nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Flugger

[[file:Flugger Acrylspartel.jpg|thumb|400g tube of Flügger]
== Description ==
Flügger Flügger Group A/S is a bonding and filling acrylic spackle composed of butyl methacrylate and calcium carbonate.ConsDistList post, June 10, 2009 Kiffy Stainer-Hutchins . It is widely used as a filler and for fine surface finishing. 
== Personal Risks ==
Flügger MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Solids weight: 77%
* Volume: 59% 
* Density: 1.8 kilo/liter 
* Layer thickness: Max. 2 mm 
* Particle size: Max 0.01 mm 
* Adhesion: 12 kp/cm2
Talas website - https://www.talasonline.com
== Working Properties ==
Flügger is suitable for spot filling and for finishing filling of primed woodwork, plaster, concrete, anti-corrosion iron and metal as well as previously painted surfaces. After grinding and dusting, this product can be painted with aqueous or alkyd paint. Flügger can be tinted using ground pigments and may be thinned or cleaned using water.Talas website - https://www.talasonline.com/Flugger 
* Drying time at 68°F (20°C) is approximately 1/2 (to the touch)
* Re-coating interval is approximately 1 hour
* Fully cured in several days
* Purportedly susceptible to mold
== Resources and Citations ==
* Koob, S.P. "Restoration skill or deceit: manufactured replacement fragments on a Seljuk lustre-glazed ewer", in The Conservation of Glass and Ceramics; Research, Practice and Training Norman H. Tennent (ed), James and James Ltd., London, 1999, p.157.
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory: Putty/Filler
Fluor

== Description ==
Common name used for calcium fluoride (fluorite) prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985). It was also called fluate and fluorspar during this time period.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
calcium fluoride; fluorite; fluorspar; fluate
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Francis Turner (ed.), Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York City, 3rd edition, 1942
Category:Materials database
Fluorescamine

== Description ==
A non-fluorescent chemical that reacts with amino acids, peptides, and proteins to form a highly fluorescent compound. Fluorescamine is prepared as a 0.05% water-free solution in acetone. Once reacted with a primary amine compound, fluorescamine will fluoresce a bright blue-white under ultraviolet light. The fluorescence may be hard to distinguish from the natural autofluorescence of many proteins. For maximum shelf life, fluorescamine should be stored in dry, dark conditions.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
4-phenylspiro[furan-2(3H),1'(3'H)-isobenzofuran]-3,3'-dione; Flur; fluram; Ro-20-7234
== Risks ==
* Sensitive to light and moisture. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
== Other Properties ==
* Soluble in acetone and other polar solvents. 
* Maximum absorption wavelengths = 235,276, 284, 306 nm.
Composition 	C17H10O4
CAS 	38183-12-9
Melting Point 	154-155 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 278.26
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4193
* Sigma Dyes, Stains and Natural Pigments, Infrared Library, Nicolet, 1991-1995 Comment: OMNIC: formula= C17H10O4, CAS= 38183-12-9
Category:Materials database
Fluorescein

== Description ==
A bright, orange to red crystalline powder that reacts with alkalis to form an intense green fluorescence. Fluorescein is used for the detection of soluble hydroxides, carbonates, and ammonia. It is sensitive to the part per billion level. Its UV absorption maxima occur at 493.4 and 460 nm. Fluorescein is used as an indicator and as a textile dye. In the late 19th century, fluorescein was used as a yellow dye on wool and silk without a mordant.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Solvent Yellow 94; CI 45350:1; D&C Yellow No.7; 3',6'-dihydroxyspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-[9H]xanthen]-3-one; resorcinolphthalein; Fluorescein (Deut.); fluorescéïne (Fr.); diresorcinolphthalein;
== Risks ==
* Combustible. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in hot ethanol, glacial acetic acid. Soluble in alkalis and ammonia producing a bright green fluorescence. Insoluble in water, benzene, chloroform, ether.
* The fluorescence of fluorescein changes with pH (colorless below pH=4.0 and fluorescent green above 4.5)
Composition 	C20H12O5
CAS 	2321-07-2
Melting Point 	314-316 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 332.32
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry # 4194
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: The fluorescence of fluorescein changes with pH. It is colorless below pH=4.0 and above 4.5, it fluoresces green.
* Sigma Dyes, Stains and Natural Pigments, Infrared Library, Nicolet, 1991-1995
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876 Comment: p. 251
Category:Materials database
Fluorescein isothiocyanate

== Description ==
A fluorescent dye used to detect proteins. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is used in biochemistry for the detection of pathogens. It has also been used to detect proteins in paint cross sections (Wolbers et al 1990). However, one study has shown that FITC can also fluoresce with oil and acrylic media (Messinger 1992). FITC is sometimes incorrectly called fluorescein.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
FITC; 5-FITC; 2-(6-hydroxy-3-oxo-(3H)-xanthene-9-yl)-5-isothiocyanato benzoic acid
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|fluorescein isothiocyanate.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Risks ==
* Skin contact causes irritation. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in water, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide. 
* Maximum absorption wavelength = 490 nm 
* Maximum emission wavelength = 520 nm
Composition 	C21H11NO5S
CAS 	3326-32-7
Melting Point 	>360 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 389.38
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Messinger, "Ultraviolet-Fluorescence Microscopy of Paint Cross Sections: Cycloheptaamylose-Dansyl Chloride Complex as a Protein-Selective Stain" JAIC 31:267-74, 1992.
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990 Comment: mean excitation wavelength = 490 nm -blue and mean emission wavelength = 525 nm
* Aldrich Chemical Catalog Comment: p. 725 - max=499
* Website: www.mdyn.com/application_notes/technotes - gives max abs =490 and max emission = 520
* Website: pingu.salk.edu/fcm/fluo.html - gives excitation and emisson as 495, 519
* Website: www.probes.com/handbook/sections - gives abs and emission as 494, 518
Category:Materials database
Fluorescein sodium

== Description ==
An orange-red, hygroscopic powder that is commonly called uranine. The sodium salt of fluorescein, discovered in 1871 by Baeyer, has an intense yellow-green fluorescence under ultraviolet light. Like fluorescein, the water-soluble salt is used for the detection of soluble hydroxides, carbonates, and ammonia. It is sensitive to the part per billion level. Its UV absorption maximum occurs at 493.5 nm. Paper is dipped in soluble fluorescein solutions to form indicator strips, called Zellner's paper, that are sensitive to ammonia and other alkaline materials. Uranine is also used for dyeing silk, leather, jute, nylon, and wool.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
soluble fluorescein; resorcinol phthalein sodium; resorcinolphthalein sodium; uranine; uranine yellow; D&C Yellow No.8; Acid Yellow 73; CI 45350; Fluorescite; Fluor-i-strip; Zellner's paper; disodium fluorescein; sodium fluorescein; soluble fluorescein;
== Risks ==
* Hygroscopic. 
* Contact may cause irritation. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in water. Slightly soluble in ethanol. 
* Maximum absorption wavelength = 493.5 nm.
Composition 	C20H12Na2O5
CAS 	518-47-8
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 376.05
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4194
* Colour Index International online at www.colour-index.org Comment: discoverer
Category:Materials database
Fluorescence

== Description ==
A type of luminescence in which an substance absorbs light from one wavelength and concurrently re-emits radiation at a longer wavelength. For example, irradiation with ultraviolet light typically causes an emission in the visible region. This change in wavelength is called the Stokes shift. If the emitted radiation continues after the irradiation source is turned off, then the emission is called phosphorescence. Autofluorescent materials fluoresce without the aid of a fluorochrome. Examples of materials with autofluorescence include: fluorite, calcium carbonate, Indian yellow, madder, shellac, and aged linseed oil.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fluorescent; Stokes shift; Fluoreszenz (Deut.); fluorescence (Fr.) fluorescenza (It.); fluorescentie (Ned.); fluorescencja (Pol.); fluorescencja (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Fluorescence spectroscopy

== Description ==
A type of electromagnetic spectroscopy that analyzes fluorescence from a sample. Fluorescence spectroscopy involves using a beam of light, usually ultraviolet light, that excites the electrons in molecules of certain compounds and causes them to emit light; typically, but not necessarily, visible light. A complementary technique is absorption spectroscopy.
In a typical fluorescence (emission) measurement, the excitation wavelength is fixed and the detection wavelength varies, while in a fluorescence excitation measurement the detection wavelength is fixed and the excitation wavelength is varied across a region of interest. An emission map is measured by recording the emission spectra resulting from a range of excitation wavelengths and combining them all together. This is a three dimensional surface data set: emission intensity as a function of excitation and emission wavelengths, and is typically depicted as a contour map.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
EEM; Excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy; Flourescence spectroscopy; fluorimetry; spectrofluorometry
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Fluorescence spectroscopy
Category:Materials database
Fluorescent dye

== Description ==
An organic colorant that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and emits visible light, usually in the blue region. Fluorescent dyes, such as umbelliferone, are often used on white fabrics and papers as fluorescent whitening agents or brighteners. Colored examples of daylight fluorescent dyes are: 
Rhodamine B, Rhodamine F5G [BASF], Xylene Red B [Sandoz Chemical], Fluorescent Yellow Y [L.B.Holliday], Maxilon Brilliant Flavine 10Gff [Ciba-Geigy]; Alberta Yellow, Potomac Yellow [Day-Glo Color Corp.]; Macrolex Fluorescent Yellow 10GN [Bayer].
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_brightener (Accessed Mar. 1, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Fluorescent lamp

== Description ==
A lamp that emits visible radiation through the process of fluorescence. Introduced in 1938 by General Electric, fluorescent lamps are more energy efficient and cooler than incandescent bulbs. Fluorescent bulbs, typically a long cylindrical tube, have an interior coated with a fluorescent material or phosphor. Electrical current applied to the bulb excites mercury atoms inside to produce ultraviolet radiation. The phosphor coating absorbs the ultraviolet radiation and emits visible light. The distribution of wavelengths emitted depends on the phosphor selected. Some phosphors used in fluorescent lamps are: calcium tungstate, magnesium tungstate, zinc silicate, calcium silicate, cadmium borate, magnesium arsenate. Multiple phosphors are used to produce various color temperatures (CT): 
* Warm white (CT=3000K) yellow-white - similar to incandescent; 
* Cool white (CT=4200K) white - similar to early morning sunlight; 
* Daylight-D (CT=6500K) bluish - similar to overcast day. 
Fluorescent lamps are very energy efficient and have a lifetime of 10,000 hours.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fluorescent lightbulb; fluorescent lighting; Leuchtstoffröhre (Deut.); lampe fluorescente (Fr.); lâmpada fluorescente (Port.)
== Risks ==
* Emits ultraviolet radiation. The UV level can vary from 40-250 microwatts per lumen.
==Environmental Risks==
* Fluorescent bulbs contain mercury and must be treated as hazardous waste.
==Resources and Citations==
* T.Brill, Light: Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities. Plenum Press, New York, 1980.
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, G113, 1371-1373, Sep-94
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* GE Lighting: www.gelighting.com/ns/institute/ul_last100.html - gives date for first fluorescent lamp as 1938.
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Fluorescent minerals

== Description ==
Minerals that have the unique physical property to absorb light and one wavelength and instantaneously release it at a different wavelength, resulting in a temporary color change to the eye of the human observer. Only about 15% of minerals are able to fluoresce. The fluorescence is usually due to a cation activator, such as: tungsten, molybdenum, lead, boron, titanium, manganese, uranium, and chromium, but some rare earth elements are also able to contribute to the phenomenon. Some trace elements, such as iron or copper, can quench the fluorscence. Most minerals fluoresce a single color, but some may have multiple colors; for example calcite can fluoresce red, blue, white, pink, green and orange. Because of the potential for many varying factors, the fluorescence of mineral is not typically used for its identification.
* Phosphorescence:
While fluorescent minerals stop glowing when the light source is turned off, minerals that are phosphorescent continue to emit light. Minerals that can sometimes exhibit phosphorescence are: calcite, celestite, colemanite, fluorite, sphalerite, and willemite.
* Thermoluminescence:
Heating a mineral to temperatures as low as 50-200 degrees Celsius may also produce the emission of light. Some minerals that exhibit thermoluminescence are: apatite, calcite, chlorophane, fluorite, lepidolite, scapolite, and some feldspars.
* Triboluminescence:
Additionally, some mineral may emit light due to a mechanical energy, such as striking, crushing, or scratching. Potential triboluminescent minerals are: amblygonite, calcite, fluorite, lepidolite, pectolite, quartz, sphalerite, and some feldspars.
== Examples ==
Mineral 	Composition 	Visible color 	Fluorescent color
Apatite 	Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH)	pale green to purple 	pink, blue, greenish yellow
Calcite 	CaCO3 	colorless to white 	red, blue, pink, green, orange
Cerrusite 	PbCO3 	colorless to white 	yellowish
Chalcedony	SiO2 	white, blue, pink 	variable
Corundum 	Al2O3 	red (ruby), blue (sapphire) 	red (ruby), none (sapphire)
Fluorite 	CaF2 	colorless, white, pale blue, green 	blue-violet
Quartz 	SiO2 	colorless, purple 	variable
Scheelite 	CaWO4 	colorless, white, gray brown, yellow, orange, red, green	bright blue, white, yellow
Sphalerite	(Zn,Fe)S 	yellow, brown, gray, black 	lighter specimens = yellowish
Willemite 	Zn2SiO4 	colorless, white, gray, red, brown 	strong white, green
== Comparisons ==
Category:Materials database
Fluorescent paint

