Knockback

Knockback is the measure of how far an attack sends its target. For most attacks, knockback increases as damage on a character increases. An example of an attack with high knockback is Bowser's forward smash; it launches opponents very far, so far that at high damages it's more powerful than a Home-Run Bat's smash attack. Pikachu's neutral attack, on the other hand, has very low knockback - it hardly sends opponents anywhere, even at ludicrous damages. Attacks with relatively low knockback tend to be good for combos.
==Basic physics==
The knockback of almost every attack works in tandem with the target's damage - it increases as the target's damage gets higher. It is also affected by the target's weight, gravity, and a few other conditions (such as type effectiveness). While not the primary factor, the damage dealt by an attack is a significant factor in how much knockback it deals - this is the reason stale moves have less knockback than fresh ones, and the reason smash attacks deal significantly more knockback when fully charged.
Each hitbox of a move has two knockback values: a base knockback and a knockback scaling (also known as knockback growth). Base knockback is the minimum amount of knockback the attack can deliver under normal circumstances, and knockback scaling is a factor that controls how much the knockback increases as damage increases.
Moves with high base knockback can deal high knockback (such as performing a forward smash with the Home-Run Bat), even against fighters who haven't taken much damage, and tend to be more effective at KOing when fighters can easily be sent flying at low damage percentages (such as against lighter fighters, when near the edge of the stage, or when a fighter is handicapped to sustain more knockback). They are also useful for positional advantages or to set up edgeguarding, as victims can be sent a sufficient distance away from the stage regardless of percentage. Tiny-sized fighters are usually the most vulnerable to getting KO'd by high base knockback attacks, due to having reduced weight, and an increased knockback taken multiplier.
On the other hand, moves with high knockback scaling can reach KO potential more quickly (such as Luigi's forward smash), especially if they have a high damage output, and tend to be more effective at KOing when fighters need to take greater knockback than what a high base knockback attack can deliver on its own (such as against heavier fighters, when far away from a stage's blast line, or when a fighter is handicapped to sustain less knockback). Advanced techniques to extend survival, such as DI and momentum canceling, are also less effective the stronger a move's knockback scaling is.
In Melee, the highest knockback delivered and received by each character is given in a match's results screen, labeled as "Fastest Pitch" and "Top Speed" respectively, though the numbers lack meaning. In Brawl, the velocity applied (in units per 1000 frames) is provided instead of the knockback value (though it's simply knockback divided by 0.03). The unit is given as "mph"; while this would presumably mean "miles per hour", this is obviously not the case, as a 1,000 mph hit would barely send characters anywhere. In , knockback units are again shown without a meaning, while in , they are measured in "mph" as in Brawl, though in a lower scale. Strangely enough, knockback for a same move between the two games is actually shown in different scales: 's Warlock Punch, for instance, scores 102 units of knockback against at 0% damage (without other modifiers) in Smash 3DS, while scoring 53 mph under the same conditions in Smash U. Despite these differences among games, they all internally use the same knockback measurement units in accordance to the knockback formula, as evidenced by moves with unchanged damage and knockback values throughout them (such as Jigglypuff's back throw from Melee to Smash 4) keeping their knockback identical.
The following table gives an idea of various knockback strengths:
Knockback values in Brawl
Knockback	Velocity	Example
10 	333.33 	One stage builder block per second
33.6 	1120 	Jigglypuff's short hop
43.2 	1440 	Jigglypuff's first jump
63 	2100 	Fox dashing (without running)
80.0001 	2666.67 	The minimum amount of knockback required to cause tumbling
102.6 	3420 	Falco's first jump
131.43 	4381 	Sheik's footstool jump
172.5 	5750 	The approximate knockback needed to KO from the center of with the Sakurai angle DI'd down.
186 	6200 	The approximate knockback needed to KO from the center of Final Destination with the Sakurai angle and no DI.
204.75 	6825 	The approximate knockback needed to KO from the center of Final Destination with the Sakurai angle DI'd away.
300 	10000 	Jigglypuff's shield jump
In Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, when hitstun exceeds 32 frames, the process of the character getting launched is sped up for a duration proportional to the hitstun inflicted. This is especially noticeable near KO percentages, where characters fly away very quickly, then come to a stop almost immediately, effectively causing the launch to execute much faster. The effect is also more noticeable for moves which have high hitstun modifiers, such as Isabelle's neutral attack, which can even trigger the effect before the knockback is strong enough to cause tumbling. Because of this change, the hitstun they experience scales much more slowly at higher knockback values. According to director Masahiro Sakurai, this change was implemented to increase the overall speed of the game, by reducing the time during which launched characters are incapacitated.https://www.sourcegaming.info/2018/06/20/smash-is-special-part-1-sakurais-famitsu-column-vol-557/ The visual and mechanical differences this effect causes on knockback are notorious enough that it is often dubbed "balloon knockback" by the community, as it has similar physics to hitting a balloon in real life. Moves with set knockback retain traditional knockback physics.
===Launch rate===
:Launch rate is not to be confused with handicap.
Launch rate, also known as Damage % in Super Smash Bros. and Damage Ratio in Melee and Brawl, is a feature in all games that alters how much knockback is given and received (despite its name in Melee and Brawl, damage is unaffected).
All knockback in a match is multiplied by the launch rate value, which by default is 1.0×. This value can be set from as low as 0.5× (attacks have half knockback) to as high as 2.0× (attacks have double knockback). The minimum launch rate is ideal for combos, while the maximum launch rate is ideal for KOing opponents at extremely low percentages. However, the latter also affected attacks with set knockback up until Smash 4 and Ultimate, causing multihit attacks to not always combo into each other.
In competitive play, nonstandard launch rates are difficult to detect during games, which has led to some tournament matches unintentionally having been played at an incorrect launch rate. A notable example of this was a set between and at in 2010 that was played at 0.9×; this remained undiscovered for nine years. The infamous matches between and , and and at are more recent examples. Both matches were being played at a launch rate setting of 0.9×. The latter match gained notoriety, and soon became an inside joke in the community.
There has been some discussion among Brawls competitive community as to whether using a launch rate value other than the default 1.0 results in a more healthy metagame; 1.1× is a commonly-mentioned value claimed to make many polarizing attack chains (such as using Sheik's forward tilt into itself endlessly) less viable while also shortening the length of stocks. The idea has never attained serious consideration among tournament organizers.
===Angle indicator===
Visual effects known as angle indicators show when a hitbox collides with an opponent; as its name suggests, the angle indicator shows the angle of said hitboxes. In Brawl, angle indicators show different colors depending on who or what they hit. For player one, the angle indicator is red, with the second player's indicator being blue, and so forth. Computer-controlled opponents and objects like Sandbag have white angle indicators. Angle indicators appear in Super Smash Bros. as small "bubbles" appearing in the direction of the angle. In Smash 4, angle indicators appear as colorful, stylized "debris" flying off of an impact.
Smoke trails also indicate the angle at which a character is knocked away, but only appear when a character has taken a lot of damage, and are thus much less useful. In Smash 4, said smoke trails at higher knockback values are accompanied by thick light trails, colored depending on the player that dealt the knockback.
Skyworld3.jpg|Note the downward facing lines that indicate Donkey Kong's meteor smash.
Angleindicatorssb.jpg|The angle indicator in Super Smash Bros.
CaptainFTilt.JPG|An angle indicator in Smash 4.
==Formula==
===SSB===
\left ( \left ( \left ( \left ( \left ( {p \over 10} + {{p \times d} \over 20} \right ) \times w \times 1.4 \right ) + 18 \right ) \times s \right ) + b \right ) \times r
===Melee onward===
\left ( \left ( \left ( \left ( \left ( {p \over 10} + {{p \times d} \over 20} \right ) \times { 200 \over { w + 100} } \times 1.4 \right ) + 18 \right ) \times s \right ) + b \right ) \times r
Starting in Brawl, a second formula is also used to alter knockback based on the target's gravity:
(g - 0.075) \times 5
The result of this formula increases vertical launch speed if the target enters tumble. As a result, characters with higher gravity get launched faster than those with lower gravity, depending on how vertical the angle is, resulting in fighters with higher gravity stats having worsened vertical survivability, seemingly as an attempt to normalize the effect of combos and multi-hit moves on characters of differing gravity. This formula is also applied to moves that launch opponents downwards, though since vertical launch speed is negative in this case, the result of the formula effectively decreases it slightly instead, reducing the effectiveness of meteor smashes on fast fallers.
In Ultimate, moves that launch at angles between 70° and 110° now instead cause characters' falling speeds to be homogenized to a set value of 1.8 during hitstun. Furthermore, the additional launch speed from the gravity formula is no longer applied. As a result of these changes, falling speed no longer plays as much of a factor on determining a characters' vertical survivability, and moves that deal vertical knockback are generally easier to survive compared to Brawl and SSB4, thus making vertical survivability among the cast much more consistent than in previous games. Note that weight-independent moves do not homogenize falling speeds or use the different gravity value, so gravity and fall speed (especially the latter) still have an impact on the vertical survivability against those moves.
===Variables===
*p is the percentage of the target, counted after the attack's damage is added. In Stamina Mode this is set to 20.
**In Melee, p is floored pre-hits percentage + sum of hitbox damage(s) dealt to the character that frame, including staling and other modifiers.
*d is the damage the attack dealt.
**In SSB and Melee, it is the full damage without counting stale-move negation, except for projectiles, which use the stale damage and other possible modifiers.
**In Brawl, it is the damage including the staleness or the freshness bonus.
**In Smash 4 and Ultimate, it is the damage including 0.3x of the staleness or freshness bonus.
*w is the weight of the target. It is set to 100 if the attack is weight independent. Note that in SSB, heavier characters have a lower weight value than lighter ones, in accordance with the formula.
*s is the attack's knockback scaling (also known as knockback growth) divided by 100 (so a scaling of 110 is input as 1.1).
*b is the attack's base knockback.
*r is a series of ratios based on a number of factors, including:
**Difficulty
**Handicap (in SSB and Melee)
**Single-player mode conditions (e.g. in Melees Event 24: The Yoshi Herd, all s give x0.5 knockback while taking x3.7 knockback)
**Launch rate (between x0.5 and x2.0)
**Crouching penalty/Crouch cancel factor (x0.67 in SSB, x0.666667 Melee, and x0.85 in Smash 4)
**Smash charge interruption bonus prior to Ultimate (x1.2, Melee onwards, applied if the opponent was charging a smash attack when hit)
**Frozen penalty factor (x0.25 in Melee). Characters in frozen state take reduced knockback.
**Type effectiveness (x1.1 for super effective, x0.9 for not very effective, specific to , , and in Brawl)
**Size changes made by the Super Mushroom, Poison Mushroom, and Lightning Bolt (less knockback is dealt to giant-sized fighters, while tiny fighters take more knockback than normal)
**Rage (between x1 and x1.15 in Smash 4 and between x1 and x1.1 in Ultimate)
The total amount of knockback dealt can also be subtracted by the target's knockback resistance, which is applied after all the other calculations have been made. However, hitboxes that have the bury effect can ignore the knockback resistance.
If the move has a fixed knockback value set, then d is set to that value, and p is always 10. As a result, the knockback dealt is independent of current damage, damage dealt, and ignores stale-move negation's knockback modifiers. However, it still remains dependent on other factors.
To determine how far a character is launched away, the numerical amount of knockback caused is multiplied by 0.03 to calculate launch speed, and the initial value of launch speed then decays by 0.051 every frame, so that the character eventually loses all momentum from the knockback. During this time, character-specific attributes such as air friction are disabled; however, falling speed still takes effect, giving fast fallers better endurance against vertical knockback than others of their weight.
==Deadly Blow==
Deadly Blow is an aesthetic effect in Smash 4 and Ultimate. Attacks dealing strong enough knockback to KO opponents before they can act afterwards produce a red-and-black lightning effect on contact. This effect tends to appear slightly after the actual damage percentage at which an attack can start KOing. For example, 's Rest can KO Mario on the 3DS version's with no DI starting at 60%, but the effect doesn't appear until 62%.
This effect works depending on the distance required to KO the character rather than the actual strength of the knockback; for example, a forward or back throw towards a walk-off blast line will trigger the effect if the throw effectively KOs, even at low damage percentages where it would be otherwise very weak, while strong attacks launching foes from one side of the stage to the other will not display the effect if they don't KO, even if the knockback is strong enough to do so otherwise. Attacks that freeze do not produce this effect at any percentage, instead simply causing the screen to flash white. Meteor smashes also do not produce the effect until higher percentages.
The Deadly Blow activating does not necessarily guarantee a KO. The game does not consider stage walls, ceilings, or other obstacles that can otherwise change the trajectory of knockback (thereby preventing or causing a KO) when determining whether the lightning appears. DI Is also not taken into account, meaning players can still save themselves after the effect is displayed if the attack can just barely KO them.
In Ultimate, when a move is expected to end the match (that is, when all remaining opponents are on their last stock and hits the last character not already in lethal knockback or a Star KO), this effect is accompanied by a dramatic slowdown alongside a red background and a unique, much more intense sound effect, with the camera zooming in on the character. This is referred to as Finish Zoom by Masahiro Sakurai and his development team.
==Other physics of knockback==
*Bouncing off a surface reduces knockback by 20% in Melee and Smash 4 and 15% in Brawl and 5% in Ultimate. Landing a meteor smash or spike on a grounded opponent counts as a bounce, if enough knockback was dealt. Because the bounce occurs after the hit, the amount of hitstun suffered is not reduced a corresponding amount, meaning that downwards-hitting attacks tend to be excellent combo starters.
**In Melee, bouncing off a floor from spike only reduces vertical component of knockback velocity by 20%. Meanwhile, bouncing off walls and ceilings reduces total velocity by 20%.
*In all games, the screen will commonly flash white when a character receives knockback that is greater than or equal to 160 units; however, the screen will flash into a different color when they're launched far by an elemental attack (i.e. red for flame attacks, blue for electric attacks, etc.).
*In Brawl, characters that take enough knockback to be sent tumbling will slightly damage opponents they run into while flying. This hitbox belongs to the character that dealt the knockback, and inflicts minor damage (usually from 1% to 4%) and knockback depending on how powerfully the character was launched. This is also present in Melee and Smash 64, but only applies to characters who receive knockback after a throw (not counting special move grabs like Falcon/Dark Dive and Koopa Klaw). This property was later removed in Smash 4, where launched opponents simply fly through other characters like in previous games.
**A similar effect is used against enemies in The Subspace Emissary, Smash Run and Master Fortress, known as careening, or the cannonball effect in Smash 4. When an enemy is defeated, it is sent flying at an angle (depending on the attack that KO'd it) and deals major damage to other enemies it runs into, before disappearing.
*Characters with armor will take no knockback, or reduced knockback.
*In Smash 4 and Ultimate, characters at higher percentages deal slightly more knockback, a factor popularly known as "rage".The "Rage Effect" In Smash 4, rage starts building up at 35% damage and caps at 150%, at which the character deals 15% more knockback than normal, or 10% more in Ultimate.
*Characters in the background plane of Jungle Hijinxs take more knockback.
*In Smash 4, launch speed influence can increase launch speed to a maximum of x1.095 by holding up on the control stick, or decrease it to a minimum of x0.92 by holding down. From update 1.0.4 onward, this does not apply if the target is launched at an angle between 65° and 115°, or between 245° and 295°.
*In Smash 4, buried characters take 30% less knockback from attacks, provided these are strong enough to hit them out of said state.
