nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Gray cast iron

== Description ==
A hard, brittle cast iron that contains 1-3% silicon in addition to the carbon. In grey cast iron, the silicon causes the carbon to come out of solution as graphite. The small flakes of graphite imbedded in the ferrite matrix make the alloy flow easily when melted; the resultant iron alloy is softer and has good corrosion and wear resistance. Gray cast iron is extremely brittle and can shatter when struck.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gray iron; grey cast iron (Br.); fonte grise (Fr.); Grauguß (Deut.); grijs gietijzer (Ned.); ferro fundido cinzento (Port.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Gray cast iron has less tensile strength and shock resistance than steel. 
* It is difficult to weld. 
* The seasoning or impregnation of cast iron cookware with oil minimizes rusting.
== Resources and Citations ==
* David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Olympus Microscopy Resource Center at http://www.olympusmicro.com/galleries/abramowitz/pages/graycastironsmall.html
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron (Accessed Oct. 18, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Gray fox

== Description ==
A small gray colored fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) in North America or (Lycalopex griseus) in South America. Gray foxes have thick, coarse gray fur with yellowish guard hairs. Fox pelts have been used for trim, capes, collars, and cuffs. The hoary fox (Vulpes cana) of Europe is also sometimes called a gray fox.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hoary fox; North America (Urocyon cinereoargenteus); South America (Pseudalopex griseus)
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "gray fox" E[Accessed November 8, 2001].
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Gray poplar

== Description ==
Wood from the tree, Populus canescens, that is native to Europe. Originally developed as a hybrid between white poplar and aspen, the gray poplar has a light yellow wood that is tough. Its fine texture resembles maple. Gray poplar is used for cabinetry, furniture and flooring.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Populus canescens; peuplier grisard (Fr.); álamo cano (Esp.); choupo cinzento (Port.); grey poplar
Category:Materials database
Grayscale

== Description ==
An achromatic color scale that commonly has ten equal gradations ranging from black to white. The grayscale is used in photographic processing, computer graphics and television. Additionally, grayscale cards are used in colorfastness tests to evaluate differences in color shades and strengths.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Grauskala (Deut.); échelle de gris (Fr.); 
Brand names: Kodak Neutral Test Card
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, G113, 1371-1373, Sep-94
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayscale (accessed Nov. 26, 2004)
Category:Materials database
Grease

== Description ==
A semisolid lubricating agent that was originally obtained from animal fat (lard) or raw wool (lanolin). Synthetic greases are prepared from hydrocarbon and silicone compounds.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
grasa (Esp.); graisse (Fr.); grasso (It)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 468
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Greaseproof paper

== Description ==
A type of imitation parchment made from chemical wood pulp that has been hydrated with beating and chemicals (sulfuric acid or zinc chloride). This produces a paper that is semitransparent, glossy, and greaseproof. Imitation parchment no longer bears any resemblance to animal parchment or other types of parchment paper. It is typically used as a wrapping paper for food products.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
imitation parchment; parchment paper
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
Category:Materials database
Greek fire

== Description ==
An archaic name for a flammable liquid mixture that probably contained wood chips or sawdust soaked with rosin and/or pitch. Greek fire may also have contained sulfur, quicklime, petroleum, and calcium phosphide. The dangerous liquid was invented about 673 and was used by the Byzantine fleet to set fire to other ships. Greek fire was said to keep burning even in water.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Byzantine fire; wildfire; liquid fire
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 672
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire (accessed Sept. 30, 2005)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Green

== Description ==
One of the basic colours of the visible light spectrum. Green corresponds to the wavelength range 500 - 550 nm.
See: Colour
== Synonyms and related terms ==
grøn (Dan.); Grün (Deut.); verde (Esp., It., Port.); vert (Fr.); prasino (Gr.); groen (Ned.); zielone (Pol.); grön (Sven.)
Category:Materials database
Green Bay limestone

== Description ==
A bluish-gray magnesian limestone quarried near Green Bay, Wisconsin. Green Bay limestone was used extensively for buildings, foundations and bridges (Lent 1925).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Duck Green stone
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Green bice

== Description ==
Green bice is an unstandardized name that is generally used for synthetic copper carbonate, i.e., green verditer. Green bice, however, has also been used to refer to the pigment made from natural copper carbonate by grinding the mineral malachite. Green bice has also been used for green earth and viridian as well as for a mixture of yellow orpiment and smalt. See malachite, and green verditer.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
green verditer
Category:Materials database
Green glass

== Description ==
Pale green to olive green tones can occur naturally in glass due to the presence of iron impurities. Additions of chromium compounds have been used to make a bright emerald green color glasses while cupric oxide produces a clear blue-green. In the 19th century, the term 'green glass' was used to refer to inexpensive bottle glass formed from inferior materials such as coarse sea or river sand, lime, and clay and inferior alkalis obtained from soapboilers waste and iron slag (Schur 1985). To minimize unwanted green casts, sodium nitrate or manganese dioxide were added to the glass mixture.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
verre à bouteille (Fr.); vidrio verde (Esp.); groen glas (Ned.); vidro verde (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "glassware" [Accessed May 5, 2004].
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Glass"
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985.
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
Category:Materials database
Green gold

