nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Transaction Network Services

Transaction Network Services (TNS) is a provider of managed data communications and interoperability solutions for businesses, financial institutions, and telecommunications companies. The company offers a range of services including secure financial transaction processing, managed network services, and data connectivity solutions. Since 2021, TNS has been owned by Koch Industries.
== History ==
Transaction Network Services was founded in 1990 as a subsidiary of the privately held company TNS, Inc. The company's initial focus was on providing transaction routing services for automated teller machines (ATMs). As the company grew, it expanded into other areas of financial transaction processing and data communications.
In 1995, TNS was acquired by VeriFone, a leading provider of electronic payment systems. Under VeriFone's ownership, TNS continued to expand its product offerings and client base. In 2005, TNS was spun off as an independent company following VeriFone's acquisition by Hewlett-Packard.
== Products and Services ==
Transaction Network Services offers a wide range of managed data communications and interoperability solutions. Some of the company's key services include:
Secure Financial Transaction Processing: TNS provides secure transaction routing and processing services for banks, credit unions, and other financial institutions. This includes services such as ATM processing, card issuing and acquiring, and payment processing.
Managed Network Services: TNS offers a range of managed network services, including managed WAN, LAN, and Wi-Fi services. These services are designed to provide businesses with secure, reliable, and cost-effective network solutions.
Data Connectivity Solutions: TNS provides a range of data connectivity solutions, including VPNs, MPLS networks, and private lines. These solutions are designed to provide businesses with secure and reliable connectivity to their data and applications.
===Partnerships===
Transaction Network Services has formed partnerships with a range of businesses and organizations. Some of the company's key partners include:
* Payment Networks: TNS has partnerships with a range of payment networks, including Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.
* Financial Institutions: TNS provides services to a range of financial institutions, including banks and credit unions.
* Telecommunications Companies: TNS works with a number of telecommunications companies to provide managed data communications solutions.
== Key People ==
*Mike Keegan, CEO
== References ==
Category:Telecom Companies
Transaction fee

Investors and traders make a transaction - and incur a fee - when they either buy or sell a security or investment product. Transaction fees are usually highest when purchasing, especially from a full-service brokerage, but selling can also incur a small charge.
== Buy Side ==
Transaction fees for buying securities or products are usually called sales loads or commission and are charged by brokers on almost all sales, either separately or combined. Proliferating Internet-based discount brokers have significantly lowered this charge by reducing their operating costs but even some low-cost brokers like Vanguard that offer 'no-load' mutual funds also charge a fee of $20-$75 each for purchasing funds offered by outside providers.
Active traders who rack up more transactions per month than the average buy-and-hold investor are generally discouraged from using brokers that charge separate fees for each transaction as well as upfront loads, backend loads and short-term trading/early redemption fees. Popular discount brokers Scottrade and TD Ameritrade are both rated highly as especially competitive in these areas with separate individual transaction fees of $7-$13 per trade. 
== Sell Side ==
Many traders and investors aren't aware that they incur fees when they sell a security or fund, yet a lot of brokers still charge what is usually called an 'SEC fee', named for the U.S. industry regulator. However, the SEC imposes this small fee, often only a few cents, not on individual investors but on self-regulatory organizations like security exchanges, which pass some of this cost onto brokers. Brokers in turn shift responsibility for paying the fee onto their customers.
== References ==
Category:Trading Terms
Transaction fees

A transaction fee is the charge an intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or a bank, assesses for assisting in the sale or purchase of a security or investment product. 
Transaction fees for buying securities or products are usually called sales loads or commission and are charged by brokers on almost all sales, either separately or combined. 
The SEC imposes a small fee, often only a few cents, not on individual investors but on self-regulatory organizations like security exchanges, which pass some of this cost onto brokers. Brokers in turn shift the fee onto their customers.
== References ==
Category:Trading Terms
Transparency

Transparency in financial markets refers to the amount of on-going market data the marketplaces provide to investors connected to securities' pricing and movements. Complaints of lack of transparency on U.S. capital markets have been leveled at the bond market and in particular at so-called "dark pools" of securities-trading groups.
== Seeing through ==
The basic level of market pre-trade transparency allows investors and traders to track a security's updated bids and offers and latest market price to avoid the large spreads that usually harm investors. Intraday traders take pre-trade transparency a step further, preferring to view electronic order books showing the last five bid and offer prices of securities. Both also require post-trade transparency through full disclosure of transaction fees and other expenses by exchanges and investment intermediaries. 
The Securities and Exchange Commission has addressed these issues in the U.S bond market, noting numerous complaints from investors about unusually large bid-offer spreads, particularly in the municipal bond market, and high transaction fees. In January 2006, then-SEC Chief Economist Chester S. Spatt told the American Finance Association that, despite bond-dealer fears, research showed that increasing market transparency tightens future spreads in bond markets.
== Dark Pools ==
Some traders have complained that the increasingly popular virtual private trading arenas known as dark pools, where large institutional investors can quickly shift large blocks of securities without unduly spooking the market, are starting to cloud market transparency. Researchers claim that up to 10 percent of all NYSE and NASDAQ trades occur in dark pools, where trading is done 'in the dark' and commission-free, removing that much pricing information from the remaining trades performed on exchanges that charge commission.
==Transparency and the Financial Crisis of 2008==
In July 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, in hopes of avoiding a repeat of the 2008 financial crisis. Among the goals of Dodd-Frank is increased transparency of financial markets. Provisions to enhance transparency include regulation of the $400 trillion swaps market, systemic risk oversight, and registration requirements for hedge funds and other private funds. 
In Europe, several regulations address transparency of swaps markets in response to the continent's sovereign debt crisis of 2010-11. In regulations on credit default swaps, OTC derivatives, and short-selling, the European Commission hoped to enhance transparency and allow regulators to monitor developing risks.
== References ==
Transparency Council Funds of Hedge Funds

The Transparency Council Funds of Hedge Funds is an association that has the aim of improving the Swiss fund of hedge funds market and to establish consistent performance and product information standards. It was founded by Peter Meier in 2002. 
To support its efforts, the Transparency Council has been running a comprehensive FoHF database for
four years which can be accessed via the Transparency Council FoHF Database. 
== Investment Firms ==
The Transparency Council Funds of Hedge Funds comprises 12 well-known investment firms:
 
*AIG Private Bank
*BrunnerInvest AG 
*Clariden Leu AG 
*E.I.M. S.A.
*GAM Anlagefonds AG 
*GL Funds AG
*Lombard Odier Darier Hentsch & Cie
*Harcourt Investment Consulting 
*Privatbankiers
*Reichmuth & Co 
*RMF Investment Management
*Union Bancaire Privée 
*3A SA.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
Travelers Group

__NOTOC__
The Travelers Group insurance company has had several incarnations over the past decade since since it was bought by Citibank and merged into its newly-formed Citigroup financial-services giant. It was spun off as a separate insurer four years later, merged again soon afterwards, and has since re-emerged once more as an own-brand property and casualty insurer called the Travelers Companies.
== Brief history ==
The original Travelers Group was formed in 1993 through the merger of insurers the Travelers Corporation and Primerica, and remained a highly-acquisitive insurance group during the 1990s. In 1998 was bought by Citibank in 1998 and merged into newly-formed Citigroup financial-services 'supermarket' but the merger was considered a failure and Travelers was spun off into Travelers Property Casualty in 2002. Travelers again merged, this time with the St. Paul Companies Inc. in 2004, to form St. Paul Travelers and was re-named The Travelers Companies in 2007. 
In 2007 the newly-reformed Travelers recorded total 2007 revenue of $26 billion, including $21.6 billion in net written premiums, and held total assets of $115.2 billion. Travelers is both the second-largest commercial property and casualty insurance writer and second-largest personal homeowner and auto insurance writer through independent agents in the U.S. market and ranks number 93 on the Fortune 500 list of largest U.S. companies.
== Key people ==
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Jay S. Fishman had held both top jobs plus the title of president at the Travelers Insurance Group Inc. while Travelers was still part if Citigroup, where he had also been chief operating officer of finance and risk. Following the Travelers spin-off in 2002 he continued to hold all three jobs, while after the merger with St. Paul Companies in 2004 he was appointed CEO of the new group and added the role of chairman one year later. Fishman began his career with insurer Primerica, later merged with Travelers, in 1989.
== Latest news == 
Travelers will get a second chance to have a key asbestos settlement resolved, this time by the U.S. Supreme Court (USSC), after a federal appeals court had earlier tossed out a settlement agreed on by a lower bankruptcy court. The USSC has decided to reconsider the original $500 million settlement against Travelers, which the insurer agreed to on provision that it face no further asbestos claims relating to the bankruptcy of former client and asbestos manufacturer Johns Manville Corp.
== References ==
Travis Hill

__NOTOC__ 
Travis Hill is the acting chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) board of directors. He took that role on January 20, 2025. He served as vice chairman of the FDIC since January 5, 2023.
He previously worked at the FDIC from 2018 to 2022, as deputy to the chairman for policy and before that as senior advisor to the chairman. In those roles, he oversaw and coordinated regulatory and policy initiatives at the agency and advised the chairman on regulatory and policy matters.
== Background ==
Before joining the FDIC, Hill served as senior counsel at the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs from 2013 to 2018. He participated extensively in the drafting and negotiating of numerous bipartisan bills. 
Before working at the Senate, he was a policy analyst at Regions Financial Corporation from 2011 to 2013.
== Education ==
Hill earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Duke University, where he studied economics and political science, and a Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center.
== References ==	
Category:Regulators
Category:FDIC
Category:Regions Bank
Category:Regions Bank - Former Employees
Category:U.S. Senate - Former Employees
Travis Rodock

__NOTOC__ 
Travis Rodock is a senior market specialist and full service broker at efutures.com. In his market analysis, he combines fundamentals with a combination of breakouts, oscillators, moving averages and Fibonacci levels to forecast price action.
He specializes in futures equity indices (S&P, Dow, and NASDAQ), interest rates, gold and silver, and oil (West Texas and Brent Crude).
== Background ==
Rodock has spent his entire career at efutures.com, having started there as an intern prior to his senior year in college. 
He maintains his Series 3 license, contributes to a weekly customer newsletter, and helps manage the efutures.com twitter feed at @GoEfutures.
== Education ==
He graduated from the University of Wisconsin-Platteville with a B.A. in Business Administration with an emphasis on Finance.
== References ==
Category:efutures.com
Travis Schwab

__NOTOC__ 
Travis Schwab is the CEO of Eventus Systems, Inc. He joined the company in that role in March of 2015.
He was previously managing director at RGM Advisors, LLC, a proprietary trading firm located in Austin, Texas. He assumed that role in July of 2011 after having been CEO of RGM Securities and before that director of clearing operations at RGM Advisors. 
== Background ==
Earlier, Schwab was managing director of global buy side sales at Trading Technologies, a Chicago-based independent software vendor. Additionally, Schwab was vice president of Ebrokerage sales at Calyon Financial, Inc.
He also worked for Nyfix, Inc. as a regional business manager.
== Education ==
Schwab holds a bachelor's degree in Finance from Loyola University of Chicago. He also attended Georgetown University.
== Video ==
Travis Schwab, CEO of Eventus Systems, thinks firms that participated in the mad rush to build out their compliance and surveillance technologies are likely entering a reevaluation phase. That presents an opportunity for Eventus, a three-year-old compliance and surveillance technology firm. 
== References ==	
Category:RGM Advisors
Category:RGM Advisors
Category:Trading Technologies - Former Employees
Category:Calyon
Category:Caylon
Treasury Inflation Protected Securities

