Kenneth Shapiro

Kenneth Joel Shapiro (August 24, 1943 –) is an American clinical psychologist, Human-Animal Studies (HAS) scholar, and career animal advocate. Shapiro cofounded Psychologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PSYeta, 1981), a nonprofit organization devoted to the critique of lab-based animal research. In 2007, PSYeta morphed into Animals and Society Institute (ASI), a think tank on human-animal relationships and issues related to our treatment of nonhuman animals. 
Shapiro is a major contributor to the development of the field of HAS as the founding editor of Society & Animals (S&A, 1993), the cofounding editor of the Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Society (JAAWS, 1998), and the founding editor of the Brill Human-Animal Studies Book Series (BHAS, 2004).
Shapiro is also a major contributor to interventions for the assessment and treatment of juveniles and adults who abuse animals through the development of the AniCare Approach. 
Shapiro has published articles on a wide range of animal and animal advocacy issues, including vegetarianism, animal advocacy, the state of HAS, methods of accessing the experience of other animals, future of zoos, and the effects of captivity on animal being.
==Notable Contributions== 
* Development of the field of Human-Animal Studies 
* Critique of laboratory-based animal research based on the actual impact of animal models on the relevant clinical interventions 
* Development of the AniCare Approach, a psychological intervention for the treatment of individuals who abuse animals 
* Development of phenomenological-based methods and their application to human-animal relationships 
==Career==
===Development of the Field of Human-Animal Studies===
Shapiro has been a major proponent and initiator of efforts to develop the interdisciplinary field of Human-Animal Studies. In addition to launching and editing two academic journals (Society & Animals; Journal of Applied Animals Welfare Science) and a book series (Brill Human-Animal Studies), Shapiro’s projects included: an annual award for the best courses in partnership with the Humane Society of the United States (Animals and Society Course Awards, 1999-2012); financial and expertise support to a non-US university to build an academic HAS program (Human-Animal Studies International Development Project – recipients were Universities of Milan, Lisbon, Innsbruck, Cape Town, and Athens); residential summer institutes in HAS for graduate students and recent PhDs (2007-22– hosting universities were North Carolina State, Michigan State, Duke, Clark, Wesleyan, and Illinois at Champagne-Urbana). 
===Psychological Interventions for Individuals Who Abuse Animals===
Prompted by the significant body of research establishing a link between animal abuse and violence against humans, Shapiro was instrumental in the development of psychological interventions for the assessment and treatment of juveniles and adults who abuse animals (Shapiro, K. J. and Henderson, A. “The AniCare Model of Treatment for Animal Abuse is the first published intervention for adults that engage in animal cruelty”. To date, he has co-led and/or organized 60 workshops in 22 states for clinical providers in social work, psychology, and counseling. A diversion program based on the clinical interventions Behavior, Accountability, Responsibility, and Knowledge (BARK), is under development.
===Laboratory-Based Animal Research===
"Shapiro's book (Animal models of human psychology: A critique of science, ethics, and policy, Hogrefe and Huber, 1998 is a most welcome contribution… to the ongoing debate over the contribution that animal research has made to the treatment of disease in humans and animals”. Rejecting the emphasis in the debate on the degree of similarity or difference between an animal model and the targeted human phenomenon (“animal model fidelity” Shapiro, K. J. (1998). Animal models of human psychology: Critique of science, ethics, and policy. Hogrefe & Huber PublishersShapiro KJ. Animal model research: the apples and oranges quandary. Altern Lab Anim. 2004 Jun;32 Suppl 1B:405-9. doi: 10.1177/026119290403201s66. PMID: 23581109. Shapiro offers an empirically-based critical alternative that keys on the actual influence of an animal model on the relevant clinical interventions. He also developed a scale measuring the invasiveness of laboratory procedures involving animals With Alan Bowd, he presented a critique of animal research in psychology. Bowd, Alan, and Shapiro, Kenneth J. ,. The case against laboratory animal research in psychology, Journal of Social Issues, 29, 1, 133-143, 1993)
===Phenomenological Psychology===
Shapiro has published two major works in phenomenological psychology: Bodily Reflective Modes: A phenomenological method for psychology, and The Experience of Introversion: An integration of phenomenological, empirical, and Jungian approaches The former “makes a significant contribution to the phenomenological literature.” The latter provides “(a)n example of the syncretic use of multiple methods.” Contributions regarding methodology focus on the experience of the lived body (bodily reflective modes, metaphor-generation, and the problem of validation. In the area of animal issues, Shapiro applies a phenomenological approach to studies of the lived experience of dogs, animal advocates, and vegetarians. Primary influences on Shapiro’s scholarship in this area are Merleau-Ponty, Gendlin, Giorgi, and Churchill.
