nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Organic growth

Organic growth is the growth rate a company can achieve by increasing output and enhancing sales rather than by acquisitions or mergers. It refers to profit generated within the company. It is often seen as a good indicator of how well management has used its internal resources to expand profits.
Organic growth does include growth resulting from investment in businesses the company owned at the beginning of the period in question. When a company does not disclose organic growth numbers, it is possible to estimate them by estimating the numbers for acquisitions made in the period being looked at and in the previous year. It is useful to break down organic sales growth into that coming from market growth and that coming from gains in market share: this makes it easier to see how sustainable growth is.
== References ==
Category:Companies
Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) brings together governments of countries committed to democracy and the market economy from around the world in an effort to support sustainable economic growth, boost employment, raise living standards, maintain financial stability, assist other countries' economic development and contribute to growth in world trade. 
The OECD also shares expertise and exchanges views with more than 100 other countries
and economies, from Brazil, China, and Russia to the least developed countries in Africa.
		
With the Kyoto Treaty, the members of the OECD as of 1992 and the countries of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe pledged to cut anthropogenic emissions of six greenhouse gases during a five-year commitment period, 2008 to 2012.
== History ==
The OECD originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) to help administer the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. In 1961, it was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development by the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
== Membership ==
The 34 member countries of OECD are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and the United States.
Twenty of these countries became members on Dec. 14, 1960, when the Convention establishing the organization was signed. The others have joined over the years.
As of 2013, the OECD is in open discussions for membership with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa, and that these nations have been offered a program of "enhanced engagement".
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Industry Economic Organizations
Category:Russia
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

OECD is a global organization that brings together the governments of various countries committed to democracy and the market economy. 
Their goals are to: 
*Support sustainable economic growth 
*Boost employment
*Raise living standards
*Maintain financial stability
*Assist other countries' economic development 
*Contribute to growth in world trade.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:International Organizations
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent intergovernmental organization, created in 1960 at the Baghdad Conference by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. 
These five founding members were later joined by nine other Members: Qatar (1961); Indonesia (1962); Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1962); United Arab Emirates (1967); Algeria (1969); Nigeria (1971); Ecuador (1973) -- suspended its membership from December 1992-October 2007; Angola (2007); and Gabon (1975–1994).
OPEC's objective is to co-ordinate petroleum policies among its member countries to ensure stable petroleum prices and deliver an efficient and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations, as well as a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry. 
The OPEC Reference Basket is a weighted average of oil blends from various OPEC countries.
== History ==
In the 1960s, OPEC sought to asserts its member countries' rights in an international oil market dominated by 
the ‘Seven Sisters’ multinational companies. OPEC kept a relatively low profile then, as it set out its objectives and established its Secretariat, which moved from Geneva to Vienna in 1965, adopted resolutions and engaged in negotiations with the companies. 
 
OPEC rose to international prominence during the 1970s. Its members took control of their domestic petroleum industries and acquired a major say in the pricing of crude oil on world markets. 
There were two oil pricing crises, triggered by the Arab oil embargo in 1973 and the outbreak of the Iranian Revolution in 1979. They were both fed by fundamental imbalances in the market; both resulted in oil prices rising steeply. 
The first Summit of OPEC Sovereigns and Heads of State was held in Algiers in March 1975. OPEC acquired its 11th Member, Nigeria, in 1971.
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Organized Trading Facility

