nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Chromia

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="height:100px; width:700px; text-align:left;" |
Chromia says it offers a relational blockchain that is the sum of a relational database and blockchain technology, a "technical solution for the real world."
== Background ==
Chromia was founded in 2018 as an open-source public platform designed by Chromaway, a blockchain development company that was itself founded in 2014 by Henrik Hjelte, Or Perelman, and Alex Mizrahi. According to the Chromia website, Chromaway does not control Chromia. 
Chromaway works with the Inter-American Development Bank on a three-nation project to transfer property registrations to a blockchain-based database that began in 2019. The countries are Bolivia, Peru and Paraguay. When it announced the project, the company said, "ChromaWay will leverage its experience on closely related projects that include Sweden, Canada, India, and Australia."
=== Decentralized finance ===
In a blog post on August 3, 2020, Chromia announced the launch of the Hedget protocol for options trading. According to the post, Hedget is a decentralized finance (DeFi) application that is designed to run on the Chromia sidechain to Ethereum's blockchain. Settlement of option exercises are the only transactions that will take place on Ethereum itself. The purpose of the sidechain is to enable cheaper and faster transactions, according to Chromia's blog post.
 
== References ==
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Chuck Bohm

__NOTOC__ 
Chuck Bohm is a senior vice president at ED&F Man Capital Markets, specializing in business development for institutional futures and equities markets.
== Background ==
Before joining ED&F Man, Bohm was a vice president at Wedbush Securities. He took on that position in December 2014 when Wedbush Securities acquired the FCM business of KCG Holdings, formerly Knight Capital. He had been a vice president at Knight Futures, the futures division of Knight Capital Americas LLC. Before that, he was the head of retail futures at the Pioneer Futures division of MF Global. Pioneer had been a division of the MF Global until its 2011 bankruptcy. Bohm was then the head of new business development for Pioneer Futures.
Bohm joined Man Financial, which later became MF Global, when Man Financial parent ED&F Man International Inc. acquired First American Discount Corporation in October 2000. He was an introducing broker (IB) manager in the retail futures division there for 11 years. At First American, where he worked from 1987 to 2000, Bohm was a colleague of MarketsWiki founder John J. Lothian.
== Education ==
Bohn earned a BS in Communication Studies from Northern Illinois University in 1982
== References ==	
Category:Futures Brokers
Category:MF Global - Former Employees
Category:Pioneer Futures - Former Employees
Category:First American Discount Corporation - Former Employees
Category:Knight Futures - Former Employees
Category:KCG - Former Employees
Category: ED&F Man
Chuck Mackie

__NOTOC__
Chuck Mackie is a business development, PR and marketing specialist who is a principal at Fathom Communication, where he provides strategy, website subject matter, sales materials, blogs and white papers in financial services and technology.
He has been a consultant at Maven Wave Partners since in 2015. 
He is also a contributing editor to John Lothian News.
He was previously content management consultant at 3Points Communications from March 2016 to May 2017.
== Background ==
Mackie worked for the Intercontinental Exchange as the director of cleared products from 2002 through 2008. He also worked at Fundamental Analytics as the head of business development, at Trading Technologies in sales and was in product marketing at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.
== Education ==
Mackie has a masters degree in marketing and organizational behavior, (1994 – 1998) from Northwestern University's Kellogg School of Management and a bachelor of arts from Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
== References ==	
Category:Maven Wave Partners - Employees
Category:Maven Wave Partners
Category:InterContinentalExchange - Former Employees
Category:InterContinentalExchange
Category:Trading Technologies - Former Employees
Category:Former CME Staff
Chung Kong Chow

__NOTOC__ 
Sir Chung-kong Chow is the Chairman of Hong Kong Exchnages
== Background ==
He was formerly chief executive officer of Brambles Industries PLC. a global support services company with dual listings in the United Kingdom and Australia, before resigning on 25 September 2003 after being blamed by shareholders at the AGM the year before for making mistakes. From 1997 to 2001, Sir Chow was chief executive of GKN PLC, a leading engineering company based in the United Kingdom and before that he spent 20 years with the BOC Group PLC and was appointed a director of its board and chief executive of its Gases Division in 1993. The Hong Kong media once described Chow as one of the most powerful Chinese men in the western world.
 
