nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Doctrine of signatures

The doctrine of signatures was a concept developed in ancient Europe that claimed that plants advertised their usefulness to humans and animals by looking like the things they aided. In addition to the plants looking like human body parts, animals or other objects, the doctrine of signatures could also refer to the environments or specific sites in which plants grew.
==Christianity==
Late medieval Christian theologians embraced the concept as a natural extension of the idea that the Creator carefully ordered his creation such that careful observation would reveal useful information about the plant. Walnuts that looked like the cranium would be used for headaches, or beans that looked like livers would cure liver problems. Beyond medical applications theologians extended this concept to plants representing all the right doctrines of Christianity. This is most aptly seen in the Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) whose symmetry and numerical elements were said to be representative of Jesus Christ's passion.
Mandrake (Mandragora spp.), whose roots sometimes contain bifurcations causing them to resemble human figures showing off their legs, in Hebrew is "love plant". There are classical Jewish commentaries which suggest that mandrakes help barren women to conceive a child.see : And Reuben went in the days of wheat harvest, and found mandrakes in the field, and brought them unto his mother Leah. Then Rachel said to Leah, Give me, I pray thee, of thy son's mandrakes.
==Homeopathy==
Homeopathy has often called upon the doctrine of signatures for finding potential herbs to use in their cures. Despite its complete rejection as a valid theory for classification of plants or their properties and uses in medicine, many homeopathic and other "natural" practitioners still use the concept today.
==Examples==
Some examples of plants and their "uses" based on the doctrine of signatures:
*Lousewort (Pedicularis spp.) — thought to be useful in repelling lice
*Spleenwort (Asplenium spp.) — thought to be useful in treating the spleen
*Liverwort — thought to be useful in treating the liver
*Toothwort (formerly Dentaria spp., now Cardamine spp.) — thought to be useful in treating tooth ailments
*Hedge woundwort (Stachys sylvatica) — has antiseptic qualities
*Lungwort (Pulmonaria spp.) — used to treat pulmonary infections
*Wolfsbane (Arnica montana or Aconitum spp.) — used to treat Lycanthropy
==See also==
*Sympathetic magic — the more general concept of "like affects like"
==References==
Category:Alternative medicine
Category:Arguments against evidence-based medicine
Category:Plants
Dodo

The dodo was a flightless bird related to doves and pigeons (it was cladistically a pigeon itself as it was a member of the same order, Columbidae) that was native to the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. While humans hunted the dodo, the main reason why they went extinct was likely because of dogs, cats, pigs, rats, mice, and other invasive species destroying their nests and eating their eggs, thus preventing new generations and ensuring that the older generation (which would be too old to breed at that point) would be the final generation and was the final nail in the coffin on their road to extinction.When Did The Dodo Bird Go Extinct?, Birdfact
The dodo has become a byword for any creature that is doomed to extinction because it can't adapt to its environment, which is in contrast to its distant and still-living relative, the which has adapted and benefited extremely well from human exploitation (and being hated by humans for its success): it went from being an endemic European cliff-dwelling bird to a bird with cosmopolitan population on every continent except Antarctica.Rock Pigeons: Rats with Wings or Thoroughbreds of the Air?
==Misconceptions==
The dodo is famous for its reputation for being stupid. However, because it was at the top of the food chain in its own little ecosystem, it had no natural predators and thus, had no reason to fear other creatures (such as the humans who discovered the island). It wasn't stupidity that caused the downfall of the dodos, it was ignorance due to a lack of innate fear of humans and other invasive species as these birds lived in isolation free from any predators.WHY THE DODO WENT EXTINCT Today I Found Out
Surprisingly, for such a famous bird, little is known of its appearance or behaviors; by the time scientists became interested, it was already extinct, a testament to the destructive power of our species.
==In popular culture==
Dodos are a well known extinct species within the public sphere. Because of their status as extinct animals, they have often been associated with Ice Age megafauna (mostly North American) such as saber-toothed cats and woolly mammoths (a trend which was kicked off by the animated film Ice Age). However, dodos are not Ice Age animals, as they recently appeared during the Holocene and were only found in Mauritius, far from any Ice Age animals in location and in time period (if anything, they’re closer to African animals such as elephants and lions as Mauritius is regionally part of Africa).
Another example of the dodo in popular culture would be in the 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll, in which a character simply known as "The Dodo" appears.
==References==
Category:African animals
Category:Animals
Category:Biology
Category:Dinosaurs
Dogma

Dogma is a group's official, fundamental set of beliefs or doctrine. Generally, a group's dogma is so significant to that group's identity that it cannot be changed without changing the very ideology of said group. While it is almost always a religious system, dogma can be found anywhere that positions take on actual statements of identity (for example, in political settings, in philosophical writings, or any 'school of thought' about anything from science, to art, to architecture).
==How dogma is used for control==
Dogma is the framework by which authoritarian leaders are able to coerce the plebeian members of their organization into following the rules. Some dogmatic organizations not only use ancient texts (scriptures), but also have official interpretations of the ancient texts (catechisms) and official prayer books (because the elders know what God wants to hear you say to Him). 
"Dogma" is generally not subject to debate or analysis by its followers. Historically, questioning dogma or abandoning dogma could get you kicked out or dead — and still can in some societies.
==Atheism and agnosticism==
Atheism and agnosticism have no position beyond "there is no evidence for the existence of god" and "I don't know nor do I care if there is a god". Because atheism and agnosticism are essentially the "null hypothesis" of religion rather than a worldview in and of themselves, they do not and can not have any sort of dogma. While there are many atheist and agnostic philosophers, there is no central authoritative council of non-believers that decides what other non-believers must not believe in to be considered good, upstanding, faithful non-believers.
==Humanism==
Humanism is the belief that humans should work together and take care of each other, rather than try to exploit each other for personal enrichment. Like atheism, there is no formal, central authority to define what would or would not be the "way" to not exploit each other.
==See also==
*Appeal to tradition
*Argument by assertion
*Argument from authority
*Fundamentalism
*Essay:The Word Of The Lord Should Not Be Static
==References==
Category:Authoritarianism
Category:Moral Absolutism
Category:Religious terms
Category:Sociology
Dona Beatriz

Dona Beatriz a.k.a. Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita (1684-1706) was a Kongolese aristocrat who became circa 1704 the prophetess for a syncretic Kongolese/Roman-Catholic peasant mass-movement.The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1482-1800. ISBN 9781844676316, Robin Smith, 2010 (p. 205)Dona Beatriz: Kongo Prophet Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The movement, Antonianism, sought the revitalization of the Kingdom of Kongo with a vision of the African Holy Family in which Jesus was born in Mbanza Kongo and baptized in the province of Nsundi. According to this account, Mary's mother was a slave of the Kongo aristocrat Nzimba Mpangi. And why not? This is no more heterodox than Mormonism. 
The political turmoil that provided the seedbed for this mass movement resulted from an invasion by the Portuguese (1670) to regain control of their former client state, the Kingdom of Kongo.
==See also==
* Catholicism
==References==
Category:Prophets
Category:Africa
Doris Stokes

Doris May Fisher Stokes (1920-1987) was a psychic and medium who claimed to be able to "speak" to the dead. Her technique involved the use of cold readings, with a series of "refresher" questions to the person being interviewed, to the use of eavesdropping (her husband was accused of interviewing audiences before they appeared on her public shows), and planting accomplices in the audience.Fanshawe, Simon (2005-09-17) "I know what you're thinking There is, says the US 'mind reader' Marc Salem, no such thing as reading minds. But being able to read people's signs and signals, he tells Simon Fanshawe, can be elevated to an art form where science meets our enduring need for mystery" Financial Times p. 1Lewis Smith, Victor "He's just Telly Pathetic" Evening Standard, p. 35
In a number of her books published during her lifetime, Stokes also claimed she solved a number of unsolved murders - all of which was proven to be untrue.Plummer, Mark (1981)
==References==
Category:Entertainers
Double aspect theory

In the philosophy of mind, double aspect theory is a monistic (though property dualistic) theory strongly associated with Baruch Spinoza that holds that the mind and the body are the same thing known in two different ways - those ways being the subjective (as 1st person knowledge) and the objective (as 3rd person or empirical knowledge), respectively. This entails that full empirical knowledge is insufficient for understanding consciousness, and follows from his metaphysical parallelism, whereby everything ("God or Nature") manifests as two distinct attributes: thought (change in consciousness) and extension (change in space-time).
==See also==
*Hard problem of consciousness
*Dualism
Category:Philosophy
Double predestination

Double predestination (you read that another way, didn't you?) is the belief that God not only pre-ordained some souls to be saved, but also occasionally creates some people whose sole purpose in (or after) life is to be sent to hell. is often cited.
==Predestined to be saved==
The idea that some people are predestined to be saved, from the moment of their creation, is a fairly common one, derived from the Book of Revelation — this would be "single predestination", if it wasn't just called "predestination".
==Predestined to be damned==
Some theologians argue that the concept is not Biblical in nature, calling it "a horrible decree", "a most ruthless statement", "a terrible theological theory", and "an illegitimate inference of logic". 
This is, God positively and actively intervenes in the lives of the elect to bring them to salvation; and in the same way God positively and actively intervenes in the life of the reprobate to bring him to sin.
This distortion makes God the author of sin who punishes a person for doing what God monergistically and irresistibly moves man to do. This is not the Reformed view of predestination, but a gross and inexcusable caricature of the doctrine.Predestination Theopedia.
Others cite a sound Biblical footing for such a doctrine. This generally begins with quoting God's idiosyncratic concepts of righteousness, as well as God's wrath against all sinful actions. The Lutheran Church — Missouri Synod objects to it by simply stating that "God wants all to be saved",‘Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod’ citing .
==Majority Christian doctrine==
However, in the doctrines of most Christian denominations, Jesus died for our sins. Double predestination implies that he died on behalf of most sinners, but you, you, and you are excluded, because God was feeling a bit grumpy when you were born.
==See also==
*Calvinism
*Fred Phelps (believed in complete double predestination — that is, that everyone is predestined from birth either to be saved or damned — and behaved in a manner consistent with this belief)
*Predestination
==External links==
*An essay on Double Predestination
*Double Predestination - Intrinsic-al or Interpretative
==References==
Category:Christianity
Doubtful News

Doubtful News (sometimes Doubtful Newsblog) was a skeptical news aggregator focusing on cryptozoology and the paranormal "because people really believe this stuff." Run by and Torkel Ødegård,About Doubtful News. Archived from Doubtful News, 2 February 2012. the blog was also formerly syndicated on Skeptic.com. It launched on August 25, 2011.The launch of Doubtful news blog. Archived from Doubtful News, 25 August 2011.
The site was started to fill a gap in the market for a "one-stop source of breaking news of interest to critical thinkers that was not primarily straight science offerings or opinions." It was useful in that it reports on more than just the major stories of the time — with the potential to report on lesser stories before they become big — and kept with a story after it faded from view, allowing followup information to be more easily found.
==See also==
*Skeptoid
*Skeptics Guide to the Universe
==External links==
*Sharon A. Hill — Strange Claims Adjuster
==References==
Category:Blogs
Category:Cryptozoology
Doug Rokke

Doug Rokke Douglas Lind Rokke, Find A Grave. was a crank and conspiracy theorist obsessed with depleted uranium conspiracy theories. He claimed to have been a researcher and major with a Ph.D. in Health Physics in the 3rd U.S. Army Medical Command's Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical research team as a scientific expert on depleted uranium.Complete self reported bio The Department of Defense states he was helping administrate the US Army Chemical School on Fort McClellan (with a Ph.D. in Education Methodology) and logistical support for Army Munitions and Chemical Command (special equipment purchasing) until being fired.Including statements from his superiors - Susan L. Gawarecki, Ph.D., Executive Director Oak Ridge Reservation Local Oversight Committee and Ed L. Battle, PhD Rokke's experience in physics, from his own admission during talks, came from a BS in general physics and his office being located in the physics area while completing his doctorate. Rokke stated that depleted uranium was completely unknown to him before 1991.Talk with Prof. Otto Raabe, PhD, CHP, Center for Health & the Environment UC Davis
Rokke appears to have become one of the number of people that went completely insane because of 9/11. Rokke was an obstinate crank on depleted uranium, very frequently along side (or used as a reference of) Leuren Moret.Leuren Moret, Doug Rokke and Others Mislead Public on Depleted Uranium. Nevada Technical Associates, 2009. Rokke frequently appeared along side fringe elements of the anti-nuclear movement, including Alex JonesRokke's Alex Jones interview and 9/11 conspiracy theorists.Rokke's Youtube video on the 9-11 conspiracy
Rokke and Moret used a combination of credential bullying and lying to make their claims.
==Claims on depleted uranium==
== 9-11 conspiracy ==
Rokke claimed the One World Order is waging war for the domination of the world.America's in Danger from the NWO He also claims that a missile hit the Pentagon, his proof is...that he really believes it.High-Ranking Army Officer - Missile Hit Pentagon Radiation Expert What makes his claims very creepy is that Rokke has personally contacted people using a form letter to tell them about his insane claims. True believers have started using this tactic and form letter as well to spread their insanity.Please Read: U.S. Military Major Recently Contacted Me About 9/11Dear Friends, a U.S. Army Major recently contacted me about 9/11
== General conspiracy ==
Not just to be content in all his other claims Rokke claimed that he has been threatened, shot at, and his career destroyed then banished from Washington because he told the truth.Discussion: Radioactive Wounds of War -- In These Times
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Media hysteria
Category:Conspiracy theorists
Douglas Axe

Douglas Axe is the director of the Discovery Institute-run Biologic Institute.http://www.biologicinstitute.org/people/ co-author of Science and Human Origins Axe is also a signatory to the Discovery Institute petition A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism.
Axe’s work has been hailed by the Discovery Institute as evidence supporting their views. Interestingly, even Axe himself has admitted that this is not the case.Panda’s Thumb, Axe (2004) and the evolution of enzyme function 
==Credentials==
Axe is a molecular biologist, and is, as such, one of the relatively few people affiliated with the intelligent design movement with credentials the least bit relevant to the issue at hand — not counting the numerous supporters who rely entirely on fake or trumped-up credentials, as opposed to "merely" out-of-context credentials.
Drawing on his knowledge of biology, Axe has authored a few relatively mundane papers, at least some of which have been published in low-tier, although genuine, journals.
Although none of these papers contain – or even attempts to mount – any refutation of evolution, much less evidence for intelligent design. He has published extensively in the Biologic Institute’s house journal BIO-Complexity, but that obviously does not count towards anything meaningful.
==Fallacies and ignorance==
Axe is on the record arguing that problems with evolution are evidence for intelligent design,Sandwalk, False Dichotomy, post from January 18, 2012. insofar as if the theory of evolution cannot explain some data it means that there can somehow be no naturalistic explanation at all. In other words, Axe seems to think that if evolution were false, then Intelligent Design would have to be correct — which is, of course, false insofar as Intelligent Design is not a scientific theory to begin with, and is thus not even in the running.
His actual expertise in the fields relevant to assessing evolutionary explanations has also been questioned.Pharyngula, Who Needs an IQ-Test When You’ve Got Coalescence.
==See also==
*Biologic Institute
*BIO-Complexity
*Discovery Institute
*Wedge Document
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:Discovery Institute
Category:Living people
Doxastic voluntarism

Doxastic voluntarism is the philosophical position that one has voluntary control over one's beliefs. That is, one can change one's beliefs by will and thought alone, implying that we can freely choose to believe or disbelieve anything at will. Note that this isn't about the ability to change a belief — as changing attitudes, maturity or new evidence can lead to a change of mind — but that such an action can be done wilfully at any arbitrary point. Doxastic voluntarism implies that one could change which god one believed in just by walking into a different church, or become a Muslim simply because one tripped on a piece of bacon.
==Indirect and direct doxastic voluntarism==
An important distinction that should be made when discussing doxastic voluntarism is between direct and indirect kinds.
Indirect doxastic voluntarism holds that we have indirect control over some of our beliefs. This means that we can take some intermediary actions to change our beliefs. An example of this would be one's ability to change one's belief that the lights are on by turning them off. Here, switching the lights off was the intermediary step.
Direct doxastic voluntarism makes the more contentious claim, that we have direct control over at least some of our beliefs and (ostensibly) no intermediary steps needed to change beliefs. For example a juror may choose whether to believe a witness' testimony is truthful or not.
==Pascal's wager==
A form of doxastic voluntarism is presumed by Pascal's Wager, which states that it is preferable to believe in God because of the potential outcomes. The wager presumes that God rewards belief just for the sake of belief, but it also requires one to have free rein to control whether one accepts the Christian God or not. In practice, many people don't find this to be the case. For example, an atheist can no more willingly and arbitrarily start believing in God than than they could believe that grass is a funny shade of orange. Similarly, committed believers cannot force themselves to disbelieve something. Because of the lack of perfect free will in this situation, Pascal's attempt to coax people into belief through his wager falls at the first hurdle — someone could, at best, only "fake" his or her belief in God and not truly feel it.
==See also==
*Christian Science
*Doublethink
Category:Philosophy
DropTheB

DropTheB, also known as Operation Geschlecht (German for "gender"), is a fake outrage campaign invented by 4chan's /pol/. on Twitter on Imgur, The Daily Dot The campaign desires to "drop the B" from LGBT, because bisexuality allegedly implies that there are only two genders (and is thus opposed to the nonbinary movement). This argument, however, fails to address the distinction between sexual orientation and gender identity. In reality, bisexuality can mean either [1] that the person is attracted to more than one sexual phenotype in terms of primary and secondary sex characteristics, or [2] that the person is attracted to people regardless of gender (which is how being pansexual is also defined, but not all pan folks identify as bi and vice versa). None of these positions implies that there are only two genders, though (of course) there are bisexual people who indeed think that there are only two genders, those are called assholes.
Also, 4chan's /pol/ implying that they actually care about non-binary people is...questionable.
Gavin McInnes of the Proud Boys thought the hoax was authentic,Proud Boys founder Gavin McInnes falls for an anti-bisexual 4chan hoax, claims trans identities are mental illnesses, Media Matters as did /r/RightWingLGBT. on Reddit
==Bisexuals of 1991 weigh in==
==See also==
*LGBTP
*No White Democrats
*DropTheT
*Manufactroversy
==External links==
*#DroptheB, KnowYourMeme
*What is #droptheb and why should you care?, Pink News
*The Bisexual Manifesto
==References==
Category:4chan
Category:Right-wing troll campaigns
Category:Transphobia