Antarctica

Antarctica is a continent covered by a giant (though shrinkingIs Antarctica losing or gaining ice?: "Satellites measure Antarctica is gaining sea ice but losing land ice at an accelerating rate which has implications for sea level rise.") plain of ice around the South Pole, opposite the Arctic. Almost all of Antarctica is south of the Antarctic Circle, and it covers 14.4 million square kilometers (5.4 million sq mi), making it the fifth-largest continent after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. Ice covers about 98% of Antarctica to an average depth of 1.6 kilometers (1.0 mi) in thickness. 
==Climate==
On the Dentyne Ice chewing gum commercials, they would always say, "Nothing's Colder Than Ice".https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv2YzSmin5Q Youtube Video: Dentyne Ice Commercial 1998 And that is definitely the truth as there's nothing in the universe that's colder than solid water, not even liquid nitrogen. But, ice is what covers most of the continent of Antarctica. So it is a super-duper cold place.
There have been times when the interior of Antarctica got so cold, that if dry ice were placed outside, it would stay frozen for the duration of the cold snap.
It wasn't always so icy. In fact, 50 million years ago it was a green continent filled with marsupials similar to Australia as well as bizarre ungulates not closely related to any other ungulates today. However, as South America continued to move northward, it eventually created a current that circulates around Antarctica, preventing warm water from reaching Antarctica, starting off a slow but self-sustaining process that turned the continent into the glacial wasteland we all know and love.The oldest mammals from Antarctica, early Eocene of the La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Javier N. Gelto et al., Wiley Online Library, 16 July 2014 Strangely, the continent is starting to become green again, but this time as a result of algae blooms caused by climate change. (They tell you not to eat the yellow snow, but it's probably not a good idea to eat the green snow either.)Climate change is causing Antarctica's snow to turn green, study says, Sophie Lewis, CBS News 21 May 2020
==Population==
No one really wants to live there, except several hundred scientistsNot including and thousands of penguins, who would rather be there than anywhere else. And, of course, Nazis, according to some conspiracy theories. And Iron Sky. (See New Swabia.) Antarctica is the most educated continent because everyone living there that can get a college degree has a college degree.
Although there is no government in Antarctica, the Antarctic Treaty states that people who commit crimes are subject to the jurisdiction of their home country.Cold Cases: Crime and Punishment in Antarctica by Bryant Rousseau SEPT. 28, 2016) New York Times. In other words, there are lots of governments in Antarctica. It's just that their capital buildings are somewhere else in the world. The Antarctic Treaty also states countries can't claim Antarctica, but 7 of them still do claim parts of it (a large swath remains unclaimed).
==Potential exploitation==
Antarctica is presently protected by a treaty which prohibits exploitation of the continent.Originally its sections banning mineral exploitation were due to expire in 1991, but were given a fifty-year extension by the Madrid Protocol. Given that global warming is making potential exploitation easier and that the threat of peak oil is making potential exploitation more profitable it is highly probable that petroleum exploration will begin before the end of the next decade.Claiming Antarctica: Oil, Water And Environmental Risks Date: October 18, 2007 Source: Queensland University of Technology There's a fair amount of coal there, too, but it would be costly to extract.Faure and Mensing, The Transantarctic Mountains, pp.358-9
In this case, it is somewhat ironic that the very countries and institutions which deny the existence of global warming are using its consequences to further the process which generated the warming in the first instance. (There is also a similar situation with the de-icing of the Arctic, Arctic shipping lines and the resources under the Arctic continental shelves.)
===Ecosystem===
The Antarctic has a unique though limited ecosystem with no land-dwelling mammals. In fact, the largest completely terrestrial animal in Antarctica is a half-inch-long "wingless fly" called the Antarctic midge. Penguins and seals, though cute, do not count; they spend much of their time in the water.
===Mars rocks===
Antarctica is a major source of rocks from Mars because they fall on an enormous ice-covered plain, and are conveyed by means of a very slow "conveyor belt" of moving glacial ice to be deposited at the edge where the flow is obstructed by hills and mountains. The rocks stand out on the flat, white surface.Antarctica Is A Hot Spot For UA Scientists Hunting Meteorites Lori Stiles Tucson AZ (SPX) Nov 10, 2005Mars Meteorite
== Planet X ==
A somehow puzzling, but persistent view among some Planet X/Nibiru believers is that it can only be seen from Antarctica and/or the South Pole, because "it's approaching Earth from below the ecliptic". (Even if this were true, it would be visible from every point south of the equator, not only from the South Pole.) As a result, many obsessively watch the live webcam feeds from various Antarctic research stations, trying hard to find anomalies such as inconsistent sunrise times or strange objects in the sky, often with hilarious results. (See the Neumayer Station article for some examples.) Another facet of the belief is the dark significance some give to the , despite the fact that it is a radio telescope and doesn't produce pictures in the visible light spectrum. And no, it's not owned by the Vatican.
==Alien spaceships==
Lake Vostok (Russian: озеро Восток; English transliteration: ozero Vostok) is the site of a drilling project by the Russians, an attempt to break through the thick layer of ice on the lake surface to see if there is life within that has been isolated from the rest of the world for millions of years. There has been some low-level speculation that alien life could have been found, and that it was being kept secret. The lake has turned out to be lifeless so far.Antarctica’s Lake Vostok reveals no signs of life initially, Russians report
A rather odder claim is that a US spy satellite found a spaceship under the ice in 2001, and the Americans have been hushing it up ever since. Attendant stories of a vanishing film crew, and an erupting "time vortex" simply add to the confusion - while also subtracting from the original story's credibility.The Lake Vostok ‘Alien Craft’ Coverup
There are also some nutty theories about pyramids.
==Other views==
Some people believe that Antarctica is a myth, despite all of the people who have crossed it. They instead claim there is a giant wall with a height of 150 feet of ice/rock with large mountains dividing it, that keeps the water in, presumably protected by a whole lot of super-soldiers who ensure nobody who sees it can report its existence.The Ice Wall - The Flat Earth wiki You can see evidence of this in the which shows the north pole in the middle but no south pole.Comment 1, The South Pole Does Not Exist! by Eric Dubay, A Plane Truth, "thinking outside the box", March 29, 2016 "The most commonly asked questions, and the greatest mysteries yet to be solved are: how far does the Antarctic ice extend outwards? Is there a limit? What lies beyond, or is it just snow and ice forever with temperatures there reaching eventually absolute zero?" Sadly "U.N. treaties and constant military surveillance" keep us away from Antarctica so we will never find out.The South Pole Does Not Exist!, Atlantean Conspiracy, accessed 10 Dec 2016 Strange they would be confused about that—obviously the world is surrounded by a huge laurel wreath! Can't you see the flag there?
Other people have written about a great range of mountains in the middle of the continent, which is supposedly the location of a great city built by space aliens a billion years ago. (This seems more believable than the claim immediately above.)
Similar to this are claims from Google Earth aficionados of UFOs and huge alien facilities being hidden in the Antarctic, some guarded by military tanks.Antarctic UFO mystery deepens after researchers 'find tanks guarding alien crash site', Daily Express, 13 Nov 2015What on Earth is this? Mysterious 14 mile structure 'buried' in Antarctica found on Google, Daily Express, 17 Aug 2016 Of course they could just be glitches in the satellite photos.
There is also the view that there is no South Pole; instead, there's a massive hole leading into the hollow Earth. Admiral Byrd went there, but his discovery has been hushed up.The Hollow Earth
==Misogynistic culture==
Reports have come out revealing a pervasive culture of toxic masculinity in Antarctica.https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2023/02/female-scientists-antarctica-sexual-harassment-mcmurdo-nsf-report/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/i-worked-in-antarctica-for-three-years-my-sexual-harasser-was-never-caught/ Victims of sexual harassment who speak out often get punished, and so there is an active incentive not to speak out.
Women who go to work at have reported being given advice to, among other things, avoid rooms where they would get raped or assaulted.
This is a problem that transcends occupation in Antarctica, as the support staff that enable science to be conducted in Antarctica in the first place are also subjected to systemic harassment and even assault. According to a report 72% of current and former female employees believe that sexual harassment and abuse is a systemic problem, 59% have been directly victimized, and 95% know someone who's been victimized.https://www.nsf.gov/geo/opp/documents/USAP%20SAHPR%20Report.pdf
According to former support staff there is a hierarchy of status in Antarctic culture that views support staff as dispensable, and this culture is rife with victim blaming.
At least part of the issue stems from the fact that Antarctic exploration has a mythos of heroic white men braving the blizzards and icy wastes, and therefore Antarctica was no place for women. It wasn't until 1969 that the first all female team arrived to Antarctica, and a New York Times reporter at the time even called it an "incursion into the world's largest remaining male sanctuary."
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Geography