X-radiography

Imaging > Imaging Techniques > X-radiography)
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==Introduction to X-radiography==
==Ionizing Radiation==
===Why do we X-ray in cultural heritage?===
===Brief history===
====Discovery of x-rays and its use====
===Milestones of x-radiography in conservation===
==Definition and Basic Characteristics of X-radiation==
==Ionising Radiation==
===Alpha-Beta-Gamma Radiation===
==Definition and Basic Characteristics of X-radiation==
===Wavelength v.s. energy===
===X-radiation terminology===
===x-ray beam photon interactions===
===Compton effect===
===Photoelectric effect===
==Capture==
==Irradiation Source==
===X-ray Tube===
(how it works: cathode/anode; potential difference; focusing cups; bremsstrahlung; beam angles; cooling type; focal spot size; anode heel, etc. Different types of x-ray tubes: standard, pulsed, microfocus, portable, etc.)
===Elemental===
===Beta Plate===
==Filtration of the Source (Scatter and Scatter Control)==
===Using filters===
===Using screens===
===Using grids===
===Intensifying===
==Capture Devices==
===Film (Film emulsions, developing film, X-Ray Film scanning)===
===Computed Radiography (Brands and models)===
===Digital Radiography(Pixel pitch, sensitivity, magnification)===
==Controlling the X-ray capture==
===X-ray tube potential (kVp) Increase kV, increase keV range and intensity===
===kV: penetrating power; half value layer===
===Imaging effects of kV: increase kV, decrease contrast===
===Determine starting kV===
===Tube current (mA)===
===Imaging effect of increasing or decreasing mA===
===Determine total radiography exposure (mAS)===
===Geometric control===
===Distance from the source (Determining SID)===
===Exposure time===
===Inverse square law===
==Digital Image Processing==
===SNR and mean PV===
===Applying digital filters===
===File formats (TIFF, DICOM, DICONDE) and archiving===
===X-ray metadata===
==Evaluation of X-rays==
===Targets and Standards===
===Step wedges===
===IQI (Duplex Wire, step wedges, step hole, contrast sensitivity gauges)===
===Diagnostic tools/ quality control tool===
Such as the HPX-1 CR diagnostic tool is an automated verification system which checks the pixel size, pixel aspect ratio, scan speed linearity, exposure latitude, noise, MTF (Modular Transfer Function), pixel placement error, field uniformity, transport chatter, line position noise, banding, streaks and SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio).
*Image quality standards? For example standards from NDT?
*Assessing geometric distortion?
==Reading an X-ray==
===How do you interpret an X-ray?===
===Viewing X-rays===
calibrating your monitor to DICOM GSDF. Radiography monitors. Radiography lightboxes.
DICOM viewing software?
==X-radiography of different materials==
===Suggested kV for materials===
===Wood===
===Metal=== 
===Human Remains===
===Bone=== 
===Glass=== 
===Paper===
===Paintings===
====Canvas====
====Panel====
===Wood=== 
===Textiles===
===Sculpture=== 
===Ceramics===
===Oversize===
==Special radiographic techniques==
===Bare film radiographic techniques===
====Grenz====
====What is Grenz====
====Application====
====Exposure perimeters====
===Beta===
====What is Beta radiography====
====Application====
====Exposure perimeter====
===Electron emission===
====What is electron emission technique====
====Application====
====Exposure perimeter====
===Electron transmission===
====What is electron transmission technique====
====Application====
====Exposure perimeter====
===XRF===
===Computed Tomography===
Paintings stretcher/cradle reduction/removal
Manual removal using dense materials.
Digital removal.
==Radiation safety==
===Safety loops (warning lights, warning sounds, interlocks)===
===Radiation protection advisors, IRR 2017===
===X-ray local rules===
===Building Considerations===
==Case studies==
===National Gallery X-ray system purchase 2021===
===Case study from survey of institutions===
===Sample Workflow===
==Professional Organizations==
==Bibliography==
==Online resources==
==Retailers of note==