nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Mary Midgley

thumb|left|165px|Midgley in 2002
Mary Midgley was a British philosopher and a senior lecturer at Newcastle University, who specialized in ethics and wrote extensively on moral philosophy, epistemology, science, and animal rights. Her father was chaplain of King's College, Cambridge.
Midgley was an atheist and argued for a naturalistic understanding of the universe, but opposed reductionism and scientism. Her first book, Beast and Man (1978), attacked both human exceptionalism that places humanity outside the natural realm and overly reductionist sociobiology that denies human agency and morality.David L. Hull. Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature by Mary Midgley. The Philosophical Review, Vol. 90, No. 2 (Apr., 1981), pp. 307-310
Midgley notably wrote a hyperbolic response to Richard Dawkins' The Selfish Gene and J.L. Mackie's review of said book, claiming that their rhetorical anthropomorphism and equivocation led to an implicit endorsement of psychological egoism.Mary Midgley. "Gene Juggling", Philosophy, vol 54, no. 210, 1979, pp. 439–458 Dawkins replied, with some justification, that this was a straw man and he had been misread.Richard Dawkins. In Defence of Selfish Genes. Philosophy Vol. 56, No. 218 (Oct., 1981), pp. 556-573 Midgley later apologized for her initial bombast, but reiterated her criticisms of neo-Darwinism.Mary Midgley. "Selfish Genes and Social Darwinism", Philosophy, vol 58, 1983, pp. 365–377
She was unfortunately prone to endorsing dubious ideas and figures that flirt with pseudoscience or openly promote it. She was a booster of James Lovelock's Gaia hypothesisSee Myths We Live By (2002) and later endorsed the antics of Rupert Sheldrake.Mary Midgley. The Science Delusion by Rupert Sheldrake - review. The Guardian, 27 Jan. 2012
==External links==
*Clare Mac Cumhaill, Rachael Wiseman, Metaphysical Animals, "How Four Women Brought Philosophy Back to Life," Chatto and Windus, ISBN 9781784743284, (2022).
*Anil Gomes, "Metaphysical Animals review – four women who changed philosophy," The Guardian, Feb. 10, 2022, accessed Mar. 20, 2022.
*Jane Heal, "Mary Midgley obituary," The Guardian, Oct. 12, 2018, accessed Sep. 20, 2019.
==References==
Category:Atheists
Category:British people
Category:Philosophers
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Mary Stewart Relfe

Mary Stewart Relfe was the author of When Your Money Fails (1981) and The New Money System (1982). Her thesis? The number 666 is beginning to appear everywhere, a sign that Satan and/or Satanists are taking over the world economic system.
Her two books are illustrated with numerous reproductions of things like license plates that happen to have 666 on them (which happens every 1 out of 1000 plates), bills and credit card statements showing 666 somewhere on them (such as in somebody's account number), and the new modernized logos for some U.S. government agencies adopted during the Jimmy Carter administration that look like a stylized 666 if you use your imagination and stare at them long enough. The Trilateral Commission's logo also looks like a stylized 666. She also mentions the Sex Pistols' Anarchy in the U.K. as hard evidence Satan is taking over, specifically the opening line "I am the Antichrist" which she misquotes anyway (as well as the name of the band which she calls "Sex Pistol.") 
Not one to pass up the chance to indulge in Antichrist-naming, she named him in her first book: Anwar Sadat. Oops... he was assassinated later that same year. Also, God personally spoke to her and told her the Rapture would come right smack in the middle of the 7-year Great Tribulation, and not at the beginning as most evangelicals believed.
Most notably, her second book, The New Money System, was the source of the now-widespread belief that the then-new Universal Product Codes contain a hidden 666 encoded in them.
And cable TV lines were being outfitted with death rays built into the cables that would make stray dogs disappear by melting them.You can't make this stuff up — this is on page 150 of When Your Money Fails.
Apparently embarrassed that the Antichrist hadn't yet made everyone take the Mark of the Beast, she completely changed the subject for her third book, Cure Of All Ills (1987), which is a study of Christian revivalism inspired by the work of Charles Finney in the early 1800s. However she since got back into impending-rise-of-the-Antichrist end times mania with "sky is falling" books about Y2K and 9/11.
Her books rely heavily on citations to such credible sources as the National Enquirer, Liberty Lobby's Spotlight newspaper, the books Christ Returns By 1988 by Colin Deal and New Money Or None by Willard Cantelon, the Southwest Radio Church, and televangelist Jack Van Impe (whom she cannot decide whether to spell his last name Impe or Empe).
== End Time ==
While Antichrist doesn't seem to have shown up, Relfe's personal End Time can be precisely dated to August 7, 2011. She was 81.Mary Stewert Relfe obituary
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:Christians
Category:Fundamentalists
Maryam Namazie

