nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Touchstone

== Description ==
A hard, black, fine-grain stone that is composed of flint, Lydian stone, or basanite. Touchstone are used for evaluating the purity of gold and silver. The gold or silver piece is rubbed against the touchstone, then the color of the streak is compared to reference streaks of known composition in order to determine the quality of the precious metal.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
basanite
==Resources and Citations==
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Touchstone." Accessed 9 May 2004 .
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 334
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
Category:Materials database
Touou/Kusashiō (Gamboge) - left (195 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_07-09-2009_195.jpg~Normal|Uemura_07-09-2009_195_UV.jpg~UV]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 195
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 3rd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (195 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| light lemon yellow
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| 藤黄 / 草雌黄 : Touou/Kusashiō
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Gamboge
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| resin / powder (?)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| lime water
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| Initially, the dyed color was in red orange tone, but changed into yellow. The material is normally used as a paint.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Touou/Kusashiō (Gamboge) - right (195 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_07-09-2009_195.jpg~Normal|Uemura_07-09-2009_195_UV.jpg~UV]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 195
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 3rd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (195 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| cream
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| 藤黄 / 草雌黄 : Touou/Kusashiō
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Gamboge
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| resin / powder (?)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| aluminium oxide
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| Initially, the dyed color was in red orange tone, but changed into yellow. The material is normally used as a paint.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Tow linen

== Description ==
An obsolete term for a coarse inexpensive fabric made from oakum. Oakum is made from loose fibers obtained from untwisting old ropes made of hemp or jute. Tow linen shows numerous knots and defects. It was often treated with fish oils to make the rough fibers lie down. The oil or greased surface becomes dark when wet. Occasionally tow linen was used for artists canvases.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tow cloth; gunnysack (North Carolina)
Category:Materials database
Toyoharu, A Fashionable Picture of Wada's Banquet, from the series Scenes of Japan in Perspective Pictures, 54.1499

A Fashionable Picture of Wada's Banquet (Furyu Wada sakamori no zu), from the series Scenes of Japan in Perspective Pictures (Uki-e Wakoku no keiseki)
浮絵和国景跡（うきゑわこくのけいせき）風流和田酒盛之図
Utagawa Toyoharu (1735–1814)
Edo period 1770s
for more information see:
MFA Online Collections Database
== Summary == 
Analysis point	Image	Method	Results
Pt 1 	 	 	red lead
Pt 2 	 	 	orpiment
Pt 3 	 	 	madder
Pt 4 	 	 	
Pt 5 	 	 	orpiment, flavonoid?
Note: The center of the circle is point of analysis.
Category:Utagawa Toyoharu (歌川豊春) 1735–1814
Category:Flavonoids: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Indigo/Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Red lead: Ukiyo-e colorant
Toyoharu, The Armor-pulling Scene at Wada's Banquet, 11.14704

The Armor-pulling Scene at Wada's Banquet (Wada sakamori kusazuribiki no zu)
和田酒盛草摺引之図
Utagawa Toyoharu (1735–1814)
Edo period
Other impressions: 11.14725
for more information see:
MFA Online Collections Database
== Summary == 
Analysis point	Image	Method	Results
Pt 1 	 	 	orpiment
Pt 2 	 	 	iron oxide red
Pt 3 	 	 	orpiment (FORS to be run)
Pt 4 	 	 	madder
Pt 5 	 	 	(FORS to be run)
Note: The center of the circle is point of analysis.
Category:Utagawa Toyoharu (歌川豊春) 1735–1814
Category:Iron Oxide Red: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant
Toyoharu, The Armor-pulling Scene at Wada's Banquet, 11.14725

The Armor-pulling Scene at Wada's Banquet (Wada sakamori kusazuribiki no zu)
和田酒盛草摺引之図
Utagawa Toyoharu (1735–1814)
Edo period
Other impressions: 11.14704
for more information see:
MFA Online Collections Database
== Summary == 
Analysis point	Image	Method	Results
Pt 1 	 	 	red lead
Pt 2 	 	 	iron oxide red
Pt 3 	 	 	turmeric
Pt 4 	 	 	madder, sappanwood
Pt 5 	 	 	dayflower
Note: The center of the circle is point of analysis.
Category:Utagawa Toyoharu (歌川豊春) 1735–1814
Category:Iron Oxide Red: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Red lead: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Sappanwood: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Dayflower: Ukiyo-e colorant
Toyokuni, Actor Arashi Kitsusaburô I as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, in the Horikawa Scene of the Play Oshun and Denbei, 11.30331

Actor Arashi Kitsusaburô I (Rikan) as the Monkey Trainer (Sarumawashi) Yojirô, in the Horikawa Scene of the Play Oshun and Denbei (Oshun Denbei Horikawa no Dan)
「おしゆん伝兵衛　堀河の団　猿廻し与次郎　嵐橘三郎」
Utagawa Toyokuni I (1769–1825)
Publisher: Yamamotoya Heikichi (Eikyûdô)
Edo period about 1821 (Bunsei 4), 9th month (?)
for more information see:
MFA Online Collections Database
== Summary == 
Analysis point	Image	Method	Results
Pt 1 	 	 	madder
Pt 2 	 	 	safflower
Pt 3 	 	 	turmeric
Pt 4 	 	 	indigo
Pt 5 	 	 	indigo
Pt 6 	 	 	flavonoid, iron oxide yellow
Note: The center of the circle is point of analysis.
Category:Utagawa Toyokuni I (歌川豊国) 1769–1825
Category:Flavonoids: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Indigo: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Iron Oxide Yellow: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant
Toyokuni, Woman Under Maple and Ginkgo Leaves, from the series Comparison of Beauties, 11.13642

Woman Under Maple and Ginkgo Leaves, from the series Comparison of Beauties (Bijin awase)
「美しんあわせ」　紅葉の下に歩く美人
Utagawa Toyokuni I (1769–1825)
Publisher: Kawaguchiya Uhei (Fukusendô)
Edo period 1811 (Bunka 8), 8th month
for more information see:
MFA Online Collections Database
== Summary == 
Analysis point	Image	Method	Results
Pt 1 	 	 	dayflower, safflower
Pt 2 	 	 	dayflower
Pt 3 	 	 	safflower
Pt 4 	 	 	iron oxide red, orpiment -check
Pt 5 	 	 	indigo, orpiment
Pt 6 	 	 	madder
Pt 7 	 	 	orpiment, turmeric
Note: The center of the circle is point of analysis.
Category:Utagawa Toyokuni I (歌川豊国) 1769–1825
Category:Dayflower: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Indigo/Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant
Toyonobu, Rain in the Fifth Month, 11.19048

Rain in the Fifth Month (Samidare)
「五月雨」
Ishikawa Toyonobu (1711–1785)
Publisher: Urokogataya Magobei
Edo period about 1755
for more information see:
MFA Online Collections Database
== Summary == 
Analysis point	Image	Method	Results
Pt 1 	 	 	safflower
Pt 2 	 	 	indigo
Pt 3 	 	 	turmeric
Note: The center of the circle is point of analysis.
Category:Ishikawa Toyonobu (石川豊信) 1711–1785
Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Indigo: Ukiyo-e colorant
Toyonobu, Young Couple Burning Maple Leaves to Heat Sake, 11.19676

Young Couple Burning Maple Leaves to Heat Sake
紅葉を焼いて酒をあたためる若い男女
Ishikawa Toyonobu (1711–1785)
Publisher: Urokogataya Magobei
Edo period about 1750 (Kan'en 3)
for more information see:
MFA Online Collections Database
== Summary == 
Analysis point	Image	Method	Results
Pt 1 	 	 	indigo
Pt 2 	 	 	safflower
Note: The center of the circle is point of analysis.
Category:Ishikawa Toyonobu (石川豊信) 1711–1785
Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant
Category:Indigo: Ukiyo-e colorant
Trachyte

