nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Spot Trading

Spot Trading was a privately held, proprietary trading firm active in multiple markets including cash, options, futures, and other derivatives. The firm shut down as of February 28, 2018. The Chicago-based firm was known for its market making activity on numerous exchanges.
The firm was composed of a variety of traders, equity research analysts, technologists, quantitative specialists, and other professionals and employed a collaborative approach to its trading strategies. 
Spot Trading is a member of the Principal Traders Group, an affiliate of the Futures Industry Association.
== History ==
Rob Merrilees founded Spot Trading in 1999 with a team of five focused on equity options. The company grew to over 150 people but scaled back to about 50 by November 2017.
In November of 2010, Stephen A. Brodsky was named chief financial officer of the company. In 2013, Merrilees moved to the newly created position of chairman and Brodsky assumed the role as CEO. Robin McInerney assumed the role of CFO.
In June of 2014, Spot Trading was named one of "Chicago's 101 Best and Brightest Companies to Work for" by the National Association of Business Resources (NABR) for the fourth consecutive year. 
Spot Trading was also selected as one of the Chicago Tribune’s Top Workplaces five consecutive years, from 2011 to 2015.
 
In 2014, the firm launched a project called Zoom, an open API project designed to streamline and improve the efficiencies of its systems, and perhaps help other firms dealing with the complexity of trading technology. A number of developers signed onto the platform and Spot was interested in expanding to other areas as well. 
In March of 2014, Spot Trading announced the launch of a blog dedicated to talking about technology solutions. The firm said it hopes to stimulate thinking and promote collaboration in open source and other industries.
The firm closed down in 2018 after a series of worker reductions brought on by industry consolidation.
== Key People ==
*Rob Merrilees, Founder, Chairman
*Stephen A. Brodsky, Chief Executive Officer
*Edward Haravon, Chief Operations Officer
*Michael Hoban, Partner, Portfolio Manager
*Robin McInerney, Chief Financial Officer
*Carlos Saez, Chief Investment Officer
*Daniel Penley, Director of Algorithmic Trading and Execution
*Nigel Young, Chief Technology Officer
== References ==
Category:Proprietary Trading Firms
Category:Proprietary Traders
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:Principal Traders Group
Spread

The spread in financial markets (the "bid/ask spread") refers to the difference between the bid (highest buying) price and the ask (lowest selling) price for a security or commodity. Spreads, by distinction, are trading strategies that help traders in different markets exploit the spread. 
In futures trading, the spread is the sale of one or more futures contracts and the purchase of one or more offsetting futures contracts. The spread tracks the difference between the price of whatever it is you are long and whatever it is you are short. Therefore the risk changes from that of price fluctuation to that of the difference between the two sides of the spread.
On the stock market the spread for stocks is determined by several factors, including float (the number of shares outstanding), demand for the shares and their total trading activity. In commodity markets spreads also reflect the carrying charges and holding costs for a commodity.
In sports-betting markets the term refers to a common form of handicapping where the bookmaker or line-setter assigns the underdog a certain number of advance points, called the spread, to make the contest more "even". That means speculators on either side of the spread bet must wager $110 to win $100.
== References ==
 
Category:Definitions
Category:Trading Terms
Category: MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Spread betting

Spread betting involves taking a bet on the price movement of a security. A spread betting company quotes two prices, the bid and offer price, and investors bet whether the price of the underlying stock will be lower than the bid or higher than the offer. The investor does not own the underlying stock but simply speculates on the stock's price movement.
For example, say a spread-betting company quotes a bid of $200 and an offer of $203 for ABC stock and you believe that the price for ABC will be lower than $200. Since you think the price of the stock will go below $200, you could "bet" $2 for every dollar that ABC falls below $200. If the stock price after a week was $190, you would receive $20, but if the price was $215 you would lose $30.
 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Trading Terms
Spreads

Spreads (or "spread trading") refer to market trades that try to exploit the difference ("spread") between bid and ask prices of an asset or commodity. Spread traders take a simultaneous long and short position in an attempt to profit. 
Spreads are often done on derivatives markets as futures or options. On commodities markets they are called straddles and usually refer to trading the price difference between two different futures contracts in that commodity. Spread trades are long/short futures positions that give traders exposure to that spread.
To trade option spreads, traders typically use pairs of options that either have the same maturity but different underliers (intracommodity spreads) or the same underlier but different maturities (intercommodity or calendar spreads). Commonly-employed intracommodity strategies are the back spread and the ratio spread, both of which use differing strike prices. Energy traders use the crack spread to trade the price of crude versus refined oil. 
A calendar spread is an options or futures spread established by simultaneously entering a long and short position on the same underlying asset but with different delivery months. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Multiple Position Trades
Category:Spreads
Spyros Capralos

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Spyros Capralos is chairman of Hellenic Exchanges, parent of the Athens Exchange, where he also serves as CEO, appointed to the positions on October 25, 2004.
== Background ==
On March 2004, he was appointed General Secretary for the Olympic Games of the Ministry of Culture by the Prime Minister and City Manager during the Olympic Games. As of June 2000, he was Executive Director and Deputy Chief Operating Officer of the Organizing Committee for the ATHENS 2004 Olympic Games.
He has served as Deputy Governor of the National Bank of Greece, Chairman of ETEVA (bank), Chairman of the Insurance Company Astir, Managing Director of EPIRUS Co., Managing Director of EFG Balkan Investments, Managing Director of the Bank of Athens, following a 10-year international banking career as Vice-President of Bankers Trust Company (Paris, New York, Athens, Milan).
He set out his sporting career as a Hellenic Champion in Swimming, and participated in the Moscow and Los Angeles Olympic Games as a Water Polo player. He has served as Member of the Board of the Hellenic Olympic Committee and Chef de Mission of the Hellenic Delegation in the Olympic Games in Atlanta and the 1993 Mediterranean Games. In addition, he has been a Member of the Board of the European Swimming Federation, and the Technical Commission of the European Olympic Committees. He has served as Sports Director of the ATHENS 2004 Bid Committee, and Member of the Board of Directors of the Organizing Committee ATHENS 2004 since its establishment.
== Education ==
Capralos studied economics at the University of Athens and earned an MBA from Insead.
== References ==
Squawk box

"Squawk box" is the term for an intercom speaker often used on brokers' trading desks in investment banks and stock brokerages. It allows a firm's analysts and traders to communicate with the firm's brokers.
Brokers listen to the squawk box to hear information about analyst recommendations, market events and block trades. This keeps the brokers informed and lets the firm guide the brokers' trading.
== References ==
Category:Brokerage Services
Squire Patton Boggs

Squire Patton Boggs LLP is a Washington, D.C.-based full-service law firm with a national presence in every major area of legal representation. Its core practice areas are Public Policy and Regulatory, Litigation, Business, and Intellectual Property. The firm came into existence with the 2014 merger of Squire Sanders and Patton Boggs.
The firm also has offices in New York, New Jersey, Dallas, Denver, Anchorage, Northern Virginia and internationally in Doha, Qatar and Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Patton Boggs is one of American Lawyer's "Top 100" US law firms and is consistently ranked as the nation’s number one lobbying firm by the National Journal, Roll Call, Influence and The Hill. It is also listed as one of American Banker’s "Top 25 Lead Legal Advisors" and is included in the list of the world’s "Top Patent Firms" in Intellectual Property Today. 
== History ==
Patton Boggs began as an international law firm concentrating in global business and trade in 1962.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Sree Kumar

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K. Sree Kumar is acting chief executive officer of Bursa Malaysia Derivatives Berhad (BMD), a strategic partnership between Bursa Malaysia and CME Group. In this role, he strategizes the business roadmap of the exchange and it related clearing house, for the development and internationalization of the Malaysian derivatives market.
== Background ==
Kumar has more than 30 years of experience in the derivatives and financial industry. He is also the Past President of the Malaysian Futures Brokers Association, where he contributed his knowledge and expertise towards the development of the Malaysian capital market prior to him joining Bursa Malaysia in 2001.
== Education ==
== References ==
Sree Sreenivasan