== Education ==
Chow holds BS and MS degrees in Chemical Engineering from University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of California-Davis
== References ==
Ciby Kuruvilla

__NOTOC__ 
Ciby Kuruvilla is a director of quality assurance for CME Group. Kuruvilla is responsible for overseeing the quality management of back-end systems within CME Group's electronic trading systems. 
== Background ==
Prior to joining the company in 2003, Kuruvilla held technology consulting roles for Amgen, Brocade, Hitachi Semiconductor, 3Com, Charles Schwab and Broadbase.
== Education ==
He earned a bachelor's degree in electronics engineering from Bombay University and a bachelor's degree in management from Menlo College.
== References ==	
Category:CME Group
Cicada Corp

Cicada provides a range of data management and trading technologies to the financial markets. It provides solutions for algorithmic trading infrastructure, real-time market data and reference data management, and Know Your Customer business process management. Cicada is a privately-held corporation, with offices in New York, London, Oklahoma City and Hong Kong.
== History ==
Cicada was founded in 1998 by a group of executives with extensive careers in the financial information industry. Its first major product was a data management platform for processing real-time market data, called Cicada Composer. 
The company initially focused on the exchange and data vendor market. Later, as the financial markets began to suffer from the poor quality of reference data, Cicada added a host of major new functionalities and facilities to its data management platform, specifically for the effective and efficient management of reference data quality. This data management engine was launched as Cicada Composer® plus+.
As organizations began to have to comply with anti-money laundering, “know your customer” and a range of other regulatory initiatives and requirements, Cicada responded by launching its Cicada Profiler software to manage the specific customer data due diligence activities associated with regulatory requirements.
== Products and Services ==
*Cicada Composer® plus+
*Cicada Profiler
== Key People ==
*Gregory E. Smith, President & CEO
== References ==
Category:Independent Software Vendors
Cindy James

__NOTOC__ 
Cindy James is vice president, human resources at the OCC. She was previously director, human resources. In her new role she heads up the OCC's entire human resources staff, which includes compensation and benefit administration. She also continues to oversee the recruitment process and training programs for OCC employees. 
== Background ==
== Education ==
Cindy James holds a MA in Human Resources Management/Personnel Administration from Dallas Baptist University. 
== References ==
Category:OCC
Category:Bios - Executives
Cindy Williams

__NOTOC__ 
Cynthia (Cindy) Williams is a vice president at JPMorgan Chase. 
She was previously a consultant at State Street Global Markets. She is also a board member at Women in Listed Derivatives (WILD)
Earlier, she was director of investor relations and business development at Como Asset Management LLC, a subsidiary of Geneva Trading USA, LLC, and an advisor at Metrixx. 
== Background ==
Williams has 25 years experience in the futures industry including institutional brokerage, marketing, strategy implementation and electronic trading systems. Before joining Como Asset Management, Williams was director, electronic trading relations, at the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT). She served at the CBOT in various marketing and business development roles from 1997-2007. Williams was also an assistant vice president with Chase Manhattan Futures Corporation and while working in London from 1994-1996, was responsible for institutional sales and business development of fixed income products on the LIFFE exchange. Prior to Chase, she was an institutional fixed income broker specializing in US yield curve strategies. 
Williams is a member of the Futures Industry Association, 100 Women in Hedge Funds and on the Board of Directors of Women In Listed Derivatives. 
== Education ==
She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Communications from Western Illinois University. 
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Consultants
Category:Women in Listed Derivatives
Circuit breaker

In the U.S., major stock, options and commodities exchanges have procedures to limit excessive downward moves in the markets due to panic or mass selling in times of serious market volatility. There are three categories for these mechanisms; circuit breakers, the collar rule and price limits. Under circuit breakers trading may be halted temporarily or stopped entirely. 
Circuit breaker levels are set on a quarterly basis. Depending on when the thresholds are hit determines the period of time the markets are halted or whether trading is halted for the balance of the day. The NYSE threshold levels for the Dow Jones Industrial Average are 10 percent, 20 percent and 30 percent. The formulas for these thresholds are set forth in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Rule 80B.
The Collar Rule and Price Limits affect the way trading in the securities and futures markets takes place. 
In May of 2010, major stock exchanges agreed to introduce temporary trading limits on individual stock moves. The leaders of six major exchanges agreed to a structural framework, to be refined over the next day, for strengthening circuit breakers.The New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, BATS, Direct Edge, ISE and CBOE — and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) to discuss the causes of the so-called "flash-crash" market decline Of May 6, 2010‎, the potential contributing factors, and possible market reforms.
==NYSE Levels==
Effective Apr. 15, 1998 the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved amendments to Rule 80B (Trading Halts Due to Extraordinary Market Volatility) which revised the halt provisions and the circuit-breaker levels. The trigger levels for a market-wide trading halt were set at 10 percent, 20 percent and 30 percent of the DJIA, calculated at the beginning of each calendar quarter, using the average closing value of the DJIA for the prior month, thereby establishing specific point values for the quarter. Each trigger value is rounded to the nearest 50 points.
The halt for a 10 percent decline would be one hour if it occurred before 2 p.m., and for 30 minutes if it occurred between 2 and 2:30, but would not halt trading at all after 2:30. The halt for a 20 percent decline would be two hours if it occurred before 1 p.m., and between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. for one hour, and close the market for the rest of the day after 2 p.m. If the market declined by 30 percent, at any time, trading would be halted for the remainder of the day.
== References ==
Category:NYSE
Category:Trading Terms
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Citi Holdings

With Citigroup's reorganization of 2009, Citi Holdings — which would account for $850 billion of Citigroup's $1.95 trillion in assets — would include Citi's asset management and consumer finance segments, including CitiMortgage and CitiFinancial. It would also be in charge of Citi's 49 percent stake in the joint brokerage with Morgan Stanley, and the pool of about $300 billion in mortgages and other risky assets that the U.S. government agreed to backstop in late 2008.
The new Citicorp would include the retail bank; the corporate and investment bank; the private bank, which serves wealthy individuals; and global transaction services.
With the reorganization of 2009, Citi Holdings — which would account for $850 billion of Citigroup's $1.95 trillion in assets — would include Citi's asset management and consumer finance segments, including CitiMortgage and CitiFinancial. It would also be in charge of Citi's 49 percent stake in the joint brokerage with Morgan Stanley, and the pool of about $300 billion in mortgages and other risky assets that the U.S. government agreed to backstop in late 2008.
The new Citicorp would include the retail bank; the corporate and investment bank; the private bank, which serves wealthy individuals; and global transaction services.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Banks
Citibank

Citibank was a global stand-alone retail banking powerhouse until its parent Citicorp merged with insurer Travelers in 1998 to form the world's largest financial-services group. Citibank is now a prominent brand name within its new parent's consumer banking division.
== History ==
Established almost 200 years ago, Citibank was a pre-eminent banking name first in the U.S. and later abroad until the 1998 merger with Travelers that formed Citigroup. 
The new parent merged it into the Citigroup consumer banking division while maintaining the strong Citibank name, which it has recently used to brand some foreign banking acquisitions.
On Sept. 29, 2008 Citigroup agreed to a takeover of Wachovia Bank in a deal backed by regulators which gave the government a stake in one of the nation's biggest banks. The takeover marked another shakeup for the troubled U.S. banking sector saddled with heavy losses from the bursting of the real estate bubble.
== Products and Services ==
Retail banking products including mortgages, consumer loans and credit cards, commercial banking services and investment products.
== Movement Abroad ==
In April 2008, Citibank announced the launch of a retail brokerage unit and holding company in South Korea, where it already operates retail banking unit Citibank Korea, which plans 10 new South Korean branches in 2008. The new unit operates separately from parent Citigroup's wholesale brokerage, Citigroup Global Markets Korea Securities Ltd.
By contrast, a few days earlier news emerged that Citibank planned to sell its German banking subsidiary Citibank Deutschland (CD) before the end of 2008, with other possible European sell-offs on the table. German global banking giant Deutsche Bank is now considered the front-runner to acquire CD.
== References ==
Category:Banks
Citicorp

Under Citigroup's reorganization of 2009, one business - Citicorp - would focus on traditional banking around the world, while the other, Citi Holdings, would hold the company's riskier assets. CEO Vikram Pandit's move would allow Citigroup to sell or spin off the Citi Holdings assets to raise cash. The reorganization also revealed the company's growing focus on back-to-basics lending and deposit-gathering, and dismantled the "financial supermarket" created by the company a decade earlier.
Citigroup suffered more than $65 billion in losses in late 2008 alone, more than half stemming from mortgage-related securities. The U.S. government stepped in twice to rescue the company with bailouts totaling $45 billion. Since then, the company had been divesting itself of many of its assets. On Jan. 13, 2009, Citigroup announced a deal to spin out Smith Barney, its broking arm, into a joint venture with Morgan Stanley’s broker.
With the reorganization of 2009, the new Citicorp would include the retail bank; the corporate and investment bank; the private bank, which serves wealthy individuals; and global transaction services.
Citi Holdings — which would account for $850 billion of Citigroup's $1.95 trillion in assets — would include Citi's asset management and consumer finance segments, including CitiMortgage and CitiFinancial. It would also be in charge of Citi's 49 percent stake in the joint brokerage with Morgan Stanley, and the pool of about $300 billion in mortgages and other risky assets that the U.S. government agreed to backstop in late 2008.
== References ==
Category:Banks
Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.

Citigroup Global Markets (CGM), the capital markets and investment banking arm of banking giant Citigroup, was created in 2003 from the remnants of scandal-ridden brokerage Salomon Smith Barney the group had purchased nearly a decade earlier. Along with trading and underwriting securities, CGM also finances business deals.
== History ==
Citigroup Global Markets (CGM) was formed in April 2003 while its predecessor, SSB, was embroiled in litigation brought against it by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for the activities of SSB analyst Jack Grubman. That decision cost CGM a total of $300 million in SEC penalties.
A few years later CGM again found itself on the hook for its former subsidiary's past activities when the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in July 2007 found SSB mutual fund brokers had broken the NYSE's market-timing rules over a period of years. The decision cost CGM a further $50 million, one month after the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) ordered a CGM to pay $15 million over "misleading materials" used by some brokers.
The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) fined Citigroup Global Markets $650,000 for disclosure and supervisory violations related to retail loans via their Direct Borrow Program to fund their client's short-selling strategies in April 2010. 
== Products and Services ==
As the brokerage and securities branch of Citigroup, CGM operates under a range of investment-market brands, most notably Smith Barney in the U.S. and Nikko Cordial in Japan. It provides brokerage and investment services to corporations and wealthy individuals and competes mostly with bulge bracket Wall Street investment and brokerage house
s like Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley. CGM revenue for 2007 was reported at $2.15 billion.
== Registration ==
*CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS INC - NFA ID: 0002026xxx
== References ==
Category: FIA Regular Members
Citigroup Global Markets Ltd.

Citigroup Global Markets Limited (United Kingdom) represents the European trading and investment bank arm of the US-based financial services giant Citigroup. It provides investment banking services to supranationals, governments, financial institutions and large- and mid-capitalization corporate clients. The company's activities include underwriting equities and fixed income products, equity research, and banking services. Its brokering activities focus on equities, fixed income, currencies, and commodities. It also offers treasury, cash management, and custody services and provides trade financing to importers and exporters. 
== History ==
Citigroup Global Markets Limited was formerly known as Schroder Salomon Smith Barney. The company was founded in 2000, and is headquartered in London with additional offices in Amsterdam, Budapest, Dublin, Frankfurt, Geneva, Lisbon, Madrid, Milan, Moscow, Paris, Warsaw and Zurich.
== Products and Services ==
*Citigroup Fixed Income Indexes
*Commodities
*Credit
*Multi-Asset Investment and Trading Products
*Equities
*Foreign Exchange and EM Local Markets
*Futures
*Municipals
*Prime Finance and Services
*Securitized Markets
*The Yield Book
== Key People ==
*Ronald M. Freeman, Chairman and CEO
== References ==
City of London

"The City" is a common nickname for the City of London, a small city within Greater London, England that is considered the financial and commercial heart of Britain. The term "The City" is also used to refer to the UK's financial services industry, which is based there. It is sometimes referred to as the 'Square Mile' because it is, in fact, a square mile. 
The City of London provides local government services for the financial district and its responsibilities extend beyond the City boundaries to provide additional facilities for the benefit of the UK as a whole. These range from open spaces such as Epping Forest, and Hampstead Heath, and the Barbican Arts Centre.
The City is the oldest in the country and is unique in operating on a non-party political basis through its Lord Mayor, Aldermen and members of the Court of Common Council. The Lord Mayor plays an important diplomatic role with overseas visits and functions for visiting heads of State.
The City houses the London Stock Exchange, one of the world's oldest exchanges and now part of an international exchange group that operates a range of international equity, bond and derivatives markets.
== References ==
category:Definitions
Category:United Kingdom
Category:London
Civic (CVC)

With $2.75 million in venture capital funding, Vinny Lingham founded Civic in January 2016 to provide an online means to protect the use of individuals' social security numbers. Civic's service, which notifies customers when their social security numbers are used and offered $1 million in insurance, launched on July 19 of that same year. Civic engineered a two-way authentication process to verify both the users to institutions and the institutions to the user, providing them both the opportunity to prevent fraudulent use of the number. 
In a multi-stage initial coin offering, Civic minted 1 billion CVC coins, one-third of which were rapidly bought up for $33 million in June 2017. One-third were to be distributed to businesses and in promotions for the network, and one-third were held back for future sale.
 
On October 24, 2017, the cryptocurrency custody company for institutional investors BitGo announced that it had chosen Civic to provide know-your-customer support to its joint development project with the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) to develop a digital gold platform for the Royal Mint. The CME left the project sometime in 2018 and the U.K. government shuttered it completely in October 2018. 
BitGo tweeted on April 17, 2018, that CVC was among the first Ethereum ERC-20 tokens it supported.
 
== References ==
Category:Cryptocurrency
Category:Initial Coin Offering
Category:CME Group
Category:Royal Mint
Category:BitGo
Category: Ethereum
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki