nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
HM Treasury

HM Treasury is the United Kingdom's economics and finance ministry. It is responsible for formulating and implementing the UK government's financial and economic policy.
== History ==
Amazingly, the history of the HM Treasury can be traced all the way back to around the Norman Conquest. According to the HM Treasury, the first “Treasurer” was probably “Henry the Treasurer”, who owned land around Winchester, where most of the royal treasure was kept under both the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans.
In 1833, the Treasury became a ministerial department under the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The position of the Treasury was consolidated by reforms that introduced open competition for posts in the civil service and appointment on merit, coupled with internal reforms to cut paperwork which improved morale and efficiency. At the same time, the Exchequer and Audit Act of 1866 improved the control and audit of public money by establishing a new Audit Department, headed by the Comptroller and Auditor General which continues to audit public expenditure today.
During the 1914-18 war, the Treasury developed new expertise in foreign exchange, currency, credit and price control skills which it put to use in the management of the post-war economy. On the downside, the demands of the military and failure to increase taxes sufficiently to meet the bulk of wartime expenditure meant the Treasury effectively lost control of spending by departments. 
For a short period after 1964, some of the responsibility for economic planning and growth was transferred to the new Department for Economic Affairs. The Department was, however, wound up in 1969 and the responsibility for all economic planning reverted to the Treasury. Soon after, in 1970, responsibility for staffing and pay matters was transferred from the Treasury to a new Civil Service department, meaning the Treasury could concentrate on the core business of finance and economics.
Membership of the European Community from the 1970s led to further developments in the Treasury’s role, managing not only the UK’s contributions to the EU budget but in pressing for improvements to the management of European finances generally.
A final significant development in the twentieth century was the transfer of monetary policy to the Bank of England in 1997, while the Treasury retained control of fiscal policy.
The year 2001 marked a major reform in government finances managed by the Treasury. Traditional cash accounting for income and expenditure was replaced by “resource accounting and budgeting” which introduced commercial-style budgets and accounts in government. These effectively replaced procedures which had been in place, with some modifications, since the Exchequer and Audit Act of 1866.
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Treasury Systems
HTG Capital Partners, LLC

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HTG Capital Partners, LLC is a proprietary trading company formed by the merger of Harrison Trading Group with GH Traders. The merger was completed on June 26, 2009. Six months later, Kingstree Trading Group joined the entity. 
HTG Capital Partners has operations in exchange-traded and OTC financial instruments (futures, options, swaps and cash markets, as well as all associated options). It provides its traders with global access to markets in the U.S. and Europe, as well as access to proprietary trading applications. HTG supports floor-based and electronic trading through multiple global carrying brokers.
The firm is a member of Principal Traders Group, an affiliate of the Futures Industry Association.
HTG Capital Partners and Kottke Associates announced on July 20, 2016 that they had agreed to HTG's acquisition of Kottke's introducing broker, money management and proprietary trading businesses. The transaction is expected to close in the third quarter of 2016.
== About HTG ==
HTG Capital Partners’ (HTG) mission is to maximize return on capital by bringing value to the company’s traders, trading partners, and employees. HTG looks to provide value by partnering with trading talent that is in need of a variety of services, support, and capital allocations. HTG offers traders risk management, exchange memberships, connectivity, accounting, HR, IT, and back office services.
== Products and Services ==
HTG specializes in spread trading strategies in products including futures, options, currencies and cash bonds.
== Key People ==
*Chris Hehmeyer, Chief Executive Officer 
*Scott Eisner, Chief Financial Officer
*Frank McManamon, Co-Chief Financial Officer
*Nicole Williams, General Counsel
*Dan O'Shea, Risk Manager
 
== References ==
Category:Proprietary Trading Firms
Category:Principal Traders Group
HUPX