An Organized Trading Facility (OTF) is any facility or system designed to bring together buying and selling interests or orders related to financial instruments. OTFs were introduced by the European Commission as part of MiFID II and are focused on non-equities such as derivatives and cash bond markets. The original MiFID only covered multi-lateral trading facilities.
OTFs are intended to be similar in scope to a swap execution facility (SEF), a type of entity created by the Dodd-Frank Act in the U.S. The goal of SEFs and OTFs is to bring transparency and structure to OTC derivatives trading. OTF regulatory proposals under MiFID II have stated that OTF operators, usually broker-dealers would be prevented from trading against their own capital. This has led to concerns among such participants that liquidity in such markets would be diminished. 
Compliance for the different regulatory frameworks will be enabled through a global rule book that manages the different requirements of that jurisdiction. Thomson Reuters is building a single platform that will cater to both markets.
== Crucial differences from SEFs ==
*Not only swaps can be traded but equities, commodities and other derivative contracts could be traded in OTF. 
*OTFs have more flexibility of execution than SEFs. During the initial CESR consultation around trading venue functionality, the Wholesale Market Brokers Association worked actively to demonstrate to policy influencers the importance of discretion and flexibility in arranging liquidity across a variety of execution models in markets that tend to trade episodically.
== Effects on banks ==
When SEFs and OTFs are introduced, the dealer banks will be most affected by the new regulations. In general, banks currently trade in swaps bilaterally on behalf of their clients benefiting from spreads. When swaps become standardized, banks will have to move to a fee-based model. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Orphan block

An orphan block refers to the block that is not added to with additional blocks when a blockchain forks. 
A fork is the branching of a cryptocurrency's blockchain network into two distinct paths. This often happens when two people mining the cryptocurrency find a block at almost exactly the same time, creating two identical blocks. This is usually resolved when subsequent blocks are added to only one of the blocks, leaving an "orphan block." Forks can also be the result of the community surrounding a cryptocurrency splitting due to ideological, technical, or political disagreements about how to guide the future of the network, sometimes resulting in the creation of an entirely new cryptocurrency based on a pre-existing one.
== References ==	
Category:definitions
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Category:cryptocurrency
Category:blockchain
Oscar Jönsson

__NOTOC__ 
Oscar Jönsson is vice president sales at Orc Americas. He was appointed to that position on Sept. 29, 2015. He will focus on strengthening client relationships and building new business. 
== Background ==
Jönsson joined the company in 2007 as a trading software analyst and has also held positions as sales engineer and product manager. Most recently he worked with strategic business development. 
== Education ==
== References ==
Oscillator

An oscillator is a calculated periodic value used in the technical analysis of financial markets. While some technical indicators are unconstrained (the moving average indicator, for example, follows whatever prices are posted over time in a market), oscillators are indicators that always fluctuate between fixed numeric limits. 
Examples of oscillators include: Relative Strength Index (RSI), Stochastics, Aroon Oscillator, Commodity Channel Index (CCI), Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD), and Rate of Change (ROC)
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Technical Analysis
Oslo Clearing

Oslo Clearing is the clearing arm of Oslo Børs. It was announced in December of 2012 that Six Group had agreed to a deal to acquire 100 percent of of Oslo Clearing from Oslo Børs for NOK 180 million (approximately $32 million). The deal, which would go through in the second quarter of 2014, was subject to regulatory approval.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Oslo Clearing
Category:Clearing Houses
Category:Oslo Børs
Ospraie Management, LLC

Ospraie Management, LLC is an asset management firm that is focused on commodities and basic industries from a fundamental investment perspective.
 
== History ==
Ospraie founder Dwight W. Anderson has been running Ospraie since 1999, first as a stand-alone fund within Tudor Investment Corp., Paul Tudor Jones' hedge fund firm. In 2004, Anderson spun out Ospraie Management as an independent firm. The name "Ospraie" was reportedly chosen as an eclectic spelling of osprey. 
In 2005, when Osparie was managing about $2 billion, Lehman Brothers bought a 20 percent interest in the company. This investment followed JP Morgan's decision to buy a stake in Highbridge Capital Management.Ospraie quickly became the world's biggest commodities hedge fund firm.
The firm didn't have a losing year until 2006, when its flagship fund lost 19 percent in the first five months of the year. It took another hit in mid-2007 as the credit markets began to freeze up. 
In August of 2008, the Financial Times reported that The Osparie Fund, its flagship fund, had lost lost 26.7 percent in August and was down 38.6 percent over the year to date. A letter for Osparie founder and investor Dwight W. Anderson said the fund would shut down and return money to investors after the fund suffered heavy losses in August.As of September of 2008, Ospraie still managed $4 billion in other investment funds, including a special opportunities fund. 
In December of 2008, Alpha Magazine reported that the Ospraie Wingspan Fund was going through some tough times as well. 
 