== Description ==
From Wikipedia: Trachyte is an igneous, volcanic rock with an aphanitic to porphyritic texture. The mineral assemblage consists of essential alkali feldspar; relatively minor plagioclase and quartz or a feldspathoid such as nepheline may also be present. (See the QAPF diagram). Biotite, clinopyroxene and olivine are common accessory minerals. Chemically, trachyte contains less SiO2 than rhyolite and more (Na2O plus K2O) than dacite. These chemical differences are consistent with the position of trachyte in the TAS classification, and they account for the feldspar-rich mineralogy of the rock type. Trachytes usually consist mainly of sanidine feldspar. Very often they have minute irregular steam cavities which make the broken surfaces of specimens of these rocks rough and irregular, and from this character they have derived their name. It was first given to certain rocks of this class from Auvergne, and was long used in a much wider sense than that defined above, in fact it included quartz-trachytes (now known as liparites and rhyolites) and oligoclase-trachytes, which are now more properly assigned to andesites. The trachytes are often described as being the volcanic equivalents of the plutonic syenites. Their dominant mineral, sanidine feldspar, very commonly occurs in two generations, i.e. both as large well-shaped porphyritic crystals and in smaller imperfect rods or laths forming a finely crystalline groundmass. With this there is practically always a smaller amount of plagioclase, usually oligoclase; but the potash felspar (sanidine) often contains a considerable proportion of the sodium feldspar (albite), and has rather the characteristics of anorthoclase or cryptoperthite than of pure sanidine. Rhomb porphyry is an example with usually large porphyritic rhomb shaped phenocrysts embedded in a very fine grained matrix.
Category:Materials database
Tracing cloth

== Description ==
A thin, stiff, transparent linen or cotton cloth. Tracing cloth is used by designers, illustrators, and architects for tracing finished ink drawings. It is heavily sized and glazed on one or both sides with starch. In recent years, synthetic films, such as Mylar®, are more commonly used.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tracing linen; architect's linen; pencil cloth; drawing cloth; drafting cloth
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 575
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Tracing paper

== Description ==
Thin, transparent or translucent sheets manufactured for tracing original drawings. Tracing paper was historically made highly processed linen and cotton fibers or chemical wood pulps with added drying oils and/or natural resins. More recently, tracing paper has been made from acetate, polyester or other types of plastic. It is sold in rolls or pads. The smooth paper accepts ink well but also is easily stained from extraneous materials. Tracing papers have also been used as supports and linings. Some tracing papers are sold as vegetable parchment, imitation parchment, and vellum paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Traceolene; transparent paper; papier calque (Fr.); papier à calquer (Fr.); papier à décalquer (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* D.van der Reyden, C.Hofmann, M.Baker "Effects of Aging and Solvent Treatments on Some Properties of Contemporary Tracing Papers" JAIC 32:177-206, 1993. link
* Amy Lubick: Tracing Paper Reference list
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 576
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Transfer lithograph

== Description ==
A lithograph prepared from a drawing made on paper rather than stone. The drawing is placed face down on the lithographic stone and transferred. The lithograph is made in the usual way, although the final image is not reversed from the original drawing. Transfer lithographic methods were popular in the late 19th century, but the technique was described by Senefelder as early as 1819.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
transfer lithography
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "lithography." Accessed 3 Feb. 2005.
* Luis Nadeau, Encyclopedia of Printing, Photographic, and Photomechanical Processes, Atelier, New Brunswick, 1997
* The Bullfinch Guide to Art History, Shearer West (ed.), Bullfinch Press, Boston, 1996
* B. Gascoigne, How to Identify Prints, Thames & Hudson, London, 2004
Category:Materials database
Transfer paper

== Description ==
Any type of paper used to transfer an image to another surface. Examples include decal paper, carbon paper, transfer lithography paper, and transferotype (a special bromide paper with soluble gelatin first made by Kodak in 1888 for transfering photographic emulsions).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Ubertragungspapier (Deut.) ; Transferotype; transferrotype
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Luis Nadeau, Encyclopedia of Printing, Photographic, and Photomechanical Processes, Atelier, New Brunswick, 1997
Category:Materials database
Transfer printing

== Description ==
A printing technique to decorate ceramics with a reusable pattern. First developed in England at the Buttersea Enamel Works (1753-1756), transfer printing uses an etched copperplate. The plate is inked and the pattern transfered to a paper. While the ink is still wet, the pattern is pressed onto the glazed ceramic surface.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
transfer print
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "transfer printing." Accessed 3 Feb. 2005.
* The Bullfinch Guide to Art History, Shearer West (ed.), Bullfinch Press, Boston, 1996
Category:Materials database
Transite

