nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Depth of focus

== Description ==
The depth of focus is the range of distances in which an image plane is in good focus. For photography, the film is placed at the focal point of the image plane. Because the depth of focus increases with increasing magnification, small errors in focus setting may not be apparent in photomicrographs made with high power objectives. Whereas minor focus changes may be readily apparent with a low magnification lens.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Tiefenschärfe (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology of Microscopy, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, E175, 75-78, May 1982
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
Category:Materials database
Derbyshire Blue John

== Description ==
A translucent bluish-purple fluorspar with white clouds and dark purple, brown and yellow veins. Bluejohn is quarried in Derbyshire, England. In the 18th century, it was popularly carved into decorative objects, such as vases, table tops, boxes, and cosmetic jars. These were usually exported to France. Bluejohn is a fragile stone and was often bonded with adhesives to make it easier to work.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bluejohn; Derbyshire spar; bleu-jaune (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Derbyshire." Accessed 17 Nov. 2004.
Category:Materials database
Dermestid

== Description ==
A destructive group of beetles of the family Dermestidae that eat proteinaceous materials such as wool, animal glue, leather, parchment, and dried animal matter. The oval shaped adult insects range in size from 1.5 to 10 mm and live for two to four weeks. During this time, the female deposits eggs in several locations. After hatching, the larvae eat and destroy nearby food sources. Examples of dermestids are: black larder beetle, black carpet beetle, furniture carpet beetle, hide beetle, larder beetle, powderpost beetle, cigarette beetle, varied carpet beetle, cabinet beetle, common carpet beetle, odd beetle, and warehouse beetle. 
See also beetle elytra.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
beetles
==Resources and Citations==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, A Guide to Museum Pest Control, FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988
Category:Materials database
Dermis

== Description ==
The skin of mammals is composed of an outer epidermis, a center dermis layer and an inner hypodermis layer. The dermis, or corium, is a dense, interconnected tissue layer that contains hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings and blood vessels. The dermis is the strongest part of the skin and is used to produce leather.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
corium; cutis; derma; Dermis (Deut., Esp., Ned.); derme (Port.); läderhuden (Sven.); lederhuid (Ned.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "dermis." Accessed 17 Nov. 2004.
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis (Accessed Jan. 25, 2006)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Desalination

== Description ==
Typically desalination processes are applied on a large scale for the production of potable water from salt water. In conservation, desalination techniques may be used to remove soluble salts from ceramics, masonry, and statuary. Some of these techniques are 1) continual flushing with gently flowing deionized water to dissolve and wash away salts, 2) repeated soaking baths in deionized water to dissolve salts, 3) moistened clay poultices to dissolve and leach salts; 4) electrodialysis which pulls the ions of the dissolved salts through irreversible membranes to the electrodes and 5) solvent extraction.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
desalinization; desalinisation (Br.); Entsalzung (Deut.); déssalement (Fr.); dessalinização (Port.); desalting
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
Category:Materials database
Desert Poplar (Populus euphratica) LC

thumb|Desert Polar tree
== Description ==
Desert Poplar, 胡杨, (Populus euphratica)is a medium-sized deciduous tree. It may grow to a height of about 15 m and a girth of 2.5 m (8.2 ft) where conditions are favourable. The stem is typically bent and forked; old stems have thick, rough, olive-green bark. While the sapwood is white, the heartwood is red, darkening to almost black at the center. The roots spread widely but not deeply. The leaves are highly variable in shape. The species has a very wide range, occurring naturally from North Africa, across the Middle East and Central Asia to western China. Its forests have largely disappeared or become fragmented over much of its natural range.
== Historical importance ==
The species is used in agroforestry to provide leaves as fodder for livestock, timber and, potentially, fiber for making paper. It is also used in afforestation programs on saline soils in desert regions, and to create windbreaks and check erosion.
== Summary of results ==
Multiple flavonoids, luteolin, apigenin, chrysoeriol and their glycosides were identified from desert poplar dyed yarn samples.
Comments by R. A. Laursen, Boston University.
•	Acid hydrolysis showed significant amounts of flavone glycosides, probably luteolin and chrysoeriol glucuronides, which are known to be resistant to acid hydrolysis, as well as luteolin and chrysoeriol.
•	Other methylated derivatives of luteolin may also be present.
== Analytical instrumentation and procedures ==
The dye was extracted from a thread (0.2-1mg) of the yarn dyed with Populus euphratica in a solution of pyridine/water/1.0M oxalic acid as described by Mouri and Laursen [2]. The solution was evaporated to dryness under a nitrogen flow, and redissolved in 50 μL MeOH/H2O (1/1); subsequently, 20 μL of dye solution was injected onto HPLC column.
An extract was analyzed on an HPLC-PDA-MS system consisting of a Shimadzu LC-20A high performance liquid chromatography, a Shimadzu SPD-M20A photodiode array detector and a Thermo LTQ XL ion trap mass spectrometer. The separation was performed on a Shim-pack XR-ODS column (3.0 mm × 75 mm, 2.2-μm particle size) and a Phenomenex Luna C18 column (2.0 mm × 150 mm, 3-μm particle size). Columns were eluted with acetonitrile-water gradients containing 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min.
== Chromatograms ==
center|frame|Absorbance at 350nm (mAU) By Jian Liu, China National Silk Museum
== Compounds indentified ==
center|frame|Compounds identified, By Jian Liu, China National Silk Museum 
== Identified compounds ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|~HPLC-DAD|Luteolin.PNG~ Luteolin UV-Vis|Apigenin.PNG~ Apigenin UV-Vis]]]
Compound	RT (min.)	MW 	UV/vis	Other
Luteolin	35.7 	286	348 	
Apigenin	39.2 	270	338 	
== References ==
[1] "Populus euphratica" Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_euphratica
[2] Mouri C, Laursen R. Identification and partial characterization of C-glycosylfalvone markers in Asian plant dyes using liquid chromatogrphy tandem mass spectrometery. Journal of Chromatography A 2011; 1218: 7325-30.
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Reference Materials
Category:Natural Dyes
Desert Poplar (Populus pruinosa) LC

thumb|Desert Polar tree (Populus pruinosa)
== Description ==
Desert Poplar, 灰胡杨, (Populus pruinosa)is a medium-sized deciduous tree. The tree grows up to 10 to 20 m tall. The bark has grayish yellow color. It naturally grows in Central and Southwestern Asia. [1]
== Historical importance ==
Populus pruinosa might be the dyeing source of yellow colorants from archaeological samples excavated from Xinjiang. 
examples:
== Summary of results ==
Multiple flavonoids, luteolin, apigenin, chrysoeriol and their glycosides were identified from desert poplar dyed wool samples.
== Analytical instrumentation and procedures ==
The dye was extracted from a thread (0.2-1mg) of the dyed fiber in a solution of pyridine/water/1.0M oxalic acid as described by Mouri and Laursen [2]. The solution was evaporated to dryness under a nitrogen flow, and redissolved in 50 μL MeOH/H2O (1/1); subsequently, 20 μL of dye solution was injected onto HPLC column.
An extract was analyzed on an HPLC-PDA-MS system consisting of a Shimadzu LC-20A high performance liquid chromatography, a Shimadzu SPD-M20A photodiode array detector and a Thermo LTQ XL ion trap mass spectrometer. The separation was performed on a Shim-pack XR-ODS column (3.0 mm × 75 mm, 2.2-μm particle size) and a Phenomenex Luna C18 column (2.0 mm × 150 mm, 3-μm particle size). Columns were eluted with acetonitrile-water gradients containing 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min.
== Chromatograms ==
center|frame|Extract of P. Pruinosa dyed textile, Absorbance at 350nm (mAU) by Jian Liu, China National Silk Museum
== Compounds identified ==
center|frame|Compounds identified, By Jian Liu, China National Silk Museum 
== Identified compounds ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|~HPLC-DAD|Luteolin.PNG~ Luteolin UV-Vis|Apigenin.PNG~ Apigenin UV-Vis]]]
Compound	RT (min.)	MW 	UV/vis	Other
Luteolin	17.9 	286	348 	
Apigenin	19.7 	270	338 	
== References ==
[1] Flora of China, efloras.org Populus pruinosa http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005695
[2] Mouri C, Laursen R. Identification and partial characterization of C-glycosylfalvone markers in Asian plant dyes using liquid chromatogrphy tandem mass spectrometery. Journal of Chromatography A 2011; 1218: 7325-30.
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Reference Materials
Category:Natural Dyes
Desert varnish

== Description ==
A thin, shiny, reddish-brown or black coating that forms on the surface of exposed rock surfaces in arid regions throughout the world (Elvidge and Moore, 1980). Desert varnish layers are the result of several thousand years of physical, chemical, and biological weathering. Their thicknesses typically range from 10-200 micrometers. The coating is primarily composed of clay minerals with small amounts of iron and manganese oxides. Petroglyphs were created by carving images and patterns in the desert varnish layers to exposed the lighter color stone beneath.
==Resources and Citations==
* C.D.Elvidge, C.B.Moore, "Restoration of Petroglyphs with Artificial Desert Varnish" Studies in Conservation, 25:108-117, 1980.
* Rock Varnish at http://www.annettelamb.com/nature/rocvarnsh/index1.htm
* Wayne's world: Desert Varnish and Lichen at http://waynesword.palomar.edu/pljan98.htm#Desert
Category:Materials database
Design Artgum eraser

== Description ==
[Sanford Corp formerly Faber-Castell] A registered trademark for a factice eraser. Design® Artgum® is composed of vulcanized vegetable oil. The erasers do not contain rubber. Artgum® erasers are soft and noncorrosive, but leave numerous small yellow crumbs that darken with age (Estabrook, 1989). The crumbs can be removed with a vacuum or brushing. Surface pH measurement of the Artgum® erasers gave a basic pH value of 10.74 (Estabrook, 1989).
The non-rubber option is a vinyl eraser, such as Magic Rub by Prismacolor.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Design Artgum eraser; Art Gum eraser; soap eraser
== Risks ==
* Residual sulfur and/or chloride may be present from oil vulcanization. 
* Dick Blick: MSDS
== Resources and Citations ==
* E.Estabrook "Considerations of the Effect of Erasers on Cotton Fabric" JAIC 28:79-96, 1989. Link 
* E. J. Pearlstein, D. Cabelli, A. King, & N. Indictor :Effects of Eraser Treatment on Paper" JAIC 22(1):1-12, 1982. Link
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* PrismaColor (Newell): Erasers
Category:Materials database
Design Kneaded Rubber

== Description ==
[Prismacolor formerly Sanford Corp formerly Faber-Castell] A registered trademark for a soft, rubbery eraser. Kneaded (formerly Kneadable) Rubber erasers are composed of poly(isobutene) rubber mixed with vulcanized vegetable oil, antioxidants, mineral oil, pumice, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, and carbon black. Kneaded Rubber erasers leave copious small white or transparent crumbs that are invisible to the eye (Estabrook, 1989). Surface pH measurement of the Kneaded Rubber erasers gave a neutral pH value of 7.86 (Estabrook, 1989).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Design Kneadable rubber eraser; Kneaded rubber eraser
== Hazards and Safety ==
Residual sulfur and/or chloride may be present from oil vulcanization.
== Resources and Citations ==
* E.Estabrook "Considerations of the Effect of Erasers on Cotton Fabric" JAIC 28:79-96, 1989. Link 
* E. J. Pearlstein, D. Cabelli, A. King, & N. Indictor :Effects of Eraser Treatment on Paper" JAIC 22(1):1-12, 1982. Link
Category:Materials database
Desorption

== Description ==
The process of removing an adsorbed or absorbed material from a substrate. Desorption is usually accomplished by increased heat, decreased pressure, or by introducing a secondary material that has a stronger affinity for the substrate. It is the reverse process of adsorption and absorption.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
desorb
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/htm
Category:Materials database
Destructive analysis

== Description ==
Any analysis method that requires a nonreturnable portion of the object or structure to be removed for analysis. Destructive tests include physical analysis methods such as compression strength of a stone or tensile strength of a fiber. They also include chemical analysis methods, such as infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction or electron microscopy, although many of the chemical analysis methods require such small amounts of materials that sampling damage is negligible.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
zerstôrende Analyse (Deut.); analyse destructive (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Desulfuring

