Janet Welch

Janet Welch Mackie MBE (March 2nd, 1894 - November 24th 1959) was an English doctor who worked mainly in East Africa and the USA. Her work, research and published material helped in establishing modern healthcare and nursing practices in the developing world. From 1926 until 1938 she worked as a Medical Missionary with the Church of Scotland, working mostly in Blantyre in modern day Malawi. In 1942 she emigrated to the USA. In 1946 she became an Assistant Professor at the Bowman Gray Medical School in North Carolina and eventually went on to become a Medical Consultant to the US Public Health Service and World Health Organisation.
== Early Life ==
Janet was born in March 1894Nottingham Girls High School. Registers in the village of North Rauceby, close to Sleaford in Lincolnshire, England. She was the second daughter of William and Alice, her older sister, Alice Norwood Welch was born in 1891. William Welch was a farmer, as his father and grandfather had been. Janet’s mother also came from a farming family near Southwell in Nottinghamshire.
Janet attended Sleaford High School until 1908 when her family moved to take over the Hall Farm in Thoroton, Nottinghamshire. Once resident at Thoroton Hall, she transferred to Nottingham Girls High SchoolNottingham Girls High School. Registers and records.. In her final year at the school she was Head Girl. Janet chronicled her final 2 years at school (1913 and early 1914) in a series of ink sketches, noting events both in and out of school.The Diary of Janet Welch. Steven Berryman. Pub. Skybox 2019
First World War
In the summer of 1915, Janet joined a Voluntary Aid Detachment. As a VAD, Janet worked as an assistant to professional nurses, first of all at St Dunstan’s Hostel for Blinded Soldiers and Sailors at Regent’s Park in London and later at the 3rd General London Hospital in WandsworthRed Cross Record Card, Janet Welch. She kept diaries of her time in both hospitals, although only a few fragmentary pages of the diary from Wandsworth have survived. In her diaries, she comments on many of the aspects of life, the people she met and what was going on around her, rather than writing specifically about her work.The Diary of Janet Welch. Steven Berryman. Pub. Skybox 2019 Janet's diaries from both this period and her schooldays and this wartime period were published in full in 2019The Diary of Janet Welch. Steven Berryman. Pub. Skybox 2019
== Medical Career ==
Africa
In October 1919, Janet enrolled at the London School of Medicine for Women. She graduated MB,BS in 1926.University of London Graduates List 1926 The School of Medicine had by then become part of the Royal Free Hospital in London. 
Janet entered the Church of Scotland Missionary Service on September 16th 1926 and by November of that year she was registered as a Medical Practitioner in Nairobi, Kenya in East Africa.Kenya Gazette, December 1, 1926 By 1928 Janet had moved south to Nyasaland (modern day Malawi), where she joined the staff of the Church of Scotland Hospital in Blantyre. 
During her time in Africa, Janet established a strong reputation for herself. She was described by various commentators as enthusiastic, energetic and of having a passion and gift for Welfare work. In particular she worked with local women to educate them in nursing and midwifery practice. In July 1930, she returned to London for post graduate studies at the London School of Tropical Medicine, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine registers and student recordsgraduating with the 2nd highest mark in her class in the spring of 1931 before returning to her post in Blantyre. The student with the joint highest grade in her class was one, Thomas Turlay Mackie.
In the UK New Year Honours for 1936 she was awarded an MBE for ‘services in connection with maternal and child welfare in the Nyasaland Protectorate’1936_New_Year_Honours|London Gazette, January 1, 1936 and during that year she became the President of the Nyasaland Branch of the British Medical Association.British Medical Journal, December 19, 1959
In October 1938, Janet sailed back to England, left the missionary service and embarked on the next stage of her career. In 1939 she was the recipient of a grant from the New York based Carnegie FoundationInventory of the Carnegie Corporation of New York Records, Page 324 to study and report on developments in nursing. There is some evidence that she was already involved with the Foundation earlier than 1939, although just what and how deep the connection was remains to be discovered.
In October 1939 Janet left Liverpool by sea for New York.SS Scythia, Passenger Manifest October 1939
America
Janet worked in New York for several months, living at the address of her future husband Thomas Turlay Mackie on Park Avenue before sailing in June 1940 to Puerto Rico. Her destination in Puerto Rico was the School of Tropical Medicine in San Juan. By that time, Thomas Mackie was Director of the American Foundation for Tropical Medicine with a base at that School.
In 1941 Janet published a booklet, Nursing Education related to the Cultural Background in East and Southeast African Colonies.
Janet returned to England briefly during late 1941, leaving again on February 20th 1942 on board the SS Aircrest in an Atlantic convoySS Aircrest, Passenger Manifest. February 1942. She entered the USA on March 2nd and married Thomas Mackie on March 14th.United States Petition for Naturalization. 1948 Mackie himself had only completed the divorce from his first wife Carolyn Bleecker van Cortlandt in June 1941.Nevada State Journal, July 8, 1941
As the Second World War intensified, Janet’s husband was called into service. He served as a Doctor with the rank of Colonel, in the US Army in South East Asia. Janet in the meantime continued to work in the USA, publishing further booklets, including, Notes on the Techniques of Elementary Public Health Education in 1943 and contributing to publications such as The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene: Adaptation of Public Health Practice to Foreign Cultures in 1944 and the American Journal of Nursing: Nursing in Other American Republics, 1945. She travelled widely in Latin America during that time working for the US Office of the Coordinator for Inter-American Affairs. There is at least one reference to her also working with Walt Disney on the series of public health and safety films that the studio produced during that time.
Reunited following the end of the war Janet and Thomas were offered the opportunity to head up a new department at the Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston Salem, North Carolina. She took up the post of Assistant professor of Preventive Medicine in the spring of 1946Letter from CC Carpenter, Dean of the Bowman Gray School of Medicine. April 15, 1946. Almost from the outset, Thomas Mackie had a somewhat fractious relationship with the school management. By early 1948, Mackie was championing the idea that the school join with him in establishing a School of Tropical Medicine in the Dominican Republic. This proposal actually came to fruition in early 1949 after which point Mackie’s direct involvement with his original position at the school and, seemingly his marriage to Janet became increasingly tenuous. Mackie resigned his post at Bowman Gray in June 1951, divorced from Janet six months laterReno Evening Gazette, December 5, 1951, quickly remarried and moved to Westport, Connecticut.
Janet, became a US citizen in 1948United States Petition for Naturalization. 1948. She remained in her post at Bowman Gray for a while after her husband’s departure, but in 1952, she left the school and became a Medical Consultant to the US Public Health Service. Continuing to live in Winston Salem, Janet worked out of Washington DC, but with her knowledge and history she found herself quite literally working around the world, with developing communities both within and outside the USA. She is recorded as having been a US Public Health Service adviser in Thailand (1954) as well as with native American communities in Southwest USA, Alaska and Hawaii.
By 1953, she was also a consultant to a World Health Organisation Expert committee in Geneva.
Janet retired from the US Public Health Service in 1958, at the age of 64. She continued to work with the W.H.O. however, contributing to several publications and reports. 
She also contributed a major section to the National Academy of Sciences publication ‘Tropical Health’ which was published posthumously in 1962.
Janet Welch died on November 24, 1959New York Times. November 25, 1959British Medical Journal, December 19, 1959. She was waiting to board a train at the Union Station in Washington DC, heading home to Winston-Salem when she suffered a fatal heart attack. She was buried at the Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington DC.
== Personal Life ==
She met her future husband Thomas Mackie at the London School of Medicine in 1930/31 when both were carrying out post graduate studies there. They were divorced in December 1951.
== References ==
Category:1894 births
Category:1959 deaths
Category:American physicians
Category:Scottish Christian missionaries
Category:Medical schools in London
Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire