nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Delaminating

__NOTOC__
Delaminating, or delamination, is the separation of layers in an object or material composed of multiple layers (sometimes called a laminate), often due to the failure of an adhesive or binding agent.
200px|thumb|right|Delaminating surface of a tortoiseshell rattle 
==Related Terms==
cleavage
=== Synonyms in English ===
delamination, splitting
=== Translation ===
English 	delaminating
French 	délamination
Spanish 	deslaminación
Portuguese 	
Italian 	delaminazione
German 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	分層
==Discussion==
Agents of deterioration that can cause delamination include incorrect or fluctuating temperatures — which can cause embrittlement or fracturing of a layer of material — and relative humidity — which can cause swelling or shrinkage of a layer of material.Rose, C. L. & Hawks, C. A. (1995). Appendix I: Agents of deterioration; Appendix II: Selections from wall chart: Framework for preservation of museum collections In C. L. Rose, C. A. Hawks, & H. H. Genoways (Eds.), Storage of natural history collections: A preventive conservation approach (p. 14). Cambridge, MA: Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections.
An object may be composed of layers of different materials with "dissimilar rates of expansion and contraction," which is an inherent vice — a weakness in the construction that causes deterioration — that may lead to delamination.Demeroukas, M. (2010). Condition reporting. In R. A. Buck & J. A. Gilmore (Eds.), MRM5: Museum registration methods (5th ed., p. 224). Washington, DC: The AAM Press, American Association of Museums. For example, the tortoiseshell lining of a wooden box may warp over time and become separated from the wood, which is slower to warp.
Separation occurring "between the paint layers and the support" of a painting is a type of delamination called cleavage.Demeroukas, M. (2010). Condition reporting. In R. A. Buck & J. A. Gilmore (Eds.), MRM5: Museum registration methods (5th ed., p. 228). Washington, DC: The AAM Press, American Association of Museums.
Delamination can occur in stone objects, especially objects made from layered sedimentary rock such as sandstone and slate, where layers may become detached due exposure to water or changing environmental conditions.Monument Conservation Collaborative. Delaminations. http://mcc-monument-conservation.com/conservation-treatments/delaminations/ (accessed 10/24/15).
Electronic recording media such as CDs and DVDs are multi-layered laminates that are susceptible to delamination, especially when the adhesive between layers is of poor quality or is improperly or insufficiently cured.
Some delamination is intentional. For example, in library and archival sciences, it is sometimes desirable to "remove laminating material from a document."Conservation OnLine. Delamination. http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt0992.html (accessed 10/24/15)
==References==
Category:Lexicon
Return to List of Lexicon Terms
Deposit

__NOTOC__
the settling or adhering of an external substance onto a surface.
==Related Terms==
deposition, encrustation, spatter
=== Synonyms in English ===
accretion
=== Translation ===
English 	deposit
French 	dépôt
Spanish 	depósito
Portuguese	
Italian 	deposito
German 	
Russian 	
Arabic 	
==Discussion== 
Though uses for this term can vary, it is generally accepted that a deposit is an accidental addition to an object that was not original to it or intended by its creator. Deposits can often be dried liquids, though some use this term (and the related term deposition) to refer to the settling of dry particles which collect on a surface.
==References==
Anon. 2000. “Deposit.” Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Trust. http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/.
———. 2012. “Deposition.” CAMEO:Conservation and Art Material Encyclopedia Online. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. http://cameo.mfa.org/.
 
 
Category:Lexicon
Category: Condition Terms
Return to List of Lexicon Terms
Digital Audio Files

=Digital Audio Files=
Digital audio is technology that can be used to record, store, generate, manipulate, and reproduce sound using audio signals encoded in digital form. Wikipedia 
=History=
=Technical Details=
=Conservation Practices=
Digital archivists The State of Recorded Sound Preservation in the United States: A National Legacy at Risk in the Digital Age August 2010. PDF. realized it was important to offer guidelines but offer individuals and institutions to interpret these guidelines for their collections. These guidelines are listed in 7 points: 
#Digital technology is a given: the analog era has ended. 
#Linear pulse code modulation is a given; digital audio files should be transparent, i.e., audibly indistinguishable from the original. 
#Preservation transfers must be flat, that is, without any imposed equalization of the frequency range or use of restoration techniques to mitigate defects or limitations in the recording. 
#Digital audio preservation files must be produced at high sampling and bit rates, and be uncompressed. 
#Storage must be planned for the long term. 
#Rich metadata must accompany preservation files. 
#Professionalism is an essential component of audio preservation.
==Conservation Products & Supplies==
=Equipment=
=References=
Category:Electronic Media
Category:Audio Preservation
Category:Digital Preservation
Digital Videotape

=Digital Videotape=
=History=
=Technical Details=
A table of video formats, including digital videotape formats, has been compiled by Timothy Vitale and Paul Messier on the Video Preservation Website.
=Conservation Practices=
The A/V Artifact Atlas has examples of technical issues and anomalies in audio and visual signals, particularly during preservation reformatting.
==Conservation Products & Supplies==
=Equipment=
=Further Reading and Resources=
Bay Area Video Coalition: Video Preservation Services. The BAVC offers both preservation planning/assessment services as well as video transfer services to its members at low cost.
Category: Moving Image
Category:Digital Preservation
Discoloration

__NOTOC__
Discoloration is the change in the original color of a material. Discoloration may be due to exposure of the object to chemicals, light, or the effect of age. 
==Related Terms==
fading, color shift, stain
=== Synonyms in English ===
chromatic alteration, fading, yellowing, staining, darkening, bleaching, color loss
=== Translation ===
English 	discoloration
French 	décoloration
Spanish 	descoloramiento
Portuguese 	descoloração
Italian 	decolorazione
German 	Verfärbung
Russian 	обесцвечивание
Arabic 	تغيير اللون
Chinese (Traditional)	變色
==Discussion==
Discoloration is a term used to describe the variation in the color of a material. Terms such as fading, yellowing, staining, darkening, bleaching, and color loss are descriptive elements used to further refine the visible aspects of discoloration when assessing the physical condition of an object. Some types of materials subject to discoloration include paper, textiles, finishes, papier mâché, print media, fur, feathers, skin, leather, pigments, dyes, silk, velvet, lacquered surfaces, celluloid, and wood.
==References==
Bachmann, Konstanze, ed. Conservation Concerns: A guide for Collectors and Curators. Washington D. C.: Smithsonian Books, 1992. 
Getty Research Institute. Art & Architecture thesaurus Online: Discoloration. 2004 
International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). Illustrated Glossary on Stone Deterioration Patterns. ICOMOS. 2008. 
International Dunhuang Project. IDP:Conservation Resources. n.d. 
Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Conservation & Art Materials Encyclopedia Online (CAMEO). 2013.
Return to List of Lexicon Terms
Disjoin

==Definition==
A partial or complete separation of a joint between two members of an object, as distinguished from a crack, tear, check, or split (Buck and Gilmore, eds., 2010). 
=== Translation ===
English 	disjoin
French 	
Spanish 	
Portuguese 	
Italian 	
German 	
Chinese (Traditional)	脫離
==Discussion==
A common issue where two pieces of an object no longer connect or fit together in the way they were intended. The separation can be due to a variety of potential causes: low humidity, wear and tear, breakage due to a fall or excessive pressure. A disjoin usually requires a repair so the object is whole and structurally sound. Common examples of a disjoin include: separation of two object pieces on a frame at the corner or separation of legs, rungs, or arms on a chair.
 
==References==
Buck, Rebecca A. and Jean Allman Gilmore, eds. (2010). MRM5: Museum RegistrationMethods 5th Edition. Washington, DC: American Alliance of Museums.
Return to list of Lexicon Terms
Distilled water

__NOTOC__
Contributors: Lucas Simonds
Distilled water is a form of water which has been purified through a process of distillation. In this process the water is heated to the point of vaporization and then condensed on a cool surface where it is then collected as liquid water. The distillation process is capable of producing water that is up to 99.9% pure; most of the impurities found in water, such as salts, have a significantly higher boiling point than water, and are therefore separated from the water as it vaporizes. In addition, further distillations are effective in producing water of a higher level of purity for applications which may require it (Conti 2005: 441).
==Related Terms==
purified water
=== Synonyms in English ===
=== Translation ===
English 	
French 	
Spanish 	
Portuguese 	
Italian 	
German 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	蒸餾水
==Discussion==
In the context of conservation, distilled water is useful in a number of applications. Because of the high level of purity achieved through distillation, distilled water is often recommended for use in storage solutions, the purpose being to avoid the introduction of new contaminants to already fragile objects (Hamilton 1997: 67). Caution must be taken, however, as distilled water exposed to air will quickly absorb carbon dioxide and produce carbonic acid. Over a period of 24 hours this reaction can result in a pH between 5.5 and 6 (Conti 2005:442), which can trigger adverse reactions with some materials. For use with metals in particular, it is advisable to monitor the pH of distilled water, as it has the potential to be highly corrosive (Hamilton 1997:67), the natural acidification of distilled water can also be counteracted through boiling, which will generally return the pH to 7 within 5-10 minutes (Conti 2005:442). 	
In addition to its use in the storage of objects, distilled water is commonly used in desalination baths. During the early stages of desalination the concentration of chlorides in an object is generally high enough to allow for their diffusion into tap water. As this concentration decreases, however, water of a higher level of purity is required for diffusion to continue. Therefore, in the final stages of most desalination treatments it is often necessary to use distilled water because of its very high level of purity (Cronyn 1990:1910).
==References==
Cronyn, J.M. 1990. Elements of Archaeological Conservation. New York, New York: Routledge
Conti, Aldo, Distilled Water in Lehr, Jay, Jack Keeley, and Janet Lehr, eds. 2005. Water Encyclopedia, vol. 4. Oceanography; Meterology; Physics and Chemistry; Water Law; and Water History, Art, and Culture. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Hamilton, Donny L. Basic Methods of Conserving Underwater Archaeological Material Culture. U.S. Department of Defense. (Accessed 3/19/2013)
Category:Lexicon
Category: Core Terms
Return to List of Lexicon Terms
Distortion

__NOTOC__
planar deformation that alters the original shape of a work, where the support (and sometimes media) has become misshapen. Distortion affects organic materials such as wood, textiles, works on paper, and canvas. Distortion is typically caused by contact with water, high humidity, or improper temperature and fluctuations, but may also be caused by too arid an environment (Heritage Collections Council 1998). 
==Related Terms==
=== Synonyms in English ===
Buckling, Cockling, Deformation, Dimpling, Draw, Undulation, Warping, Wrinkling
=== Translation ===
English 	Distortion
French 	Déformation
Spanish 	Distorsión
Portuguese 	
Italian 	
German 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	變形-->
Ukrainian 	деформація
==Discussion==
Distortion may be general or local, for types of distortion see Related Terms above. Treatment is recommended for objects affected by distortion as areas of the support may further weaken if not treated (Morris 2014). Distortion can also cause other problems, for example with media, resulting in damage such as cleavage (Downey and Schobert 2000). Methods are available to reshape distorted objects and may include relaxing materials, such as paper, through an increase in humidity and then applying pressure to flatten (Morris 2014). It is important to note that not all works can undergo humidification treatment, such as watercolors, pastels, or any media that is water soluble, friable, or highly textured (NPS 1993). If an object is unable to undergo humidification/relaxation, then a special mat can be constructed to protect the work from further damage (Morris 2014). 
==References==
AICCM. Visual Glossary. Accessed March 21, 2015. http://aiccm.org.au/resources/visual-glossary/distortion
Downey, Anne and Mary Schobert. 2000. Conservation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts, Disaster Recovery: Salvaging Works on Paper. Accessed March 21, 2015. http://www.ccaha.org/uploads/media_items/technical-bulletin-salvaging-art-on-paper.original.pdf
Heritage Collections Council. 1998. reCollections: Caring for Collections Across Australia, Damage and Decay. Accessed March 21, 2015. http://aiccm.org.au/sites/default/files/docs/reCollections/3_damage_and_decay.pdf 
Morris, Patricia. 2014. Conserving Works of Art on Paper. Accessed March 21, 2015.
http://www.collectorsguide.com/fa/fa010.shtml
National Park Service. 1993. Conserve O Gram 13/2: How to Flatten Folded or Rolled Paper Documents Accessed March 20, 2015. http://www.nps.gov/museum/publications/conserveogram/13-02.pdf 
Category:Lexicon
Return to List of Lexicon Terms
Dry mounting

