Stretchers and Strainers: Subject Index

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Compiler: Barbara A. Buckley
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Subject Index
==Subject Index==
Italic page numbers indicate illustrations. Page numbers followed by g indicate glossary entries.
A
A. Field & Sons, 144
A. H. Abbott and Company, 11
Adhesive(s)
:for keys, 276
:for labels, 289–90, 299
:for restretching, 40
Adjustable mortise, 154, 156, 155-156
Alucobond®, 255, 256
Aluminum
:for cross-members, 10
:for reinforcement, 234–36, 235
:for secondary supports, 240–42
Aluminum stretcher(s), 12–13, 171, 172, 197–98, 198. See also Fieux
:aluminum temporary stretcher;
:Starofix stretcher(s)
Aluminum tack(s), 39–40 American stretcher, 159. See also mortise with double miter and key
Anco Company, 8
 
Angled shouldered half lap joint, pinned, 73
Angled tongue and groove joint, 121
Araldite®, 207
Arch punch, 284
Artifact, stretcher as, 3–7
:aesthetic/historical considerations, 3–5
:reasons to use/reuse, 6
:when to replace, 6–7
Auto-adapting suspension system, 196
Auxiliary support, 1, 154–59, 155–59, 305g
B
B-72 varnish. See Paraloid® B-72 varnish
Backing board(s), 284–87
:attachment of original stretcher to, 238
:for contemporary stretchers, 191
:for environmental buffer, 284
:and label preservation, 292
:labels on, 301
:materials for attachment, 286
:materials for construction, 285
:method, 286
:purpose, 284
:travel/vibration control, 285 variations, 286–87
Backing insert(s), 212, 212–18, 215–16
Bar (defined), 305g. See also member
Barrier
:piece goods/tab barriers, 271
:between tack and canvas, 271–72
:twill tape/continuous barriers, 271–72
Basswood
:characteristics, 14
:for double-sided stretchers, 245
:for IBC stretcher, 182
:for shaped stretchers, 205
Bath, for label treatment, 299–300
The Battle of Vercellae (Tiepolo), :204
Bauman, Barry, 172, 173, 193–95
Bay State Stretchers, 8
Bead(s), 8, 231–33, 305g
Bearce, C. G., 134
Beech
:characteristics, 14
:for keys, 17
:for shaped stretchers, 205
Bellows, George, 194, 195
Berger, Gustav
:BEVA®, 197
:double-sided artwork stretcher, 197–98
:rheology, 21–22, 27–28, 30
:Self-Adjusting CT Stretcher, 36, 178–79
Berger-Russell Stress Tester, 22
Bernsted, Soren, 198
BEVA®
:and aluminum stretchers, 197
:and finishing of restretched painting, 264
:for label splitting, 298–99
:for suspending painting in work stretcher, 268, 270
Bevel, 7, 8, 305g
Bevel joint. See miter joint; simple miter joint
Bierstadt, Albert, 186–88, 190
Blanchard, Thomas, 144
Blanchard machine, 144
Blind mortise and key (Buck terminology), 93, 156, 157
Blind stretcher. See panel stretcher
Blotters, for tack/staple isolation, 40, 265
Blued tacks, 145 Bolt (defined), 306g
Booth, Peter, 18, 218
Bradley, Morton (Bob), 241
Bridle joint, 306g
:closed, with mitered corner (notched variation), 91
:full cyma mitered double bridle joint, 119
:full mitered, with keys, 117
:with half lapped cross-member, 71, 151
:half mitered, 109
:half mitered, with keys, 111
:half mitered, with single diagonal key, 113
:with interlocking keys, 81
:with key, 79, 83
:with keys on oval stretcher, 101
:mitered shouldered with single key, 115
:with mitered tenon (variation) and key, 87
:with mitered tenon and keys, 85
:pinned, 53
:shouldered, 67
:shouldered, with key, 97
:shouldered dovetailed bridle joint with single key, 125
:with single key on oval stretcher, 99
:tapered, 75
Brown, Ford Madox, 184
Bryant, H., 131
Buck, Richard
:and ICA Spring Stretcher, 35, 165, 171
:and ICA/Superior Spring-Stretcher adjustment, 167
:joint terminology, 43–44, 149, 152, 154, 159, 161
:joint-adjusting mechanism, 134
:on stretcher as artifact, 4
:rheology, 21–22
:studies of behavior of paint on panels, 30
Bulldog clips, 270
Bünsche, Bernd, 194–96
Butt and nail (Buck terminology), 47, 154, 155
Butt joint (defined), 306g
Butt joint with nails, 47
C
Callen, Anthea, 137
Cami-lining(s), 218. See also stretcher lining(s)
Canting, of backing board, 284
Canvas, first painting on, 154
Canvas frame. See auxiliary support; chassis; strainer; stretcher
Canvas pliers, 261–63, 306g
Caravaggio, 171
Cardboard, 240
Carroll, J. F., 131
Cattle dehorner, 283–84
Cedar, 14
Cennini, Cennino, 141
Cézanne, Paul, 196
Chamfer, 7–8, 306g
Chassis (defined), 306g
Chassitech, 37, 183
Cherry, 14, 17, 278
Christ Mocked (Mantegna), 41
Christ of Chalma, Crucifix with the Virgin of Sorrow and St. John (Unknown), 152
Church, Frederic Edwin, 186, 187
Clamps, for temporary stretching, 222
Clavé y Roqué, Pelegrin, 152
Closed bridle joint with mitered corner (notched variation), 91
Closed bridle joint with mitered corner and keys, 89
Coated paper labels, 294
Coatings, 260–61
:advantages, 260
:disadvantages, 260
:for new stretchers, 259–60
:for old stretchers, 259
:treatment variations, 259–60
Codde, P., 1, 221
Cold, for label removal, 297
Cole, Thomas, 185–86, 190
Collins, E. H., 11
Common nails, 143
Conservation/contemporary stretchers, 154–83
:continuous tension (CT) stretchers, 169–76, 170, 172, 178, 178–83
:expansion bolt stretchers, 162, 162–64
:keyed stretcher designs, 154–61, 155–60
:spring tension stretchers, 165–68
Conservator's Stretcher's keys (Wingrill), 17
Consolidated Copying Company, Inc., 11
Constable, John, 185
Continuous barriers, 271–72
Continuous tension (CT) stretcher, 169–76, 170, 172, 178, 178–83. See also ICA (Intermuseum Conservation Association) stretcher; Superior Spring-Stretcher
:defined, 306g
:for double-sided paintings, 193–96, 195
:individual bar control stretchers, 181–83
:with spring corner mechanism, 127
:Starofix stretchers, 173–76
Copper tack(s), 39–40
Corner braces (defined), 306g
Corner bridle joint, 306g
Corners, of painting, 23
:and CT stretcher, 169
:and finishing of restretched painting, 265
:and keying out, 38
:and overall bar adjustment stretcher, 36–37
:and restretched paintings, 267
:tension from keyed stretchers, 34
Coroplast® backing board, 191, 214, 285
Corrosion, of tacks, 39, 40, 271
Corrugated paper backing board, 285
Craft Cut Products, 13
Crayon, on labels, 290
Creep, 21
Crocker, J. D., 132, 165
Cropsey, Jasper F., 186
Cross linking, 30
Crossbar lining, 218. See also stretcher lining(s)
Cross-member(s) (cross-bars)
:and backing inserts, 212
:defined, 306g
:dovetailed, 67
:with dovetailed half lap joint, 61
:for expandable paneled stretcher, 254, 255
:half lap joint, 55, 59, 63
:half lap joint, pinned, 55
:for ICA/Superior Spring-Stretcher, 166
:with mortise and tenon joint, 99
:for panel stretchers, 188–89
:for shaped stretchers, 206–7
:for South American/Spanish Colonial stretcher, 149, 152
:and stretcher linings, 218
:when to use, 9–10
Crucifixion with John and Mary (Unknown), 148
Cser, Laszlo, 37, 181
CT stretcher. See continuous tension stretcher
Cyclododecane, fixing media on labels, 293
Cyclorama, 178
D
D. B. Gurney Company, 145
Daniel Dobbins (Billings), 240–41
Deacidification of labels, 300
DeBeaumont, Edmond, 238
Dechaux, Edward, 187
Del Zotto, Franco, 173, 194, 196
Del Zotto stretcher, 172, 173
Design, of stretcher, 7–19
:cross-members, 9–10
:materials, 11–15
:profile, 7–8
Dictionnaire portatif de peinture, sculpture, et gravure (Pernety), 135
Distortions, out-of-plane, 37
Don Ygnacio Cecilio Algara Gómez de la Casa (Clavé y Roqué), 152
Double bevel wire cutter, 273
Double bridle joint, 119
Double fork mortise, 151, 152
:dovetailed, keyed, often rotary (Buck terminology), 125, 159, 160
:with keyed brace, 159, 159, 240
Double mortise and tenon joint, 245
Double tenon with one bridle and one mortise joint and keys, 95
Double-sided paintings, stretchers
:for, 193–200, 242–53
:aluminum stretchers, 197–98, 198
:continuous tension stretcher, 193–96
:expansion bolt stretchers, 196–97, 242–44, 243
:keyable stretchers, 199–200
:modular design, 244–53
:original support, 198, 198–99, 199
:preferential mount and display, 245–47
:symmetrical mounting for preferential/simultaneous display, 247–53
:treatment variations, 242–53, 245–48, 250–53
Double-sided tape, for label encapsulation, 301
Douglas fir, 14
Dovetail (defined), 307g
Dovetailed cross-member, 67, 150
Dovetailed half lap joint, 57, 61, 150
Dovetailed shouldered half lap joint, 65, 151
Dowels, 148
Dry removal, of labels, 292–93
Durand, Asher B., 186
Dutch Method (for temporary stretching), 222, 261
E
Edges, rounding of, 233
Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), 24
Encapsulation, of labels, 301
Environmental buffer, backing board as, 284
Epoxy, 234–35
Escutcheon pins, 240, 241
Ethafoam®, 213, 217
Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), 40
Expandable paneled stretcher, 254, 254–56, 255
Expansion (defined), 307g
Expansion bolt stretcher, 129, 162, 162–64
:assembly of, 163–64
:conservation use, 163
:contemporary/artist use, 163
:custom-made, 224
:cutting holes for ring openings, 283–84
:defined, 307g
:design pros/cons, 34–35
:for double-sided paintings, 193,196—97
:historical review, 162–64
:materials/fabrication, 163
:modifications, 242–44, 243
Gatorboard panel backed stretcher adaptation, 257–58
:materials/fabrication, 162
:modifications, 257–58
Expansion bolts, 18
Extended bead, 156
F
Fabric
:as barrier, 272
:for lining, 31
:stress/strain distribution, 23–24
Facing, for label removal, 295–96
Fastener (defined), 307g
Fiberglass, 241–42
Fieux aluminum temporary stretcher, 224–26, 225–27
Filing systems, for labels, 301
Finishing nails, 143
Flush-ground wire cutter, 273, 274
Foam board, backing board, 285
Folding stretchers, 208–9, 208–11
Fome-Cor®, 213, 214, 269, 270
France, 135–37, 170
Frankenthaler, Helen, 210
Fredrix, 8
French construction (mortise and half miter with key), 156; See also mortise and half miter with key
Frog Pond, Gloucester (Sloan), 237–38, 238
Full cyma mitered double bridle joint, 119
Full mitered bridle joint with keys, 117
G
G-10™ plastic sheet, 239, 241–42, 258–59
Gardner, D. W. corners for panel stretchers, 187–88, 190
:joint-adjusting mechanism, 132
:spring tension stretcher patent, 165, 169
Gatorboard, 257–58. See also Gatorfoam®
Gatorfoam®, 214. See also Gator-board
Gentileschi, Orazio, 228
Germany, 169, 170, 171, 208
Gesso, physical behavior, 27–28
Getty Museum. See J. Paul Getty Museum
Giant Redwood Trees of California (Bierstadt), 187
Gifford, Sanford Robinson, 187–88
Glue, effect on fabric, 27–28
Glue lining, 31 Goist, David, 198–99
Gore-tex®, 295
Great Britain, 208, 209
The Gross Clinic (Eakins), 240
Guitar tensioning stretcher, 226, 227, 228
Gummed tape, 288–90
H
Half Dome, Yosemite Valley (Bierstadt), 186–87
Half lap and pin (Buck terminology), 51, 154, 155
Half lap joint, 55
:with beveled inner edge, 77
:defined, 307g
:dovetailed, 57, 61
:dovetailed shouldered, 65
:pinned, 51
:reverse shouldered, 63
:shouldered, 59, 61
:sliding dovetailed shouldered half lap joint with single key, 123
:for South American/Spanish Colonial stretcher, 148, 149
Half mitered bridle joint, 109
:with keys, 111
:with single diagonal key, 113
Half mitered slot mortise and tenon joint, 109
Hand-forged nails, 141, 142
Hardware (defined), 307g
Hardwoods, 13–14, 17. See also specific hardwoods, e.g., maple
Haunched mortise and tenon joint with keys, 93
Heat, for label removal, 297–98
Heffley, Scott, 196–97
Hedley, Gerry, 22–23, 26–27, 29
Henri, Robert, 196
Hibberd, R. D., 23–24
History, of stretchers/strainers, 43–153
:joint-adjusting mechanisms, 131, 131–39
:nails, 140–44, 142
:South American/Spanish Colonial stretchers, 147–53, 148, 150–51
:standard stretcher sizes, 134, 135, 135–39
:stretcher joints, 43–129, 47–129
:tacks, 144–45
Hobbs, Glenn, 259
Holland, 138
Holland Manufacturing Company, 144–45
Holly, H. W., 132 Hollytex®
:for canvas mounting for double-sided display, 249
:for humidity tent, 294
:for label treatment, 299, 300
:for suspending painting in work stretcher, 268
:for tacking edge, 269
Horner, Hannah Mae, 240
Humidification treatments, for paintings, 222–23
Humidity. See moisture, for label removal; relative humidity (RH)
Humidity tent, for label removal, 294
Huston, Perry, 224
Huston temporary stretcher, 224, 225
I
IBC Stretcher(s). See Individual Bar Control (IBC) Stretcher(s)