HUPX (Hungarian Power Exchange) or HUPX Magyar Szervezett Villamosenergia-piac Zártkörűen Működő Részvénytársaság is the day-ahead power market in Hungary, launched in July 2010 as part of the liberalization of the Hungarian energy sector. It operates as an organized electricity market, providing a platform for trading various energy products.
== Markets and Products ==
HUPX offers several key markets and products:
*Intraday Market: Enables members to trade 15-minute intraday products, allowing market players to optimize power generation closer to delivery time and manage forecast errors or unforeseen power plant outages.
*Day-Ahead Market: The primary market of HUPX, facilitating trading for the following day's electricity needs.
*Physical Futures Market: Offers weekly, monthly, quarterly, and yearly baseload/peakload contracts. This market has seen significant growth, with traded volumes increasing from 3,627.3 GWh in 2014 to 6,485.6 GWh in 2015.
== Market Coupling ==
HUPX participates in the 4M Market Coupling (4M MC), an ATC-based day-ahead implicit allocation process involving the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania. This coupling, implemented on November 19, 2014, aims to maximize energy flow between low and high-price areas while considering available cross-border capacity. The primary objectives of this market coupling include:
*Deeper integration of regional power markets
*Increased security of supply
*Moderation of price volatility
*More effective power sale and purchase
== Membership ==
HUPX membership is regulated by the Hungarian Electric Energy Act, which defines six types of entities eligible for membership:
*Electricity traders
*Universal service providers
*Consumers
*Producers
*Transmission system operators
*Distribution system operators
Each category requires specific permits issued by the Hungarian Energy Office to qualify for HUPX membership.
==Key People==
File:Mátyás Vajta.jpeg|Mátyás Vajta, CEO
File:Gyorgy Istvanffy.png|Gyorgy Istvanffy, Director of Markets
File:Kriszta Peko.png|Kriszta Peko, Head of Market Operations
File:Márton Gábor Kádár.png|Márton Gábor Kádár, Head of Sales and Business Development
File:Noémi Ujjady.png|Dr. Noémi Ujjady, Head of Legal and Compliance 
File:Mark Csaszar.png|Mark Csaszar, Chief Financial Officer
== References ==
Category:Hungary
Category:Power Exchanges
Hack-to-trade scheme

A hack-to-trade scheme is a type of cybercrime that combines computer hacking with securities fraud to generate illegal profits in financial markets. This sophisticated form of financial crime typically involves the following steps:
# Unauthorized Access: Cybercriminals gain unauthorized access to computer networks of companies, financial institutions, or regulatory bodies.
# Data Theft: Once inside the systems, the hackers steal confidential information, such as unpublished financial reports, merger and acquisition plans, or other market-sensitive data.
# Trading: Using this non-public information, the criminals or their associates make strategic trades in the stock market, often through seemingly unrelated accounts to avoid detection.
# Profit Generation: The illegal trades generate significant profits as the stolen information gives the perpetrators an unfair advantage in predicting stock price movements.
== Notable Cases ==
One of the most prominent hack-to-trade schemes was uncovered in 2023, involving Russian businessman Vladislav Klyushin. Klyushin and his co-conspirators were accused of hacking into U.S. computer networks to obtain confidential corporate information, which they then used to conduct illegal trades in the American stock market. This scheme reportedly netted approximately $93 million in illicit profits.
== Methods and Techniques ==
Hack-to-trade schemes often employ sophisticated cybersecurity evasion techniques, including:
* Use of virtual private networks (VPNs)
* Renting computer servers under pseudonyms
* Paying for services with cryptocurrency
* Utilizing fake domain names
 
These methods are designed to obscure the true identity and location of the perpetrators, making detection and prosecution challenging.
== Legal Consequences ==
Individuals involved in hack-to-trade schemes can face severe legal consequences. For example, Vladislav Klyushin was sentenced to nine years in prison, ordered to forfeit over $34 million, and required to pay restitution. Charges in such cases typically include securities fraud, wire fraud, unauthorized access to computers, and conspiracy.
== International Implications ==
Hack-to-trade schemes often have international dimensions, with perpetrators operating from foreign countries to target U.S. financial markets. This cross-border nature can complicate law enforcement efforts but also highlights the global reach of cybercrime and the need for international cooperation in combating such schemes.
== Prevention and Detection ==
Preventing hack-to-trade schemes requires robust cybersecurity measures by companies and financial institutions to protect sensitive information. Regulatory bodies and stock exchanges also play a crucial role in detecting unusual trading patterns that may indicate the use of non-public information.
== References ==
Category:Scams
Category:Computer Hacking
Haim Bodek

