Battle of Bull Run, Virginia (1)

The (I) Battle of Bull Run (the name used by Union forces), also referred to as the (I) Battle of Manassas by Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861 in Prince William County, Virginia, just north of the city of Manassas, Virginia and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington, D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. Delays in positioning Union forces allowed Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side mustered about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle (though the Union kept some 17,000 in reserve who saw no action that day). It was a Confederate victory, followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces.
* Also rarely referred to as the Battle of Young's Branch
== Sub-Operations ==
* This action is the final act of The Manassas Campaign from July 16-21, 1861
== Union Order of Battle ==
 
 
 Overall Command
The Army of Northeastern Virginia under Brigadier General Irvin McDowell was organized into 5 infantry divisions of 3-5 brigades each. Each brigade contained 3-5 infantry regiments and generally contained and artillery battery as well.
Sources estimate that over 35,000 Union troops were present at the battle, but only about 18,000 or so were actually engaged through the day. 
While McDowell organized this army, a smaller Union command was organized and stationed northwest of Washington, near Harper's Ferry. Commanded by Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson, 18,000 men of the Department of Pennsylvania protected against a Confederate incursion from the Shenandoah Valley.
Commanding Officer:
* Irvin McDowell, Brigadier General
General Staff:
* Chief of Artillery: William Barry, Major
* Chief Engineer: John G. Barnard, Major
* Chief Quartermaster: Otis H. Tillinghast, Captain
 
 Army of Northeastern Virginia
Division 	Brigade 	Regiments andSmaller Units
1st DivisionDaniel Tyler, Brigadier General 	1st BrigadeErasmus D. Keyes, Colonel 	
* 1st Connecticut Infantry - John Speidel, Lieutenant Colonel
* 2nd Connecticut Infantry - Alfred H. Terry, Colonel
* 3rd Connecticut Infantry - John L. Chatfield, Colonel
* 2nd Maine Infantry - Charles D. Jameson, Colonel
1st DivisionDaniel Tyler, Brigadier General 	2nd BrigadeRobert C. Schenck, Brigadier General 	
* 82nd New York Infantry - George W.B. Tompkins, Colonel 
** 3rd New York (Independent) Light Artillery BatteryNot originally referenced on Dyer summary, but referenced on unit homepage - at this time, the battery formed a company of this regiment and was engaged
* (I) 1st Ohio Infantry - Alexander M. McCook, Colonel 
* (I) 2nd Ohio Infantry - Rodney Mason, Lieutenant Colonel 
* 1st United States Artillery / Battery G (2nd Section) - Peter Hains, Lieutenant 
* 2nd United States Artillery / Battery E - James H. Carlisle, Captain
1st DivisionDaniel Tyler, Brigadier General 	3rd BrigadeWilliam T. Sherman, Colonel 	
* (I) 13th New York Infantry - Isaac Quinby, Colonel 
* 69th New York State Militia Infantry - Michael Corcoran, Colonel, James Kelly, Captain
* 79th New York Infantry - James Cameron, Captain
* 2nd Wisconsin Infantry - Henry W. Peck, Lieutenant Colonel
* 3rd United States Artillery / Battery E - Romeyn B. Ayres, Lieutenant Colonel
1st DivisionDaniel Tyler, Brigadier General 	4th BrigadeIsrael B. Richardson, Colonel 	
* 1st Massachusetts Infantry - Robert Cowdin, Colonel
* 2nd Michigan Infantry - Adolphus W. Williams, Major
* (I) 3rd Michigan Infantry - Daniel McConnell, Colonel, Ambrose A. Stevens, ColonelCommanded the regiment when Colonel McConnell was sick (see: Richardson's report)
* (I) 12th New York Infantry - Ezra L. Walrath, Colonel
* 1st United States Artillery / Battery G (1st Section) - John Edwards (Jr.), Lieutenant Colonel
* 2nd United States Artillery / Battery M - Henry J. Hunt, Lieutenant Colonel
2nd DivisionDavid Hunter, ColonelAndrew Porter, Colonel 	1st BrigadeAndrew Porter, Colonel 	
* 8th New York State Militia Infantry - George Lyons, Colonel
* 14th New York Infantry - Alfred M. Wood, Colonel, Edward B. Fowler, Lieutenant Colonel
* 27th New York Infantry - Henry W. Slocum, Colonel, Joseph J. Bartlett, Major
* United States Infantry Battalion - George Sykes, Major
** 2nd United States Infantry / Companies C and G
** 3rd United States Infantry / Companies B/D/G/H/K
** 8th United States Infantry / Company G
* United States Marines Corps Battalion (4 Companies) - John G. Reynolds, Major
* United States Cavalry Battalion - Innis N. Palmer, Major
** 1st United States Cavalry (Companies A/E)
** 2nd United States Cavalry (Companies B/E/G/I)
*** 2nd United States Dragoons (Company K)
* 2nd United States Artillery / Battery D - Charles Griffin, Major
2nd DivisionDavid Hunter, ColonelAndrew Porter, Colonel 	2nd BrigadeAmbrose Burnside, Colonel 	
* 2nd New Hampshire Infantry - Gilman Marston, Colonel, Frank S. Fiske, Colonel
* 71st New York State Militia Infantry - Henry P. Martin, Colonel
* 1st Rhode Island Infantry - Joseph P. Balch, Major
* 2nd Rhode Island Infantry - John S. Slocum, Colonel, Frank Wheaton, Lieutenant Colonel
* 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery / Battery A - William H. Reynolds, Captain
3rd DivisionSamuel P. Heintzelman, Colonel 	1st BrigadeWilliam B. Franklin, Colonel 	
* (I) 5th Massachusetts Infantry - Samuel C. Lawrence, Colonel
* 11th Massachusetts Infantry - George Clark (Jr.), Colonel
* 1st Minnesota Infantry - Willis A. Gorman, Colonel
* 4th Pennsylvania InfantryAssigned to this brigade but not present at this battle - Longacre, Edward G. (2014). The Early Morning of War: Bull Run, 1861. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806147611., page 23 - John F. Hartranft, Colonel
* 1st United States Artillery / Battery I - James B. Ricketts, Captain, Edmund Kirby, Lieutenant
3rd DivisionSamuel P. Heintzelman, Colonel 	2nd BrigadeOrlando B. Willcox, Colonel, J.H. Hobart Ward, Colonel 	
* (I) 1st Michigan Infantry - Alonzo F. Bidwell, Major
* (I) 4th Michigan Infantry - Dwight A. Woodbury, Colonel
* 11th New York Infantry - Noah L. Farnham, Lieutenant Colonel
* 38th New York Infantry - J.H. Hobart Ward, Colonel, Addison Farnsworth, Lieutenant Colonel
* 2nd United States Artillery / Battery D - Richard Arnold, Lieutenant Captain
3rd DivisionSamuel P. Heintzelman, Colonel 	3rd BrigadeOliver O. Howard, Colonel 	
* 3rd Maine Infantry - Henry G. Staples, Major
* 4th Maine Infantry - Hiram Berry, Colonel
* 5th Maine Infantry - Mark H. Dunnell, Colonel
* 2nd Vermont Infantry - Henry Whiting, Colonel
4th (Reserve) DivisionNot engagedTheodore Runyon, Brigadier General	(no brigade organization) 	
* 1st New Jersey (Militia) Infantry - Aldolphus J. Johnson, Colonel
* 2nd New Jersey (Militia) Infantry - Henry M. Baker, Colonel
* 3rd New Jersey (Militia) Infantry - William Napton, Colonel
* 4th New Jersey (Militia) Infantry - Matthew Miller (Jr.), Colonel
* (II) 1st New Jersey Infantry - William R. Montgomery, Colonel
* (II) 2nd New Jersey Infantry - George W. McLean, Colonel
* (II) 3rd New Jersey Infantry - George W. Taylor, Colonel
* 41st New York Infantry - Leopold von Gilsa, Colonel
5th DivisionDixon S. Miles, Colonel 	1st BrigadeIn reserve at Centreville, Virginia - engaged in skirmishing with the enemy while covering the retreat of the Army but not engaged in the battle properLouis Blenker, Colonel	
* 8th New York Infantry - Julius Stahel, Colonel
* 29th New York Infantry - Adolph von Steinwehr, Colonel
* 39th New York Infantry - Frederick G. D'Utassy, Colonel
* 27th Pennsylvania Infantry - Max Einstein, Colonel
* 2nd United States Artillery / Battery A - John C. Tidball, Captain
* Brookwood's (Independent) Light Artillery BatteryThis consisted of the field guns of the 8th Regiment New York State Militia Infantry, manned by detachments from the 8th and 29th New York InfantryVarian's 1st Troop Washington Grays at civilwararchive.com - Charles Brookwood, Colonel
5th DivisionDixon S. Miles, Colonel 	2nd BrigadeThomas A. Davies, Colonel 	
* 16th New York Infantry - Samuel Marsh, Lieutenant Colonel
* 18th New York Infantry - William A. Jackson, Lieutenant Colonel
* 31st New York Infantry - Calvin E. Pratt, Colonel
* 32nd New York Infantry - Roderick N. Matheson, Colonel
* 2nd United States Artillery / Battery G - Oliver Greene, Lieutenant
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== Confederate Order of Battle == 
 
 
 Overall Command
Because many officers in the Confederate States were graduates of the same military academies as the Union officers, the armies functioned in a similar manner, at least initially. Both sides had studied the same military doctrines and theory, and both sides used the same tactics against each other with varying success depending on the particular scenario. Unlike their Union counterparts however, there are no Divisions in these armies yet, and each Brigade organization includes units of cavalry in addition to artillery units. 
ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
Commanding Officer:
* Joseph E. Johnston, Brigadier General
General Staff:
* Chief of Staff: Thomas Jordan, Colonel
* Chief Engineer: Thomas H. Williamson, Lieutenant Colonel
* Chief Signal Officer: Edward Alexander, Captain
Headquarters Escort:
* Lay's Squadron (Virginia) Cavalry - John F. Lay, Captain
ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH
Commanding Officer:
* Joseph E. Johnston, Brigadier General
General Staff:
* Chief of Artillery: William Pendleton, Colonel
* Chief Engineer: William Whiting, Major
 
 Army of the Potomac
Brigade 	Regiments andSmaller Units
1st BrigadeMilledge Bonham, Brigadier General 	
* 11th North Carolina Infantry - William Kirkland, Colonel
* 2nd South Carolina Infantry - Joseph Kershaw, Colonel
* 3rd South Carolina Infantry - James H. Williams, Colonel
* 7th South Carolina Infantry - Thomas G. Bacon, Colonel
* 8th South Carolina Infantry - Ellerbe B. C. Cash, Colonel
* 8th Louisiana Infantry - Henry B. Kelly, Colonel
* Wickham's Squadron (Virginia) Cavalry - Williams Wickham, Captain
* 30th Virginia Cavalry / Companies C/G - Richard C.W. Radford, Colonel
* Munford's Squadron (Virginia) Cavalry - Williams Wickham, Lieutenant Colonel
* Alexandria (Virginia) Light Artillery Battery - Delaware Kemper, Captain
* Richmond Howitzers Battalion Artillery, 1st Battery - John C. Shields, Captain
2nd BrigadeRichard Ewell, Brigadier General 	
* 5th Alabama Infantry - Robert Rhodes, Colonel
* 6th Alabama Infantry - John J. Seibels, Colonel
* 6th Louisiana Infantry - Isaac G. Seymour, Colonel
* (Washington) Louisiana Artillery Battery / Battery A - Thomas Rosser, Colonel
* Jenifer's (Virginia) Cavalry - Delaware Kemper, Captain
3rd BrigadeDavid Jones, Brigadier General 	
* 17th Mississippi Infantry - Winfield Featherston, Colonel
* 18th Mississippi Infantry - Erasmus R. Burt, Colonel
* 5th South Carolina Infantry - Micah Jenkins, Colonel
* 30th Virginia Cavalry / Company H - Joel W. Flood, Captain
* (Washington) Louisiana Artillery Battery / Battery B - Merritt B. Miller, Captain
4th BrigadeJames Longstreet, Brigadier General	
* 5th North Carolina Infantry - Joseph P. Jones, Lieutenant Colonel
* 1st Virginia Infantry - Frederick G. Skinner, Major
* 11th Virginia Infantry - Samuel Garland (Jr.), Colonel
* 17th Virginia Infantry - Montgomery Corse, Colonel
* Independent Squad Texas Rangers
* 30th Virginia Cavalry / Company E - Edgar Whitehead, Captain
* (Washington) Louisiana Artillery Battery / Battery C / 2nd Section - John J. Garnett, Lieutenant
5th BrigadePhilip St. George Cocke, Colonel 	
* 8th Virginia Infantry - Eppa Hunton (II), Colonel
* 18th Virginia Infantry - Robert Withers, Colonel
* 19th Virginia Infantry - John B. Strange, Lieutenant Colonel
* 28th Virginia Infantry - Robert T. Preston, Colonel
* 49th Virginia Infantry (3 companies) - William Smith, Colonel
* Schaeffer's Virginia Battalion (3 Companies) - Francis B. Schaeffer, Captain
* Loudoun (Virginia) Cavalry - William M. Mead, Captain
* 30th Virginia Cavalry / Companies B/D - G.W.H. Hale, Captain
* Loudoun (Virginia) Battery - Arthur L. Rogers, Captain
* Lynchburg (Virginia) Artillery / 1st Section - H. Grey Latham, Captain
6th BrigadeJubal A. Early, Colonel 	
* 7th Louisiana Infantry - Harry Hays, Colonel
