nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Ultimate end

An ultimate end is a goal that is not subject to rational examination because there is no logical argument that can be made as to why a person should or should not pursue it. Logic and evidence are used to prove whether an action is a suitable means for attaining a given goal. They cannot prove whether the goal itself is worthwhile, except to the extent that the goal itself helps further another goal. Eventually, though, one reaches an ultimate goal that cannot be questioned.
For example, one person might prioritize pleasure over longevity, and choose to smoke even if it shortens one's life. A person could appeal to his desire for pleasure by saying that smoking has a lot of unpleasant effects. One could not, however, make an argument for why longevity is more important than pleasure if those are ultimate ends. It is simply a matter of preference.
Even if one argues that "it is logical to pursue longevity over pleasure because that would better further survival and reproduction, which natural selection favors," this is not persuasive because one has not explained, and cannot explain, why it is beneficial to do what will be favored by natural selection rather than what will bring the most pleasure. The meaning of life is a matter of opinion and not only is unsolved thus far by philosophers but is unsolvable even in principle because of infinite regression.
The gene is selfish, but the mind that the gene produced is also selfish. Occasionally the two will be in conflict, and one will prevail at the expense of the other. Natural selection could have the upper hand in the long term with regard to determining what behaviors will be encouraged, but the individual mind could be stronger in the short term and choose to act in disregard of what evolution will reward, if it does not care about those rewards.
An ultimate end is a type of "ultimate given".
==See also==
*A priori
*Axiom
Category:Logic
Ultimate ensemble

The ultimate ensemble theory, also known as the mathematical universe hypothesis, and radical platonism, is a philosophical theory proposed by the cosmologist Max Tegmark. It claims that all existence is mathematical existence — that all objects are ultimately mathematical objects. Physics is ultimately mathematics, and our universe is a mathematical object. According to Tegmark, all mathematically possible universes are actual.
left|thumb|Tegmark conceives his theory.
He presents it as a physics "theory of everything" (unification of all the known forces of physics), but really is more a philosophy, since it is so high-level that it is essentially impossible to express in the form of equations. It is a theory which makes no predictions — all possible observations are consistent with it. As such, it is not a scientific theory, but a piece of philosophy.
His theory is very similar to the modal realism of David Lewis — the claim that all logically possible universes are actual, and that the "actual universe" is simply an indexical, a way of saying "our universe" — just as "our house" has no special ontological status, it is only special to us in the sense that it is ours. Although Tegmark speaks of mathematically possible universes, and Lewis of logically possible universes, it seems that that mathematical and logical possibility are the same thing.
==See also==
*Falsifiability
*Grand Unified Theory
*Multiverse
Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet (UV) light, sometimes called black light, is a form of non-visible electromagnetic radiation, with wavelengths just shorter than the violet/blue end of visible light. It occupies wavelengths between around 10 and 400 nanometres, or around 1015–1016 Hertz.
Surprisingly, the human retina is sensitive to ultraviolet; however the lens is opaque to it, which means that individuals who have had their lenses removed (such as for severe cataracts) can see in the ultraviolet.https://petapixel.com/2012/04/17/the-human-eye-can-see-in-ultraviolet-when-the-lens-is-removed/ Claude Monet's later paintings, following lens removal, underwent a radical change, likely the result of his being able to see patterns in flowers, scenery, etc. that are invisible to the rest of us.https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/could-claude-monet-see-like-a-bee
==Classification==
The ultraviolet spectrum is typically divided into four ranges:
* UV-A, from 400 – 315 nanometers. This is the "softest" UV, used by black lights and tanning salons.
* UV-B, from 315 – 280 nm. This is the range that causes sunburns. It's also the range that your skin turns into vitamin D.
* UV-C, from 280 – 200 nm. This range is germicidal, and can be used in disinfection, including the food irradiation of fresh-pressed apple cider.
* Vacuum UV, from 200 - 100 nm. This range is absobed by atmospheric oxygen, and thus is only good at propagating through a vacuum.
* Extreme UV, from about 121 nm down to 10 nm. This is the "hardest" of the ultraviolet frequency ranges. It's scattered in air, and is ionizing radiation. Any radiation of shorter wavelength than 10 nm is considered X-rays, or gamma rays.
==Health==
Ultraviolet is known to cause damage to skin. For prolonged exposure to the sun, some individuals may receive sunburn, or receive damage to the eyes. Despite the hazardous effects — or rather, because of them — it may be used to kill germs in irradiation systems.
Ultraviolet radiation (UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C) causes both skin and eye cancer (melanoma).Sunbeds and UV Radiation (29/07/2009) International Agency for Research on CancerExposure to Artificial UV Radiation and Skin Cancer (2006) International Agency for Research on Cancer Remember that the next time you lie down in a tanning booth.
No, it can’t cure coronavirus.Gorvett, Zaria. Can you kill coronavirus with UV light? BBC. April 24, 2020. Only UV-C is effective for disinfection, and it causes as much skin damage in seconds as sunlight can cause in hours.
==References==
Category:Human carcinogens
Category:Science
Unarius Academy of Science

The Unarius Academy of Science is a New Age religious movement. Its headquarters are conveniently located behind the Salvation Army thrift store in downtown El Cajon, California. It is some wacky cocktail of theosophist ideas, New Age philosophy, ufology, and Star Trek. The one thing that the Academy does not, in fact, teach is science.
==In the beginning==
The movement got its start in 1956, when a man named Ernest L. Norman published a series of books detailing his clairvoyant trips to the planets Venus and Mars. After proclaiming that Chinese people were descendants of the Martians, Norman (1904-71) — aka, "Raphael", "Archangel Raphael" and/or "The Moderator" — and his wife Ruth (1900-93) — aka, "Uriel" or "Archangel Uriel" — began focusing on their budding cult. After Ernest died, Ruth started appearing in videos wearing outfits that even Louis XIV would consider decadent. They also purchased some land in southern California, where they believe that aliens (or "space brothers") will come and invite Earth into some mystical federation and solve all our problems.
==Schism==
According to Wikipedia, Unarius had a schism after Norman's death. There are the hardliners who only accept what he taught in life, and those who accept "revelations" that occurred afterwards. So even tiny cults can have their Catholic vs. Protestant and Sunni vs. Shia divisions.
==Possible meaning of "Unarius"==
The opening credits of their video The Arrival shows that "Unarius" may be an acronym for UNiversal ARticulate Interdimensional Understanding of Science. Whether they came up with that at the beginning of their little group or later on is anybody's guess.
==It could be worse==
Even if the Unarius Academy is a bit out there, they are still better than some alternatives. They don't sue at the drop of a hat, they aren't going to kill themselves to hitch a ride on a comet, they won't clone humans, and they certainly won't have a shoot out with the government. In short, they just add to America's religious diversity; we should all be thankful (to God, the gods, the Dharma, the "space brothers" etc.) for the First Amendment.
==External links==
*Their appearance on a fake news program, c. 2000
*Unarius Academy of Science homepage
*Unarius Wisdom Homepage
*Unarius Community Homepage
*Unarius Info Homepage
*Jello Biafra did a long video interview with the Unarius members in 1992. The video was lost until 2014.
==Notes==
Category:California
Category:Cults
Category:Misnomers
Category:New Age
Uncertainty tactic

The uncertainty tactic is a strategy frequently used by purveyors of all forms of woo. This tactic involves taking a widely-accepted scientific theory — such as evolution, anthropogenic global warming, peak oil, or the dangers of secondhand smoke — and contrasting the consensus view with a number of critics. Then the proposition is made that the truth is "uncertain" to a large degree, and so "both sides" should be taught.
==There are always critics==
It is a sad truth that you can always find someone in a lab coat to disagree with the majority on any given issue. There are serious people who disagree with the consensus view on evolution, global warming, smoking, and so on. But there are actually also serious people who disagree about gravity, a constant speed of light, or continental drift. The crazier the idea, the fewer who believe. But when you throw in inducements like money, fame, or religion …the list of people willing to speak out gets a lot longer.
==The tactic in use==
Expressing doubt — often feigned doubt — classed as aporia in the rhetorical tool-box of the ancient Greeks, and philosophers like Descartes and Hume demonstrated a useful exploitation of uncertainty — such skepticism contributed to the development of scientific methodologies. But while the uncertainty tactic was first notably used in a deliberate PR fashion by Big Tobacco to protest that the "science was still out" on the dangers of smoking during the 1950s and 1960s, the truly magnificent deployment of the scam flowered in the "Teach the Controversy" push against evolution in American public schools by the Discovery Institute. As part of a broader plan, the Discovery Institute dredged up a variety of Christianity-inspired creationists with vaguely scientific underpinnings — and a few surprisingly capable and notable scientists — and carefully set about organizing their insurgency against evolution, intent on replacing it with "intelligent design". 
By launching their own pseudojournals, writing books, and being as vocal as possible about intelligent design, the minions of the Discovery Institute attempted to project an aura of being more numerous than they really were. Petitions and demonstrations, joined in later years with such items as the film Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed (2008), drummed up the notion that there was serious scientific disagreement about evolution… and accordingly that creationism should be taught in public schools as well.
As is usually the case, the antidote was a serious, patient, and continual refutation. Tireless bloggers, columnists, and the good people at the National Center for Science Education have consistently continued to defeat the Discovery Institute's gambit of the uncertainty tactic.
==See also==
*Anti-environmentalism
*Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
*Science was wrong before
*Balance fallacy
*Gödel's incompleteness theorems
==Bibliography==
*Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway. Merchants of Doubt. Bloomsbury Press, 2011. ISBN 1-608-19394-2
==Notes==
Category:Fallacious arguments
Category:Denialism
Category:Informal fallacies
Underground

Underground is a term used to denote a secret or hidden organisation, usually of a subversive nature, although the subversive character is often very point-of-view dependent. The term is obviously derived from the parallel with mining, and undermining of defences, both activities which proceed with minimal disturbance to the surface.
Some famous underground organisations were:
*The Underground Railroad ferried slaves to the nonslave states of the U.S. and Canada before slavery was outlawed.
*Homegrown resistance to occupying armies is often referred to as "the Underground," particularly in reference to the Western European countries in World War II under the Axis, where the undergrounds with the covert support of the Allies initiated sabotage and recovery of Allied war prisoners and shot-down aircrew.
*The Weather Underground was a U.S. domestic terrorist group active in the 1960s and early 70s, who sought to overthrow the U.S. government.
*The London Underground is an underground train system in London, England, although it is seldom not at all affiliated with covert, revolutionary, or otherwise illegal operations.
*The "underground economy": pretty much anything that is not taxed or regulated by the government, whether legal (yard sales and street vendors), of questionable legality (grey market importers, unlicensed contractors, undocumented immigrant labor), or illegal (drugs, prostitution).
The term is not now commonly applied to specific groups, but is more often applied to suspected groups as a scare tactic, as labelling the boogeyman an underground organisation means you don't actually have to present any evidence that they actually exist — in a reversal of logic, absence of evidence is considered evidence of how well organised the underground movement is. That is not to say that underground movements do not exist, just that the term underground is not normally used if they are known about — which stands to reason if you think about it.
Category:Neologisms
Category:History
Category:Culture
Category:Organizations
Understatement

An understatement is a figure of speech that has the effect (and sometimes, the purpose) of making something appear to be less important than it actually is. In rhetoric, understatement used to draw attention to inverse is called litotes (from Greek for "simplicity".In classical terms, it may be called "antenantiosis" or "moderatour". The opposite of understatement is embellishment.
It is a core feature of British humour and comedy.
== What is an understatement? ==
An understatement is a figure of speech; the term 'figure' indicates that its form is more important than its content when it comes to communicating its meaning. Understatement is better interpreted as a holistic entity, which gains its meaning from its structural relations to other linguistic entities. This "holism" manifests itself, primarily, in the way in which the phonological (e.g., tone, amplitude), grammatical, semantical, and pragmatic features are combined. For instance, an understatement may be used in combination with other linguistic entities, to develop irony and sarcasm. For example, in situations where an intense response (either positive or negative) is expected, understatement offers contrast which can reduce the intensity of the situation; downplaying its seriousness and inducing humour.Understatement definition
== Psychology ==
Understatement can be used in the psychological form of deception called "minimisation": involving the combination of denial and rationalisation in circumstances where complete denial would be implausible.
==Examples==
*This guy is in the White House
* 
* 
* 
* 
==See also==
* Euphemism
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Euphemisms
Category:Language
Unheard Netherlands

Unheard Netherlands! (Dutch: Ongehoord Nederland) is a nominally apolitical alt-center broadcaster and political activism group in the Netherlands. It was founded in late 2019, and it had 45k members as of December 2019.ongehoordnederland.nl (archive snapshot.) The organisation's stated aim focuses on giving a voice to the "unheard" but in reality like most platforms of "free speech" is simply a platform for thinly veiled Islamophobia, racism, sexism, and promotion of explicitly alt-right views, and adjacent views including holocaust denial.
The group started an aggressive membership campaign in late 2019 with the aim of campaigning to become an official broadcaster in the Netherlands. However, they almost immediately came under criticism for a membership signup process that allowed people to sign up with fake details and even to make a 1 cent payment instead of the 5 euros membership fee.Jelmer Vissar, December 2, 2019: Membership of Unheard Netherlands costs 1 cent due to website blunder.
The group was not helped by co-founder making public statements that Holocaust denial should be allowed on the platform,Haye van der Heyden stapt uit omroep Ongehoord Nederland na uitspraak over Holocaust, ad.nl, 4 december 2019Haye van der Heyden uit Ongehoord Nederland na Holocaust-uitspraak, parool.nl, 4 december 2019Mede-initiatiefnemer Ongehoord Nederland vertrekt na kritiek op interview, nu.nl, 4 december 2019Haye van der Heyden ligt eruit bij PVV-omroep ON, mediacourant.nl, 4 december 2019 a position which he later refused to back down from. Although refusing to retract his views, he did claim later that his personal views as co-founder did not represent the broadcaster itself.The Post Online; December 02, 2019 : Unheard of the Netherlands founder Haye van der Heyden insists: Holocaust denial must be possible
The broadcasting group is backed by the main Dutch nationalist right-wing populist parties, including the Party for Freedom (PVV) and a retired politician who was a member of the center-right liberal party The group has also been endorsed by far-right Dutch politicians, including the noted Islamophobe Geert Wilders, and who believes that cultural marxism is threatening Dutch society.De Gelderlander; Gudo Tienhooven, November 25, 2019 : Oprichters Ongehoord Nederland: Wij worden eerste Peter R. de Vries-vrije omroepNOS; November 25, 2019 : Thierry Baudet and Geert Wilders support Unheard of the Netherlands
== Premise ==
== References ==
Category:Netherlands
Category:Alt-right
Category:Culture wars
Category:Politics
Category:Broadcasting
United Church of Christ

The United Church of Christ is an extremely liberal American Protestant Christian denomination that emphasizes worldwide faith and communion. While the UCC has a national organizational structure, each individual church is doctrinally independent. The precursors to the UCC were the Congregational Christian Churches and the Evangelical and Reformed Church. The two bodies merged on June 25, 1957 to form the UCC.
United States President Barack Obama was formerly a member of this church, though he no longer identifies with it.
==Positions on political and social issues==
The UCC has a generally liberal stance, and maintains the following positions:
*Homosexuality: Homosexuality (and in some statements, transgenderism) are natural states of humanity and should therefore be treated without any discrimination on the part of the church or individuals. The UCC welcomes gay pastors, and allows same-sex marriages. In 2005 the Synod officially proclaimed that same-sex marriage should be legal.
*Abortion: The UCC has long supported a woman's free right to choose, especially in the first trimester. Like most churches, they place an emphasis on helping the woman, but in the case of the UCC do not push the idea that "help" means counseling a woman against abortion. Alongside the Unitarian Universalist Association, the UCC has developed its own sex education program, OWL (standing for "Our Whole Lives") encouraging parents and schools to be open and upfront about sexuality in order to avoid both the emotional problems of becoming sexually active at too early an age, as well as unplanned pregnancy.Our Whole Lives: Lifespan Unitarian Universalist AssociationOur Whole Lives (OWL) Curriculum UCC Resources Abstinence is only advocated in the context of "a great choice," rather than the only choice. 
*Female ministers: Women have been encouraged to take equal roles in the UCC since its foundation.
*Evolution: The UCC's official position is that God used evolution as part of His plan (i.e. theistic evolution); there is no theological conflict between evolution and Christianity; and evolution should and must be taught in schools as the best explanation for the diversity of life on Earth.NSCE
These positions have earned the UCC the nickname "Unitarians Considering Christ" from some of their more conservative detractors.
==See also==
*Progressive Christianity
*Unitarian Universalism
==External links==
*UCC official website
==References==
Category:Christian denominations
United States Department of Agriculture

The United States Department of Agriculture is the executive branch department that governs all policy on farming, agriculture, and food. It aims to meet the needs of farmers and ranchers, promote agricultural trade and production, work to assure food safety, protect natural resources, foster rural communities, and end hunger, in America and abroad. Ed Schafer was the department's secretary, following his nomination by President Bush on October 31, 2007 and confirmation by the Senate on January 28, 2008.
Like most "regulatory" departments under modern Republican presidents, it wasn't really expected by the administration to do the job it was created by Congress to do.
==Organic program==
The USDA has maintained the United States's National Organic Program, which governs organic certification for the United States, since 2002. Any food product sold in the United States that claims to be organic must have the "USDA ORGANIC" seal on it.
Beware of labels that will try and trick you by putting "organic" on the label and in some way (without being illegal) imply that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has "certified" the product as organic. Only the USDA certifies organic food.
==Relationship to capitalism==
One may argue that the premise of the Department of Agriculture is regulation of the free market, because of its regulation of the organic food industry. This prevents companies from misleading the public like many did in that "lactose...milk" labeling scare, and like many are doing today with the "0g trans fat" label on products made with small amounts of partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, which does contain trans fat. It might be argued that the authority of the USDA should be extended so food companies don't mislead the public in these ways, which may very well help reduce American obesity.
The Department also administers billions of dollars in subsidies for farmers of various crops, which is in many ways the very opposite of the "free market".
==Under the Cheeto==
Donald Trump appointed Sonny Perdue, former Governor of Georgia, as the Secretary of Agriculture in 2017. He then changed the standards to allow school lunches to contain more sugar and refined grains, since American kids apparently weren't fat enough. In a strange Stopped Clock moment, he argued in favor of implementing carbon pricing for farmers believing that it would increase innovation for more carbon-neutral agriculture, breaking rank with the rest of the Trump administration.
Category:United States government
Category:Food