nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Colorfastness

== Description ==
The resistance of a color to loss of its original hue. Pigments and dyes that are not colorfast may fade, darken, bleed or washout. Colorfastness is typically measured with a fadeometer. See also lightfastness.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Farbstabilität (Deut.); stabilité de la couleur (Fr.); color stability; color fastness; colourfastness (Br.)
Category:Materials database
Colorimeter

== Description ==
An analytical instrument used to measure and specify color. A typical colorimeter has a built-in standard light source, three colored filters and photoelectric cell detectors (Mayer 1969). The color of an unknown is compared to the color of a standard or set of standard reflectance tiles. The results of colorimetric analysis are presented as chromaticity coordinates. Colorimeters have been used to determine fading and yellowing.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Kolorimeter (Deut.); Farbmessgerät (Deut.); colorimètre (Fr.);
== Additional Information ==
* R. Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row, New York, 1969.
Category:Materials database
Colour

== Description ==
Colour is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet…. Colour derives from the spectrum of light (distribution of light intensity versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors. Colour categories and physical specifications of colour are also associated with flowers, objects, materials (pigments, dyes, stones, wood, metals and alloys…), light sources, etc., based on their physical properties such as light absorption, reflection, or emission spectra.
Colours 	Wavelength Intervals (nm)
Infrared 	1000; 700
Red 	700; 630
Orange 	630; 570
Yellow 	570; 550
Green 	550; 500
Blue 	500; 450
Violet 	450; 400
Ultraviolet	400; 100
== Synonyms and related terms ==
color, Farbe (Deut.), color (Esp.), couleur (Fr.), colore (It.), cor, tinta (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color
http://www.colours.phy.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Physics-Handout-v6_after-print.pdf
http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys1230/phys1230_sm10/Lecture_Notes/class15_Colors_AddorSubtractiveColors_ColorVision_posted.pdf
Category:Materials database
Colour Index

== Description ==
A numerical listing of colorants published by the Society of Dyers and Colourists in England. Initially published in 1924, each unique colorant is assigned a name and number according to its composition, chemical class and shade. For example, cobalt yellow is CI Pigment Yellow 40 and CI Number 77357.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
CI; Color Index; index de couleur (Fr.);
Category:Materials database
Columbia University GSAP

= Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation =
The Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation has education objectives which include basic research in the fields of architecture, planning, and preservation, exchange with other disciplines in the University, and the intensity of experimentation that makes the School part of broader international debates. The program in historic preservation was established in 1996 by historian James Marston Fitch. The Center for Preservation Research was established in 1983 as a technical research facility of the Historic Preservation Program. Specializing in advanced studies and postgraduate education, it focuses on fundamental technical and theoretical research on the conservation of the built environment. (extracted from website)
Web Address 	http://www.arch.columbia.edu/
Postal Address 	Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation
400 Avery Hall
1172 Amsterdam Ave.
New York, NY 10027
Phone 	+1 212 854 3518
Fax 	+1 212 864 0410
Contact 	gsaponline@arch.columbia.edu
Information Online	Courses / workshops
Searchable 	No
Categories 	Research / training
Website Languages 	English
Category:Directory
Category:Directory: Research / training
Columbia marble

== Description ==
A hard marble quarried in Tuolumne County, California. Columbia marble ranges in color from a snowy white to a dark blue-gray. All Columbia marbles polish to a high gloss. Varieties of Columbia marbles include: 
* White Columbia: fine-grain, white marble used in statuary 
* Light Columbia: pale gray marble with a few, thin dark veins 
* Light Blue Columbia: a multicolor blue-gray marble with coarse crystal. 
* Dark Columbia: a blue-gray marble, with thin dark veins
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
White Columbia; Light Columbia; Light Blue Columbia; Dark Blue Columbia
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Colusa sandstone

== Description ==
A fine, even-grain, uniform blue-gray sandstone quarried in Colusa County, California that was excavated extensively for multiple stones including limestone, marble and sandstone. Colusa sandstone was obtained from massive in beds east of the lakes extending to both the north and south. Colusa sandstone is a moderately soft graywacke stone with a porous surface that has a tendency to spall with aging. It was used a dimension stone along the California coast and in the Hawaiian islands during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Examples of its use in San Francisco include the Westin St. Francis Hotel, Trinity Episcopal Church, the flatiron Flood Building on Market Street, and the Ferry Building on the Embarcadero with its Beaux Arts façade and 240-foot tower. The stone darkens slightly with weathering.
== Additional Images ==
File:SpreckelsMainImg.jpg|Spreckels Temple of Music, Golden Gate Park
File:Flood-Building.jpg|Flood Building, San Francisco
==Resources and Citations==
* 'Stone Quarries and Beyond' Compiled by Peggy G. Perazzo, at http://quarriesandbeyond.org/states/ca/quarry_photo/ca-colusa_photos.html#john_morton (accessed May 2020)
* Fred Gamble, Contributed information, Sept. 2007
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Coma

== Description ==
One type of optical aberration of a lens with spherical surface. When coma aberration occurs, the image cannot be focused because the light rays no longer meet at the focal plane as a point but rather as the shape of a comet. Coma is caused by various lens zones having different magnifications. A lens systems that is corrected for both spherical aberration and coma for a single object position is called aplanatic.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Koma (Deut.); coma (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* ASTM, Standard Terminology of Microscopy, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, E175, 75-78, May 1982
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
Category:Materials database
Common brass

== Description ==
The most commonly used commercial brass. Formerly called market brass, common brass is a mill standard that contains 65% copper and 35% zinc (Brady 1971). It is ductile and is used for drawing, forming and spinning.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
latão (Port.); high brass; market brass; yellow brass [American Brass]
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Melting Point	930
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 397
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Common carpet beetle

== Description ==
A black beetle, Anthrenus scrophulariae, with white patches and an irregular orange band between its wing covers. The common carpet beetle larvae feed on wool, fur, hair, horn, skins, feathers, and insect specimens. The adult insects are 2.2 to 3.5 mm long and have an adult life span of up to 1 month. The larvae have a dark brown body with setae tufts. They grow in length up to 2.5 to 3.5 mm. The larval period ranges from 60 to 80 days.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Anthrenus scrophulariae
==Resources and Citations==
* MuseumPest.net at Link
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: Dermetstid beetle. Retrieved May 26, 2003.
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, A Guide to Museum Pest Control, FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988
Category:Materials database
Common furniture beetle

== Description ==
A dark brown to black beetle, Anobium punctatum, commonly found in well aged furniture, sculpture and other wooden objects. The adult insects are 3 to 9 mm long and have a life span of 1 year. In some cases, they may live 2 or 3 years. The larvae develop well in conditions with high relative humidity and moderate temperatures. Furniture beetles produce winding and circular tunnels with circular emergence holes. Stegobinone has been identified as the sex pheromone for these wood-feeding anobiids.
== Images ==
File:Furniture.beetle_damage1_forestryimages.org.jpg|thumb|Furniture beetle damage
File:Furniture.beetle_damage2_forestryimages.org.jpg|Furniture beetle damage
File:Furniture.beetle_damage3_forestryimages.org.jpg|Furniture beetle damage
==Resources and Citations==
* MuseumPest.net at Link
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art, ICCROM, Rome, 1991
* Univ. of Florida, Dept. of Entomology at http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/urban/stored/drugstore_beetle.htm - for information on stegobinone.
Category:Materials database
Compact disc

== Description ==
An optical disk used as a storage medium for digital data. Compact discs were originally developed for audio recordings through the combined efforts of Philips Electronics and Sony Corporation. First sold in 1982, a CD can produce up to 74 minutes of high fidelity sound. The compact disc (CD) is composed of a flat, circular, polycarbonate substrate (12 cm diameter, 1.2 mm thick) coated with a reflective aluminum layer and a thin acrylic lacquer. The acrylic coating protects the imprint from abrasion and corrosion. The data layer is pressed into the plastic by a stamper during the injection molding process. This imprinted digital pattern is read by a laser scanning the surface. Later computer readable compact discs were developed for storing data, images and software (up to 680 megabytes). Read only memory CD's (i.e. CD-ROM), are identical in appearance to audio CDs, but they must be read by a computer. In more recent recordable CD's (CD-R), a thin layer of a transparent organic dye covers the reflective metallic layer. The recording laser selectively melts pits in the dye to make it opaque and thus the reading laser will not be reflected back in these regions. These dye impregnated discs may be susceptible to light damage.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
CD (compact disc); CD-ROM (read only memory); CD-R (recordable); CD-RW (read/write); optical disk; compact disk; laser disc; disque compact (Fr.); cédérom (Fr.); Compact-disc (It.); Compact Disc (Deut.); disco compacto (Esp.); kompakt skiva (Sven.); kompaktní disk (Ces.); compactdisk (Dan.); compactdisc (Ned.); p³yta kompaktowa (Pol.)
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "compact disc". Retrieved May 26, 2003.
* Multilingual Glossary for Art Librarians at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/pub/mgl.htm
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006) - Philips and Sony join forces in 1979, first CD sold in late 1982.
Category:Materials database
Compensator

== Description ==
In an optical system, a compensator is an arrangement for measuring the phase difference between two components of elliptically polarized light. This is accomplished by placing an anisotropic substance of known retardation, such as two quartz wedges mounted at right angles to each, in the beam path at a 45 degree angle to the vibration directions of the polarizer and the analyzer. 
See also first-order red, quarter-wave plate, and quartz wedge.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Kompensator (Deut.); compensateur (Fr.);
Category:Materials database
Composite material

== Description ==
A composite material is a combination of two or more solid materials. Each component of the composition retains its own identity, but their combination forms a stronger matrix than either single material. Examples are fiber reinforced plastic, brick, cement, cermets, ceramics. plywood, laminated films, coated fabric, or metal alloys. Composite are often reinforced through the addition of continuous fibers such as fiberglass, carbon fibers, or Kevlar®. The reinforcement typically provides a lighter material with greater tensile strength.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Verbundwerkstoff (Deut.); materiales compuestos (Esp.); matériau composite (Fr.); materiale composito (It.); composiet materiaal (Ned.); materia³ kompozytowy (Pol.); material composto (Port.);
== Resources and Citations ==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material (Accessed Mar. 1, 2006) (for non-English terms)
Category:Materials database
Composite pigment

== Description ==
Any pigment composed of a mixture of two or more distinct materials. An example is lithopone which contains zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, and barium sulfate.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pigmento composito (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Composite white

== Description ==
The name for a white pigment composed of nearly equal proportions of titanium white and zinc white. Composite white has been used since the 1920s as a house paint. The mixture of the two pigments is more durable than either used alone. Brand names used for paints containing composite white include Permalba, Superba white, Permanent white, and Ultra white (Mayer 1969).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bianco composito (It.); Permalba; Superba white; Mixed white; Permanent white; Ultra white
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Composition

== Description ==
A thermoplastic molding material. Composition, or compo, was used for interior ornamental reliefs during the 18th century. It was very popular for the mass production of molded objects until the mid-20th century when it was replaced by plastics. Many recipes exist for composition. Early recipes were similar to papier mâché except the paper was first reduced to a pulp, then one or more binders (animal glue, linseed oil and/or shellac) were added along with a pigment and filler (plaster, clay, alum, flour, chalk, sawdust, tissue paper and/or starch). While warm, the mixture was pressed into molds where it cooled and hardened. Other materials such as eggs, waxes, and driers were also added. Synthetic resins, such as cellulose nitrate, were mixed with sawdust to make inexpensive molded dolls in the early 20th century.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
compo
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Wetherall "The History and Techniques of Composition" in Gilding and Surface Decoration, UKIC Restoration, October 1991. 
* J.Thornton "Compo: The History and Technology of Plastic Compositions" AIC Preprints, Washington DC meeting, 1985.
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Composition board

== Description ==
Any of several types of dense board made from compressed cellulose fibers, wood chips, or minerals. Composition boards may be held together with an adhesive, with the lignin that is naturally present, or with just the physical intermeshing of the fibers or particles. Composition boards made from wood are usually classified by fiber size (largest to smallest): waferboard, strandboard, flakeboard, particle board, and fiberboard. Other types of boards include: Asbestos Air Cell board, Homasote®, gypsum board, Sheetrock, and Sackett board.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chipboard (Br.); chip board; waferboard; strandboard; flakeboard; particleboard; fiberboard.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.583
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Wood." Accessed 29 Apr. 2004.
Category:Materials database
Compound

== Description ==
A homogeneous pure material. Compounds are composed of two or more atoms or ions that are held together by bonds or valence forces. The constituents of the compound are present in definite proportions. A compounds has characteristic properties that are different from those of its constituent elements.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
compounds (pl.); compuesto (Esp.); composé (Fr.); composto (It.); composto (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Compound: Geometric Pattern: Brown: FS0320

{Asian Silk Data
|Classification=Compound
|Design=Geometric Pattern
|Pattern Name=Fret round with Fruits 
|Base Color=Brown
|Structural Weave=Twill
|Pattern Weave=Plain
|Supplementary Pattern=Brocade
|Warp Color=Brown
|Weft Color=Brown
|Warp Material=Silk
|Weft Material=Silk
|Supplementary Weft Material=Gold leaf on papers
|Supplementary Weft Material=
|Warp Thread count/cm=15
|Weft Thread count/cm=15
|Pattern Length repeat (cm)=7.3
|Pattern Width repeat (cm)=6.8
|institution image=
|Notes=一重唐草に宝尽くし文様 （大黒屋金襴、東山裂） 
|Image front=
|Image back=
}}
Category:Fabric- Compound
Category:Base Color- Brown 
Category:Design-Animals/birds
Category:Weave- Twill (S)
Category:Pattern- Brocade
Compound: Plants/Flowers: Blue: FS0142

{Asian Silk Data
|Classification=Compound
|Design=Plants/Flowers
|Pattern Name=Cirsium Japonicum
|Base Color=Blue
|Structural Weave=Twill (S)
|Supplementary Pattern=Brocade
|Warp Material=Silk
|Weft Material=Silk
|Supplementary Weft Material=Silk
|Warp Thread count/cm=42
|Weft Thread count/cm=32
|Pattern Length repeat (cm)=21.4
|Pattern Width repeat (cm)=12.6
|institution image=
|Notes=two-end gauze with discontinued gold weft 
|Image front=Donsu-GR-0093.jpg
|Image back=Donsu-GR-0093-back.jpg
}}
Category:Fabric- Damask
Category:Base Color- Blue 
Category:Design- Plants/Flowers
Category:Weave- Twill (S)
Category:Pattern- Brocade
Category:Material- Silk
Compressed glass

== Description ==
A type of tempered sheet glass made in the 19th century. Compressed glass sheets are formed by pouring then pressing molten glass into cold molds (Bucher 1996). See also tempered glass.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Compressibility

== Description ==
The ability of a material to withstand compression without failing. A material is considered compressible if it can be pressed with a specific load and still return to its original size and shape after the load is removed. Compressibility is important for gaskets, letterpress paper and any other type of material that is required to withstand heavy weights or hard shocks.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
compressibilité (Fr.); Druckfestigkeit (Deut.);
Category:Materials database
Compressive strength

== Description ==
The maximum amount of pressure that a material can withstand before breaking or buckling. The compressive strength is usually measured in pounds per square inch or kilograms per square centimeter. A high compressive strength indicates that a material can support a lot of weight.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Druckfestigkeit (Deut.); force de compression (Fr.); compression; compresiòn (Fr.); Kompression (Deut.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Conch

== Description ==
A spiral shaped shell from a marine snail of the subclass Prosobranchia (class Gastropoda). Conch shells are blown to produce a loud horn sound. The Austrailian trumpet snail produces the largest conch shells, sometimes over 60 cm long.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
conch shell; trumpet shell;
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Conch" [Accessed March 31, 2003].
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Conchiolin

== Description ==
A fibrous protein that acts as a binder in the iridescent mother-of-pearl layer on some marine invertebrate shells (mollusks, abalone, snails, etc.). Conchiolin binds the aragonite (calcium carbonate) to form a rigid structure. It also forms the hard, brown, horny substance on the outer shells, such as the snail shell.
Composition	C32H98N2O11
Category:Materials database