nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Servomotor

== Model Railroading and Servomotors ==
For model railroading purposes, servomotors from the Radio Control aircraft hobby are popular. They are often referred to as servos or RC Servos. They are constructed using a small motor with a set of reduction gears driving the output shaft. A potentiometer is used to sense the position of the shaft. Additional electronics are needed to control the motor. 
=== Proportional Control ===
In operation, a signal is generated by the controller, and the motor responds by moving in the direction needed to balance the system and cancel the error between its position and the commanded position. When the system is in balance the motor stops moving. This allows precise positioning of the shaft. The shaft mounted potentiometer is used to create the feedback needed to control the motor.
This is called proportional control, as the motor has no fixed positions and can respond proportionately to the control signal. In the case of an RC airplane, the servo's response is related to the inputs from a joystick. For model railroads, the speed is usually fixed and the positions are preset to actuate a turnout, crossing gates or a semaphore signal. 
Servos need a 5V to 6V power supply and a special Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) control signal.
=== DCC Multifunction and Accessory Decoder Applications ===
Some DCC mobile decoders and accessory decoders are capable of driving RC servos. On locomotives servos can be used for uncouplers. With accessory decoders servos can be used to operate turnouts, crossing gates and semaphore signals in a prototypical manner. 
The Tam Valley Depot Singlet Servo DCC Accessory Decoder is an example of a DCC servo decoder for operating turnouts, etc.
Most of the current Zimo mobile decoders (except the MX621) have 2 servo outputs. The larger (G scale) Zimo decoders (MX695, MX696) have 4 servo outputs. Zimo's miniature accessory decoders (MX820, MX821) also have servo outputs.
Micro-controllers such as the Arduino can also be used to control servos.
Category:Electrical
Category:Automation
Set 101

== Lenz Set 101 ==
Each Set 101 includes a LZV200 amplifier plus command station and an LH101 hand-held control throttle.
Lenz uses XpressNet for their throttle bus.
A Power Supply is not included.
=== Features===
* 9999 DCC Addresses supported
** Primary Address Range: 1-99
** 1 analog locomotive
* Supports Extended Addresses
* 14, 28 /128 speed steps
* 28 Functions
** 69 functions available with appropriate throttle.
* Consisting: Double and Multiple-traction
** Internal consist database
* Automatic control is optional
* Separate Programming Track outputs
* CV Programming: CV1 to CV1024
* Additional power requirements are met by adding additional amplifiers
* Connect up to 31 input devices via XpressNet.
* Programming of Command Station in Operations Mode (PoM)
* Up to 2048 turnouts, signals can be controlled, depending on the control device used.
** Feedback bus to connect feedback modules and accessory decoders that support the feedback function.
* The LZV200 can generate the RailCom Signal
* Integrated USB PC Interface
* Future updates can be applied using a memory stick
=== New Features ===
* USB-B connection for a computer
* Firmware updates by USB flash drive
* Global RailCom detector
** CV values can be read from a RailCom equipped decoder
* Support for 2048 Accessory Decoder addresses
== Set 101-R ==
This set comes with a radio throttle and LTM101 receiver.
Short-Circuit Protection (decoder)

== Short Circuit Protection ==
In a multifunction decoder a mechanical method is not practical. No one wants to disassemble a locomotive to reset a circuit breaker or change a fuse. That leaves electronic methods. The decoder can use two techniques: thermal and current limiting. 
Thermal protection means that if a short occurs, the current flow would cause an increase in heat, and when a component gets too hot it can fail. Some ICs are designed with a thermal shutdown system that attempts to protect them from overheating from overloading or a short.
Current limiting is done by monitoring the current flow and preventing it from exceeding a preset limit.
This does not mean that pico fuses are not also on the PCB. Blowing those would require a trip to the manufacturer for repair.
The primary defence against short circuit damage would lay with the booster, or a power management device. The second line is good wiring, as a voltage drop drop will increase the current flowing through the circuit. Remember, wiring is important as many boosters rely not on the amount of current, but the rate of change.
;Short Circuit Protection in the booster is there to protect the booster!
The secondary defence is check your wiring, and do the initial testing on a programming track which limits the current. Addition of a device such as the PTB-100 by Soundtraxx can also help by identifying a problem.
The most likely cause of a damaged or destroyed decoder is incorrect wiring, where the motor is connected to the frame, shorting the motor drive output to the track.
== Further Reading ==
* Multifunction Decoder Troubleshooting
Category:Electronics
Category:Wiring
Category:Multifunction Decoder
Signal Controlled Speed Influence

== Introduction ==
As this is primarily a European system, information in English is hard to come by. Most of the following is derived from instruction manuals and Zimo catalogs. If you can contribute additional information, please do so.
ZIMO digital systems offer a second level of communication for transmitting data to vehicles in specific track sections. The most common application is the “signal-controlled speed influence” for stopping trains and applying speed limits in 5 stages, with data sent to the track sections as needed in the form of HLU cut- outs prepared by MX9 track section modules or its successors. This feature only operates within ZIMO systems. 
All Zimo decoders since 2004 support this protocol, as do some other European decoder manufacturers. Many DCC manufactures of European origin feature some form of automation.
=== HLU ===
Zimo HLU 	Zimo HLU
Identifier 	Meaning
H 	HALT
UH 	Interstage
U 	Ultra Slow
LU 	Interstage
L 	sLow
FL 	Interstage
F 	Full Speed
DCCWiki.com	DCCWiki.com
Zimo began developing the HLU system many years prior to the arrival of Automatic Brake Control (ABC), and in many aspects HLU is more capable than ABC.
Its name is derived from the H-L-U signals transmitted by Zimo's accessory decoders.
HLU is a second communication protocol, from an electronic unit, located between the command station and an insulated track section, to the stationary decoder located on the track section. Zimo calls theirs a StEin.
HLU data can be different from track section to track section (e.g., concerning HLU-limits), does NOT have an address and are read by ZIMO decoders.
HLU data works like commands to stop trains or to reduce their speed to one of the 5 HLU speed limits. HLU data reaches the decoder virtually without delay, because it is sent about 11 times/sec. 
One of the 7 HLU steps is set on the stationary decoder's track section outputs, usually based on the command of an interlocking program (i.e. computer). When the train passes a point contact, the StEin switches the HLU-steps autonomously.
The speed limits “U” (Ultra low) and “L” (Low speed) as well as the intermediate limits of the “signal-controlled speed influence” can be defined
Six speed limits (including stop) slow down every train equipped with the appropriate decoder to the (adjustable) maximum speed of the track section, or stop it.
Category:Automation
Category:Signaling
Solder/Soldering Is Easy

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Category:Soldering
Soundcar

==What is a SoundCar decoder?==
The 16-bit Tsunami SoundCar Digital Sound Decoder™ is the only Digital Command Control sound decoder which replicates railcar sounds, such as the clickety-clack, flange squeal, flat spots, generator, brake cylinders, and glad hand release. It also includes a selection of user-adjustable horns, bells and whistles for cab cars and cabooses. For even more realism, the decoder has four Hyperlight lighting outputs for interior and exterior lights.
The SoundCar also includes a connection for a CurrentKeeper.
They require an 8-ohm speaker. For the optimal aural experience SoundTraxx recommends use in every third or fourth car in a consist.
It includes a selection of horns, bells and whistles for cab cars and cabooses. For extra realism, the decoder has four Hyperlight outputs for interior and exterior lighting. It can also be programmed as a freight car, mechanical reefer, stock car or caboose, in addition to passenger cars, with or without a generator.
===Available Effects===
* Brake cylinders/Brake squeal
* Clickety-clack: two, four and six-axle cars
* Coupler clank and pin drop, Coupler release with glad hand separation
* Flange squeal
* Flat spots
* Emergency brake valve (“big hole”): Activated when the emergency stop button is pressed
* User configured Generators for reefers and passenger cars
* Hand brake tie down and untie
* Multiple airhorns, air whistle and bells with adjustable ring rates for cab cars and cabooses
* Airhorns: Wabco E2, Nathan K5LA and Hancock air whistle
* Bells: Cast, electronic and gong
* Retainer bleed-off
===Lighting===
Simulate interior coach lights, marker lamps, flashing rear-end devices (FRED), and more.
== More information==
SoundCar Info Sheet
Specific Decoder Installs

Installing decoders can be quite intimidating for the beginner as well as the advanced modeler. The following links from this page are DCC decoder installation instructions for a specific engine and a decoder. If you do not see your engine and decoder listed, you might want to browse pages that closely match your install.
When you get to installing your decoder, please take pictures and write up a guide on the steps you took to do your install.
==The Guides==
===Locomotives===
* Athearn Genesis W/Tsunami_TSU-1000 - Athearn Genesis Big Boy With Tsunami TSU-1000
* Royal Hudson in Brass Converting a brass locomotive from Zero 1 to DCC
** Remotoring the Royal Hudson. Conversion from a Tenshodo open frame motor to a modern flat can motor.
* FB with Tsunami DSD Installing a TSU-1000 Diesel Decoder into a Proto 2000 FB (ALCO)
* Proto 2000 FA with a Tsunami DSD Installing a Tsunami in a Proto 2000 FA (ALCO)
===Rolling Stock===
- None yet -- Please write one up.
=== Other Vehicles ===
Walthers American Crane - conversion to DCC
===Stationary Decoders===
- None yet -- Please write one up.
== Videos ==
Videos showing how others have installed multifunction decoders in locomotives and other vehicles
* Soundtraxx Tsunami 2 install in a Brass 2-10-0
* Bachmann 70 Ton Switcher
* Convert an Old Analog loco to DCC
* Kato Dash 9
* Tsunami Sound Car upgrade with a Scale Sound System speaker
* Athearn F7A with Scale Sound Systems speakers and a Decoder Buddy
* Athearn F7B with Scale Sound Systems speakers and a Decoder Buddy
* TSU-2200 Step-by-Step Install into an MTH SD70
* Athearn GP15. with Decoder Buddy, sound and a TCS Keep Alive
* Install a Decoder with Lighting Effects
* BLI Cab Forward
* Hornby Coach Lighting Upgrade
* Fitting a Next18 Multifunction Decoder
* Rapido GE 44 Tonner
==See also==
* Decoders - More information about what multifunction decoders are and their common functions.
* Soldering - Tips and information on solder – may be required for some decoder installations.
* Installing Your First Multifunction Decoder
Category:Decoder installs
Category:Multifunction Decoder
Specific Decoder Installs/Installations

== Soundtraxx Tsunami 2 decoder install a brass 2-10-0 ==
== Bachmann 70 Ton Switcher ==
Note the removal of the RFI suppression capacitor. 
== Convert an Old Analog loco to DCC ==
== Kato Dash 9 DCC install ==
== Tsunami Sound Car with Scale Sound System speaker ==
Category:Decoder installs
Category:Multifunction Decoder
Specific Decoder Installs/Installations-2

== Page 2, Specific Decoder Installations ==
=== Athearn ===
==== EMD F7 ====
===== Athearn F7A DCC with Scale Sound Systems speakers and a Decoder Buddy =====
===== Athearn F7B DCC install using Scale Sound Systems speakers and a Decoder Buddy =====
==== Athearn GP15 ====
===Athearn Genesis ===
==== Athearn Genesis 2-8-2 DCC install ====
=== Soundtraxx Multifunction Decoders ===
==== Tsunami2, TSU-2200 Step-by-Step Install into an MTH SD70 ====
In this video, George walks you through the process of installing a Tsunami2 TSU-2200 for EMD diesel into a MTH SD70 DCC ready locomotive. This decoder has the EMD 710 prime mover that you will want to use for this model. For this install we are also using a pair of our 28mm Round Speakers. This was not a simple install and if you are new to decoder installs we would recommend watching this video and possibly getting a little help with this install. Watch now to learn more.
==== Rapido TSU 21PNEM8 Installs ====
In this video George shows you how to install Tsunami2, TSU-21PNEM8 decoders into Rapido Train's new F40PH and F59PH. After the quick decoder install, he walks you through some simple CV set up to choose a realistic prime mover, airhorn and HEP mode for each model.
CVs used:
* CV 112: Sound Configuration 1
* CV 120: Airhorn Select
* CV 123: Prime Mover Select
* CV 131: Prime Mover Volume
* CV 144: Steam Generator or Auxiliary HEP Generator Volume
==== Proto1000 RS2 ====
==== Speaker tuning with the 7 Band EQ ====
In this LONG overdue episode of "CV Shortcuts", we finally dive into sound!
Our little speakers do an amazing job of producing some of the most challenging audio you could record! Locomotives produce just about every sound there is, from high pitch air valves, through to thumping Bass… and we wan't all that out of a tiny speaker?? 
Now while the boffins have given us amazing sound files, the mini speakers that seem to do the impossible still need some help to get the most from them! 
Tsunami's 7 Band EQ , will let you "Tune" your hard working little speakers, so you can match the frequencies to the speaker and it's enclosure, resulting in a more realistic sound! 
Please note…
The sound was initially recored on a pro digital recorder to demonstrate the difference… but the level was too low , so the audio from the shotgun mic was used. Also I waffle on A LOT… So feel free to fast forward to the second half to hear the changes more clearly! 
Lastly, sound is very objective and personal, but this is a guide to getting the best sound form your speakers and decoders! 
===Atlas N ===
==== Install a Decoder with Lighting Effects ====
===Proto 1000 ===
==== Proto1000 C Liner DCC install ====
Category:Decoder installs
Stainless Steel Rails in the Garden

(Work in progress, just laying some thoughts down first)
Flex track allows for long sections of track without joints for very smooth running and great electric conductivity. These long sections also allow long sweeping curves without track joints which helps to reduce wheel wear caused by the joints of sectional track. Power can be fed directly through the Stainless Steel Rail Clamps eliminating the need for any special track section for that purpose.
Benefits of Stainless Steel
* Cleaning
** We recommend just lightly hosing off the rail to remove bird droppings and other debris that accumulate on the rail surface.
** Sometimes a quick wipe with an old towel, or even a paper towel, is all that is needed to remove dust and other debris.
** Unlike brass, nickel silver, or nickel plated brass, stainless steel doesn't require grueling work or harsh chemicals to remove non-conductive oxidization of the rails. 
* Rugged
** Stainless Steel track is very rugged. Holds up well to heavy train usage and is structurally durable. Compared to other softer materials, stainless steel tracks have been reported as nearly indestructible.
** Stainless Steel track requires a rail bender due the strength of the rail. You will not be able to make any usable bends without one.
* Electrical
** Stainless steel doesn't conduct as well as some other materials by weight, however, our rails use more material per length of track than other brands. 
** We recommend not going more than 18-20 feet of trail between track power feeders using 14 AWG solid wire and quality rail clamps.
** Using rail clamps between sections help with electrical conductivity and can also double as power feeders to the track as you won't be able to solder to stainless steel.
== Additional Reading == 
* Track Work
* Track wiring - What good is track work without proper track wiring.
* Programming Track - How to wire programming track safely.
* Blocks - Working with blocks, or track sections.
* Track cleaning in the garden - Cleaning the rails in the garden.
* Code 250 versus Code 332 Rail
* Ballast
Category:Trackwork
Category:Garden railroad
Stainless steel in the garden

(Work in progress, just laying my thoughts down first)
Stainless steel tracks typically can handle harsh sun (Florida, California, South America), high humidity and salt air as well as colder northern climates. The rails are very hard and resistant to wear caused by heavy use.
Flex track allows for long sections of track without joints for very smooth running and great electric conductivity. These long sections also allow long sweeping curves without track joints which helps to reduce wheel wear caused by the joints of sectional track. Power can be fed directly through the Stainless Steel Rail Clamps eliminating the need for any special track section for that purpose.
Benefits of Stainless Steel
* Cleaning
** We recommend just lightly hosing off the rail to remove bird droppings and other debris that accumulate on the rail surface.
** Sometimes a quick wipe with an old towel, or even a paper towel, is all that is needed to remove dust and other debris.
** Unlike brass, nickel silver, or nickel plated brass, stainless steel doesn't require grueling work or harsh chemicals to remove non-conductive oxidization of the rails. 
* Rugged
** Stainless Steel track is very rugged. Holds up well to heavy train usage and is structurally durable. Compared to other softer materials, stainless steel tracks have been reported as nearly indestructible.
** Stainless Steel track requires a rail bender due the strength of the rail. You will not be able to make any usable bends without one.
* Electrical
** Stainless steel doesn't conduct as well as some other materials by weight, however, our rails use more material per length of track than other brands. 
** We recommend not going more than 18-20 feet of trail between track power feeders using 14 AWG solid wire and quality rail clamps.
** Using rail clamps between sections help with electrical conductivity and can also double as power feeders to the track as you won't be able to solder to stainless steel.
== Additional Reading == 
* Track Work
* Track wiring - What good is track work without proper track wiring.
* Programming Track - How to wire programming track safely.
* Blocks - Working with blocks, or track sections.
* Track cleaning in the garden - Cleaning the rails in the garden.
* Code 250 versus Code 332 Rail
* Ballast
Category:Trackwork
Category:Garden railroad
Stall Current

