nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Credit Market Analysis, Ltd.

Credit Market Analysis (CMA) is a data and information company specializing in OTC derivatives markets. In July 2012, the company became part of the S&P Capital IQ division of McGraw-Hill.
==Background==
CMA was founded in 2001 by a group of experienced credit specialists who identified a need to bring transparency and improved information flow to the OTC credit market. CMA receives pricing and related information directly from credit market participants and disseminates it investment banks, asset managers, hedge funds and risk management firms.
== History ==
In March 2008, CME Group acquired CMA as part of its move into the execution and clearing of credit derivatives. Laurent Paulhac, who was CEO of CMA at the time of the purchase, became CME Group's senior managing director, OTC products & services. 
In July 2012, CME Group sold CMA to McGraw-Hill as part of the deal that created S&P Dow Jones Indices, a joint venture between CME Group and McGraw-Hill. 
== Key People ==
*Faisal Adeel, Business Development
*Antoine Kohler, CEO
*Peter Alexander, Financial Controller
*Cliff Moyce, COO
*Jav Bose, Director of Client Solutions
*Steve Tucker, Global Head of Sales and Marketing
*Gareth Moody, Vice President of Sales, Americas
== References ==
Credit Suisse Crossfinder

Crossfinder is one of the world largest dark pools, also known as an internal crossing network, operated by Credit Suisse Advanced Execution Services (AES).
CrossFinder offers liquidity, anonymity and the ability to execute block trades, large blocks of stock, with less impact than would be likely in the public markets
.
In April 2013, Credit Suisse decided to stop voluntarily disclosing the amount of trading volume on its Crossfinder platform.
After UBS acquired Credit Suisse in 2023, it was announced it was closing Crossfinder on August 31, 2023.
 
== References ==
Category:Dark Pools
Category:Credit Suisse
Credit Suisse First Boston

Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB) was a high-flying tech-boom brokerage and financer in the late 1990s that was brought low some years later by a federal investigation into its initial public offering (IPO) practices. The CSFB business was eventually folded into Credit Suisse Investment Banking (CSIB) and its brand retired in 2006.
== History ==
CSFB had its roots in a co-operation agreement between Zurich-based retail bank Credit Suisse and Boston-based securities broker First Boston Corporation forged in 1978. CS gained a controlling stake in FB a decade later and renamed the new brokerage Credit Suisse FB. CSFB prospered during the 1990s Internet boom and in mid-2000 paid a staggering $11.5 billion for rival brokerage Donaldson Lufkin & Jenrette (DLJ), pricing DLJ shares at three times book value.
CSFB's problems began soon after, in early 2001, when lead technology banker Frank Quattrone became the subject of a federal investigation into the way CSFB allocated IPO shares. In January 2002 CSFB settled with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for $100 million over complaints brought by the SEC stemming from the probe, and ended further SEC probes in 2003 at a cost of another $200 million. 
== References ==
Category:Brokerage Firms
Credit Suisse Investment Banking

Credit Suisse Investment Banking (CSIB) is the arm of Credit Suisse Group (CSG) that absorbed the scandal-ridden brand of Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB) in 2006 following a streamlining of the group's operations. 
== Recent History ==
 
Less than a year after Credit Suisse Group merged CSFB into CSIB in 2006, new CEO Oswald J. Grubel retired and was immediately replaced by CSIB CEO, Brady W. Dougan. At the same time CSG announced that 17-year Credit Suisse veteran Paul Calello had been promoted to succeed Dougan as CSIB's CEO.
== Key People ==
Calello offically replaced Dougan at the head of CSIB in May 2007, leaving his previous job as CEO of Credit Suisse Asia Pacific. Calello first joined Credit Suisse in 1990 to work for the financial derivatives subsidiary of CSFB, now part of CSIB.
== Recent Problems ==
In April 2008 CSG announced it would cut 500 jobs in "investment banking and administration" after cutting a further 500 investment banking positions in January. Investment-banking performance had been feared as a major factor behind CSG's poor recent financial results, although U.S.-based competitors like Bank of America and Citigroup have performed little or no better. 
Several days later, however, those fears were realized. CSG revealed April 24 that CSIB had lost CHF3.5 billion in the first quarter of 2008 compared to the loss for CSG overall of CHF2.15 billion. CSIB also wrote down CHF5.28 billion worth of assets, almost all the group's total writedowns of about CHF5.4 billion. 
== References ==
Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC

Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC (CSSU) is the U.S. broker-dealer/FCM of Switzerland-based parent Credit Suisse Group. CSSU is part of the U.S. operations of Credit Suisse Investment Banking, formerly Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB). 
Category:Brokerages
Category:Futures Commission Merchants
Category:Exempt Foreign Firm Agents
Category:Exempt Commodity Pool Operators
Category: FIA Regular Members
Credit Valuation Adjustment

Credit Valuation Adjustment (CVA) is a metric representing the difference between the risk free portfolio value and the true portfolio value, taking counterparty risk into account. CVA is the market value of the counterparty credit risk. 
The metric has gained increasing attention in the Basel III accords as well as in the Dodd-Frank Act, where the definition of "Tier 1 Capital" has been called into question in regards to categorizing and weighing OTC derivatives. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Basel III
Category:MarketsReformWiki
Credit card

Credit cards are a form of consumer credit that offer a restricted line of credit for mostly retail spending and allow small monthly repayments at interest. Fallout from the recent turmoil in global credit markets has recently forced credit card issuers like banks and retail finance companies to start restricting and raising the costs of card credit.
== The charge ==
Most consumer-based credit cards are issued by one of the four main providers: MasterCard, Visa, Discover and American Express, although the latter is more like a charge card because the account must be paid in full every month. Most cards are "branded" with the name of a bank that partners with its provider and profits from transaction fees. Providers compete on features ranging from the card's interest rate (also called annual percentage rate or APR) and credit-line limit to offering "rewards" like airline miles or account credit, and consumer-oriented websites let borroweres compare these features.
Accepting credit cards has become very popular with retail merchants because it lets them offer their customers credit without shouldering any of the risk or wasting time on paperwork, both of which the provider assumes. Merchants also use the information on credit card sales to make marketing pitches to their customers while the mostly fixed costs of those sales means relative costs shrink as sales grow, encourage merchants to increase credit-card sales volume.
== The bill ==
But the recent credit crisis that has crimped debt markets around the world is also starting to squeeze the previously booming U.S. credit-card industry. Recent reports indicate that some large bank issuers are trying to cut off existing credit customers by lowering credit lines, closing some less active accounts and hiking APRs. Credit card delinquencies (non-payment by holders) recently hit a peak of 4.54% in the second quarter of 2008.
== References ==
Category:Debt
Category:Bonds
Credit crisis

*See also the Credit Crisis of 2008.
A credit crisis, or "credit crunch" is a situation in which banks are reluctant to lend for fear they will have insufficient funds available.
After the financial crisis that began in 2008, the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) was formed to study how fraud, regulatory lapses, monetary policy, accounting, lending practices and executive pay contributed to the U.S. financial crisis.
Category:Market Terms
Category:Definitions
Credit derivatives

A credit derivative is a privately negotiated agreement that explicitly shifts credit risk from one party to the other. Credit Default Swaps ("CDS") are credit risk transfer vehicles that are used increasingly to assess credit worthiness.
There was approximately $54 trillion in the credit derivatives market as of October 2008. 
Credit default swaps (CDS) are the most common type of credit derivative. American International Group (AIG)'s collapse was thought to stem from a $441 billion exposure to credit-default swaps and other derivatives.
 
Credit default swaps are private contracts that insure against the default of debt issuers. CDS indexes are used as a hedging tool against a basket of CDS or bonds and are standardised while individual CDS relate to a single company and are more bespoke.
Lehman Brothers' credit default swaps settlement auction was one of the most expensive payouts in the history of the market. 
A controversy surrounding sovereign credit default swaps - a form of protection against default by a country on its treasury debt - erupted in 2011, as Greece threatened to default on its debt securities. The controversy involves the question of exactly what constitutes a "credit event". European Union policymakers have suggested a voluntary restructuring, or "reprofiling" of Greek debt would not constitute a credit event. Holders of such CDS, would not be entitled to a claim, even though debtholders would not be receiving the full present value of the debt. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Credit market

__NOTOC__
The credit market includes all OTC and exchange markets in a nation or region that trade corporate- and government-issued debt - longer-term in the bond market and shorter-term in the money market. The credit market has lately taken a beating as the credit crisis has frozen credit markets like mortgage-backed securities and driven up rates in others like commercial paper.
Credit markets typically consist of two sub-markets: the primary market, where government and corporations sell their debt securities (bonds, etc.) to lending investors, and the secondary market, where these securities are sold to other investors. The vast majority of credit-market trading is conducted on over the counter markets via electronic trading on the secondary market. 
== Latest news ==
Some of the credit market's more obscure debt instruments like auction-rate securities issued to the OTC money market began drawing attention early in 2008 as markets in them began to freeze similarly to the mortgage backed securities market of 2007. One prominent victim of newly risk-averse credit markets has been the auto industry, whose finance arms have seen their market for collateralized debt seize up recently, restricting their ability to lend to potential customers.
== References ==
Credit ratings

A credit rating assesses the credit worthiness of an individual, corporation, or country. At its most basic, a credit rating lets a lender or investor know the probability of the company or individual being able to pay back a loan. A poor credit rating means a high risk of defaulting. Companies with poor credit ratings usually pay a higher interest rate when borrowing.
Ratings are usually based on borrowing and repayment history along with the availability of assets and extent of liabilities. 
Corporations are assigned credit ratings by credit rating agencies such as Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch Ratings. The ratings have letter designations such as AAA (the highest rating), B, CC. The Standard & Poor's rating scale is as follows: AAA, AA, A, BBB, BB, B, CCC, CC, C, D. Anything lower than a BBB rating is considered a speculative or junk bond. The Moody's rating system is as follows: AAA, Aa1, Aa2, Aa3, A1, A2, A3, Baa1, Baa2, Baa3, Ba1, Ba2, Ba3, B1, B2, B3, Caa1, Caa2, Caa3, Ca, C.
== References ==
Category:Ratings
Credit risk

The credit risk of a government, corporation or individual refers to how likely they are to default on their debts and therefore how easy or difficult it will be for them to obtain future credit. Tolerance for credit risk amongst investors has greatly diminished since the credit crisis took hold in mid-2008.
== Keeping score ==
Most investors are chiefly concerned at the credit risk of corporations or governments that have issued bonds or other debt securities to the credit market. National governments rarely default on their bonds because they can print currency to make good on their obligations but corporations carry a higher credit risk because they default on their debt if they go bankrupt, leaving unsecured creditors like bondholders empty-handed. Bond-issuers' credit risk is usually scored on a letter system (AAA being the least risky) by ratings agencies such as Standard & Poor's and Moody's. 
When assessing credit risk for making loans or extrending credit to individuals and small businesses, lenders must calculate the borrower's default probability, credit exposure and recovery rate, or what fraction of the exposure the lender can reasonably expect to get back. Individual credit risks is usually scored as a number between 300 and 850 such as the FICO score developed by the Fair Isaac Corporation. On this scale, payment history and credit exposure make up 65% of the score, and a final result above 600 indicates lower default probabilities and therefore lower credit risk. 
== See Also ==
Counterparty risk
== References ==
Category:Risk Management
Creditex Group Inc.

Creditex Group Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Intercontinental Exchange. It is an interdealer broker that provides execution and processing of credit default swaps (CDS) and corporate bonds in the U.S., Europe and Asia. It offers a hybrid model of voice and electronic execution. It also was the first to introduce electronic processing and execution in the CDS market in 2004 and is used by more than 1,000 participants.
The firm specializes in execution for single-name CDS, CDS indexes, CDS index tranches and bespoke products. It also handles delta neutral auctions in single name CDS, launched in 2008 as a way to reduce so-called curve or gap risk matching buying and sellers who want to switch one-maturity for another. 
ICE offers a post-trading processing service that is connected to Creditex called ICE Link, which supports all cleared and OTC trades. Creditex trades are cleared through ICE's two clearing facilities, ICE Clear Credit and ICE Clear Europe. 
== History ==
Creditex was co-founded in 2000 by Sunil Hirani, who served as its CEO until it was sold to ICE in 2008. He departed Creditex shortly after the acquisition and started a swap execution facility called TrueEX. 
ICE acquired Creditex in September 2008 for $625 million in cash and stock. The transaction was composed of approximately $565 million in ICE common stock and $60 million in cash. 
Creditex's platform executed over $3 trillion notional in credit default swap (CDS) indices, single-name CDS and standardized structured credit products in 2008. From 2008 when ICE Clear Credit was created and 2009 when ICE Clear Europe began clearing CDS trades through February 2016, the two facilities cleared $74.8 trillion in gross notional of CDS contracts.
On July 29, 2016, ICE announced it had agreed to sell certain U.S. voice brokerage operations of Creditex to Tullett Prebon. ICE will retain the electronically traded markets and systems, post-trade connectivity platforms and intellectual property of Creditex. The transaction is subject to FINRA approval.
==Key People==
* Sophia Corona, COO
== References ==
Category:InterContinentalExchange
Category:Interest Rates
Category:Swaps
Category:Interest Rate Swaps
Crescent Crypto Asset Management

Crescent Crypto Asset Management is a digital asset management firm based in Jersey City, NJ, USA. The firm's services are for accredited investors (as defined by the SEC).
==Products and Services==
Crescent Crypto provides investors with pricing, trade volume, and other data for trading digital assets, as well as passive index trading with index funds tied to the prices of cryptocurrency bundles. Its index is based on the Crescent Crypto Market Index (CCMIX), a subsidiary of the company designed to measure the performance of some of the largest (by market cap) and most liquid crypto assets.
=== Crypto ETF ===
In May 2019, Crescent Crypto filed a prospectus for a cryptocurrency-based ETF with the SEC. This was done through Crescent Crypto Index Services LLC, a subsidiary of Crescent Crypto.
The fund would be sponsored by United States Commodity Funds, LLC (USCF), a commodity pool operator regulated by the CFTC. Because of this, the fund was dubbed the USCF Crescent Crypto Index Fund (XBET). According to the prospectus, if approved by the SEC, XBET will be tradeable by accredited investors who place trade orders through their preferred brokers. These investors may incur fees such as brokerage commissions and similar trading fees. XBET will trade during normal hours and at bid and ask prices "like other publicly traded securities."
==Key People==
*Ali Hassan, Co-founder, CEO 
*Christopher Matta, Co-founder CIO 
*Michael Kazley, Co-founder, Head of Trading
==References==
Category:regulation
Category:Trading
Category:cryptocurrency
Category:ETFs
Category:investing
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Crestone Capital Advisors

__NOTOC__
Crestone Capital Investors LLC is a wealth management firm servicing ultra-high-net-worth clients.
== History ==
Based in Boulder, Colo., Crestone was founded in 1991 as Eric J. Kramer Company. Ten years later, Crestone formed its first pooled vehicle for hedge funds, and in 2008, its Denver office was established.
As of 2011, Crestone advised $1 billion in client assets under management.
== Products and Services ==
*Investment Strategy and Management
*Estate, Philanthropic and Tax Planning
*Financial and Cash Flow Planning
*Investment Portfolio Reporting
== Key People ==
*Barry Neumann, Director of Communications
== References ==
Category:Advisory Firms
Category:Crestone Capital Advisors
Cripto Conserje

Cripto Conserje is an organization seeking to increase the adoption of cryptocurrency as a payment method in Latin America, and eventually beyond. It currently aims to bring 50% crypto adoption to Cúcuta, Colombia. Its mission statement says the following: "We believe cryptocurrencies can provide economic stability to LATAM, particularly in places such as Venezuela where communities are suffering from severe shortages of food and medicine. However, our ideal goal extends to achieving 50% crypto adoption in a major city like Dallas, Texas."
Cripto Conserje partnered with AirTM in 2019 for a livestreamed charity event to benefit Venezuelan refugees.
==References==
Category:Cryptocurrency
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Cristobal Conde