== Description ==
1) Malleable gold alloys used in jewelry making. Green gold has a greenish tint that ranges from light to dark due to its relatively high proportion of silver. 
Compositions are: 
* Deep green gold (18K): Gold 75%, Silver 15%, Copper 6%, Cadmium 4% 
* Soft green gold (18K): Gold 75%, Silver 25% (dark green in color) 
* Green gold (18K): Gold 75%, Silver 20%, Copper 5% 
* Light green gold (18K): Gold 75%, Copper 23%, Cadmium 2% 
* Green gold (15K): Gold 62.5%, Silver 33.3%, Copper 4.2% 
* Deep green gold (14K): Gold 58.5%, Silver 37%, Copper 4.5% 
* Green gold (14K): Gold 58.5%, Silver 35%, Copper 6.5% 
2) A chloroaniline dye complexed with nickel. See nickel azo green.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.372
* Monona Rossol, The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide, Allworth Press, New York, 1994
* A History of Technology, Charles Singer, E.J. Holmyard, A.R. Hall (eds.), Clarendon Press, Oxford, Volume 1: From Early times to Fall of Ancient Empires, 1954
Category:Materials database
Green liquor

== Description ==
A liquid used in the sulfate papermaking process. The coloring of green liquor is due to ferrous sulfide.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
Category:Materials database
Green pigments

== Description ==
Green is a color produced by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of about 490–560 nm. It is considered a primary color in the RGB additive color model, but is a secondary color in the traditional RYB color wheel made by mixing blue and yellow. An average green color is represented by the following color coordinates: 
* Hex triplet: #008000 (HTML/CSS)
* RGB: (0, 128~255, 0); CMYK (0, 0, 0, 100) 
* HSV: (120°, 100%, 50~100%)
Examples of inorganic green pigments:
* earth green (celadonite, glauconite, terre verte).
* oxides (viridian, chromic oxide, chrome green, cobalt green).
* carbonates (malachite, bice).
* other (emerald green, atacamite, brochantite).
Examples of organic green pigments:
* plant (sap green, chlorophyll).
* synthetic (verdigris, phthalocyanine, Brilliant Green).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
grøn (Dan.); Grün (Deut.); verde (Esp., It., Port.); pigments verts (Fr.); viridus (Lat.); groen (Ned.); grön (Sven.); pigmentos verdes (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Green rouge

== Description ==
A fine green powder composed of chromic oxide that has been used as an abrasive for burnishing metals.
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Green salt

== Description ==
1) A hide or skin that has been cured with salt is called green salted.
2) A wood preservative composed of chromated copper arsenate. It is highly toxic.
3) Common name for uranium tetrafluoride which is a green crystalline powder.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
greensalt; green salting
== Resources and Citations ==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 834
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
Category:Materials database
Green verditer

== Description ==
Synthetically prepared green basic copper carbonate (analogue of malachite). Green verditer was an inexpensive green pigment first manufactured in the 16th century (a byproduct of the silver refining process) by pouring copper nitrate on calcium carbonate (whiting), followed by washing and drying. In the 18th and 19th centuries, green verditer was used for distemper housepaints and widely used in wallpapers. It has not been extensively documented in easel paintings, but some sources believe it was used more widely than previously believed. It was not usually recommended for use in oil, as John Smith reported in his 1723 edition of "The Art of Painting in Oyl" that green verditer is a "sandy" color that lacked "good body" (p. 24). He goes on to report that "with all the grinding imaginable" the verditers and smalts "will never be well imbodied [sp] with the oyl" nor do they "lye [sp] intirely [sp] smooth in the Working." (p. 28). Despite this, he lists the pigment as a component for painting colors such as "Sea Green" and "Leaves of Trees". 
By the early 19th century, green verditer saw large-scale, industrial preparation by precipitation from a solution of copper sulphate, to which potassium carbonate was added. 
See malachite and basic copper carbonate.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Bremen green; green bice; British verdigris, English verdigris, French green
== Microscopic Properties ==
Green verditer can be readily distinguished from its mineral analogue (malachite, also copper carbonate hydroxide) with the polarizing light microscope. Green verditer presents as pale green rounded particles, often forming clusters of, spherulites (anywhere from 2-10um in diameter). Some spherulites show a dark central spot in PPL. Relief is low to moderate, and in XPL the pigment is birefringent with greenish-blue interference colors. Some particles may show extinction crosses, similar to those observed in natural chalks, but often misshapen. See Eastaugh et. al. for discussion of 'green verditer' vs 'spherical malachite' (p. 593). 
== Additional Images ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* Bristow, Ian C. "Interior House-Painting Colours and Technology, 1615-1840." New Haven: Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art by Yale University Press, 1996.
* Eastaugh, N. et. al. "Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments. 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008. 
* R. Gettens, and E. West Fitzhugh, "Malachite and Green Verditer", Artists Pigments, Vol. 2., A. Roy ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993.
* Harley, R. D. "Artists’ Pigments c.1600-1835: A Study in English Documentary Sources." 2nd rev. ed. London: Archetype, 2001.
* Smith, John. "The Art of Painting in Oyl." London: 1723 edition. 
Category:Materials database
Green vitriol

