nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Peridot

== Description ==
A transparent, yellow-green gemstone. Peridot is a transparent form of olivine that was known in ancient Greece and in Egypt. Many of the green stones worn by Cleopatra were peridot. The main old world source for peridot was the island of Zabargad (St. John's Island) in the Red Sea. Peridot was called an evening emerald because it appears to lose its yellowish cast at night. It has sometimes been misidentified as emerald and as green glass. Former names include topaz (Greek) and zerberdjet (Persian). Peridots are still obtained from Zabargad and also from Brazil (Minas Gerais), South Africa, Kenya, China, Myanmar (formerly Burma, near Mogok), Norway (Sondmore), and the U.S. (Arizona, Hawaii).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
olivine; forsterite; fayalite; zeberdjet; evening emerald; olivine, péridot (Fr.); peridoto (Esp., Port.); Peridot (Deut.); peridoot (Ned.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Fayalite, Upper Bear Creek CO.PNG~FTIR (MFA)|Forsterite IR-ATR RRUFF R040018.png~IR-ATR (RRUFF)|Forsterite Raman RRUFF R040018.png~Raman (RRUFF)|forsteriteRS.jpg~Raman (RASMIN)]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Orthorhombic crystal system 
* Fracture = conchoidal 
* Luster = vitreous to oily 
* Streak = colorless 
* Fluorescence = none
* Pleochroism = weak yellow-green and green (noticeable only in dark stones)
Composition 	(Mg,Fe)2SiO4
Mohs Hardness 	6.5 - 7.0
Density 	3.22-3.40 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.64 - 1.70
Birefringence 	0.035 - 0.038 (usually 0.036, moderate doubling)
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 561
* Wikipedia: Peridot (Accessed Dec 2022)
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* Website: http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/347k/redesign/gem_notes/Peridot/peridot_triple_page.htm
* Yasukazu Suwa, Gemstones: Quality and Value, Volume 1, Sekai Bunka Publishing Inc., Tokyo, 1999
* Michael O'Donoghue and Louise Joyner, Identification of Gemstones, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2003
Category:Materials database
Peridotite

== Description ==
A family of coarse-grain igneous rocks composed of varying proportions of olivine and pyroxene with a granite-like texture. Most peridotite rocks are a dull green to black in color. The yellow to light green dunite, is a special type of peridotite that contains a high percentage of olivine. Dunite is named for Dun Mountain in New Zealand. Significant deposits of peridotite are found in South Africa, Australia, Tanzania, and the U.S. (Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, California, Arizona, New York, New Mexico, North Carolina, Washington). Peridotite is a host rock for chromium ores, naturally occurring diamonds, chrysotile asbestos, talc, and native platinum.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
dunite; kimberlite; peridolita (Esp.); peridotiet (Ned.); perydotyt (Pol.); peridolito (Port.); Peridotit (Deut.) 
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Mohs Hardness = 5.5 - 6.0
==Resources and Citations==
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "peridotite" [Accessed January 22, 2002].
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peridotite (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Perilla oil

== Description ==
A light yellow drying oil expressed from the seeds of mint plants (Perilla ocymoides or Perilla frutescens) native to Asia (China, Korea, Japan and northern India). The seeds contain 35 to 45 percent oil. Perilla oil contains primarily linolenic (41-46%), linoleic (31-42%), and oleic (3-10%) acids. It has been used as a linseed oil substitute in house paints, varnishes and linoleum, but is not recommended for use as an artist paint because it yellows with age. Perilla oil is also used for cooking, dressing leather, and as a component in inks.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Perilla ocymoides; Perilla frutescens; egoma oil (Jap.); aceite de perilla (Esp.)
== Risks ==
* Combustible.
* Parchem: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide. 
* Saponification value = 191-193
* Iodine value = 187-205
* Acid number = 4.3
Density 	0.932-0.945 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.4841
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 590; Saponification value = 191; Iodine value = 200
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Perilla Oil." Accessed 14 Apr. 2004 .
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=0.935, ref. index = 1.481, iodine value=195, saponification value = 192
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Perinone dye

== Description ==
A small group of synthetic organic vat dyes developed in the 1920s. Perinone orange and perionone red have been laked for use as artists pigments since the 1960s. The colors have good lightfastness in water color paints. They have also been stained onto aluminum flakes to form copper metallic paint.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
perinone orange; Pigment Orange 43; Pigment Red 194
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "colour pigments" [Accessed April 2004].
* Website: www.handprint.com (accessed April 2004)
Category:Materials database
Perlite

== Description ==
1) A eutectic material formed between ferrite and cementite. 
2) A type of obsidian, or natural glass, found in California that is 70-75% silica, 12-14% alumina and 6-8% alkalis. Perlite contains a high proportions of cracks, spheroids and water. When it is flash roasted to 1000 C, perlite expands to 20 times its size forming bubble-filled beads. This expanded white aggregate is then crushed and used as an extender, a fire-resistant insulator and a component in potting soil. Expanded perlite is also used to make insulating brick.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
2: pearlite; pearlstone
== Risks ==
* Noncombustible. 
* Resistant to insects, bacteria and fungi.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Unaffected by water, acids, alkalis or organic solvents. 
* Luster = waxy 
* Color= gray, green or brown (unexpanded) 
* Can expand 6-20 times when heated. 
* Expanded perlite can absorb 200-500% of its weight in liquid.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 641
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Perlite." Accessed 18 Aug. 2004 .
Category:Materials database
Perma-Fill Ready mixed spackling paste

== Description ==
A trademark for several types of ready mixed spackling paste. Perma-Fill Ready mix is a mixture of polyvinyl acetate with plaster. It dries to a hard white fill with little shrinkage but may evolve acetic acid as it cures. Perma-Fill Patching Plaster is reinforced with cellulose fibers to form a slow setting patch material with a working time of 40-60 minutes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Perma-Fil; Permafill Ready Mix; Perma-Fill Patching Plaster
==Resources and Citations==
* Meg Loew Craft, Julie A. Solz, "Commercial Vinyl and Acrylic fill Materials", JAIC 37(1):23-34, 1998. Link
Category:Materials database
Perma-Stone

== Description ==
[Perma-Stone Company, Ohio] A brand name for a cast stone veneer that imitates ashlar cut dimension stones with mortar joints. First made in 1929, Perma-Stone is compose of portland cement, aggregate, crushed quartz , mineral colors and metallic hardeners. It was popularly used for remodeling and renovation projects. Perma-Stone was mixed at the construction site then applied directly to the building in a process similar to that of stucco. While wet, pressure molds were applied to the surface to imitate the look of natural stone.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
simulated masonry
Category:Materials database
Permalba

== Description ==
[F.Weber] A brand name for a composite white artists oil color introduced in 1920 by F. Weber (Mayer 1969). Permalba is permanent, durable and chemically unreactive.
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing) Comment: introduced in 1920 by F.Weber of Philadelphia
* Maximilian Toch, Paint, Paintings and Restoration, D. Van Nostrand, New York, 1945 Comment: p. 116, introduced in 1921
Category:Materials database
Permanent Red 2B

== Description ==
A BON type organic red azo-type colorant. Permanent Red 2B is the metal salt of the product of BON (3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid) combined with 1-amino-3-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid (2B acid). First synthesized in the 1920s, Permanent Red 2B has fair lightfastness. It is used as the standard process red by the Gravure Technical Association in the U.S.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|PR048.1 barium permanent red 2b.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pigment Red 48
==Resources and Citations==
B.Berrie, S.Q.Lomax, "Azo Pigments: Their History, Synthesis, Properties and Use in Artists' Materials" in Studies in the History of Art, No.57, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, 1997.
Category:Materials database
Permanent blue

== Description ==
An unstandardized pigment name. Pigment blue was originally used for synthetic ultramarine blue in the mid-19th century. It is now used for many organic blue pigments.
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Maximilian Toch, Paint, Paintings and Restoration, D. Van Nostrand, New York, 1945 Comment: p. 117
Category:Materials database
Permanent green

== Description ==
An unstandardized pigment name for a yellowish-green color. Permanent green was originally used for mixtures of a green pigment (viridian and later phthalocyanine green or chromic oxide) with a yellow pigment (cadmium yellow). Another recipe for permanent green is made by mixing Prussian blue with zinc yellow.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cadmium green
== Risks ==
* May be toxic.
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* R. Mayer, The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Viking Press, New York, 1981
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Maximilian Toch, Paint, Paintings and Restoration, D. Van Nostrand, New York, 1945 Comment: p.117
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Permanent press

== Description ==
A finishing process in which a fabric is chemically treated to increase its wrinkle resistance. Permanent press finishing is usually accomplished by impregnating the fiber with a thermosetting resin. Once the fabric is sewn and pressed, the garment is heat treated to set the shape. The thermosetting resin is usually made from formaldehyde and maleic anhydride. One chemical process crosslinks cellulose with dimethylol carbamate. An alternative to chemical treatment is to blend natural fibers with crease resistant synthetic fibers such as polyester, nylon, or acrylic.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
durable press
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Permanent set

== Description ==
A measurement of the failure of a material to return to its original size after a compressive or extensive load is removed. Permanent set is expressed a percentage of the final size (or thickness) of the material divided by its original size (or thickness). A material that has a high permanent set is good at returning to its original shape. 
See also elasticity.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
permanent elongation
Category:Materials database
Permanent white

== Description ==
An unstandardized name for a white pigment. Permanent white was originally a brand name for blanc fixe (precipitated barium sulfate). In the last century, the name has also been used for zinc white or mixtures of barium sulfate with zinc white.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
blanc fixe
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 84
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* R. Mayer, The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Viking Press, New York, 1981
* Maximilian Toch, Paint, Paintings and Restoration, D. Van Nostrand, New York, 1945 Comment: p. 117
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Permeability