Treasury Inflation Protected Securities or TIPS are securities which have a principal that is tied to the Consumer Price Index (CPI). With inflation, the principal increases. With deflation, it decreases. When the security matures, the U.S. Treasury pays the original or adjusted principal, whichever is greater. 
The coupon rate on TIPS is fixed, and TIPS pay interest every six months based on a fixed rate applied to the adjusted principal. Each interest payment is calculated by multiplying the adjusted principal by one-half the interest rate. 
TIPS offerings include 5-year, 10-year and 20-year maturities.Newly issued TIPS can be purchased without any fee in the months that they are auctioned directly from the government through its TreasuryDirect program. They can also be bought through a bank, broker, or dealer.
== Uses/Benefits ==
The TIPS market, which was authorized in 1997, has the following benefits, according to a presentation given by William C. Dudley, the executive vice president of the markets group at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in 2007:
*Greater diversification of the Treasury’s funding sources, which presumably has favorable implications for the Treasury’s funding costs; 
*The potential for TIPS issuance to reduce the variability of the U.S. government’s net financial position; 
*Access to a market-determined measure of inflation expectations that can help inform the conduct of monetary policy and 
*The provision of a virtually risk-free investment that provides value to risk-averse investors. 
Reflections on the Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities Market, William C. Dudley to Forecasters Club on Dec. 13, 2007.
== Resources ==
TreasuryDirect-TIPS: How to Buy
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Treasury bills

Treasury bills (T-bills) are government-issued short-term debt securities with a range of maturities of one year or less, sold at auction at a discount to their face value. U.S. T-bill prices and yields form a benchmark security level for other forms of short-term debt such as commercial paper and the LIBOR interbank rate.
U.S. T-bills are auctioned by the U.S. Treasury on a regular weekly schedule and sold in maturities 4 weeks, 13 weeks, 26 weeks and 52 weeks, while cash-management T-bills are auctioned as needed and generally carry maturities of only a few days. Other Treasury securities like Treasury notes and Treasury bonds sell for face value but carry a coupon, or interest rate.
== Flight to might ==
The interest rate on T-bills in most economies, including America's, is determined by the discount they are sold to their face value at Treasury auctions. As the 2008 credit crisis diverted more global investment capital into the safe haven of U.S. Treasury debt, smaller nations like the Philippines and Croatia have seen the price of their short-term T-bills bid down - and yield consequently bid up - to unacceptable levels, forcing their governments to reject the outcomes.
== Uncle TED ==
The difference between the U.S. T-bill yield and that for the LIBOR interbank overnight lending is called the TED Spread. In mid-October, 2008, the previously rapidly expanding TED Spread narrowed slightly to 422 basis points, after previously hitting 459, on news of another U.S. Treasury rescue plan for banks.
 
== Resources ==
*Current Rates
== References ==
Category:U.S. Government Debt
Category:Interest Rate Instruments
Treasury notes

Treasury notes (T-Notes) are very similar to Treasury bonds except they are medium-term bonds with maturities of two, five and ten years. U.S. T-Notes are considered such safe investments that their price and yield are benchmarks for medium-term interest rates and, more recently, as a measure of the credit crisis.
As with T-Bonds, individual investors can buy T-Notes electronically from TreasuryDirect in increments of $100 while the maximum purchase at a single quarterly non-competitive sale is $5 million. They also carry the same exemptions from state and local income taxes.
== Down is good ==
Demand for T-Notes during the credit crisis has been a key measure of how frozen credit markets, especially those in medium-term corporate bonds and mortgage-backed securities, are faring. Falling T-Note prices indicate that investors may be returning to credit markets seeking other fixed income opportunities, seen in a recent sell-off in early October, 2008 of T-Notes soon after a government bail-out plan was announced. Investors also measure the health of the corporate debt market by tracking the spread between yields and prices of T-Notes and similar-maturity corporate bonds. 
== References ==
Trevor Spanner

__NOTOC__ 
Trevor Spanner is chief information officer at HKEX and will head the new IT and Platform Development Division there. He was previously chief operating officer and group risk officer at HKEX. He was appointed to the CIO position on June 1, 2017. Spanner will no longer serve as COO but will continue to serve as GRO on an interim basis until a successor is appointed. 
All CTOs of the group’s operations in Hong Kong, London and Mainland China report to Spanner and will continue to report to the chief executive of their respective subsidiaries of the group.
== Background ==
Earlier, Spanner was the chief executive of LME Clear, the London Metal Exchange's clearing arm, from 2013 to 2015. LME was acquired by HKEX in 2012. 
He joined the LME as head of post trade services in November 2011. His initial assignment was to review the LME clearing feasibility work and advise on strategy. He then led implementation of LME Clear, which launched in September 2014.
Before joining the LME he worked at EuroCCP, the European clearing house of the DTCC, where he played a leading part in the initial set up and launch of the clearing house, and as COO was responsible for its day-to-day business operation.
== Education ==
Spanner attended the University of Kent and graduated with a BA (Hons). He is also a chartered accountant.
== References ==
Tribune Co.

Chicago-based Tribune Co. (formerly Tribune Group) was once one of the largest media groups in the U.S. but began downsizing just before the company's 2007 sale. Tribune is also selling some Times-Mirror media properties it bought in 2001.
== History ==
Tribune Co. began in 1847 with the publications of its flaghship's foreunner, the Daily Tribune, and following a merger and purchase by media magnate Joseph Medill it became the Chicago Tribune in 1861. Today the company employs about 20,000 people, reported 2006 operating revenues of $5.5 billion and is ranked No. 388 on the Fortune 500 list. 
Tribune Group announced in 2007 that it had been sold to Chicago billionaire Sam Zell for $8.4 billion after first offering itself for sale in 2006. Since then Tribune Co. has put Major League Baseball's Chicago Cubs on the block and sold New York daily newspaper Newsday for a total of $650 million.
== Latest Offer ==
Tribune Co. rejected a recent May 2008 proposal by the publicly operated Illinois Sports Facilities Authority to buy the Cubs' iconic home stadium, Wrigley Field, as a low-ball offer. The company is still seeking buyers for the team, stadium and cable sports channel Comcast SportsNet.
== Main Products ==
=== Newspapers ===
* Chicago Tribune
* Los Angeles Times
* Baltimore Sun
* Orlando Sentinel
=== T.V. Stations ===
* WPIX New York 
* KTLA Los Angeles 
* WGN Chicago 
* KDAF Dallas
=== Magazines ===
* Field & Stream
* Golf Magazine
* Popular Science
* The Sporting News
== Key People ==
CEO and Chairman Sam Zell became a billionaire through investing in and creating real estate investment trusts (REITs) and remains chairman and president of Chicago investment company Equity Group Investments.
== References ==
Category:Companies Based in Chicago
Category:News Companies
Tricia Perl

__NOTOC__ 
Patricia Perl is principal, Investor Education at OCC, the world's largest equity derivatives clearing organization. She joined OCC in 2017 as a marketing and events analyst. She currently is responsible for managing, planning and executing meetings and events, including the annual Options Industry Conference. 
== Background ==
Perl has over 25 years of financial services industry experience, including 15 with the CBOT as an independent contractor and five as compliance manager with SCP Trading Inc. 
Perl is a member of the board of Women in Listed Derivatives, where she serves as Events Chair.
== Education ==
Perl pursued her bachelor's degree in finance at DePaul University.
She is a Certified Meeting Professional (CMP).
== References ==	
Category:Women in Listed Derivatives