would likely would be less revenue coming in than had to be paid out for each of the days between Feb. 15 and March 15 of 2013.
The first mention of the trillion dollar coin idea has been attributed to a commenter and blogger on economics and politics blogs whose screen name is Beowulf. His first comment on Platinum Coin Seigniorage was on a site run by Brad Delong. Anonymous commenters helped spread the concept to other economics blogs. The idea attracted attention from prominent liberal economists such as James Galbraith and Paul Krugman, and then from writers like Matthew Yglesias and Ezra Klein. 
Based on the authority granted by Section 5112 of Title 31 of the United States Code (31 U.S.C. Section 5112), the U.S. Treasury secretary is legally permitted to mint platinum coins of any level he or she wishes. The law was intended to allow the production of commemorative coins for collectors.
A petition at whitehouse.gov asked the U.S. Mint to make the coin.
While some claimed that minting such a coin would make the U.S. monetary and political system look like a farce, most were hard pressed to come up with a reason - legal or economic - that the coin should not be created.
While the platinum coin option would expand the Federal Reserve's balance sheet and, ultimately, the monetary base, it would have no implications for inflation.
 
== References ==
Category:Information Topics
Triple witching day

Triple witching is the expiration on the same day of three different types of derivative contracts: stock options, stock index futures, and stock index options. It occurs quarterly, on the third Friday of March, June, September, and December. There is often increased trading activity on triple witching days as traders close, roll out, or offset their expiring positions, especially in the final hour of trading. This can also create wild swings in volatility, which some view as a profit-making opportunity.
Single stock futures, which last traded in the U.S. in 2020, were for a time grouped with stock options, index options, and index futures, leading to the term "quadruple witching." But since single stock futures failed to gain ground as a product, the term has reverted to "triple witching."
== References ==
Trish Foshee

__NOTOC__ 
Trish Foshee is a retired financial services executive who served as the president of The Institute for Financial Markets (IFM), a nonprofit educational foundation independent affiliate of the Futures Industry Association (FIA) dedicated to providing educational programs and materials for the global futures and derivatives industry. 
== Background ==
Foshee joined the Institute for Financial Markets in October 2000, demonstrating a passion for the organization's educational mission and a commitment to promoting a better understanding of complex markets and higher standards of professional conduct. During her tenure as president of The IFM, Foshee was instrumental in developing and expanding educational programs for industry professionals. She oversaw the creation of numerous courses, seminars, and study materials designed to enhance understanding of futures and derivatives markets, regulatory compliance, and risk management.
At the IFM, she held various positions, including vice president of business development and director of sales and marketing, before assuming the role of president in 2008.
Prior to her career at the IFM, Foshee spent 23 years in the hospitality, meeting, and destination development industries, holding various management positions. She also served in leadership roles in both U.S. and international trade associations.
In addition to her role at the IFM, Foshee served as Chair of the Advisory Council for Futures Fundamentals, a collective, industry-wide effort supported by organizations such as CME, FIA, ICE, IFM, and NFA. She also previously served on the Advisory Board of the Review of Futures Markets, an industry journal publishing peer-reviewed articles on futures, options, and derivatives research.
She served as an ex-officio member of the board of trustees of The IFM. She is also on the board of The NIBA Advisory Group.
Previously, she was national director of sales & marketing at Dittmar Company (Westpark Hotels) from 1988 to 2001.
== Education ==
Florida State University
== References ==	
Category:Futures Industry
Category:The Institute for Financial Markets
Category:The Institute for Financial Markets - Former Employee
Category:Non-Profit Executives
Troels Philip Jensen

