nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Hornstone

== Description ==
An archaic common name for a variety of quartz that resembles flint.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 334
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Horse chestnut

== Description ==
Any of several deciduous trees belonging to the genus Aesculus, native to temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Horse chestnuts are common in Europe (A. hippocastanum) where the large shade trees line the Champs-Élysées in Paris. Other varieties are found in Japan (A. turbinata), India (A. indica) and the U.S. (A.glabra, which also known as the Ohio buckeye). While primarily grown as an ornamental tree, horse chestnuts have light, soft, tough, fine-grain wood. They are used for artificial limbs, splints, and as an important source for paper pulp. The trees produce inedible, dark-color, shiny nuts in the fall that have been used as odorless mothballs. Additionally the poisonous extracts were used on spears to stun fish and animals. In the 19th century children's game called conkers, each player swung a horse chestnut on a string in an attempt to dislodge that held by their opponent.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Aesculus hippocastanum; Aesculus turbinata; Aesculus indica; Aesculus glabra; tochi (Jap.) ; maronnier d'Inde (Fr.); castaño de Indias (Esp.); castanheiro da Índia (Port.); ippocastano (It.); horse-chestnut; conker; odorless mothballs; Ohio buckeye; yellow buckeye
== Risks ==
Leaves and seeds are poisonous.
== Additional Images ==
File:25_Horse Chestnut_100x_Tan.jpg|Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)
File:25_Horse Chestnut_100x_Tran.jpg|Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Heartwood is creamy yellow; sapwood is white; difficult to distinguish
* Grain is wavy or interlocked with a fine, even texture
==Working Properties==
* Easy to work, but it’s low density and interlocked grain can lead to fuzzy surfaces. 
* Glues and finishes well.
== Resources and Citations ==
* The Wood Database: Horse chestnut
* Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:Wood anatomy of central European Species: Horse Chestnut,Aesculus hippocastaneum L.
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com [Accessed December 13, 2002]. 
* Museum of the Japanese Traditional Arts at http://www.nihon-kogeikai.com/ (Jap. term)
Category:Materials database
Horsebrier

== Description ==
A small fast, growing woody vine (Smilax rotundifoia) native to eastern North America. Horsebrier berries are dark blue and grow in umbrellas on flattened stems. The berries are crushed and combined with lye to produce a navy blue to dark purple dye.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
greenbrier; common catbrier; Smilax rotundifoia
==Resources and Citations==
* R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Smilax" [Accessed November 5, 2002]
Category:Materials database
Horsehair

== Description ==
The hair from the manes and tails of horses (family Equidae). Horsehair is primarily produced commercially from China, Russia, Australia, Canada, Uruguay, and Argentina. Horsehair is usually coarse and strong. The resilient, lightweight fibers are used for industrial paint and household brushes. Short or curled horsehairs are used for mattress and upholstery padding while the longest fibers are used for making horsehair cloth. Horsehair cloth was formerly used as interlining or stiffening for tailored garments and millinery but is being replaced synthetic fabrics. Horsehair mats have been used as an abrasive for polishing veneer, burnishing clay, and smoothing gesso grounds. High quality, fine, white horsehair is used for the strings of fine violin bows. Cut tips from these fibers have been used for artist and domestic brushes, but the hairs are inelastic and often fail to hold their shape. Strainers made from horsehairs are customarily used to filter Japanese starch paste.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
horse hair; horsehair cloth; pony hair
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Mane: Length = 7.5 - 20 cm (3 - 8 inches); Diameter = 50 - 150 micrometers Tail: Length = 20 - 90 cm (8 - 36 inches); Diameter = 75 - 280 micrometers
== Comparisons ==
== Additional Images ==
File:Whitehorsewp2.jpg|Horse
File:horselarge.jpg|Horsehair
File:strain.jpg|Horsehair strainer
== Resources and Citations ==
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 124
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Identification of Textile Materials, The Textile Institute, Manchester, England, 1985
* WAAC Newsletter - Volume 8, Number 3, Sept. 1986, pp.11-12 - . Horsehair strainer, a classical Japanese paste strainer...
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Horsehair." (Accessed 28 Apr. 2004).
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* F. Kidd, Brushmaking Materials, Bristish Brush Manufacturers, London, 1957
* Zora Sweet Pinney, 'A Handle on the Terms used for Artists' Brushes', unpublished glossary, 1999
Category:Materials database
Horsetail

== Description ==
A nonflowering, grass-like plant of the genus Equisetum, such as Equisetum hyemale, found in wet, swampy soil. In medieval times, horsetail was imported from Holland. It was called Dutch rush and used for cleaning pots and burnishing metal. Horsetail stems contain fine-grain silica with small angular fingers. They are used as an abrasive for polishing veneer, burnishing clay, and smoothing gesso grounds.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Equisetum hyemale (scouring rush); Dutch rush; rough horsetail; shave grass; scrub grass; gun bright; snake rush; polishing rush; winter rush; evergreen rush; candock; padderok (Dan.; Schachtelhalme (Deut.); prêle (Fr.); sphénophyte (Fr.); asprele (Old French); paardenstaart (Ned.); sneller (Nor.); skrzyp (Pol.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Height = 0.2 - 1.5 M 
* Stems=hollow and jointed with vertical ridges 
* Leaves = small and pointed growing in a whorl from each node
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* C.Powell, "The Use of Equisetum hyemale (PrÛle/Horsetail/Dutch rush) as an Abrasive in the Gilding Process on Wood" Conservation News 66:p.40, 1998.
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsetail (Accessed Oct. 30, 2004)
Category:Materials database
Hot-melt adhesive

