nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Longleaf pine

== Description ==
A tall evergreen tree, Pinus palustris, that grows in the southeastern United States. The longleaf pine, along with the slash pine, are the principal sources of turpentine. It is obtained from the sapwood of living trees. Longleaf pine trees grow quickly and are used for about half of the kraft paper, paperboard, and book paper made in the United States. The hard, stiff, durable lumber was also used for ships, boxes, flooring, heavy construction, and millwork. Its highest production period for lumber was from 1850-1915. The lumber is still commonly sold as lumber, often under the name of Southern pine.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pinus palustris; pitespaine (Port.); longleaf yellow pine; Georgia pine; hard pine; Southern pine; Virginian pine; brown pine
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Grows to 30-35 m with straight trunk. 
* Bark=thick, reddish-brown and scaly. 
* Leaves-dark-green needles (20-45 cm) in bundles of three; often twisted. 
* Cones are yellow-brown in color, 15–25 cm long, and 5–7 cm broad, opening to 12 cm with a small, but sharp, downward-pointing spine on the middle of each scale. 
* Density = 41 ppcf
* Heartwood is reddish brown; sapwood is yellowish white
* Grain is straight with a fine to medium texture
* Heartwood is moderately resistant to decay
== Working Properties ==
* Wood from the longleaf pine is relatively hard for a softwood. 
* The pitch of gum can collect on saw blades, requiring that they often be cleaned to inhibit burning
* The wood also has a tendency to splinter and chip. 
* The sap does not hinder adhesives, but knots should be sealed before painting to inhibit bleed-through. 
* The wood stains well and can darken with age.
==Resources and Citations==
* The Wood Database: Longleaf pine
* Wood Magazine: https://www.woodmagazine.com/materials-guide/lumber/wood-species-2/longleaf-pine (accessed: April 2020)
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longleaf_pine (Accessed Jan. 25, 2006 and April 2020)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Southern Pine Association, New Orleans, LA: air-dry weight = 41 pcf
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Longmeadow brownstone

== Description ==
A fine-grain, even-texture, brownstone quarried near East Longmeadow, Massachusetts. Longmeadow sandstone is a reddish-brown and has been used extensively for buildings in New England.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Loss

==Description==
In a material or work of art, a loss defined as the absence of a component. Loss may occur through chemical or mechanical actions. The primary chemical action resulting in loss is corrosion. Mechanical forces may be divided into: erosion, abrasion, and wear. 
* Erosion involves impingement (impact) of solid or liquid particles in a fluid (e.g., liquid) onto a surface
* Abrasion involves interaction between the surface and hard solid particles normally in one direction
* Wear involves relative motion (rubbing) between the surface and another solid substance in more than one direction
When there is a combination of degradation actions, such as corrosion and abrasion, combined effect may be more severe than sum of all individual effects.
Category:Materials database
Low-E glass coating

== Description ==
A type of glass coating that effectively reduces the transfer of heat by reflecting long wavelength infrared (IR) radiation. Low-E, or low-emissivity, coatings were first introduced in the 1990s. They are designed to provide maximum visible light transmission while minimizing heat transfer. The thin metallic coatings are either vacuum sputtered forming a soft, easily scratched film. Unlike the older, but similar, reflective glasses, the metallic layer of Low-E glass is so thin it is barely visible. Low-E glass microscope slides have been used for the preparation and reflective analysis of IR spectrophotometric samples.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
low-emissivity; solar control glazing; verre anticalorique (Fr.)
Category:Materials database
Low carbon steel

== Description ==
Steel is an alloy of iron with a small percentage of carbon. The amount of carbon present changes the iron from a soft easily worked metal into an extremely hard brittle metal. Low carbon also called mild or soft steel contains less than 0.3% carbon. It will work well when heated to redness and can be easily cast. Soft steel is used in construction and as a substitute for wrought iron. 
See also carbon steel.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
low-carbon steel; ingot iron; soft steel; mild steel; cast steel; structural steel; acier à basse teneur en carbone (Fr.); laag koolstof staal (Ned.); aço carbono (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 409
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
Category:Materials database
Low density polyethylene

