nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Electron emission radiography

== Description ==
An examination technique that uses electrons emitted from the surface of an object to form the image. Electron emiission radiography is conducted by placing a single layer radiographic or photographic film on top of and in close contact with the object. Air gaps will deteriorate the image quality. The object and film are then irradiated with high-energy X-rays (200 kV < HV < 450 kV), with a copper filter to absorb the low energy part of the primary X-ray spectrum. The X-rays pass through the film nearly without interacting with it. When the X-rays penetrate the object, they are absorbed and secondary electrons (photo-electrons and Compton electrons) are emitted. Those created in a thin upper surface of the examinated object (some 10 to some 100 micrometers) can reached the film and give an image with an excellent resolving power. Heavy elements have higher emission rates than lighter elements and thus the image relates to the elemental composition of the object's surface. Electron emission radiography is used for examination of drawings, illuminated manuscripts, postage stamps, banknotes, easel paintings on wood panels and radio-opaque supports, champlevé & cloisonné enamels, degraded stained glass, damasqued metal objects....
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
émissiographie (Fr.); radiographie par rééemission d'électrons (Fr.);
== Resources and Citations ==
* B.Knight "Imaging the Design on Corroded Mediaeval Window Glass by Beta-Backscatter Radiography" Studies in Conservation 34:207-211, 1989.
Category:Materials database
Electron lens

== Description ==
An electromagnetic or electrostatic field used to focus and deflect the electron beam through the optical column in an electron microscope. An electromagnet consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core that is magnetized only when current flows through the wire. An electrostatic lens is a metal plate that can be positively or negatively charged to attract or repel the beam.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Elektronenlinse (Deut.); lentille électronique (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology of Microscopy, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, E175, 75-78, May 1982
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
Category:Materials database
Electron microprobe

== Description ==
An electron microscope with wavelength disperse spectrometers (WDS). First developed in 1947, electron microprobes can quantitatively measure the elemental composition of micron size areas of a material.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
electron probe microscope; electronprobe microanalysis; EPMA; WDS; Elektronen Mikroprobe (Deut.); microsonde électronique (Fr.);
== Resources and Citations ==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Microscope." Accessed 19 Aug. 2004 .
* Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies, Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: B.Aston, J.Harrell, I.Shaw, "Stone" p. 68.
Category:Materials database
Electron microscope

== Description ==
A high magnification microscope with an illumination source that emits a stream of electrons. The electrons are focused by a magnetic lens to form a small beam that is rastered over a section of the sample. The electron beam causes secondary electrons to be emitted from the surface of the sample. These electrons are detected and imaged. Electron microscopes can provide magnifications up to 100,000 x.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
microscope électronique (Fr.); Elektronenmikroscop (Deut.); miscrosopia electronica (It., Esp., Port.); SEM; scanning electron microscope; TEM; transmission electron microscope
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* ASTM, Standard Terminology of Microscopy, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, E175, 75-78, May 1982
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Microscope." Accessed 19 Aug. 2004 .
* Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies, Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: B.Aston, J.Harrell, I.Shaw, "Stone" p. 68
Category:Materials database
Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis

== Description ==
An analytical method that uses a focused beam of x-ray photons to ionize inner core electrons in the sample. These electrons are ejected and measured to identify the elements in the surface of the sample. Information is also obtained on the chemical bonding state of each element. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is a surface analysis technique in which only the upper monolayers of the surface are analyzed. The analysis area is approximately 1 square millimeter.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ESCA; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); Photoelektronenspektoskopie (PES) (Deut.); spectrométrie photoélectronique X (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Electron spin resonance spectroscopy

== Description ==
An analytical technique that uses a strong magnetic field to examine the spin states of unpaired electrons. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has been used to compare marbles and quarries based on their manganese and iron content.
It is one of the Radiometric dating methods.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ESR; electron paramagnetic resonance; EPR; resonance paramagnétique electronique (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Janet Burnett Grossman, Looking at Greek and Roman Sculpture in Stone, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2003
Category:Materials database
Electron transmission radiography