== Description ==
Any paint that contains a luminous pigment. Fluorescent colorants appear to glow or luminesce in daylight because they emit greater than 100% the visible incident radiation. Additionally, many of these colorants glow in ultraviolet or black lighting. Fluorescent paints usually contain a base of calcium, strontium, or barium sulfide that is spiked with traces of other metal salts. These salts absorb energy from light and remit it in the form of photons. New fluorescent dyes are also used. Fluorescent paints were first sold in 1934. They are used in operating rooms to brighten the light intensity, on road signs to make them more visible in the dark, in advertising to make boxes and adds appear brighter and as a decorative paint. One popular brand, Day-Glo® paints, produces decorative colors in bright yellow, orange, red, blue, and green. These paints are not lightfast enough for use in fine art painting. Several color changes can occur with time, such as decreases in the intensity of the fluorescence and/or fading of the colorant (Ellis, McGlinchey and Chao 2000). 
See also luminous paint, phosphorescent paint, and fluorescent dye.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tinta fluorescente (Port.) 
Examples: Day-Glo® paint [Day-Glo Color Corporation, Cleveland]; Rad-Glo [Radiant Color N.V, Houthalen]; neon paint; psychodelic paint; luminous paint; Dayglo (sp); Dayglow (sp)
== Risks ==
* Generally nontoxic.
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Holben Ellis, C.McGlinchey, Esther Chao, "Daylight Fluorescent Colors as Artistic Media", 2000. 
* Golden Artist Colors, Fluorescent Colors, 1998, website:www.goldenpaints.com/fluores.htm
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 472
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
Category:Materials database
Fluorescent paper

== Description ==
A paper that contains a fluorescent additive, usually a whitener. Fluorescent additives are used to make papers, and other materials such as textiles, appear whiter. When viewed in light that has an ultraviolet component, such as natural daylight, the fluorescent additive will emit light in addition to the normally reflected light thus making the paper appear brighter. Under ultraviolet light, papers and textiles with fluorescent additives will produce a strong bluish-white emission.
Category:Materials database
Fluorescent whitening agent

== Description ==
An organic fluorochrome that absorbs radiation in the ultraviolet range then reemits the energy as visible light. First used in 1947, fluorescent whitening agents are added to papers, textiles, and detergents to give the visual appearance of a whiter, brighter material. When viewed in light that has an ultraviolet component, such as natural daylight, the fluorescent additive will emit light in addition to the normally reflected light thus making the paper or textile appear brighter. In detergents, sulfonated trazinylstilbenes are used as optical brighteners. Many manufacturers incorporate fluorescent whitening agents in the base mixture for synthetic fibers. Under ultraviolet light, materials with fluorescent whitening agents will produce a strong bluish-white emission. Examples of FWAs are derivatives of 4,4'-diaminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid and coumarin derivatives such as 4-methyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
FWA; brightener; optical bleach; optical brightener; fluorescent brightener; fluorescent whitener
==Resources and Citations==
* R.Zweidler, "Why and How Fluorescent Whiteners Work" Ciba-Geigy Review, 3:38-44, 1971.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 474
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
Category:Materials database
Fluorinated ethylene propylene

== Description ==
A thermoplastic copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. The properties of FEP resin are similar to other fluorinated polymers, such as Teflon® (polytetrafluoroethylene), in that they are resistant to chemicals. The main difference is that FEP is thermoplastic and can be extruded and molded. It is available as a powder, aqueous dispersion, film and monofilament fiber. FEP is used for wire insulation, linings, and nonsticking finishes. Felt fabrics from FEP filaments are used for filtration.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
FEP; Teflon® FEP [DuPont]
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiFlourinatedEP.jpg~FTIR]]]
Melting Point	285-290
== Resources and Citations ==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Fluorine

== Description ==
A chemical element that, when pure, is a pale-yellow, toxic gas. Fluorine occurs naturally in the form of mineral fluorite, cryolite, and Fluorapatite. Henri Moissan of France received a Nobel Prize for first isolating fluorine in 1886. Fluorine is the most electronegative and reactive element known. It reacts vigorously with most substances at room temperature, combining with all other elements except helium, neon, and argon. Fluorine reacts violently with organic compounds. Fluorine is similar to other halogen elements in that it forms singly charged negative ions in solution. Fluorine is used in the production of fluorides and fluorocarbons.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
F; Fluor (Ned., Fr., Deut., Sven.); fluoro (It.); Flúor (Port., Esp.)
== Risks ==
* Toxic by inhalation. 
* Contact results in thermal and chemical burns. 
* May react violently with many compounds. 
* Airgas: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Decomposes in water to form hydrofluoric acid.
Composition 	F (atomic no. 9)
CAS 	7782-41-4
Melting Point 	-223 C
Density 	1.108 g/ml
Molecular Weight	atomic wt=18.9984
Boiling Point 	-188.14 C
== Resources and Citations ==
* Web Elements: Website
Category:Materials database