nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Polyethylene foam

== Description ==
A durable, chemically stable, closed-cell foam. Polyethylene (PE) foams provide a wide variety of shock-absorption, vibration-dampening, and insulation properties. The foams cut, carve and bond easily, with only the heaviest densities requiring power saws to cut. They will not off-gas, and are widely considered viable interior materials for long-term storage containers. PE foams are recyclable.
Crosslinked PE foam a high-density polyethylene with cross-linked bonds in the polymer structure, changing the thermoplastic into an elastomer. They share the qualities listed above, but have ultra-fine cells for soft, skin-like surfaces suitable for direct contact with most stable object surfaces. Unlike non-crosslinked PE foams, they are not recyclable. Thinner products like Volara are crosslinked by irradiation while thicker products like Plastazote and Minicel are chemically crosslinked.
See Polyethylene and Foams.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Ethafoam; Volara; Polyplank; Micro-foam; Plastazote; Minicel; Sentinel; CellAire; cross-poly foam
==Applications==
* Packaging, storage
* Sports equipment, flotation devices
* Sound insulation
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Unaffected by water
* High durability
* Density = 5 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Foam How: Quick Reference Guide
* PACCIN: Polyethylene Foams
* The Rubber Company: Polyethylene Foam Sheeting Data Sheet
* FoamOrder: Polyethylene Foams
Category:Materials database
Polyethylene glycol

== Description ==
A water-soluble polymer available in a range of viscosities from a honey-like solution to a hard wax-like block. Polyethylene glycols are used commercially as solvents for dyes, natural resins, and proteins. They are also used as plasticizers for casein, gelatin, glue, zein, cork, and inks. Carbowax® formulations have also been used to slowly replaced water in water-logged wood providing structural support while decreasing wetness. They, however, remain somewhat tacky and can retain dirt that darkens and discolors the artifact.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
PEG; poly(oxyethylene); polyglycol; polyether glycol; Carbowax® [Union Carbide]; PEG [Shell Chemical]; Polyethylenglykol (Deut.); macrogol (Fr.); polyetylenglykol (Sven.); polietilenglicol (Esp.)
== Risks ==
* Combustible. 
* Non-toxic (used in many foods).
* Cisco Chem: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Average molecular weights range from 200-6000
* Soluble or miscible with water and most organic solvents. 
* Heat stable, inert, low vapor pressure.
Composition	HOCH2(CH2OCH2)nCH2OH
CAS 	25322-68-3
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Wikipedia: dyeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006)
* Gordon Hanlon, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Polyethylene oxide

== Description ==
Used as thickening agent.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiP_ETHYLOX.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Polyox WSRN 750 [Union Carbide]; óxido de polietileno (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Jane Down, Adhesive projects at the Canadian Conservation Institute, Preprints of the SSCR's 2nd Resins Conference, Sept. 1995, Scottish Society for Conservation & Restoration, Edinburgh
Category:Materials database
Polyethylene terephthalate

== Description ==
A type of polyester made by condensing ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. In 1941, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was patented in England. In 1951, the trademark Mylar® became the first commercially marketed polyester film. Polyester fabric was sold as Dacron® in the U.S. and as Terylene in Great Britain. PET is a semicrystalline, thermoplastic polymer that is extremely durable and dimensionally stable. It is resistant to abrasion and chemicals. PET is used to make strong moisture-resistant films used in packaging, photographs, x-rays and audio/visual tapes. Since 1977, PET has been widely used in food containers, especially for carbonated beverages. Recycled PET is used as fiberfill and in cast resins, such as boat hulls and shower units.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiPET.jpg~FTIR]]]
PET; PETE; polyester; tereftalato de polietilenglicol (Esp.); poli (tereftalato de etieno) (Esp.); polyéthylène terephthalate (Fr.); polietilene tereftalato (It.); tereftalato de polietileno (Port.); polyethylene glycol terephthalate 
Examples: Dacron® [DuPont]; Fortrel®; Mylar® [DuPont]; Melinex® [DuPont]; Terylene [ICI]; Ertalyte® [Quadrant]; Eastar® {Eastman]; Impet® [Ticona]; Terphane® [Terphane]; Crimplene; Diolen; Grilene; Tergal [Tergal Industries];Terital; Tetoron; Trevira® [Trevira ex Höchst]
==Applications==
* Textiles (polyester)
* Rigid packaging (bottles, recyclable type 1)
* Films (Mylar) 
* Waterproofing barriers
== Risks ==
* Difficult to ignite; self-extinguishing 
* Burns with a shiny, yellow-orange, sooty flame. 
* Low impact strength.
* Easily degrades in UV light.
* AM Polymer: [http://ampolymer.com/SDS/PolyethyleneTerephthalateSDS.html SDS}
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Colorless, semi-crystalline resin
* Strong and impact-resistant
* Resistant to cold acids, weak alkalis, bleach and most organic solvents. 
* Degrades in strong alkalis, strong hot acids, cresol. 
* Permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide
* Melting Point = 250-260 
* Density = 1.36-1.41 g/ml
* Refractive Index = 1.54, 1.72
* Tenacity = 2.8-5.2
* Elongation = 19-30%
* Moisture regain = 0.4%
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Omnexus: Guide on PET
* Wikipedia: Polyethylene terephthalate
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Marjory L. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Fort Worth, TX, 1986
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Identification of Textile Materials, The Textile Institute, Manchester, England, 1985
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Polyfilla