== Description ==
A radiographic technique that uses secondary electrons emitted from a thin lead foil (100 to 250 micrometers) to produce an image of the examined object on a radiographic film. Electron transmission radiography is conducted by placing a flat object in intimate contact with the emulsion side of a single coated radiographic or photographic film. The lead foil intensifying screen is then placed on the other side of the object. A radiotransparent weight or vacuum is applied to press the layers together and minimize air gaps which deteriorate the image quality. A high energy industrial X-ray generator (200-400 kV) is used to irradiate the lead foil causing it to emit low energy electrons (through photoelectric effect and/or Compton effect) which in turn pass through the object and expose the film. The film is less sensitive to the high energy X-rays that pass through the object. This technique can be used when beta radiography is not available.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
electron radiography; radiographie par electrons secondaires (Fr.); Sekunderelektronenradiographie (Deut.); radiografia de electrões secundarios (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* D.Kushel, "Radiographic Methods Used in the Recording of Structure and Watermarks in Historic Papers"
* H.Tomimasu, D.Kim, P.Luner, M.Suk, "Comparison of Four Paper Imaging techniques: Beta Radiography, Electrography, Light Transmission and Soft X-radiography" TAPPI Journal, 74(7):165-175, 1991.
* C.Bridgman, "The Radiography of Paper" Studies in Conservation, 10(1):8-17, 1965.
* D. Schnitger, "Radiographie mit Elektronen aus Metallverstärkerfolien - Darstellung der Radiographie mit Fotoelektronen aus Metallverstärkerfolien als zerstörungsfreies Prüfverfahren für dünne organische Werkstoffe. Forschungsbericht 103, BAM Berlin, ISBN 3-88314-328-6 
Category:Materials database
Electrophoresis

== Description ==
A chromatographic separation method. In electrophoreses, the sample particles are suspended in a gel, then an electric field is created by placing electrodes of opposite charge on each side of the gel tray. The particles will slowly migrate toward one electrode depending on their molecular structure and the composition of the gel media. Electrophoresis is typically used to study amino acids in proteins.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Elektrophorese (Deut.); électrophorèse (Fr.);
Category:Materials database
Electroplate

== Description ==
The electrochemical deposition of metal onto metal. In 1805, an Italian chemist Luigi Brugnatelli invented electroplating and successfully plated a thin layer of gold onto silver using Volta’s voltaic pile as a primary source of electricity. Electroplating was first used commercially about 1840–41 in Birmingham England by George and Henry Elkington for applying thin gold and silver coatings on copper, brass and other base metals. The use of electroplating was accelerated with the discovery of cyanide solutions for plating silver, gold, copper, and brass. Silverplated wares were stamped with EPNS (electroplated nickel silver) or EPBM (electroplated britannia metal). By 1920s, chromium electroplating was popularly used by the automobile makers to provide a shiny, weather resistant surface to iron, steel, and later plastic. Starting in the 1930s, some jewelry settings were coated with a thin layer of rhodium, that visually looked identical to silver.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Electroplating; EPNS; EPBM
==Resources and Citations==
* Website: Engineering and Technology wiki: Electroplating
* R. Mayer, The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Viking Press, New York, 1981
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com [Accessed November 27, 2001].
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/e/htm
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Electroplating" by P.T.Craddock
Category:Materials database
Electrostatic precipitation

== Description ==
A filtration method for removing particulates from the air. In an electrostatic precipitator, the air stream is passed through a series of positive charge plates. Further downstream is a negatively charged collector plate that attracts and holds the particles. The high voltage of the plates causes the formation of ozone, and thus should not be used in museums.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
filtration électrostatique (Fr.); precipitação electrostática (Port.)
== Risks ==
Forms significant amounts of ozone which is highly reactive with most organic materials.
Category:Materials database
Electrum