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Founder, Principal and Portfolio Manager, Dwight W. Anderson
== References ==
Category:Asset Managers
Category:Hedge Funds
Oswald Gruebel

__NOTOC__ 
Oswald Gruebel (Oswald J. Grübel) is the CEO of UBS AG, a worldwide financial institution. Formerly the Union Bank of Switzerland, UBS assists wealthy individuals and companies with acquisitions around the globe. Gruebel was appointed in February 2009 and is also a member of the UBS Group Executive Board (GEB).
== Background ==
Before joining UBS, Gruebel served as CEO of Credit Suisse Group and Credit Suisse, departing in May 2007. Gruebel's career with Credit Suisse began prior to 1991 when he was a member of the Financière Credit Suisse First Boston Group Executive Board in Zug. In 1991, he became a member of the Group Executive Board of Credit Suisse and assumed responsibility for equities, fixed income, global foreign exchange, money markets and asset/liability management in Zurich. He was appointed to different roles on the board from 1997 to 2001 and from 2002 to 2007, and during this time served as CEO of Credit Suisse Financial Services and co-CEO of Credit Suisse Group.
Gruebel worked for White Weld Securities beginning in 1970, stepping up to CEO in 1975. He completed his training as a bank at Deutsche Bank between 1961 and 1970.
== Professional Activities ==
*Board Member, Swiss-American Chamber of Commerce
*Board Member, Institute of International Finance (IIF)
*Board Member, Financial Services Forum
*Member, International Monetary Conference (IMC)
== Latest News ==
Gruebel made the news in July 2011 when analysts began doubting his UBS pretax profit estimate of 15 billion Swiss francs ($18.3 billion). News reports predicted that this figure would have to drop by as much as 20 percent in 2014 due to troubled markets.
== References ==
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Otto E. Nägeli

__NOTOC__ 
The late Otto E. Nägeli was a Switzerland-based consultant and former exchange executive who was the principal of OEN Consulting, which provides research and advice on banking, exchange, settlement and clearing issues in Europe. He was also a non-executive board member of CCP.RO Bucharest S.A. 
He died on May 5, 2022.
He was a non-executive board member of the Bucharest Stock Exchange / Bursa de Valori Bucuresti (BVB) from 2016 to 2020.
He has also served as the chairman and independent director of CME Clearing Europe, a post he took in December 2009 and left in 2017.
A longtime futures industry executive with extensive exchange and clearing house experience, Nägeli also served as the chairman of the Swiss Futures and Options Association (SFOA), replacing Paul Meier for a three-year term. He served as an independent director of swissgrid ag, the Swiss Power Transmission System Operator from 2007 to 2012.
== Background ==
Nägeli became a managing director, international, for the Options Industry Council (OIC) in 2004, where he was responsible for all OIC activity in Europe.
Nägeli was a non-executive board member of Swissquote Group Holding Ltd. from 2003 to April 2007. He was also CEO of Rüd Blass Private Bank from 2001 to 2003.
From 1998 to 2001, Nägeli was deputy CEO of Eurex. He was also CEO of SOFFEX from 1987 to 1998. Nägeli helped execute the merger of DTB and SOFFEX to form Eurex, which created the first pan-European exchange. Nägeli organized the establishment and operation of the Swiss Options and Financial Futures Exchange (SOFFEX) in 1987 as the world's first fully electronic derivatives exchange. He also served as CEO of Rud, Blass & Cie, AG in Zurich, and as chairman of EEX, the European Energy Exchange in Frankfurt.
Between 1994 and 1998, while still CEO of SOFFEX, Nageli was also on the management team at the Swiss Exchange in Zurich, where he supervised the build-out of its market operations, market supervision and settlement functions. He was on the boards of all three Eurex companies (Eurex Zurich AG, Eurex Frankfurt AG and Eurex Clearing AG) from 1998 to 2001, as well as chairman of the board at the European Energy Exchange (EEX) between 1999 and 2001.
== Education ==
Nägeli attended Gymnasium for Commerce of Canton of Zurich and held a Swiss master diploma in banking.
==Additional Affiliations==
Nägeli was also a member of the Senior Expert Corps of Swisscontact, a charitable organization that offers on-site practical support in solving technical and operational problems for small and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries and Eastern Europe.
== References ==	
Category:CME Group
Category:Eurex - Former Employees
Category:SOFFEX - Former Employees
Category:OIC - Former Employees
Category:Former Exchange CEOs
Category:Former Exchange Chairmen
Out-of-the-money

Out-of-the-money is an adjective used to describe an option that has no intrinsic value, i.e., all of its value consists of time value. A call option is out of the money if the stock (or futures) price is below its strike price. A put option is out of the money if the stock (or futures) price is above its strike price. Options are offered for trading both in the securities and futures markets.
Also See:
In-the-money
At-the-money
Category:Definitions
Category:Trading Terms
Outstanding shares

Outstanding shares are stock currently held by investors, including restricted shares owned by the company's officers and insiders, as well as those held by the public. Shares that have been repurchased by the company are not considered outstanding stock. 
The number of outstanding shares is shown on a company's balance sheet under "Capital Stock". It is more important than the authorized shares or float. It is used to calculate a number of metrics, including market capitalization and earnings per share.
== References ==
Category:Types of Shares
Category:Shares
Category:Stocks
Category:Equities
Owain Johnson

__NOTOC__ 
Currently based in London, Owain Johnson joined CME Group as managing director, global head of research and product development, in March 2019. 
He was previously a CME managing director, Energy Research and Product Development, beginning that position in November 2016.
== Background ==
Before joining the CME, Johnson worked for more than four years as a managing director of the Dubai Mercantile Exchange, working in their Energy Research and Product Development group. 
Earlier, Johnson served as an executive director of CME Group in Singapore from 2010 through 2012.
== Education ==
Owain Johnson received his bachelor's degree from the University of Cambridge.
He is the author of numerous articles, and wrote the book "The Price Reporters: A Guide to PRAs and Commodity Benchmarks," published by Routledge Press.
== References ==
Owen Rehling

__NOTOC__ 
Owen Rehling is an Elmhurst, IL-born journalist who recently graduated from the University of Iowa.
He is currently an associate editor for John Lothian News.
==Background== 
Owen Rehling grew up in Elmhurst, IL. He attended and graduated from York Community High School. 
He was a member of Boy Scout Troop 117 and earned the rank of Eagle Scout. His Scoutmaster was John Lothian, publisher of John Lothian News.
As a Scout, Rehling attend the Boy Scouts of America National Jamboree in 2013 and the World Scout Jamboree in 2015. Readers of JLN helped pay for Rehling's trips to the National Jamboree and the World Scout Jamboree.
==Education==
Rehling holds a bachelor of arts in English and creative writing with a minor in journalism from the University of Iowa. He graduated with honors. 
At York Community High School in Elmhurst, IL, Rehling was a State Scholar in 2016.
== References ==	
Category:Interns
Category:Journalists
Oyster Consulting, LLC

