Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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Note: this page has regimens specific to nasopharyngeal carcinoma; more general regimens are available on the head and neck cancer page.
Last updated on 2024-12-02:26 regimens on this page
38 variants on this page
=Guidelines=
Given the rapid change in evidence in many areas of hematology/oncology, readers are encouraged to consider any guideline published 5+ years ago to be for historical purposes, only.
==ASCO/CSCO==
*2021: Chen et al. Chemotherapy in Combination With Radiotherapy for Definitive-Intent Treatment of Stage II-IVA Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: CSCO and ASCO Guideline EuroPMC
==EHNS/ESMO/ESTRO==
*2012: Chan et al. Nasopharyngeal cancer: EHNS-ESMO-ESTRO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
**2010: Chan et al. Nasopharyngeal cancer: EHNS-ESMO-ESTRO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
==ESMO/EURACAN==
*2022: Bossi et al. ESMO–EURACAN Clinical Practice Guideline update for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: adjuvant therapy and first-line treatment of recurrent/metastatic disease EuroPMC
*2021: Bossi et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: ESMO-EURACAN Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
*2009: Chan & Filip. Nasopharyngeal cancer: ESMO clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
**2008: Chan & Filip. Nasopharyngeal cancer: ESMO clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
**2007: Chan et al. Nasopharyngeal cancer: ESMO clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up EuroPMC
==NCCN==
*NCCN does not currently have guidelines at this granular level; please see NCCN Guidelines - Head and Neck Cancers.
=Locally advanced disease, induction=
==Cisplatin & Epirubicin==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Chua et al. 1998 (AOCOA)	1989-1993 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	No induction	Might have longer OS1
1Reported efficacy is based on the 2005 pooled update.
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 60 mg/m2 IV over 4 hours once on day 1
*Epirubicin (Ellence) 110 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
21-day cycle for 2 to 3 cycles 
====Subsequent treatment====
*Definitive RT
===References===
# AOCOA: Chua DT, Sham JS, Choy D, Lorvidhaya V, Sumitsawan Y, Thongprasert S, Vootiprux V, Cheirsilpa A, Azhar T, Reksodiputro AH; Asian-Oceanian Clinical Oncology Association Nasopharynx Cancer Study Group. Preliminary report of the Asian-Oceanian Clinical Oncology Association randomized trial comparing cisplatin and epirubicin followed by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in the treatment of patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer. 1998 Dec 1;83(11):2270-83. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
## Pooled update: Chua DT, Ma J, Sham JS, Mai HQ, Choy DT, Hong MH, Lu TX, Min HQ. Long-term survival after cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a pooled data analysis of two phase III trials. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 20;23(6):1118-24. Epub 2005 Jan 18. link to original article EuroPMC
==Cisplatin & Fluorouracil (CF)==
CF: Cisplatin & Fluorouracil
PF: Platinol (Cisplatin) & Fluorouracil
===Regimen variant #1, 80/4000===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Cao et al. 2017 (RDDA2017000111)	2008-2015 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	No induction	Seems to have longer OS1 (secondary endpoint)OS60: 80.8% vs 76.8%Seems to have longer DFS (primary endpoint)DFS36: 82% vs 74.1%
1Reported efficacy is based on the 2019 update.
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 80 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 800 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 120 hours, started on day 1 (total dose per cycle: 4000 mg/m2)
21-day cycle for 2 cycles
====Subsequent treatment====
*Definitive Cisplatin & RT
===Regimen variant #2, 100/4000===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Jin et al. 2019 (ESNCCT) 	2012-2014 	Phase 3 (C)	TPF 	Inconclusive whether non-inferior PFS
Lv et al. 2021 	2013-2015 	Phase 3 (C)	Lobaplatin & Fluorouracil	Non-inferior PFS60PFS60: 75.5% vs 75%(HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.72-1.45)
Li et al. 2022 (SYSUCC 20160049)	2016-2019 	Phase 3 (C)	TPC 	Shorter FFSFFS36: 68.9% vs 83.5%(HR 2.13, 95% CI 1.27-3.57)
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 100 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 800 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 120 hours, started on day 1 (total dose per cycle: 4000 mg/m2)
21-day cycle for varying durations: 2 cycles (Lv et al. 2021, SYSUCC 20160049); 3 cycles (ESNCCT)
====Subsequent treatment====
*Definitive Cisplatin & RT
===Regimen variant #3, 100/5000===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
You et al. 2020 (SYSUCC 5010)	2014-04 to 2018-08 	Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 100 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 1000 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 120 hours, started on day 1 (total dose per cycle: 5000 mg/m2)
21-day cycle for 6 cycles
====Subsequent treatment====
*Definitive RT versus no further treatment
===References===
# RDDA2017000111: Cao SM, Yang Q, Guo L, Mai HQ, Mo HY, Cao KJ, Qian CN, Zhao C, Xiang YQ, Zhang XP, Lin ZX, Li WX, Liu Q, Qiu F, Sun R, Chen QY, Huang PY, Luo DH, Hua YJ, Wu YS, Lv X, Wang L, Xia WX, Tang LQ, Ye YF, Chen MY, Guo X, Hong MH. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A phase III multicentre randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer. 2017 Apr;75:14-23. Epub 2017 Feb 16. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00705627
## Update: Yang Q, Cao SM, Guo L, Hua YJ, Huang PY, Zhang XL, Lin M, You R, Zou X, Liu YP, Xie YL, Wang ZQ, Mai HQ, Chen QY, Tang LQ, Mo HY, Cao KJ, Qian CN, Zhao C, Xiang YQ, Zhang XP, Lin ZX, Li WX, Liu Q, Li JB, Ling L, Guo X, Hong MH, Chen MY. Induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: long-term results of a phase III multicentre randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer. 2019 Sep;119:87-96. Epub 2019 Aug 16. link to original article EuroPMC
#ESNCCT: Jin T, Qin WF, Jiang F, Jin QF, Wei QC, Jia YS, Sun XN, Li WF, Chen XZ. Cisplatin and Fluorouracil Induction Chemotherapy With or Without Docetaxel in Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Transl Oncol. 2019 Apr;12(4):633-639. Epub 2019 Feb 20. link to original article link PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT01536223
# SYSUCC 5010: You R, Liu YP, Huang PY, Zou X, Sun R, He YX, Wu YS, Shen GP, Zhang HD, Duan CY, Tan SH, Cao JY, Li JB, Xie YL, Zhang YN, Wang ZQ, Yang Q, Lin M, Jiang R, Zhang MX, Hua YJ, Tang LQ, Zhuang AH, Chen QY, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen Y, Mai HQ, Ling L, Liu Q, Chua MLK, Chen MY. Efficacy and Safety of Locoregional Radiotherapy With Chemotherapy vs Chemotherapy Alone in De Novo Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multicenter Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2020 Sep 1;6(9):1345-1352. link to original article link to PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT02111460
# Lv X, Cao X, Xia WX, Liu KY, Qiang MY, Guo L, Qian CN, Cao KJ, Mo HY, Li XM, Li ZH, Han F, He YX, Liu YM, Wu SX, Bai YR, Ke LR, Qiu WZ, Liang H, Liu GY, Miao JJ, Li WZ, Lv SH, Chen X, Zhao C, Xiang YQ, Guo X. Induction chemotherapy with lobaplatin and fluorouracil versus cisplatin and fluorouracil followed by chemoradiotherapy in patients with stage III-IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 May;22(5):716-726. Epub 2021 Apr 12. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC ChiCTR-TRC-13003285
#SYSUCC 20160049: Li WZ, Lv X, Hu D, Lv SH, Liu GY, Liang H, Ye YF, Yang W, Zhang HX, Yuan TZ, Wang DS, Lu N, Ke LR, Tang WB, Tong LH, Chen ZJ, Liu T, Cao KJ, Mo HY, Guo L, Zhao C, Chen MY, Chen QY, Huang PY, Sun R, Qiu F, Luo DH, Wang L, Hua YJ, Tang LQ, Qian CN, Mai HQ, Guo X, Xiang YQ, Xia WX. Effect of Induction Chemotherapy With Paclitaxel, Cisplatin, and Capecitabine vs Cisplatin and Fluorouracil on Failure-Free Survival for Patients With Stage IVA to IVB Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multicenter Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2022 May 1;8(5):706-714. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT02940925
==Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC)==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Zhang et al. 2019 (B2013-022-01)	2013-2016 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	No induction 	Longer RFS (primary endpoint)RFS36: 85.3% vs 76.5%(sHR 0.51, 95% CI 0.34-0.77)Longer OS1 (secondary endpoint)OS60: 87.9% vs 78.8%(HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.34-0.78)
Liu et al. 2024 (CONTINUUMNPC) 	2018-12-21 to 2020-03-31	Phase 3 (C) 	GC & Sintilimab	Shorter EFS (primary endpoint)
1Reported efficacy is based on the 2022 update.
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 80 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
21-day cycle for 3 cycles
====Subsequent treatment====
*Definitive Cisplatin & RT
===References===
# B2013-022-01: Zhang Y, Chen L, Hu GQ, Zhang N, Zhu XD, Yang KY, Jin F, Shi M, Chen YP, Hu WH, Cheng ZB, Wang SY, Tian Y, Wang XC, Sun Y, Li JG, Li WF, Li YH, Tang LL, Mao YP, Zhou GQ, Sun R, Liu X, Guo R, Long GX, Liang SQ, Li L, Huang J, Long JH, Zang J, Liu QD, Zou L, Su QF, Zheng BM, Xiao Y, Guo Y, Han F, Mo HY, Lv JW, Du XJ, Xu C, Liu N, Li YQ, Chua MLK, Xie FY, Sun Y, Ma J. Gemcitabine and cisplatin induction chemotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2019 Sep 19;381(12):1124-1135. Epub 2019 May 31. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT01872962
##Update: Zhang Y, Chen L, Hu GQ, Zhang N, Zhu XD, Yang KY, Jin F, Shi M, Chen YP, Hu WH, Cheng ZB, Wang SY, Tian Y, Wang XC, Sun Y, Li JG, Li WF, Li YH, Mao YP, Zhou GQ, Sun R, Liu X, Guo R, Long GX, Liang SQ, Li L, Huang J, Long JH, Zang J, Liu QD, Zou L, Su QF, Zheng BM, Xiao Y, Guo Y, Han F, Mo HY, Lv JW, Du XJ, Xu C, Liu N, Li YQ, Xie FY, Sun Y, Ma J, Tang LL. Final Overall Survival Analysis of Gemcitabine and Cisplatin Induction Chemotherapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multicenter, Randomized Phase III Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Aug 1;40(22):2420-2425. Epub 2022 Jun 16. link to original article EuroPMC
#CONTINUUMNPC: Liu X, Zhang Y, Yang KY, Zhang N, Jin F, Zou GR, Zhu XD, Xie FY, Liang XY, Li WF, He ZY, Chen NY, Hu WH, Wu HJ, Shi M, Zhou GQ, Mao YP, Guo R, Sun R, Huang J, Liang SQ, Wu WL, Su Z, Li L, Ai P, He YX, Zang J, Chen L, Lin L, Huang SH, Xu C, Lv JW, Li YQ, Hong SB, Jie YS, Li H, Huang SW, Liang YL, Wang YQ, Peng YL, Zhu JH, Zang SB, Liu SR, Lin QG, Li HJ, Tian L, Liu LZ, Zhao HY, Lin AH, Li JB, Liu N, Tang LL, Chen YP, Sun Y, Ma J. Induction-concurrent chemoradiotherapy with or without sintilimab in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China (CONTINUUM): a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024 Jun 22;403(10445):2720-2731. Epub 2024 May 30. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT03700476
==DCF==
DCF: Docetaxel, Cisplatin, Fluorouracil
TPF: Taxotere (Docetaxel), Platinol (Cisplatin), Fluorouracil
===Regimen variant #1, 60/60/3000===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Sun et al. 2016 (YP2010171)	2011-2013 	Phase 3 (E-esc) 	No induction	Seems to have longer FFS (primary endpoint)FFS36: 80% vs 72%(HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.97)Seems to have longer OS1 (secondary endpoint)OS60: 85.6% vs 77.7%(HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.43-0.98)
Dai et al. 2024 (GLMU-01) 	2015-04 to 2018-03 	Non-randomized part of RCT	 	
1Reported efficacy for YP2010171 is based on the 2019 update.
====Chemotherapy====
*Docetaxel (Taxotere) 60 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 60 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 600 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 120 hours, started on day 1 (total dose per cycle: 3000 mg/m2)
21-day cycle for 3 cycles
====Subsequent treatment====
*YP2010171: Definitive Cisplatin & RT
*GLMU-01: Definitive Cisplatin & RT versus RT
===Regimen variant #2, 70/75/4000===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Bae et al. 2010	2004-04 to 2008-07 	Phase 2
====Eligibility criteria====
*Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer
====Chemotherapy====
*Docetaxel (Taxotere) 70 mg/m2 IV over 60 minutes once on day 1, given first
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 75 mg/m2 IV over 3 hours once on day 1, given second
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 1000 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 96 hours, started on day 1, given third (total dose per cycle: 4000 mg/m2)
====Supportive therapy====
*Dexamethasone (Decadron) 20 mg IV once on day 1; 30 minutes prior to docetaxel
*Ranitidine (Zantac) 50 mg IV once on day 1; 30 minutes prior to docetaxel
*Chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton) 5 mg IV once on day 1; 30 minutes prior to docetaxel
*Posthydration after cisplatin with normal saline (volume/rate not specified)
*Ondansetron (Zofran) 8 mg IV "was routinely given"
*Levofloxacin (Levaquin) 500 mg PO once per day on days 5 to 10
*Prophylactic G-CSF per physician's discretion
21-day cycle for 3 cycles
====Subsequent treatment====
*Definitive Cisplatin & RT
===References===
# Bae WK, Hwang JE, Shim HJ, Cho SH, Lee JK, Lim SC, Chung WK, Chung IJ. Phase II study of docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-FU induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010 Feb;65(3):589-95. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# YP2010171: Sun Y, Li WF, Chen NY, Zhang N, Hu GQ, Xie FY, Sun Y, Chen XZ, Li JG, Zhu XD, Hu CS, Xu XY, Chen YY, Hu WH, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen L, Mao YP, Sun R, Ai P, Liang SB, Long GX, Zheng BM, Feng XL, Gong XC, Li L, Shen CY, Xu JY, Guo Y, Chen YM, Zhang F, Lin L, Tang LL, Liu MZ, Ma J. Induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a phase 3, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Nov;17(11):1509-1520. Epub 2016 Sep 26. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT01245959
## Update: Li WF, Chen NY, Zhang N, Hu GQ, Xie FY, Sun Y, Chen XZ, Li JG, Zhu XD, Hu CS, Xu XY, Chen YY, Hu WH, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen L, Mao YP, Sun R, Ai P, Liang SB, Long GX, Zheng BM, Feng XL, Gong XC, Li L, Shen CY, Xu JY, Guo Y, Chen YM, Zhang F, Lin L, Tang LL, Liu MZ, Ma J, Sun Y. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with/without induction chemotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: long-term results of phase 3 randomized controlled trial. Int J Cancer. 2019 Jul 1;145(1):295-305. Epub 2019 Jan 24. link to original article EuroPMC
#ESNCCT: Jin T, Qin WF, Jiang F, Jin QF, Wei QC, Jia YS, Sun XN, Li WF, Chen XZ. Cisplatin and Fluorouracil Induction Chemotherapy With or Without Docetaxel in Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Transl Oncol. 2019 Apr;12(4):633-639. Epub 2019 Feb 20. link to original article link PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT01536223
#GLMU-01: Dai J, Zhang B, Su Y, Pan Y, Ye Z, Cai R, Qin G, Kong X, Mo Y, Zhang R, Liu Z, Xie Y, Ruan X, Jiang W. Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Radiotherapy vs Chemoradiotherapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2024 Apr 1;10(4):456-463. Erratum in: JAMA Oncol. 2024 Mar 14. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT02434614
==Lobaplatin & Fluorouracil==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Lv et al. 2021	2013-2015 	Phase 3 (E-switch-ic)	CF 	Non-inferior PFS60 (primary endpoint)PFS60: 75% vs 75.5%(HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.69-1.39)
====Chemotherapy====
*Lobaplatin (D-19466) 30 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 800 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 120 hours, started on day 1 (total dose per cycle: 4000 mg/m2)
21-day cycle for 2 cycles
====Subsequent treatment====
*Definitive Lobaplatin & RT
===References===
# Lv X, Cao X, Xia WX, Liu KY, Qiang MY, Guo L, Qian CN, Cao KJ, Mo HY, Li XM, Li ZH, Han F, He YX, Liu YM, Wu SX, Bai YR, Ke LR, Qiu WZ, Liang H, Liu GY, Miao JJ, Li WZ, Lv SH, Chen X, Zhao C, Xiang YQ, Guo X. Induction chemotherapy with lobaplatin and fluorouracil versus cisplatin and fluorouracil followed by chemoradiotherapy in patients with stage III-IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 May;22(5):716-726. Epub 2021 Apr 12. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC ChiCTR-TRC-13003285
==TPC==
TPC: Taxol (Paclitaxel), Platinol (Cisplatin), Capecitabine
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Li et al. 2022 (SYSUCC 20160049)	2016-2019 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	PF 	Longer FFS (primary endpoint)FFS36: 83.5% vs 68.9%(HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.28-0.79)
====Chemotherapy====
*Paclitaxel (Taxol) 150 mg/m2 IV over 3 hours once on day 1
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 60 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Capecitabine (Xeloda) 1000 mg/m2 PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
21-day cycle for 2 cycles
====Subsequent treatment====
*Definitive chemoradiotherapy
===References===
#SYSUCC 20160049: Li WZ, Lv X, Hu D, Lv SH, Liu GY, Liang H, Ye YF, Yang W, Zhang HX, Yuan TZ, Wang DS, Lu N, Ke LR, Tang WB, Tong LH, Chen ZJ, Liu T, Cao KJ, Mo HY, Guo L, Zhao C, Chen MY, Chen QY, Huang PY, Sun R, Qiu F, Luo DH, Wang L, Hua YJ, Tang LQ, Qian CN, Mai HQ, Guo X, Xiang YQ, Xia WX. Effect of Induction Chemotherapy With Paclitaxel, Cisplatin, and Capecitabine vs Cisplatin and Fluorouracil on Failure-Free Survival for Patients With Stage IVA to IVB Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multicenter Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2022 May 1;8(5):706-714. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT02940925
=Locally advanced disease, definitive chemoradiotherapy=
==Carboplatin & RT==
Carboplatin & RT: Carboplatin & Radiation Therapy
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Chitapanarux et al. 2007	1999-2004 	Phase 3 (E-switch-ic)	Cisplatin & RT, then CF	Seems to have non-inferior OS36
====Chemotherapy====
*Carboplatin (Paraplatin) 100 mg/m2 IV over 60 minutes once per day on days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36
====Radiotherapy====
*Concurrent radiation therapy to the primary tumor:
RT dose per fraction	Number of fractions	Total RT dose	Schedule
200 cGy 	35 	7000 cGy 	5 days per week
7-week course
====Subsequent treatment====
*Carboplatin & fluorouracil consolidation, after 4 weeks
===References===
# Chitapanarux I, Lorvidhaya V, Kamnerdsupaphon P, Sumitsawan Y, Tharavichitkul E, Sukthomya V, Ford J. Chemoradiotherapy comparing cisplatin versus carboplatin in locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: randomised, non-inferiority, open trial. Eur J Cancer. 2007 Jun;43(9):1399-406. Epub 2007 Apr 27. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Cisplatin & RT==
Cisplatin & RT: Cisplatin & Radiation Therapy
===Regimen variant #1, 30 mg/m2 weekly dosing===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Chen et al. 2011	2003-2007 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Radiation therapy	Longer OS (primary endpoint)OS60: 94.5% vs 85.8%(HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.12-0.76)
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 30 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once per day on days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43
====Radiotherapy====
*Concurrent radiation therapy:
RT dose per fraction	Number of fractions	Total RT dose 	Schedule
200 cGy 	34 to 35 	6800 to 7000 cGy	5 days per week
7-week course
===Regimen variant #2, 40 mg/m2 weekly dosing===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Chan et al. 2002 	1994-1999 	Phase 3 (E-esc) 	Radiation therapy	Might have longer OS1
Tan et al. 2015 	2004-2012 	Non-randomized part of phase 2/3 RCT	 	
Chen et al. 2011 (YP2008004)	2006-2010 	Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT 	 	
1Reported efficacy for Chan et al. 2002 is based on the 2005 update.
Note: See Chan et al. 2005 for additional information about boost doses.
====Preceding treatment====
*Tan et al. 2015: GCP induction x 3 versus no induction therapy
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 40 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once per day on days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43
====Radiotherapy====
*Concurrent radiation therapy:
RT dose per fraction	Number of fractions	Total RT dose	Schedule
200 cGy 	33 	6600 cGy 	5 days per week
6.5-week course
====Subsequent treatment====
*YP2008004: CF consolidation versus no further treatment
===Regimen variant #3, 40 mg/m2 weekly dosing x 6===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Xia et al. 2021	2011-2016 	Phase 3 (C)	Cisplatin & RT; q3wk x 2	Non-inferior FFSFFS36: 85.6% vs 85.4%(HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.66-1.52)
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 40 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once per day on days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36
====Radiotherapy====
*Concurrent radiation therapy
One course
===Regimen variant #4, 100 mg/m2 x 2===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Bae et al. 2010	2004-04 to 2008-07 	Phase 2 	 	
Xia et al. 2021	2011-2016 	Phase 3 (E-switch-ic)	Cisplatin & RT; weekly x 6	Non-inferior FFS (primary endpoint)FFS36: 85.4% vs 85.6%(HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.66-1.52)
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 100 mg/m2 IV once per day on on days 1 & 29
====Radiotherapy====
*Concurrent radiation therapy by the following study-specific criteria:
RT study 	RT dose per fraction	Number of fractions	Total RT dose 	Schedule
Bae et al. 2010	180 to 200 cGy 	35 to 38 	6840 cGy 	5 days per week
Xia et al. 2021	Unspecified 	30 to 33 	6600 to 7000 cGy	5 days per week
8-week course
===Regimen variant #5, 100 mg/m2 x 3===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Al-Sarraf et al. 1998 (Intergroup 0099)	1989-1995 	Phase 3 (E-esc) 	Radiation therapy 	Longer OS
Wee et al. 2005 	1997-2003 	Phase 3 (E-esc) 	Radiation therapy 	Longer OS (primary endpoint)OS36: 85% vs 80%(HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.31-0.81)
Chitapanarux et al. 2007 	1999-2004 	Phase 3 (C) 	Carboplatin & RT, then Carboplatin & 5-FU	Seems to have non-inferior OS36
Lee et al. 2010 (NPC-9901) 	1999-2004 	Phase 3 (E-esc) 	Radiation therapy 	Seems to have longer OS1 (secondary endpoint)OS120: 62% vs 49%(HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.56-1.00)
Tang et al. 2018 	2004-2012 	Phase 3 (C) 	Nedaplatin & RT 	Non-inferior PFS24
Sun et al. 2016 (YP2010171) 	2011-2013 	Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT	 	
Tang et al. 2022 (SYSUCC IRNPC15) 	2015-2020 	Phase 3 (C) 	Cisplatin & RT 	Non-inferior FFS
1Reported efficacy for NPC-9901 is based on the 2016 update.
Note: Intergroup 0099 involved patients with stage III and IV nasopharynx cancers without evidence of metastases.
====Preceding treatment====
*YP2010171: TPF induction versus no induction
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 100 mg/m2 IV over 4 hours once per day on days 1, 22, 43
**Wee et al. 2005 gave 25 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 4, 22 to 25, 43 to 46
====Supportive therapy====
*Best described by Al-Sarraf et al. 1998
*Forced hydration: 5% dextrose in 1/2 normal saline with 40 mEq KCl, 2000 mL IV continuous infusion over 24 hours given twice, prior to cisplatin and after the second mannitol infusion
*Mannitol 12.5 g IV bolus once on day 1, prior to cisplatin
*5% dextrose in 1/2 normal saline with 30 mEq KCl and mannitol 25 g, 1000 mL IV over 4 hours immediately after cisplatin
*Antiemetic such as Prochlorperazine (Compazine) 25 mg rectal suppository given once on day 1; 30 minutes prior to cisplatin
*Prochlorperazine (Compazine) 10 mg IM every 4 hours as needed for nausea after cisplatin
====Radiotherapy====
*Concurrent radiation therapy by the following study-specific criteria:
RT study 	RT dose per fraction	Number of fractions	Total RT dose	Schedule
Al-Sarraf et al. 1998 (Intergroup 0099)	180 to 200 cGy 	35 to 39 	7000 cGy 	Unspecified
Chitapanarux et al. 2007 	200 cGy 	35 	7000 cGy 	Unspecified
*Additional radiotherapy notes:
**Intergroup 0099: Minimum total dose to neck nodes is 5000 cGy for N0 disease; 6600 cGy for nodes less than or equal to 2 cm in size; 7000 cGy for nodes greater than 2 cm.
**Wee et al. 2005, NPC-9901, Tang et al. 2018, YP2010171, SYSUCC IRNPC15: see papers for details (to be added here, eventually)
7-week course
====Subsequent treatment====
*Intergroup 0099, Wee et al. 2005, NPC-9901: CF consolidation
*SYSUCC IRNPC15: No further treatment
===References===
# Intergroup 0099: Al-Sarraf M, LeBlanc M, Giri PG, Fu KK, Cooper J, Vuong T, Forastiere AA, Adams G, Sakr WA, Schuller DE, Ensley JF. Chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: phase III randomized Intergroup study 0099. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Apr;16(4):1310-7. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# Chan AT, Teo PM, Ngan RK, Leung TW, Lau WH, Zee B, Leung SF, Cheung FY, Yeo W, Yiu HH, Yu KH, Chiu KW, Chan DT, Mok T, Yuen KT, Mo F, Lai M, Kwan WH, Choi P, Johnson PJ. Concurrent chemotherapy-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: progression-free survival analysis of a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Apr 15;20(8):2038-44. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
## Update: Chan AT, Leung SF, Ngan RK, Teo PM, Lau WH, Kwan WH, Hui EP, Yiu HY, Yeo W, Cheung FY, Yu KH, Chiu KW, Chan DT, Mok TS, Yau S, Yuen KT, Mo FK, Lai MM, Ma BB, Kam MK, Leung TW, Johnson PJ, Choi PH, Zee BC. Overall survival after concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Apr 6;97(7):536-9. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# Wee J, Tan EH, Tai BC, Wong HB, Leong SS, Tan T, Chua ET, Yang E, Lee KM, Fong KW, Tan HS, Lee KS, Loong S, Sethi V, Chua EJ, Machin D. Randomized trial of radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer stage III and IV nasopharyngeal cancer of the endemic variety. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Sep 20;23(27):6730-8. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# Chitapanarux I, Lorvidhaya V, Kamnerdsupaphon P, Sumitsawan Y, Tharavichitkul E, Sukthomya V, Ford J. Chemoradiotherapy comparing cisplatin versus carboplatin in locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: randomised, non-inferiority, open trial. Eur J Cancer. 2007 Jun;43(9):1399-406. Epub 2007 Apr 27. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# Bae WK, Hwang JE, Shim HJ, Cho SH, Lee JK, Lim SC, Chung WK, Chung IJ. Phase II study of docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-FU induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010 Feb;65(3):589-95. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# NPC-9901: Lee AW, Tung SY, Chua DT, Ngan RK, Chappell R, Tung R, Siu L, Ng WT, Sze WK, Au GK, Law SC, O'Sullivan B, Yau TK, Leung TW, Au JS, Sze WM, Choi CW, Fung KK, Lau JT, Lau WH. Randomized trial of radiotherapy plus concurrent-adjuvant chemotherapy vs radiotherapy alone for regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010 Aug 4;102(15):1188-98. Epub 2010 Jul 15. link to original article contains partial protocol EuroPMC HARECCTR0500023
## Update: Lee AWM, Tung SY, Ng WT, Lee V, Ngan RKC, Choi HCW, Chan LLK, Siu LL, Ng AWY, Leung TW, Yiu HHY, O'Sullivan B, Chappell R. A multicenter, phase 3, randomized trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: 10-year outcomes for efficacy and toxicity. Cancer. 2017 Nov 1;123(21):4147-4157. Epub 2017 Jun 29. link to original article EuroPMC
# Chen QY, Wen YF, Guo L, Liu H, Huang PY, Mo HY, Li NW, Xiang YQ, Luo DH, Qiu F, Sun R, Deng MQ, Chen MY, Hua YJ, Guo X, Cao KJ, Hong MH, Qian CN, Mai HQ. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy vs radiotherapy alone in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma: phase III randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 Dec 7;103(23):1761-70. Epub 2011 Nov 4. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
## Update: Li XY, Chen QY, Sun XS, Liu SL, Yan JJ, Guo SS, Liu LT, Xie HJ, Tang QN, Liang YJ, Wen YF, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen MY, Sun Y, Ma J, Tang LQ, Mai HQ. Ten-year outcomes of survival and toxicity for a phase III randomised trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 2019 Mar;110:24-31. Epub 2019 Feb 7. link to original article EuroPMC
# YP2008004: Chen L, Hu CS, Chen XZ, Hu GQ, Cheng ZB, Sun Y, Li WX, Chen YY, Xie FY, Liang SB, Chen Y, Xu TT, Li B, Long GX, Wang SY, Zheng BM, Guo Y, Sun Y, Mao YP, Tang LL, Chen YM, Liu MZ, Ma J. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a phase 3 multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Feb;13(2):163-71. Epub 2011 Dec 7. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00677118
## Update: Chen L, Hu CS, Chen XZ, Hu GQ, Cheng ZB, Sun Y, Li WX, Chen YY, Xie FY, Liang SB, Chen Y, Xu TT, Li B, Long GX, Wang SY, Zheng BM, Guo Y, Sun Y, Mao YP, Tang LL, Chen YM, Liu MZ, Ma J. Adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Long-term results of a phase 3 multicentre randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer. 2017 Apr;75:150-158. Epub 2017 Feb 22. link to original article EuroPMC
# Tan T, Lim WT, Fong KW, Cheah SL, Soong YL, Ang MK, Ng QS, Tan D, Ong WS, Tan SH, Yip C, Quah D, Soo KC, Wee J. Concurrent chemo-radiation with or without induction gemcitabine, Carboplatin, and Paclitaxel: a randomized, phase 2/3 trial in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015 Apr 1;91(5):952-60. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# YP2010171: Sun Y, Li WF, Chen NY, Zhang N, Hu GQ, Xie FY, Sun Y, Chen XZ, Li JG, Zhu XD, Hu CS, Xu XY, Chen YY, Hu WH, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen L, Mao YP, Sun R, Ai P, Liang SB, Long GX, Zheng BM, Feng XL, Gong XC, Li L, Shen CY, Xu JY, Guo Y, Chen YM, Zhang F, Lin L, Tang LL, Liu MZ, Ma J. Induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a phase 3, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Nov;17(11):1509-1520. Epub 2016 Sep 26. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT01245959
## Update: Li WF, Chen NY, Zhang N, Hu GQ, Xie FY, Sun Y, Chen XZ, Li JG, Zhu XD, Hu CS, Xu XY, Chen YY, Hu WH, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen L, Mao YP, Sun R, Ai P, Liang SB, Long GX, Zheng BM, Feng XL, Gong XC, Li L, Shen CY, Xu JY, Guo Y, Chen YM, Zhang F, Lin L, Tang LL, Liu MZ, Ma J, Sun Y. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with/without induction chemotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: long-term results of phase 3 randomized controlled trial. Int J Cancer. 2019 Jul 1;145(1):295-305. Epub 2019 Jan 24. link to original article EuroPMC
# RDDA2017000111: Cao SM, Yang Q, Guo L, Mai HQ, Mo HY, Cao KJ, Qian CN, Zhao C, Xiang YQ, Zhang XP, Lin ZX, Li WX, Liu Q, Qiu F, Sun R, Chen QY, Huang PY, Luo DH, Hua YJ, Wu YS, Lv X, Wang L, Xia WX, Tang LQ, Ye YF, Chen MY, Guo X, Hong MH. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A phase III multicentre randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer. 2017 Apr;75:14-23. Epub 2017 Feb 16. link to original article EuroPMC
# Tang LQ, Chen DP, Guo L, Mo HY, Huang Y, Guo SS, Qi B, Tang QN, Wang P, Li XY, Li JB, Liu Q, Gao YH, Xie FY, Liu LT, Li Y, Liu SL, Xie HJ, Liang YJ, Sun XS, Yan JJ, Wu YS, Luo DH, Huang PY, Xiang YQ, Sun R, Chen MY, Lv X, Wang L, Xia WX, Zhao C, Cao KJ, Qian CN, Guo X, Hong MH, Nie ZQ, Chen QY, Mai HQ. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with nedaplatin versus cisplatin in stage II-IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Apr;19(4):461-473. Epub 2018 Feb 28. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT01540136
#Xia WX, Lv X, Liang H, Liu GY, Sun R, Zeng Q, Li SW, Mo HY, Han F, Luo DH, Liu Q, Shi MY, Ye YF, Yang J, Ke LR, Qiang MY, Qiu WZ, Yu YH, Liu KY, Huang XJ, Li WZ, Lv SH, Cai ZC, Miao JJ, Guo L, Chen MY, Cao KJ, Wang L, Zhao C, Huang PY, Chen QY, Hua YJ, Tang LQ, Qian CN, Mai HQ, Guo X, Xiang YQ. A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Two Different Schedules for Cisplatin Treatment in Patients with Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2021 Aug 1;27(15):4186-4194. Epub 2021 Jun 3. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC ChiCTR-TRC-12001979
# SYSUCC IRNPC15: Tang LL, Guo R, Zhang N, Deng B, Chen L, Cheng ZB, Huang J, Hu WH, Huang SH, Luo WJ, Liang JH, Zheng YM, Zhang F, Mao YP, Li WF, Zhou GQ, Liu X, Chen YP, Xu C, Lin L, Liu Q, Du XJ, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Ma J. Effect of Radiotherapy Alone vs Radiotherapy With Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy on Survival Without Disease Relapse in Patients With Low-risk Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022 Aug 23;328(8):728-736. link to original article link to PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT02633202
==Cisplatin & Fluorouracil (CF) & RT==
CF & RT: Cisplatin, Fluorouracil, Radiation Therapy
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Lin et al. 2003	1993-1999 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	RT 	Longer OS
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 20 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 5, 29 to 33
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 400 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 96 hours, started on days 1 & 29 (total dose: 3200 mg/m2)
====Radiotherapy====
*Concurrent radiation therapy:
RT dose per fraction	Number of fractions	Total RT dose 	Schedule
Unspecified 	Unspecified 	7000 to 7400 cGy	Unspecified
7- to 8-week course
===References===
# Lin JC, Jan JS, Hsu CY, Liang WM, Jiang RS, Wang WY. Phase III study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: positive effect on overall and progression-free survival. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Feb 15;21(4):631-7. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Nedaplatin & RT==
Nedaplatin & RT: Cisplatin & Radiation Therapy
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Tang et al. 2018	2004-2012 	Phase 3 (E-switch-ic)	Cisplatin & RT	Non-inferior PFS24 (primary endpoint)PFS24: 88% vs 89.9%
====Chemotherapy====
*Nedaplatin (Aqupla) 100 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours once per day on days 1, 22, 43
====Radiotherapy====
*Concurrent radiation therapy
One course
===References===
# Tang LQ, Chen DP, Guo L, Mo HY, Huang Y, Guo SS, Qi B, Tang QN, Wang P, Li XY, Li JB, Liu Q, Gao YH, Xie FY, Liu LT, Li Y, Liu SL, Xie HJ, Liang YJ, Sun XS, Yan JJ, Wu YS, Luo DH, Huang PY, Xiang YQ, Sun R, Chen MY, Lv X, Wang L, Xia WX, Zhao C, Cao KJ, Qian CN, Guo X, Hong MH, Nie ZQ, Chen QY, Mai HQ. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with nedaplatin versus cisplatin in stage II-IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Apr;19(4):461-473. Epub 2018 Feb 28. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT01540136
==Oxaliplatin & RT==
Oxaliplatin & RT: Oxaliplatin & Radiation Therapy
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Zhang et al. 2005	2001-2003 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	RT 	Longer OS1 (primary endpoint)OS84: 71.3% vs 56.3%(HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31-0.94)
1Reported efficacy is based on the 2013 update.
====Chemotherapy====
*Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) 70 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36
====Radiotherapy====
*Concurrent radiation therapy to primary tumor:
RT dose per fraction	Number of fractions	Total RT dose 	Schedule
Unspecified 	Unspecified 	7000 to 7400 cGy	Unspecified
6-week course
===References===
# Zhang L, Zhao C, Peng PJ, Lu LX, Huang PY, Han F, Wu SX. Phase III study comparing standard radiotherapy with or without weekly oxaliplatin in treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: preliminary results. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Nov 20;23(33):8461-8. Epub 2005 Oct 17. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
## Update: Wu X, Huang PY, Peng PJ, Lu LX, Han F, Wu SX, Hou X, Zhao HY, Huang Y, Fang WF, Zhao YY, Xue C, Hu ZH, Zhang J, Zhang JW, Ma YX, Liang WH, Zhao C, Zhang L. Long-term follow-up of a phase III study comparing radiotherapy with or without weekly oxaliplatin for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2013 Aug;24(8):2131-6. Epub 2013 May 9. link to original article EuroPMC
==Radiation therapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Al-Sarraf et al. 1998 (Intergroup 0099)	1989-1995 	Phase 3 (C) 	Cisplatin & RT, then CF	Shorter OS
Chan et al. 2002 	1994-1999 	Phase 3 (C) 	Cisplatin & RT 	Might have shorter OS1
Wee et al. 2005 	1997-2003 	Phase 3 (C) 	Cisplatin & RT 	Shorter OSOS36: 80% vs 85%(HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.23-3.23)
Lee et al. 2010 (NPC-9901) 	1999-2004 	Phase 3 (C) 	Cisplatin & RT 	Seems to have shorter OS2OS120: 49% vs 62%(HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.00-1.79)
Chen et al. 2011 	2003-2007 	Phase 3 (C) 	Cisplatin & RT 	Shorter OSOS60: 85.8% vs 94.5%(HR 3.33, 95% CI 1.32-8.33)
Dai et al. 2024 (GLMU-01) 	2015-04 to 2018-03 	Phase 3 (E-de-esc)	Cisplatin & RT 	Non-inferior PFS36 (primary endpoint)PFS36: 76.2% vs 76.8%
Tang et al. 2022 (SYSUCC IRNPC15) 	2015-2020 	Phase 3 (E-de-esc)	Cisplatin & RT 	Non-inferior FFS (primary endpoint)FFS36: 90.5% vs 91.9%(HR 1.36, 95% CI 0.70-2.66)
1Reported efficacy for Chan et al. 2002 is based on the 2005 update.
2Reported efficacy for NPC-9901 is based on the 2016 update.
====Preceding treatment====
*GLMU-01: DCF x 3
====Radiotherapy====
*External beam radiotherapy
One course
===References===
# Intergroup 0099: Al-Sarraf M, LeBlanc M, Giri PG, Fu KK, Cooper J, Vuong T, Forastiere AA, Adams G, Sakr WA, Schuller DE, Ensley JF. Chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: phase III randomized Intergroup study 0099. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Apr;16(4):1310-7. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# Chan AT, Teo PM, Ngan RK, Leung TW, Lau WH, Zee B, Leung SF, Cheung FY, Yeo W, Yiu HH, Yu KH, Chiu KW, Chan DT, Mok T, Yuen KT, Mo F, Lai M, Kwan WH, Choi P, Johnson PJ. Concurrent chemotherapy-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: progression-free survival analysis of a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Apr 15;20(8):2038-44. link to original article EuroPMC
## Update: Chan AT, Leung SF, Ngan RK, Teo PM, Lau WH, Kwan WH, Hui EP, Yiu HY, Yeo W, Cheung FY, Yu KH, Chiu KW, Chan DT, Mok TS, Yau S, Yuen KT, Mo FK, Lai MM, Ma BB, Kam MK, Leung TW, Johnson PJ, Choi PH, Zee BC. Overall survival after concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Apr 6;97(7):536-9. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# Wee J, Tan EH, Tai BC, Wong HB, Leong SS, Tan T, Chua ET, Yang E, Lee KM, Fong KW, Tan HS, Lee KS, Loong S, Sethi V, Chua EJ, Machin D. Randomized trial of radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer stage III and IV nasopharyngeal cancer of the endemic variety. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Sep 20;23(27):6730-8. link to original article EuroPMC
# Zhang L, Zhao C, Peng PJ, Lu LX, Huang PY, Han F, Wu SX. Phase III study comparing standard radiotherapy with or without weekly oxaliplatin in treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: preliminary results. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Nov 20;23(33):8461-8. Epub 2005 Oct 17. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
## Update: Wu X, Huang PY, Peng PJ, Lu LX, Han F, Wu SX, Hou X, Zhao HY, Huang Y, Fang WF, Zhao YY, Xue C, Hu ZH, Zhang J, Zhang JW, Ma YX, Liang WH, Zhao C, Zhang L. Long-term follow-up of a phase III study comparing radiotherapy with or without weekly oxaliplatin for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2013 Aug;24(8):2131-6. Epub 2013 May 9. link to original article EuroPMC
# NPC-9901: Lee AW, Tung SY, Chua DT, Ngan RK, Chappell R, Tung R, Siu L, Ng WT, Sze WK, Au GK, Law SC, O'Sullivan B, Yau TK, Leung TW, Au JS, Sze WM, Choi CW, Fung KK, Lau JT, Lau WH. Randomized trial of radiotherapy plus concurrent-adjuvant chemotherapy vs radiotherapy alone for regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010 Aug 4;102(15):1188-98. Epub 2010 Jul 15. link to original article contains partial protocol EuroPMC HARECCTR0500023
## Update: Lee AWM, Tung SY, Ng WT, Lee V, Ngan RKC, Choi HCW, Chan LLK, Siu LL, Ng AWY, Leung TW, Yiu HHY, O'Sullivan B, Chappell R. A multicenter, phase 3, randomized trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: 10-year outcomes for efficacy and toxicity. Cancer. 2017 Nov 1;123(21):4147-4157. Epub 2017 Jun 29. link to original article EuroPMC
# Chen QY, Wen YF, Guo L, Liu H, Huang PY, Mo HY, Li NW, Xiang YQ, Luo DH, Qiu F, Sun R, Deng MQ, Chen MY, Hua YJ, Guo X, Cao KJ, Hong MH, Qian CN, Mai HQ. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy vs radiotherapy alone in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma: phase III randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 Dec 7;103(23):1761-70. Epub 2011 Nov 4. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
## Update: Li XY, Chen QY, Sun XS, Liu SL, Yan JJ, Guo SS, Liu LT, Xie HJ, Tang QN, Liang YJ, Wen YF, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen MY, Sun Y, Ma J, Tang LQ, Mai HQ. Ten-year outcomes of survival and toxicity for a phase III randomised trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 2019 Mar;110:24-31. Epub 2019 Feb 7. link to original article EuroPMC
# SYSUCC 5010: You R, Liu YP, Huang PY, Zou X, Sun R, He YX, Wu YS, Shen GP, Zhang HD, Duan CY, Tan SH, Cao JY, Li JB, Xie YL, Zhang YN, Wang ZQ, Yang Q, Lin M, Jiang R, Zhang MX, Hua YJ, Tang LQ, Zhuang AH, Chen QY, Guo L, Mo HY, Chen Y, Mai HQ, Ling L, Liu Q, Chua MLK, Chen MY. Efficacy and Safety of Locoregional Radiotherapy With Chemotherapy vs Chemotherapy Alone in De Novo Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multicenter Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2020 Sep 1;6(9):1345-1352. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT02111460
# SYSUCC IRNPC15: Tang LL, Guo R, Zhang N, Deng B, Chen L, Cheng ZB, Huang J, Hu WH, Huang SH, Luo WJ, Liang JH, Zheng YM, Zhang F, Mao YP, Li WF, Zhou GQ, Liu X, Chen YP, Xu C, Lin L, Liu Q, Du XJ, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Ma J. Effect of Radiotherapy Alone vs Radiotherapy With Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy on Survival Without Disease Relapse in Patients With Low-risk Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022 Aug 23;328(8):728-736. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT02633202
#GLMU-01: Dai J, Zhang B, Su Y, Pan Y, Ye Z, Cai R, Qin G, Kong X, Mo Y, Zhang R, Liu Z, Xie Y, Ruan X, Jiang W. Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Radiotherapy vs Chemoradiotherapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2024 Apr 1;10(4):456-463. Erratum in: JAMA Oncol. 2024 Mar 14. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT02434614
=Adjuvant therapy=
==Capecitabine monotherapy==
===Regimen variant #1, 8 cycles===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Awaiting publication (CCRT-AC-LAHR-NPC)	2014-2018 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Observation	Longer FFS (primary endpoint)FFS36: 88% vs 73%(HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.29-0.77)
====Preceding treatment====
*Definitive Cisplatin & RT
====Chemotherapy====
*Capecitabine (Xeloda) 1000 mg/m2 PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
21-day cycle for 8 cycles
===Regimen variant #2, 12 months===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Chen et al. 2021 (2016-FXY-075)	2017-01-25 to 2018-10-25	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Observation	Longer FFS (primary endpoint)FFS36: 85% vs 76%(HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.32-0.79)
====Preceding treatment====
*Definitive chemoradiotherapy
====Chemotherapy====
*Capecitabine (Xeloda) 650 mg/m2 PO twice per day
12-month course
===References===
#2016-FXY-075: Chen YP, Liu X, Zhou Q, Yang KY, Jin F, Zhu XD, Shi M, Hu GQ, Hu WH, Sun Y, Wu HF, Wu H, Lin Q, Wang H, Tian Y, Zhang N, Wang XC, Shen LF, Liu ZZ, Huang J, Luo XL, Li L, Zang J, Mei Q, Zheng BM, Yue D, Xu J, Wu SG, Shi YX, Mao YP, Chen L, Li WF, Zhou GQ, Sun R, Guo R, Zhang Y, Xu C, Lv JW, Guo Y, Feng HX, Tang LL, Xie FY, Sun Y, Ma J. Metronomic capecitabine as adjuvant therapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021 Jul 24;398(10297):303-313. Epub 2021 Jun 4. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT02958111
#CCRT-AC-LAHR-NPC: NCT02143388
==Carboplatin & Fluorouracil==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Chitapanarux et al. 2007	1999-2004 	Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT
====Preceding treatment====
*Definitive Carboplatin & RT
====Chemotherapy====
*Carboplatin (Paraplatin) AUC 5 IV once on day 1
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 1000 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 96 hours, started on day 1 (total dose per cycle: 4000 mg/m2)
28-day cycle for 3 cycles
===References===
# Chitapanarux I, Lorvidhaya V, Kamnerdsupaphon P, Sumitsawan Y, Tharavichitkul E, Sukthomya V, Ford J. Chemoradiotherapy comparing cisplatin versus carboplatin in locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: randomised, non-inferiority, open trial. Eur J Cancer. 2007 Jun;43(9):1399-406. Epub 2007 Apr 27. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==Cisplatin & Fluorouracil (CF)==
Cisplatin and Fluorouracil
===Regimen variant #1, 80/4000, 4 days of 5-FU===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Al-Sarraf et al. 1998 (Intergroup 0099)	1989-1995 	Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT	 	
Wee et al. 2005 	1997-2003 	Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT	 	
Chitapanarux et al. 2007 	1999-2004 	Phase 3 (C) 	Carboplatin & RT, then Carboplatin & 5-FU	Seems to have non-inferior OS36
Lee et al. 2010 (NPC-9901) 	1999-2004 	Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT	 	
Liu et al. 2023 (2017-FXY-077) 	2017-10-30 to 2020-07-09	Phase 3 (C) 	GC 	Lower PFS36
====Preceding treatment====
*Intergroup 0099 & Wee et al. 2005: Definitive Cisplatin & RT versus RT
*Chitapanarux et al. 2007 & NPC-9901: Definitive Cisplatin & RT
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 80 mg/m2 IV over 15 minutes to 4 hours once on day 1
**Wee et al. 2005 gave cisplatin in split doses over 4 days (20 mg/m2/day)
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 1000 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 96 hours, started on day 1 (total dose per cycle: 4000 mg/m2)
28-day cycle for 3 cycles
===Regimen variant #2, 80/4000, 5 days of 5-FU===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Chen et al. 2011 (YP2008004)	2006-2010 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	No further treatment	Did not meet primary endpoint of FFS
====Preceding treatment====
*Definitive Cisplatin & RT
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 80 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 800 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 120 hours, started on day 1 (total dose per cycle: 4000 mg/m2)
28-day cycle for 3 cycles
===References===
# Intergroup 0099: Al-Sarraf M, LeBlanc M, Giri PG, Fu KK, Cooper J, Vuong T, Forastiere AA, Adams G, Sakr WA, Schuller DE, Ensley JF. Chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: phase III randomized Intergroup study 0099. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Apr;16(4):1310-7. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# Wee J, Tan EH, Tai BC, Wong HB, Leong SS, Tan T, Chua ET, Yang E, Lee KM, Fong KW, Tan HS, Lee KS, Loong S, Sethi V, Chua EJ, Machin D. Randomized trial of radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer stage III and IV nasopharyngeal cancer of the endemic variety. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Sep 20;23(27):6730-8. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# Chitapanarux I, Lorvidhaya V, Kamnerdsupaphon P, Sumitsawan Y, Tharavichitkul E, Sukthomya V, Ford J. Chemoradiotherapy comparing cisplatin versus carboplatin in locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: randomised, non-inferiority, open trial. Eur J Cancer. 2007 Jun;43(9):1399-406. Epub 2007 Apr 27. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# NPC-9901: Lee AW, Tung SY, Chua DT, Ngan RK, Chappell R, Tung R, Siu L, Ng WT, Sze WK, Au GK, Law SC, O'Sullivan B, Yau TK, Leung TW, Au JS, Sze WM, Choi CW, Fung KK, Lau JT, Lau WH. Randomized trial of radiotherapy plus concurrent-adjuvant chemotherapy vs radiotherapy alone for regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010 Aug 4;102(15):1188-98. Epub 2010 Jul 15. link to original article contains partial protocol EuroPMC HARECCTR0500023
## Update: Lee AWM, Tung SY, Ng WT, Lee V, Ngan RKC, Choi HCW, Chan LLK, Siu LL, Ng AWY, Leung TW, Yiu HHY, O'Sullivan B, Chappell R. A multicenter, phase 3, randomized trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: 10-year outcomes for efficacy and toxicity. Cancer. 2017 Nov 1;123(21):4147-4157. Epub 2017 Jun 29. link to original article EuroPMC
# YP2008004: Chen L, Hu CS, Chen XZ, Hu GQ, Cheng ZB, Sun Y, Li WX, Chen YY, Xie FY, Liang SB, Chen Y, Xu TT, Li B, Long GX, Wang SY, Zheng BM, Guo Y, Sun Y, Mao YP, Tang LL, Chen YM, Liu MZ, Ma J. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a phase 3 multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Feb;13(2):163-71. Epub 2011 Dec 7. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00677118
## Update: Chen L, Hu CS, Chen XZ, Hu GQ, Cheng ZB, Sun Y, Li WX, Chen YY, Xie FY, Liang SB, Chen Y, Xu TT, Li B, Long GX, Wang SY, Zheng BM, Guo Y, Sun Y, Mao YP, Tang LL, Chen YM, Liu MZ, Ma J. Adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Long-term results of a phase 3 multicentre randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer. 2017 Apr;75:150-158. Epub 2017 Feb 22. link to original article EuroPMC
#2017-FXY-077: Liu LT, Liu H, Huang Y, Yang JH, Xie SY, Li YY, Guo SS, Qi B, Li XY, Chen DP, Jin F, Sun XS, Yang ZC, Liu SL, Luo DH, Li JB, Liu Q, Wang P, Guo L, Mo HY, Qiu F, Yang Q, Liang YJ, Jia GD, Wen DX, Yan JJ, Zhao C, Chen QY, Sun R, Tang LQ, Mai HQ. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant cisplatin-gemcitabine versus cisplatin-fluorouracil chemotherapy for N2-3 nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2023 Jul;24(7):798-810. Epub 2023 Jun 5. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT03321539
==Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC)==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Liu et al. 2023 (2017-FXY-077)	2017-10-30 to 2020-07-09	Phase 3 (E-switch-ic)	CF 	Longer PFS36 (primary endpoint)PFS36: 83.9% vs 71.5%(sHR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32-0.93)
====Preceding treatment====
*Definitive Cisplatin & RT
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 80 mg/m2 IV over 4 hours once on day 1
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
21-day cycle for 3 cycles
===References===
#2017-FXY-077: Liu LT, Liu H, Huang Y, Yang JH, Xie SY, Li YY, Guo SS, Qi B, Li XY, Chen DP, Jin F, Sun XS, Yang ZC, Liu SL, Luo DH, Li JB, Liu Q, Wang P, Guo L, Mo HY, Qiu F, Yang Q, Liang YJ, Jia GD, Wen DX, Yan JJ, Zhao C, Chen QY, Sun R, Tang LQ, Mai HQ. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant cisplatin-gemcitabine versus cisplatin-fluorouracil chemotherapy for N2-3 nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2023 Jul;24(7):798-810. Epub 2023 Jun 5. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT03321539
=Recurrent or metastatic disease=
==Capecitabine monotherapy==
===Regimen variant #1===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Chan et al. 2023 (KEYNOTE-122)	2016-05-05 to 2018-05-28	Phase 3 (C)	Pembrolizumab	Did not meet primary endpoint of OSMedian OS: 15.3 vs 17.2 mo(HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.84-1.49)
====Chemotherapy====
*Capecitabine (Xeloda) 1000 mg/m2 PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
21-day cycles
===Regimen variant #2===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Chan et al. 2023 (KEYNOTE-122)	2016-05-05 to 2018-05-28	Phase 3 (C)	Pembrolizumab	Did not meet primary endpoint of OSMedian OS: 15.3 vs 17.2 mo(HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.84-1.49)
====Chemotherapy====
*Capecitabine (Xeloda) as follows:
**Cycle 1: 1000 mg/m2 PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
**Cycle 2 onwards: 1250 mg/m2 PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
21-day cycles
===References===
#KEYNOTE-122: Chan ATC, Lee VHF, Hong RL, Ahn MJ, Chong WQ, Kim SB, Ho GF, Caguioa PB, Ngamphaiboon N, Ho C, Aziz MASA, Ng QS, Saraf S, Yen CJ, Soparattanapaisarn N, Ngan RK, Kho SK, Tiambeng MLA, Yun T, Sriuranpong V, Algazi AP, Cheng A, Massarelli E, Swaby RF, Yuan J, Siu LL. Pembrolizumab monotherapy versus chemotherapy in platinum-pretreated, recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer (KEYNOTE-122): an open-label, randomized, phase III trial. Ann Oncol. 2023 Mar;34(3):251-261. Epub 2022 Dec 16. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT02611960
==Carboplatin & Gemcitabine (GCb)==
GCb: Gemcitabine & Carboplatin
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Toh et al. 2024 (VANCE)	2014-07-21 to 2020-01-30	Phase 3 (C)	GCb x 4, then EBV-CTL x 6	Did not meet primary endpoint of OSMedian OS: 24.9 vs 25 mo(HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.64-1.10)
Note: to our knowledge, this regimen variant was not tested as an experimental arm in an RCT in this context, prior to becoming a standard comparator arm.
====Chemotherapy====
*Carboplatin (Paraplatin) AUC 2 IV once per day on days 1, 8, 15
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1, 8, 15
28-day cycle for 6 cycles
===References===
#VANCE: Toh HC, Yang MH, Wang HM, Hsieh CY, Chitapanarux I, Ho KF, Hong RL, Ang MK, Colevas AD, Sirachainan E, Lertbutsayanukul C, Ho GF, Nadler E, Algazi A, Lulla P, Wirth LJ, Wirasorn K, Liu YC, Ang SF, Low SHJ, Tho LM, Hasbullah HH, Brenner MK, Wang WW, Ong WS, Tan SH, Horak I, Ding C, Myo A, Samol J. Gemcitabine, carboplatin, and Epstein-Barr virus-specific autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: VANCE, an international randomized phase III trial. Ann Oncol. 2024 Dec;35(12):1181-1190. Epub 2024 Sep 4. link to original article EuroPMC NCT02578641
==Cisplatin & Fluorouracil (CF)==
CF: Cisplatin & Fluorouracil
FP: Fluorouracil & Platinol
===Regimen variant #1, 80/4000===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Zhang et al. 2016 (GEM20110714)	2012-2015 	Phase 3 (C)	Cisplatin & Gemcitabine	Shorter OS1
1Reported efficacy is based on the 2021 update.
Note: to our knowledge, this regimen was not tested as an experimental arm in an RCT in this context, prior to becoming a standard comparator arm.
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 80 mg/m2 IV over 4 hours once on day 1
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 1000 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion over 96 hours, started on day 1 (total dose per cycle: 4000 mg/m2)
21-day cycle for up to 6 cycles
===Regimen variant #2, 100/5000===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Au & Ang 1994	1990-1992 	Phase 2
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 33.3 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 3
*Fluorouracil (5-FU) 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 5
21-day cycles
===References===
# Au E, Ang PT. A phase II trial of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatinum in recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 1994 Jan;5(1):87-9. link to original article dosing details in abstract have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# GEM20110714: Zhang L, Huang Y, Hong S, Yang Y, Yu G, Jia J, Peng P, Wu X, Lin Q, Xi X, Peng J, Xu M, Chen D, Lu X, Wang R, Cao X, Chen X, Lin Z, Xiong J, Lin Q, Xie C, Li Z, Pan J, Li J, Wu S, Lian Y, Yang Q, Zhao C. Gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus fluorouracil plus cisplatin in recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma:a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016 Oct 15;388(10054):1883-1892. Epub 2016 Aug 23. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT01528618
##Update: Hong S, Zhang Y, Yu G, Peng P, Peng J, Jia J, Wu X, Huang Y, Yang Y, Lin Q, Xi X, Xu M, Chen D, Lu X, Wang R, Cao X, Chen X, Lin Z, Xiong J, Lin Q, Xie C, Li Z, Pan J, Li J, Wu S, Lian Y, Yang Q, Zhao C, Fang W, Zhang L. Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin Versus Fluorouracil Plus Cisplatin as First-Line Therapy for Recurrent or Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Final Overall Survival Analysis of GEM20110714 Phase III Study. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Oct 10;39(29):3273-3282. Epub 2021 Aug 11. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
==Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC)==
GP: Gemcitabine & Platinol (Cisplatin)
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Zhang et al. 2016 (GEM20110714) 	2012-2015 	Phase 3 (E-switch-ic)	CF 	Longer PFS (primary endpoint)Median PFS: 7 vs 5.6 mo(HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.44-0.68)Longer OS1 (secondary endpoint)Median OS: 22.1 vs 18.6 mo(HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.58-0.90)
Mai et al. 2021 (JUPITER-02) 	2018-11-10 to 2019-10-20	Phase 3 (C) 	GC & Toripalimab 	Shorter OS2 (secondary endpoint)Median OS: 33.7 vs NYR mo(HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.12-2.22)Shorter PFS2 (primary endpoint)Median PFS: 8.2 vs 21.4 mo(HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.37-2.70)
Yang et al. 2021 (CAPTAIN-1st) 	2018-11-13 to 2019-11-29	Phase 3 (C) 	GC & Camrelizumab	Shorter PFSMedian PFS: 6.9 vs 9.7 mo(HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.32-2.56)
Yang et al. 2023 (RATIONALE 309)	2019-04-18 to 2020-09-30	Phase 3 (C) 	GC & Tislelizumab	Shorter PFS
Liu et al. 2024 	2019-09 to 2022-08 	Phase 3 (C) 	nab-TPC 	Shorter PFSMedian PFS: 7.7 vs 11.3 mo(HR 2.33, 95% CI 1.37-4.00)
1Reported efficacy for GEM20110714 is based on the 2021 update.
2Reported efficacy for JUPITER-02 is based on the 2023 update.
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) 80 mg/m2 IV over 4 hours once on day 1
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1 & 8
21-day cycle for varying durations: 4 to 6 cycles (CAPTAIN-1st, RATIONALE 309); 6 cycles (GEM20110714, JUPITER-02, Liu et al. 2024)
===References===
# GEM20110714: Zhang L, Huang Y, Hong S, Yang Y, Yu G, Jia J, Peng P, Wu X, Lin Q, Xi X, Peng J, Xu M, Chen D, Lu X, Wang R, Cao X, Chen X, Lin Z, Xiong J, Lin Q, Xie C, Li Z, Pan J, Li J, Wu S, Lian Y, Yang Q, Zhao C. Gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus fluorouracil plus cisplatin in recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma:a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016 Oct 15;388(10054):1883-1892. Epub 2016 Aug 23. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT01528618
##Update: Hong S, Zhang Y, Yu G, Peng P, Peng J, Jia J, Wu X, Huang Y, Yang Y, Lin Q, Xi X, Xu M, Chen D, Lu X, Wang R, Cao X, Chen X, Lin Z, Xiong J, Lin Q, Xie C, Li Z, Pan J, Li J, Wu S, Lian Y, Yang Q, Zhao C, Fang W, Zhang L. Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin Versus Fluorouracil Plus Cisplatin as First-Line Therapy for Recurrent or Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Final Overall Survival Analysis of GEM20110714 Phase III Study. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Oct 10;39(29):3273-3282. Epub 2021 Aug 11. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
# CAPTAIN-1st: Yang Y, Qu S, Li J, Hu C, Xu M, Li W, Zhou T, Shen L, Wu H, Lang J, Hu G, Luo Z, Fu Z, Qu S, Feng W, Chen X, Lin S, Zhang W, Li X, Sun Y, Lin Z, Lin Q, Lei F, Long J, Hong J, Huang X, Zeng L, Wang P, He X, Zhang B, Yang Q, Zhang X, Zou J, Fang W, Zhang L. Camrelizumab versus placebo in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin as first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (CAPTAIN-1st): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Aug;22(8):1162-1174. Epub 2021 Jun 23. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT03707509
# JUPITER-02: Mai HQ, Chen QY, Chen D, Hu C, Yang K, Wen J, Li J, Shi YR, Jin F, Xu R, Pan J, Qu S, Li P, Hu C, Liu YC, Jiang Y, He X, Wang HM, Lim WT, Liao W, He X, Chen X, Liu Z, Yuan X, Li Q, Lin X, Jing S, Chen Y, Lu Y, Hsieh CY, Yang MH, Yen CJ, Samol J, Feng H, Yao S, Keegan P, Xu RH. Toripalimab or placebo plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicenter randomized phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2021 Sep;27(9):1536-1543. Epub 2021 Aug 2. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT03581786
##Update: Mai HQ, Chen QY, Chen D, Hu C, Yang K, Wen J, Li J, Shi Y, Jin F, Xu R, Pan J, Qu S, Li P, Hu C, Liu YC, Jiang Y, He X, Wang HM, Lim WT, Liao W, He X, Chen X, Wang S, Yuan X, Li Q, Lin X, Jing S, Chen Y, Lu Y, Hsieh CY, Yang MH, Yen CJ, Samol J, Luo X, Wang X, Tang X, Feng H, Yao S, Keegan P, Xu RH. Toripalimab Plus Chemotherapy for Recurrent or Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: The JUPITER-02 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023 Nov 28;330(20):1961-1970. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
#RATIONALE 309: Yang Y, Pan J, Wang H, Zhao Y, Qu S, Chen N, Chen X, Sun Y, He X, Hu C, Lin L, Yu Q, Wang S, Wang G, Lei F, Wen J, Yang K, Lin Z, Guo Y, Chen S, Huang X, Wu Y, Liang L, Chen C, Bai F, Ma X, Zhang Y, Leaw S, Zhang L, Fang W. Tislelizumab plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer: A multicenter phase 3 trial (RATIONALE-309). Cancer Cell. 2023 Jun 12;41(6):1061-1072.e4. Epub 2023 May 18. link to original article EuroPMC NCT03924986 dosing details on CT.gov have been reviewed by our editors
#Liu GY, Ye YF, Jiang YF, Chen GJ, Xia WX, Huang YS, Gao TS, Liu YM, Hou YT, Li JF, Liu JH, Lu N, Chen CL, Ke LR, Liang H, Bei WX, Li WZ, Dong SH, Liu Q, Xie C, Yao HR, Xiang YQ. Nab-paclitaxel, cisplatin, and capecitabine versus cisplatin and gemcitabine as first line chemotherapy in patients with recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: randomised phase 3 clinical trial. BMJ. 2024 Jun 19;385:e077890. Erratum in: BMJ. 2024 Jun 21;385:q1381. link to original article link to PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC ChiCTR1900027112
==Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC) & Camrelizumab==
GP & Camrelizumab: Gemcitabine, Platinol (Cisplatin), Camrelizumab
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Yang et al. 2021 (CAPTAIN-1st)	2018-11-13 to 2019-11-29	Phase 3 (E-RT-esc)	GC 	Longer PFS (primary endpoint)Median PFS: 9.7 vs 6.9 mo(HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.39-0.76)
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) as follows:
**Cycles 1 to 4 up to 6: 80 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) as follows:
**Cycles 1 to 4 up to 6: 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
====Immunotherapy====
*Camrelizumab (AiRuiKa) 200 mg IV once on day 1
21-day cycle for up to 35 cycles (2 years)
===References===
# CAPTAIN-1st: Yang Y, Qu S, Li J, Hu C, Xu M, Li W, Zhou T, Shen L, Wu H, Lang J, Hu G, Luo Z, Fu Z, Qu S, Feng W, Chen X, Lin S, Zhang W, Li X, Sun Y, Lin Z, Lin Q, Lei F, Long J, Hong J, Huang X, Zeng L, Wang P, He X, Zhang B, Yang Q, Zhang X, Zou J, Fang W, Zhang L. Camrelizumab versus placebo in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin as first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (CAPTAIN-1st): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Aug;22(8):1162-1174. Epub 2021 Jun 23. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT03707509
==Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC) & Toripalimab==
GC & Toripalimab: Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, Toripalimab
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Mai et al. 2021 (JUPITER-02)	2018-11-10 to 2019-10-20	Phase 3 (E-RT-esc)	GC 	Longer OS1 (secondary endpoint)Median OS: NYR vs 33.7 mo(HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45-0.89)Longer PFS1 (primary endpoint)Median PFS: 21.4 vs 8.2 mo(HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.37-0.73)
1Reported efficacy is based on the 2023 update.
====Chemotherapy====
*Cisplatin (Platinol) as follows:
**Cycles 1 up to 6: 80 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) as follows:
**Cycles 1 up to 6: 1000 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
====Immunotherapy====
*Toripalimab (Loqtorzi) 240 mg IV once on day 1
21-day cycle for up to 35 cycles (2 years)
===References===
# JUPITER-02: Mai HQ, Chen QY, Chen D, Hu C, Yang K, Wen J, Li J, Shi YR, Jin F, Xu R, Pan J, Qu S, Li P, Hu C, Liu YC, Jiang Y, He X, Wang HM, Lim WT, Liao W, He X, Chen X, Liu Z, Yuan X, Li Q, Lin X, Jing S, Chen Y, Lu Y, Hsieh CY, Yang MH, Yen CJ, Samol J, Feng H, Yao S, Keegan P, Xu RH. Toripalimab or placebo plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicenter randomized phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2021 Sep;27(9):1536-1543. Epub 2021 Aug 2. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT03581786
##Update: Mai HQ, Chen QY, Chen D, Hu C, Yang K, Wen J, Li J, Shi Y, Jin F, Xu R, Pan J, Qu S, Li P, Hu C, Liu YC, Jiang Y, He X, Wang HM, Lim WT, Liao W, He X, Chen X, Wang S, Yuan X, Li Q, Lin X, Jing S, Chen Y, Lu Y, Hsieh CY, Yang MH, Yen CJ, Samol J, Luo X, Wang X, Tang X, Feng H, Yao S, Keegan P, Xu RH. Toripalimab Plus Chemotherapy for Recurrent or Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: The JUPITER-02 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023 Nov 28;330(20):1961-1970. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
==Docetaxel monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Chan et al. 2023 (KEYNOTE-122)	2016-05-05 to 2018-05-28	Phase 3 (C)	Pembrolizumab	Did not meet primary endpoint of OSMedian OS: 15.3 vs 17.2 mo(HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.84-1.49)
====Chemotherapy====
*Docetaxel (Taxotere) 75 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
21-day cycles
===References===
#KEYNOTE-122: Chan ATC, Lee VHF, Hong RL, Ahn MJ, Chong WQ, Kim SB, Ho GF, Caguioa PB, Ngamphaiboon N, Ho C, Aziz MASA, Ng QS, Saraf S, Yen CJ, Soparattanapaisarn N, Ngan RK, Kho SK, Tiambeng MLA, Yun T, Sriuranpong V, Algazi AP, Cheng A, Massarelli E, Swaby RF, Yuan J, Siu LL. Pembrolizumab monotherapy versus chemotherapy in platinum-pretreated, recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer (KEYNOTE-122): an open-label, randomized, phase III trial. Ann Oncol. 2023 Mar;34(3):251-261. Epub 2022 Dec 16. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT02611960
==Gemcitabine monotherapy==
===Regimen variant #1===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Zhang et al. 2007	Not reported 	Phase 2
====Prior treatment criteria====
*Previous exposure to platinum-based chemotherapy
====Chemotherapy====
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1000 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1, 8, 15
====Supportive therapy====
*5-HT3 receptor antagonists prior to chemotherapy
*G-CSF and GM-CSF were not used
28-day cycles
===Regimen variant #2===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Chan et al. 2023 (KEYNOTE-122)	2016-05-05 to 2018-05-28	Phase 3 (C)	Pembrolizumab	Did not meet primary endpoint of OSMedian OS: 15.3 vs 17.2 mo(HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.84-1.49)
====Chemotherapy====
*Gemcitabine (Gemzar) 1250 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
21-day cycles
===References===
# Zhang L, Zhang Y, Huang PY, Xu F, Peng PJ, Guan ZZ. Phase II clinical study of gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma after the failure of platinum-based chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008 Jan;61(1):33-8. Epub 2007 Mar 20. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
#KEYNOTE-122: Chan ATC, Lee VHF, Hong RL, Ahn MJ, Chong WQ, Kim SB, Ho GF, Caguioa PB, Ngamphaiboon N, Ho C, Aziz MASA, Ng QS, Saraf S, Yen CJ, Soparattanapaisarn N, Ngan RK, Kho SK, Tiambeng MLA, Yun T, Sriuranpong V, Algazi AP, Cheng A, Massarelli E, Swaby RF, Yuan J, Siu LL. Pembrolizumab monotherapy versus chemotherapy in platinum-pretreated, recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer (KEYNOTE-122): an open-label, randomized, phase III trial. Ann Oncol. 2023 Mar;34(3):251-261. Epub 2022 Dec 16. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT02611960
==Toripalimab monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence	Efficacy
Wang et al. 2021 (POLARIS-02)	2016-2019 	Phase 2 	ORR (primary endpoint): 20.5%Median OS (secondary endpoint): 17.4 mo
====Immunotherapy====
*Toripalimab (Loqtorzi) 3 mg/kg IV once on day 1
14-day cycles
===References===
#POLARIS-02: Wang FH, Wei XL, Feng J, Li Q, Xu N, Hu XC, Liao W, Jiang Y, Lin XY, Zhang QY, Yuan XL, Huang HX, Chen Y, Dai GH, Shi JH, Shen L, Yang SJ, Shu YQ, Liu YP, Wang W, Wu H, Feng H, Yao S, Xu RH. Efficacy, Safety, and Correlative Biomarkers of Toripalimab in Previously Treated Recurrent or Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Phase II Clinical Trial (POLARIS-02). J Clin Oncol. 2021 Mar 1;39(7):704-712. Epub 2021 Jan 25. link to original article link to PMC article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT02915432
==nab-TPC==
nab-TPC: nab-pacliTaxel, Platinol (Cisplatin), Capecitabine
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Liu et al. 2024	2019-09 to 2022-08 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	GC 	Longer PFS (primary endpoint)Median PFS: 11.3 vs 7.7 mo(HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.25-0.73)
====Chemotherapy====
*Paclitaxel, nanoparticle albumin-bound (Abraxane) as follows:
**Cycles 1 to 4 up to 6: 200 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Cisplatin (Platinol) as follows:
**Cycles 1 to 4 up to 6: 60 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
*Capecitabine (Xeloda) 1000 mg/m2 PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
21-day cycle for up to 35 cycles (2 years)
===References===
#Liu GY, Ye YF, Jiang YF, Chen GJ, Xia WX, Huang YS, Gao TS, Liu YM, Hou YT, Li JF, Liu JH, Lu N, Chen CL, Ke LR, Liang H, Bei WX, Li WZ, Dong SH, Liu Q, Xie C, Yao HR, Xiang YQ. Nab-paclitaxel, cisplatin, and capecitabine versus cisplatin and gemcitabine as first line chemotherapy in patients with recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: randomised phase 3 clinical trial. BMJ. 2024 Jun 19;385:e077890. Erratum in: BMJ. 2024 Jun 21;385:q1381. link to original article link to PMC article contains dosing details in manuscript and supplement EuroPMC ChiCTR1900027112
=Maintenance after first-line therapy=
==Capecitabine monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Liu et al. 2022 (SYSUCC 2015029)	2015-2020 	Phase 3 (E-esc)	Best supportive care	Longer PFS (primary endpoint)Median PFS: 35.9 vs 8.2 mo(HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.26-0.74)
====Preceding treatment====
*First-line chemotherapy x 4 to 6 cycles
====Chemotherapy====
*Capecitabine (Xeloda) 1000 mg/m2 PO twice per day on days 1 to 14
21-day cycle for up to 35 cycles (2 years)
===References===
#SYSUCC 2015029: Liu GY, Li WZ, Wang DS, Liang H, Lv X, Ye YF, Zhao C, Ke LR, Lv SH, Lu N, Bei WX, Cai ZC, Chen X, Liang CX, Guo X, Xia WX, Xiang YQ. Effect of Capecitabine Maintenance Therapy Plus Best Supportive Care vs Best Supportive Care Alone on Progression-Free Survival Among Patients With Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Who Had Received Induction Chemotherapy: A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2022 Apr 1;8(4):553-561. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT02460419
Category:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma regimens
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Category:Head and neck cancers