nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Continuum

Continuum is a division of CQG that specializes in enterprise software solutions. 
Continuum offers trade execution and data distribution for order execution and market data platforms, applications, and proprietary systems.
==Products and Services==
The Continuum product offering includes:
*Continuum Connect: An enterprise API for data and trading offered via an ASP model.
*Development Library: An out-of-the-box code collection for providing front-end functionality.
*Fix Connect: A FIX 4.2-compatible API for access to hosted order routing exchange gateways.
*Quotes Direct: A real-time, unconsolidated global market data feed.
*FIX Direct: A FIX 4.4 interface that provides low-latency access to CQG's trading gateways. It allows FIX messages to be sent directly to the Exchange Messenger.
== News ==
===Current News===
"Current News" is populated by an automated feed from CQG.
===Archived News===
*In June 2012, Continuum announced its partnership with David Widerhorn Consulting, LLC (DWC) to supply the Watchdog Pro mobile product with real-time position monitoring and modification capabilities.
*In July 2012, CQG and Continuum announced their partnership with MultiCharts, LLC to provide market data and trade execution functionality to the MultiCharts platform for AMP Global Clearing.
*In July 2012, Continuum announced its partnership with Quick Screen Trading. The partnership offers mobile access to Continuum’s global infrastructure through the iPhone and iPad.
==Key People==
*Mike Glista, Vice President 
*Ryan Moroney, Business Development Manager 
==References ==
Category:CQG
Contract for difference

Contracts for difference (CFDs), are derivatives that give a trader the ability to trade a wide range of financial instruments, including stocks, indices, commodities and currencies across international markets. The parties to a CFD agree to an exchange of a difference between the opening and closing price of a financial instrument. The CFD lets the trader take a view on price performance without granting ownership of the underlying asset.
CFDs are currently available in listed and over-the-counter markets in various countries, including United Kingdom, New Zealand, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Singapore, South Africa, Australia and Hong Kong. CFDs are referred to by a variety of names, depending on where they are issued. They are sometimes called Turbo Certificates or Waves. In Hong Kong, they are referred as Callable Bull/Bear Contracts. 
===Regulatory issues===
Contracts for difference came under regulatory scrutiny by the European Securities and Markets Authority and in the United Kingdom by the Financial Conduct Authority, (FCA). The regulator put permanent restrictions on marketing and selling CFDs to retail investors beginning August 1, 2019. Regulators cracked down on the use of CFDs after finding firms were offering them to retail customers with higher leverage, which ultimately meant larger losses in some cases. The FCA rule limited leverage between 30-to-1 and 2-to-1, and to close a customer's position when funds dropped to 50 percent of the margin needed to hold it open. The rules also state that customers can not lose more than the total funds in their CFD accounts, and firms must provide risk warnings. 
The move by the FCA followed a total ban on binary options to retail customers in April 2019.
== References ==
Category:Equities
Category:Stocks
Category:Definitions
Category:Market Terms
Contracts-for-differences

A contract-for-difference is the exchange of a fixed price asset for a floating price asset. In foreign exchange markets the term is used to describe the settlement of the difference between a contract rate and the eventual settlement rate. Contracts for difference (CFDs), are an equity derivative that give a trader the ability to trade a vast range of financial instruments, including shares, indices, commodities and currencies across international markets. CFDs do not grant ownership of the underlying asset, just access to the price performance.
CFDs allow traders to use leveraging to make a profit and to sell short as well as go long. 
CFDs are currently available in listed and/or over the-counter markets in United Kingdom, New Zealand, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Singapore, South Africa, Australia and Hong Kong. CFDs are sometimes called Turbo Certificates or Waves. In Hong Kong, they are referred as Callable Bull/Bear Contracts. 
== References ==
Category:Shares
Category:Stocks
Convergence

Convergence is the idea that by the close of the contract, the price of a future eventually equates to the cash market. It varies by commodity and geography, but historically the relationship between the cash and futures markets has been fairly constant, with predictable seasonal variation.
Convergence is important as a risk-offset for traditional market hedgers, who take opposite positions in futures from the cash market and use the transactions as collateral for bank lines of credit. 
== References ==
Category:Clearing
Category:Hedging
Convertible bond

A convertible bond is a bond issued by a corporation that, unlike a regular bond, gives the bondholder the option to trade it in for shares in the issuing company. 
This gives the bondholder both a fixed-income investment with coupon payments as well as the potential to benefit from an increase in the company’s share price. The additional value of the conversion option, however, will mean that the coupon payment on the bond will be lower than that of an equivalent bond with no conversion option.
== References ==
Category:Bonds
Category:Fixed Income
Cooling degree days

Cooling Degree Days (CDDs) are measures of temperature deviations above 65° Fahrenheit. A CDD value is a measure of how warm a day is in terms of how many degrees that day’s average temperature is above 65° Fahrenheit. The energy industry uses the Cooling Degree Day index to gauge how much energy customers are likely to use for cooling based on how warm it is in terms of CDDs for given months or a season. 
For example, an average daily temperature of 80° would generate a CDD value of 15 (65 + 15 = 80). If the temperature were below 65°, the value of the CDD would be zero. A monthly or seasonal CDD value is simply the sum of each daily CDD value recorded during a given month or season. For example, if there were seven CDD daily values recorded in July in Chicago, the 2008 July CDD index would be the sum of the seven daily values. Thus, if the CDD values were 25, 4, 2, 5, 18, 12 and 33 the July CDD index value would be 99 .
== References ==
Category:Weather
Copper

Copper is a traded commodity that is a key industrial metal and has also been used in currencies such as the U.S. and British penny. It is most commonly used in electrical wire, roofing and plumbing, and industrial machinery.
Copper futures and spot contracts are traded over the counter and on exchanges such as the London Metal Exchange and the CME Group's Comex division. 
The price of copper is often used as a proxy for the overall health of the global economy, since much of the world's infrastructure, such as transportation, telecommunications and construction, relies on copper. 
In February 2011, copper reached an all-time high of $4.63, during a period of surging demand from China for industrial and building materials such as copper.
== Available Products ==
CME Group's listed copper contracts include futures and options on its full-sized contract, which is 25,000 pounds, as well E-mini copper futures, which are sized at 12,500 pounds. Additionally, CME Group also offers off-exchange copper contracts on CME ClearPort. The LME offers futures and options as well as physical copper, with an underlying size of 25 tonnes, as well as a mini-copper cash-settled monthly futures contracts with an underlying of 5 tonnes. 
In 2011, two firms, JP Morgan and BlackRock sought approval from the Securities and Exchange Commission to launch exchange traded funds focusing on physical copper. However, approval of the two funds, the JPM Morgan Physical Copper Trust and BlackRock's iShares Copper Trust was delayed two years due to protests and legal challenges by the copper industry, who said such funds would "will inflate prices for the metal and distort supplies." 
The JP Morgan ETF received approval for its fund on December 17, 2012; BlackRock's iShares Copper Trust gained approval on February 22, 2013 Both funds are traded on NYSE Arca.
ETF Securities Ltd. also has said its plans to start physically backed ETFs for industrial metals in the U.S.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Copper Technologies

Copper Technologies created Copper, a cryptocurrency custody and brokerage platform for institutional investors. Its software platform is connected to popular cryptocurrency exchanges like Bitfinex, BitMEX, and Binance. It is registered in England and Wales.
== Products and Services ==
Copper uses a method of storing and transferring digital assets that it calls "Walled Garden." This method employs a combination of cryptography, cold wallets, physical transferrence, and personal validation by authorized human operators of the system.
=== Walled Garden ===
Copper's platform includes technology designed to protect customer digital assets by putting them in "cold storage" wallets, as well as protecting them with a multi-signature cosign system. This works by splitting the private keys of these assets into three parts, then requiring trusted custodians (a Copper representative and an authorized member of a trusted third-party institution) in the Copper platform to personally "sign off" on the transaction before the private keys can be moved from cold storage. 
=== "Air-gapping" ===
In March 2019, the company announced that the company would begin employing air-gapping, a cybersecurity measure popular with high-level government and military institutions, to its platform's security. Although in the past air-gapping required the physical transference of external computer hardware, like a USB stick, Copper uses encrypted QR codes, which can be shown to a cold storage machine and scanned, validating the transaction. This is a required step for the Copper platform's software to complete a transaction. In addition to adding an extra level of security, carrying out transactions in this way also makes the process faster than the process would take if USB sticks or similar hardware were used.
== Background ==
Copper was created in 2018 by Dmitri Tokarev, a graduate of the Imperial College of London and the former CTO and Partner at Dolfin Financial. Its trading platform was developed by coders working remotely around the world, though their website says that their software development team is currently headquartered in Moscow, Russia.
== Key People ==
*Dmitry Tokarev - founder, CEO 
*Boris Bohrer-Bilowitzki - Head of Sales 
*Ralph Payne - CFO 
*Tyler Kenyon - Marketing Director
== References ==
Category: digital assets
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: distributed ledgers
Category: blockchain
Category: cybersecurity
Coquest Incorporated

Coquest Inc. is an introducing broker/commodity trading advisor located in Dallas, Texas that serves as an energy brokerage and consulting firm. John A. Vassallo, president of the firm, founded Coquest in 1990 along with Dennis Weinmann, current managing director of the firm.
Vassallo serves as vice president of the National Introducing Brokers Association and member of the board of directors of National Futures Association and also on the NFA Audit Committee.
==Registration Information==
Coquest is registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and is active member with the NFA. The firm matches prospective clients with the appropriate futures commission merchant for individual and institutional trading needs.
* 
== References ==
Category:Introducing Brokers
Category:Commodity Trading Advisors
Corbin Kidd

__NOTOC__ 
Corbin Kidd is the chief technology officer of DV Trading, LLC a proprietary trading firm. He has been with DV since 2010 and is responsible for the firm's front, middle, and back office technology infrastructure. 
He has been involved in the futures industry in either trading or technical capacities since 1998. He has previously held trading memberships at the CME, CBOT and Eurex Exchanges.
== Background ==
Before his position at DV Trading, Kidd served as software and operations manager at Trading Technologies, where he was responsible for overseeing TT's TTNET ASP infrastructure. He also served as director of IT for Refco Trading Services from 2003 until 2005 and IT director for Kingstree Trading from 2000 through 2003. He currently serves on the FIA Technology Division Executive Committee, and is an FIA Operations America Division Member.
== Education ==
He holds a Bachelor of Science in Biology from Purdue University. 
== References ==
Corda

Corda is an open-source distributed ledger project. It was designed to build a network of software platforms that are able to smoothly communicate and transact between each other privately using smart contracts, much like Ethereum. Corda was developed by R3.
== Overview ==
Corda is R3's decentralized application platform. Inspired by Ethereum, the creators of Corda have striven to create a network that not only enables businesses to run smart contract applications with each other, but assures the privacy of those transactions. Instead of every transaction being imprinted and drawn totally from the Corda blockchain, companies run their Corda nodes through existing networks, keeping a piece of the node's processing power - a "float" - separate, in order to keep the node connected to the Internet and free to communicate with the rest of the network.
Corda is not a traditional distributed application platform; it does not have its own cryptocurrency and it does not rely on nodes running coin-incentivized mining operations. It is meant to be incorporated into existing company databases to provide a sort of medium for trade between two businesses. Corda is open-sourced and designed to make it easy for businesses to not only develop their own applications within the Corda framework, but integrate those applications completely into their existing servers and networks. Instead of relying on a blockchain's information to verify that transactions made are legitimate, Corda employs "Notary Clusters," or bundles of data containing verified information relating to a transaction. These "Notary Clusters" are designed to plug into a transaction and run software that cross-references the information in the Notary Cluster with information being presented in the transaction. By running smart contracts this way, Corda attempts to create the same transparency afforded by a regular blockchain, while also allowing two parties to conduct private transactions with each other. This removes the need for anonymity between users, enabling smart contracts to be carried out between two or more identifiable parties.
=== Settler ===
In December 2018, R3 announced the launch of Corda Settler, a global payment platform based. The announcement said Corda will do facilitate international payments using XRP, despite R3's recent history of legal conflicts with Ripple. R3 also hinted that other cryptocurrencies or digital assets may be integrated into it as well.
== References ==
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: fintech
Category: distributed ledgers
Category: decentralized applications
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Corinna Schempp

__NOTOC__ 
Corinna Schempp is director of regulation at FIA Europe as of September 15, 2014. She joins the company from LCH.Clearnet Limited, where she was a senior regulatory advisor in the compliance team. 
== Background ==
At LCH.Clearnet she was responsible for regulatory compliance in relation to LCH.Clearnet’s SwapClear business and she was the liaison with the Bank of England, CFTC, Ontario Securities Commission, AMF Quebec, BaFIN and other international regulators. She also worked closely with the legal team to provide support on European and US regulatory issues, including the implementation of Dodd-Frank.
Before joining LCH.Clearnet in May 2011, Schempp (a dual qualified lawyer) was legal and regulation manager at London Stock Exchange’s equity derivatives business, formerly known as EDX London.
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category: LCH.Clearnet - Former Employees
Cornelius Luca