==Set knockback==
Set knockback, also referred to as fixed knockback, is a property of some attacks where the amount of knockback dealt by the attack is always the same regardless of the damage the opponent has received so far, stale-move negation, or how much damage the attack does. Moves with this property can be thought of as only having base knockback with no scaling, though this is actually not the case. Usually, set knockback is used for the first hits of a natural combo or multi-hit move, while the last hit deals normal knockback (sometimes called "scaling knockback" to contrast), to make it easier for the entire attack to hit regardless of the opponent's damage. While damage is not a factor for set knockback, the character's weight still is, so the terms weight-dependent set knockback or weight based knockback are sometimes used. Starting in Brawl, the effect of Damage Ratios (Launch Rates) for fixed knockback was drastically reduced, to the point where the in game Damage Ratio setting would have only a small effect on their knockback. Additionally, Shulk's Smash Monado Art is ignored entirely in Smash 4. However, other modifiers on knockback, such as rage, crouch cancelling, or smash attack charging bonus are still calculated normally, which in the case of rage can lead to unintended early KO setups in normal gameplay. In Ultimate, the effect of both types of knockback modifiers on set knockback was removed altogether, so set knockback is much harder to modify.
===List of set knockback moves===
====Super Smash Bros.====
With the exception of , all characters in Super Smash Bros. have at least one move with set knockback.
*'s , Spinning Kong, and Hand Slap.
*'s down angled , , (first hit), Blaster and Reflector.
*'s (all but landing hit).
*'s Final Cutter (excluding the projectile), , (all but last hit), , (landing hit), and Inhale.
*'s up smash (first two hits).
*'s sourspotted Super Jump Punch, , , and .
*'s Super Jump Punch (all but last hit), , and Mario Tornado.
*' PK Fire (all but first hit).
*'s .
*'s and Screw Attack.
*'s , , Egg Lay, and Yoshi Bomb (stars).
====Super Smash Bros. Melee====
*All windboxes.
*'s neutral attack (first hit), 's looping hits and .
*'s (first and second hits), (first hit), (first hit) and his uncharged smash attack with a Home-Run Bat.
*'s Hand Slap.
*'s (first and second hits), , Super Jump Punch and Dr. Tornado (excluding both specials' final hits).
*'s Blaster.
*'s (first hit), and Reflector.
*'s (first hit).
*' .
*'s (first and second hits), down angled , , Super Jump Punch, Mario Tornado, (excluding their respective final hits).
*'s (outer hitboxes).
*'s neutral attack (first hit), and (excluding their respective final hits).
*'s (first hit and infinite) and Judge #8.
*'s (first two hits).
*'s (first four hits).
*'s (landing hitbox), (in the air), Final Cutter (up and down cuts) and (first nine kicks).
*'s (first two hits) and Spin Attack (air, all but final hit).
*'s (first and second hits), down angled and .
*'s neutral attack (first hit) and Peach Parasol (first hit).
*'s .
*'s .
*'s (multihits), Double-Edge Dance (hit 3 down, all but final hit) and Blazer.
*'s (all but final hit) and Screw Attack (ground, final hit only).
*'s (first hit).
*'s .
*'s (first hit), (first two hits) and Spin Attack (air, all but final hit).
*'s , , (excluding their respective final hits) and (flames).
*Red Shell.
====Super Smash Bros. Brawl====
*Many jabs, such as 's, have set knockback for all but their last hit.
*Many multi-hitting smash attacks have setup hits with set knockback (e.g., 's up and down smashes).
*All windboxes.
*'s (looping hits).
*'s and (first hit of both).
*'s (first hit) and (first hit).
*'s (second hit), (first hit) and (first two hits).
*'s (first hit), (all but final hit) and Blaster.
*'s (first hit).
*'s (first hit).
*'s (first hit) and (all but final hit).
*'s , (excluding their respective final hits) and .
*'s (landing hitbox), Final Cutter (up and down strokes) and (first nine kicks).
*'s (first two hits) and (first hit).
*'s (launcher), (launcher) and (hitbox ID 1 only, first three hits).
*'s down angled , and sourspotted Super Jump Punch.
*'s Mario Tornado and Super Jump Punch (excluding their respective final hits).
*'s (launcher).
*'s , , , Mach Tornado (excluding their respective final hits) and (first nine kicks).
*'s (all but final hit) and Judge #8.
*'s (first two hits), (charging hitbox) and (charging hitbox).
*'s (looping hits).
*'s (launcher).
*'s (all but final hit).
*'s (first hit) and (first hit).
*'s (first hit), (launcher), and (excluding their respective final hits).
*'s , (launcher) and (excluding their respective final hits).
*'s (first hit).
*'s (looping hits).
*'s (3rd hit onward) and .
*'s , , , (excluding their respective final hits) and (flames).
*'s (launcher).
====Super Smash Bros. 4====
*Many neutral attacks, such as 's, have set knockback for all but their last hit.
*All windboxes, except for 's , 's Tempest, and 's and down taunt.
*'s neutral attack infinite (rapid jab and first hit of finisher), (early launcher), (Bayonetta's foot) and late After Burner Kick.
*'s (first hit), Whirling Fortress (ground, all but final hit) and Bowser Bomb (scooping hitbox).
*'s Mechakoopa (first hit).
*'s and (first hit of both).