== Description ==
The first grade of polyethylene, a thermoplastic polymer composed from the monomer ethylene. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) was produced in 1933 by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) using a free radical process that is still used today. LDPE is weaker, softer and more permeable than high density polyethylene (HDPE). It is also easier to bend, mold and weld into flexible plastics parts that have high impact resistance. LDPE is typically translucent or opaque.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
LDPE; low-density polyethylene; polietileno de baja densidad (Esp.); polyéthylène basse densité (Fr.); polietilene ad bassa densità (It.); polietileno de baixa densidade (Port.)
==Applications==
* Plastic bags; recyclable (symbol #4) at some in-store collection locations
* Parts that need to be welded or molded
* Trays and general purpose containers
== Risks ==
* Breaks down in UV light forming methane and ethylene
* Dust may cause irritation. 
* Susceptible to stress cracking
* Genesis Polymers: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* For a 1 mil film: Oxygen transmission = 1368-4256 ml/m2d 
* Water vapor transmission = 57-76 g/m2d 
* Density range of 917-930 kg/m3 
* Resistant to most solvents except nitric and hydrochloric acids. May swell in oil.
* Can withstand continuous temperatures of 65C
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Low density polyethylene
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Lubricant

== Description ==
Any substance that is used to reduce friction or prevent abrasion. Lubricants are oily, greasy or waxy type materials. They can be obtained from animal fat, such as Stearin and lard, from Vegetable oils, such as linseed oil, castor oil and cottonseed oil, or from petroleum products such as mineral oil and paraffin. Lubricants can also be inorganic materials such as talc, graphite or molybdenum disulfide. Synthetic lubricants include Silicones, polyethers, phosphate esters, silicate esters, and fluorinated hydrocarbons. Lubricants are used on textiles and yarns to make them more pliable and to given them a good feel. Lubricants, such as WD-40, Rifle oil and sewing machine oil, are used on metal moving parts for protection from abrasion and corrosion. Mold release agents, such as carnauba wax and Silicone oils, are also considered lubricants.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lubricating oil; lubricante (Esp.); lubrifiant (Fr.); olio lubrificante (It); release agents; slip agents
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Lubricant Accessed June 2023
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Lucite

== Description ==
[Lucite International] A registered trademark for a series clear molded plastics. First sold in the 1930s, DuPont originally used the name Lucite® was used for all its polymeric esters (methyl, ethyl, and butyl) of methacrylic acid. Now, only the transparent, thermoplastic polymethyl methacrylate molded sheets are called Lucite® while the other resins and solutions are sold under the trademark of Elvacite®. Solid glasslike sheets of Lucite® have been used in modern sculpture and interior construction. They can be cast, extruded, machined as well as shaped by heating. Lucite® resins have been used in a series of house paints manufactured by PPG and sold under the brand name of Lucite®.
Former Lucite tradenames mentioned in the literature include:
* Lucite® 44: former trademark for Elvacite® 44
* Lucite® SAR 1103 and 11.4: transparent, slightly yellow acrylic sheets that filters ultraviolet light.
Current Tradenames sold after the merger of Lucite International and Mitsubishi Chemical include:
* Diakon®: a polymethylmethacrylate thermoplastic with excellent UV and weathering resistance
* Elvakon®: a polymethylmethacrylate that can be co-extruded with other polymers
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
polymethylmethacrylate; PMMA; polimetil metacrilato (It.)
Similar Products: Acrylite [Evonik]; Perspex [Perspex]; Altuglas [Arkema]; Astariglas [Astari]; Plexiglas [Evonik]; Optix [Plaskolite]
== Applications==
* Glazing
== Resources and Citations ==
* Mitsubishi Chemical Group: Lucite acrylic resin
* Lucite International: Diakon
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory: Board/Panel, PlasticCategory:Glazing
Luco Aquasize

== Description ==
[Leo Uhlfelder Co., Mount Vernon, NY] A brand name for a water-base gold size. Aquasize in an acrylic emulsion composed of an acrylic copolymer (45%), drying additives (0.2%), flow and foam additives (2.8%), and water (52%). Aquasize is applied to a clean, dry surface by brushing or spraying. Tack develops in 25 minutes and lasts for up to 36 hours.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Rolco Aquasize
== Risks ==
No fire hazard.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Tack time is dependent on humidity
==Resources and Citations==
* Leo Uhlfelder: Website(accessed March 10, 2008)
* Website: http://www.fineartstore.com/catalog (accessed March 10, 2008)
* Lauren Cox, Submitted information, March 10, 2008
Category:Materials database
Lugol's iodine

== Description ==
An aqueous solution of iodine/iodide composed of 0.5 g of iodine and 1.0 g of potassium iodide dissolved in 50 ml of water. Lugol's iodine is used to remove excess mercuric chloride fixatives from tissue preparations. Lugol's iodine has also been used to remove blackened mercuric sulfide stains from herbarium sheets (Hawks and Bell 1999).
==Resources and Citations==
* C.Hawks, D.Bell, "Removal of Stains Caused by Mercuric Chloride Treatments from Herbarium Sheet Labels" in ICOM Preprints, Lyon, 1999. p. 723-727.
Category:Materials database
Lumbang oil

== Description ==
A drying oil obtained from the seed nuts of the Aleurites trisperma tree native to southeast Asia. Lumbang oil has similar properties to tung oil and it is sometimes sold as candlenut oil. Candlenut oil is used to make varnishes, lacquer, and soap as well as for an artists paint that is sometimes called walnut oil and artist's oil.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Aleurites trisperma; candlenut oil; olio di Tung (It); olio di Aleurites (It); kukui; kekune; walnut oil; artist's oil
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Density	0.923
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 826
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Tung Tree." Accessed 14 Apr. 2004. Gives lumbang tree as Aleurites trisperma and candlenut tree as Aleurites moluccana
Category:Materials database
Lumen

== Description ==
1) The central open tube in a plant fiber or cell. 
2) The unit of light intensity as specified by the International System (SI). One lumen equals the amount of light produced by one candela. In international (metric) units, illumination is measured as lux which is defined as one lumen per square meter. In English units, light is measured by foot-candles which is defined as one lumen per square foot. Since lumen, or light flux, is the same in both cases, one foot-candle is about 10 lux (9.4).
==Resources and Citations==
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Mary-Lou Florian, Dale Paul Kronkright, Ruth E. Norton, The Conservation of Artifacts Made from Plant Materials, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1990
Category:Materials database
Luminescence

== Description ==
An emission of light from energy changes that do not involve heat. Some luminescent materials are called phosphors. When luminescent materials are activated by the absorption of light (i.e., photoluminescence), their electrons can move from the ground level to an elevated energy level. Later when the electron falls back to its original orbital, a photon of light is emitted. When the time difference between excitation and emission is less than 1/100,000 of a second, then the luminescence is called fluorescence. If the length of time is greater then the luminescence is called phosphorescence. Examples are light from the firefly, fluorescent lamp tubes, and television screens. Other types of luminescence include; bioluminescence, cathodoluminescence, chemoluminescence, crystalloluminescence, radioluminescence, Thermoluminescence, and triboluminescence.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
photoluminescence; fluorescence; phosphorescence; luminosity; bioluminescence; cathodoluminescence; chemiluminescence; crystalloluminescence; radioluminescence; thermoluminescence; triboluminescence; luminescens (Dan., Nor.); Lumineszenz (Deut.); luminescence (Fr.); luminescentie (Ned.); luminescencja (Pol.); luminiscens (Sven.); luminescência (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminescence
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Luminous