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Sree Sreenivasan is the Chief Digital Officer at The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Previously, he was dean of Student Affairs at Columbia Journalism School, a position he assumed in 2008. He also serves as contributing editor and technology reporter for DNAinfo.com, a news site covering Manhattan. 
== Background ==
Sreenivasan has taught at Columbia for almost 20 years. He's also been a fixture on NYC-area television for more than eight years. From 2007 to 2009, he was WNBC-TV's tech reporter, he appeared as the "Tech Guru" on WABC-TV for six years and he guest-hosted segments of "Asian America" on PBS. As a freelance journalist, he has written for such publications as the New York Times, Business Week, Popular Science and National Journal.
He is co-founder and former president of the South Asia Journalists Association (SAJA). He is a former administrator of SAJA's awards and scholarships programs and continues to serve on its executive board and write for its blog, SAJAforum.org.
== Education ==
Sreenivasan has a bachelor of arts in history from St. Stephen's College, Delhi and a master of science degree in journalism from Columbia. 
== References ==	
Category:Journalists
Srinivasan Venkatakrishnan

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Srinivasan Venkatakkrishnan is a businessman, CEO and independent non-executive director of several companies. 
He is the former CEO & CFO of AngloGold Ashanti, a position he held since the merger of Ashanti Goldfields Company Limited with AngloGold Limited in May of 2004, and was CFO for Ashanti Goldfields before the merger.
== Background ==
Venkatakkrishnan was director of the Deloitte & Touche Reorganization Services divisionin London prior to joining the South African based firm AngloGold Ashanti, the third-largest gold mining company in the world. At AngloGold Ashanti, Venkatakkrishnan served as Chief Financial Officer from 2005-2013 before becoming the firm's chief executive officer. 
In 2018 he joined the London-based mining company Vedanta Resources, where he became the organization's Group Chief Executive Officer until 2020.
Venkatakkrishnan currently serves on a number of boards as a non-executive director. Companies include Roscan Gold Corporation, The Weir Group PLC, Sibelco Group, Vision Blue Resources, and Blackrock World Mining Trust PLC. 
== Education ==
Venkatakrishnan holds a Bachelor of Commerce from Vivekananda College. He then studied Accounting and Finance at The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India from 1982 to 1986. Venkatakrishnan previously attended Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School in 1982, where he received his pre-university qualification in Commerce, Accounting, and Economics. 
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Stable

Stable is a technology company that offers price risk management solutions and liquidity for commodities that currently cannot be easily hedged in the futures markets.
Stable USA is part of the global Stable Group that operates across North America and Europe. The company is designed to help global businesses manage the risk of volatile commodity prices.
== History ==
Stable was founded in 2016 by Rich Counsell, the son of a farmer who experienced the impact of volatile commodity prices firsthand. The company's current focus is on agri-food commodities, but it plans to expand to the packaging, shipping, renewable energy and construction industries. 
== Products and Services ==
Stable hosts thousands of third-party indexes that are correlated to the physical risks certain commodities face. The company's clients, who range from multi-national food companies to farmers in sub-Saharan Africa, use its indexes as reference guides to price the settlement of its contracts. 
== Key People ==
*Richard Counsell, Chief Executive Officer 
*James F. Sullivan Jr., Head of Commercial Development - North America 
James Sullivan was interviewed by John Lothian News in 2021 about his career and what Stable does.
== References ==
Category:Risk Management
Stable Value Fund

A stable value fund is an investment vehicle designed to provide investors with fixed income returns, with embedded protections from interest rate volatility. Stable value funds are considered a low-risk investment, and are popular with 401(k) and 403(b) retirement plans, and 529 tuition savings plans. As of March 2009, individuals have invested $520 billion in stable value funds through 138,000 plans, with investors allocating, on average, between 15-20 percent of assets in such funds. 
Stable value funds are generally structured with fixed income securities plus a volatility or principal protection contract, usually held by an insurance company. The embedded protection may be in the form of a guaranteed interest contract (GIC) or a separate account contract with principal protection guaranteed, for a fee, by the insurer.
==Stable Value Funds and Regulatory Reform==
The Dodd-Frank Act has mandated that the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) ans U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) design and implement rules and regulations to monitor the previously-unregulated swaps market. The Act calls for the agencies to determine whether stable value contracts fall within the definition of a swap and, if so, whether exempting such contracts from the swap definition is "appropriate and in the public interest." On August 19, 2011, the CFTC and SEC issued a joint statement requesting public comment regarding an exemption for stable value contracts. A final determination is planned for late 2011. 
Although stable value funds are considered to be low-risk for investors, the agencies are considering closer monitoring of the industry due to systemic risk of the issuing companies. Prior to its collapse in 2008, American International Group Inc. (AIG) had underwritten several billions of dollars of GICs for stable value funds. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Stablecoin

A "stablecoin" is a cryptocurrency that is pegged to, or interchangeable with, the value of an asset like gold or fiat currency. For example, Tether, Basis, Gemini dollar, Paxos Standard and Petro are all stablecoins. 
Stablecoins are meant to offer a safe haven from volatility by pegging their price to another asset, typically the US dollar. Around 90% of the $153 billion stablecoin market is made up of just two tokens — Tether’s USDT and Circle Internet Financial Ltd.’s USDC — according to data from DeFiLlama. There are more than 100 other issuers competing for a piece of the remainder.
Stablecoins are mostly unregulated. The U.S. is yet to pass federal crypto regulation, although crypto-focused laws have been passed in other regions. The Clarity for Payment Stablecoins Act, which seeks to bring stablecoins within the same regulatory frameworks that govern traditional financial services companies, was passed by the U.S. House Financial Services Committee in 2023. It moved to the floor of the House of Representatives for consideration, but it has yet to be approved by House lawmakers.
== History ==
The first stablecoin was Tether - originally called "Realcoin" - which launched in 2014.
The concept of stablecoin was tarnished somewhat in October 2018 when suspicions about Tether's integrity led to a fall in price. Tether's price decline to $.87 from its $1 "peg" on October 16, 2018 was approximately contemporaneous with a sharp increase in the value of the Gemini Dollar to $1.19 from its $1 "peg."
In a statement published on its website on December 13, 2018, the issuer of Basis, Intangible Labs, announced that it was returning investor monies and shutting down Basis stating, "Unfortunately, having to apply US securities regulation to the system had a serious negative impact on our ability to launch Basis."
In October 2019, Representative Sylvia Garcia, a Texas Democrat, introduced a bill to regulate managed stablecoins called the “Stablecoins Are Securities Act of 2019.” Observers at the time noted that it was likely targeted at Facebook's Libra, rather than at stablecoins like Tether. At about the same time, Facebook's David Marcus told a banking seminar that it was considering using single currency stablecoins instead of creating a unique Libra coin.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Digital Assets
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Category:Slang Investing Terms
Stacey Cunningham