==Publications==
===Books===
Shapiro, K. J. (1998). Animal models of human psychology: A critique of science, ethics, and policy.
Hogrefe and Huber.
_____ (1985). Bodily reflective modes: A phenomenological method for psychology, NC: Duke
University.
______and Alexander, I. (1975). The experience of introversion: An integration of phenomenological,
empirical, and Jungian approaches, NC: Duke University.
===Book Chapters===
Shapiro, K. (2018). Researching animal welfare and how to get published. In Cao, D. (Ed.). Scientific
Perspectives to Farm Animal Welfare (pp. 207-214). [Published in Chinese]. Beijing: China
Agricultural University Press.
Shapiro, K. (2010). Psychology and human-animal studies: Roads not (yet) taken, in M. DeMello, Ed.,
Teaching the Animals: Human-Animal Studies across the Disciplines (pp. 254-280). Brooklyn: Lantern.
_____. (2008). A canine’s interest in monitoring and maintaining a relationship with a human, in J.
Ullrich, F. Weltzien, and H. Fuhlbrugge, Eds., Ich, das Tier: Tiere als Personlichkeiten in der
Kulturgeschichte (pp. 305-313). [Published in German]. Berlin: Reimer
. (2006). Animal experimentation, in A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science,
and Ethics, P. Waldau and K. Patton, eds. (pp.533 -543). NY: Columbia.
. (2002). A rodent for your thoughts: The Social construction of animal models, in Animals in
human histories, M. Henninger-Voss, ed. (pp. 439-470). Rochester NY: University of Rochester.
_____. (2000). Animal models: Epistemology, ethics, and relative value, in Progress in the reduction,
refinement, and replacement of animal experimentation, M. Balls, A. van Zeller, and Me. Halder, eds.
(pp. 1531-1551). NY: Elsevier.
_____. (2000). Evaluation of animal model research, in Progress in the reduction, refinement, and
replacement of animal experimentation, M. Balls, A. van Zeller, and Me. Halder, eds. (pp. 1441-
1451). NY: Elsevier.
. (1997). A phenomenological approach to the study of nonhuman animals, in
Anthropomorphism, anecdotes and animals, R. Mitchell and N. Thompson, eds. (pp. 277-296).
Albany: State University of New York.
. (1996). The caring sleuth: Portrait of an animal rights activist, in Beyond Animal Rights, C.
Adams and J. Donovan, eds. (pp. 126-146). New York: Continuum Press. Reprinted in The feminist
caring ethic for the treatment of animals. Donovan and C. Adams, eds. (2007; pp. 153-173). NY:
Columbia University.
===Selected Articles===
Shapiro, Kenneth J. (2020). Human-Animal Studies: Remembering the past, celebrating the present,
troubling the future. Society and Animals, 28, 797-833.
Shapiro, Kenneth J. (2015). “I am a vegetarian”: Reflections on a way of being. Society and Animals,
23, 128-147.
Shapiro, Kenneth J. and DeMello, Margo (2010). The State of Human-Animal Studies. Society and
Animals, 18, 307-318.
Ascione, Frank, and Shapiro, Kenneth. (2009). People and animals, kindness and cruelty: Research
directions and policy implications. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 3, 569-589. (Reprinted in Animals and
Society: The Israeli Journal for the Connection between People and Animals, 43, 2011, 3-15).
Shapiro, Kenneth J. (2004). Animal model research: the apples and oranges quandary. Alternatives
to laboratory animals, 6, 32 Suppl 1B, 405-9.
Shapiro, Kenneth J. (2003). What it is to be a dog: A qualitative method for the study of animals
other than humans. The Humanistic Psychologist, 31, 4, 67-96.
Shapiro, Kenneth J. (1994). The caring sleuth: Portrait of an animal rights activist, Society and
Animals, 2, 145- 167.
Bowd, Alan, and Shapiro, Kenneth J. (1993). The case against laboratory animal research in
psychology, Journal of Social Issues, 29, 1, 133-143. (Reprinted in Social problems in Canada: A
reader, Nelson &amp; Flears, editors, Prentice-Hall, 1994. Also, in Taking sides: Clashing views on
controversial psychological issues, 9th edition, B. Slife, editor, Dushkin, 1996).
_____. (1990). Understanding dogs through kinesthetic empathy, social construction, and
history, Anthrozoos, 3, 3, 184-195. Reprinted in C. Flynn, Ed., Social Creatures: A Human and Animal
Studies Reader (pp. 31-49). NY: Lantern, 2008.
_____. (1990). Animal rights v. humanism: The charge of speciesism, Journal of Humanistic
Psychology, 30, 2, 9-37.
_____. (1989). The death of the animal: Ontological vulnerability and harm, Between the Species, 5,
4, 183-195.
Category:1943 births
Category:People from Boston
Category:American people
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:Clinical psychologists