List of former heads of democratic countries charged with crimes

It is not unprecedented for former democratically-elected national leaders to be charged and even convicted of crimes. In democracies, and even flawed democracies, this can be a good thing because it assures that two of the fundamental tenets of democracy — 1) rule of law and 2) transparency and accountability — applies to all citizens, not just the masses.Introduction: What Is Democracy? by Danielle Allen Democracy Web: Comparative Studies in Freedom. This is not the case in authoritarian or semi-authoritarian countries where the rule of law is inconsistently applied and where politically-motivated criminal investigations are more likely.How other Western democracies prosecute leaders accused of crimes by Rick Noack (August 22, 2018 at 8:41 a.m. EDT) The Washington Post.U.S. joins other democracies in investigating former leaders by Ishaan Tharoor (August 9, 2022 at 9:06 p.m. EDT) The Washington Post. Democracies generally give some level of protection to heads of state and/or legislators while they are still in office to reduce the likelihood of politically-motivated investigations.
In some cases sitting heads of state (or people campaigning for the office) in democracies have even been criminally investigated:US: International Context for Prosecuting Former Presidents (May 15, 2024) Freedom House.
*Nicolas Sarkozy (2016) and François Fillon (2017) of France were both investigated during their campaigns.
*Sebastian Kurz (2021) of Austria was criminally investigated while in office.
==Argentina==
Former president and later vice president of Argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was found guilty of fraud during her tenure as president by a three-judge panel.Argentine Vice President Cristina Kirchner found guilty of corruption by David Feliba (December 6, 2022) The Washington Post. The verdict is likely to be appealed, and Kirchner had immunity from imprisonment while she held the positions of vice president and senator.
==Austria==
Former chancellor of Austria Sebastian Kurz was convicted of perjury in 2024 and received a suspended sentence.Former Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz found guilty of perjury (23 Feb 2024) Al Jazeera.
==Brazil==
Former president Fernando Collor de Mello, who was impeached in 1992 due to a corruption scandal. He was later acquitted by the Brazilian Supreme Court.
After former Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was convicted of corruption in 2017, the Brazilian Supreme Court overturned his conviction, ruling that the presiding judge had been biased.In Sharp Rebuke, Brazil Supreme Court Rules Judge Who Locked Up Lula Was Biased: By ending Lula’s political ban and finding that ex-judge Sergio Moro was biased, the Supreme Court shook up Brazilian politics. by Alexandre de Santi & Rafael Moro Martins (March 15 2021, 8:00 a.m.) The Intercept.
In 2023, former president Jair Bolsonaro was charged with abusing his power while in office.Court could ban Brazil’s Bolsonaro from running for office again by Terrence McCoy & Marina Dias (June 22, 2023 at 5:00 a.m. EDT) The Washington Post. Later in the same year, he was indicted for rape apology.
==Costa Rica==
Former Costa Rican president Rafael Angel Calderon was convicted of embezzlement in 2009 and sentenced to 5 years in prison.Costa Rica ex-leader jailed for embezzlement (Oct. 6, 2009, 2:11 AM PDT) Associated Press via BBC.
Former Costa Rican president Miguel Angel Rodriguez was convicted of bribery and sentenced to 5 years in prison.Ex-Costa Rican president jailed for five years (April 27, 20116:27 PM PDT) Reuters.
==France==
Former French president Jacques Chirac was convicted in 2011 of embezzling public funds and given a suspended sentence.Jacques Chirac found guilty of corruption: Former French president given two-year suspended sentence for embezzling public funds while he was mayor of Paris (15 Dec 2011 05.03 EST) Associated Press via The Guardian.
Former president of France Nicolas Sarkozy's Paris mansion was raided by police in 2012 to gather evidence. Sarkozy was eventually convicted of corruption and influence peddling in 2021.Sarkozy’s conviction carries echoes for Trump by Ishaan Tharoor (March 2, 2021 at 12:00 a.m. EST) The Washington Post.
Former prime minister of France François Fillon was convicted of fraud and misuse of funds in 2020 and sentenced to 5 years in prison.Former French Prime Minister Sentenced to Prison on Corruption Charges by Noemie Bisserbe (June 29, 2020 12:16 pm ET) The Wall Street Journal.
==Italy==
Former prime minister Giulio Andreotti in 1979 was sentenced to 24 years imprisonment for ordering the murder of a journalist,Italy's ex-PM found guilty of ordering murder by Philip Willan (18 Nov 2002 03.05 EST) The Guardian. but was later acquitted by the Supreme Court in 2003.Giulio Andreotti (06 May 2013) The Telegraph.
Billionaire and former prime minister of Italy, Silvio Berlusconi, faced numerous criminal charges over the years; he was convicted of tax fraud and of paying for sex with an underage prostitute. He was banned from holding public office until 2019Berlusconi banned until Nov 2019 (14 April 2015) ANSA. but managed to be elected to the European Parliament in 2019.An NBA star, a TV chef and a comedian: meet some of the new MEPs: Silvio Berlusconi and the ‘saddest comedian in the world’ among surprise EU election winners by Philip Oltermann et al. (27 May 2019 10.20 EDT) The Guardian.
In 2003 while he was prime minister, Berlusconi claimed that the criminal investigations into himself and his Fininvest media company were a "witch hunt" and he falsely claimed that no other liberal democracy allowed heads of state to be investigated.Strongmen: Mussolini to the Present by Ruth Ben-Ghiat (2021) W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393868419.
==Malaysia==
Former prime minister Najib Razak was convicted of a massive theft (about US$4.5 billion) of from the Malaysian sovereign wealth fund (1MDB), and sentenced to 12 years in prison.From PM to prison: Malaysia's Najib feels alone and overwhelmed by 'betrayal' by A. Ananthalakshmi & Rozanna Latiff (August 23, 2022 7:30 AM PDT) Reuters. Ironically, under Razak's tenure, 1MDB was even used to illegally produce the Hollywood film Wolf of Wall Street about the excesses and criminality of stock market traders.1MDB Scandal: Document Reveals Cash Link to ‘Wolf of Wall Street’ Producers by Mathew Scott (October 1, 2019 1:42am) The Hollywood Reporter.
==Peru==
In October 2022, "prosecutors filed a 376-page criminal complaint against" President Pedro Castillo, charging him with corruption;Peru’s president impeached, arrested after he tries to dissolve congress by Simeon Tegel & Diana Durán (December 7, 2022) The Washington Post. he was not arrested at that time due to his immunity from prosecution. In December 2022, Castillo attempted to dissolve Congress but instead Congress impeached him from office in a 101 to 6 vote, thus removing his immunity. Castillo was then swiftly arrested based on the October charges.
==Portugal==
On 2014, former Prime Minister José Sócrates was arrested in Lisbon, accused of corruption, tax evasion, and money laundering, becoming the country's first Prime Minister thus accused. A few days later he was officially charged with corruption and tax fraud. In 2021 however, a Portuguese judge dropped the corruption charges against Sócrates, still upholding lesser charges of money laundering and falsifying documents.
==South Africa==
South Africa's former president, Jacob Zuma, was sentenced to prison in 2021 for defying a court order to appear before a commission investigating his possible corruption.Zuma’s Arrest is Good News for the Rule of Law in South Africa by John Campbell (June 29, 2021) Council on Foreign Relations.
==South Korea==
In 2018, former president Lee Myung-bak was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment for embezzlement and bribery.Ex-President Lee Myung-bak sentenced to 15 years over corruption by Lee Suh-yoon (2018-10-05 21:43) The Korea Times.
Also in 2018, former president Park Geun-hye was sentenced to 25 years imprisonment for accepting bribes.Park Geun-hye, Ex-South Korean Leader, Gets 25 Years in Prison by Choe Sang-Hun (Aug. 24, 2018) The New York Times. Park was pardoned in 2021.S.Korea's disgraced ex-president Park freed after nearly 5 years in prison by Hyonhee Shin (December 31, 2021; 2:21 AM PST) Reuters.
In 2018, half of all living South Korean former-presidents were in prison,South Korea’s Troubling History of Jailing Ex-presidents by Olivia Schieber (October 09, 2018) American Enterprise Institute. meaning that only one living former president (Chun Doo-hwan) was not in prison.
In 2025, sitting president Yoon Suk Yeol was impeached and subsequently arrested, charged with abuse of his office for declaring martial law,South Korea’s impeached president, Yoon Suk Yeol, formally arrested: A court in Seoul grants request for an arrest warrant, saying there was ‘concern’ that Yoon could ‘destroy evidence’. (18 Jan 2025) Al-Jazeera. what has been considered by some to be an attempted self-coup.Lessons from self-inflicted blows to democracy in South Korea and the U.S. by Anthony Kuhn (January 6, 20251:57 PM ET) NPR.
==Taiwan==
In 2009, former president Chen Shui-bian was convicted of embezzlement and receiving bribes. He received a life sentence that was commuted to 20 years, but was released on medical parole in 2015.
