nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Polyvinyl formal

== Description ==
A thermoplastic resin made by the condensation of polyvinyl alcohol with formaldehyde. Polyvinyl formal is a colorless, flexible tough solid. It can be molded, extruded, or cast and is resistant to greases, oils, and alkalis. It is used as a structural adhesive for bonding aircraft components.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiP_VINYLFORMAL.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
poly(vinyl formal); polivinilformaldehido (Esp.); Formvar; polyvinyl acetal
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in glacial acetic acid, Cellosolve acetate, chloroform, diacetone alcohol, phenol, pyridine, THF, toluene.
* Resistant to alkalis, greases and oils.
* Density = 1.3 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 848
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Conservation Materials Ltd., Catalog
Category:Materials database
Polyvinylidene chloride fiber

== Description ==
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 80% by weight of vinylidene chloride units (Federal Trade Commission definition). The generic name for PVDC fibers is saran fiber.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
PVDC; polyvinylidene chloride fibre; poly(vinylidene chloride) fiber; saran film; Diurit; Pe Ce 120 [Casella Farbwerke, Germany]
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Saranfiberkj1.jpg~FTIR|saran250m.jpg~SEM|saran1000m.jpg~SEM]]]
== Risks ==
Combustible but self-extinguishing. May release acids when heated.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Burns with green flame producing pungent odor and evolving HCl. 
* Turns yellow or brown when exposed to alkalis.
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* F. Kidd, Brushmaking Materials, British Brush Manufacturers, London, 1957
Category:Materials database
Polyvinylidene dinitrile fiber

== Description ==
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of vinylidene dinitrile units (Federal Trade Commission definition). The generic name for these fibers is nytril.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
poly(vinylidene dinitrile) fiber; polyvinylidene dinitrile fibre; nytril
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:II Man-made Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England
Category:Materials database
Polyvinylidene fluoride

== Description ==
A thermoplastic fluorocarbon polymer made from vinylidene fluoride. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was invented and patented by the DuPont Corporation in 1948. Developed as a coating, its first widespread commercial use was as a pigmented liquid coating called Kynar 500®. It is often made into a copolymer with other fluorinated monomers in order to improve or modify its properties. PVDF can be molded, extruded, or cast. It is used for protective coatings and linings (often for metals) because of its excellent chemical resistance. PVDF is also resistant to weathering and UV light. It is bio-compatible therefore it is used in medical devices that are inserted into the body.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiKYNAR.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
PVDF; Polyvinylidene difluoride; poly(vinylene fluoride); poli(fluoruro de vinilideno) (Esp.); fluorure de polyvinylidène (Fr.); polivinilidene fluoruro (It.); fluoreto de polivinilideno (Port.) 
Examples: Kynar [Pennwalt Corp.]; Kynar 500 (Arkema); Hylar 5000 (Solvay Solexis) ; Solef (Solvay); Sygef; poly(1,1-difluoroethane)
== Applications ==
* Coatings and linings in outdoor, high temperature or acidic environments
* Medical devices, since it is biocompatible
== Personal Risks ==
At room temperature and during normal use, this material is considered to be safe for handling.
Fluoropolymers will degrade upon prolonged heating or in a fire, liberating Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) and Carbonyl Fluoride (COF2). HF is toxic to skin and can damage bones if allowed to seep into the skin. COF2 is toxic if inhaled or it comes into contact with moist skin.
== Collection Risks ==
Unclear how this material would be introduced into a collection unless an artist had used industrial materials to make an object. This is an unusual polymer, ie, very specialized and hence very expensive.
== Environmental Risks ==
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Fire resistant, extremely stable to heat 
* Slightly soluble in n-butylamine, dimethylacetamide, alkalis, esters, ketones. 
* Resistant to acids, aliphatic and aromatic solvents, alcohols, oxidizers, halogens. 
* Composition = [-HC2=CF2-]n
* Melting Point = 171 C
* Density = 1.7-1.8 g/ml
* Refractive Index = 1.42
* Elongation = 300%
* Moisture regain = 0.4%.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Contributions: Catherine Stephens, AIC Plastics Panel, 2020
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
Category:Materials database
Polyviol

== Description ==
[Wacker] Trademark name for a series of polyvinyl alcohol polymers. Polyviol resins produce strong films are resistant to grease and oils. They are used for paper coatings, textile sizes, printing inks, cosmetics, eye drops, and water soluble packages.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
poliviol (Esp.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Wacker: Polymers
Category:Materials database
Polywax

== Description ==
[Nucera (formerly Baker Petrolite)] A registered trademark for a seires of synthetic polyethylene waxes. Polywax® products range from an average molecular weight of 450 to 3000 with corresponding melting points of 80C to 129C.
Product 	Melting Point (°C)	Viscosity @ 149°C/*99°C (cP)	Penetration @25°C (dmm)	Heat of Fusion (ΔH) (Jg)
POLYWAX™ 400 polyethylene 	81 	7 	10 	205
POLYWAX™ 500 polyethylene 	88 	8.5 	5.5 	220
POLYWAX™ 600 polyethylene 	94 	10 	3 	225
POLYWAX™ 655 polyethylene 	99 	7 	2 	225
POLYWAX™ 725 polyethylene 	104 	10 	1.5 	235
POLYWAX™ 1000 polyethylene	113 	15 	1 	235
POLYWAX™ 2000 polyethylene	126 	55 	0.5 	255
POLYWAX™ 3000 polyethylene	129 	130 	0.5 	260
==Resources and Citations==
NuCera Solutions: Polyethylene Waxes
Category:Materials database
Pomegranate

== Description ==
A fruit and shrub (Punica granatum) native to southwestern Asia but now cultivated worldwide. Pomegranate rind, a natural yellow dye, is extracted from the skin of the unripe fruits. It has been used as a tannin and colorant for leather. Wool dyed with pomegranate extract is usually brown or black.
* See also [Uemera Dye Archive (Zakuro)] 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Punica granatum; pomegranate rind; pomegranate peel; dalim; Natural Yellow 7; Granatapfel (Deut.); Grenadine (Deut.); granada (Esp.); grenade (Fr.); granaatappel (Ned.); granatowiec właściwy (Pol.); romã (Port.); granatäpple (Sven.); zakuro (Jap.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Rounded shrub growing to 6 m. 
* Bark=smooth aging to irregular ridges and furrows. 
* Leaves, often evergreen, simple, leathery, ovate (1-3 inches long) 
* Fruit=Round (to 4 inches), leathery red rind containing sacks of sweet red pulp surrounding seeds.
== Additional Images ==
File:04 pomegranite.husk.ext.grp.jpg|Zakuro husk
File:04 pomegranite.husk.int.det.jpg|Zakuro husk
File:04 pomegranite.husk.int.grp.jpg|Zakuro husk
==Resources and Citations==
* C.Ben Nasr, M.Metche, "A Study of the Association of the Tannins in Pomegranate Peel with Wool Proteins: Effect on Colour" Dyes in History and Archaeology, No.15, Paper presented in Manchester England, Nov. 1996.
* Colour Index International online at www.colour-index.org
* Helmut Schweppe, Schweppe color collection index and information book
* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate (Accessed Dec. 9, 2005)
* Virginia Tech Dendrology website at www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm (Accessed Dec. 9, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Pompeian blue

== Description ==
A modern blue pigment that is chemically similar to Egyptian blue. Pompeian blue tends to be purer and finer than the ancient pigment. The name Pompeian blue has also been used on commercial products that contain a dye of the same hue.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Pompeian Blue.PNG~FTIR (MFA)|Pompeian Blue, dry pigment (Forbes MFA 467), 532 nm.TIF~Raman (MFA)|f466sem.jpg~SEM|f466edsbw.jpg~EDS]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
azul de Pompeia (Port.); Pompeiian blue
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Monona Rossol, The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide, Allworth Press, New York, 1994
Category:Materials database
Pompeian red

== Description ==
An unstandardized name used for Pozzuoli red, Tuscan red, and dragon's blood.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pompeiian red; vermelho de Pompeia (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Ponceau

== Description ==
A scarlet red synthetic dye first made in 1878 by a secret process developed by Brooke, Simpson, and Spiller. Ponceau colorants were used to dye wool and silk without a mordant. These azo dyes were formerly used for coloring maraschino cherries prior to being removed from the FDA approved list for food in 1976.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ponceaux; Ponceau 2R; Ponceau SX
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water. Slightly soluble in alcohols. Insoluble in oils.
Category:Materials database
Ponceau S

== Description ==
A cherry red biological stain. Ponceau S is a diazo type dyes composed of the tetra sodium salt of 2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid. It forms a weakly acidic solution in water that can stain proteins. It has also been used as a silk and wool dye and as a former food colorant for maraschino cherries.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|ponceau S.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
CI 27195
==Risks==
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water. Maximum absorption wavelength = 520 nm.
Composition 	C22H16N4O13S4.4Na
CAS 	6226-79-5
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 764.62
==Resources and Citations===
* R.Wolbers, G.Landry, "The Use of Direct Reactive Fluorescent Dyes for the Characterization of Binding Media in Cross Sectional Examinations" in Preprints of the AIC Meeting in Vancouver, 1987. 
* M.Johnson, E.Packard, "Methods Used for Identification of Binding Media in Italian paintings of the 15th and 16th Centuries" Studies in Conservation, 16:145-164, 1971.
* The Merck Index, Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: entry 7750
* Aldrich Chemical Catalog
Category:Materials database
Ponderosa pine

== Description ==
A large pine tree, Pinus ponderosa, native to the western U.S. and Canada. Ponderosa pine produces a white, fine-grain, soft wood that is used for the construction of furniture, millwork, flooring, houses, and ships. Native Americans used its long needles (up to 10') to weave baskets and jewelry.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pinus ponderosa; western yellow pine; bull pine; silver pine; yellow pine; heavy wooded pine; pin de Ponderosa (Fr.); pinho-de-Ponderosa (Port.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Height: Large tree with heights to 72 m and circumference to 820 cm.
* Bark: Browish-black on young trees changing to broad orange-red plates on mature trees.
* Leaves: Long needles (11 to 20 cm) in fassicles of two or three
* Density = 25-28 pcf
Paper fiber type: softwood, hard pine. Using transmitted light microscopy, fibers are identified the presence of pinoid pits in irregular groups. Pits may coalesce into one larger pit. Early wood and late wood fibers are distinct. Dentate ray tracheids are present. Appearance with Graff "C" stain: varies with pulping and bleaching. Average dimensions of fibers: length 3.6mm, width 35-45μm. Common pulping method: kraft and sulfite. Can be difficult to distinguish from other hard pines.
== Working Properties ==
Ponderosa pines produce a lightweight, hard, fine grained. strong wood. It has a reputation for being easy to work and was often chosen by carvers. The pine was also used for cabinets, furniture and toys.
== Resources and Citations ==
* The Wood Database: Ponderosa Pine accessed Sept 2022
* Wood Magazine: https://www.woodmagazine.com/materials-guide/lumber/wood-species-3/ponderosa-pine (accessed April 2020)
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_ponderosa (accessed October 2020).
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 614
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Western Pine Association, Portland, Oregon: air-dry weight = 28 pcf
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "pine." Accessed: 27 Oct. 2004 .
* Marja-Sisko Ilvessalo-Pfäffli. Fiber Atlas: Identification of Papermaking Fibers (Springer Series in Wood Science). Springer, 1995. 
* Walter Rantanen. "Fiber ID Course." Integrated Paper Services. June 2013. Lecture.
Category:Materials database
Pongee

== Description ==
A fabric made from wild silk with a nubby, irregular weave. Pongee originated in China. It is a soft, thin, durable fabric that has poor washfastness when dyed. Pongee is used for garments, curtains, linings, and decoration. Overtime, the term 'pongee' has become used for any fabric with an irregular filling and a fine regular warp, regardless of the type of fiber, but most often found with cotton.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tussah; pongis (Esp.)
== Risks ==
Ironing when wet will make pongee stiff.
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Website: www.fabrics.net
Category:Materials database
Pontianak copal

== Description ==
A natural copal resin obtained from the Agathis trees in Borneo. The hard, smelly resin is used in varnishes and adhesives.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
copal Pontiac (Esp.); old bold Pontianak
== Risks ==
Combustible, burning with a bright flame, dense smoke, and strong smell.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in oils and hydrocarbons. 
* Most copals fluoresce white in short-wave UV light.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 629
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Pontianak gum

== Description ==
An elastic exudation that comes from the Dyera costulata and Dyera laxifolia trees that are native to Borneo and Malaysia. Pontianak gum is a rubber-like material that is similar to balata, chicle and gutta-percha. It is used to make high friction coatings and insulation.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Dyera costulata; Dyera laxifolia; goma Pontiac (Esp.); jelutong
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 629
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Pony hair

== Description ==
The hair from the body of a horse (family Equidae). Pony hair can be white, black, gray or brown in color. It is soft and often used as a filler in inexpensive brushed.
==Resources and Citations==
* Zora Sweet Pinney, 'A Handle on the Terms used for Artists' Brushes', unpublished glossary, 1999
Category:Materials database
Poplar - left (354 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_10-08-2009_354.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 354
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 5th shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (354 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| gray
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ポプラ : Poplar
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| poplar tree
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Populus nigra L. var italica (Duroi) Koehne
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| bark of small branches / dried (?)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| -
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Poplar - right (354 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_10-08-2009_354.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 354
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 5th shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (354 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| pale beige
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ポプラ : Poplar
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| poplar tree
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Populus nigra L. var italica (Duroi) Koehne
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| bark of small branches / dried (?)
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| lime
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| -
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Porcelain

== Description ==
A white, thin, translucent, ceramic fired at temperatures above 1260 C. Porcelain was first made in China as early as the T'ang dynasty (618-907 CE). It was eventually made in Europe in 1707 by Johann Bottger in Meissen, Germany. Porcelain is made from a fine-grain mixture of kaolin clay, quartz, and feldspar. At the high temperature, feldspar vitrifies to form the hard, dense, ceramic.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Porzellan (Deut.); porcelana (Esp.); porcelaine (Fr.); porselein(Ned.); porcelana (Port.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Composition 	4K2O - Al2O3 - 3SiO2
Mohs Hardness	6 - 7
Density 	2.41
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 428
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=2.3-2.5
Category:Materials database
Porcupine

== Description ==
Any of several small, quill-bearing rodents found throughout the world. Porcupines may be brown, gray, or occasionally white. Their quills have been used for basketry and other small objects.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
porcupine quill; Stachelschweine (Deut.); puerco espín (Esp.); porc-épic (Fr.); stekelvarkens (Ned.); porco espinho (Port.);
== Additional Images ==
File:SC93882.jpg|thumb|Slippers with white quillsMFA# 51.2348
File:51.2348a_EMPQ_det1.jpg|Slippers detailMFA# 51.2348
File:63.289_EMaPQBB_overall.jpg|Cigar case overallMFA# 63.289
File:63.289_MPQ.jpg|Cigar case detailMFA# 63.289
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "porcupine." Accessed 2 Jan. 2005 .
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine (Accessed Jan. 25, 2006)
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Poromeric imitation leather

== Description ==
A microporous, polymeric fabric made as a leather substitute. Poromerics are typically made with a polyester fabric coated with polyurethane. The first porometric fabric, Corfam, was invented by Lee Hollowell and introduced by DuPont at the 1963 Chicago Shoe Show. It's production was discontinued in 1971. More recently new poromerics, such as Clarino, are being made. The durable, high gloss material is used for shoes and outerwear.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
polyurethane synthetic leather; Corfam [DuPont]; Clarino [Kuraray Co.]
==Resources and Citations==
* PU Synthetic Leather [Gofar] at http://www.gofar.co.kr/eng/info/info_12_2.php (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poromeric_imitation_leather (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Porosity

== Description ==
The volume of open space, or interstices, within a solid material. Porosity is expressed as a percentage of the total void volume ratioed to the total volume of a material. A rough test for the porosity of a small stone or ceramic piece is to dry the object, weight it, then soak it in water for 12 hours and re-weigh. The weight difference corresponds to the amount of absorbed water. The porosity of paper is generally measured with commercial testing equipment, such as the Gurley Densometer or the Sheffield porosimeter.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Porigkeit (Deut.); Porosität (Deut.); porosité (Fr.); porosidade (Port.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
% porosity = (Vv x 100)/ Vt where Vv = volume of voids and Vt=vtotal volume
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology of Microscopy, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, E175, 75-78, May 1982
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, Submitted information, 2009.
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
Category:Materials database