nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Damascus steel

== Description ==
A very strong, hand-wrought steel made in Near Eastern and Asian countries from approximately 900 to 1600 CE. Damascus steel was primarily used for sword blades from ingots of Wootz steel either imported from Southern India or made in production centers in Sri Lanka, or Khorasan, Iran. The heterogeneous metal mixture of iron and steel that was drawn out, folded over, and then welded many times producing wavy patterns in the steel which were enhanced with acid etching, producing their distinctive patterns of banding and mottling reminiscent of flowing water, sometimes in a "ladder" or "rose" pattern. The blades were reputed to be tough, resistant to shattering, and capable of being honed to a sharp, resilient edge. Tales have indicated the blades could cut through a falling hair. The original methods, techniques, and materials are thought to have been lost.
However, due to extensive analysis and experimentation, several individuals in modern times have successfully produced several pattern forming hypereutectoid steel blades with visible carbide banding on the surface, consistent with original Damascus Steel. One method the "Damascus" surface pattern used a steel melt comprising about 1.0 to about 2.0 weight % carbon is solidified to form an ingot, the ingot is heated between about 1100 DEG to about 1299 DEG C. for a time at temperature of about 5 to about 12 hours to form a malleable metal. Multiple heat, drawing and folding techniques have produced multiple patterns such as waves, droplets, and feathers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
damask steel; damasked steel; Damaszenerstahl (Deut.); acero de damasco (Esp.); Damast staal (Ned.)
Wootz (Indian), Pulad (Persian), Fuladh (Arabic), Bulat (Russian) and Bintie (Chinese) are all names for historical ultra-high carbon crucible steel typified by carbide segregation.
==Resources and Citations==
* Kyle Royer knives: Youtube videos
* Pacey, Arnold, 'Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History', MIT Press. p. 80. 1991.
* Williams, Alan R., 'The Sword and the Crucible: A History of the Metallurgy of European Swords Up to the 16th Century', The Sword and the Crucible, Brill. p. 30. 2012.
* Bronson, Bennet. 'The making and selling of wootz, a crucible steel of India'. Archeomaterials, 1:1, 1986. 
 
* Figiel, Leo S. On Damascus Steel. Atlantis Arts Press. pp. 10–11. 1991.
* David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Damascus steel." Accessed 5 Nov. 2004.
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_steel (Accessed Nov. 10, 2004)
Category:Materials database
Damask

== Description ==
A decorative textile with a woven, reversible pattern first made in Damascus in the Middle Ages. Crusaders introduced the fabric to Europe about 1100 CE and by 1300 a major center for linen damask was established in France. The Netherlands and Ireland also became major producers by the 17th century. Originally made from silk, modern damask fabrics contain one or more of the following types of fibers: linen, silk, cotton, wool, and rayon. Its elaborate patterns are produced by interspersing types of weave such as a flower in satin weave on a plain woven ground. The reverse side has a negative image of the flower in a plain weave pattern on a satin ground. Mechanical methods for weaving damask were introduced in 1835. Damask fabrics are used for upholstery, tablecloths, napkins, drapery, and book covers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
damasco; damassé; adamascado (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Damask." Accessed 29 Jan. 2004.
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Website: www.fabrics.net
Category:Materials database
Damask: Animals/Birds: Brown: FS0277

|Structural Weave=Plain
|Pattern Weave=Plain
|Supplementary Pattern=Plain
|Warp Color=Brown
|Weft Color= Brown
|Warp Material=Silk
|Weft Material=silk
|Supplementary Warp Material=silk
|Supplementary Warp Color=Navy blue
|Warp Thread count/cm=44
|Weft Thread count/cm=26
|Pattern Length repeat (cm)=6.6
|Pattern Width repeat (cm)=5.5
|institution image=
|Notes=唐子に蔓蓮唐草模様
|Image front=
|Image back=
}}
Category:Fabric-silk 
Category:Base Damask 
[[Category:Design-Plants/Flowers
Category:Weave-satin(S)
Category:Pattern-Chinese motif
Category:Material-Damask
Damask: Auspicious symbols: Brown: FS0105

