Doujinshi

Doujinshi (同人誌) are self-published Japanese works in visual or textual form including manga and novels that are not created for or by the professional market; that is, they are produced by amateurs rather than as a profession or being paid. Many but not all doujinshi are fancomics, and sometimes the term is used as a synonym for "fancomic in a manga style". 
Doujinshi are similar to, or an example of, fanzines, though they have developed independently and have distinct styles. Western doujinshi fandom notably uses different terminology which is mostly derived from Japanese. Creating doujinshi/fanzines is also a vastly more prevalent fan activity in Japan than in the West.
Critiques and essays (including meta) by/for fans and hobbyists may also be published in a doujinshi.
Doujinshi are created by Doujinshi Circles. Individual creators are called Doujinka.
If an English speaker wants to approximate how a Japanese speaker says the word,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klAkerqxWYg doe-gin-she will produce something close enough.
== Terminology ==
=== General ===
* Circle (サークル) - A circle is a "group" releasing doujinshi; however, "group" is a misleading term here, since many circles consist of only one doujinka. Such circles are sometimes called kojin circles (個人サークル), i.e. a personal circle.
* Doujinka (同人家) - A doujinka is a creator of a doujinshi, such as an artist or writer. Doujinka are part of circles. Doujinshika means the same thing, but it is a term used very rarely.
* Kojinshi (個人誌) - Doujinshi produced by a single artist or kojin circle.
* Size - The size of a doujinshi means the paper size it's printed on. Doujinshi are typically B5, about 7 x 10 inches. Anthologies are typically A5, about 6 x 8 inches.
=== Doujinshi Types ===
* Manga - When a doujinshi is in style of a manga/comic, it can also be referred to as doujin manga (同人漫画) in Japanese. In English, the term "doujinshi" implies a manga-style doujinshi by default, because Western fans seldom encounter other kinds of doujinshi (e.g. novels).
* Novel (ノベル or 小説 shousetsu) - When a doujinshi includes/is a novel, it means it is printed fiction (including fanfiction).
* Reprint collection (再録集 sairoku shuu) - When a circle has released several doujinshi, she might reprint them together in one doujinshi booklet, known as a reprint collection. Reprint collections can be either the size of a regular doujinshi, or the size of an anthology which is smaller.
* Anthology (アンソロジー) - An anthology is a collection of doujinshi stories, either manga or novel, by various different doujinka. Anthologies are usually printed at a smaller page size than regular doujinshi, but have more pages and stories. Although most anthologies are published by fans, anthologies of fannish manga doujinshi are also printed by commercial publishers - with the permission of the doujinshi creators and (sometimes) of the copyright holders of the source work.
* Copybook or copybon (コピー本) - A copybook is a doujinshi that is not printed and bound by a publisher; they might be printed on a home printer for instance, and they are usually bound with staples. 
* Scanlation - A fan-translated and edited doujinshi is a scanlation, or a scanlated doujinshi.
* Fanbook or Fan book - This term is commonly put on doujinshi to show that the story is a fanwork instead of an original creation. Doujinka will also number their doujinshi this way, e.g. Fanbook #1, Fanbook #2, etc. Parody book is another common expression used to indicate that a doujinshi contains fanwork.
=== Common Genres, Tropes, and Descriptors ===
* Critique (評論, hyouron) - Meta, usually in text but sometimes also in manga format.
* For men (男性向, danseimuke) - Aimed at male fans. Danseimuke is often conflated with hentai, but although many danseimuke doujinshi are sexually explicit, there are also very many danseimuke works that are gen.
* For women (女性向け, joseimuke) - Aimed at female fans. Very often but not always BL/yaoi.
* Gag (ギャグ) - Absurd or silly elements for comedic effect; similar to crack humor.
* Honobono (ほのぼの meaning heartwarming) - A light, heartwarming tone, sometimes similar to fluff.
* Original (創作, sousaku) - Doujinshi containing original stories instead of fanworks.
* Original June (創作JUNE、sousaku june）- Original BL/yaoi stories, named after the first yaoi magazine June.
* Parallel (パラレル) - As in parallel universe; see alternate universe.
* Serious (シリアス) - A serious tone; a story which handles the subject matter seriously. Possibly similar to "drama" or angst.
* Yaoi (やおい) / Boys' Love or BL - Genres about male/male relationships intended for a female audience, like in Western slash. The genre for male/male relationships intended for men is known as Bara (薔薇, lit. rose) or Men's Love/ML and is less common. 
* Yuri (百合) / Girls' Love or GL - Genres about female/female relationships. It's intended audience comes down to the individually work produced, rather than the genre as a whole.
=== Other ===
Doujinshi fandom commonly uses an "x" between character names (e.g. Naruto x Sasuke) to show the focus of the story is between two characters. This may or may not mean a pairing, which can lead to some confusion.
Doujinshi fandom commonly uses a name smoosh for pairings, e.g. Naruto x Sasuke becomes NaruSasu. See also Pairing Name#In Japanese Fandoms.
== Source Texts ==
Doujinshi are most often based on sources originating in Japan, such as manga, anime, and Japanese video games. Doujinshi can also be original works, and "original June" (original BL doujinshi) is a popular genre. General terms for original doujinshi are orijinaru or sousaku.
There are also doujinshi based on Western-originating source texts, particularly Harry PotterHarry Potter Doujinshi tag at fancomiccentral LJ community.HP_Scanlation LJ community for scanlated Harry Potter doujinshi. which has a noticeably substantial amount of doujinshi. Others includes The Lord of the Rings, Star Wars, Pirates of the Caribbean, Supernatural, and more. RPF has a presence in Japanese doujinshi fandom as well, such as J2See Supernatural/Fanzines#Doujinshi which includes several J2 doujinshi. and Lotrips.This editor distinctly remembers seeing a Viggo Mortensen x Orland Bloom doujinshi, but is unnable to find it to give a proper source.