__NOTOC__ 
Cristobal Conde is an activist investor and member of several boards of start up financial technology firms, and is an advisor to the CEO and board of directors of Duco. 
He was president and CEO of Sungard for 24 years, until 2011.
He is also the former executive chairman of True Office, a start-up technology company that uses gamification for regulatory compliance training. He was introduced to the company while serving as executive-in-residence at New York's Fintech Innovation Lab and appointed to the position on August 14, 2012.
== Background ==
Conde was named chief executive officer of SunGard in 2002 and has been a board member since 1999. Conde served as chief operating officer between 1999 and 2002 and previously headed up SunGard’s Trading Systems division, which he started in 1990. Prior to joining SunGard, Conde co-founded Devon Systems International, Inc., which was acquired by SunGard in 1987. At the time, Devon focused on providing systems for the interest rate and currency derivatives markets.
Conde was appointed executive vice president in 1998, chief operating officer in 1999 and was elected president in March 2000. In 2002 he became SunGard's chief executive officer, completing a succession plan that began in 1998 when Conde was appointed executive vice president of the financial IT group.
Conde also serves in a variety of advisory and trustee positions including the College of Mount Saint Vincent, TPG Capital, Providence Equity Advisers and Fintech Innovation Lab. He is also a board member of MassMutual Financial Group. 
== Education ==
Conde holds a B.S. in Astronomy and Physics from Yale University. 
== References ==	
Category:SunGard Data Systems
Category:SunGard Data Systems
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
CrossTower

CrossTower is a cryptocurrency trading platform. It provides incentives in the form of fee rebates to liquidity takers in order to attract new traders to the platform and introduce them to cryptocurrency trading. (Most other trading platforms incent market-making, that is, posting resting orders on the order book.) 
The company received $6 million in new funding in June 2020, about a month after it began operation. 
The platform offers trading in cryptocurrency-to-cryptocurrency pairs involving bitcoin, Ether, Litecoin, USDC, Bitcoin Cash, XRP, Stellar, Chainlink, Basic Attention Token and ZCash. 
On Oct. 08, 2020 CrossTower announced that the Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA) had granted it a license under the Digital Asset Business Act (DABA). 
On April 13, 2022 CrossTower announced the launch of perpetual futures trading available on CrossTower's Bermuda digital exchange. Perpetual futures are derivatives contracts that are not limited to a predetermined expiration date. The product lets CrossTower's customers take long and/or short positions, consistent with their portfolio and risk objectives. 
== Background ==
Two long-time securities and derivatives trading executives, Kapil Rathi and Kristin Boggiano, established CrossTower early in 2020, after working together at AlphaPoint, a blockchain software development company. Rathi, who had been COO at AlphaPoint, had earlier been at Cboe, Bats, ISE and the NYSE. Boggiano, an attorney, was chief legal officer and on the executive committee of AlphaPoint and had previously worked at the SEC, CFTC, Schulte Roth and Guggenheim Partners. CrossTower's unique selling proposition is providing rebates to liquidity takers instead of the usual model of paying market makers in the hopes of spurring new customers to trade cryptocurrencies. 
The company launched a bitcoin investment fund in February 2021 with $20 million under management. Competing against incumbents like Grayscale's highly successful bitcoin trust with a much lower, 0.6% management fee, Boggiano said that the CrossTower Bitcoin Fund would be "the most plain-vanilla of the suite of offerings that we expect to be popular." 
On March 8, 2021 CrossTower announced that its trading volume in February had reached a record level of $150 million.
The company added to its management roster in early June 2021 when it hired Bryan Christian as global head of exchange. He is responsible for managing CrossTower’s exchanges, expanding the product offering, and growing the company’s transaction business. Earlier, Christian was head of sales at Cboe Global Markets and head of institutional services for Old Mission, an ETF market maker.
== References ==
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki