nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association

SIFMA is a 501(c)(6) organization that represents the shared interests of participants in the global financial markets. SIFMA members include international securities firms, U.S.-registered broker-dealers and asset managers.
SIFMA’s mission is to promote policies and practices that work to expand and perfect markets, foster the development of new products and services, and create efficiencies for member firms, while preserving and enhancing the public’s trust and confidence in the markets and the industry. SIFMA is highly involved in Dodd-Frank deliberations via public statements and formal letters sent to the CFTC and the SEC.
SIFMA has offices in New York, Washington D.C., and London, and its associated firm, the Asia Securities Industry and Financial Market Association, is based in Hong Kong.
== History ==
SIFMA was formed on Nov. 1, 2005 when the Securities Industry Association and the Bond Market Association merged. Its earliest predecessor trade group, the Investment Bankers Association of America, was founded to be the voice of the investment banking industry two years after the American Bankers Association rejected a request to start an investment banking section. 
In May 2009, SIFMA announced a merger with the London Investment Banking Association to become a single, independent European organization, the Association for Financial Markets in Europe (AFME). AFME, SIFMA and its Asian affiliate ASIFMA, now comprise the Global Financial Markets Association (GFMA), which represents the common interests of the world’s leading financial and capital market participants, and speaks for the industry on the most important global market issues.
In October 2018, SIFMA agreed to cut costs for its biggest members, large Wall Street banks including Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase and Morgan Stanley. These big banks have long complained about paying the highest tabs among the group’s hundreds of members, according to Bloomberg.
== Key People ==
*Kenneth E. Bentsen, Jr., President & CEO 
*Salvatore Chiarelli, Executive Vice President, Head of Conferences and Events
*Ira Hammerman, Executive Vice President & General Counsel
*David Krasner, Chief Financial & Chief Administrative Officer
*Cheryl Crispen, Executive Vice President, Communications and Marketing
*Randy Snook, Executive Vice President, Business Policies & Practices 
== 2018 Board of Directors ==
*Chair: Chair: James R. Allen, Chairman & CEO, Hilliard Lyons
*Chair-Elect: William C. Caccamise, General Counsel of Global Banking, Global Markets, and International, Bank of America Merrill Lynch
*Treasurer: James Wallin, Senior Vice President, AB
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Securities Investors Association

The Securities Investors Association (SIAS) is the largest organized investor lobby group in Asia, with almost 70,000 retail investors as members. It is a non-profit organization.
 
== History ==
SIAS was founded in June 1999 after 172,000 retail investors were suddenly stranded when the Malaysian government froze their investments on Malaysian stocks. A group of citizens lead by David Gerald helped to free the frozen shares with an initial backing by 49,880 retail investors as association members.
In July of 2012, Singapore Exchange, Ltd. (SGX) and SIAS announced they would sign a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to formalize their commitment over the next three years to bring investing to the community.
== Products and Services ==
SIAS promotes investor education, corporate governance, and transparency in Singapore. The company offers shareholder communication, online, membership, and research services; reports related to oil and gas, basic materials, industrials, consumer goods, consumer services, healthcare, utilities, telecommunications, financials, and technology sectors; and tools, fundamental analysis, and technical analysis.
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
Securities Week

Securities Week was a newsletter published by Standard & Poor's, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies that covered the securities and futures industries from 1973 to December 2005, when it ceased publishing. 
Securities Week reported on securities and futures market structure, operations, new products, regulation, people, as well as investment banking, institutional investors and the retail brokerage business. Its emphasis was on covering the U.S. scene, but Securities Week also followed the activities of U.S. investment firms overseas, the development of foreign financial exchanges that interact with U.S. markets and the entry of foreign banks or securities firms into the U.S. markets. LexisNexis http://w3.nexis.com/sources/scripts/info.pl?8060 
Managing editors have included Michael Ocrant, Rusty Jacobs, Jim Binder and Nancy Mandell. Other Securities Week alumni include Dan Colarusso, Britt Erica Tunick, Jed Horowitz, David Serchuk, and Danielle Duran. MarketsWiki Managing Editor Sarah Rudolph was an associate editor of Securities Week.
==References==
Category:Newsletters
Securities and Exchange Board of India

__NOTOC__ 
The Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has since 1992 regulated that country's financial markets focusing on investor protection in much the same way that the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulates U.S. markets. SEBI also regularly releases closely watched investment data about the Indian financial markets.
On October 1, 2024, SEBI introduced new steps to limit a surge in equity derivatives trading after growing retail participation took the speculative bets to the highest in the world. The measures include limiting weekly options contracts to one per exchange, collecting options premium from traders up front, and raising the minimum contract size to at least 1.5 million rupees, according to a circular published on SEBI’s website. 
== History ==
SEBI was established on Apr. 12, 1992 following passage of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act. The Act aimed "to provide for the establishment of a board to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate, the securities market and for matters connected," according to its preamble. SEBI's nine-member board currently includes high-ranking members of India's Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Corporate Affairs and Reserve Bank.
In early September of 2009, it was announced that SEBI was considering the issue of setting up an exchange for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). 
Also in early September of 2009, SEBI announced it would allow the Madras Stock Exchange (MSE) to let its members trade on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) platform in the equity derivatives segment.
In June of 2019, SEBI began allowing Indian exchanges to launch futures trading in commodity indices, enabling further mutual fund and institutional participation in commodity exchanges. This permission was seen as a step towards commodity market reform in line with the transformation witnessed in the Indian equity market. Exchanges that wish to start commodity indices futures trading are required to submit the past three years' data of the index constructed along with data on monthly volatility, roll-over yield for the month and monthly return.
== Key People ==
* Shri Ajay Tyagi, Chairman
== References ==
Category:Regulators
Category:Securities Regulators
Securities lending

Securities lending is a financial practice where securities are temporarily transferred from one party (the lender) to another (the borrower) in exchange for collateral and a fee. This practice is commonly used to facilitate short selling, enhance market liquidity, and generate additional income for long-term holders of securities.
== History ==
Securities lending has been a part of financial markets since the early days of stock trading. It became more formalized in the 1960s in the City of London and grew significantly as an industry in the 1980s. Over time, it evolved from a back-office operation to a common investment practice for large financial institutions.
== Process ==
In a typical securities lending transaction:
# The lender transfers securities to the borrower.
# The borrower provides collateral, which can be cash, securities, or a letter of credit.
# The borrower pays a fee to the lender for the loan.
# At the end of the loan term, the borrower returns the securities, and the lender returns the collateral.
== Market Participants ==
Key participants in securities lending include:
* Lenders: Typically large institutional investors such as mutual funds, pension plans, and insurance companies.
* Borrowers: Often banks, broker-dealers, and hedge funds.
* Lending agents: Facilitate transactions between lenders and borrowers.
* Custodians: Safekeep assets and may act as lending agents.
== Regulatory Cases and Controversies ==
=== FINRA Fines (2023) ===
In December 2023, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) fined four companies - M1 Finance, Open to the Public Investing, SoFi, and SogoTrade - a total of $2.6 million for inadequate supervision of their securities lending programs. FINRA alleged that these companies failed to properly determine the suitability of the program for specific customers and did not offer appropriate compensation for borrowed securities.
=== 2008 Financial Crisis ===
During the 2008 financial crisis, securities lending came under scrutiny due to excessive risk-taking in cash collateral reinvestment pools associated with securities lending businesses. This led to significant regulatory reforms and increased oversight of securities lending practices.
== Risks ==
Securities lending involves several risks, including:
* Counterparty risk: The risk that the borrower may default on their obligation to return the securities.
* Collateral reinvestment risk: The risk of loss when reinvesting cash collateral.
* Operational risk: Risks associated with the day-to-day management of securities lending programs.
== References ==
Category:Finance
Category:Securities
Category:Securities Financing
Category:Financial Services
Category:Investing
Security

A security is a negotiable financial instrument representing a specific value and usually tradable through a liquid market. The term includes almost all forms of "paper-based" investments, public and private, excluding only commodities like gold (though not gold miners) from its definition.
Under Section 2(a)(1) of the Securities Act of 1933, “unless the context
otherwise requires,” the term “security” includes any note, stock, Treasury stock, security future, bond, debenture, evidence of indebtedness, certificate of interest or participation in any profit-sharing agreement, collateral-trust certificate, preorganization certificate or subscription, transferable share, investment contract, voting-trust certificate, certificate of deposit for a security, fractional undivided interest in oil, gas, or other mineral rights, any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security, certificate of deposit (CD), or group or index of securities (including any interest therein or based on the value thereof), or any put, call,
straddle, option, or privilege entered into on a national securities exchange relating to foreign currency, or, in general, any interest or
instrument commonly known as a “security”, or any certificate of interest or participation in, temporary or interim certificate for,
receipt for, guarantee of, or warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing. 
The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 amended the definition of "security" in the Securities Act of 1933 and the definitions of "security" and "equity security" in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to include a security future. Soon after, the
are amending the definitions of "equity security" in the rules under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act to conform them to the statutory definitions with respect to security futures. 
==Types of Securities==
Securities are most commonly divided into two groups - debt-based and equity-based investments. Debt-based fixed income securities like bonds generally pay the holder a fixed annual return and guarantee their principal but offer little capital appreciation potential. 
By comparison, more risky equities investments such as stocks can increase many more times compared to their face value but can also lose most or all their market value, since they are really company ownership rather than a loan.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Trading Terms
Security Traders Association of Chicago (STAC)