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Troels Philip Jensen is chief operating officer at Itiviti, a Stockholm-based software firm established in 2016 to combine two subsidiaries, Orc Group and CameronTec. He was appointed Orc Group COO in September 2013, succeeding Matteo Carcano, and became Itiviti COO upon the creation of the combined entity.
== Background ==
Jensen was most recently managing director (Benelux) and president (France) at SimCorp, a software and service provider for the financial sector. He had been at Simcorp since 1995 in various senior-level executive positions at several business units. 
==Education==
Jensen earned a master of science in economics, a bachelor of science in business administration and a bachelor of science in foreign trade from Copenhagen Business School and University of Leuven (Belgium).
==John Lothian News Interview, September 2014==
Riders on the Storm: Orc Group’s Troels Philip Jensen Looks at Consolidation in the Vendor Space
The financial sector has been feeling the squeeze over the past few years. Lower trading volume, sustained low volatility and added expense from new regulations have combined to create a precarious situation for independent service vendors serving the listed derivatives space, and has led to a wave of consolidation among its players. Orc Group’s Troels Philip Jensen says the trend will eventually subside, but only the most strategic-thinking firms will survive and thrive.
== References ==
Troy Kane

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Troy Kane is president of the Minneapolis Grain Exchange (MGEX), responsible for day-to-day operations of the exchange. He joined the company in that role in April 2024. He was also appointed CEO of MIAX Futures, a newly formed company that will manage the futures businesses of MIH.
Kane was previously the head of global derivatives and FICC development at Citadel Securities, where he managed the firm’s market structure advocacy and business development across futures, options, and FICC products globally. 
He has more than 20 years experience in the commodity and financial derivatives industry.
He is also on the board of directors of the BOX Options Exchange and the Arditti Center for Risk Management at DePaul University in Chicago and has been an adjunct professor in the Department of Finance at DePaul University since September 2017. 
== Background ==
Kane began his career working on the trading floors of the Chicago Board of Trade at the age of 14.
Before joining Citadel, he was head of strategy for financial products, responsible for tactical coordination of the development and execution for CME's financial and over-the-counter business lines (equities, interest rates and foreign exchange) strategies, technology projects and strategic initiatives.
== Education ==
Kane has an MBA in Finance from Roosevelt University and a BS in Finance from DePaul University.
== References ==
Troy Rohrbaugh

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Troy Rohrbaugh is a New York based financial investment banker who is currently the head of global markets for J.P. Morgan.
In January of 2020, Fortune Magazine reported Rohrbaugh had been "critical in decisions to invest in electronic and mobile trading improvements across asset classes," in a story about J.P. Morgan earnings during its most profitable year ever.
Also, Rohrbaugh is a member of J.P. Morgan’s corporate investment bank management team and a member of its operating committee.
Rohrbaugh is a member of the Johns Hopkins Leadership Forum. He and his wife are co-founders of the Frannie Foundation, named in hour of Frances Josephine Scebor, who passed away in 2000 from complications of Type II Diabetes and other Cardiovascular related diseases. Troy Rohrbaugh is currently a member of the advisory committee for The Frannie Foundation. 
== Background ==
Rohrbaugh joined J.P. Morgan in 2005 as head of global foreign exchange. In 2012, he was promoted to global head of interest rates, foreign exchange and public finance.
In 201, Rohrbaugh was promoted to global head of macro markets and then in 2019 he was promoted to his current position at head of global markets.
Before J.P. Morgan, Rohrbaugh was with Goldman Sachs in their North American foreign exchange options business in Goldman's fixed income group. He joined Goldman from Banque Nationale Paris in Tokyo. There he managed the foreign exchange options group for Asia.
He began his career in 1992 as a specialist for Cooper Neff on the Philadelphia Stock Exchange. Cooper Neff was purchased by Banque Nationale in 1995.
 
Rohrbaugh has served on the New York Federal Reserve's foreign exchange committee and has served as its chair.
He serves on the Bank of England Joint Standing Committee and is chair of the GFMA Foreign Exchange Group. 
When Rohrbaugh was 16, he worked for his father's firm for 40 hours a week and then another 36 to 38 hours as a security guard at a seaside condominium during the summers. He told this story in a J.P. Morgan Chase video titled "First Job Story: Leading with a Purpose.
Rohrbaugh was born in Baltimore, MD on 15 May 1970. He is married with two sons.
== Education ==
Rohrbaugh holds a bachelor of arts degree in political science from The Johns Hopkins University.
== References ==	
Category:New York Federal Reserve Foreign Exchange Committee - Former Members
Category:Goldman Sachs - Former Employees
Category:Cooper Neff - Former Employees
Category:Banque Nationale - Former Employees
TrueEX

TrueEX is an electronic swaps trading platform for interest rate derivatives, co-founded in February 2012 by former Creditex executives Sunil Hirani and Jim Miller. 
On September 27, 2012, the CFTC granted Designated Contract Market (DCM) status to trueEX and in April 2013 its first products were announced - futures contracts based on three credit spread indices licensed from S&P Dow Jones Indices.
The company branched into the digital asset space in March 2018, with plans to list non-deliverable forward contracts on bitcoin. 
Tassat took over the swap execution facility (SEF) registration from trueEX, effective on November 6, 2019. TrueEX is an interest rate swap platform. 
TrueEX's DCM designation was determined to be dormant by the CFTC on November 1, 2019.
 
== History ==
TrueEX co-founders Hirani and Miller were executives at Creditex, an execution and processing platform for credit default swaps when in 2008 the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) acquired the firm in a $513 million acquisition. After a transition period, the two left Creditex to begin the venture that was to become trueEX.
In April 2013, trueEX announced plans to launch a service to provide termination, compaction, re-balancing and back-loading services to clients of CME Clearing.
In July 2013, truEX filed an application with the CFTC to operate a swap execution facility (SEF). The application was granted temporary approval as of September 20, 2013.
The company announced in March 2018 it planned to list non-deliverable forwards on bitcoin on a new subsidiary called trueDigital, which works on product development, sales and marketing for digital assets. The subsidiary partnered with ConsensSys, to develop a benchmark for ether and other digital products. The contracts will trade on the trueEX platform. 
== Products and Services ==
In April 2013, trueEX obtained a license from S&P Dow Jones Indices to list futures contracts on three new credit indices:
*S&P/ISDA U.S. 150 Credit Spread Index
*S&P/ISDA U.S. Corporate 120 Credit Spread Index
*S&P/ISDA U.S. Financial 30 Credit Spread Index
Also in April 2013, trueEX announced the launch of PTC (Portfolio Terminations and Compactions), a proprietary platform for reducing margin on swap positions. 
== Key People ==
*Sunil Hirani, Co-founder, CEO 
*Jim Miller, Co-founder, head of product development
*Tony Schiavo, Chief Technology Officer
*Karin Wichman, Chief Legal Officer
*Fran Kenck, Chief Regulatory Officer 
*Sara Lewin, Chief Administrative Officer 
*Lawrence Israeloff]], Chief Financial Officer 
== References ==
Category:TrueEX
Category:DCM
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:Exchanges
TrueUSD (TUSD)

TrueUSD is a stablecoin, one unit of which is backed by $1. 
According to CoinMarketCap, a cryptocurrency market data reporting service, it was the 18th most actively traded cryptocurrency in December 2018. By then, there were more than 200 million TrueUSDs in circulation.
TrueUSD units are created against the payment to Archblock's designated partner banks. Frequent periodic attestations of the adequacy of the deposits are made by a Cohen & Co., a U.S.-licensed accounting firm. The escrow arrangements under which TrueUSDs are deposited were designed to provide a legally clear claim by the TrueUSD holder on the dollar deposits.
TureUSDs are distributed by Archblock (formerly TrustToken), which aspires to provide a platform for the digitization of assets, essentially securitizing assets like real estate or precious metals and issuing smart contract-based cryptocurrencies against them. 
TrueUSD is currently the only stablecoin that Binance users can trade for bitcoin free. In March 2023, Binance replaced the Binance USD holdings in its billion-dollar emergency insurance fund with TrueUSD and tether. Binance later added six cryptocurrencies quoted in TrueUSD, allowing market makers to trade them for free. 
== History ==
TrueUSD was created in March 2018 by Rafael Cosman and Danny An, who co-founded the San Francisco-based startup TrustToken. TrustToken later rebranded as Archblock. The company raised funding from firms including Founders Fund, Stanford’s StartX, Andreessen Horowitz and Jump Trading. Archblock, the operator of TrueUSD, manages its reserves, works with its banking partners and oversees compliance for TrueUSD. The intellectual property of the token is owned by the Singapore-based investment conglomerate Techteryx.
==References==
Category: digital assets
Category: definitions
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: altcoins
Category: stablecoin
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Trumid