__NOTOC__ 
Cornelius Luca is head of client advisory for FX Concepts. As of the beginning of 2009, he was an analyst with Global Forex Trading a division of Global Futures & Forex, Ltd. He is also an author, teacher and authority in foreign exchange who has traded and analyzed currencies since 1983.
== Background ==
Luca taught courses at the New York University, Pace University Lubin School of Business Graduate Division in New York City and at the New York Institute of Finance's FT Knowledge. His published works include Trading in the Global Currencies Markets, which was published by Prentice Hall and is an analysis of the foreign exchange markets, instruments, players and methods of forecasting. 
Additional Luca works published by Prentice Hall include Technical Analysis Applications in the Global Currencies Markets, which is an in-depth and unique coverage of currency charting analysis. His most recent book, titled Technical Analysis Applications, will be published by McGraw-Hill in August 2004 Luca earned a master's degree in business in international business and finance from the New York University's Leonard Stern Graduate School of Business and a bachelor's degree in international marketing from the Bernard Baruch College, The City University of New York.
== Education ==
Luca holds an MBA in International Business and Finance from New York University Stern Graduate School of Business and a B.A. in International Marketing from Bernard Baruch College.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Educators
Category:Authors
Corporate BondTicker

Corporate BondTicker™ is a bond price information tool from MarketAxess that offers institutional investors and dealers, in the United States and Europe, access to fixed income market data. The web-based data service combines Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) data with the firms tools to provide pricing information such as actual execution prices, spread-to-Treasuries and asset swap spreads estimated by MarketAxess. The data consists of observable market inputs as well as market insight for the front, middle and back offices. 
== History ==
In June of 2003, MarketAxess announced that the Wall Street Journal selected Corporate BondTicker as the provider of daily corporate bond pricing and trading volume data for it's Money & Investing section. 
In July of 2011, MarketAxess enhanced the Corporate BondTicker service to enable users to aggregate data on a company level, including summary and detailed views of a wide variety of aggregated market information for a parent corporation and its subsidiaries. Other additional functionality includes; providing a real-time view of the companies with the most active trading activity, aggregated data for each issuer as well as new issues, which includes the year-to-date investment grade corporate market calendar. Finally, search functionality was also enhanced allowing users to easily navigate the issuer module through a ticker or company name search feature. 
== References ==
Category:MarketAxexx
Category:Bonds
Corporate Governance

Corporate governance refers to the system of rules, practices, and processes by which companies are directed and controlled. It essentially involves balancing the interests of a company's many stakeholders, such as shareholders, management, customers, suppliers, financiers, government, and the community. 
== Key Components ==
The key components of corporate governance include:
# Board of Directors
# Shareholders
# Management
# Stakeholders
#Regulatory bodies
== Principles ==
The fundamental principles of corporate governance are:
# Transparency
# Accountability
# Fairness
# Responsibility
== Importance ==
Corporate governance is important for several reasons:
* It helps protect shareholders' interests
* It enhances business performance and sustainability
* It improves access to capital
* It helps manage risks effectively
* It builds stakeholder confidence
== Regulatory Framework ==
Different countries have their own regulatory frameworks for corporate governance. For example:
* In the United States, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 plays a significant role
* In the United Kingdom, the UK Corporate Governance Code is a key document
* The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has established principles of corporate governance that are widely recognized internationally
== Issues and Challenges ==
Some of the current issues and challenges in corporate governance include:
* Executive compensation
* Board diversity
* Shareholder rights
== Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) considerations ==
* Cybersecurity
* Evolution
Corporate governance has evolved significantly over time, particularly in response to corporate scandals and financial crises. The modern conception of corporate governance took shape in the 1970s, but its roots can be traced back to the work of Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means in the 1930s.
==Scandals and Crisis Response==
In the wake of accounting scandals in 2000 and 2001, at companies such as Enron, Tyco, and WorldCom, governance became a major regulatory issue. In 2002, the U.S. Congress passed the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002 (Sarbanes-Oxley Act), which established and enhanced governance standards in corporate boards, management and accounting firms.
Subsequent to thefinancial crisis of 2007-08, corporate governance re-emerged. Lax risk management, oversight, and accounting standards among financial entities have been blamed for the near-collapse of the financial system.
Since 2008, regulatory bodies around the world have proposed and begun to implement changes in the governance structure of financial entities, including:
* The Dodd-Frank Act in the U.S., which has mandated that the CFTC and SEC create and implement rules on corporate governance; 
*The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) in Europe; and
*The Financial Services Authority (FSA) in the U.K. 
== References ==
Category:Regulation
Category:Dodd-Frank