== Description ==
1) [Polycell Products of ICI, England] A registered trademark for several types of white paste fill materials. Fine Surface Polyfilla® contains calcium carbonate in a styrene-acrylate based polymer. The fine, soft paste dries in 30-60 minutes with minimal shrinkage. After drying the hard fill can be sanded or painted. Some of the other types of Polyfilla® are based on polyvinyl acetate and/or gypsum formulations. 
2) [Selleys Pty Ltd, Australia] A registered trademark for used for several surface finishing and gap filling products.
3) [Lepage Limited, Canada] A brand name for a commercial wood fill material composed of plaster (calcium sulfate).
==Risks==
* Polycell: SDS
==Working Properties==
Acetone allows dried material to be softened.
==Resources and Citations==
* Polycell: Website 
* Selleys: Polyfilla 
* Le Page: Polyfilla
* Meg Loew Craft, Julie A. Solz, "Commerical Vinyl and Acrylic fill Materials", JAIC 37(1):23-34, 1998. Link
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Polyfix Fine Surface Filler

== Description ==
[LePage, Canada] A brand name for a commercial fill material primarily composed of calcium carbonate in a polyvinyl acetate emulsion. Some more recent varieties contain microspheres. Note: Polyfix is also the name for a two part adhesive use on concrete.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Polyfix ready to use
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* pH=8; 
* Shrinks significantly
* Contains no preservatives and may become moldy and/or liquid may separate from solids
* Density = 1.5-1.62 g/ml
Category:Materials database
Polyform Modeling compound

== Description ==
[Polyform Products, Illinois] A brand name for a plasticized polyvinyl chloride modeling compound. Polyform is identical in composition to "Sculpey", but is packaged for professional artists. Polyform feels like modeling clay but it does not shrink on baking. Sculpey is available in a wide variety of colors. Polyform contains about 15% di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DOTP) plasticizer (prior to 1991, it contain DEHP which was a carcinogen). The uncured clay should not be placed on painted or varnished surfaces as the plasticizer will dissolve these materials. Additionally, Polyform may be affected by solvent based paints. Polyform precautions recommend baking temperatures below 130C (275F).
== Risks ==
Polyvinyl chloride decomposes at 190C (375F) to form hydrogen chloride fumes.
Category:Materials database
Polyhydroxylalkonoate

== Description == 
A specific formulation for a polyester resin that are considered biopolyesters because the ester attached to the polymers backbone comes material stored within cells as energy storage materials by various microorganisms. Thus this provides a unique factor of biocompatibility and biodegradability. Polyhydroxyalkonoates (PHAs) have a wide range of applications in various industries such as biomedical sector including tissue engineering, bio-implant patches, drug delivery, surgery and wound dressing. They are condisered to be 'green plastics" with low environmental impact when compared with conventional plastics in terms of production and recycling. Additionally, PHAs do not possess acute and chronic health effects when used in vivo. These bioplastics represent a renewable and sustainable resource to reduce landfill requirements without being persistence or causing pollution.
Category:Materials database
Polyimide

== Description ==
A polymer formed from the condensation product of an aromatic dianhydride and an aromatic diisocyanate. Polyimides are similar to polyamides but much more heat resistant. They can be formulated as either thermoplastic or thermosetting resins and have been used for adhesives, binders, and fibers. Polyimide fibers (P-84®) were developed in Austria. They have good chemical resistance and are flame retardant. Polyimide fibers are used in nonwoven fabrics, emission filters, and some types of protective clothing, especially in Europe.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiP-IMIDE.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
PI; poliimida (Esp.); polyimide (Fr.); poliimida (Port.) 
Examples: Vespel® [DuPont]; P-84® [Inspec]; Meldin® [Saint-Gobain];
== Risks ==
Nonflammable
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Melting Point = >315 
* Cross section of fiber is multi-lobal and irregular
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Textile World: www.textileworld.com/categories/9905/fibers.html
Category:Materials database
Polyisoprene

