nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Advent International

Advent International is a global private equity firm. Founded in 1984, Advent International touts itself as one of the world's leading global buyout firms, with offices in 14 countries on four continents. 
A force in international private equity for more than two decades, Advent has built a global platform of over 100 investment professionals across Western and Central Europe, North America, Latin America and Asia. 
The firm focuses on cross-border, strategic restructuring and growth opportunities in five core sectors, employing a highly active ownership approach to drive earnings improvements in portfolio companies. Since inception, Advent has raised $10 billion in private equity capital and completed more than 200 buyout and private equity transactions valued at over $30 billion in 35 countries.
Since the opening of its Paris office in 1997, Advent has supported the international development of various firms including as Elior, Materis, Loxam and Sportfive.
In July 2007, the Advent International acquired a majority stake in Sophis, a provider of cross-asset, front-to-back portfolio and risk management technology. The value of the transaction was not disclosed. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Pascal Stefani, Partner of Advent International in France
== References ==
Aegis Software

New York-based Aegis Software, organized in 1994, provides trading software and services for financial companies. 
Aegis is the developer of Athena, an algorithmic execution management system for equities, options, futures and foreign exchange trading. In addition to trading solutions, Aegis’ features testing products – Exchange Simulator, Client Simulator and T3, for automated, regression, interactive and performance testing of FIX-based trading systems. 
 
== History ==
In February 2010, Thomson Reuters acquired Aegisoft in an effort to enhance their direct market access capabilities. 
== Products and Services ==
=== Execution Management ===
*AthenaTrader -- 100% broker-neutral trading platform designed to support global equities, futures, options and FX.
*Athena Gateway Server (AGS)--back-end solution that integrates with order execution system (e.g. AthenaTrader) for connectivity and order routing to exchanges, ECNs and broker-dealers.
*Athena Price Server (APS) -- connects trading system directly to the market data feeds of exchanges, ECNs, and in-house data feeds; uses standardized FIX protocol to consolidate the myriad of price feeds available, and present them in one interface.
===Testing Tools===
*Exchange Simulator -- testing for Order Management Systems
*Client Simulator -- simulation of your buy-side clients for the purpose of testing their inbound equities, options, fixed income, and futures FIX-based order flow against your trading system. 
*T3 Regression Test Suite -- regression test facility designed to provide automated regression test capabilities for FIX-based trading systems (“OMS”). 
== Key People ==
*Stanley Adelman, President and CEO
*Norm Friedman, Vice President, Products Group
*Joseph Horowitz, Director of Software Development
== Also See ==
Embracing Greater flexibility and control of the execution process, FIX Global, September 2007
== References ==
Category:Independent Software Vendors
Category:Aegis Software
Aequitas Innovations Inc.

__NOTOC__
Aequitas Innovations Inc. is the parent company of the Aequitas NEO Exchange, a stock exchange based in Toronto that was launched on March 27, 2015.
Private equity firm Vernon & Park Capital is a shareholder of Aequitas Innovations. The Canadian division of Invesco Ltd. is also a backer.
 
==Background==
In June 2013, Aequitas announced its intention to create a new Canadian stock exchange to rival the Toronto Stock Exchange, backed by a number of Canadian institutions and corporations. Its aim is to challenge “certain predatory high frequency trading strategies which have impacted the quality of existing equity markets.” Aequitas also plans to operate as a listing venue and build a centralized platform for private securities that will focus on capital raising and liquidity for small and mid-sized issuers.
On September of 2013, the Ontario Securities Commission (OSC), published for a 45-day public comment on discussions about the proposed trading structure of the new exchange. After a thorough review of the proposal and related comments, the OSC informed Aequitas that it could not support the proposal as published. In particular, the proposal included restrictions on access to visible orders which do not conform to existing requirements of the regulatory framework, including fair access.
The company received approval from the Ontario Securities Commission in November 2014 to operate the exchange. 
In June of 2014, Aequitas entered an agreement with Millennium IT, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group, as the technology provider for its platform.
==Exchange Backers==
The proposed exchange is backed by the following Canadian institutions and corporations:
*Barclays Corporation Limited
*BCE Inc.
*CI Investments Inc.
*IGM Financial Inc. 
*ITG Canada Corp.
*OMERS Capital Markets
*PSP Public Markets Inc.
*RBC Dominion Securities Inc.
== Key People ==
*Jos Schmitt, CEO
*Greg Mills, chairman
*Randee Pavalow, chief compliance officer; legal
*Annie Ropar, CFO
*Karl Ottywill, COO
*Joacim Wiklander, chief trading and data officer
== Position Paper ==
The position paper explaining the rationale for Aequitas, its proposed structure and the proposed implementation timeline, is embedded below.
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:Aequitas Innovations
Aeternity (AE)