The Security Traders Association of Chicago (STAC) provided the foundation for the New York-based Security Traders Association (STA), an international trade organization which now has more than 5,000 members representing the trading community and institutional investors. 
== History ==
The STA was created in Chicago when the Chicago Bond Traders Club invited security traders across the Midwest to join them at their annual outing in 1934. Within three years, traders from across the nation gathered in Los Angeles for a convention, where a more detailed STA constitution was drafted and approved.
== Products and Services ==
The STAC provides a forum to represent members' interests, and hosts the STA's annual mid-winter meeting. The STAC Fund makes grants for projects primarily involving children and provides scholarships for college students majoring in business and marketing.
The STA forms committees to write special reports on market conditions when it deems necessary.
== Mission Statement ==
The Security Traders Association is committed to promoting the interests of its members throughout the global financial markets, providing representation of these interests in the legislative, regulatory and technological processes, while fostering goodwill and high standards of integrity in accord with the Association’s founding principle, Dictum Meum Pactum – "My word is my bond."
== Leadership ==
*President: Drew D'Amore, KCG
*Vice President: William Russell, Bank of America
*Secretary: John Castro, Cheevers & Co., Inc.
*Treasurer: Paul Rudolph, Citadel
*Financial Secretary: James Bohrer, Thomson Reuters
Board of Directors
*John Alletto, Ariel Investments
*Ted Bilharz, CBOE
*David Creagan, BATS Global Markets
*Angela Figg, Instinet
*Jill Gracia, Oak Ridge Investments, LLC
*Kyle Goad, TradeMONSTER
*Jack O'Donnell, Mixit, Inc.
*Brian Stucka, Flextrade
*Gregg Rzepczynski, Gregg M. Rzepczynski & Associates, Ltd.
*Elizabeth Tolomeo, Academy Securities
STA Liaisons
 	 	
Rory O'Kane, Knight Equity Markets L.P.
Patty Schuler, Boston Options Exchange (BOX)
Advisors 	 	 
*Geoffrey Coleman, E*Trade Securities, LLC
*Timothy Fligg, G1 Execution Services, LLC
*Thomas Gemmell, Options Xpress
*Michael Goetsch, Dow Jones
*Michael Guzy, Wolverine Execution Services
*Brian Kowieski, Stephens
*George Martin, Cheevers & Co., Inc.
*Collin Piercy, Bank of America Merrill Lynch
*Andrew Pollock, Scottrade
*Patrick Read, Dash Financial, LLC
*Kathleen Rowan, Ronin Capital, LLC
*Steven Roy, Citadel Execution Services
*Kevin Skarbek, G1 Execution Services, LLC
*Lindsey Zepponi, NASDAQ OMX
== Conferences ==
STAC held their annual Mid-Winter meeting in Chicago on January 14-16, 2015. The conference took place at the Hilton hotel and featured speakers such as John McPartland from the Chicago Federal Reserve and US Congressman Bill Foster.
== References ==
category:Industry Associations
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Security token

A security token is a digital asset identified as a security under relevant law. The term is also used to describe a device used in denying or providing access to IT or telecommunications systems. 
== Background ==
In the United States, investment contracts and corporate equity are common forms of regulated securities. To the extent that the tokenization of a security is economically trivial, security tokens are regulated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission as securities subject to the same rules as other securities. Security tokens were originally sold by start ups to the public as "initial coin offerings" (ICOs) whereby the funds received from the ICO were meant to fund the further development of the start up's technology and commercial offering. In most cases the tokens were meant to metamorphose into tokens with utility in the ultimate blockchain's operation or into certificates for privileges like access priority or fee discounts once the intended technology is up and running. 
Until about 2018, issuers of such tokens did not register them or otherwise seek to comply with SEC securities and exchange regulations. 
== Controversy ==
On July 17, 2017 the SEC published an investigative report about the failure of the DAO. The report describes the establishment and organization of the DAO and notes, by doing business with U.S. residents, the DAO likely violated the federal securities laws. It found that the DAO tokens would be securities under the Howey test and that they should have been registered and offered pursuant to the Commission's regulations unless they were eligible for exemption. In addition, the Commission indicated that platforms where the DAO tokens were traded probably should have been registered as securities exchanges or other regulated facilities unless there were relevant exemptions available.
== Regulation ==
Once a token is found to be a security as equity or pursuant to the Howey Test, the token is required to comply with all relevant SEC regulations. Whether a token is a security is self-determined by the issuer with the realization that it may be subject to SEC enforcement action if it fails to register 'bona fide' securities with the agency. 
==References==
 
Category:Securities
Category:definitions
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Security token offering

STO is an acronym for "Security Token Offering," a term meant to rebrand ICO or Initial Coin Offering. The concept of a STO was first popularized by Overstock's former CEO, Patrick Byrne.
STOs mimic traditional equity shares and may give investors some rights within the company. They replace traditional shares and involve registering with regulators for the traditional initial public offering process. STOs may even include dividends and governance rights.
Tokens may be backed by equity, limited partnership shares or commodities.
==References==
 
Category:Securities
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Seed SEF LLC

Seed SEF LLC was a Swap Execution Facility registered with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Now dormant, it is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Seed CX LTD., a Delaware corporation. 
Seed SEF said it would operate a trading platform for agricultural derivative contracts with plans to launch its first product, industrial hemp derivatives, in the fall of 2016. Industrial hemp is defined by the U.S. federal government as containing 0.3% THC or less. Beginning in 2004, the U.S. has become the largest global importer of industrial hemp. 
== History ==
The 2014 introduction of a new federal farm bill allowing agriculture departments and universities to cultivate hemp for research in states that allow it created a market opportunity for Seed CX, the parent company.
 
The idea for Seed CX came out of research co-founders Edward Woodford and Brian Liston conducted on hemp markets while studying finance at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 
Seed SEF was registered by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) on August 23, 2016.
After failing to launch any trading, Seed CX, the SEF's parent company, announced that it would trade cryptocurrencies late in 2017. Although Seed CX did offer spot trading in cryptocurrencies starting in 2019, it never was able to trade cryptocurrency swaps and its SEF was declared dormant by the CFTC on September 1, 2019. In June 2020, Seed CX abandoned trading services to focus on developing its cryptocurrency transaction settlements platform, Zero Hash. 
== Key People ==
*Edward Woodford, CEO
*Brian Liston, President
== References ==
Seed capital

Seed capital is money used as the initial investment for a new product or service launch. It enables businesses to launch a new product or service without depending fully on a business loan. Seed capital is typically provided by private investors who are looking for a high return on their investment of at least 30 percent. They are generally looking to invest in an industry with a market of at least $1 billion, and often want one with few competitors. 
Seed capital typically involves significantly less money than venture capital. It often comes from the company's founders' personal assets or from their friends and families. The capital is needed for research and development, to cover initial operating expenses and to attract the attention of venture capitalists. 
 
== References ==
Category:Investments
Category:Capital
Seeking Alpha

Seeking Alpha is a website for actionable stock market opinion and analysis. It focuses on opinion and analysis rather than news and is primarily written by investors, who describe their personal approach to stock picking and portfolio management, rather than by journalists. Its readers include money managers, research analysts, investment bankers and serious individual investors.
In 2011, Seeking Alpha began paying its contributors $10 for every thousand page views. It also instituted a revenue sharing program. Authors are also allowed to advertise on Seeking Alpha for free. 
On February 14, 2014, David Einhorn’s Greenlight Capital hedge fund filed a lawsuit against Seeking Alpha in an attempt to force the website to reveal the identity of an anonymous blogger who allegedly disclosed that Einhorn’s hedge fund was buying shares in a technology company.
== Background ==
Editors of the Web site select articles from market blogs, money managers, financial experts and investment newsletters and publish approximately 200 articles per day.
It claims to be the only free, online source for the quarterly earnings call transcripts of the companies making up the Russell 3000 Index. 
Seeking Alpha was named the Most Informative Website by Kiplinger's Magazine and has received Forbes' Best of the Web Award.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*David Jackson, Founder and chief executive officer
== References ==