Trumid Financial is an electronic bond trading platform and fintech company. 
Trumid’s ADV in July 2021 was $1.6B, a 91% increase year-over-year. Trumid's network includes 580 onboarded institutions. In the month of July, the Trumid platform experienced a 75% YoY increase in the number of users executing a trade each day.
== History ==
Trumid was founded by Ronnie Mateo in 2014.
In October 2020, Trumid launched emerging market debt trading, adding to a suite of investment-grade and high-yield securities.
In January 2021 Trumid secured a $50 million investment in a funding round co-led by DST Global and Dragoneer Investment Group. Also in early 2021, Goldman Sachs formed a strategic relationship with Trumid, offering liquidity to its institutional clients through Trumid’s network. Goldman Sachs also became a member of Trumid’s advisory committee.
In April 2021, Trumid released Attributed Trading (AT) for EM on the Trumid platform, an expansion of the company’s EM offering. The platform currently has 20 dealers streaming prices to over 400 buy-side institutions on over 11,000 unique bonds per day.
In October 2021, Trumid announced a $208 million infusion of capital from a number of Wall Street investors, led by Point Break Capital Management. A significant investment was also provided by the private equity firm Motive Partners. Senator Investment Group and TPG Capital, as well as BlackRock and T Rowe Price, also provided capital. The fundraising valued Trumid at about $2.4bn, the company said.
== Products and Services ==
Trumid provides traders with the option to trade anonymously or to bilaterally negotiate.
== Key People ==
*Ronnie Mateo, Founder and CEO
*Mike Sobel, President
== References ==
Trust

A financial trust is created when an investor transfers property or capital to a trustee company to manage on behalf of a third party (beneficiary) for a specific period. Unit investment trusts (UITs) and real estate investment trusts (REITs) are probably the best-known trusts among traders and investors and must be structured to maintain tax-advantaged status over non-trust competitors like mutual funds or direct investment.
== Less taxing ==
UITs generally invest in shares, although some also purchase bonds and other fixed income securities, while REITs invest mostly in income-generating commercial property. UITs offer tax shelter on unrealized capital gains compared to mutual funds because shares in them (units) are bought and held for specific periods by each new investor. Like mutual funds and closed-end funds, they are regulated in the U.S. by the SEC. For REITs and other investment trusts to maintain their tax-free status they must distribute at least 90 percent of their revenue to shareholders, often in the form of dividend re-investment plans.
== References ==
Category:Trusts
Trust Companies Association of Japan

Originally established by major trust companies as the Trust Companies Association, the Trust Companies Association of Japan aims to promote the development of trust systems and promote public awareness about trusts. It carries out studies of the financial systems in Japan and other countries, social welfare policies, tax systems, and the trust business in general. Based on these studies, the association makes periodic proposals, requests, and expresses its views and position on these subjects to the relevant authorities and organizations. Trust banks are unique among Japanese financial institutions in that they combine financing services with asset management services.
The association also promotes member companies compliance with the relevant laws and policies.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
Trust Preferred Securities

