nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
A Leg to Stand On

A Leg to Stand On (ALTSO) is a charity co-founded by hedge fund manager C. Mead Welles, that provides free prosthetic limbs, corrective surgery, orthotic devices and rehabilitative care to children who have lost limbs in traumatic accidents or suffer from congenital limb disabilities. 
The organization implements programs in local hospitals and clinics with track records in providing pediatric orthopedic care. ALTSO works in countries where there is an overwhelming need for orthopedic treatment due to landmines, violence, and most simply, poverty.
Its local partners match is its support by funding administrative and overhead expenses such as staff salaries and utilities, which allows ALTSO to use 100 percent of its program funds on patient treatments.
== History ==
The organization was co-founded in 2002 by Welles and Dr. Dinesh G. Patel, chief of arthroscopic surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital and assistant clinical professor of orthopedic surgery at Harvard Medical School. In its first 12 years, the charity provided orthopedic care for more than 13,000 children and has expanded the number of kids its helped each year in more than 10 countries. 
Annually, the charity provides care to about 2,000 children in 12 countries.
== Charity Events ==
ALTSO established itself with unique fund raising events such as Hedge Fund Rocktoberfest in New York City and Rocktoberfest in Chicago. Both events are held in October each year. 
Hedge Fund Rocktoberfest was launched in New York in 2003, featuring bands made up of individuals from the hedge fund community. The event has grown into one of the largest in the financial services industry.
A second event, Rocktoberfest, was first introduced in Chicago in October, 2012. That event, which also featured bands from futures and hedge fund professionals the Chicago area, has grown as well. 
== Key People ==
* C. Mead Welles, co-founder
* Dr. Dinesh G. Patel
* Gabriella Mueller, executive director
* A.J. Warco, director of programs
== References ==
Category:Charities
Aaron Elstein

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Aaron Elstein is a senior reporter with Crain's New York Business. Elstein has been writing about all aspects of Wall Street since 1996. He has made several appearances on CUNY TV. 
 
== Background ==
Before coming to Crain's New York in 2003, Elstein wrote "Heard on the Street" columns at the Wall Street Journal and covered bank mergers for American Banker.
He began his reporting career covering downstate Illinois graft and corruption for Illinois Times in Springfield. His 2007 story about a Staten Island boiler-room that defrauded investors out of millions was awarded a silver medal in the investigative news category from the Alliance of Area Business Publications.
His work have won numerous awards over the years, including from the Society of American Business Editors and Writers, the Society of Professional Journalists, the Alliance of Area Business Publications and the Jesse H. Neal National Business Journalism Award.
== Education == 
Elstein holds a bachelor of arts degree in history from Kalamazoo College and a masters degree in journalism from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
== References ==
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Category:Journalists
Category:Crain's
Aaron Gill

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Aaron Gill is an exchange business development executive. He most recently was with ICE.
He had moved to Intercontinental Exchange Inc. (ICE) in September 2011. He was formerly the head of business development and commodity derivatives at NYSE Euronext.
== Background ==
Gill worked for ICE as the market development manager from June 2004 to March 2008 before joining NYSE Euronext in April 2008. He has also served as the business development manager for Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) at OILspace from February 2003 to June 2004. Early in his career, Gill worked for Votex Investments, LLC as a senior associate focused on international trade of oil, metal and heavy machinery.
== Education ==
*MSc, International Business, London School of Economics and Political Science (1998)
*BA, International Relations, Boston University (1997)
== References ==
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Category:Bios - Executives
Category:InterContinental Exchange - Former Employees
Category:NYSE Euronext - Former Employees
Aaron Kaplan

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Aaron Kaplan is a New York-based securities lawyer and co-founder and co-CEO of Prometheum. He is Of Counsel for the law firm of Gusrae Kaplan Nusbaum PLLC and the founder of Coincross LLC.
== Background ==
Before founding Prometheum, Kaplan was the founder and CEO of EquityArcade, a platform that allowed consumers to buy shares in video game startups and allowed video game developers to raise up to $1 million in capital per company.
Kaplan has also served as the chief operating officer and co-founder of Deckbound, a blockchain company for gaming that allows players to use gaming assets in multiple games.
On June 13, 2023, Kaplan testified before the U.S. House of Representatives Financial Services Committee hearing on "The Future of Digital Assets: Providing Clarity for the Digital Asset Ecosystem." His testimony was controversial in the crypto press and crypto markets circles for his praising the SEC, saying "The SEC is the most capable financial markets regulatory agency in the world."
His testimony stressed "There is a compliant path forward for crypto in the United States that the SEC has clearly laid out," which is a belief in stark contrast to many in the crypto industry, press reports said.
== Education ==
Kaplan received a B.A. in History, Hebrew, and Semitic Studies from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a J.D. from the Thomas Jefferson School of Law.
==Podcasts==
Prometheum Founder And Soc. Gen Executive Discuss Blockchain, Crypto Regulation, And Special Purpose Broker Dealers
== References ==	
Category:Lawyers
Category:Entrepreneurs
Aaron Lebovitz

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Aaron Lebovitz is managing director of algorithmic and event driven trading with Infinium Capital Management. 
== Background ==
Lebovitz spent the first years of his career at large banks in New York City before joining Infinium.
== Education ==
Lebovitz received his undergraduate degree in Mathematics from Columbia and a Ph.D. in Finance from the Graduate School of Business at the University of Chicago. 
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Infinium Capital Management
Category:University of Chicago
Aaron Lucchetti

Aaron Lucchetti is the deputy banking editor at The Wall Street Journal. He has been a reporter with the Wall Street Journal covering U.S. and European investment banks and U.S. financial exchanges. 
== Biography ==
Lucchetti joined the Journal as an intern in the summer of 1996 covering the automotive industry in Detroit.
== Education ==
Lucchetti graduated in 1996 from DePauw University with a degree in Political Science. A member of the Media Fellows Program, he served as editor of the student newspaper, The DePauw. 
== Awards ==
Lucchetti is a finalist for the UCLA Anderson School of Management's 2009 Gerald Loeb Awards for Distinguished Business and Financial Journalism. 
 
== References ==	
Category:Journalists
Category:Dow Jones
Aaron Regent

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Aaron Regent was appointed president and chief executive officer of Barrick Gold Corp. effective January 16, 2009.
== Background ==
Before joining Barrick, Regent was senior managing partner of Brookfield Asset Management and Co-CEO of its Infrastructure group. Brookfield is a global asset management company with approximately US$90 billion under management.
Regent previously served as President and chief executive officer of global mining company Falconbridge Ltd. from 2002-2005. Following its merger with Noranda, he was president of the combined company.
He is also a council member of the International Council on Mining & Metals.
== Education ==
Regent is a chartered accountant in Ontario and holds an undergraduate degree from the University of Western Ontario.
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Abandon (Options Trading)

In the context of options trading, the term "abandon" refers to the decision by an options holder not to exercise or offset a long option position. Abandoning an option means choosing not to take further action regarding the option contract, typically because it is not financially advantageous to do so. 
==Abandonment of Options==
Options contracts give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy (call options) or sell (put options) the underlying asset at a predetermined price, known as the strike price, before or on the expiration date. When a trader holds a long option position, they have the choice to exercise the option, offset it by selling the same contract, or simply let it expire without taking any action. Abandonment occurs when the holder decides not to exercise the option or offset the position.
==Factors Influencing Abandonment==
Several factors influence the decision to abandon an options contract:
In-the-Money vs. Out-of-the-Money: Options are classified as either in-the-money (ITM), at-the-money (ATM), or out-of-the-money (OTM). Traders are more likely to exercise or offset ITM options because they have intrinsic value, while OTM options are typically abandoned since they lack intrinsic value.
Transaction Costs: The costs associated with exercising or offsetting an option, including brokerage fees and commissions, can impact the decision. If the costs outweigh the potential gains, abandonment becomes a more attractive option.
Time Remaining: As options approach their expiration date, their time value decreases. If an option has little time value left and is OTM, it is often more cost-effective to abandon it rather than incur transaction costs.
Market Conditions: Current market conditions, including volatility and the price of the underlying asset, may affect the decision to abandon or exercise an option. High volatility can make options more valuable, while low volatility can render them less attractive.
Investment Strategy: A trader's overall investment strategy and risk tolerance play a significant role in determining whether to abandon or exercise an option. Some traders may prefer to minimize risk by avoiding unnecessary transactions.
==Implications of Abandonment==
Abandoning an options contract has several implications:
Loss of Premium: The options holder forfeits the premium paid to acquire the option. This is the cost of holding the option and represents the maximum potential loss.
No Ownership of Underlying Asset: By abandoning an option, the trader gives up the opportunity to buy or sell the underlying asset at the strike price. This can be advantageous or disadvantageous depending on market conditions.
Avoiding Transaction Costs: Abandonment can help traders avoid transaction costs associated with exercising or offsetting options, especially when the potential benefits are limited.
== References ==
Category:Options Trading
Abaxx Technologies Inc.

Abaxx Technologies Inc. is a financial software company developing technological infrastructure for global commodity exchanges and digital marketplaces. It is the majority shareholder of Abaxx Singapore Pte. Ltd. and the Abaxx Exchange. The company says it is developing the technological infrastructure and applications for the Environmental, Social and Governance Economy. Its services include order matching, trade registration and clearing. Its formative technology is designed to increase transaction speed and data security and improve risk management.
Abaxx is the creator and producer of the SmarterMarkets™ podcast.
On August 25, 2021, Abaxx was notified that Monetary Authority of Singapore had given an "approval in principle" to the application of Abaxx Clearing Pte. Ltd. to become a clearing house. The move advanced the central clearing house towards launch, planned for September.
On January 10, 2024, Abaxx Technologies announced that Abaxx Singapore had closed its equity private placement as previously announced on January 3, 2024, raising US$27,323,013 in gross proceeds. Joining as investors for preferred shares and strategic partners were Cboe, TLB Trading, and Traxys.
 
StoneX became Abaxx Exchange's first approved clearing and trading member for centrally cleared, physically-deliverable futures contracts on January 30, 2024. 
== History ==
Abaxx Technologies is a Canadian fintech startup that planned to launch a Singapore-based exchange and clearinghouse in September of 2021. The company has been working on a physically delivered Liquid Natural Gas "LNG" contract that is to be the cornerstone of the exchange. There was previously no physically delivered benchmark LNG contract, and market participants instead use a variety of derivative oil and gas contracts to hedge their market risk. 
Abaxx Exchange received approval in principle from the regulator as a Recognized Market Operator (“RMO”) on September 7, 2020. 
Abaxx intends for its LNG contract to consolidate the fractured and inefficient LNG market, and create a benchmark index in Asia to rival other regional hydrocarbon benchmarks such as WTI and Henry Hub in North America, and Brent crude in Europe.
== Products and Services ==
The company's cornerstone exchange product will be an LNG contract that aims to be a benchmark contract akin to WTI or Henry Hub in North America, or Brent Crude in Europe.
== Key People ==
* Josh Crumb, Founder and CEO 
* Andrew Fedak, Founder and Chief Strategy Officer 
* Steve Fray, Chief Financial Officer 
== References ==
Abdol H. Esfahanian