* 13th Mississippi Infantry - William Barksdale, Colonel
* 7th Virginia Infantry - James Kemper, Colonel
* 24th Virginia Infantry (6 companies) - Peter Hairston (Jr.), Lieutenant Colonel
* Scott's Squadron (Virginia) Cavalry - John Scott, Major
* (Washington) Louisiana Artillery Battery / Batteries A/D - Charles W. Squires, Lieutenant
7th (Demi) BrigadeNathan Evans, Colonel 	
* 1st Louisiana Infantry Battalion - Chatham Wheat, Colonel
* 4th South Carolina Infantry - John B.E. Sloan, Colonel
* 30th Virginia Cavalry / Companies A/I - William R. Terry, Captain
* Lynchburg (Virginia) Artillery / 2nd Section - George S. Davidson, Lieutenant
Reserve BrigadeTheophilus Holmes, Colonel 	
* 1st Arkansas Infantry - James Fagan, Colonel
* 2nd Tennessee Infantry - William Bate, Colonel
* Purcell (Virginia) Artillery - Reuben Lindsay Walker, Captain
Unassigned Infantry 	
* Hampton Legion (South Carolina) Infantry Battalion - Wade Hampton, Colonel, James Conner, Captain
 
 Army of the Shenandoah
Brigade 	Regiments andSmaller Units
1st BrigadeThomas Jackson, Brigadier General 	
* 2nd Virginia Infantry - James W. Allen, Colonel
* 4th Virginia Infantry - James F. Preston, Colonel
* 5th Virginia Infantry - Kenton Harper, Colonel
* 27th Virginia Infantry (7 companies) - John Echols, Lieutenant Colonel
* 33rd Virginia Infantry (8 companies) - Arthur C. Cummings, Colonel
* Rockbridge (Virginia) Artillery - John P. Brockenbrough, Lieutenant
2nd BrigadeFrancis S. Bartow, Colonel Lucius J. Gartrell, Colonel 	
* 7th Georgia Infantry - Lucius Gartrell, Colonel
* 8th Georgia Infantry - William Gardner, Colonel
* Wise (Virginia) Artillery - John Pelham, Lieutenant
3rd BrigadeBarnard Bee (Jr.), Brigadier GeneralStates Rights Gist, Colonel	
* 4th Alabama Infantry - Egbert Jones, Colonel
* 2nd Mississippi Infantry - William Faulkner, Colonel
* 11th Mississippi Infantry / Companies A/K - Philip F. Liddell, Lieutenant Colonel
* 6th North Carolina Infantry - Charles Fisher, Colonel
* Staunton (Virginia) Artillery - John Imboden, Lieutenant
4th BrigadeEdmund Smith, Brigadier GeneralArnold Elzey, Brigadier General 	
* 1st Maryland Infantry Battalion - Arnold Elzey, Colonel, George Steuart, Colonel
* 3rd Tennessee Infantry - John Vaughn, Colonel
* 10th Virginia Infantry - Simeon B. Gibbons, Colonel
* 13th Virginia Infantry - Ambrose P. Hill, ColonelRemained at Manassas Junction (see: F. Ray Sibley, Jr., The Confederate Order of Battle, Volume 1, The Army of Northern Virginia, page 221/Note 55)
* Culpepper (Virginia) Artillery - Robert Beckham, Lieutenant
Artillery 	
* Thomas (Virginia) Artillery - Philip B. Stanard, Captain
Cavalry 	
* 1st Virginia Cavalry - J.E.B. Stuart, Captain
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== Casualties ==
* Union: 470 killed, 1,071 wounded, 1,792 captured/missing = Total 3,334
== Notes == 
== Sources ==
* American Battlefield Trust (Youtube Channel) - First Manassas: Animated Battle Map
* Davis, William C. Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War
* (Pages 603, 631, 659, 888, 895)
* Gottfried, Bradley M. An Atlas of the First Bull Run (Manassas) Campaign, including the Battle of Ball's Bluff, June-October 1861 
* Wikipedia - First Battle of Bull Run
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