Aeternity (AE) is a cryptocurrency native to the Aeternity blockchain. According to Yanislav Malahov, Aeternity's founder, Aeternity executes certain functions outside of the blockchain providing "the ability to code smart contracts without taking up network resources to execute them." 
As of June 10, 2019, Aeternity was the 57th largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization according to CoinMarketCap, an online industry data aggregator.
==References==
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Affinity Fraud

Affinity fraud is a type of investment scam that targets members of identifiable groups, such as religious, ethnic, or professional communities. The fraudsters exploit the trust and camaraderie within these groups to perpetrate their schemes, often enlisting respected community leaders as unwitting accomplices.
== Overview ==
Affinity fraud typically involves a con artist who either belongs to or pretends to be part of a specific group. They use their perceived insider status to gain the trust of group members and convince them to invest in fraudulent schemes. These schemes often take the form of Ponzi or pyramid schemes, where money from new investors is used to pay returns to earlier investors.
== Characteristics ==
Key features of affinity fraud include:
#Targeting specific groups based on shared characteristics (e.g., religion, ethnicity, age)
#Exploiting trust within close-knit communities
#Often involving respected community leaders as promoters
#Frequently structured as Ponzi or pyramid schemes
#Victims' reluctance to report fraud or seek outside help
==== Notable Examples ====
One of the most infamous cases of affinity fraud was orchestrated by Bernard L. Madoff, who targeted wealthy Jewish communities and institutions. His $50 billion Ponzi scheme, exposed in 2008, defrauded numerous individuals and organizations, including Yeshiva University and Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel's foundation.
=== Prevalence ===
While affinity fraud is a global issue, it is particularly well-documented in the United States. A 2011 study by Marquet International Inc. found that the most common targets of affinity fraud were the elderly or retired, religious groups, and ethnic groups.
Utah has been identified as having the highest per capita rate of affinity fraud in the United States, largely due to the tight-knit nature of the LDS Church community. In 2010 alone, Utah residents lost an estimated $1.4 billion to affinity scams.
=== Prevention and Detection ===
To protect against affinity fraud, experts recommend:
#Conducting thorough due diligence on investment opportunities
#Being wary of investments promoted solely through group affiliations
#Seeking advice from independent financial professionals
#Verifying the credentials and licenses of individuals offering investments
#Being cautious of promises of high returns with little or no risk
=== Regulatory Response ===
Financial regulators, such as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), have taken action against numerous affinity fraud schemes. The SEC has issued investor alerts and educational materials to raise awareness about this type of fraud.
Religious organizations have also responded to the threat. For example, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has warned its members about affinity fraud and has imposed severe disciplinary measures, including excommunication, on members found guilty of perpetrating such schemes.
== References ==
Category:Types of Fraud
African Securities Exchanges Association