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Haim Bodek is the founder of Decimus Capital Markets, LLC and Haim Bodek Consulting, which provides consulting services for financial institutions operating in the algorithmic and systematic trading space. He is an electronic trading executive and algorithmic trading strategist with 15 years of experience in the automated trading space.
He gained fame for exposing a little-known practice of HFT quantitative firms: the use of hidden order types that allowed HFT clients to have their orders at the top of the limit order books a much greater portion of the time. He discovered this while working at a quantitative fund, Trading Machines, which suddenly turned from being highly profitable to losing money daily. After consulting with tech and sales people from one of the exchanges, he learned that this new order type had been developed by them, with the help of some HFT clientele. When his firm began using the order type, they were back to profiting. The episode was chronicled in the book Dark Pools by Scott Patterson. 
He is the author of the book The Problem of HFT. 
== Background ==
Bodek is also the founder of Trading Machines LLC, a high frequency options trading firm. 
He previously headed the electronic volatility trading business at UBS investment bank. 
He negotiated an exclusive seven year option order routing arrangement between UBS and Charles Schwab & Co. and designed and oversaw the implementation of its associated options order router. 
He was lead electronic trading strategist at Hull Trading, an option market making firm acquired by Goldman Sachs.
Haim Bodek's father, Arie Bodek, is a particle physicist who worked at Fermilab during Haim's childhood. 
== Education ==
Bodek earned a B.A. in Mathematics and Cognitive Science from the University of Rochester. He holds Series 3, 4, 7, 24, 55, 63, and 65.
==Video==
Bodek spoke at the 2015 MarketsWiki Education World of Opportunity Summer Intern Education Series in New York. 
A Flash Course on Market Structure
"In the market there are edges that are permissible, and edges that are impermissible. It is the impermissible ones that you should care about. If it doesn’t smell right, leave."
== Published articles ==
*2014 TOP STORIES: Haim Bodek: Flash Boys ‘Simply Misses the Mark’
*Locked Markets, Priority and Why HFTs Have an Advantage: Part I
*Locked Markets, Priority and Why HFTs Have an Advantage: Part 2: Hide & Light
== References ==	
Category:Hull Trading - Former Employees
Category:UBS - Former Employees
Hal Finney

Hal Finney received the first bitcoin transaction. 
He died in 2014 of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). 
== Background ==
Finney was a programmer on PGP 2.0 and worked for PGP Corporation until it was acquired by Symantec in 2010. PGP, which stands for Pretty Good Privacy, was a popular, freely available cryptography tool developed in the 1990s for use in email and other applications.
=== Reusable Proof of Work ===
In 2004, Finney published to the Cypherpunks group an invitation to try his new digital currency (Reusable Proof Of Work tokens, or "RPOWs") at rpow.net. Based on advances in cryptography at the time, RPOWs were an improvement on current attempts because the spending of an RPOW automatically created a new unique RPOW and destroyed the old one, preventing double use of a token. The Cypherpunks were a group of cryptography developers who in the 1990s began to conceptualize virtual currencies whose value would not be dependent on any organization or government.
=== Bitcoin ===
Finney was an early advocate of bitcoin and he reportedly received the first transmission of a bitcoin from Satoshi Nakamoto. In 2014, Newsweek Magazine discovered that a programmer named Dorian Satoshi Nakamoto was residing in Temple City, California, and posited that he was the true inventor of bitcoin. When this hypothesis was demonstrated to have a low probability of being true it was noted that Temple City is where Hal Finney also resided. Many observers believed that this could not be a coincidence and that Finney had used Nakamoto as a psuedonym. Finney denied being the true Satoshi Nakamoto.
==Education==
Finney received a BS in Engineering from the California Institute of Technology in 1979. 
==References==	
Category: digital assets
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: People
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Hal Hansen