Maryam Namazie is an Iranian-born feminist and secularist campaigner who resides in Britain. Among the groups that she has been involved with are Freethought Blogs and One Law for All. She is also a member of the Central Committee of the Worker-communist Party of Iran. 
Namazie is critical of all religion, although she focuses primarily on Islam, being a former Muslim herself. Another target of her ire is the government of Israel, which she accuses of committing genocide in Gaza."Stop the Genocide Perpetrated by the Israeli Army against the Civilians of Gaza" Maryam Namazie, December 29, 2008
Thankfully, she and Pat Condell do not get along very well.
==Controversy as a university speaker==
Namazie was initially refused a platform at Warwick University because her criticism of Islam was accused of being hate speech,Jerry Coyne, "Ex-Muslim Maryam Namazie refused platform at Warwick University because criticizing Islam is “hate speech”", Why Evolution Is True, September 25, 2015Richard Adams, "Student union blocks speech by 'inflammatory' anti-sharia activist" The Guardian, September 26, 2015 but this decision was ultimately overturned after a public backlash. 
On 30 November 2015, she spoke at Goldsmiths University in London. Her talk was disrupted by some members of the university's Islamic Society (ISOC) which argued that Namazie was "known as a notorious islamophobe" and "the university should be a safe space for all our students",https://www.facebook.com/goldsmiths.brothers.isoc/posts/728192703948402 but did not make a formal complaint to the Student Union. Namazie's description of the events is as follows:
Apparently, Namazie's showing of a Jesus and Mo cartoon was deemed particularly objectionable."‘Death Threats And Intimidation’ At Controversial Goldsmiths Lecture With Speaker Maryam Namazie", London Student. December 1, 2015. Following the event, the university's Feminist and LGBTQ+ societies expressed their solidarity with the ISOC,"Goldsmiths Feminist Society stands in solidary with Goldsmiths Islamic Society", Goldsmiths Feminist Society official Tumblr, December 2, 2015"Following recent events on- and offline, we would like to state and show our solidarity with the sisters and brothers of our Goldsmiths ISOC", Goldsmiths LGBTQ+ Society official Facebook, December 4, 2015 accusing Namazie and the Goldsmiths AHS of Islamophobia and mistreating the protesters. The incident was quickly condemned by some secular groups, who decried the feminist and LGBTQ+ societies for siding with the Islamists.Why Are Goldsmiths’ Feminists Applauding the Silencing of Women?Now Goldsmiths #LGBT Society Stands With Islamist BulliesGoldsmiths ISOC fails to intimidate and silence dissentersActivist Maryam Namazie Heckled at Talk by Muslim Students Who Say She Invaded Their “Safe Space”
==External links==
* Maryam Namazie's blog
==References==
Category:Communists
Category:Criticism of Islam
Category:Feminists
Category:Freedom of speech
Category:Iranians
Category:Living people
Masked man fallacy

A masked man fallacy is a logical fallacy that occurs when one confuses knowing what a thing is with knowing what every single instance of that thing is. It occurs when Leibniz's law () is used improperly.
The masked man fallacy is a formal fallacy.
==Alternate names==
*Epistemic fallacy
*Hooded man
*Illicit substitution (of identicals)
*Intensional fallacy
==Examples==
This is also an example of information asymmetry as Alice knows something Bob doesn't.
==Explanation==
It is not always proper to replace one term for another even if the two terms designate the same thing, nor can one automatically assume that subjective knowledge of one person (or even of a group) is necessarily enough for making accurate, non-contradictory statements or for teasing out inherently contradictory definitions.
Another way of looking at this issue is confusion between the quotation and the referent, equivalence in beliefs and equivalence in reality. Two labels may happen to refer to the same thing in the territory, yet be distinct labels on the map, especially if the one holding the belief does not know about their equivalence.
:masked man = father
:"masked man" ≠ "father"
==External links==
*The Masked-Man Fallacy: Twisting Arguments Through Invalid Substitutions, Effectiviology
*The Masked Man Fallacy, Fallacy Files
*Intensional, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
*The Quotation is not the Referent, LessWrong
Category:Formal fallacies
Masochism