Stall Current is the current an electrical motor draws when its shaft is prevented from moving. This is typically the highest current a motor will draw. The stall current of a locomotive should be less than the peak current capacity of the decoder that is fitted. If more than the rated current of the decoder, should the mechanism bind or jam, the decoder will be destroyed by the excessive current.
 This is of particular importance when converting models manufactured before the turn of the century. Many had motors which have excessive current draws compared to more recent models. 
=== Theory ===
When a motor is operating, the armature is spinning in a magnetic field. This creates eddy currents in the armature. These eddy currents oppose the flow of current in the winding. More powerful magnets create stronger eddy currents, which limits the speed and current draw of the motor. 
If the motor's shaft is prevented from turning, no eddy currents are created (the armature must be moving in the magnetic field). The only limit to the current flow is the Series Resistance of the windings in the motor, so the current will increase.
This can be demonstrated using an ammeter and lamp in series with the motor. While spinning the ammeter will indicate current flow and the lamp will glow. Grab the shaft and prevent the armature from spinning, you will see the current has increased by the indication on the ammeter and the brightness of the lamp. Take note that when power is applied to the motor, there is a surge in current which decreases as the increases.This phenomenon can be seen at home when a motor starts, the lights may dim for a short period of time due to a voltage sag resulting from the current surge. 
These eddy currents create the Back Electromotive Force (BEMF) used by the decoder to monitor speed and load. 
For more information, please see the Back EMF article.
=== Do You Know How to Test Stall Current? ===
Standard Dimensions

The table below is clearance and dimensional information that you may find useful to have around. G scales have been split up into F, G, and A for better accuracy.
* Prototype distances are in FEET, all others in INCHES.
Standard Clearances, American Practice 	Standard Clearances, American Practice	Standard Clearances, American Practice	Standard Clearances, American Practice	Standard Clearances, American Practice	Standard Clearances, American Practice	Standard Clearances, American Practice	Standard Clearances, American Practice	Standard Clearances, American Practice	Standard Clearances, American Practice	Standard Clearances, American Practice
Scale 	Prototype 	F 	G 	A 	#1 	O 	S 	H0 	N 	Z
Ratio, 1: 	1 	20.3 	22.5 	29 	32 	48 	64 	87.1 	160 	220
Track Centers 	 	9.5 	8.5 	6 	6 	4 	2.75 	2 	1 	1
Track Centers, double curved trackage 	 	10 	10 	9 	9 	6 	4.13 	3 	1.5 	1
Overhead Clearance 	22 	13.0049 	11.7333 	9.1034 	8.25 	5.50 	4.125 	3.0310 	1.65 	1.2000
Minimum Clearances, Track Center to Structures	8 	4.7291 	4.2667 	3.3103 	3.00 	2.00 	1.500 	1.0222 	0.60 	0.4364
Notes:
The track centers for double track on curves was derived from NMRA straight track practices. Refer to the NMRA Standards for more detailed information, as clearances are related to degree of curvature.
All dimensions are in inches, except those for the prototype, which are presented in Feet.
For more detailed info please refer to the NMRA Standard S8 Track Centers.
Also see the NMRA RP-2 Standards Gauge. Good trackwork which meets the standard, and checking wheelsets and clearances with the gauge, will reduce derailments and other tracking problems.
== Prototype Track Gauges ==
A number of gauges are in use around the world, see the Track Gauge page for more details.
== Videos ==
All About Standards For Beginners
Category:Terms (General)
Category:Trackwork