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Abdol H. Esfahanian is a consultant to the Manager in the areas of computing infrastructure and software development at Auctos Capital Management. Besides working with Auctos, Esfahanian is also the associate chair with tenure in the Department of Computer Sciences and Engineering at Michigan State University. He has held this role since July 1990. 
== Background ==
Esfahanian is a recipient of the Winthrow Teaching Excellence Award from Michigan State University in April 1998 and April 2005. He developed and supervised the development of various software packages ranging from scientific computing to web-based applications. 
He is a member of several professional societies, including the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Computer Society, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics and Association for Computing Machinery. 
== Education ==
Esfahanian graduated with a Bachelor's of Science from University of Michigan in 1975. He went on to receive his Masters of Science in 1977 and received his PhD from Northwestern University in 1983. 
== References ==
Abdul Rahman al-Tuwaijri

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Abdul Rahman al-Tuwaijri is chairman of Saudi Arabia's Capital Market Authority, which regulates the Tadawul, the Saudi Stock Exchange. He is also secretary-general of the country's Supreme Economic Council. 
== Background ==
Abdul Rahman al-Tuwaijri was appointed to his current position in January 2008, and retains his position as secretary-general of the country's Supreme Economic Council. 
Prior to this, he was economic adviser to the General Secretariat of the Gulf Co-operation Council, and has also been executive director for Saudi Arabia at the International Monetary Fund in Washington. He has served as chairman of the Election Committee of Executive Directors at the fund and a member of the Committee on Administrative Policies and the Committee on Liaison with the World Trade Organization. 
Al-Tuwaijri, named as one of the six most influential regulators in the region by the Middle East Economic Digest, is a board member of Saudi Aramco and deputy chairman of the Saudi Economic Association.
== Education ==
He has a bachelor's degree in economics from King Saud University and a PhD in economics from Iowa State University in the US.
== References ==
 
== External Links ==
*Supreme Economic Council
*Interview, Financial Times	
category:Regulators
Abdul Wahid Al Ulama

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Abdul Wahid Al Ulama is non-executive director of the Dubai Gold and Commodities Exchange (DGCX). He was named to the post in August 2012, and is also a board member of the Dubai Financial Services Authority (DFSA), and sits on both the DFSA's legislative and regulatory appeal committees. He is also a member of the board of directors of Commercial Bank of Dubai, and is a certified arbitrator registered with the Dubai International Arbitration Center (DIAC) and with the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). 
== Background ==
Prior to that, Abdul Wahid served as a senior advisor at Mubadala GE Capital PJSC (MGEC), a finance company regulated by the UAE Central Bank, and set up jointly by Mubadala and GE Capital.
== Education ==
Abdul Wahid has a Masters Degree in Maritime Law & International Trade from University College London. 
== References ==	
Category:DGCX
Category:DFSA
Abdullah Salem al-Turafi

Abdullah Salem al-Turafi is chief executive officer of the Emirates Securities and Commodities Authority, the market regulator for the Abu Dhabi Stock Exchange and the Dubai Financial Market. He is also first secretary-general for the Union of Arab Securities Authorities.
== Background ==
Al-Turafi has held various government executive positions, including assistant under-secretary for economic affairs at the Ministry of Economy and Trade. In 1999, he was appointed as director of the Hamriyah free zone and was a board member of Emirates Industrial Bank. He has also worked forCitibank Dubai and National Bank of Abu Dhabi.
== Education ==
Al-Turafi studied business at UAE University and completed a diploma in finance in the US.
== References ==	
 
category:Regulators
Abigail Johnson

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Abigail "Abby" Johnson is the chief executive officer and chair of Fidelity Investments. She took over the chief executive position in October 2014 from her father, Edward “Ned” Johnson III. She was named the successor to her father as chairman as well in November of 2016. She is also president of FMR LLC, Fidelity's parent company. 
Johnson has a net worth of $9.2 billion, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index. She owns an estimated 24% stake in the company.
Fortune named her the ninth most powerful woman in business in 2014.
== Background ==
Born in 1961, Johnson is the eldest of Ned and Elizabeth Johnson’s three children. She grew up on Boston’s North Shore and attended the Buckingham Browne & Nichols school in Cambridge. She started at the family firm the summer before her freshman year at Hobart and William Smith, where she majored in art history. She began as a gopher, taking orders from customers by phone. After college, she spent a year as a consultant at Booz Allen Hamilton. She started full time as an analyst after receiving a Harvard MBA in 1988. She was named head of the firm’s mutual-fund unit in 2001 and put in charge of Fidelity’s retirement business in 2005. In 2007, the company also gave her oversight of corporate-retirement services and fund sales to individuals. In 2012 the company named her president overseeing asset management, retail and institutional brokerage, retirement and benefits services.
== Education ==
Johnson earned a Bachelor of Arts in Art History from Hobart and William Smith Colleges and a Masters of Business Administration from Harvard Business School.
== References ==	
Category:Fidelity Investments
Abigail M. David

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Abigail M. David is the founder and CEO of Earth to Abby, a brand of children's footwear.
She was previously a journalism intern with Market News International (MNI). She started her internship in March 2012. She also served as a Ronald McDonald House volunteer. 
== Background ==
== Education == 
Abigail graduated from Lyons Township H.S. in June 2012 and earned a bachelor of science degree from Fordham University's Gabelli School of Business in accounting and finance. She attended Northwestern University's College Preparation Program in the summer of 2011 as well as La Universidad Internacional: The Center for Linguistics and Multicultural Studies and completed a Spanish advancement program March-April 2011. 
== References ==	
Category:Market News International
Abner M. Wright

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Abner M. Wright was an American businessman who served as the president of the Chicago Board of Trade in 1886 and 1887 during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. As a prominent member of the exchange, Wright played a significant role in the ongoing struggle between established financial institutions and the emerging bucket shop industry during the late 19th century.
== Background ==
During his tenure as president, Wright took decisive action against what he perceived as threats to the integrity of the Chicago Board of Trade. In August 1887, he forcibly removed the instruments of the Postal Telegraph Company and the Baltimore and Ohio Telegraph Company from the floor of the exchange, physically throwing their equipment out of the building. This dramatic move was part of Wright's efforts to prevent bucket shops from obtaining the board's quotations, which he believed were being used for illegitimate purposes.
Wright's opposition to bucket shops was further demonstrated in December 1887, when he discovered mysterious electrical cables in the basement of the exchange building. Suspecting they were unauthorized telegraph lines, Wright personally cut them with an axe. These actions reflect the intense conflict between established exchanges and bucket shops, which were seen by many as gambling operations that undermined legitimate financial markets.
Wright's presidency occurred during a critical period in the history of American finance, as the Chicago Board of Trade sought to define its role in the modernizing economy and distance itself from associations with gambling. His aggressive stance against bucket shops and unauthorized use of market data was part of a broader effort by the exchange to establish its legitimacy and self-regulate in the face of new technological and cultural challenges.
The conflict between the Chicago Board of Trade and bucket shops, which Wright actively participated in, would continue for several decades, shaping the development of financial regulations and the public perception of organized exchanges in the United States.
Wright was a Republican candidate for Mayor of Chicago in 1879 and was defeated by Carter Harrison 25,685 to 20,496.
== References ==	
Category:Deceased
Category:Deceased Members of the Chicago Board of Trade
Category:CBOT Members
Category:Former CBOT Officials
Category:Presidents of the Chicago Board of Trade
Category:Former Exchange Presidents
Absolute return

Absolute return is the return on an asset over a certain period of time. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the invested capital. It differs from relative return in that it is concerned with the return of one particular asset without comparing it to any other measure or benchmark.
Mutual funds generally use a relative return approach to investing, in which they try to produce returns that are better than those of competing funds or the market as a whole. An absolute return fund uses different investment management techniques from a traditional mutual fund, for example short selling, futures, options, derivatives, arbitrage, and leverage.
Many hedge funds use absolute return strategies. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions