List of articles

This page serves as the equivalent of a table of contents in a printed book. It contains an updated list of all substantive articles in the Toolkit. 
== About the project ==
* Main page
* FAQ
* Note on the structure of articles
* Glossary
* Short form citation
* Bibliography
* People
== Scenarios ==
* Scenario 01: Election interference
* Scenario 02: Political espionage
* Scenario 03: Power grid
* Scenario 04: International organizations
* Scenario 05: Criminal investigation
* Scenario 06: Enabling State
* Scenario 07: Hacking tools
* Scenario 08: Certificate authority
* Scenario 09: Economic espionage
* Scenario 10: Cyber weapons
* Scenario 11: Surveillance tools
* Scenario 12: Computer data
* Scenario 13: Armed conflict
* Scenario 14: Ransomware campaign
* Scenario 15: Cyber deception
* Scenario 16: High seas
* Scenario 17: Collective responses
* Scenario 18: Cyber operators
* Scenario 19: Hate speech
* Scenario 20: Medical facilities
* Scenario 21: Misattribution
* Scenario 22: Methods of warfare
* Scenario 23: Vaccine research
* Scenario 24: Internet blockage
* Scenario 25: Humanitarian assistance
* Scenario 26: Export licensing
* Scenario 27: Redirecting attacks
* Scenario 28: Incidental harm
* Scenario 29: Water infrastructure
* Scenario 30: Backdoors and implants
* Scenario 31: Degrading content
* Scenario 32: Crime of aggression
== Legal concepts ==
=== General international law ===
* Applicability of international law
* Jurisdiction
* State responsibility
** Attribution
*** State organs
*** Non-State actors
*** Evidence
*** Responsibility of a State for the conduct of another State
*** Mistake of fact
** Breach of an international obligation
** Responses and justifications
*** Circumstances precluding wrongfulness
**** Consent
**** Self-defence (state responsibility)
**** Countermeasures
**** Force majeure
**** Distress
**** Plea of necessity
*** Retorsion
**** Targeted restrictive measures
* Due diligence
* Sovereignty
* Prohibition of intervention
* Prohibition of genocide
* Transboundary harm
* Voluntary, non-binding norms of responsible state behavior
* Legally binding unilateral declarations of States
* Cyber operations not per se regulated by international law
** Peacetime cyber espionage
** Economic cyber espionage
=== Specialised regimes of peacetime international law ===
* Diplomatic and consular law
** Inviolability of documents and archives of diplomatic missions and consular posts
** Premises of the mission
** Persona non grata
* Law of the sea
** Flag State jurisdiction
** Freedom of navigation
** Sovereign immunity
** Maritime law enforcement
* Air law
* Space law
* International telecommunication law
* International human rights law
** Right to life
* International criminal law (individual criminal responsibility)
** Crime of genocide
** Crimes against humanity
** War crimes
** Crime of aggression
* International export control law
=== Use of force, conflict and international law ===
* Peaceful settlement of disputes
* International law on the use of force (jus ad bellum)
** Use of force
** Armed attack and self-defence
* International humanitarian law (jus in bello)
** Conflict qualification
*** International armed conflict
*** Non-international armed conflict
** Conduct of hostilities
*** Principle of precautions
**** Precautionary obligations under international humanitarian law
**** Obligations to take precautions in attack
**** Obligations to take precautions against the effects of attacks
*** Military objectives
**** Data as a military objective
*** Proportionality
*** The notion of ‘attack’ under international humanitarian law
*** Combatancy
**** Direct participation in hostilities
*** Attacks against persons
*** Means and methods of cyber warfare
**** Perfidy and ruses of war
**** Misuse of established indicators
**** Legal review of cyber weapons
** Specially protected persons, objects, and activities
*** Protection of medical units during armed conflict
*** Humanitarian relief operations
*** Objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population
*** Protection of the natural environment in armed conflict
** Occupation
** Neutrality
== Real-world examples ==