== Professional and Amateur ==
Doujinshi are usually self-published amateur publications intended for the entertainment of fans or groups rather than for financial gain. Some doujinshi creators will publish doujinshi as a way to hone their skills and get published professionally.
Doujinshi artists will occasionally cross over to become successful professionals, such as: 
* CLAMP, the female artist group who created Cardcaptor Sakura, X/1999, xxxHolic, and a ton more.
* Maki Murakami, creator of Gravitation.
* Yun Kouga, creator of Loveless and Earthian.
* Ken Akamatsu, creator of Love Hina
* Kiyohiko Azuma
* Fuyukawa Motoi, artist for A Certain Scientific Railgun
* Chika Umino
* Rumiko Takahashi
* Shiori Teshirogi, artist of Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas, published some Harry Potter doujinshi focusing on the Marauders.
* Hiroyuki, who created Tsukihime, Clannad, and Fate/stay night doujinshi as well as popular manga series Doujin Work, Super Oresama Love Story, Mangaka-san to Assistant-san to, among others.
*Natsuki Kizu who creates doujinshi for Kuroko no Basuke, Haikyuu, Hetalia and other fandoms under her circle name Gusari as well as the original BL series Given and Links.
Some professional mangaka occasionally publish doujinshi as well. A few examples:
*Yun Kouga publishes side booklets to go with Loveless which are called doujinshi, even though these booklets are professionally published with Ichijinsha, the publishers of Loveless.
*Kazuma Kodaka is also known for her work as doujinshi artist. Her doujinshi circle K2 Company has published works for series such as Fullmetal Alchemist, Prince of Tennis or Sengoku Basara. In addition, she drew a doujinshi series called Hana to Ryuu to her own manga Kizuna, as well as the Midare Somenishi dj Adesugata Emaki.
*Minami Ozaki created doujinshi for Captain Tsubasa before she adapted her populair pair of doujinshi characters into the protagonists of her own commercially published manga series Zetsuai 1989 and BRONZE. Ozaki continued to publish doujinshi while drawing both series, this time of her own protagonists, often showing sexually explicit scenes that could not be included in the commercial series because they were published a magazine aimed at young girls (Margaret).
*Ken'ichi SonodaMehra, Salil. 2002. “Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why All the Cartoons My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?” SSRN eLibrary. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=347620, p29.
* Osamu Tezuka
* Yamauchi Yasunobu, the mangaka for Daily Lives of High School Boys, has released doujinshi under his circle name Bomber Grape.
* Hirasawa Makoto, the artist for the Touhou Sangetsusei manga series, has released doujinshi under his circle name Clash House.
* Aki Eda has released doujinshi under her circle name Rocket Fuel 21.
* Nakatani Nio has released doujinshi under her circle name Rireba.
* Mekimeki, the artist for Toki manga, has released doujinshi under the circle name Mekimeki Oukoku.
== Misconceptions ==
Not all doujinshi is porn, and when it is porn it's not all "weirdo porn" (and in fact most fandoms have a severe tentacle monster deficiency). Doujinshi comes in a wide variety of genres, just like any other fanwork. Gen, gag, angst, shounen-ai, and romance doujinshi are all prevalent. However, there is also no lack of hentai doujinshi fansites in Western fandom, which has likely exacerbated this myth.
== Distribution ==
Doujinshi are commonly distributed in print format via conventions (paid), in print format via online and offline doujin shops (paid), and in digital format online (paid or for free).
See Doujinshi in Western Fandom for more on the presence of Doujinshi in non-Japanese fandoms and the popularity of imported Japanese doujinshi.
=== Conventions ===
Conventions are the most established and common distribution channel for doujinshi. Circles reserve a small booth ("space", usually half a table) for themselves and sell their works directly to other fans. Hundreds of conventions take place throughout Japan every year, from large-scale regular conventions to small one-time events. A few notable conventions are:
* Comiket is the largest doujinshi convention in Japan, and the largest convention for self-published works in the world.
* COMITIA is a series of large doujinshi conventions that focus entirely on original doujinshi. Comiket and many other conventions also include original doujinshi.
* Comic City is a series of large doujinshi conventions that take place throughout the year in various Japanese cities.
* Gataket
* Hakurei Jinja Reitaisai is a convention that focuses solely on Touhou Project.
* Comic World Hong Kong
* Infect (2014-ongoing)
=== Doujin shops ===
A doujin shop is a retail store that sells doujinshi and other fanworks. Some smaller stores exist, but large chain stores such as Mandarake, K-BOOKS, and Toranoana are the most common and can be found in most major cities in Japan. Doujin shops frequently operate online stores as well. The shops sell mostly second-hand doujinshi that are sold to them by fans (in the manner of a second-hand bookstore), but sometimes also new doujinshi bought directly from circles.
=== Digital distribution ===
Some doujinshi are published in digital format or both in print and in digital format. Digital doujinshi are sold via online doujin shops or distributed for free, also via online doujin shops and via the personal websites, pixiv accounts, or other online homes of circles.
==Meta==
* (2005)
==See Also==
* :Category:Doujinshi for doujinshi entries on Fanlore
* List of Doujinshi by Fandom
* List of Doujinshi Circles
==Resources==
* Baka-Updates Manga lists scanlations, including doujinshi scanlations 
* Anodoko, a personal blog which archives the number of doujinshi sold, doujin circles and doujin events at several conventions.
* Comiket (Japanese), (English)
* Japan, Ink: Inside the Manga Industrial Complex
* The Doujinshi & Manga Lexicon
==References==
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