Damask with a pattern of Dragons in Lozenges on a background of interlocking Swastikas and Flowers
紗綾形木瓜龍
Category:Fabric-Brocade
Category:Base Color- Brown
Category:Design- Auspicious symbols, Geometric, Plants/Flowers
Category:Weave- Satin
Category:Pattern- Plain
Category:Material- Silk
DampRid

== Description ==
[DampRid, Inc, Orlando FL] A registered trademark for a disposable, non-electric dehumidfier. DampRid is a hygroscopic mixture of mineral salts (e.g., calcium chloride) that effectively remove moisture from the air.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Damp Rid; Damp-Rid; moisture absorbers
== Risks ==
* Nontoxic. 
* Avoid contact with metals and leather.
* DampRid: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in water.
==Resources and Citations==
* DampRid: Website
Category:Materials database
Damson gum

== Description ==
The water-soluble gum produced by a small plum tree (Prunus insititia) native to Asia Minor. The tree is also known as bullace plum or Damascus plum. 
See also fruit gum.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Prunus insititia; goma de ciruelo silvestre (Esp.); bullace plum; Damascus plum
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "plum." Accessed 13 Nov. 2004.
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum (Accessed Nov. 10, 2004)
Category:Materials database
Danburite

== Description ==
A colorless or yellow transparent crystal occasionally used as a gemstone. Danburite is composed of calcium borosilicate. It was named for its first reported occurrence in Danbury, Connecticut. Colorless danburite is mined in Japan and Mexico (San Luis Potosi) and yellow danburite is mined in Madagascar and Myanmar.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Danburite IR-ATR RRUFF R040013.png~IR-ATR (RRUFF)|Danburite Raman RRUFF R040013.png~Raman (RRUFF)|danburiteRS.jpg~Raman (RASMIN)]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
calcium borosilicate
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Orthorhombic system with prismatic crystals 
* Poor cleavage in one direction 
* Fracture = uneven to subconchoidal 
* Luster = vitreous to greasy
* Streak = colorless to white
* Fluorescence = inert or strong light blue to blue-green (LW); inert or weaker violet blue (SW); red thermoluminescence
* Pleochroism = none
Composition 	CaB2Si2O8
Mohs Hardness 	7.0 - 7.5
Density 	2.93 - 3.02 g/ml
Refractive index	1.630 - 1.636
Birefringence 	0.006
==Resources and Citations==
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* Mineralogy Database: Danburite
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: Danburite (Accessed Sept. 7, 2005 and Dec 2022)
Category:Materials database
Danby marble

== Description ==
A slightly translucent, cream colored marble with pale greenish gray streaks quarried in the vicinity of Danby in Rutland County, Vermont (Bucher 1996). It polishes medium well. Danby marble, also known as Mountain White, was extensively used for buildings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Mountain White marble
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Dansyl chloride

== Description ==
A fluorescent dye primarily used to detect proteins. Dansyl chloride has yellow orange crystals. It is also used in fluorescent labeling and as a detection agent for column chromatography.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|dansyl chloride.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulfonyl chloride; 5-dimethylamononaphthyl-5-sulfonyl chloride
== Risks ==
* Contact causes irritation and possible burns. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in acetone, acetonitrile, methylene chloride. Insoluble in water. 
* Maximum absorption wavelength = 335 nm. 
* Maximum emission wavelength = 500 nm.
Composition 	C12H12ClNO2S
CAS 	605-65-2
Melting Point 	72-74 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt.= 269.6025
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 2877
* Aldrich Chemical Catalog Comment: p. 433
Category:Materials database
Daphne

== Description ==
A thin fiber obtained from the outer bark of the Nepal paper plant (Daphne bholua), a small shrub native to central Asia. Daphne fibers have been used to produce fine, strong paper since ancient times.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Nepal paper plant; Daphne bholua
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Fiber width = 6-12 microns with tapering ends. 
* Regular, evenly spaced striations. 
* Parenchchymal cells have an irregular shape with regularly spaced markings.
==Resources and Citations==
* T.Collings, D. Miller, 'The Identification of Oriental Paper Fibers' The Paper Conservator, vol 3, 1978.
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: Daphne" [Accessed January 6, 2003].
Category:Materials database
Darapskite