* 2023
** Cyber incident against a water authority in Pennsylvania (2023)
** Cyber operations against NATO’s aid mission in Turkey and Syria (2023)
** ICC data breach (2023)
** Video of alleged beheading of a Ukrainian Prisoner of War by Russian Forces (2023)
* 2022
** Costa Rica ransomware attack (2022)
** Homeland Justice operations against Albania (2022)
** Kazakhstan internet blockage (2022)
** Predatory Sparrow operation against Iranian steel maker (2022)
** Viasat KA-SAT attack (2022)
** HermeticWiper malware attack (2022)
** Cyber operations against government systems in Ukraine (January 2022)
* 2021
** Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack (2021)
** Cyber incident against a water treatment plant in San Francisco Bay Area (2021)
** Spear-phising attack against UK parliamentarians (2021-2022)
** UN data breach (2021)
** Waikato Hospitals ransomware attack (2021)
** Ireland’s Health Service Executive ransomware attack (2021)
** Kaseya VSA ransomware attack (2021)
** Microsoft Exchange Server data breach (2021)
** Pegasus Project revelations (2021)
* 2020
** German hospital ransomware attack (2020)
** African Union headquarters hack (2020)
** Brno University Hospital ransomware attack (2020)
** Google shutting down an active counterterrorism operation (2020)
** SolarWinds (2020)
** Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine data modification and leak (2020)
** Israel’s water facilities attack (2020)
** APT32 attacks on Chinese government (2020)
* 2019
** Cyber interference against vessels in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman (2019)
** Iranian internet blackout (2019)
** Israeli attack against Hamas cyber headquarters in Gaza (2019)
** Russia's sovereign internet (2019 onward)
** Springhill Medical Center ransomware attack (2019)
** Texas Municipality ransomware attack (2019)
* 2018
** African Union headquarters hack (2018)
** Olympic Destroyer (2018)
** SamSam ransomware incidents (2018)
* 2017
** Ethiopian surveillance of journalists abroad (2017)
** French presidential election leak (2017)
** Hate speech in India (since 2017)
** Operation Cloudhopper (2017)
** NotPetya (2017)
** Triton (2017)
** WannaCry (2017)
** Wu Yingzhuo, Dong Hao and Xia Lei indictment (2017)
* 2016
** Surveillance of Civil Society Groups/Ahmed Mansoor (2016)
** DNC email leak (2016)
** Industroyer – Crash Override (2016)
** Operation Glowing Symphony (2016)
** The Shadow Brokers publishing the NSA vulnerabilities (2016)
* 2015
** Bundestag Hack (2015)
** Office of Personnel Management data breach (2015)
** Power grid cyberattack in Ukraine (2015)
** The Hacking Team Hack (2015)
* 2014
** Alleged hacking of Patriot missiles (2014-2015)
** Chinese PLA Unit 61398 indictments (2014)
** Sony Pictures Entertainment attack (2014)
** Steel mill in Germany (2014)
** Ukrainian parliamentary election interference (2014)
** Use of malware to track and target Ukrainian artillery units (2014-2016)
* 2012
** Shamoon (2012)
* 2011
** Caucasus internet outage (2011)
** Syria’s ‘social media war’ (since 2011)
** DigiNotar (2011)
* 2010
** Hate speech in Myanmar (since early 2010s)
** Stuxnet (2010)
** SuperMicro supply chain breach (since 2010)
* 2008
** Georgia-Russia conflict (2008)
** Bangladesh internet outage (2008)
* 2007
** Cyber attacks against Estonia (2007)
** Operation Orchard/Outside the Box (2007)
==Common and national positions==
===Common positions===
* African Union (2024)
* European Union (2024)
===National positions===
* Australia (2020)
* Austria (2024)
* Brazil (2021)
* Canada (2022)
* China (2021)
* Costa Rica (2023)
* Cuba (2024)
* Czech Republic (2020 and 2024)
* Denmark (2023)
* Estonia (2019 and 2021)
* Finland (2020)
* France (2019)
* Germany (2021)
* Iran (2020)
* Ireland (2023)
* Israel (2020)
* Italy (2021)
* Japan (2021)
* Kazakhstan (2021)
* Kenya (2021)
* Netherlands (2019)
* New Zealand (2020)
* Norway (2021)
* Pakistan (2023)
* Poland (2022)
* Romania (2021)
* Russia (2021)
* Singapore (2021)
* Sweden (2022)
* Switzerland (2021)
* United Kingdom (2018, 2021 and 2022)
* United States (2012, 2016, 2020 and 2021)
==Keywords==
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