== Description ==
1) An naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver. All gold ore contains some silver ranging in concentrations from 1% to 80%. Proportions of up to 20% silver produce a pale gold, or amber, color alloy and hence derived the name 'electrum' (Greek for amber). Electrum has been used for jewelry and decorative items since ancient times. 
2) Modern metal mixtures that has a pale gold color such as a mixture containing copper (50%), nickel (30%), and zinc (20%). Other such alloys are German silver and nickel silver. 
3) An old name for amber.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
elektrum; électrum (Fr.); electrum (Ned.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 371
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: electrum
Category:Materials database
Elemi

== Description ==
A soft, sticky natural resin derived from trees of the family Burseraceae. Because of the high oil content of the elemi resins, the term was used in the 17th and 18th centuries to describe many oleoresin mixtures. Currently the most common is Manila elemi, a malleable resin with a pungent odor obtained from the Pili trees, Canarium luzonicum and Canarium communis, of the Philippines. Other elemi resins come from Amyris elemifera (Egypt) and Elaphirium elemiferum (Mexico). Elemi has been used as a plasticizer in varnishes, but the components responsible for its initial malleability (mono- and sesquiterpenoids) evaporate and it eventually hardens to a brittle film. Elemi is used in lithographic inks, textile coatings, paper coatings, perfume bases, and waterproofing.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Gum Elemi, Gettens 100.B01.TIF~FTIR(MFA)]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
elemi (Deut., Esp., It., Pol.); elemi gum; Luzon; Manila elemi; Nauli elemi; gum elemi; canarium; elemi resin
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, benzene. Insoluble in water, turpentine and mineral spirits. 
* Contains phellandrene, dipentene, elemol, elemicin, terpineol, carvone and terpinolene. 
* Saponification number = 25-50. 
* Acid number = 17.8-25.
* Melting Point = 177-121 C
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 291
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Kurt Wehlte, The Materials and Techniques of Painting, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Burseraceae." Accessed 14 Apr. 2004 .
* "Violin Varnish Glossary" at www.violins.on.ca/luthier.vargloss.html - gives tree name as Cananarium commune
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemi
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Elemi oil

== Description ==
The volatile oil distilled from elemi resin. Elemi oil is a transparent, yellowish oil with a strong smell. It thickens with age, becoming resinous in a few days. Elemi oil is a strong solvent and was used for a short period at the end of the 19th century for cleaning paintings. Use was discontinued because it softened the paint film and left a resinous residue.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
esencia de elemí (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
Category:Materials database
Elephant grass

== Description ==
Any of several types of plants often used as a substitute for esparto in the manufacture of paper. Examples are: 
1) A tall grass, Pennisetum purpureum, native to Africa. 
2) A cattail-like plant, Typha elephantina, found in Asia. It is also used for making ropes and baskets.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pampas grass; napier grass; Pennisetum purpureum; Typha elephantina
== Resources and Citations ==
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Elephant tusk

== Description ==
The source of true ivory. Long, curved elephant tusks are rootless incisors that are not covered with enamel. The size and structure of a tusks depends on the animal, its age and its living conditions. Tusks as long as 6-8 feet have been obtained from African elephants. The Indian elephants produce tusks about 4-5 feet long. The tusks are primarily composed of dentin, a hard calcareous material; a new layer of dentin is added each season. This produces a layered ring structure that can be seen in fresh ivory. Deteriorated ivory tends to flake and peel along these lines.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ivory; presa ("dente") de elefante (Port.); slagtand van een olifant (Ned.)
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: F. Minney "Ivory"
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
Category:Materials database
Eleusinian marble

== Description ==
A fine-grain, black marble quarried in the eastern part of Greece near Attica since ancient times. Eleusinian marble was used for friezes and interior decoration.
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Luciana and Tiziano Mannoni, Marble: the history of a culture, Facts on File Publications
Category:Materials database
Elkskin

== Description ==
A soft, chamois-like, durable leather. Although originally made from elk, elkskin is now made from kips (calfskin) that are tanned, fatliquored and sometimes smoked to imitate the original elkskin color. By a similar process, a heavier version, called elk leather, is produced from cowhides. Elkskins are primarily used for purses and children's shoes, while elk leather is used for boots.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
elk leather; elk-finished cowhide; piel de alce (Esp.); elandshuid (Alces alces); soort juchtleer (lijkt op elandsvel) (Ned)
== Additional Images ==
File:19_Elk_200X_pol adj.jpg|Elk hair
File:19_Elk_500X_pol adj.jpg|Elk hair
==Resources and Citations==
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* American Leather Chemists Association Glossary at www.leatherchemists.org
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 291
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Ellagic acid

== Description ==
A cream-color powder formed as a metabolite from the oxidation of gallic acid. Ellagic acid occurs naturally in galls as well as leather that have been tanned with galls. It was isolated as a distinct compound by Chevreul in 1815. Ellagic acid is used as a tannin and as a pale-green to gray dye with iron mordants. It is being studied as a cancer preventing drug.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
benzoaric acid; bezoardic acid; 4,4',5,5',6,6'-hexahydrodiphenic acid 2,6,2'6'-dilactone
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|ellagic acid.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Risks ==
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in alkali and pyridine. Slightly soluble in water or ethanol. Insoluble in ether. 
UV max 366, 255 nm
Composition 	C14H6O8
CAS 	476-66-4
Melting Point 	>300 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt.=302.19
== Resources and Citations ==
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876 Comment: p. 321
Category:Materials database
Elmer's Glue-All

== Description ==
[Elmers Products division of Borden] A registered trademark for a milky white aqueous adhesive emulsion. Starting in 1947, Elmer's Glue-All was a casein based emulsion called Cascorez glue packaged in glass bottles with an ice cream pop type applicator. Now Elmer's Glue-All is an aqueous emulsion of polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, and propylene glycol distributed in plastic squeeze type bottles with twist-open dispenser lids. It is widely used in homes, businesses, and schools and effectively bonds most materials, such as wood, paper, and fabric. Most white glues contain numerous additives, such as tackifiers, plasticizers, antifreeze solvents, and biocide preservatives. Elmer's Glue-All is generally classed as unstable for long term use because it contains numerous additives.
Note: Borden spun off Elmer's Products in 1999. They were acquired by Newell Rubbermaid in 2015.
== Risks ==
May yellow is sunlight. 
Elmer's: SDS
Elmers Glue All (sp)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water, even after drying.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Elmer's Glue-all: Website 
* J. Down, M.MacDonald, J.Te'treault, S.Williams, Adhesive Testing at the Canadian Conservation Institute-An Evaluation of Selected Poly(Vinyl acetate) and Acrylic Adhesives", Studies in Conservation 41:19-44, 1996.
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Website: nauutarch.tamu.edu/class/anth605/file2.htm --gives original formula as casein based
* Website: www.elmers.com/aboutelmers
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory:AdhesivesCategory: Adhesive: Water-based
Elmer's wood glue

== Description ==
[Elmers Products division of Borden] A registered trademark for a pale yellow adhesive composed of an aqueous emulsion of polyvinyl acetate. Elmer's® wood glue is generally classed as unstable for long term use because it contains numerous additives.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Elmer's Carpenters Wood Glue; Carpenter glue
== Risks ==
* Mild acetic acid odor.
* Elmer's: SDS
==Resources and Citations==
* J. Down, M.MacDonald, J.Te'treault, S.Williams, Adhesive Testing at the Canadian Conservation Institute-An Evaluation of Selected Poly(Vinyl acetate) and Acrylic Adhesives", Studies in Conservation 41:19-44, 1996.
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
Category:Materials database
Elongation

== Description ==
The increase in length of a specimen when a tensile load is applied. Elongation is calculated as the measurement of the specimens increased length divided by its original length then expressed as a percentage. Elongation is usually measured as the maximum extension; this occurs at the rupture point of the specimen.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Streckung (Deut.); allongement (Fr.);
Category:Materials database
Elsner green

== Description ==
A mixed pigment made with Bremen blue and fustic. Elsner green turns blue as the fustic fades with exposure to light.
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database