ICA (Intermuseum Conservation Association) stretcher(s), 166. See also continuous tension stretcher; Superior Spring-Stretcher
:Bauman modification of, 194
:cross-members for, 10
:introduction of, 171
:joint-adjusting mechanism, 134
:modification of, 172, 193–94
:as most common form of spring tension stretcher, 35
:redwood for, 14
:with spring corner mechanism, 127
:varnish coating for, 259–60
Immersion, for label removal, 297
In the Woods (Durand), 186
Indian Sunset: Deer by a Lake (Bierstadt), 187, 190
Individual Bar Control (IBC)
:Stretcher(s), 181, 181–83
:artist/contemporary use, 183
:conservation use, 182–83
:historical review, 181–82
:materials/fabrication, 36, 182
:pros/cons of design, 36–37
:special considerations, 183
Infusion treatments, for paintings, 222
Inks, for labels, 290
Inscriptions, coating of, 260
Intermuseum Conservation Association (ICA) stretcher. See continuous tension (CT) stretcher; ICA (Intermuseum Conservation Association) stretcher
International Council of Museums (ICOM), 43
Iron tack(s), 39–40
Isolation, of tack/staple, 40
Israels, Joseph, 288
Italian stretcher (simple mortise with interlocking keys), 156, 156
Italy, 138
J
J. Paul Getty Museum, 224, 226
Janetta Falls, New Jersey (Cropsey), 186
Japanese papers, 300
Jessell, Bettina, 194, 195
Jig, for making keys on table saw, 279, 279–83
Joint(s). See also specific types, e.g.:
:mortise and tenon joint defined, 307g
:historical review, 43–129
:modification of, 233
:survey of types, 43–44, 47–129, 155–60
Joint-adjusting mechanisms, 131–34, 131–34. See also key(s)
K
Katlan, Alexander W., 131, 144
Keck, Caroline, 162, 288
Kever, Jakob Simon Hendrik, 288
Key(s)
:beech for, 14
:conservation problems, 161
:for cross-members, 9, 10
:defined, 307g
:for double-sided stretchers, 199–200, 246, 249
:form of, 18–19
:interlocking, 79
:loss of, 161
:maple for, 14
:materials for, 16–19
:other joint-adjusting mechanisms vs., 34–37
:panel stretcher with, 103, 105, 107
:patterns for common single key, 282, 283
:patterns for common sizes/ shapes, 280–82, 280–82
:placement in stretcher, 19
:plexiglass, 278–79
:purpose of, 16
:replacement of originals, 260
:securing of, 275–77
:for shaped stretchers, 204, 205
:table saw jig for, 279, 279–83
:tips for making, 278–82
Keyed stretchers
:advantages/disadvantages, 160
:conservation of keys, 161
:contemporary/artist use, 161
:custom-made, 224
:design pros/cons, 34
:for double-sided paintings, 199–200
:historical review, 154
:materials/fabrication, 154–59, 155–59
:mechanics of, 160
:preservation of design, 160
:shortcomings of, 131
Keying out of cross-members, 9
:excessive, 160
:of restretched painting, 267
:restretching vs., 37–38
:for shaped stretchers, 204
Kiefer, Anselm, 210
Kiln drying, 11
Kit Kat size, 138
Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 138
Knight, Eugenie, 194
Konrad, Anton J., 224
Konrad stretcher, 224, 225
Kraft paper, 222, 268, 285
Krueger, Jay, 18
Kuschan, Edgar, 17
L
Labels, 287–302
:adhesive, 289–90
:age of, 288
:paper type, 289
:preservation without removal, 291–92
::backing board, 292
::loose edge reattachment, 291–92
::protective cover, 291–92
:removal technique, 292–99
::cold, 297
::dry removal, 292–93
::facing, 295–96
::heat, 297–98
::humidity tent, 294
::immersion, 297
::moisture, 293–97
::poultice, 295
::solvent, 298
::splitting, 298–99
::steam, 296–97
:as source of historical information, 4
:storage of, 301–2
:treatment of, 299–302
::adhesive reduction, 299
::bath, 299–300
::deacidification, 300
::encapsulation, 301
::lining, 300
:treatment rationale, 290–91
::paper preservation, 290
::stretcher disuse, 291
::treatment interference, 290–91
::writing media found on, 290
Lacing (defined), 307g
The Landing of Columbus (Bierstadt), 188–89, 189
Lascaux™ Acrylic Adhesive 360HV, 17–18, 279
Lath, for keys, 278
Leather, as barrier, 271
Lebron, James
:expansion bolt stretcher, 134, 162, 197
:folding stretchers, 210
:joint-adjusting mechanism, 134
Lebron expansion bolt stretcher, 162, 193; See also expansion bolt stretcher
Lefranc Catalogue, 136, 137