== Description ==
The property of appearing to give off light or glow. Luminous paints, textiles and paper contain phosphorescent pigments to make them appear bright. The phosphorescent pigments, such as such as barium, zinc sulfides emit visible light when irradiated with ultraviolet light. These pigments are also called whiteners and brighteners.
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
Category:Materials database
Luminous paint

== Description ==
A paint that contains phosphorescence pigments that glow in the dark. The phosphorescent pigments, such as barium, zinc, or calcium sulfides emit visible light when irradiated with ultraviolet light. This effect, however, is temporary. Thus, in the mid-20th century, traces of radioactive materials, such as radium, tritium, or strontium 90, were sometimes added to create self-luminous paints. These radioactive paints, used on watch, clock and instrument faces, were discontinued by the 1980's, replaced either by electroluminescent or liquid crystal displays.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: luminous paint." Accessed 3 Feb. 2005.
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Luna cornea

== Description ==
Common name for silver chloride used prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985). It was also called muriate of silver.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
silver chloride; muriate of silver; horn silver; ceragyrite; lunar cornea
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Lurex

== Description ==
[Rockwood Industries] A registered trademark for a plastic coated metallic fiber and yarn. Lurex is used to make reflective fabrics.
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Website: http://www.inta.org/tmcklst2.htm#E
Category:Materials database
Luster

== Description ==
The reflective quality, or glossiness, of a surface. Luster is a standard mineralogical term, but is generally used to describe all types of material surfaces including metal, porcelain, glass, fur, and cloth. In mineralogy, the principal types of luster are: metallic, adamantine, vitreous, resinous, greasy and pearly. The degrees of luster are splendid, shining, glistening or dull.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lustre (Br., Fr.); metallic; adamantine; vitreous; resinous; greasy; pearly; brilho (Port.); Lüster (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Paintings Specialty Group, Painting Conservation Catalog, Wendy Samet (ed.), AIC, Washington, DC, 1998
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Luster glaze

== Description ==
Thin metallic films that produce an iridescent effect on ceramics or glass. Luster glazes have been used since the 9th century in the Middle East ceramics. Spanish and Italian majolica pottery was produced by a multistep technique in which the metallic glaze was applied over a fired glaze then the ceramic was refired to adhere the two layers. The thin metallic layer is obtained with either reducing salts or a reducing atmosphere. By the 19th century, a single step technique was developed in England that produced an overall luster glaze. Various colors were obtained using reducing salts of silver (yellow), bismuth (pearly effect), platinum (silvery), copper (gold or red), and gold (ruby red). Arabian lusters are obtained using silver sulfide, cinnabar, iron oxide, and alum.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
metallic luster; Arabian luster; Spanish luster; lusterware; lustreware; majolica; lustre (Fr., Port.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Typical iridescent colors include:
* early Spanish = gold to greenish; tarnished copper
* 17th c. Spanish = bright reddish copper
* 16th c. Italian = ruby-red; golden yellow
* late 18th c. Europe and England = silvery
==Resources and Citations==
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "lustreware." Accessed 1 Oct. 2004. (for time periods and colors)
* Materials & Techniques in the Decorative Arts, Lucy Trench (ed.), John Murray, London, 2000
Category:Materials database
Lute

== Description ==
An old French term for potter's clay, the word 'lute' has long been used to describe putty or adhesive materials that seal a surface or joint and make it waterproof. Lutes are usually composed of cement, mud, plaster, or clay. The Romans used a clay cement to set iron posts into stone. Plumber's lute is a mixture of plaster with a weak glue binder. Pipe clay mixed with linseed oil is called fat lute. Litharge cement has also been used as luting. Spence's metal is a mixture of metals sulfides that is used to seal pipe joints. Lute cements are still used as acid-resistant materials for bonding ceramics to metals and for adhering knife blades to handles.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lutes; luting; sealant; sealing cement
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 474
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database