== Description ==
[BNZ Corp.] A registered trademark for a series of fiber cement boards. Transite® is made by pressure molding a mixture of portland cement, water and non-asbestos fibers. The boards are resistant to temperature, water, chemicals and corrosion. They can be machined with minimal powdering or chipping. Older Transite® boards, made before 1980, contained asbestos. The fire resistant boards were used in walls and ceilings and occasionally used as a support for painting (Mayer 1969).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Transite HT; Transite 1000
== Risks ==
Noncombustible.
==Resources and Citations==
* BNZ Materials: Transite HT and Transite 1000 Product information 
 
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Transmitted light

== Description ==
The light that passes through a material. Transmitted light is produced by placing a light source on one side of a material and a detector, such as a camera or human eye, on the opposite side. Visually, the light that passes through the material can be used to detect flaws, fractures, density variations, and color. Transmitted light is measured in terms of transmittance, which is the ratio of the transmitted light to the incident light expressed either as a fraction or as a percentage.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Durchlicht (Deut.); lumière transmise (Fr.); transmittance
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, G113, 1371-1373, Sep-94
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* AMOL reCollections Glossary -http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/htm
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Transparency

== Description ==
A generic term used to describe photographic images viewed by transmitted light. One type of transparency is color film with a positive image produced from a reversal step in the processing. Examples include 35 mm color slides, such as Kodachrome® film, that were commonly used as a stable, high resolution media for photographers from about 1945 to 1995. Slides were considered the publication standard because of their good color fidelity, archival color retention, and sharp image quality.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
color slide film; reversal film; film inversible (Fr.); Kodachrome; Cibachrome; R Print
== Risks ==
* The chemicals for developing Kodachrome® film are toxic and difficult to control.
Category:Materials database
Transparent brown

== Description ==
A transparent, dark brown pigment made by roasting green earth to produce a warmer color. Transparent brown, or burnt green earth, is a permanent pigment that is used primarily for glazing.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Verona brown; Veronese brown; burnt green earth; burnt terre verte; gebrannte grüne Erde (Deut.); terre verte brûlée (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Transparent paper

== Description ==
1) Paper coated with linseed oil and alcohol to increase light transmission. 
2) An alternate name for tracing paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tracing paper
==Resources and Citations==
* Amy Lubick: Tracing Paper Reference list 
* C.Laroque, "Transparent Papers: a Technological Outline and Conservation Review", Reviews in Conservation, 1, 2000, pp. 21-31.
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Transverse

== Description ==
For wood, a transvere cut is perpendicular to the longitudinal grain of the tree. Transverse cuts on a cake would produce a set of parallel, horizontal slices starting from the top to the bottom, where each slice is a full circle. Tree growth rings are seen as a series of embedded circles in transverse cuts.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
crosswise; trasnversal (Esp.); trasversale (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* R. Bruce Hoadley, Identifying Wood, The Taunton Press, Newton, CT, 1990
Category:Materials database
Trass

== Description ==
A light color volcanic ash used in hydraulic cement. Trass is similar to pozzolana, but is found in Germany, France and the Netherlands.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 174
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* George Wheeler paper at www.b72.com/objects/stone/consolidants.html (accessed Aug. 1998)
Category:Materials database
Travertine

== Description ==
A light-colored, porous rock composed primarily of calcite. Travertine is a variety of limestone formed from multilayered calcium carbonate deposits in pools by the slow precipitation of mineral-rich spring water. The "holes" characteristic of travertine were produced by trapped carbon dioxide bubbles during its formation. Plant residues are often layered with the calcite deposits resulting in large elongated, often interconnected rings in the stone. Very porous, spongy travertine is called tufa. Travertine polishes to a matte finish. It is used as an interior and exterior building material. Thick deposit of travertine occur near Tivoli, Italy, and Mammoth Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park. Banded travertine from Mexico is called Mexican onyx marble.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tufa limestone; false marble; Mexican onyx; Egyptian alabaster; frådsten (Dan.); kildekalk (Dan.); Travertin (Deut, Fr.); travertino (Esp., It.); (Ned.); (Pol.); (Port.); (Sven.); travertijn (Ned.)
== Risks ==
No significant hazards. Noncombustible.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Luciana and Tiziano Mannoni, Marble: the history of a culture, Facts on File Publications
* Anne Grimmer, Glossary of Building Stone Terms, A Glossary of Historic Masonry Deterioration Problems and Preservation Treatments, National Park Service, Washington DC, 1984
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 386
* Website: http://www.marble-institute.com
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travertine (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database