== Description ==
The ability of a material to permit the flow of a gas, vapor, or liquid through its pore spaces without any chemical reaction. Permeability is measured as a rate of diffusion and is a function of the pressure differential on each side of the material. The permeability of gases (air, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) is primarily dependent on the porosity of a substance, while water vapor transmission is dependent on the absorption of water into the material. Standard units for gas permeability is usually given in the units of milliliters per square meter per day (ml/m2.d). This indicates the volume of gas that will pass through a square meter of the test material in one day. The thickness of the test material must be specified. A typical test thickness is 1 mil (1 thousandths of an inch thick). Water vapor permeability is given as grams per square meter per day. The permeability of a rock is its ability to conduct liquid or gas. It is measured as the proportionality constant, k, between flow velocity, v, and the hydraulic gradient, i; v=ki. 
See also gas permeability, and vapor permeability.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Permeabilität (Deut.); perméabilité (Fr.); permeabilidade (Port.); Examples: gas permeability; vapor permeability
==Resources and Citations==
* José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, Submitted information, 2009.
* ASTM, Standard Terminology of Microscopy, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, E175, 75-78, May 1982
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
Category:Materials database
Permethrin

== Description ==
A synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Permethrin is stable to light. Compared to other insecticides, pyrethrins have low toxicity to mammals (except for cats). They break down fairly rapidly at leave no harmful residues. Permethrin is used for ticks, flies, bees, lice, and spiders. Some insect repellents also contain permethrin.
Permethrin was discovered in 1973. It is widely used in cremes and lotions for the treatment of lice and scabies. Permethrin is also contained in some tick collars and medication for dogs. It, however, is highly toxic to cats and some aquatic organisms.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
[(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate]; Constrain; Nix; Ambush; Eksmin; Talcord; 3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis-trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
== Risks ==
* Mildly irritating to skins and eyes. 
* Highly toxic to cats 
* EChemi: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in most organic solvents. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	C21H20Cl2O3
CAS 	52645-53-1
Melting Point 	35 C
Density 	1.190-1.272 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 391.3
Boiling Point 	200 C
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 7321
* Wikipedia: Permethrin (Accessed Mar. 20, 2006 and July 2023)
Category:Materials database
Peroba

== Description ==
A hardwood obtained from the white peroba (Paratecoma peroba) and red peroba (Aspidosperma peroba) trees native to eastern Brazil. The red or rosa peroba produces a pink hardwood while the white peroba gives wood that is a pale olive to a dark brown in color. The wood has a straight grain and a fine uniform texture. It is strongly resistant to insect, fungi and to acids. Peroba wood is used for furniture, flooring, paneling, veneers, and carving.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
white peroba (Paratecoma peroba); red peroba (Aspidosperma peroba); peroba (Fr.); peroba do campo (Port.)
== Risks ==
* Contact with fresh wood may cause skin ulcers or allergies. 
* Inhalation of dust may irritate lungs and throat.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Heartwood color for red peroba is yellow to pinkish red; sapwood is gray to yellow; colors darken with age
* Grain is generally straight; texture is fine and uniform
* Density = 48 ppcf
==Working Properties==
* Easy to work, producing good results, though Peroba Rosa has an above average blunting effect on cutters
* Glues, turns, and finishes well
==Resources and Citations==
* The Wood Database: Peroba Rosa
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Category:Materials database
Perovskite

== Description ==
A mineral composed of calcium oxide and titanium dioxide. Perovskite occurs in nature in Russia and was discovered in 1839 by Gustav Rose. The transparent to opaque stone varies in color from yellow to dark brown. Perovskite has also been made synthetically and is used primarily as a matrix for catalysts.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|perovskiteRS.jpg~Raman]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
calcium titanate; perovskita (Esp.); perovskite (Fr., Port.); Perowskit (Deut.); perovskiet (Ned.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Isometric system with cubic cleavage. 
* Luster = adamantine.
* Composition = CaTiO3
* Mohs Hardness = 5.5
* Density = 4 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite (Accessed Sept. 14, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Persea

== Description ==
A medium size evergreen tree, Mimusops laurifolia, native to Ethiopia and Yemen. Persea produces a strong, wood that was used in ancient Egypt for statues, beds, tables and small objects (Gale et al 2000). Pliny mentions that the persea tree was sometimes confused with the persica (peach) tree.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Mimusops laurifolia
==Resources and Citations==
* R.Gale, P.Gasson, N.Hepper, G.Killen, "Wood" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 334-371.
Category:Materials database
Persian Gulf oxide

== Description ==
A native red earth pigment (Mayer 1969). Persian Gulf oxide was a bright, clear red iron oxide that has since been replaced by light red.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
light red; Indian red; Persian red; Persian Gulf red; gulf red
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database