Hal T. Hansen was the long-time president of Cargill Investor Services (CIS), which was purchased by Refco Group in June 2005. He was with Cargill for 40 years. He died in June 2022.
== Biography ==
The head of Cargill Investor Services, Hansen spent his entire 40-year career at Cargill, with the last 20 years as president of CIS, its futures brokerage subsidiary. He served on the Chicago Board of Trade and Chicago Mercantile Exchange’s FCM committees during the 90s, chaired the FIA in 1992 and 1993, and served on its executive committee for many years. 
As an FIA board member, Hansen was a supporter of international markets and associations. A force in international cooperation, he actively supported initiatives of the FIA Japan and U.K. Chapters, the Futures and Options Association, and the Swiss Futures & Options Association. 
On the speakers’ platform, he was known as "the Phil Donohue of the futures industry" for his "Crossfire" sessions. From 1994 to 1998, he served as chairman of National Futures Association. 
In 2006, Hansen was inducted into the Futures Industry Association's Futures Hall of Fame, which was established in 2005 to commemorate outstanding contributions to the global futures and options community. 
== Education ==
Hansen received a Bachelor’s degree in finance from the University of Kansas, Lawrence, in 1958. 
== References ==	
Category:Futures Hall of Fame Members
Category:Former FIA Chairmen
Category:Deceased
Category:FIA - Former Board Members
Hal S. Scott

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Hal S. Scott is director of the Committee on Capital Markets Regulation and the Nomura Professor and director of the program on International Financial Systems at Harvard Law School Scott is also an independent director of Lazard, Ltd.
== Background ==
Before joining Harvard, Scott clerked for Justice Byron White before joining Harvard. He is a past president of the International Academy of Consumer and Commercial Law and a past governor of the American Stock Exchange (2002 to 2005). 
== Education ==
Scott received a B.A. from Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University in 1965. He received an M.A. in political science at Stanford University in 1969. He received a J.D. from the University of Chicago Law School in 1972.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Educators
Category:Committee On Capital Markets Regulation Members
Category:Bios - Legal
Category:Lawyers
Category:University of Chicago
Hal Weitzman

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Hal Weitzman is executive director, intellectual capital at University of Chicago, Booth School of Business. He is also an adjunct assistant professor of behavioral science at the University of Chicago.
== Background ==
Weitzman grew up in Wales.
Previously, he served as Chicago and Midwest correspondent for the Financial Times from 2010 to 2012. His responsibilities included coverage of the Chicago derivatives exchanges. 
He joined the newspaper in 2000 on the FT's Op-Ed desk, moved onto Americas News Editor in 2002 and then served as the paper's Andean correspondent based in Lima, Peru from 2004 to 2007 covering Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Chile. Weitzman is the author of a book released in 2012 titled "Latin Lessons: How South America Stopped Listening to the United States and Started Prospering." 
His work also has appeared in the Los Angeles Times, The Miami Herald, New Statesman, The Irish Times, The Australian and Jane's Foreign Report.
== Education == 
He attended the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and was a Frank Knox Memorial Fellow. He was an undergraduate at Leeds, gained a master's at Oriel College.
==Video==
Are high frequency traders ruining the market? 
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== References ==	
Category:Journalists
Category:Financial Times - Former Employees
Category:Financial Times
Category:University of Chicago
Halving

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Halving is a significant event in the cryptocurrency ecosystem, particularly for Bitcoin, that occurs approximately every four years. This process involves reducing the block reward for mining new bitcoins by half, which has important implications for the cryptocurrency's supply and potentially its value.
The "halving," or "halvening," is when bitcoin's protocol automatically updates to reduce the reward for mining a bitcoin by one half. This occurs every 210,000 blocks that are mined on bitcoin's blockchain. For the first 210,000 blocks, the mining reward was 50 bitcoins (BTC). Halving will continue until 2140, after which the result will be less than one satoshi, the smallest bitcoin unit. 
The first halving was on November 28, 2012. Bitcoin's block reward dropped from 50 BTC to 25 BTC. The second was on July 9, 2016, dropping the block reward from 25 BTC to 12.5 BTC. 
Historically, each halving preceded a significant jump in the U.S. dollar price of bitcoin. This phenomenon has helped fuel a vehement discussion of whether the halving causes the bitcoin dollar price increase because the halving is defined by a reduction in the pace of issuance of new bitcoin. Some observers believe that the halving has no direct price effect in the short term because the schedule of halvings is well known and would at all times be priced into the current price of bitcoin. 
The third halving took place on May 12, 2020. It caused a significant dip in bitcoin's price, as well as an approximate 16 percent decrease in the processing power of the bitcoin network worldwide, as miners' profitability decreased approximately 44 percent.
== References ==
Category: digital assets
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: definitions
Category: fintech
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Category:Slang Investing Terms
Hamdi Bağcı