Lexan®, 198
Il Libro dell'Arte (Cennini), 141
Lime (wood), 14
Lined canvas, adhesives for, 40
Lining(s), 300. See also stretcher lining(s)
Lip (defined), 307g
Liu, Simon, 17, 19. See also Simon
:Liu, Inc. The Lone Hunter (Medem), 144
Louis, Morris, 163, 210
M
M. Knoedler & Co., 288
Machine-cut nails, 141–44, 142
Madonna and Child (Unknown), 152
Mahogany, 165
Mantegna, Andrea, 188
Maple, 14, 17, 278
Marietta Ingham (Staunton), 241–42
Marouflage, 240
Masonite®, 239, 241
Mat board, 232, 272
McMillan, Gillian, 196, 197
Mechanics, of a painting, 20–31, 34–38
:composite nature of painting, 25–26
:expansion bolt stretcher design pros/cons, 34–35
:fabric, 26–27
:history/condition, 30–31
:keyed stretcher design pros/ cons, 34
:keying out vs. restretching, 37–38
:keys vs. other joint-adjusting mechanisms, 34–37
:overall bar adjustment stretcher design pros/cons, 36–37
:overall tension, 21–22
:paint, 28–29
:painting as a whole system, 29–30
:sizing/gesso layers, 27–28
:spring tension stretcher design pros/cons, 35–36
:stress variations/concentrations, 22–24
:varnish, 29
:wood, 29
Mecklenburg, Marion, 22, 24–30
Member (defined), 307g
Mending plates, 286
Mention, Elizabeth, 228
Metal(s). See also specific metals, e.g.: aluminum
:for keys, 18
:for stretchers, 12–13
Methylcellulose, for facing, 295, 299
Mexico, 148, 149, 152
Michalski, Stefan, 23, 26, 28, 30
Microclimate, 7, 284
Microspatula, 274, 292, 294–98
Millet, Jean François, 184–85
Mitchell, Josiah, 289
Miter joint, 204, 307g
Mitered shouldered bridle joint with single key, 115
Modification of stretchers, 231–33
Modulus, of painting composite, 25
Moisture, for label removal, 293–97
:coated paper, 294
:facing, 295–96
:facing/steam combination, 296–97
:humidity tent, 294
:poultice, 295
:sensitive media: testing and fixing, 293
:steam, 296–97
Molenaar, J. M., 1, 221
Monel, metal, 12
Mortise, 205, 246, 308g
Mortise and half miter with key (Buck terminology), 111, 156, 158
Mortise and pin (Buck terminology), 49, 154, 155
Mortise and tenon joint
:for cross-members, 10
:defined, 308g
:for double-sided stretchers, 245
:for expandable paneled stretcher, 254
:haunched, with keys, 93
:for keyed stretchers, 34
:for shaped stretchers, 204
:for South American/Spanish Colonial stretcher, 149
Mortise and through tenon joint, 69
Mortise and through tenon joint, pinned, 49
Mortise with double miter, ogee variation with key (Buck terminology), 119, 158, 159, 240
Mortise with double miter and key (Buck terminology), 117, 156, 158, 159
Mounting/remounting a canvas, 39–41
Movable frame liner, 194
Mrs. Alfred Daniels/Mr. Alfred Daniels (Comegys), 241
Mrs. Cornelius Waldo (Badger), 238, 239
Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), 162
Mylar®
:for aluminum-cutting template, 234–36
:for double-sided painting stretcher, 194, 197
:for humidity tent, 294
:for label attachment/covering, 291–92
:for label encapsulation, 301
:for label lining, 300
:for label removal poultice cover, 295
:for label removal via heat, 297
:for label splitting, 298–99
:for suspending painting in work stretcher, 268
:for tack isolation, 40
:for window in backing board, 286
N
Nail(s). See also tack(s)
:for attachment of original stretcher to replacement supports, 240
:hand-forged/wrought iron, 141
:historical review of, 140–45, 142
:machine-cut, 141–44
:reuse of original, 39
:for South American/Spanish Colonial stretcher, 149
:wire, 142, 143–44
Nelson, Lee H., 143
Netherlands, 221
Noland, Kenneth, 210
Nonrectangular stretchers. See shaped (nonrectangular) stretchers
Non-rotary expansion (defined), 308g
Nordfeldt, B. J. O., 244
La Nuit Etoilée (Millet), 184–85
O
Oak, for shaped stretchers, 205
Organic solvent, for label removal, 298
Osborn, F. C., 12
Oval stretcher, 99, 101
Overall bar adjustment stretcher, 178, 178–83
:design pros/cons, 36–37
:Individual Bar Control
::Stretcher(s), 36–37, 181, 181–83
::artist/contemporary use, 183
::conservation use, 182–83
::historical review, 181–82
::materials/fabrication, 36, 182
::pros/cons of design, 36–37
::special considerations, 183
:Self-Adjusting Continuous
::Tension Stretcher, 178–81, 179
::conservation use, 180
::contemporary/artist use, 181
::historical review, 178–79
::materials/fabrication, 36, 179–80
Overstretching, 22, 171
P
Paillot de Montabert, JacquesNicolas, 137, 138
Paint
:effect of restretching on, 261
:effect on mechanics of a painting, 20–21
:mechanics of, 28–29
Painting composite, 25–26
Panel, behavior of paint on, 30
Panel stretcher (panel back stretcher), 184–92, 187, 189, 190
:artist/contemporary use, 191
:conservation use, 189–91
:defined, 308g
:expandable paneled stretcher adaptations, 254, 254–56, 255
:G-10™ plastic sheet adaptation, 258–59
:Gatorboard/expansion bolt stretcher adaptation, 257–58
:historic review, 184–88
:with keys, 103, 105, 107
:materials/fabrication, 188–89
:solid support/keyable stretcher variation, 256–57
:special considerations, 191
:treatment variations, 254–59
Panelmaster contact cement, 257
Panorama, 178
Paraloid™ B-72 varnish, 259, 293
Parker and Clover, 186
Pastorello, Paolo, 194
Patents and cost of stretcher, 11 on nails, 141
:spring tension stretcher, 165
:for Starofix stretcher, 173
Patterns, for keys, 280–82
Peg (defined), 308g
Pernety, Joseph, 135
Perry Huston stretcher, 224, 225
Peru, 148, 149
Pfleger, Frank P., 117,133, 161
Pfleger Company, 8
Phillips, Maureen, 141
Phillips, Stan, 36, 37, 134, 181–83
Piece goods, as barriers, 271
Pigment Volume Concentration (PVC), 28
Pin. See peg
Pine, 14, 260
Placement, of tacks/staples, 40–41
Planar distortions, 37, 38
Plastic, 13, 17
Plastic deformation, 21–22, 25
Plexiglass (Plexiglas®) for double-sided stretcher, 194–96, 198, 244
:for expandable paneled stretcher, 256
:for label covering, 292
:for replacement keys, 17, 278–79
Pliers. See canvas pliers
Plywood, for attachment of original stretcher to replacement supports, 240
Poisson ratio effect, 23
Pollak, Nancy, 265
Polyacrylate tape adhesive, 289
Polyester batting, 214
Polyester urethane foam, 213, 217
Polyethylene foam, 213
Poplar, 15, 17, 278
Portrait of a Man (Unknown), 198
Poultice, for label removal, 295
Presentation in the Temple (Mantegna), 11, 41, 188
Preservation, of labels, 287–88
Primary support (defined), 1
Priming, effect on fabric, 27
Prins, Steven, 199
Printing inks, for labels, 290
Profile, of stretcher, 7–8 Pushpins, 263
Q
Quandt, Eleanor S., 3–4, 288
R
Rabbet, 197
Radial cut, 11
Raking light, 160
Ranc, Jean, 208
Redwood characteristics, 14
:for cross-members, 10
:for ICA/Superior Spring-Stretcher, 165
Reed, Ezekial, 144
Reed, Jesse, 144
Reinforcement, of stretcher, 234–36, 235
Relative humidity (RH) 
:and cracking of paint, 30
:and cupping, 31
:and fabric support, 26–27
:and glue, 27–28
:metal's imperviousness to, 12
:and painting as a whole, 21
:and painting composite, 25, 26
:and stiffness of paint, 28–29
Rembrandt van Rijn, 1, 221
Remounting/mounting a canvas, 39–41
Replacement, of stretcher/strainer, 6–7
Replacement keys, 278
Replacement supports, attachment
:of original stretcher to, 237–42
:attaching entire stretcher to backing board, 238, 239
:cardboard and escutcheon pins, 240
:materials, methods, variations, 237–42
:old stretcher in new support system, 238–42, 239
:purpose, 237
:thinning of entire stretcher, 237–38, 238
:thinning sections of stretcher, 238, 239
Restretching, 38
:and folding stretchers, 209
:keying out vs., 37–38
:of lined/unlined painting, 261–68
:attachment, 264–65
:finishing, 265
:positioning of painting, 262–63
:preparation, 262
:recommendations, 267
:stretching, 263–64
:variations, 265–66, 266, 267
Reuse
:of original stretcher, 6
:of original tacks/nails, 39, 275
Reverse shouldered half lap joint, 63, 151
RH. See relative humidity (RH)
Rheology, of a painting, 20–31, 34–38. See also mechanics, of a painting
Rigamonti, Franco, 12, 171, 172
Ring openings, for expansion bolt stretcher, 283–84
Ritchie, Matthew, 210
Rogers, Samuel, 144
Rosenfeld, Lenora, 196, 197
Rotary expansion (defined), 309g
Rothe, Andrea, 226
Rothe temporary stretcher, 226, 227, 228
Royal Alcazar palace, 208
Rubber-based tape adhesive, 289
Russell, William, 21
Ryder, Albert Pinkham, 4
S
St. George and the Dragon (Uccello), 154
St. Jerome at Parma (Trumbull), 185
St. John Nepomuk, Priest in Confessional (Unknown), 149, 150	
Saint Nicholas in Glory with Saints John the Baptist and Lucy (Lotto), 203
Salem Label, 289
Salisbury Cathedral (Constable), 185
Sand'n Seal varnish, 259
Santiago (Unknown), 149
Santini Brothers, 162
The Savage Family (Savage), 238, 239
Schmitt, Charles C., 186, 187
Scots pine, 14
Screws, for attaching backing board, 286
Self Portrait (Elliot), 240
Self-Adjusting Continuous Tension
:(CT) Stretcher, 178–81, 179
:conservation use, 180
:contemporary/artist use, 181
:historical review, 178–79
:materials/fabrication, 36, 179–80
:pros/cons of design, 36–37
Shaped (nonrectangular) stretchers, 202–7, 202–7
Shattuck, Aaron D., 18, 132–33
Shattuck key, 17, 18, 309g
Shellac, 259
Shouldered bridle joint, 67, 115
:dovetailed, with single key, 125
:with dovetailed cross-member, 151
:with key, 97
Shouldered half lap joint, 59, 61, 65, 150
Shouldered half lap joint, pinned, 73
Shrinkage, of fabric support, 27
Simon Liu, Inc., 196, 197
Simple lap joint, 249
Simple miter joint (defined), 309g
Simple mortise, 151
:with extended bead and key (Buck terminology), 89, 156, 157
:with interlocking key (Buck terminology), 81, 156, 156
:with keys (Buck terminology), 79, 156, 156, 241
:modified form with key (Buck terminology), 85, 156, 157
:modified form (variation) with key (Buck terminology), 87, 156, 157
Single fork dovetailed mortise, 151, 152
Single fork mortise, dovetailed and keyed, often rotary (Buck terminology), 123, 159, 159
Single fork mortise (Buck terminology), 149
Single-keyed stretcher, 16
Sitka spruce, 205
Sizes, of stretchers, 135–37
Sizing, shrinkage of, 27–28
Sliding dovetailed shouldered half lap joint with single key, 123
Sloan, John, 237–38, 238, 260
Slot mortise and mitered tenon joint and keys, 85
Slot mortise and mitered tenon joint with key, 87
Slot mortise and tenon joint, 71
:half mitered, 109
:with interlocking keys, 81
:with key, 79, 83
:pinned, 53
Snow & Mays, 187
Softwoods, 14
Solvent, for label removal, 298
South American/Spanish Colonial stretchers, 147–53, 150–51
Sozzani, Laurent, 267
Spain, folding stretchers in, 208
Spanish Colonial stretchers. See South American/Spanish Colonial stretchers Spatula. See microspatula
Spreader clamp, 19
Spring tension stretcher, 165, 165–68, 166
:application and adjustment, 167–68
:conservation use, 166–67
:contemporary/artist use, 167
:design pros/cons, 35–36
:historical review, 165
:materials/fabrication, 165–66
Stabiltex®, 197
Staining, of new stretchers, 260
Staple(s) for attachment of restretched canvas, 264–65, 265
:placement of, 40–41
:and stress concentration, 24
:tacks vs., 39
:use of, 40
Staro, Giorgio, 173
Starofix stretcher(s), 173–76, 174
:conservation use, 175
:contemporary/artist use, 176
:historical review, 169–76
:materials/fabrication, 12, 173–75
:special considerations, 176
Steam, for label removal, 296–97
Steel tack(s), 39–40
Stempel, A., 11
Stencils, 187
Storage, of labels, 301–2
Straight-end (defined), 309g
Strain distribution. See stress Strainer (defined), 1, 309g
Stress
:effect of adhesives on, 40
:effect of lining on, 31
:effect on a painting, 20–21, 29–30
:and fabric, 23
:and ICA/Superior Spring-Stretcher, 167
:improving distribution of, 24
:overall, 21–22
:on painting composite, 25
:tacks vs. staples, 39
:and tack/staple placement, 40–41
:variations due to application of, 22–24
Stretcher
:as artifact, 3–7
:defined, 1, 309g
Stretcher bar. See bar Stretcher cleats (defined), 309g
Stretcher creases, 7, 160
Stretcher joint. See joint Stretcher key(s). See key(s)
Stretcher lining(s), 217, 218–19, 219
:and decision to coat original stretcher, 260
:effect on stress distribution, 31
:temporary stretchers for, 223
Stretching, 263–64. See also restretching
String, as barrier, 272
Strip lining, for restretching, 262
Struts, for shaped stretchers, 206, 207
Superior Spring-Stretcher, 35, 165.
See also ICA (Intermuseum Conservation Association) stretcher
Supports, replacement, 237–42
T
Tab barriers, 271
Table saw jig, 279, 279–83
Tack(s)
:for attachment of restretched canvas, 264–65
:barrier to protect canvas from, 271–72
:copper/aluminum to replace iron/steel, 39–40
:historical review of, 144–45
:placement of, 40–41
:removing from tacking margins, 273, 273–74
:reuse of original, 39, 275
:for South American/Spanish Colonial stretcher, 148, 152
:staples vs., 39
:and stress concentration, 24
Tacking edge (defined), 309g
Tacking margin for attaching old stretcher to new support, 240–41
:avoiding flattening of, 268–70, 269, 270
:for double-sided stretchers, 245
:removing tacks from, 273, 273–74
:sizing, for restretching, 262
:on South American/Spanish Colonial stretcher, 152
Tait, A. F., 133
Tape, as barrier, 272
Tapered bridle joint, 75
Tara-Fredrix, 17
Tariff, on nails, 141
Tate Gallery key construction, 18
:panel stretchers, 185
:staple placement guidelines, 41
:stretcher linings, 218
:wood preferences for stretchers/ keys, 12
T-bridle joint, 309g
Tearing, staples vs. tacks, 24
Temperature
:and paint films, 28
:and painting composites, 25, 26
:and restretching, 262
Temporary stretcher(s), 221–29, 225–28
:custom-made, 224–28
:historical review, 221
:methods of tensioning the original canvas, 221–22
::clamps, 222
::Dutch Method, 222
:reasons for using, 222–23
::factors, 223
::humidification treatments, 222–23
::infusion treatments, 222
::for linings, 223
::working front/back of painting at same time, 222
:tensioning adjustment, 229
:tips for making/handling, 228
:various types, 223–28
Tenon, 205–7, 246, 310g
Tensioners. See stretcher cleats
Tensioning of cross-members, 9
:of restretched painting, 267
Tensor-bolt, 18
Tenth Street Studio, 186
Tg (glass transition temperature), 26, 29
Thinning, of stretcher sections, 238
Thorns, as tacks, 149
3M Company, 289
Thumb tacks, 145
Tiepolo, Giambattista, 204
Time, effect on painting composite, 26
Todd, J. E., 165, 169
Tongue and groove joint, 256
Tongue and groove joint, angled, 121
Tongue and groove ramp with key; rotary (Buck terminology), 121, 158, 159
Tower Manufacturing, 145
Traité complet de la peinture (Paillot de Montabert), 137
Transport/travel, of painting, 255–56, 285
Tremont Nail Company, 141, 143
The Triumph of Marius (Tiepolo), 204
Trumbull, John, 184, 185, 189
Turnbuckle, 162, 310g
Turnover edge. See tacking edge
Twill tape, 271–72
Twisting, cross-bracing to prevent, 9
Tycore®, 214, 256–57
V
Van Gogh, Vincent, 137, 139
Vanderlyn, John, 208–9
Varnish, 29, 260, 262
Velcro®, 270, 286
El Velo de Santa Veronica (Unknown), 149
Vermeer, Jan, 138 Vibration, damping of, 212, 255–56, 285
Virgin of Guadalupe (Escamilla), 152
Virgin of Mercy (Unknown), 149
Virginian Luxuries (Unknown), 199, 199
Volara®, 213–14, 217
Volmering, Joseph, 190
Von Sonnenburg, Hubert, 4
Vy-Lok®, 257
W
Walnut, for keys, 17
Warp (of fabric), 23, 181
Warping (of stretcher), 9
Washers, for backing board, 286
A Wave Breaking on the Bahamas Coast (Bierstadt), 187
Wax
:for lining, 238, 239
:to secure painting to stretcher, 40, 240
:for stretcher coating, 259, 260
Wax crayon, 290
Wedge, 16–17. See also key(s)
Wedge mortise and pin, 154, 155
Weft (of fabric), 23, 181
West, Benjamin, 184
White, James, 143
White oak, for shaped stretchers, 205
Wilkinson, Jeremiah, 141
Williamstown Art Conservation Center, 183
Wingrill stretcher makers, 17, 19
Winsor and Newton catalogue, 138
Wire cutter, for removing tacks, 273
Wire nails, 142, 143–44
WONDERBAR™, 13
Wood. See also specific woods
:characteristics of, 14
:hardwoods, 14–15
:for keys, 278
:rheology of, 29
:softwoods, 14
:for South American/Spanish Colonial stretcher, 148
:for stretchers, 11–12, 14
Work stretchers, fixing paintings in, 268–70, 269, 270
Wright, J. P.
:corners for panel stretchers, 187–88, 190
:joint-adjusting mechanism, 132
:spring tension stretcher patent, 165, 169
Writing inks, for labels, 290
Wrought iron nails, 141
Wyeth, N. C., 183
Y
Yale University Art Gallery, 184, 185
Yield point, 22
Yoder, Dean, 263
Yosemite Valley (Bierstadt), 187
Young, C. R. T., 23–24
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Category:Paintings
Category: Stretcher
Category: Strainer