==Thailand==
Former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra ("Tony Woodsome"Can Thaksin secure a pardon? by Aekarach Sattaburuth (10 Jan 2022 at 04:30) Bangkok Post.) led the country during a period (2001-2006) when the country was not regarded as democratic, but was charged with and convicted (along with his wife and adopted brother) of corruption in 2008 when the country was regarded as a flawed democracy.Ex-Thai PM's wife guilty of tax fraud by Chalathip Thirasoonthrakul (July 31, 2008) International Herald Tribune (archived from September 24, 2008). Despite his conviction, Thaksin managed to flee Thailand and so far has managed to escape justice, reportedly obtaining passports from multiple countries and even obtaining diplomat status from Nicaragua.Germany lifts travel ban on fugitive Thaksin (July 28, 2011 12:00 am) The Nation (archived from December 6, 2013).
Thaksin returned to Thailand from overseas in 2023 after a political party affiliated with him was given the position of prime minister due to entrenched royalists intervening in the selection of a new prime minister. Shortly after that the King commuted his sentence from 8 to 1 year in prison.Thai king commutes former PM Thaksin's prison sentence to one year by Panarat Thepgumpanat & Panu Wongcha-um (September 1, 2023; 7:54 AM PDT) Reuters.
==United States==
===Richard Nixon===
Richard Nixon was being investigated and about to be criminally charged with crimes pertaining to Watergate following his resignation on August 9, 1974 by a grand jury, which had been convened by Special Prosecutor Leon Jaworski.The foreman of Watergate grand jury No. 1 has been watching the confrontations with another president by Spencer S. Hsu (April 15, 2019 at 9:44 a.m. EDT) The Washington Post.Trump’s immunity victory would stun Nixon-era lawyers: The Supreme Court’s immunity reasoning didn’t occur to anyone in 1974 by Jeffrey Toobin (July 3, 2024 at 7:30 a.m. EDT) The Washington Post. Nixon's chosen successor Gerald Ford, pardoned him of all crimes that he had committed on September 8, 1974. At the time that Nixon was being criminally investigated, it never occurred to any of his lawyers to claim presidential immunity from prosecution, a view that the John Roberts-led Supreme Court decided to PIDOOMA in 2024 as an apparent favor to another criminal.
By accepting the pardon, Nixon accepted the fact that he had committed crimes, though which crimes was never specified, making him effectively a felon but not a convicted felon. Because of the circumstances, being pardoned by one's chosen successor, it has long been believed that it was a quid pro quo arrangement, though this was never proven.Ford's Pardon Still Controversial by Caitlin Johnson (December 31, 2006 / 2:26 PM EST) CBS News. In addition to Watergate crimes, Nixon had committed felonies to get elected in 1968 and 1972 and committed war crimes during the Vietnam War,10 Crimes of the Nixon Administration by Larry Holzwarth (March 27, 2018) History Collection.
===Donald Trump===
Following the court-ordered FBI raid of Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago (MAL) resort in 2022 to seize purloined government documents, and contrary to the above examples, several prominent Republicans raised the specter of the raid being somehow a deviation from democracy. Florida Governor Ron DeSantis claimed that it was a "weaponization of federal agencies", alluded to a deep state ("the Regime"), and that it was undemocratic ("Banana Republic").The raid of MAL is another escalation in the weaponization of federal agencies against the Regime’s political opponents, while people like Hunter Biden get treated with kid gloves. Now the Regime is getting another 87k IRS agents to wield against its adversaries? Banana Republic. by Ron DeSantis (12:43 AM · Aug 9, 2022) Twitter (archived from August 9, 2022). Florida Senator Marco Rubio likened the raid to those of "3rd world Marxist dictatorships",Using government power to persecute political opponents is something we have seen many times from 3rd world Marxist dictatorships But never before in America by Marco Rubio (12:07 AM · Aug 9, 2022) Twitter (archived from August 9, 2022). and similarly, the House Judiciary GOP said tweeted, "This is what happens in third world countries."The GOP’s inauspicious knee-jerk reaction to the Trump raid by Aaron Blake (August 9, 2022 at 6:00 a.m. EDT) The Washington Post.This is what happens in third world countries. Not the United States. Doesn’t the FBI have better things to do than harass the former PRESIDENT? by House Judiciary GOP (11:14 PM · Aug 8, 2022) Twitter (archived from August 9, 2022). Conservative talk radio host Buck Sexton even turned the issue on its head, stating "They are sending a message now to President Trump and to his supporters that THEY WILL COME FOR YOU if you stand against the machine."Buck Sexton on Fox: "They are sending a message now to President Trump and to his supporters that THEY WILL COME FOR YOU if you stand against the machine. This is a chilling moment in the country's history." by Brian Seltzer (4:36 PM · Aug 8, 2022) Twitter (archived from August 8, 2022). In other words, if FBI can investigate a former president for theft of government property — hey, they might do that to you too!