The African Securities Exchanges Association (ASEA) is an industry association that aims to provide a formal framework for the co-operation of stock exchanges in the African region. Its functions include the exchange of information and assistance in the development of member exchanges. The ASEA was incorporated in 1993 in the Republic of Kenya. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
ASEA's objectives include:
*Provide systematic manual co-operation, exchanges of information materials and provide mutual assistance and joint programs between members.
*Assist members in the establishment of Stock Exchanges, the development of financial instruments and promotion of stockbrokers and dealers.
*Develop and establish standards of training and professionalism amongst stockbrokers and dealers and personnel associated with members.
*To develop and establish standards of listings, maintenance of listings, issuing trading and settlement of securities.
*Assist members in the development of self-regulation to the greatest possible extent and assist members in representations to the national and international bodies in this regard.
*Assist member in the promotion and development of services associated with the capital markets.
*Promote and develop the establishment of a data bank and information system for the mutual benefit of members.
*Study research and investigate matters of interest to members.
*Disseminate information.
== Membership ==
The membership of the association is open to any securities exchange or nascent stock exchange located in the African region after filing the membership application and getting the executive committee's approval.
== Key People ==
*Sunil Benimadhu, Chief Executive, Stock Exchange of Mauritius
*Geoff Rothschild, Director: Government and International Affairs, JSE Limited
*Joseph S. Kitamirike, CEO, Uganda Securities Exchange Ltd 
*Dr. Mohamed Omran, Chairman, The Egyptian Exchange
*Peter Mwangi, CEO, Nairobi Securities Exchange
*Ekow Afedzie, Deputy Managing Director, Ghana Stock Exchange
== References ==
category:Industry Associations
category:African Securities Exchanges Association
Afrika Investment Bank

__NOTOC__
Nairobi, Kenya-based Afrika Investment Bank (AIB) has grown rapidly in the year since changing its name from Ashbu Securities in early 2008. AIB specializes in handling Kenya's institutional broking and now dominates trading in large bank stocks on the Nairobi Stock Exchange. 
== History ==
Afrika Investment Bank (AIB) was formed 10 years ago as stockbroker Ashbu Securities, trading equities on the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) for larger investors, but have since branched into corporate and institutional finance for its biggest clients. Following its name change from Ashbu Securities to AIB in early 2008 the brokerage quickly expanded its market share of trading volume on the NSE from 2.9% in 2007 to to 8.1% last year, mostly through growth in institutional investors business, Business Daily Africa BDA reported. 
== Key people ==
AIB Chairman George Maina was previously Managing Director of BP/Shell (Kenya) External Affairs Director of Shell Africa and has also held senior posts with Shell in Central America and the Caribbean. Maina has served has served as a corporation director across a range of economic sectors and currently serves on the board of the African Conservation Centre, NIC Bank and Unilever Tea Kenya Ltd. among others.
== Latest news ==
AIB totalled more than half of all NSE trading in December 2008 largely through trading shares of rival banks Equity Bank and Co-op Bank, BDA reported in January (see History above). AIB exclusively handled the sale of a tranche of Equity Bank shares by Ghana-based private equity group Africap Ltd. and reportedly dominates trading in listed Co-op Bank shares, now barely above their IPO price of 2008
== References ==
After-Hours Trading

After-Hours Trading refers to trading outside of traditional trading hours of the major securities and futures exchanges. The traditional hours of trade are from 9:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Eastern Time.
With the rise of Electronic Communications Networks, or ECNs, individual investors gained access to the after-hours markets. Warning of additional risk involved in the after-hours period of trade, the Securities and Exchange Commission notes on a page on its website dedicated to the issue of After-Hours Tradingthat while after-hours trading promises greater opportunities and convenience for individual investors, the after-hours market can be much more volatile and far less liquid.
== References ==
== Resources ==
*SEC - After-Hours Trading: Understanding the Risks
*North American Securities Administrators Association's Facts About After-Hours Trading
*Midnight Trader
Category:Definitions
Agency Cash Management