== Description ==
A mineral composed of a combined salt of sodium nitrate and sodium sulfite. Darapskite occurs naturally in the nitrate ores of the Atacama desert in Chile and the limestone caves in Texas. It has also been found as an efflorescence on the plaster of a 15th century church in the Netherlands (Holtkamp and Heijnen 1991).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
darapskite (Port.); Darapskit (Deut.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Composition	Na3(NO3)(SO4)-H2O
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Holtkamp, W.Heijnen, "The Mineral Darapskite in the Efflorescence on Two Dutch Churches" Studies in Conservation, 36:175-178, 1991.
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "nitrate and iodate minerals." Accessed 10 Nov. 2004.
Category:Materials database
Dard Hunter

= The Friends of Dard Hunter, Inc. =
The Friends of Dard Hunter is an international organization of hand papermakers created to "exchange information and educate its members and the public about the art, craft, history, science and technology of papermaking, the book arts, and other diverse interests which captured the imagination of Dard Hunter (1883-1966). These forums and educational activities will also promote and encourage the continued and creative practice of hand papermaking, allied paper arts, the book arts, and other arts practiced by Dard Hunter. The study of paper and papermaking, preservation of historical sites and artifacts, conservation, scientific and technical research shall all be encouraged." Membership is open to any interested party. (Info extracted from website)
Web Address 	http://www.friendsofdardhunter.org/
Postal Address 	The Friends of Dard Hunter
P.O.Box 773
Lake Oswego, OR 97034
Phone 	+1
Information Online	Conferences / seminars
Grants / funding
Publishes newsletter
Membership / staff directory
Searchable 	No
Categories 	Non-profit organization
Website Languages 	English
Category:Directory
Category:Directory: Non-profit organization
Dark-field illumination

== Description ==
A method of illumination for an optical microscope. In dark-field illumination, the central light beam is blocked, allowing light to intersect the specimen at an oblique angle then pass off to the side without reaching the condenser. This produces a bright specimen image with enhanced contrast against a dark background. An appropriate objective and condenser must be used for dark-field illumination.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Dunkelfeldbeleuchtung (Deut.); darkground
==Resources and Citations==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Dark Columbia marble

== Description ==
A color variation of the bluish gray Columbia marble quarried in Tuolumne County, California (Bucher 1996). Dark Columbia is a hard marble with numerous dark, threadlike veins.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Dark Blue Columbia
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Dark Tennessee marble

== Description ==
Various types of dark brown marble quarried in the vicinity of Kizer and Knoxville, Tennessee (Bucher 1996). It has high strength, is translucent and polishes to a high gloss. Variations are called dark cedar, dark chocolate, dark republic and Tennessee marble.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Darlan

== Description ==
[B.F.Goodrich] A brand name for a dinitrile fiber. Darlan is highly elastic and resilient. It has been used in the manufacture of sweaters, dresses, suits, coats, and fake furs.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Resistant to temperatures up to 330 F
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
Category:Materials database
Date palm

== Description ==
A slender palm tree, Phoenix dactylifera, native to the Near East and Egypt. Fronds from the date palm were used for basketry in ancient times. Fibers were also used for making ropes. The wood from the date palm tree is fibrous and soft. It was used for roofing, door lintels, statuary, and veneer (Gale et al 2000).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Phoenix dactylifera; Dattelpalmen (Deut.); palmera datilera (Esp.); palmier-datte (Fr.); palma da datteri (It.); dadelpalm (Ned.); palma daktylowa (Pol.); datileira (Port.); dadelpalmen (Sven.)
==Resources and Citations==
* R.Gale, P.Gasson, N.Hepper, G.Killen, "Wood" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 334-371.
* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "date palm." Accessed 7 Nov. 2004 .
Category:Materials database
Dating methods

== Description ==
Methods for the accurate dating of the origin of an artifact have great appeal. Several methods, starting with the use of radioactive decay techniques in 1896, have been developed and used with varying results. Some of these techniques are: radiocarbon dating, dendrochronology, obsidian hydration, thermoluminescence, lead isotope analysis, potassium-argon dating, and radiometric dating methods.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
"méthodes de datation (Fr.); Alterbestimmung Methoden (Deut.); Datierungsmethoden (Deut.) "
==Resources and Citations==
* Roy Switzur "Dating Techniques" Building Conservation Directory 2001 :Link
Category:Materials database
Daub