== Description ==
A treatment to remove sulfur. Desulfuring is done on freshly spun viscose rayon by passing the yarn through a sodium sulfide solution. Desulfuring is also done on petroleum products to improve their stability and odor.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
desulfurization; desulfurizing
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Detergent

== Description ==
A general class of materials that, when dispersed in a liquid such as water, aid in the removal of dirt, oil, stains, and contaminants from a surface. Detergents contain a surface-active compound (surfactant) that has hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, thus allowing the surfactant to contact a contaminant, then reduce its surface tension and wet it. The contaminant can then be displaced, solubilized, or emulsified. Synthetic detergents are generally classified as 
* anionic surfactants
* cationic surfactants
* nonionic surfactants
In addition to surfactants, detergents may contain other additives such as bleaches, whitening agents and sudsing agents. Some detergents are designed to work in nonaqueous solutions such as gasoline and dry cleaning solvents. See also cleanser and soap.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
detergents; surfactant; soap; cleanser; surface active agent
== Risks ==
* Ethoxylated surfactants are potentially toxic. 
* Anionic detergent can damage wool.
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Detergent." Accessed 7 July 2004 .
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Deterioration

== Description ==
A gradual decomposition of the chemical structure and physical integrity of a material with time. Deterioration may be a result of weathering, oxidation, heat, sunlight, bacterial action, pollutants, or human activity.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
degradation; weathering; alteration; Schädigung (Deut.); détérioration (Fr.); dégradation (Fr.); altération (Fr.); deterioração (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, G113, 1371-1373, Sep-94
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Deterrent

== Description ==
A method, usually associated with pain or fear, that reduces a specific activity. Deterrents are used to minimize the number of birds, such as pigeons or starlings, that roost in populated areas and produce unsightly droppings. Examples of deterrent methods include nets, spikes, wires, gels, plastic owls, electric shocks, along with many types of mechanical and ultrasonic devices.
Category:Materials database
Detritus

== Description ==
A heterogeneous pile of stone fragments, debris, or sediments.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
débris (Fr.); détritus (Fr.); escombreira (Port.);
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Developed dye

== Description ==
A class of dyes that change color when treated with a developing solution. A substrate is dyed in a neutral solution, then diazotized using a sodium nitrite in a weak acid solution. The dye fibers are then developed using one of the following developers: beta naphthol, phenylenediamine, phenol, Phenylmethylpyrazolone, or resorcinol. Often direct dyes are developed to improve brightness and lightfastness. Developed dyes are also used on suede leathers to prevent crocking (Roberts and Etherington 1982).
== Resources and Citations ==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Developer

== Description ==
A chemical used in photography to change a latent image into a visible image by reducing the light-exposed, silver halide particles to metallic silver. Common developing agents are hydroquinone, pyrogallic acid, and p-phenylenediamine.
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Developing out paper

== Description ==
One of two major classes of photographic papers; the other is printing out paper. Developing out paper is often used to produce contact print or enlargements. The light-sensitive paper forms a negative image it is exposed briefly to light.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
developing-out paper; develop out paper; DOP; development paper; papier à image latente (Fr.)
== Additional Images ==
File:Gel. Silver Dev. print Sample2_100x refl.jpg|Developing out print sample 2 reflected light
File:Gel. Silver Dev. print Sample2_100x UV.jpg|Developing out print sample 2 UV light
File:gsdopsample2 site2-SPECTUM comp.jpg|SEM image sample 2 EDS sites
File:gsdopsample2 site2 spectra_5.jpg|EDS Spectra of sample 2
File:WWII.Sold_Gel.Sil.DOP_overall.jpg|Gelatin silver developing out print from WWII
File:WWII.Sold_Gel.Sil.DOP_spec.jpg|Gelatin silver developing out print from WWII; specular reflection
File:WWII_Gel.Sil.DOP_18.jpg|Gelatin silver developing out print from WWII; detail
==Resources and Citations==
* James M. Reilly, Albumen & Salted Paper Book: The history and practice of photographic printing, 1840-1895, Light Impressions Corp., Rochester, NY, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/htm
Category:Materials database