Trust Preferred Securities (TruPs), are long-term instruments with early redemption features. They make quarterly fixed interest payments and mature at face value. In this regard, they are a hybrid of equity and debt instruments. Companies created TruPs and enjoy their flexibility and accounting benefits. They are an easy way for smaller banks and companies to make money. 
== Background ==
TruPs grew in popularity during the financial crisis of 2008. U.S. banks sold more than $40 billion worth of TruPs. They were attractive investments because of high interest rates and a tier-one capital rating, which is viewed as a key sign of financial strength. 
TruPs were also packaged into CDOs which were not set up to withstand the high levels of deferrals that happened when banks couldn't make their payments. In February of 2010, the cumulative default and deferral rate exceeded 27 percent. 
== TruPS and the Dodd-Frank Act ==
In August of 2010, after the ratification of the Dodd-Frank Act, a 90-day window was opened for banks to buy back these hybrid instruments. The Act also stated that TruPs no longer count as tier one capital. Moody's estimates that in 2010, U.S. banks had $118 billion outstanding from TruPs, or about 20 percent of tier one capital at banks such as Bank of America, JP Morgan, Morgan Stanley and Citigroup. 
In December 2013, five regulatory agencies issued its final rules on Section 619 of Dodd-Frank, the prohibition of proprietary trading by banks, also known as the Volcker Rule. Included in the final provisions was a ban on TruPS CDOs, which meant that banks would need to divest interest in these securities. Later that month, the American Bankers Association sued the regulators on the ruling. On January 14, 2014, the agencies released an interim final rule that allowed TruPS CDO to be retained by banks, given certain conditions. The ABA promptly dropped their lawsuit.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:Trusts
Trustless

The word "trustless," when referring to blockchain and distributed ledger technology, refers to the lack of need for a trustworthy intermediary when sending money from one individual or fund to another. 
Traditional financial systems rely on banks, payment providers, credit card companies, remittance companies, and so on. A blockchain is designed to remove the need for these things by enabling two users to transmit stores of value digitally on an open-source, public ledger; this creates transparency that theoretically removes the need for trusted third parties like banks.
== References ==
Category:Decentralized Applications
Category:Digital Assets
Category:Definitions
Category:blockchain
Category:Distributed ledgers
Category:fintech
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Truth in Lending Act

The Truth in Lending Act was passed by Congress in 1968. The Act sought to protect consumers in credit transactions by requiring disclosure of key terms of the lending arrangement and related costs. The statute is contained in title I of the Consumer Credit Protection Act, as amended (15 USC 1601 et seq). 
Prior to TILA there were no generally required definitions of loan terms so consumers were unable to compare interest rates and other loan costs.
== References ==
Category:Legislation
Tudor Investment Corporation

Tudor Investment Corporation is a large manager of hedge funds investing in equities, derivatives and forex across global markets. The company had a rough 2007 but also joined the 'carbon rush' by investing in several emissions-reduction projects.
== History ==
Tudor Investment Corporation, the main business in the Tudor Group, manages hedge funds and invests in stocks, derivatives, cash and venture capital markets across the globe. As of 2016, Tudor Investment Corp. managed around $11 billion.
In 1996 Tudor Investment Corp. agreed to pay fines to the Securities and Exchange Commission totalling $800,000, the second-largest ever levied at the time for a non-fraud case, for violating the 'uptick rule' imposed after the 1987 market crash on "Black Monday."The SEC charged that mistaken trades made by Tudor in 1994 had pushed the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) down 16 points in a single day. 
In late 2007, Tudor helped launch the Green Exchange to trade a range of environmental derivatives contracts like futures, options and swaps on European carbon allowances, Kyoto Protocol-based carbon credits and voluntary-market carbon credits. The venture intends establishing its own CFTC-regulated exchange in early 2009. 
Beginning in 2008, the return rate of the company began to decline drastically, with the Raptor fund, one of its signature funds, losing 8.5% in 2008. Between 1987 and 2007, the average returns of the firm's macro fund stood at about 26%, compared with 5.3% between 2008 and 2016. This led to a drastic increase in redemptions from the fund, with the total amount of money in the fund dropping from just under $20 billion in 2007 to about $11 billion in 2016.
== Key People ==
*Paul Tudor Jones II founder and CEO
== References ==
Tun Mohamed Dzaiddin bin Haji Abdullah

Tun Mohamed Dzaiddin bin Haji Abdullah is non-executive chairman of Bursa Malaysia, operator of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange and a fast-growing derivatives platform with listings including palm oil and Shariah-compliant contracts.
A lawyer by training, he was appointed to the exchange board on March 1, 2004, and also chairs Deutsche Bank's Malaysian operations. A Malaysian national, he was the country's chief justice from 2000 until retirement in 2003, and also served as a high court judge and a supreme court judge.
== References ==
category:Exchange Chairmen