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Stacey Cunningham is the operating partner of Advent International. She is the former president of the New York Stock Exchange. She became president of the NYSE on May 25, 2018, succeeding Tom Farley, making her the first female leader of the exchange in its 226 year history. She stepped down as president in December of 2021 and was succeeded by Lynn Martin.
Before that appointment, she served as chief operating officer of the NYSE Group since June 2015. In that role, she managed NYSE's cash equities markets, relationship management, product management, and NYSE Governance Services. She handled several NYSE Group initiatives, including the rollout of an integrated trading platform designed to make it easier for NYSE customers to connect to all of NYSE's equities and options markets. 
Cunningham was previously president of NYSE Governance Services, a division of NYSE. She was appointed to that position in October 2014. In that role she oversaw the NYSE Governance Services’ mission to provide board education, compliance tools and services, such as codes of conduct and ethics training, as well as promoting collaboration and sharing of best-practices in keeping with clients’ governance, risk and compliance requirements.
== Background ==
Earlier, Cunningham was the head of sales & relationship management for NYSE Group. Before that, she held a similar role at Nasdaq OMX. Before joining NASDAQ OMX, she was vice president of trading for Banc of America Specialists, Inc. where she managed the auction market in assigned securities on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange.
== Education ==
Cunningham graduated from Lehigh University with a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering.
==Video==
===MarketsWiki Education===
Cunningham spoke at the 2015 MarketsWiki Education World of Opportunity Summer Intern Education Series in New York on the topic of "The Intersection of People And Technology."
==Podcasts==
===Inside the ICE House===
== References ==	
Category:Former Exchange Presidents
Category:NASDAQ OMX
Category:NASDAQ OMX - Former Employees
Category:Bank of America
Category:Bank of America - Former Employees
Category:New York Stock Exchange - Former Employees
Category:New York Stock Exchange
Stacie Swanstrom

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Stacie Swanstrom is executive vice president, corporate solutions at Nasdaq.
== Background ==
Ms. Swanstrom oversees the strategic direction of Nasdaq Corporate Solutions’ product offering of market intelligence, communications, workflow and collaboration solutions for corporate executives and boards.Previously, Ms. Swanstrom managed a successful portfolio of software and connectivity solutions for Nasdaq's Global Trading and Market Services business.
== Education ==
Ms. Swanstrom holds a Bachelor of Science in Business with a concentration in Marketing from Towson University.
== References ==
Stan O'Neal

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Stan O'Neal is former chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Merrill Lynch. O'Neal served in numerous senior management positions at Merrill Lynch prior to taking the reins at the head of the company. Before joining Merrill, O'Neal was a member of the board of directors of General Motors from 2001 through 2006. 
== Background ==
O'Neal started as an analyst for GM and three years later he became the director in the treasury division. 
== Education ==
GM offered O’Neal a spot at its General Motors Institute (later Kettering University) where O’Neal combined the study of engineering and industrial administration with work at the Doraville plant. Stan O’Neal received his B.S. in Industrial Administration in 1974. O’Neal later earned an MBA from Harvard Business School in 1978. 
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Standard Technical Analysis Studies

The following is a list of standard technical analysis studies available with various charting software packages.
*Accumulation/Distribution 
*Accumulative Swing Index 
*Adaptive Moving Average 
*Average Directional Movement Index 
*Average True Range 
*Bollinger Band Difference 
*Bollinger Bands 
*Candlestick Formations 
*Channel 
*Chart Analog Overlay 
*Commodity Channel Index 
*Congestion Count 
*Correlation 
*Delta Contours 
*Directional Movement Index 
*Divergence Index 
*DMI Difference 
*Envelope 
*External Data 
*Fan Line Studies 
*Fancy On-Balance Volume 
*Fibonacci Extension 
*Fibonacci Retracements 
*Historical Volatility 
*Ichimokukinkouhyou 
*Implied Volatility 
*Japanese Candlesticks 
*Keltner Channel 
*Missing Bar Count 
*Momentum 
*Moving Average 
*Moving Average Convergence/Divergence 
*Moving Average Cross 
*Moving Linear Regression 
*Moving Linear Regression R-Squared 
*On-Balance Volume 
*Open Interest 
*Order Display 
*Oscillator 
*Oscillator Cross 
*Oscillator 1 - Oscillator 2 
*Oscillator - MA of Oscillator 
*Parabolic 
*Percent 
*Rate of Change 
*Reciprocal 
*Relative Strength Index 
*Reversal 
*Stochastic Oscillator 
*Tick Volume 
*Triple Exponential 
*Volatility 
*Volatility Stop 
*Volatility System 
*Volume 
*Volume and Open Interest 
*Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP) 
== Resources ==
*Profit Financial Systems Glossary
== References ==
Category:Technical Analysis