__NOTOC__
==Related Terms==
=== Synonyms in English ===
Variously written as: 
* dry mount
*dry mounting
*drymount
*dry-mount
*dri-mount
=== Translation ===
English 	dry mounting
French 	
Spanish 	
Portuguese 	
Italian 	
German 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	乾托
==Discussion==
Originally, the term "dry mounting" was created to describe mounting and adhering practices of early photographic practitioners (pre-1900) that involved "less moisture". Around 1910, this term changed to denote a commercially available heat-activated thermal resin (shellac and now synthetic) adhesives and the process for application. "Dry mount" in contemporary usage is still a commercial, heat-activated adhesive and pellicle (or adhesive alone). However, paper and photographic materials conservators sometimes refer to any self-created heat-activated process as a "dry mounting" (e.g. use of BEVA-film), a practice that can cause confusion in reports and discussions.
British authors in print sometimes interchangeably use the terms "dry mounting" and "lamination" also potentially causing confusion. In USA English usage, a "dry mount" consists of an item with an adhesive film layer on the back side, adhering it to a secondary support mount. Whereas a "lamination" consists of an item encased between two sheets of adhesive films top and bottom (re: the construction of a standard USA driver's license). Order is shown below:
Dry mount order from top to bottom =
*item
*adhesive film pellicle
*secondary support mount
Laminate order from top to bottom =
*adhesive film pellicle (semi-rigid when cured or dried)
*item
*adhesive film pellicle (semi-rigid when cured or dried)
==References==
*Watkins, Stephanie. 1993. "Origins and Development of Dry Mount", Book and Paper Group Annual, 12: 66-73. 
Category:Lexicon
Return to List of Lexicon Terms
Category:Photographic Materials
Dry rot

Contributors: Alex Garcia-Putnam
__NOTOC__
Deterioration of wood by a fungus that causes weakening or disintegration of the wood’s structure. 
==Related Terms==
=== Synonyms in English ===
Brown Rot
=== Translation ===
English 	Dry Rot
French 	
Spanish 	
Portuguese 	
Italian 	
German 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	乾腐
==Discussion==
Generally, dry rot refers to any deterioration of wood caused by fungi. It is often called brown rot, and effects terrestrial wood structures and archaeological specimens. The term dry rot, according to Britton (1875), in a critical first investigation of dry rot is “derived from the effect produced, and not from the cause”(Britton 1875). The fungus ingests the wood’s structural components, the cell walls, weakening and embrittling the wood (Blanchette 2000). Dry rot is a serious problem in ship timbers, historic structures, and other wooden archaeological features. The rot decreases the structural integrity of the wood, and thus the larger architectural structure. Serious dry rot can lead to almost complete disintegration of the wood. 
==References==
Blanchette, R.A., 2000. “A Review of Microbial Deterioration Found in Archaeological Wood from Different Environments” in International Biodeterioration and Biodegeneration: 46(3), pp. 189-204
Britton, T.A., 1875. “A Treatise on the Origin, Progress, Prevention, and Cure of Dry Rot in Timber”. E. and F.N. Spon, London.
Category:Lexicon
Dye Transfer or Dye Imbibition

Page Information	Page Information
Date initiated 	March 2022
Contributors 	
==Dye Transfer==
===Historical Facts===
thumb| Caption
===Identification Characteristics===
====Image material====
====Color====
====Support====
===Conservation===
===Housing and Storage Considerations===
====Housing====
====Storage====
===Exhibition===
===Emergency Recovery===
===References===
===Further Reading===
Back to Photographic Materials Main Page
Back to PMG Photographic Processes
E-Editor Sandbox

category:sub
This is a test of how to put in video
check 
This is a test of the level one Headers
The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
== This is a test of the level two Headers ==
The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog. 
=== This is a test of the level three Headers ===
The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
==== This is a test of the level four Headers ====
The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
===== This is a test of the level five Headers =====
The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
E-Editor Sandbox1

2015 Wiki Workshop Notes
* What does it mean to be a good digital citizen?
* How do you feel about someone editing your work?
* What is the value in online publication versus print?
* How do we trumpet our accomplishments so we are aware what we are all working on and can foster collaboration?
* Lexicon - what is the merit in this project. If we don't agree with the AATA definition what does it matter? If they are selling their lists to CMS and we don't agree what happens then?
Registrant Sort Name	PriEmail E-Mail Address
De Marinis Anthony 	ademarinis@wustl.edu
Dignard Carole 	carole.dignard@pch.gc.ca
French Jennifer 	jensara87@hotmail.com
Getts Anne 	agetts@famsf.org
Hargrove Suzanne 	shargrove@toledomuseum.org
Lockshin Nora 	Noralockshin@gmail.com
Moffitt Kirsten Travers	kmoffitt@cwf.org
Morgan Suzanne 	suzyemail@gmail.com
Ritchie Fran E.	franritchie@gmail.com
Springer Samantha 	samkspringer@gmail.com
Squires James 	james@clyffordstillmuseum.org
Stockman Denise 	denisestockman@nypl.org
Sullivan Michelle R.	michellerosesullivan@gmail.com
Uhlir Shelly 	uhlirs@si.edu
Watkins Stephanie 	swatkinswork@gmail.com
Education & Professional Development

Conservation requires not only in-depth education to enter the field, but also continual updating of knowledge and expanding of skills. The AIC's Education & Training Committee charge is to advance the membership’s knowledge of conservation practices and information. It provides expertise in the development of continuing education programs, encourages individual professional development endeavors and promotes the dissemination of current educational information and issues within the conservation field. This area of AIC's wiki is overseen by members of the ETC Committee but much of the content has been developed by partnering networks and groups within AIC including the Emerging Conservators Professional Network and the K-12 Outreach Committee, as well as contributions from the wider AIC membership. To contribute content to one of these areas please contact the AIC e-Editor. 
==Professional Development and Career Resources==
*:Category:Emerging Conservation Professionals
*Accessing Conservation Literature
*Workshops and Continuing Education
*Remote Internships
*Career Resources
**AIC Career Page
**Internships and Fellowships § Finding Opportunities
**Resume and Curriculum Vitae
**Portfolios
**Career Growth § Negotiating Compensation
**Networking
**Entering Private Practice
**Setting up a Conservation Lab
**Professional Development § Professional Service
*Career Skills
**Presenting Talks and Posters
**Professional Development § Developing New Skills
**Grant Writing
**Public Relations and Outreach Resources
**Professional Development § Learning From Mistakes
==Teaching Conservation==
*K-12 Educational Resources on Conservation
*Conservation Courses for Allied Academic Fields
*Reading Lists
*Mentoring Toolkit
*Remote Internships
Back to the AIC Wiki Main Page 
Category:Education & Professional Development
Efflorescence

__NOTOC__
Efflorescence appears as a powdery or crystalline crust on the surface of objects such as stone, plaster, or ceramics.
==Related Terms==
Bloom, deposit, encrustation, cementation
=== Translation ===
English 	efflorescence
French 	efflorescence
Spanish 	eflorescencia
Portuguese 	eflorescência
Italian 	
German 	
Dutch 	efflorescentie
Chinese (Traditional)	鹽害
==Discussion==
Efflorescence forms as a result of water migration and subsequent evaporation. Efflorescence that typically forms on masonry surfaces, mural paintings, and frescoes occurs when moisture dissolves water soluble salts, then migrates to the surface, leaving a visible salt residue (Getty Research Institute, 2004). Efflorescence growth can result from an inherent vice of the object - migrating water reacts with an object's chemical makeup or extraneous deposits (Demeroukas, 2010), as well as fluctuations in water vapor pressure that occurs with changing temperature and humidity.
The first indications that efflorescence is be occurring in an object may be the appearance of a white haze on the surface, indicating any soluble salts present are crystallizing. Eventually, the object surface or even the object's body itself will begin to crumble; over time, the object could be reduced to a pile of dust (Little, 2000). This type of physical deterioration can be catalyzed by extremes or fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity. Preservation measures include maintaining a stable environmental temperature of 68°F (+/- 3°) and a relative humidity of 50% (+/- 5%), or by removing the soluble salts through desalination treatment.
==References==
 Demeroukas, Marie. "Condition Reporting," in MRM5: Museum Registration Methods, edited by Rebecca A. Buck and Jean Allman Gilmore, 223 - 232. Washington, DC: The AAM Press, 2010.
 Getty Research Institute. Art and Architecture Online Thesaurus. "Efflorescence". Last modified 2004. http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=efflorescence&logic=AND¬e=&english=N&prev_page=1&subjectid=300214748
 Little, Margaret A. "Glass & Ceramics," in The Winterthur Guide to Caring for Your Collections, Gregory J. Landry, et al., 57 - 66. Winterthur: Winterthur Publications, 2009.
Category:Lexicon
Return to List of Lexicon Terms