Hamdi Bağcı is CEO of the Turkish Derivatives Exchange, and a member of its board, a position held since the launch of the exchange in 2002.
== Background ==
Bağcı previously headed the Accounting Standards Department at the Turkish Capital Markets Board, and was vice-president of the Turkish Accounting Standards Committee. He was chairman of the Association of Futures Markets from 2006 to 2007.
== Education ==
Bağcı graduated from the Faculty of Political Science of Ankara University with a degree in Economics in 1985 and holds a masters degree in finance from Hacettepe University in Ankara. He completed a certificate program on Capital Markets at Maryland University and is studying for a Phd at Marmara University in Istanbul.
== References ==
Category:Turkish Derivatives Exchange
Category:Bios - Executives
Hamed Ali

__NOTOC__ 
 
Hamed Ali is the CEO of NASDAQ Dubai. He was named to the position on Aug. 30, 2012. Ali replaced Jeff Singer who left to head the Dubai Financial Centre Authority.
Ali had a key role in the development of the Dubai Strategic Plan 2015. Released in 2007, the Dubai Strategic Plan 2015 is a declaration of where the emirate is headed, in addition to steps that need to be taken to get there.
== Background ==
Ali served as executive officer for NASDAQ Dubai from 2006-2008 before leaving to serve as COO of the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) and later as executive director at Dubai’s Knowledge & Human Development Authority.
== Education ==
Ali holds an executive MBA from London Business School, a B.Sc. in Applied Computing from Leeds Metropolitan University, and a master certificate in Project Management."
== References ==
category:Bios - Executives
category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
category:NASDAQ Dubai
Hamilton E. James

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Hamilton E. James is president and Chief Operating Officer of The Blackstone Group, and a member of the board of directors of Blackstone Group Management L.L.C.. He is also a member of Blackstone’s Management and Executive Committees and has a seat in each of the firm’s investment committees.
== Background ==
Previously, Hamilton E. James was chairman of Global Investment Banking and Private Equity at Credit Suisse First Boston and a member of the Executive Board. 
Prior to the acquisition of Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette by Credit Suisse First Boston in 2000, James was the chairman of DLJ’s Banking Group, responsible for all the firm’s investment banking and merchant banking activities. He joined DLJ in 1975 as an Investment Banking associate. 
He became head of DLJ’s global M&A group in 1982, founded DLJ Merchant Banking, Inc. in 1985, and was named chairman of the Banking Group in 1995. 
He is a director of both Costco Wholesale Corporation, and Swift River Investments, Inc., and he has also served on a several other corporate boards.
He is Vice Chairman of The Kennedy Center Corporate Fund Board, Trustee and member of The Executive Committee of The Second Stage Theatre, Trustee of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Vice Chairman of Trout Unlimited’s Coldwater Conservation Fund, Trustee of Woods Hole Oceanographic, Trustee of Wildlife Conservation Society, Advisory Board member of The Montana Land Reliance, and Chairman Emeritus of the Board of Trustees of American Ballet Theatre. 
He is also a former member of the President’s Export Council – Subcommittee on Technology & Competitiveness.
== Education ==
Hamilton James graduated from Harvard College in 1973 with a BA, and was a John Harvard Scholar. He also earned an MBA from the Harvard Business School, and graduated as a Baker Scholar in 1975.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:The Blackstone Group
Category:Credit Suisse First Boston - Former Employees