Agency Cash Management (ACM) is an electronic trading platform that enables wholesale financial investors such as fund managers, corporates, treasurers and other buy-side institutions direct electronic access to the tri-party repo market through an auction facility. 
ACM was launched in January 2012 as a joint effort by Newedge and MTS Group. ACM has secured mandates from both the buy-side and the banking community.
ACM allows cash-rich investors to enter into secured money market investments via the tri-party repo mechanism as an alternative to the traditional suite of unsecured money market products. The use of a tri-party agent further enhances the offering by providing a robust settlement engine that includes segregation of assets and daily margining. 
According to the firms, by bringing a new pool of cash providers to the market, the ACM platform also benefits banks facing continued pressure to diversify their sources of funding in the face of Basel III. 
The platform was built on the same technology that facilitates MTS’s regulated fixed income markets, combining secure investment opportunities with the high levels of transparency offered by electronic trading.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Market Terms
Category:Newedge
Category:MTS Group
Agency broker

An agency broker is a broker that acts as an agent to its clients, placing trades on their behalf. When acting as the agent, the agency broker must look after its clients' best interests, including attempting to fill client orders at the lowest price and in the fastest way possible. This is in contrast with broker-dealers, who purchase orders from clients and then sell them as blocks in the market. An agency broker acts as a middle man to the stock exchange.
Clients of agency brokers are often institutional funds that place large block orders.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Brokers
Category:Agency Brokers
Aggregated Micro Power Ltd

Aggregated Micro Power Ltd ("AMP") specializes in investing and operating small scale renewable energy projects and technologies in the UK and elsewhere. 
== Products and Services ==
AMP uses technologies that can be applied locally and are scaled to fit the needs and framework of the local environment. Using a portfolio approach, AMP seeks higher returns and reduced risk with respect to power generation. 
== Key People ==
Neil Eckert is currently chairman of Aggregated Micro Power Ltd. He is also chairman of Environova Consulting Ltd, another business in the renewable energy sector and chairman of Trading Emissions PLC, a company that invests in emission reduction projects.
Matthew Whittell is CFO of Aggregated Micro Power Ltd as well as Environova Consulting Ltd. He has also worked at Climate Exchange PLC as CFO and was finance director until the company was sold to Intercontinental Exchange Inc. in 2010.
== References ==
Category:Renewable Energy Companies
Aggregation in Futures Trading

Aggregation is a fundamental principle in the world of futures trading, primarily in the context of regulatory compliance and position reporting. It involves the consolidation of all futures positions held or controlled by a single trader or a group of traders acting in concert.
==Understanding Aggregation==
Aggregation, in the context of futures trading, refers to the process of combining or grouping together all of the futures positions held by a trader or a group of traders to determine their overall trading status. This consolidation is essential for regulatory purposes and helps authorities monitor and control speculative trading activity.
==Key Elements of Aggregation==
Single Trader or Group: Aggregation applies to both individual traders and groups of traders who are deemed to be acting together or in concert. These groups are often referred to as "control entities."
All Positions: All futures positions, regardless of the underlying commodity or contract, are taken into account during the aggregation process. This includes positions in different markets or exchanges.
Reporting Status: Aggregation determines whether a trader or control entity surpasses specific reporting thresholds. If the combined positions meet or exceed these thresholds, the trader or group is required to report their positions to regulatory authorities.
==Importance of Aggregation==
Aggregation serves several critical functions in futures trading:
Regulatory Compliance: Regulatory bodies, such as the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) in the United States, impose speculative position limits to prevent excessive speculation and manipulation in futures markets. Aggregation ensures that traders do not evade these limits by spreading their positions across multiple accounts or entities.
Market Transparency: By consolidating positions, regulators and market participants gain a comprehensive view of a trader's exposure to the market. This transparency is crucial for maintaining the integrity and fairness of futures markets.
Risk Management: Aggregation helps traders and market participants better assess and manage their overall risk exposure. It allows them to identify concentrated positions and potential vulnerabilities in their trading strategies.
==Reporting Requirements==
Traders and control entities subject to aggregation requirements are typically obligated to report their positions to relevant regulatory authorities. These reports include information about the trader's or group's positions, their identity, and the markets or exchanges in which they hold positions. Failure to report or adhere to position limits can result in regulatory sanctions.
==Challenges and Complexity==
Aggregation can be a complex process, particularly when traders have positions across various markets and exchanges. The determination of which positions should be aggregated and how they should be combined can be intricate, requiring careful record-keeping and reporting systems.
== References ==
Category:Position Reporting
Category:Position Limits
Agha Mirza

__NOTOC__ 
Agha Mirza serves as CME Group’s managing director and global head of interest rate products.
== Background ==
Before joining the company in 2013, Mirza served as managing director and head of the Canadian Rates business at Citigroup, where he spent 17 years as an interest rates trader and trading manager.
== Education ==
He holds both a master’s degree and a bachelor’s degree from MIT.
== References ==	
Category:Citigroup - Former Employees
Agnes Koh

__NOTOC__ 
Agnes Koh is a Singapore-based risk management professional and exchange executive who currently serves as chief risk officer of SGX.
Koh is also a member of the executive committee of CCP Global, the global association for central counterparties (“CCPs”), representing 42 members who operate over 60 individual CCPs globally across the Americas, EMEA and the Asia-Pacific region.
== Background ==
Koh joined SGX in 2005 as vice president of risk management. Over 11 years, she moved up in the organization and to her current role in 2013.
Before joining SGX, she held roles at the Monetary Authority of Singapore managing foreign reserves and as an auditor at a public accounting firm.
She is responsible for championing and leading enterprise risk management activities across the organization, formulating the risk framework and assessments for new products and business strategies, and managing the clearing risk of SGX’s securities and derivatives clearing houses.
She is a chartered accountant and a member of the Institute of Singapore Chartered Accountants. 
In 2016, the Institute of Banking and Finance Singapore conferred on her the distinguished fellow award.
== Education ==
Koh holds a bachelor of accountancy (hons) from National University of Singapore.
== References ==	
Category:Risk Management Professionals
Category:Clearing Professionals
Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd

Agnico-Eagle is a Canadian-based gold producer with operations in Canada, Finland, and Mexico, and exploration and development activities in Canada, Finland, Mexico and the U.S. Their LaRonde mine is Canada’s largest operating gold mine in terms of reserves.
Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd is a member of the World Gold Council.
== History ==
Agnico-Eagle was formed in Canada in 1972 through the merger of Agnico Mines Limited, a prominent silver producer in Cobalt, Ontario, and Eagle Gold Mines Limited, a successful gold exploration company.
== Products and Services ==
Agnico-Eagle Mines produces gold, silver, zinc, and copper. In 2010, gold and silver sales were expected to account for approximately 93% of the company's revenues.
Agnico-Eagle Mines operates through four segments: Canada, Europe, Latin America and the United States. The Quebec region includes the LaRonde mine, the LaRonde mine extension project, the Goldex mine and the Lapa mine.
The company's operations in the European Region are conducted through its indirect subsidiary, Agnico-Eagle AB, which owns the Kittila mine in Finland. 
The company's operations in the Latin American region are conducted through its subsidiary, Agnico Eagle Mexico S.A. de C.V., which owns the Pinos Altos mine and the Creston Mascota deposit. The Nunavut region is comprised of the Meadowbank mine, which is held directly by the company. In July 2010, Agnico-Eagle Mines acquired the remaining interest in Comaplex Minerals Corp.
Agnico-Eagle Mines's exploration program focuses primarily on the identification of new mineral reserves and resources and new development opportunities in proven gold producing regions. Its exploration activities are concentrated in Canada, Europe, Latin America and the United States. As of December 31, 2009, the Company managed 78 properties in Canada, 11 properties in Nevada and Idaho in the United States, three properties in Finland, four properties in Mexico and three properties in Argentina.
== Key People ==
*Sean Boyd, Vice-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
*Eberhard Scherkus, President and Chief Operating Officer
*Ammar Al-Joundi, Senior Vice-President Finance and Chief Financial Officer
*Donald G. Allan, Senior Vice-President, Corporate Development
== References ==
Category:Gold
Category:Metals
Category:Gold Mining Companies
Category:Agnico-Eagle Mines