Masochism is the condition of enjoying one's own helplessness or pain. It can be sexual or non-sexual.
Some sexual masochists may be aroused or gratified by suffering violence or pain, while others simply enjoy submission to a dominant sexual partner. Masochists often engage in sexual activity with sadists, and many people in the BDSM scene are both sadistic and masochistic. Sexual masochism is not a mental disorder except in certain rare and extreme cases.
Non-sexual masochism is a tendency of some individuals to seek, usually unconsciously, situations which undermine their happiness and cause them suffering. It is sometimes regarded as a personality disorder, and may be caused by negative childhood experiences. Masochistic individuals may be drawn into relationships or situations which will cause them unhappiness, and may have feelings of guilt or confusion when they do experience pleasure.
The term is named after the writer Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (1836-1895), who not only practiced sexual masochism himself, but authored several works that glorify the practice; most notably Venus in Furs.Leopold Von Sacher-Masoch, Poet of Masochism by Ciarin Conliffe, June 8, 2015, HeadStuff
== See also ==
*Marriage
*Sadism
*BDSM
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Psychology
Category:Sexuality
Mass (physics)

Mass is a fundamental concept in physics, roughly corresponding to the intuitive idea of "how much matter there is in an object." On a more fundamental level, mass is equivalent to inertia, which is the resistance of an object to change velocity when acted upon by a force. When measured at the surface of the Earth, "weight" is the colloquial term for mass (though weight is a force calculated as mass times acceleration due to gravity. The Imperial unit for mass is not the pound, but the slug). In free fall, an object has no weight, but it retains its mass and inertia.
Mass is a central concept in classical mechanics and related subjects, and there are several definitions of mass within the framework of relativistic kinematics. In the theory of relativity, the quantity invariant mass, which is close to the classical idea of mass, does not vary between single observers in different reference frames.
Until May 2019, mass was the only basic SI unit defined using a physical artifact. Now, though, it's defined in terms of the speed of light, the Planck constant, and the second (defined in terms of a particular microwave frequency given off by cesium-133). This is important because the basic SI units, let alone the derived ones, are not independent.
As a particularly good example of a definition of mass, the following is borrowed from and .Landau and Lifshitz, Mechanics, Pergamon Press 1997. Their Mechanics is the first volume in a series covering most of physics, so the innocent reader might expect a cuddly welcome, but as the first section is titled "Generalised co-ordinates", the reader gets the sinking feeling that he's doomed. Section 5 is called "The Lagrangian for a free particle", and there we meet mass for the first time in this guise:
:L=\frac{1}{2}mv^2.
L is, in this case, a simplified version of a Lagrangian encountered in the equation before, and mass has not been mentioned. A few lines later, m is called mass, just to have a name for it. Then we have "The additive property of the Lagrangian shows that for a system of particles which do not interact we have:"
:L=\sum\frac{1}{2}m_av_a^2.
Luckily, this definition of mass is meaningful if we take the additive property into account, but the reader is probably left wishing for a definition based on a metal prototype.
If one is not careful, mass can be converted into energy. If it's far enough away, it can provide a nice pleasant warm glow. If it's too close and not carefully contained, it can burn.
==See also==
*Gravity
*Higgs boson
==References==
Category:Physics
Matt Cahill

Matt Cahill (along with Jason Sacks) is a woo-meister of the worst kind. His products, largely bodybuilding dietary supplements, are not just simply ineffective woo; many are actually dangerous. Cahill has a record of putting questionable products onto the market: 
==Products==
Despite legal problems directly related to dangerous ingredients in his supplements,Those who have taken his supplements have complained (and in some cases, sued for) such ailments as liver damage and blindness Cahill is peddling a new line of products from his company, Driven Sports. Given the Google hits for both Driven Sports and its marquee product "Craze" (named Supplement Of the Year by bodybuilding.com), it seems as though his products are still highly popular. Craze is widely available, though its ingredients are difficult to find, and are not listed on the bottle.
Cahill describes his new product with lots of scientific accuracy err umm, babble:
Cahill's ability to put new products onto the market shows a weakness in the oversight of the natural "supplement" industry, where products can be put onto the market with little to no testing.
==Criminal history==
Cahill and his wife were convicted in 2005 of introduction of a misbranded drug into interstate commerce, and sentenced to 24 month sentences.Matt Reynolds, The Shady World of Diet Supplements. courthousenews.com, 26 August 2013. The specific drug, DNP (2,4-Dinitrophenol), is considered to have a "high acute toxicity", and has caused such pleasant effects as "formation of cataracts and skin lesions, weight loss, and has caused effects on the bone marrow, central nervous system (CNS), and cardiovascular system". It's toxic enough to be used as a pesticide.EPA
Despite these events, Cahill is talking up his products over the Internet and developing new products.Sports supplement designer has history of risky products Cahill faces federal charges yet again, this time for marketing unlicensed drugs.United States District Court, Northern District of California
==References==
Category:Food supplement woo
Category:Food woo promoters
Category:Living people
Category:Convicted felons
Category:Criminals
Category:Shysters
Matt Kibbe's Rules for Liberty

==“The Rules for Liberty”==
Don't Hurt People and Don't Take their Stuff: A Libertarian Manifesto is a 2014 book by Matt Kibbe, author of Hostile Takover: Resisting Centralized Government's Stranglehold on America.Kibbe, Matt. Don't Hurt People and Don't Take their Stuff: A Libertarian Manifesto. 2014. HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY. Kibbe is a graduate of George Mason University and was most recently a senior advisor at Concerned American Voters®, a Rand Paul® political action group. He was previously president of FreedomWorks®, formerly known as Citizens for a Sound Economy®, a conservative/libertarian advocacy group founded by the Koch brothers.
Chapter One of Don't Hurt People and Don't Take their Stuff lists and describes six "Rules for Liberty":
The rest of the book is about how progressives, Barack Obama, ObamaCare®, and the IRS all suck.
==References==
Category:Libertarianism
Category:Books
Matt Ridley

Matt Ridley, 5th Viscount Ridley, FRSL, FMedSci, DL, is a British scientist and journalist. He is a climate change denier and a member of the Global Warming Policy Foundation's Academic Advisory Council.Academic Advisory Council. The Global Warming Policy Foundation. On 6th February 2013 he was elected to the unelected House of Lords.
==Books==
Ridley has written several popular science books, including The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature (1993), The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Co-Operation (1996), Genome (1999), Nature via Nurture: Genes, Experience & What Makes Us Human (2003), and The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves (2003).Books & Publications. Matt Ridley. The Rational Optimist was criticized by, among others, George Monbiot for its numerous errors of science, particularly (though not exclusively) on climate change.George Monbiot. "This state-hating free marketeer ignores his own failed experiment." The Guardian. 2010 May 31. Monbiot compared Ridley's argument that state regulation was largely parasitic with the unmitigated cock-up success of Ridley's own business career.
Alina Chan and Ridley authored a book entitled Viral: The Search for the Origin of COVID-19, published by HarperCollins in November 2021, promoting the conspiracy theory that the COVID-19 pandemic originated with a lab leak that China covered up. Neither author is a virologist, and the book was criticized by the LA Times https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2021-11-15/these-authors-wanted-to-promote-the-lab-leak-theory-of-covids-origin-instead-they-exposed-its-weaknesses and by The New Republichttps://newrepublic.com/article/164688/viral-lab-leak-theory-covid-19 for lack of evidence and conspiratorial thinking.
==Northern Rock==
From 2004-2007, Ridley was Chairman of Northern Rock, a British Bank, having sat on the Board since 1994. It was pure coincidence that his father sat on the same Board for 30 years and was Chairman for five.
Under Ridley's leadership, the Bank's strategy was so successful that in September 2007 it became the first British Bank to suffer a run since 1878, having applied for emergency funding from the Bank of England, and in February 2008 it was taken into public ownership, having failed to find a buyer. Ridley was heavily criticized by a House of Commons Select Committee for failing to recognize the risks inherent in the Bank's strategy.Treasury - Minutes of Evidence, Session 2007-08. UK Parliament.
==External links==
*Matt Ridley's website
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:Biologists
Category:British people
Category:British politics
Category:Global warming denialists
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Category:Living people
Matter