A New York City grand jury indicted Trump in 2023 for paying hush money to a porn star using campaign funds.Trump indicted by N.Y. grand jury, first ex-president charged with crime: Trump is expected to turn himself in and appear in court Tuesday. Specific charges have not been made public. by Shayna Jacobs et al. (March 30, 2023) The Washington Post. Other indictments are likely coming forth.Litigation Tracker: Pending Criminal and Civil Cases Against Donald Trump by Karl Mihm et a. (Originally published on Feb. 28, 2021; updated on Sept. 29, 2022) Just Security.
In 2023, Trump was indicted with 37 felony charges: conspiracy to obstruct justice, withholding a classified document, concealing a classified document and scheming to conceal a classified document.Indictment says Trump lied, schemed to keep highly classified secrets by Devlin Barrett et al. (June 9, 2023) The Washington Post. By March 2024, Trump was facing a total of 88 felony charges in four different jurisdictions.Breaking down the 88 charges Trump faces in his four indictments by Derek Hawkins & Nick Mourtoupalas (Updated March 14, 2024 at 10:51 a.m. EDT; Published August 3, 2023 at 4:46 p.m. EDT) The Washington Post. In May 2024, Trump was convicted of all 34 felony counts in the New York States case.Donald Trump found guilty on all counts in New York hush money trial by Shayna Jacobs et al. (May 30, 2024) The Washington Post. In 2025, Trump escaped going to trial in the federal case only because a lot of Americans were stupid or malevolent enough to vote for a convicted felon and rapist in the 2024 presidential election. Special Prosecutor of the Department of Justice concluded in his final report investigating Trump concluded:Final Report of the Special Counsel Under 28 C.F.R. § 600.8 by Jack Smith (January 7, 2025) U.S. Department of Justice.
==Rogues' gallery==
File:Giulio Andreotti (cropped).jpg|Giulio Andreotti
File:Silvio Berlusconi 09072008.jpg|Silvio Berlusconi, "Bunga, bunga."
File:Pedro Castillo portrait.png|Pedro Castillo
File:總統陳水扁先生玉照 (國民大會實錄).jpg|Chen Shui-bian
File:Chirac Lula ABr62198.jpeg|Jacques Chirac (left) and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
File:Jair Bolsonaro em 24 de abril de 2019 (1) (cropped).jpg|Jair Bolsonaro
File:Foto oficial de Fernando Collor.jpg|Fernando Collor de Mello
File:Vladimir Putin and Cristina Kirchner in Casa Rosada 16.jpg|Vladimir Putin with Cristina Kirchner, shortly after Putin's illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014
File:Lee Myung-bak presidential portrait.jpg|Lee Myung-bak
File:Park Geun-hye presidential portrait.png|Park Geun-hye
File:Najib Razak 2008-08-21.jpg|Najib Razak
File:Nicolas Sarkozy (2015-10-29) 03 (cropped).jpg|Nicolas Sarkozy
File:José_Socrates_cropped_from_Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Portugal_20_November_2010-2_(cropped).png|José Sócrates
File:Thaksin.jpg|Thaksin Shinawatra, he loves not only goldThaksin Shinawatra: the full transcript of his interview with The Times by Richard Lloyd Parry (2009) The Times.
File:Trump Tower GLP.jpg|He also loves gold… and Hugh G. Rections
File:Trump and Bolsonaro at working dinner in Mar-a-Lago.jpg|Trump and Jair Bolsonaro in 2020
File:Malcolm Turnbull and Jacob Zuma in Jakarta 2017 11 cropped.jpg|Jacob Zuma
File:Richard Nixon portrait (1).jpg|Richard Nixon as president said "I am not a crook."President Nixon declared "I am not a crook!" (Nov 17, 2022) YouTube. but tacitly admitted that he was a crook after accepting a pardon.
File:Donald Trump mug shot.jpg|thumb|165px|Donald Trump
File:Sebastian_Kurz.webp|thumb|165px|Sebastian Kurz
==See also==
*Bill Clinton, who committed perjury and was impeached, but was not criminally charged.
*Eugene V. Debs, who actually ran for president while in prison due to his opposition to conscription during World War I.
*Alberto Fujimori, who was elected President of Peru in 1990, ruled the country as a dictatorship, and was later convicted in 2010 when Peru was a flawed democracy
*Andrew Johnson, who was impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act, but not criminally charged. The United States at the time would not have been considered fully democratic by modern standards due to lack of universal suffrage.
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Convicted felons
Category:Lists
Category:Living people
Category:Politics