== Description ==
A thermoplastic, rubbery polymer. Polyisoprene (cis-1,4-polyisoprene), is the primary component in caoutchouc that was used to make vulcanized natural rubber. Both the cis and trans forms of the polymer may be produced synthetically. The trans form resembles gutta-percha. Both types can be vulcanized with sulfur.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiP-ISOPRN.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
polyisoprène (Fr.); poliisopreno (Esp.); polisoprene (It.); poliisopreno (Port.); cis-1,4-polyisoprene; trans-1,4-polyisoprene;
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in aliphatic and aromatic solvents. Insoluble in acetone, diethyl ether. 
* Burns with a dark yellow, sooty flame that smells like burnt rubber.
Composition	(C5H8)n
CAS 	9003-31-0
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 676
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Polylactic acid

== Description ==
A biodegradable a thermoplastic polyester made from renewable resources, such as beet, corn starch, cassava roots, or surgarcane. Polylactic acid was first developed in the 1980s in Japan. By 2010 it was the second most used bioplastic in the world. Polylactic acid is made by the polymerization of lactic acid and the ester lactide. The resultant polyester can be formed into fibers, sheets, and molded products. Early uses included absorbable sutures and dissolvable medical implants, but the product quickly expanded into the area of biodegradable consumer products such as cups, bottles, bags, and containers. It commonly used as feedstock 3d printing, either as the final product or as a mold that is later burnt out in a furnace.
* For polylactic acid fiber identification, see hhttp://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Category:FRIL:_Polylactic_Acid_Fiber
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Poly(lactic) acid; PLA; polylactide
== Applications ==
== Personal and Collection Risks ==
AMPolymer.com: SDS
== Environmental Risks ==
PLA is biodegradable but can also be recycled, either chemically or mechanically. It is used as an alternative to ABS (in 3D printing), cellophane (in packaging) and shellac (as a biologically derived coating).
== Physical and Chemical Properties == 
Soluble in chlorinated solvents, hot benzene, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane. Insoluble in water.
CAS 	26100-51-6
Melting Point 	130-180 C
Glass transition	60-65 C
Density 	1.210-1.430 g/ml
Category:Materials database
Polymer colors

== Description ==
Any of several water miscible polymer paints. Liquitex acrylic paints were first marketed in 1954 using Rhoplex AC-34 as a base polymer. By 1963, several brand acrylic emulsions came on the market, such as Shiva, Liquitex, Hyplar Acrylic Colors, Aqua-tec, Politec, and Cryla. Vinyl resins, such as polyvinyl acetate, have also been used to prepare water-based emulsion paints, such as Hyplar Artists' Colors and Flashe. Polymer colors dry quickly to form a tough film with brilliant colors.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
acrylic paints; acrylic emulsion paints; polymer paints; polymer colours (Br.); Liquitex [Permanent Pigments]; Shiva [Shiva Artists' Colors]; Hyplar [Grumbacher]; Aqua-tec [Bocour Artists' Colors]; Cryla [George Rowney & Sons, UK]; Politec [Politec Co.]; Flashe [Lefrance & Bourgeouis];
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas J.S. Learner, Analysis of Modern Paints, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2004. 
* T. Learner, "A Review of Synthetic Binding Media in Twentieth-Century Paints" The Conservator, No. 24, pp. 96-103, 2000.
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Polymethyl methacrylate

== Description ==
Hard, glasslike, thermoplastic resin with a softening temperature from 105-125 C. Polymethyl methacrylate was the first commercially sold in 1933 as glass substitutes, such as Plexiglas®, Perspex, and Lucite®. Polymethyl methacrylate has good optical properties and is often used as a replacement for glass. It is resistant to oxidation and photodegradation. 
See also acrylic resin.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiPMMA.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
PMMA; acrylic resin; polymethylmethacrylate; polimetilmetacrilato (Esp.); poli(metacrilato de metilo) (Esp.); polyméthylméthacrylate (Fr.); polimetilmetacrilato (It.); polimetilmetacrilato (Port.) 
Examples: Lucite® [Lucite]; Perspex® [Lucite); Plexiglas® [Arkema]; Altuglas® [Arkema]; Acrylite® [Piedmont Plastics]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Burns with a shiny flame and blue center; smells sweet and fruity. 
* Soluble in esters, ketones, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Insoluble in water, alcohols, petroleum hydrocarbons. 
* Brinell hardness=18-20
Composition 	(C5O2H8)n
CAS 	9011-14-7
Melting Point 	105-125 C(softens)
Density 	1.16-1.20 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.482-1.521
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* Omnexus: Guide on PMMA
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plexiglas (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Polynosic fiber

== Description ==
A modified rayon fiber that has a high wet modulus and a low degree of swelling. Polynosic fibers are made by a process developed by S.Tachikawa in Japan in 1951. They are a type of modal rayon that has a high degree of polymerization (55%: compared to 40% for ordinary rayon and 70-80% for cotton). Polynosic fibers are dimensionally stable and do not shrink or get pulled out of shape when wet like many rayons. They are also wear resistant and strong while maintaining a soft, silky feel. Polynosic fibers have found a wide variety of uses in clothing, outerwear, and household furnishings. They are often blended with cotton, wool, or synthetic fibers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
polynosic fibre (Br.); HWM rayon; Toramomen; Tufcel
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
*Unaffected by bleaches or dry cleaning solvents
*Tenacity = 3 - 5 g/denier
*Elongation = 6-14% (dry), 8-20 % (wet)
*Cross section = circular or bean shaped, may have striations.
*Density = 1.52-1.54
== Resources and Citations ==
* Identification of Textile Materials, The Textile Institute, Manchester, England, 1985
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:II Man-made Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England
Category:Materials database
Polyolefin

== Description ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiPOLEFIN_FOAM.jpg~FTIR]]]
A general name for polymers or copolymers derived from olefin hydrocarbons. Common polyolefins are polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene. Isobutylene was the first olefin to be polymerized in 1873, but it was not made into a commercial product until I.G.Farbenindustrie of Germany developed it as a rubber substitute in the 1930s. Ethylene was first polymerized by ICI in England in the 1930s and it became an important plastic during W.W.II for fibers. Large scale applications for polyolefins were developed in the 1960s, when olefins were recognized as inexpensive raw materials. Currently, polyeolfins, also called polyalkenes, are the most common produced polymers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
polietileno (Esp.); poliolefina (Esp.); polyoléfine (Fr.); poliolefina (It.); poliolefina (Port.) 
== Applications ==
* Transparent sheets, films
* Foams
* Solid boards, corrugated board
* Formed materials, pellets
* Non-woven fabics (Tyvek) fluff
== Personal Risks ==
* Not susceptible to hydrolysis.
== Collection Risks ==
* Oxidative degradation is accelerated by UV and heat.
== Environmental Risks ==
* Films can be severely degraded by one year of outdoor exposure.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Scott R. Williams. "Plastic Storage Products". In ‘Preventive Conservation: Collection Storage’ Lisa Elkin and Christopher A. Norris (eds.), Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, New York. 2019. 774.
* Williams, S. R. (2002) “Polyolefin Foams,” AIC News, Volume 27, Number 1.
* Contribution: Gina Watkinson, AIC Plastics Panel, 2020.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: P. 636
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:II Man-made Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England Comment: p. 536
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Polyphenylene oxide

== Description ==
A thermoplastic polymer made by the oxidative condensation of 2,6-dimethyl phenol. Polyphenylene oxide, PPO, is a good electrical insulator. It is a noncrystalline polymer that can crack when exposed to UV light or halogenated solvents. Modified PPO is made by blending PPO with 50% by weight polystyrene. Modified PPO is used as a structural foam in appliances and electrical housings.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiPPETHR.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
PPHOX; PPO; polyphenylene ether (PPE); poli(xido de fenileno) (Esp.); xido de polifenileno (Port.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Resistant to acids, alkalis and oils.
* Attacked by many organic solvents.
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Website: www.me.umist.ac.uk.historyp
Category:Materials database
Polyphenylene sulfide

== Description ==
A thermoplastic polymer made by the condensation of p-dichlorobenzene and sulfide sodium sulfide. Polyphenylene sulfide, or PPS, will not dissolve in any organic solvent at temperatures under 200 C. PPS is often glass reinforced and made into molded parts for connectors, housings, and pump bodies. It is occasionally used as a fiber in protective clothing, although it is stiff and has a low moisture regain.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiPPS.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
PPS; poly p-phenylene sulfide; polyphenylene sulphide (Br.); poli(sulfuro de fenileno) (Esp.); sulfureto de polifenileno (Port.) 
Examples: Ryton [Amoco Fabrics & Fibers]; Procon [Toyobo]; Toray PPS [Toray]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Resistant to organic solvents and alkalis. Attacked by oxidizing acids and sodium hypochlorite.
* Moisture regain = 0.6%; 
* Tenacity = ~3 g/denier; 
* Elongation =25-25%
Melting Point	185 C
Density 	1.38 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Textile World at www.textileworld.com/categories/9905/fibers.html
* Marjory L. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Fort Worth, TX, 1986
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 79
Category:Materials database