Matter is hard to define but easy to explain. Every object you know is made of matter. That matter, in turn, is composed of atoms and molecules; atoms are tiny bits of matter that combine with other atoms to make molecules, which are slightly larger bits of matter. In turn, atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. (Atoms are also composed of particles known as quarks and leptons, as protons and neutrons are made up of quarks and electrons are a type of lepton.) 
Lumps of thousands millions billions lots and lots of molecules, identical or not, make up the objects you know so well, like trees, water, air, life forms, etc.
The most experience laypeople often have with the concept of matter is in the "three states of matter." Matter can be solid (having a defined shape and volume), liquid (having no particular shape but a defined volume), or gaseous (having neither defined shape nor volume). This is not, however, the definition of matter.
Matter is related to energy. There are 9.0 x 1020 ergs of energy in every gram of matter.
It is theorized that a particle, named the Higgs boson, is what gives matter its mass. Experiments at CERN using the Large Hadron Collider have now pretty much nailed this down.
Idealists dispute the existence of matter, saying instead that what seems like matter is really an "idea" of some sort.
That would then boil down to:
:Derrida's Law of Matter: Matter - No matter.With apologies to Derrida, but he said he didn't write to be understood anyway.
== See also ==
*Dualism
*Energy
*Materialism
==Notes==
category:Physics
category:Chemistry
Matthew Lesko

Matthew Lesko (born 1943), known to many as "that question mark guy," is something like what would have happened if the Riddler had dropped out of villain school and turned to a life of infomercial-driven financial fraud. Lesko has been hawking his books that can show you how to get FREE* MONEY FROM THE GOVERNMENT on the talk show and late-night infomercial circuit since the 1980s. Most Lesko books can be identified by his mug on the cover in addition to the title formula "Free money for x!" The general formula for writing a Lesko book is as follows:
*Write a book containing publicly available information about government grant programs and how you too can be a welfare queen!
*Peddle it on infomercials while acting like a five-year-old on a sugar high.
*Sell off your customers' private information after they buy the book.Free Money? Don't Think So, Consumer Affairs
*PROFIT!!!
Lesko offers a money-back guarantee on his books, but customers have reported getting a dead line when they call the number for the refund.Review of Matthew Lesko; "Free Money to Pay Your Bills", Consumer Fraud Reporting He also claimed to be a columnist for The New York Times, but in fact had only had a column syndicated by the New York Times Syndicate from 1992-1994. The Times got him to remove this claim from his website. Besides just rolling already available information into brick-sized books, he generally misrepresents how much money you can get by gaming the numbers using programs a normal person wouldn't have access to. For example, he often gives instances of multi-million dollar grants, but "forgets" to mention that it was a grant from an organization like the National Science Foundation for some high-level research project. The New York State Consumer Protection Board has this to say about him:
His main distributor is called Information USA. He also offers "Lesko mentoring services" through his website. No one is sure how a man in a silly question mark suit got people to trust him with their money.
Lesko also claims that he likes to wear his suit "off-duty" as well.Questions for Matthew Lesko, the Question Mark Man, The Black Table 
He is also one of the 110 People Who Are Screwing Up America#109, to be exact..
==External links==
*Lesko's website
*Classic Lesko commercial
*Lesko attempts to rap
*Lyle Tillman's Guide to Free, a parody of Matthew Lesko.
*Lesko talks about how to get "free money." If you do your income taxes and get a refund, that is.
==References==
Category:Financial fraud
Category:Media
Category:Scams
Category:Shysters
Category:Consumer issues
Category:Living people