== Description ==
An adhesive or coating material consisting of rough mortar, clay, plaster, grease, or mud. It was used for chinking log cabins and for filling wattle (twig) roofs and walls.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
dawb
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "wattle and daub." Accessed 16 Nov. 2004 .
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Davey's gray

== Description ==
An earth pigment made from finely powdered clay and slate originally introduced by Henry Davey in England. The color is permanent, semitransparent and generally used to shade other colors. True Davey's gray is no longer available but sometimes mixtures of synthetic ultramarine blue, lampblack, and zinc white are sold under this name.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Davy's gray; Davey's grey; Davy's grey
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Dayflower blue

== Description ==
A blue dye extracted from the petals of the Commelina communis lily plant native to Asia. Dayflower is a herbaceous annual plant that sprawls along the ground like a vine, often rooting at the nodes. The flowers bloom only for a day, emerging one at a time. The plant is considered invasive in the United States and it is resistant to many herbicides. The blue colorant in the dayflower blue dye is primarily commelinin.
* See also [Uemera Dye Archive (Tsuki kusa)] 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tsuyukusa (Jap.); aigami (Jap.); commelinin; Commelina communis (Asiatic dayflower); Commelina virginica (Virginia dayflower); mouse ears
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Leaves = alternate, narrowly ovate to lance-shaped
* Stamens = 3 on short stems (sterile) and 3 on long stems producing pollen
* Blooms = May-October
* ISO R105 Lightfastness Classification =
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Dayflower_FORS.JPG~FORS]]]
== Resources and Citations ==
* S.Shimoyama, Y.Noda, S.Katshuhara, "Non-Destructive Analysis of Ukiyo-E Prints" Dyes in History and Archaeology, No.15, Paper presented in Manchester England, Nov. 1996.
* R.Feller, M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Japanese Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', Japanese Woodblock Prints, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984
* Shiho Sasaki, Elizabeth I. Coombs, 'Dayflower blue: its appearance and lightfastness in traditional Japanese prints' in "Scientific research on the pictorial arts of Asia:proceedings of the second Forbes Symposium at the Freer Gallery of Art, 2005" AATA Getty
* Missouri Department of Conservation: Common Dayflower
Category:Materials database
Daylight

== Description ==
The natural spectrum of electromagnetic radiation obtained from the sun. The wavelength range is from the ultraviolet region (300 nm) to the near infrared region (700 nm).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
natural light; Tageslicht (Deut.); lumière du jour (Fr.); luz solar (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, G113, 1371-1373, Sep-94
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Daylight fluorescent lamp

== Description ==
[General Electric] A brand name for a high efficiency fluorescent lamp with a color temperature of 6500 K. Daylight lamps give a bluish white reflections on a neutral surface. In general, they blend with daylight and provide good color acceptance. The Daylight fluorescent lamp has strong blue and green lines causing red and orange colors to appear grayish.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Tageslichtröhre (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* T.Brill, Light: Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities. Plenum Press, New York, 1980.
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, G113, 1371-1373, Sep-94
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp (accessed Jan. 6, 2006)
Category:Materials database
De-inked paper

== Description ==
Paper in which prior printing inks have been removed usually with a strong alkaline solution which dissolve the binders. Abrasion with colloidal agents, such as talc and bentonite, may also be used to physically remove the ink.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
de-inking; deink
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
Category:Materials database
DeKhotinsky cement

== Description ==
A thermoplastic adhesive used in the early 20th century for cementing glass, metal, porcelain, and wood. DeKhotinsky cement is a shellac and pine tar mixture that was heated and stirred for several hours without overheating. Varying proportions of the two components produced adhesives ranging from hard and brittle to soft and tacky. Some formulations replaced the pine tar with creosote oil or terpineol.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
de Khotinsky cement
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in chloroform, ether and alkalis.
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
Category:Materials database
Deadening

== Description ==
1) An insulating material or device used to reduce or absorb sound. See also deafening. 
2) A matte coating used to dull the sheen or hue of a surface.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database