*'s (first hit) and Fly (launcher and looping hits).
*'s (first two hits) and (first hit).
*'s , , (excluding their respective final hits) and .
*'s Dr. Tornado (looping hits).
*'s (first hit), , (excluding their respective final hits) and Blaster.
*'s (first hit) and (excluding final hit).
*'s (first hit).
*'s Aether (first and second hits).
*'s and (excluding their respective final hits).
*'s (landing hitbox), Final Cutter (up and down slices) and (all kicks).
*'s (first two hits), (first hit) and Spin Attack (air, all but final hit).
*'s (first hit), and (launcher).
*'s (launcher), (launcher) and (hitbox ID 1 only, first three hits).
*'s and sourspotted Super Jump Punch.
*'s Mario Tornado and Super Jump Punch (first five hits for both).
*'s (launcher).
*'s , , (against an aerial oponent) (excluding their respective final hits), Drill Rush (first multihit) and (first nine kicks).
*'s and (excluding their respective final hits).
*'s (all but final hit), (hitbox ID 1 only, looping hits) and Judge #8.
*'s (first two hits) and (first, third and fourth hits).
*'s (first three hits).
*'s (first hit), (looping hits), Toad (all but first and final hits) and Peach Parasol (launcher and multihits).
*'s and (both moves' looping hits).
*'s (launcher) and (launcher).
*'s held (first hit), tapped and (first hit).
*'s , , , Screw Attack (ground) and Screw Rush (excluding their respective final hits).
*'s (first hit), (first hit) and Vanish (reappearance hit).
*'s Air Slash (first hit), along with the first hits of , , , and .
*'s Spin Attack (ground: looping hits; air: first three hits).
*'s late , (looping hits), Chomp (biting hitbox) and Corkscrew (all but final hit).
*'s Yoshi Bomb (launcher).
*'s , , , (excluding their respective final hits) and (flames).
*'s (launcher), Paralyzer and Boost Kick (all but final hit).
====Super Smash Bros. Ultimate====
*'s (first hit), Whirling Fortress (ground, all but final hit) and Bowser Bomb (scooping hitbox).
*'s (scoop, and multihits), (hits 1-7), (hits 1-2) and .
*'s neutral attack infinite (first hit of finisher), (early launcher), (Bayonetta's foot), sweetspotted (only against a grounded opponent), late After Burner Kick (up) and Witch Twist (launcher and multihits).
*'s , (excluding their respective final hits) and Sword of the Creator (launcher).
*'s (first hit).
*'s (some of first hit) and Fly (launcher and looping hits).
*'s (multihits) and Soaring Slash (excluding the landing hitbox).
*'s (first two hits) and (first hit).
*'s , and (excluding their respective final hits).
*'s Dr. Tornado (looping hits).
*'s (first hit), , (excluding their respective final hits), Blaster and Fire Bird (hits 1-8).
*'s (first hit).
*'s Alolan Whip when failing and Revenge when countering an attack.
*'s Bullet Seed (clean and late launchers).
*'s Rebel's Guard when releasing.
*'s tapped (close) and tapped .
*'s and (excluding their respective final hits).
*'s (landing hitbox), Final Cutter (up and down slashes) and (first nine kicks).
*'s (first two hits), (first hit) and Spin Attack (air, all but final hit).
*'s (first hit), and (launcher).
*'s (launcher), (launcher), (hitbox ID 1 only, first three hits) and PK Thunder 2 (looping hits).
*'s Luigi Cyclone (windbox), and .
*'s F.L.U.D.D., (landing), Cape, Super Jump Punch (hits 1-6) and .
*'s (launcher).
*'s , , (excluding their respective final hits), Drill Rush (multihits), Shuttle Loop (first hit) and (first nine kicks).
*'s and (excluding their respective final hits).
*'s Gale Strike.
*'s (all but final hit) and Judge #8.
*'s (first two hits), (charging hitbox), (charge, first back hit and first front hit), (multihits) and PSI Magnet.
*'s (first hit), (looping hits) and Peach Parasol (launcher and multihits).
*'s and (both moves' looping hits).
*'s and (both moves' looping hits).
*'s (launcher) and (launcher) and Arm Rotor (all but final hit).
*'s and Blazer (excluding their respective final hits).
*'s tapped (close), held forward tilt (first hit), tapped and (first hit).
*'s , , and Screw Attack (excluding their respective final hits).
*'s (first hit), (first hit) and Vanish (reappearance hit).
*'s (launcher), and (excluding their respective final hits).
*'s (launcher), and Waterfall (excluding their respective final hits).
*'s Spin Attack (ground and air, all but final hit).
*'s (looping hits), Chomp (biting hitbox) and Corkscrew (all but final hit).
*'s Yoshi Bomb (launcher).
*'s (first two hits), (first hit) and Spin Attack (ground and air, all but final hit).
*'s , (excluding their respective final hits) and (flames).
*'s (launcher), Paralyzer and Boost Kick (all but final hit).
==No knockback==
From Melee onward, there are certain attacks that deal zero knockback, causing damage as usual but not flinching, meaning that the hit character can still perform any actions while being attacked. Most attacks with no knockback can rack up damage quickly, as they can hit foes repeatedly without launching them away from their range. These moves can also be used to "steal" KOs from opponents in free for all battles, as while they do not cause knockback, they will take ownership of the KO on an already fatally struck opponent. Fox's Blaster is the most well known example of an attack with no knockback. Due to the fact that it does not deal knockback, it will not interrupt an opponent's moves or force them out of a punishable state such as being asleep or being stuck in the ending lag of a missed Rest. Idle characters in Brawl and SSB4 will also turn around if they are repeatedly struck with moves that deal no knockback, which is noticeable with 's Blaster.
In Melee, phantom hits usually damage foes, but without any knockback. It is also possible for any character to receive no knockback from attacks by certain factors, such as by being giant and metal simultaneously on a low launch rate battle, and as mentioned above, armor will prevent characters from taking knockback while active.
===List of moves with no knockback===
*'s shots in both his neutral special and throws (except his forward throw) in Melee onward.
*'s Mario Tornado in Melee (hit 1).
*'s Dr. Tornado in Melee (hit 1).
*'s (furthest hitboxes) in Brawl.
*'s Hand Grenades (when striking the opponent without exploding) in all games.
*'s antenna during his and in Brawl.
*'s Short-Order Chef (some types of food) in SSB4.
*'s Judge #1 in all games.
*'s Burst Blaster in SSB4.
*'s Pikmin Toss (except for Purple Pikmin) in all games.
*'s Cape in all games. While it has knockback programmed, the reverse effect overrides this, and instead adds a fixed amount of momentum to opponents. Will deal knockback to opponents hanging on the ledge in Ultimate, and puts opponents on the ledge into hitstun in Melee.
*'s Super Sheet in all games. While it has knockback programmed, the reverse effect overrides this, and instead adds a fixed amount of momentum to opponents. Will deal knockback to opponents hanging on the ledge in Ultimate, and puts opponents on the ledge into hitstun in Melee.
*'s Bullet Arts (at a distance from Bayonetta) in all games.
*'s Poison Breath in Ultimate.
*'s Gun (at a distance from Joker) in Ultimate.
*Togepi's Leech Seed.
*The flower, poison and curse statuses.
*The "crush" of and during their grab attacks in Melee.
*Amaranthine gas in The Subspace Emissary.
*Some consecutive-hitting attacks used by bosses (such as Rayquaza's Thunder).
==Weight-independent knockback==
Introduced in version 1.1.0 of SSB4, certain moves are coded to ignore the target's weight when inflicting knockback, instead using a set value of the default 100. As a result, they are much more consistent across the cast when used as set-up hits and similar.
===List of moves with weight-independent knockback===
====Super Smash Bros. 4====
*'s (all except infinite finisher), (hits 1-2), (hits 1-2), (clean), Heel Slide (ground dash and last hit, air dash) and Witch Twist.
*'s (hit 1 clean).
*'s neutral attack (hit 2), (hits 1-2), (hit 1), Cross Slash (hits 1-4) and Climhazzard (most of non-Limit hit 2).
*'s neutral attack (hit 2) and Draconic Ascent (loop hits).
*'s (infinite loop).
*'s (hit 1).
*'s (hit 1 clean).
*'s (hit 1 clean (hitbox ID value 2 only)).
*'s (hits 1-2) and Hammer Bash (air hit 1).
*'s Spin Attack (air all but last hit).
*'s .
*'s (hit 1) and Dancing Blade (hit 2 down, hit 3 down).
*'s (hit 1) and Dancing Blade (hit 2 down, hit 3 down).
*'s (infinite loop).
*'s (hits 1-2).
*'s (hit 2).
*'s (hits 1-4) and Screw Attack (hits 1-10).
*'s forward smash (hit 1).
*'s (hits 1-2).
*'s Plasma Whip (all but last hit).
A few moves not only treat the opponent's weight as 100, but also temporarily set their gravity to 0.085 and falling speed to 1.5, making their knockback even less character-dependant. However, since the gravity and falling speed alterations are temporary, the knockback is still heavily affected by them, and so the vertical KO power of such moves is heavily skewed towards fast-falling characters surviving much longer than heavy ones.
*'s Finishing Touch (hitbox on frames 16 and 19-26, but not 17-18 or 27-32) (gravity and fall speed set for 22 frames)
*'s Meteor Trampoline (clean meteor) (gravity and fall speed set for 5 frames)
====Ultimate====
In Ultimate, weight independence is now programmable from a standard flag within hitbox scripts, and as such its effect has been homogenised. If active, all fighters are treated as having a weight of 100 when calculating the attack's knockback, and a fall speed of 1.5 and gravity of 0.087 for the first 10 frames of the launch, before reverting back to a fighter's regular fall speed and gravity. Notably, this effect overrides the homogenised fall speed and gravity used by attacks which have an angle between 70˚ and 110˚.
*'s (all except for the rapid jab and the second hit of the rapid jab finisher), (hits 1-2), (hit 1), (input 1-2), Heel Slide, After Burner Kick and Witch Twist.
*'s Whirling Fortress (ground) and Bowser Bomb (first hit and spike).
*'s (hits 1-2) and Abandon Ship! (hits 1-2).
*'s (hit 3), (loop hits/landing hit) and (loop hits).
*'s (hit 1).
*'s (some of hit 1).
*'s (loop hits), (hit 1), Double-Edge Dance (input 1-3) and Soaring Slash (hits 1-2).
*'s (hits 1-2), (hit 1), Cross Slash (all hits except final) and Climhazzard (no Limit/some of hit 2).
*'s (hit 2), , Dragon Fang Shot and Draconic Ascent (loop hits).
*'s (hit 1) and Daisy Parasol (hits 1-2/when parasol is open).
*'s (hit 1).
*'s (hits 2-4) and Screw Attack (loop hits).
*'s (hits 1-2), (hits 1-2) and (hits 1-2).
*'s (hit 1).
*'s (hit 1) and (hit 1).
*'s (hit 1) and Water Shuriken (full charge; loop hits).
*'s (hit 1), Kazap (hits 2-3) Magic Burst (loop hits), Woosh, Swoosh (hit 1) and Kaswoosh (loop hits).
*'s Aether (hit 1-3).
*'s Cross Chop (hit 1/semi-spike) and Revenge when countering an attack.
*'s (hit 1).
*'s (loop hits) and Lloid Trap (loop hits).
*'s Bullet Seed (launcher).
*'s (hit 1) (loop hits) and (hit 1).
*'s (hit 1-2), (collateral hit) and Final Cutter (hit 1).
*'s (hit 1-2), (hit 1), (hit 1) and Spin Attack (air; all hits except final).
*'s (hit 1) and (hit 1).
*'s .
*'s (scooping hitbox), (hit 1) and Dancing Blade (input 1-3).
*'s Luigi Cyclone (windbox) and (hit 4).
*'s Mario Tornado (loop hits) and Super Jump Punch (loop hits).
*'s (scooping hitbox), (hit 1) and Dancing Blade (input 1-3).
*'s Mach Tornado (loop hits) and Shuttle Loop (hit 1).
*'s (hit 1), (hits 1-3) and Judge #8.
*'s Lightning Buster (prior to software version ).
*'s (hit 1) and (hits 1-3).
*'s (hit 1-2).
*'s (hit 1) and Peach Parasol (hits 1-2/when parasol is open).
*'s Thunder (projectile).
*'s (loop hits and (loop hits).
*'s Piranhacopter (loop hits).
*'s (hit 1).
*'s (loop hits), (hit 1) (loop hits) and Uppercut (loop hits).
*'s (hits 1-2).
*'s (Luma).
*'s (loop hits), (final hit), Double-Edge Dance (input 1-3) and Blazer (loop hits).
*'s (hits 2-4) and Screw Attack (loop hits).
*'s (hit 1).
*'s (loop hits), (hit 1) (loop hits) and Uppercut (loop hits).
*'s (hit 1) and (final hit).
*'s (loop hits).
*'s (loop hits).
*'s Rising Tackle (loop hits).
*'s Spin Attack (air; all hits except final).
*'s (hit 1) and (loop hits).
*'s Corkscrew.
*'s Fire Wolf (loop hits).
*'s (hit 1-2).
*'s (hit 1-2), (hit 1), (hit 1) and Spin Attack (air; all hits except final).
*'s (hits 1-3).
*'s Plasma Whip (loop hits).
In addition, all throws in Melee treat the opponent's weight as 100.
Lastly, some attack effects have weight independent properties, which include the bury, paralyze, and stun effects. However, only the bury effect can ignore knockback resistance.
==Knockback stacking==
Knockback stacking is the means by which knockback is applied to a target that has already been launched by a previous move. Depending on the game and situation, the new knockback can replace the old knockback entirely, have no effect at all, or have its properties merged with the old knockback. In games where knockback stacking is more common, it is an important aspect to consider for combos, as a character will have already been launched when hit by a subsequent move, therefore altering the followup move's properties.
===In Melee===
In Melee, knockback stacking occurs if both hits are separated by 10 or more frames, and if the target does not stay on the ground. Otherwise, the second hit's knockback completely replaces the first's. This can lead to noticeable scenarios where strong hits can be canceled into much weaker ones, which is mostly prevalent in team battles or with certain items. This also prevents knockback stacking in cases such as waveshine combos, when a character heavy enough to not be knocked down by 's shine is hit back and forth in opposing directions.
Knockback stacking for both hits is done separately for the horizontal and vertical components of their knockback. If both vectors have equal directions on one axis, the stronger component prevails, whereas if they have opposing directions, they are merged via vector addition. This often leads to the resulting knockback having a different angle than either of the previous hits alone. For example, if a character is struck up and right by a strong hit, then up and left by an equally strong hit, the character is sent straight up, due to the horizontal components canceling each other out. In this same example, if the second hit was stronger, the character would be launched up with the second hit's full vertical force, as well as weakly to the left. Knockback stacking occurs even if both hits come from the same character; as a result, there is often residual knockback from a previous hit in a combo, which must be taken into account when trying to follow up.
While knockback stacking alters the resulting angle and launch speed, hitstun always remains the same as if the second hit had struck the target without any merging. However, DI does apply to the resulting knockback vector, so knockback stacking needs to be taken into account for optimal DI. If the victim is grounded and gets spiked towards or in parallel to the ground at non-tumble knockback, they stay grounded, unless the hit also resets.
===Brawl onward===
From Brawl onward, knockback stacking behaves much differently, and its effects have been generally minimized. It now only occurs if both hits come from different sources, and if the second hit's resulting launch speed is lower than 0.8× of the first hit's launch speed at the time the second hit connects. Additionally, the first hit's launch speed and hitstun are retained throughout, instead of being merged and using the second hit's (respectively), and the resulting angle cannot be DIed. Furthermore, if the first hit's launch speed at the time the second hit connects is 2.65× of the second hit's or higher, the second hit's knockback is ignored, though it still applies hitlag. In any other case, the second hit fully overrides the first.
As a result of these changes, knockback stacking is generally no longer a factor for combos from a single character, and it is no longer possible for characters to cancel out strong knockback with significantly weaker attacks. However, hitboxes belonging to articles coded separately from a character, such as Bayonetta's Wicked Weaves, Fox's Fox Illusion, and all projectiles, are considered separate sources, and can thus be subjected to knockback stacking with physical moves from the character that produced them. In Smash 4 and Ultimate, this gives certain characters unique advantages with combo finishers, such as with Robin comboing Arcthunder (in Smash 4) or Arcfire into his down aerial's meteor smash, or Bayonetta comboing her forward smash into her down aerial's meteor smash on a Witch Timed opponent; both of these setups cause the opponent to be launched at a much lower angle horizontally, better securing KOs near the edge if the meteor smash would otherwise cause the opponent to land onstage.
The resulting angle from knockback stacking is determined by the of both hits' added knockback vectors, with the vertical component divided by the horizontal component. For example, stacking Robin's Arcthunder (50°) and down aerial meteor smash (270°) results in an angle of approximately 17.6°. This also means that moves with completely opposing horizontal strengths cannot stack, while moves with completely opposing vertical strengths will result in a perfectly horizontal angle. Worth noting is that when determining whether two moves can stack, the first hit's launch speed takes the gravity penalty into consideration, while the second hit's does not.
==Knockback chart==
The following is a chart demonstrating how much knockback each character sustains in Brawl. While weight is the primary attribute for determining how much knockback a character sustains, there are other attributes that factor in, such as a character's gravity. This results in some characters sustaining more knockback than lighter characters.
The knockback value shown is how much knockback a character sustains when hit with Marth's Critical Hit at 0%, arranged from least knockback sustained to most knockback sustained.
Rank	Character	Knockback sustained	Velocity applied
1 	 	490.8 	14724
2 	 	494.667 	14840
3 	 	499.367 	14981
4 	 	501.4 	15042
5 	 	504.667 	15140
6 	 	505.333 	15160
7 	 	508.467 	15254
8 	 	508.7 	15261
9 	 	509.533 	15286
10 	 	509.867 	15296
11 	 	513.3 	15399
12 	 	515.633 	15469
13 	 	517.133 	15514
14 	 	520.033 	15601
15 	 	520.833 	15625
16 	 	525.1 	15753
17 	 	525.7 	15771
18 	 	525.9 	15777
19 	 	531.9 	15957
20 	 	532.367 	15971
21 	 	532.8 	15984
22 	 	534.4 	16032
23 	 	536.2 	16086
24 	 	536.6 	16098
25 	 	536.967 	16109
26 	 	539.533 	16186
27 	 	546 	16380
28 	 	550.467 	16514
29 	 	556.267 	16688
30 	 	558.5 	16755
31 	 	561.567 	16847
32 	 	561.9 	16857
33 	 	565.5 	16965
34 	 	566 	16980
35 	 	566.933 	17008
36 	 	573.367 	17201
37 	 	574.133 	17224
38 	 	577.567 	17327
39 	 	589.1 	17673
==Trivia==
*All games have a knockback cap of 2500 (or a launch speed of 75 units per frame), fast enough to move from the edge of Battlefield to the center in less than one frame. Smash 4 introduced a cap for vertical launch speed of 10, or a little over 330 units of knockback vertically straight up. Additionally, attacks that surpass a vertical launch speed of 4.7 when crossing the upper blast line will cause Star KOs and Screen KOs to not occur. In Ultimate, the vertical launch speed cap was raised to 15, equivalent to 500 units of knockback.
**Because of this vertical knockback cap in Smash 4, if a fighter were to have an incredibly high fall speed and gravity, it would be impossible to KO them off the upper blast line (unless using an item such as a Beetle), no matter how much knockback they were given. This can be accomplished under specific conditions in the unmodified game, via the use of customs and special smash. In Ultimate, this is only possible by meteor smashing opponents off the ground, as fall speeds are set to 1.8 during hitstun for launch angles between 70° and 110°, and requires an even more extreme setup due to the vertical launch speed cap being raised.
*According to Masahiro Sakurai, the knockback speed up effect seen in Ultimate was planned to be implemented in previous Smash games, but ended up being scrapped because it was easy to lose track of characters' positions, especially in .
*Through hacking, the value of damage dealt in the knockback formula can be a negative number, in which case the game will run the calculation as normal, and as such knockback will decrease with percent if the damage is less than -2. Furthermore, a negative knockback value can be calculated, although this will simply result in zero knockback being dealt.
==References==
==External links==
*A list of all moves with set knockback in SSB outside of items and get up attacks.
*An online knockback calculator for Smash 4, including a visualizer for launch trajectory and frame data stored for every character.
**A link showing the minimum percentage needed for Falcon Punch to KO Mario from the center of Final Destination.
Category:Game physics