nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Othniel Charles Marsh

Othniel Charles Marsh was an American paleontologist and professor of paleontology at . He is most notable for his participation in the with his arch-rival, fellow paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope. It was a tumultuous affair that led to the ruin of both men, but considerably enriched paleontology in the process.
==Bone Wars==
Marsh first met Cope in Berlin in 1861. Marsh already had two university degrees, as compared to Cope's lack of formal educational training past high-school age, but Cope already had 37 papers to his name, unlike Marsh. The two men took a liking to each other, and Marsh led Cope on a tour of the city. The Bone Wars proper began when Marsh pointed out that Cope had placed the head of an Elasmosaurus on the wrong end of the reconstructed skeleton, placing it on the tail and not the neck. Cope was deeply embarrassed by this, and tried to buy up the remaining copies of paper where he had published about the reconstruction, but it was too late: a fellow paleontologist named exposed Cope's attempted coverup at a meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
The two men proceeded to duke it out amongst themselves for the rest of the century. They often dynamited fossil sites in the hopes that their rival wouldn't upstage their hunting grounds, they slandered and attacked each other in print, while their hired crews raced each other to discover new fossils.Othniel C Marsh biography courtesy of the University of California Museum of Paleontology] The two scientists worked hastily to describe any new fossils, often based on scanty materials. They gave different names to the same animal, and they mixed up different skeletons together. Ultimately, they ended up destroying each other's reputations to the point that no other paleontologist wanted anything to do with either of them.
==Paleontology==
The two men proceeded to name and describe over 130 new species of dinosaur, greatly enriching the then scanty corpus of knowledge we had on the magnificent beasts. They discovered treasure troves of new mammals, birds, and non-dinosaur reptiles, and while not the first to explore the American West in search of fossils, they were the most prolific up until that point. Among the many feathers in Marsh's cap was the discovery of the toothed birds Icthyornis and Hesperornis, which showed that birds at one point possessed teeth, thereby enriching our then scant knowledge of bird evolution. Marsh also proposed the theory that birds evolved from dinosaurs, a theory far ahead of his time.
Marsh's seminal work on horse evolution provided a huge boon of evidence for Darwin's theory of evolution. Already new transitional species were being discovered, and Marsh had managed to work out a rough sequence of transitional taxa leading up to, in his view, modern day Equus. Marsh's work on horse evolution actually managed to convince Thomas Henry Huxley that the epicenter of horse evolution was in North America, and not in Europe as he had earlier supposed."The evolution of the horse: History and techniques of study"
==References==
Category:Biologists
Category:Paleontology
Otto Rahn

Otto Rahn was a German Nazi student of folklore and pseudoarchaeologist. His early work involved studies of French sites once inhabited by the heretical Christian sect known as the Cathars, especially the caves and catacombs they used for secrecy. He eventually became convinced of the historicity of the Arthurian legend contained in Wolfram von Eschenbach's 13th century epic Parzival (Percival), leading him to become obsessed with finding the Holy Grail. He wrote a book, Kreuzzug gegen den Gral (Crusade Towards the Grail), detailing his beliefs about the Grail.
In 1933, Heinrich Himmler took interest in Rahn's claims regarding the Grail, and recruited him into the SS. Tensions grew between Himmler and Rahn as Rahn continually came up empty handed. In 1937, he wrote a second book, Lucifer's Court. The publishers slipped some anti-Semitic material into it to promote German nationalism. 
He was always uneasy with Nazi policies, but felt "A man has to eat. What was I supposed to do? Turn Himmler down?". Rahn was openly homosexual, and this is likely the reason he was eventually sentenced to three months of guard duty at Dachau's concentration camp in 1937. Rahn finally attempted to quit the SS in 1938, and was supposedly offered a choice between suicide and execution by his former masters.
He was found dead on a hilltop in Tyrol, Austria, in 1939; the official cause of death given was suicide, though the accuracy of the report is unknown.
Much rumor and pseudohistory surrounds Rahn and his work and some believe he actually survived and was imprisoned at Dachau until the end of the war, though no substantial evidence has been found for this. He is claimed by some to have inspired although this has received no confirmation from the film makers.
==External links==
*Project dedicated to Otto Rahn 
*Crusade Against the Grail at Internet Archive
*Newspaper coverage of a speech by Otto Rahn (SS), (Westfalia Landeszeitung, January 9, 1938)
*Otto Rahn and the Temple of Doom, The Telegraph
*Review by John J. Reilly
Category:Fascists
Category:Antisemites
Category:European history
Category:Holocaust perpetrators
Category:LGBTQ people
Category:Nazis
Category:Racists
Category:Pseudoarchaeology
Category:Pseudohistory promoters
Out-of-place fossils