Oyster Consulting is a Virginia-based consulting firm specializing in audit, compliance, financial, operations and technology for financial services firms. The company helps broker/dealers, investment advisors, hedge funds, mutual funds, ETFs and private equity firms to protect and grow their businesses. Services it provides include: compliance and regulatory advisory services for brokers; electronic record keeping, surveillance and risk assessment for investment advisors and regulatory consultants; compliance programs, risk assessment and policy procedures for hedge funds and private equity firms. It has also helped launch and grow dozens of mutual funds, including assisting in the filing and registration process, drafting a prospectus or private placement offering memorandum and offering materials. 
== History ==
Oyster Consulting opened a Chicago office in October 2011.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
* Patrick M. Dennis, Esq. - legal counsel and founding principal
* Buddy Doyle - CEO and founding principal
* Robert Hall CFO and founding principal
* George Jennison - president
== References ==
P.J. McCarthy

__NOTOC__ 
P.J. McCarthy is the managing partner and video director for The Chicago School of Trading LLC
 
== Background ==
McCarthy started his career in the futures industry in 1978. He worked on the floor of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) as an employee of clearing firm Rosenthal and Company. He worked his way up in the business as a phone clerk, assistant floor manager and eventually as floor manager for Rosenthal.
 
In 1982 he became one of the original members of the Index and Options Market (IOM) of the CME. He was in the pit on the first day of trading of the Standard and Poor’s 500 contract, one of the most successful future contracts ever introduced, and spent the next seven years as an independent floor trader, trading exclusively for his own personal account.
 
He then became president of Chicago Video, Inc., a video production company which produced corporate and educational videos.
 
In 1997 he returned to the futures industry as an independent trader in the Dow futures pit at the Chicago Board of Trade. He was also in the pit on the first day of trading for the Dow Futures contract and experienced first hand the transition from open outcry to computerized trading.
 
In 2006 he joined Emerald Strategies LLC as a registered Associated Person. Emerald Strategies concentrates on alternative investment solutions including hedge fund and managed futures programs for high-net-worth individuals and institutional investors.
 
== Education ==
McCarthy earned a degree in Journalism and Economics from the University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio. 
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
P. Howard Edelstein

__NOTOC__ 
P. Howard Edelstein is chairman of REDI Global Technologies, a New York-based trading platform that was spun off from Goldman Sachs in 2013.
== Background ==
Edelstein joined REDI after serving as CEO at BondDesk Group LLC, where he led the sale of the firm to Tradeweb in November 2013. Previously, he was president and chief executive officer of NYFIX, Inc., a transaction processing and broker-dealer service provider that he sold to NYSE Euronext in 2009. 
Edelstein served as an entrepreneur-in-residence at Warburg Pincus & Co. from January to September 2006. He was president, chief executive officer and a director of Radianz Corp., a financial services extranet company, from July 2003 to December 2005. From January 2002 until July 2003, Edelstein was an entrepreneur-in-residence with Warburg Pincus & Co. From June 1993 to April 2001, he was president and CEO of Thomson Financial ESG, which he founded and which later merged with the Depository Trust & Clearing Corp.'s TradeSuite business to create Omgeo, an industry utility for straight-through processing.
Earlier in his career, he held marketing positions at CATS Software, Telerate Systems and Knight Ridder.
In 2010, Edelstein received the FINTECH 25-Year Legends Award for industry contributions and innovations. He is active on company boards, and sits on the board of NESS Technologies, Alacra, and AcadiaSoft. He previously served on the boards of PalmSource and Skillsoft.
== Education ==
*Stanford University, MSEE, Information Sciences/BioMedical Engineering/RealTIme software, 1976 – 1977
*City University of New York City College, BEE, Electrical Engineering/Biology/Chemistry/Math, 1971 – 1976 
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:NYFIX
Category:BondDesk
P. Jonas Ahrell

__NOTOC__ 
P. Jonas Ahrell is a London-based marketing professional. He currently serves as deputy head of marketing for the London Metal Exchange.
== Background ==
Ahrell joined the LME in 2005 in a marketing strategy position. He was promoted to marketing manager in 2010.
Previous to the LME, Ahrell was a marketing manager for the Charter Institute for Securities and Investments in London.
== Education ==
He holds a master of arts in philosophy and politics from Edinburgh University.
== References ==