Anaplastic glioma - null regimens

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The purpose of this page is to provide references to "null therapy" such as placebo and observation. These references provide further insight into the historical development of the treatment landscape. See the main anaplastic glioma page for regimens that include active anticancer treatment.
=First-line therapy=
==Observation==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator	Comparative Efficacy
Thomas et al. 2001 (MRC BR05) 	1988-1997 	Phase 3 (C)	PCV 	Did not meet primary endpoint of OS24
Cairncross et al. 2006 (RTOG 9402) 	1994-2002 	Phase 3 (C)	PCV 	Might have shorter OS1Median OS: 4.8 vs 4.8 years(HR 1.27, 95% CI 0.97-1.64)
van den Bent et al. 2006 (EORTC 26951)	1996-2002 	Phase 3 (C)	PCV 	Seems to have shorter OS1Median OS: 2.6 vs 3.5 years(HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.02-1.59)
1Reported efficacy for RTOG 9402 & EORTC 26951 is based on the 2022 update.
No further treatment.
====Biomarker eligibility criteria====
*1p/19q co-deletion: As of WHO 2016 IDH mutated, 1p/19q co-deleted tumors are classified as oligodendroglioma 
** RTOG 9402: a survival benefit was noted in the population with 1p/19q co-deleted tumors
** EORTC 26951: van den Bent et al. 2013 noted that 1p/19q co-deleted tumors received the more benefit from adjuvant PCV as compared to tumors without 1p/19q co-deletion.
====Preceding treatment====
*MRC BR05: Surgery, then adjuvant RT x 4500 cGy or RT x 6000 cGy
*RTOG 9402: Surgery
*EORTC 26951: Surgery, then adjuvant RT x 4500 cGy with 1440 cGy boost
===References===
#MRC BR05: Thomas D, Brada M, Stenning S; Medical Research Council Brain Tumor Working Party. Randomized trial of procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine in the adjuvant treatment of high-grade astrocytoma: a Medical Research Council trial. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jan 15;19(2):509-18. link to original article EuroPMC
#RTOG 9402: Cairncross G, Berkey B, Shaw E, Jenkins R, Scheithauer B, Brachman D, Buckner J, Fink K, Souhami L, Laperierre N, Mehta M, Curran W. Phase III trial of chemotherapy plus radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone for pure and mixed anaplastic oligodendroglioma: Intergroup Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Trial 9402. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jun 20;24(18):2707-14. link to original article EuroPMC NCT00002569
##Update: Cairncross G, Wang M, Shaw E, Jenkins R, Brachman D, Buckner J, Fink K, Souhami L, Laperriere N, Curran W, Mehta M. Phase III trial of chemoradiotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term results of RTOG 9402. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Jan 20;31(3):337-43. Epub 2012 Oct 15. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
##Pooled update: Lassman AB, Hoang-Xuan K, Polley MC, Brandes AA, Cairncross JG, Kros JM, Ashby LS, Taphoorn MJB, Souhami L, Dinjens WNM, Laack NN, Kouwenhoven MCM, Fink KL, French PJ, Macdonald DR, Lacombe D, Won M, Gorlia T, Mehta MP, van den Bent MJ. Joint Final Report of EORTC 26951 and RTOG 9402: Phase III Trials With Procarbazine, Lomustine, and Vincristine Chemotherapy for Anaplastic Oligodendroglial Tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Aug 10;40(23):2539-2545. Epub 2022 Jun 22. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
#EORTC 26951: van den Bent MJ, Carpentier AF, Brandes AA, Sanson M, Taphoorn MJ, Bernsen HJ, Frenay M, Tijssen CC, Grisold W, Sipos L, Haaxma-Reiche H, Kros JM, van Kouwenhoven MC, Vecht CJ, Allgeier A, Lacombe D, Gorlia T. Adjuvant procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine improves progression-free survival but not overall survival in newly diagnosed anaplastic oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas: a randomized European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jun 20;24(18):2715-22. link to original article EuroPMC NCT00002840
##Update: van den Bent MJ, Brandes AA, Taphoorn MJ, Kros JM, Kouwenhoven MC, Delattre JY, Bernsen HJ, Frenay M, Tijssen CC, Grisold W, Sipos L, Enting RH, French PJ, Dinjens WN, Vecht CJ, Allgeier A, Lacombe D, Gorlia T, Hoang-Xuan K. Adjuvant procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy in newly diagnosed anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term follow-up of EORTC brain tumor group study 26951. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Jan 20;31(3):344-50. Epub 2012 Oct 15. link to original article EuroPMC
##Pooled update: Lassman AB, Hoang-Xuan K, Polley MC, Brandes AA, Cairncross JG, Kros JM, Ashby LS, Taphoorn MJB, Souhami L, Dinjens WNM, Laack NN, Kouwenhoven MCM, Fink KL, French PJ, Macdonald DR, Lacombe D, Won M, Gorlia T, Mehta MP, van den Bent MJ. Joint Final Report of EORTC 26951 and RTOG 9402: Phase III Trials With Procarbazine, Lomustine, and Vincristine Chemotherapy for Anaplastic Oligodendroglial Tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Aug 10;40(23):2539-2545. Epub 2022 Jun 22. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
Category:Anaplastic glioma regimens
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Category:High-grade gliomas
Category:Null regimens