According to creationists, out-of-place fossils are fossils which are somewhere that they shouldn't be, which disproves either (a) radiometric dating or (b) evolutionary and fossil history. Out-of-place fossils are basically out-of-place artifacts, but for creationism.
Arthur Chadwick, a creationist, sums up the problems with this approach pretty well:Arthur V. Chadwick, "Precambrian Pollen in the Grand Canyon — A Reexamination," Origins, 8:1, 1981
==Examples==
*The Hakatai Shale pollen
*The Roraima pollen paradox
*The Paluxy River tracks
*The - one of the most famous of these supposed "out-of-place" fossils. An atheist who was fed up with the church created this 10 foot stone man to fool the masses and fool them it did.
==Notes==
==References==
Outcome bias

Outcome bias is a cognitive bias which refers to the tendency to judge a decision by its eventual outcome instead of judging it based on the quality of the decision at the time it was made. 
For example, in one scenario, a real estate agent fails to disclose to the customers the high probability of the basement of the house flooding. This risk exists at the time of his decision not to tell his customers, regardless of whether there actually is a flooding later or not.It is also possible that the real estate agent didn't know about the flood risk, rather than intentionally neglecting to inform the customers. Therefore, this decision should be viewed negatively in both cases. However, in reality, the agent will in most cases be viewed much more negatively if the basement is actually flooded. While this is emotionally understandable, purely logically it should not make a difference. This example also portrays how outcome bias is much more likely in case of negative events.Francesca Gino, Don A. Moore, Max H. Bazerman. (2009) No harm, no foul: The outcome bias in ethical judgments. Harvard Business School NOM Working Paper No. 08-080
Outcome bias might be mistaken for hindsight bias. The difference is that hindsight bias describes a situation where the "correct" choice at the time of the decision seems obvious later on (with the benefit of hindsight), while it really was not at the time. 
Hindsight bias is a psychological phenomenon that allows people to convince themselves after an event that they accurately predicted it before it happened. This can lead people to conclude that they can accurately predict other events. 
==Notes==
==References==
Outgroup

In social psychology, the outgroup is a term of art denoting the set of persons not considered to be members of an ingroup.Outgroup APA Dictionary of Psychology The ingroup is any group to which an individual may belong to or identify with.Ingroup APA Dictionary of Psychology
Ingroup and outgroup membership can be context dependent. For example, while watching a sports game, two people could be in each other's outgroups since they support opposing teams, while afterwards, they could be in each other's ingroups due to being colleagues, family members, or friends.
==Biases related to the outgroup==
When feelings of dislike or hatred towards an outgroup are strong, this can influence pragmatic or moral reasoning through cognitive biases. LessWrong-style rationalists often make reference to outgroup biases and trying to avoid them, although a danger of applying this stricture too rigidly is that it can lead to being so open-minded that your brain falls out, and joining a weird cult like NRx after being lured in by plausible-sounding(?) bullshit. Sometimes, the outgroup really does contain bad — or misguided — people, and sometimes people's intuitions are right about this. That said, intuition is rarely necessary, since both religious and political cults tend to be glaringly irrational and/or promulgating doctrines contrary to known facts. So the main thing is, while avoiding outgroup cognitive biases, try not to forget about all the other cognitive biases human wetware is prone to. Basically, if the thought ends with "because he is one of Them, and They are Bad People", question it at the very least.
===Outgroup homogeneity bias===
Outgroup homogeneity bias is the tendency for individuals to see members of their own ingroup as being varied, but members of the outgroup as being "all the same".Outgroup homogeneity bias APA Dictionary of Psychology This is the parent of Jonanism. Outgroup homogeneity bias would manifest as people saying things like all people of a certain race "look the same to me", or making racist generalisations about behaviour from individuals to entire groups. The most comical example is the Indian far-right insult "Chrislamocommie", because as we all know, Christians, Muslims, and communists all 100% agree with each other on every issue.
===Double standards===
One manifestation of ingroup/outgroup bias is that the outgroup is treated differently with respect to moral or ethical decisions. For example, "because the person I am interacting with is a bad person, I will use an argument I know to be not entirely accurate to make him or her look stupid, because this will help me win this Reddit argument".
==See also==
*Other
*Stereotype
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Cognitive biases
Outside resources

This page links to outside information that we tend to think of as useful or important -- web links, blogs, book references, that sort of thing.
*Website links
**Good websites we like.
**Webshites: sites we prefer to mock, sites that are exactly the opposite of useful.
*Reading material
**The RationalWiki Bookshelf: classics of skepticism that everyone should take the time to read.
**Ebooks: Where to find lots of useful free stuff for references and such.
Ovadia Yosef

Ovadia Yosef was an orthodox rabbi and the spiritual leader of Israel's Shas party. He was at one point the most politically powerful rabbi in the country, despite holding a range of extremely bigoted views.http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/869553.stm He was anti-Gentile, Islamophobic, racist, and misogynist.
Yosef believed that non-Jews (or "Goyim" as he calls them) "were born only to serve us. Without that, they have no place in the world – only to serve the People of Israel." Statements such as these have been condemned by many commentators, including the chief of the Anti-Defamation League.http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/adl-slams-shas-spiritual-leader-for-saying-non-jews-were-born-to-serve-jews-1.320235 Yosef held Arabs in particular disdain, and has called for their annihilation.http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1270038.stm
In 2007, Yosef said that Jewish women should "find other jobs and make hamin [a type of stew] but not deal with matters of Torah. A woman's knowledge is only in sewing".http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Rabbi-Ovadia-Women-should-stick-to-cooking-sewing
In 2000, Yosef made the bizarre claim that the victims of the Holocaust "were reincarnations of the souls of sinners, people who transgressed and did all sorts of things that should not be done. They had been reincarnated in order to atone."http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=20000807&id=FuhPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mwgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6565,3811221 After this remark was criticised, Yosef clarified that he considered the victims to be entirely innocent and was merely providing a theological explanation for the atrocity. Following Hurricane Katrina, he argued that the disaster was God's punishment on George W. Bush and local black people who didn't spend enough time studying the Torah.http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3138779,00.html
He was harshly critical of the Israeli justice system on the grounds that their decisions are not based on Jewish religious law.http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/rabbi-ovadia-yosef-bashes-israeli-legal-system-calling-it-court-of-gentiles-1.459202 How tragic.
==References==
Category:Anti-Christian bigots
Category:Islamophobes
Category:Jewish extremism
Category:Jews
Category:Middle-Eastern politicians
Category:Racists
Category:Sexism
Category:Theocracy
Overprecision

Overprecision occurs when an overly specific conclusion is drawn from the evidence.
The argument is fallacious for much the same reasons as an argument from omniscience. Because the arguer does not have the knowledge necessary to justify their argument, it is not valid. (In this case, of course, the arguer does not claim unlimited knowledge — merely knowledge that is outside of what they know.)
The fallacy occurs most often in advertising campaigns, Internet arguments, or viral hoaxes. This works as a successful bullshitting method because it implies that the value cited is precise to the number of significant figures quoted, e.g., 7.5% implies a precision between 7.45% and 7.55% — thus giving the impression that some real science went into the number. The more numbers after the decimal point that there are, the more likely you can assume where they pulled it from. 
The fallacy is an informal fallacy and similar to the argument from omniscience.
==Alternate names==
*Fake/False/Misplaced precision
*Spurious accuracy/rigor
==Examples==
*The trigonometry calculation came out to 5,005.6833 feet, so that's how wide the cloud is up there.http://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Specificity
*The museum guide says the dinosaur skeleton is 90,000,006 years old — because when he was hired six years ago he was told that it was 90 million years old.https://web.archive.org/web/20090628095512/http://rous.redbarn.org/objectivism/writing/DavidKing/GuideToObjectivism/FALLACYS.HTM#228
*The time for the Olympic 30-kilometer relay race, which takes almost an hour and a half to run, is measured to one one-hundredth of a second.
Darrell Huff, in How to Lie With Statistics, relates the following story:http://www.fallacyfiles.org/fakeprec.html
==See also==
*Accuracy and precision
*Argumentum ex culo
*:Conservapedia:Schlafly Statistics
==References==
Category:Imprecision fallacies
Category:Informal fallacies
Ovilus

An Ovilus is a mechanical device that allows the user to communicate with the dead for only $599.00.http://www.ghostshop.com/gear.html It was designed and created by Bill Chappel and distributed through his website digitaldowsing.com. It works by using sensing equipment which measures temperature and electromagnetic fields. These readings are combined and each combination of readings corresponds with a database of words. The Ovilus then "speaks" that word allows the dead spirit to speak the words.
The Ovilus is used by paranormal research groups to test areas for the existence of dead spirits. It was even used "successfully" in two paranormal "reality" television series: Ghost Adventures and Paranormal State.
But wait! There's more! There is also an iOvilus app available for iOS which allows your iPhone to "communicate with the dead." It is likely that this app would be even less useful than the handheld version due to accuracy issues with the iPhone's sensors, which have limited resolution. It is also true that the handheld version is little more than a in an ugly remote control looking thing.
Amazingly, the Ovilus is not the craziest item for sale on its website. Besides different versions of the Ovilus and EMF generators, there are a variety of apps that allow you to "recharge your crystals" (whatever that means) and even talk to the Earth.Digital Dowsing: Gaia Speaks
==See also==
*E-Meter
*Mediums
*Spiritualism
==External links==
*The site that sells them
==References==
category:paranormal
Oxymoron

An oxymoron ("oxim-oron", not "oxy-moron") is a phrase in which the meaning of one part is in diametric opposition to the meaning of another part. The political ideology of modern American conservatism is replete with oxymorons. Oxymorons can be nonsense such as "cold heat", "dry water", "optimistic pessimist", but they are often used in figures of speech including "found missing", "same difference", "terribly good", "genuine fake", "passive aggressive" and so on.
==Usage==
Despite, or perhaps because of the obvious contradictions, oxymorons can be used deliberately in both comedy and politics to elicit a desired response in the audience. George Carlin has indeed popularized some oxymorons for comedic effect such as "military intelligence" and "business ethics".George Carlin's Oxymorons Angelfire.
==See also==
*Christian Science
*Civil war
*Clean coal
*Compassionate conservatism
*Ethical oil
*Tautology
*Virgin birth (unless you happen to be a snail, snake, or a Komodo Dragon, in which case well done for somehow being able to read this)
==References==
Category:Language
Oy vey

Oy vey! is a common expression among Jews in the Yiddish language to express dismay or exasperation. Oy vey in the English language means "oh, woe!" or "woe is me". It has become part of a stereotypical Jewish vocabulary along with the likes of "shalom" and "mazel tov". Even among non-Yiddish speakers and non-Jews, it is a very familiar Jewish saying.
==Alt-right hijacking==
Originally, the word had no racist connotations and was used by both Jews and non-Jews. Recently though the word has been misappropriated and co-opted by the alt-right and by Anti-Semites as a way of mocking Jewish people and even to vandalise Jewish gravestones.Beyond ((( ))): Three More Ways to Troll the Internet’s Nazis, Tablet, June 17, 2016Anti-Semitism Hit 'Near-Historic Levels' In 2018, Report Finds, Amy Russo, Huffington Post, Jan 5, 2019 "Oy vey, it's anuddah shoah!" has become a common way to mock any allegation of antisemitism.Day of the trope: White nationalist memes thrive on Reddit's r/The_Donald, Justin Ward, Southern Poverty Law Center, April 19, 2018 It is often used in conjunction with other anti-Semitic terms such as "the goyim know", "shekels" and "remember the 6 gorillion"". Just like Goy, "oy vey" has become an anti-Semitic term to demonize Jews, in this case for what the alt-right perceives as being part of a conspiracy. However, because of Poe's Law, it can be very difficult to distinguish ironic uses of "oy vey" and unironic uses, so be careful of distinguishing between the two uses.
==See also==
* Alt-right glossary, for more information on the term
==External links==
* Oy gevalt, a very similar term
==References==
Category:Language
Category:Judaism
Category:Antisemitism
Category:Alt-right
PH

pH is a measure for the acidity or basicity of a substance dissolved in water.
==History==
The idea of pH was first introduced by the Danish chemist Søren Peder Lauritz Sørensen at the Carlsberg Laboratory in 1909. It was later revised to the modern concept of pH in 1924 to accommodate definitions and measurements in terms of electrochemical cells.
==How it works==
The scale assigns a number from 0-14.The pH of a solution can be negative or greater than 14. to a water solution, depending on its acidity/basicity. Acidity/basicity is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions. 0 is the most acidic and 14 is the most basic. Pure water is considered neutral, with a pH of 7. Water exposed to air becomes mildly acidic, due to absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. The pH scale is a logarithmic scale.In a pH 1 solution 1 molecule of solute in 101 (ie 1 in 10) have dissociated into a hydrogen ion and anion (carbonate in the CO2 example). In a pH 14 solution 1 in 1014 have dissociated (1 in 100 million million), and in pure water at pH 7 one molecule in 107 have dissociated (1 in 10 million). Therefore, a decrease in pH from 5.0 to 4.0 is equal to a ten-fold increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions (more precisely protons).
==Examples==
0-1 — hydrochloric acid (HCl), battery acid
2-3 — soda, lemon juice, vinegar
4-5 — lysosomes, black coffee
6-7 — milk, saliva, pure water
8-9 — sea water, baking soda
10-11 — ammonia (NH3)
11-13 — bleach (NaOCl)
14 — liquid drain cleaner (NaOH)
==Woo==
pH woo has to do with claiming that changing the pH balance of your body will miraculously and suddenly cause your health to improve. It is totally correct. 
==Works cited==
*Sorensen, S. P. L. (1909). "Über die Messung und die Bedeutung der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration bei enzymatischen Prozessen". Biochem. Zeitschr. 21: 131–304. Two other publications appeared in 1909, one in French, and one in Danish.
*Wikipedia's article on pH
*http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/184ph.html
==Notes==
==References==
Pacific Justice Institute

The Pacific Justice Institute is an American right-wing organisation which claims to be "defending religious freedom, parental rights and other religious liberties". Amongst its claims to fame is its effective job of smearing a transgender teenager, who was later revealed to be on suicide watch.
In October 2013 the organisation sent a complaint to a Colorado high school claiming that the transgender student was "harassing" girls in the bathrooms. The story was picked up by the Christian Broadcasting Network, which stated that "A male student at Florence High School who claims to be a transgender has been harassing girls in the bathroom. When parents complained, school officials said the boy's rights as a transgender trumped their daughters' privacy rights."http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2013/October/No-Recourse-for-Girls-Harassed-by-Transgender-Student/ The Daily Mail subsequently ran an article based entirely around CBN's version of events, which likewise referred to the transgender student as "male" and "the boy".http://genderidentitywatch.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/girls-harassed-in-school-bathroom-by-transgender-student-told-his-rights-trump-their-privacy-_-mail-online.pdf
However, the school's superintendent Rhonda Vendetti later clarified matters: the case is the result of a single parent objecting to a male-to-female transgender student using female restrooms, and no harassment has been reported. The Daily Mail removed the article from its site, but by then the story had reached Fox Nation.http://mediamatters.org/blog/2013/10/15/fox-nation-touts-fake-story-about-transgender-s/196436 A good number of commentators on the Fox article concluded that the transgender girl (referred to as "him/her", a "freak" and "it") deserved to be brutally assaulted.http://www.cristanwilliams.com/b/2013/10/16/fox-news-readers-agree-based-on-lie-trans-kid-should-die/
The website Transadvocate subsequently revealed that the transgender student (whom it refers to as Jane Doe, for reasons of privacy) had been placed on suicide watch, and made a call for letters and e-mails of support to be sent to her.http://www.transadvocate.com/what-happens-when-pji-is-confronted-by-parents.htm 
In November the PJI, in a futile attempt to make itself look sensitive, released a fundraising video in which one of its supporters claims to "feel sorry for this little boy", while concluding that she needs to be taught to "respect others".http://www.transadvocate.com/pji-fundraising-video-targeting-suicidal-trans-kid-goes-viral.htm
==External link==
*PJI website
==References==
Category:Anti-LGBT bigots
Category:Hate groups
Category:Homophobia
Category:Transphobia
Category:Organizations