== Description ==
Common name for iron sulfate used prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985). 
See ferrous sulfate.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
green copperas; iron sulfate; ferrous sulfate
==Resources and Citations==
* S. Schur, "Conservation Terminology: A Review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials", Technology and Conservation, 1985.
* R. Mayer, The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Viking Press, New York, 1981
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 322
Category:Materials database
Greene County sandstone

== Description ==
A light gray, uniform sandstone quarried in Greene County, Pennsylvania (Lent 1925) Greene County sandstone is easily worked when freshly quarried, but hardens on aging.
==Resources and Citations==
* F.Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries, Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925.
Category:Materials database
Greensand

== Description ==
A naturally occurring green-color sand that contains carbonates and glauconite along with a large percentage of silica, potash, and alumina. Greensand is used for water filtration and water softening because it extracts calcium and magnesium from the water. It is also used as a refractory material in foundries. See also foundry sand.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Glaukonitsand (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 238
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Greenstone

== Description ==
Any a several naturally occurring igneous rocks that are colored by green minerals such as nephrite or diorite. Other green minerals include glauconite, chlorite, hornblende, epidote, and actinolite. Greenstones have been used for carving and building construction. The greenstone used by the Maoris of New Zealand is nephrite. It was also used to construct Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, England in the early thirteenth century.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
whinstone; toadstone; trap; nephrite; diorite; glauconite; chlorite; hornblende; epidote; actinolite; New Zealand greenstone (pounamu)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Actinoliteitaly1.jpg~Raman]]]
== Risks ==
May contain asbestos
== Additional Images ==
File:greenstonelarge.jpg|Greenstone
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Anne Grimmer, Glossary of Building Stone Terms, A Glossary of Historic Masonry Deterioration Problems and Preservation Treatments, National Park Service, Washington DC, 1984
* Olympus Microscopy Resource Center at http://www.olympusmicro.com/galleries/polarizedlight/pages/greenstonesmall.html (Accessed Sept. 17, 2005)
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstone_%28disambiguation%29 (Accessed Sept. 7, 2005)
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Category:Materials database
Grenz radiography

== Description ==
An analytical technique that uses low energy x-rays. Grenz radiography is used for imaging paper structure and watermarks (Kushel). See soft x-radiography.
==Resources and Citations==
* D.Kushel, "Radiographic Methods Used in the Recording of Structure and Watermarks in Historic Papers"
* Jean-Louis Boutaine, Submitted information, 20/06/2007
Category:Materials database
Greywacke

== Description ==
A British term for a fine-grain, hard sedimentary stone found in Wales and other locations. Greywacke is a gray to blackish stone. It contains particles of quartz or clay cemented with chlorite, mica, epidote, and calcite. Greywacke is similar in composition to siltstone, but the particles are larger ranging in size from 0.06 - 0.2 millimeters (Aston et al 2000). The tiny grains are barely visible to the naked eye. Greywacke does not have the pronounced layering of shale and schist. Greywacke has been used for statuary and sarcophagi.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
graywacke; schist; dirty sandstone; Grauwacke (Deut.); grauwacke (Fr., Ned.); grauvaque (Port.);
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Particle size 0.06 - 0.2 mm
==Resources and Citations==
* B.Aston, J.Harrell, I.Shaw, "Stone" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 57-58.
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greywacke (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Griffith's zinc white

== Description ==
An old name for an impure zinc white pigment prepared by igniting zinc sulfide. It was used in industrial paints.
==Resources and Citations==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Grindstone

== Description ==
A heavy, flattened stone used for grinding and polishing. Usually made from sandstone, a grindstone is mounted for rotation around a central axis. Materials are either held against the revolving stone for sharpening or placed between the stone and another fixed stone for pulverizing. Grindstones can be used to mill flour or mechanically turn wood chips to pulp. 
See also pulpstone.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pulp stone
Category:Materials database
Grindstone Island granite

== Description ==
A red and pink granite with large feldspar grains quarried on Grindstone Island, New York. Grindstone Island granite was primarily used for monuments and interior work. It can been seen on the two large columns in the New York State Capitol (Bucher 1996).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Thousand Island granite
==Resources and Citations==
* W. Bucher, Dictionary of Building Preservation, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996.
Category:Materials database
Griotte

== Description ==
A reddish violet marble with red veins and white spots quarried near Languedoc in the French Pyrenees since the 16th century. It is considered one of the best red marbles (Mayer 1969).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
French red; Campan marble; Rouge griotte; marbre griotte (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Luciana and Tiziano Mannoni, Marble: the history of a culture, Facts on File Publications
Category:Materials database