== Description ==
A thermoplastic adhesive that is applied hot and forms an adherent bond when cooled. Since antiquity, waxes have been used as hot melt adhesives for sealing letters. The use of synthetic materials for hot melt adhesives was developed in the 1960s. 
Hot-melt adhesives fall into three major classes: 
1) polyethylene homopolymers, 
2) polyethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers and 
3) polyamides (nylons). 
Polyethylene homopolymers melt at low temperatures and are used for sealing boxes and bags. Nylons melt at high temperatures and are used in special cases, such as for furniture, shoes and clothing. Ethylene copolymers are the most versatile of the three types. They exhibit good adhesion and have moderate melting temperatures. Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers can be formulated to remain soft and tacky or to become hard, rigid. Many formulations contain waxes, plasticizers, fillers and antioxidants. Some other synthetic resins, such as polyurethanes, polyesters and polyimides have been used for special application hot-melt adhesives. 
Hot Melt Adhesives bond to a wide variety of substrates such as corrugated, beadboard, repacking chipboard, recouperage, wood and many other lightweight materials.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hot melt adhesives; hot glue; hot-glue; adhesivo que funde por calentamiento (Esp.)
Products: Elvax [DuPont]; Ultrathene [USI]; 3M Hot-melt glue sticks; Jet-Melt #3764 [3M]; Bostick #6363; Evostik #7702;
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
== Resources and Citations ==
* J.D.Domine, R.H.Schaufelberger, "Ethylene Copolymer Based Hot Melt Adhesives" in Handbook of Adhesives, I.Skeist (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1977, p.495-506.
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "adhesive" [Accessed February 12, 2002]
* Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-melt_adhesive (Accessed October 25, 2020)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Irving Skeist, Handbook of Adhesives, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1977
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory:AdhesivesCategory: Adhesive: Hot-melt
Hot-setting adhesive

== Description ==
An adhesive activated by temperatures above 100C (212F). Once heated, a hot-setting adhesive will seal and remain sealed when cooled.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hot setting adhesive; termoadhesivo (Esp.); colle à chaud (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Houndstooth check

== Description ==
A two-color, broken twill weave pattern that produces a checkerboard of four pointed stars.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hound's-tooth; hound's tooth; dogstooth check
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Website: www.fabrics.net
Category:Materials database
House fly

== Description ==
A household pest of the Muscidae family (Musca domestica) commonly found in North America. House flies have two semi-transparent wings, a black body with tiny tail bristles and a short fleshy proboscis. They feed on decayed matter, plant and animal juices, and are attracted to prepared foods. House flies are a nuisance and transmit diseases (typhoid, dysentery, cholera) and leave black droppings (fly speck). See also flypaper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
housefly; Musca domestica
==Resources and Citations==
* MuseumPest.net at Link
* University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology: House fly
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: Fly. Retrieved June 17, 2003.
* D.J. Borror, R.E. White, A Field Guide to Insects, Peterson Field Guides, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1970
Category:Materials database
House longhorn beetle

== Description ==
A dull black or brown beetle, Hylotrupes bajulus, with a thin border of white hairs. The house longhorn beetle larvae eat softwoods such as roof and floor timbers. The adult insects fly from June to August. The larvae grow in length to 15 to 20 mm. The larval stage lasts 3 to 11 years causing serious damage to an infested structure. The house longhorn beetle produces large tunnels and emergence holes with an oval cross section 5 to 7 mm in diameter.
== Additional Images ==
File:5316029_Old.house.borer_adult.overall.jpg|Old house borer
File:5315096_Old.house.borer_larvae.jpg|Old house borer
==Resources and Citations==
* MuseumPest.net at Link
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art, ICCROM, Rome, 1991
Category:Materials database
Huckaback

== Description ==
A soft, absorbent fabric woven with bird's eye pattern. Huckaback, or huck, is made from cotton and/or linen and is primarily used for towels. The name for a hotel or linen supply company is sometimes woven into the center of each square.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
huck; huckabuck
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Hudson River bluestone

== Description ==
A dark bluish gray sandstone quarried in the Catskill Mountains near the Hudson River in New York. In the 19th century, Hudson River bluestone was used for sidewalks and curbs. It was also carved for the basin of the Bethesda Fountain in Central Park (Bucher 1996).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
New York bluestone
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Hue

== Description ==
The perceived color of an object. Hue is determined by the wavelength distribution of radiation emitted from a surface. The radiant energy is processed by the human eye and perceived as a color, i.e., red, blue, yellow, etc. Hue is one of the three coordinates used in the Munsell system of color notation. In the Munsell color system there are ten major divisions of hue: 
* R-Red
* BG-BlueGreen
* YR-YellowRed
* B-Blue
* Y-Yellow
* PB-PurbleBlue
* GY-GreenYellow
* P-Purple
* G-Green
* RP-RedPurple
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Hull fiber

== Description ==
Fibers obtained from the dry outer covering of a fruit, seed, nut, or husk. Hull fibers are obtained from cotton, kapok, and coconuts. The short fibers obtained from the outer covering of the cottonseed are called linters.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hull fibre; fibra de semilla (Esp.); vezel van een bolster (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Human hair

== Description ==
Hair primarily grown from the scalp of humans (Homo sapiens). Human hair is a cylindrical tube composed mostly of keratin. The shaft is covered with thin, flat scales and the central core often contains pigments of red, black, or brown. Commercially, human hair has often been used for wigmaking. A small amount of long, black, human hair has also been used for brushmaking.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Growth rate = 1 cm/month 
Human hair is strong (a single strand can hold 100g)
== Additional Images ==
File:humanlarge.jpg|Human hair
File:03 Caucasoid Head hair 200X_comp.jpg|Caucasoid Head hair at 200x
File:03 Caucasoid Head hair 500X adj.jpg|Caucasoid Head hair at 500x
File:01 Mongoloid Head hair 500X_comp.jpg|Mongoloid Head hair at 500x
File:02 Negroid Head hair 500X_comp.jpg|Negroid Head hair at 500x
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: hair" [Accessed October 16, 2003].
* Zora Sweet Pinney, 'A Handle on the Terms used for Artists' Brushes', unpublished glossary, 1999
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Human skin

== Description ==
record not written yet but has images and citations. 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
skin
==Resources and Citations==
* NPS: Curatorial Care of Objects Made From Leather and Skin Products
* Paul Storch, "Curatorial Care and Handling of Skin Materials, Part I: Tanned Objects." Conservation Notes #17 (January 1987)
* Paul Storch, 'Curatorial care and handling of skin materials: Part II Semi-tanned skin' Conservation Notes #18 (February 1987)
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 447
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Marjory L. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Fort Worth, TX, 1986
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Humectant

== Description ==
A hygroscopic additive that aids in the retention of moisture. Humectants are added to keep a material from becoming dry, hard, or stiff. Glycerol is an example of an humectant. Humectants are used in leathers to restore suppleness. Commercially they are used in bakery products, tobacco, and flexible glues.
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* AMOL reCollections Glossary -http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/h/htm
Category:Materials database
Humidifier

== Description ==
A device for increasing the amount of moisture in the air of a room or building.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
humidify; humidification; humudificateur (Fr.); humidificador (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/htm
Category:Materials database
Humidistat

== Description ==
An instrument designed to measure and regulate the amount of moisture in the air. A humidistat, like a thermostat, monitors current conditions and changes. When the humidity reaches either the low or high set point, the humidistat triggers the operation of a humidifier or dehumidifier.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hygrostat; Feuchtigkeitsregler (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Conditioning, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, E41, 23-24, Sep-92
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Humidity

== Description ==
The amount of moisture vapor in the air. Humidity is a function of temperature and pressure (altitude). Absolute humidity is the number of pounds of water in dry air. Relative humidity is the absolute humidity divided by the maximum pounds of water that the air is capable of holding at that temperature. Thus, the air is totally saturated at 100% relative humidity. Some chemicals change color with humidity such as cobaltous chloride; it is pink when hydrated and blue when anhydrous.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
absolute humidity; relative humidity; (Luft-)Feuchtigkeit (Deut.); humidité de l'air (Fr.); humidade (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Conditioning, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, E41, 23-24, Sep-92
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Humidity indicator card

== Description ==
A chemically modified paper card used as a general indicator of relative humidity. A humidity indicator card contains several small discs of absorbent paper impregnated with varying proportions of cobalt chloride. Anhydrous cobalt chloride is blue and the hydrated salt is pink. The discs change color according to the atmospheric humidity and provide an general level of relative humidity ranging from 10 to 100 %. Temperature can affect the readings; high temperatures may cause the card to indicate a humidity lower that what is actually present.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
humidity card; RH indicator card; HIC; Hydrion [University Products]; 6-spot HIC [Static Control]; SMD Humitector [Humidial Corp.]
==Resources and Citations==
* AGM Container controls: Humidity Indicator Technical handbook
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 206
* Marjorie Shelley, The Care and Handling of Art Objects, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
* Preserv'Art at http://preservart.ccq.mcc.gouv.qc.ca/ProduitFiche.aspx?NoProduit=P0240
Category:Materials database
Humidity ratio

== Description ==
A rarely used value which is calculated as the ratio of the mass of water vapor versus the mass of dry air. It is not the same as relative humidity.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Wassergehalt (Deut.); teor de humidade (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Conditioning, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, E41, 23-24, Sep-92
Category:Materials database