nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Waste-Management Protocols

'From Cradle to Grave: Waste Management for Conservators' Compiled by the Health and Safety Committee
Solvent Disposal
Recycling
Links to State Environmental Agencies
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) defines hazardous waste according to the following characteristics:
Ignitable: a material that burns readily (applies to liquids with specific flash points,oxidizers, a material that can cause spontaneous chemical change, or ignitable
compressed gases)
Corrosive: an aqueous material of specified acidic or basic nature, or a liquid that can corrode steel at a particular rate
Reactive: explosive, violently, or vigorously active
Toxic: a waste that contains one of a specified group of heavy metals, organic toxicants, and pesticides at a particular level (by EPA-approved methods).
You are a conservator; therefore you are a generator of hazardous waste with some responsibility attached. As a generator you are responsible for the life of that hazardous material from the moment you use it to the moment it is disposed of in the correct manner. According to the RCRA, there are three classes of hazardous waste generator:
1. large-quantity generators (LQG) that generate greater than 1,000 kilograms of
hazardous waste per month
2. small-quantity generators (SQG) that generate between 100 and 1,000 kilograms of hazardous waste per month
3. very-small-quantity generators or conditionally small-quantity generators (CESQG) that generate less than 100 kilograms of hazardous waste per month.
Most of us will fall into the 3rd category, so under Federal requirements we are generally not required to obtain an EPA generator identification number or provide a manifest when shipping hazardous waste HOWEVER it is of the greatest importance that you check your local regulations as several states have stricter rules. (Since many hazardous wastes are measured in liquid and not pounds the liquid measure of gallons and liters must be converted to pounds or kilograms. A rough guide is 30 gallons of waste weighs about 220 pounds or 100 kilograms). 
If the waste is improperly disposed of, that waste can lead to health, safety and legal issues. Most states, cities, and counties have specific waste disposal requirements. It is vitally important to contact your local officials to find out what the regulations are and what sort of record keeping you are responsible to maintain, then to find a certified chemical waste disposal company for your area. If not, you may end up paying for a possible toxic cleanup. Sometimes partnering with a local college chemistry department can be helpful for an individual conservator or a small lab.
Water

Back to the AIC Wiki Main Page
Back to Preventive Care
Back to the Ten Agents of Deterioration 
This page could use your help. If you would like to contribute information on water damage to collections, please contact e-editor Laura Resch.
Collections storage areas are frequently placed in attic or basement spaces which are most vulnerable to water damage in the event of a roof or plumbing leak, sprinkler system malfunction or flooding.
== Water Damage Resources ==
Stabilizing Wet Paintings
Water Damage Prevention from the Exhibits Standards and Guidelines Section
Emergency Preparedness & Response
PMG Emergency Response, Salvage, and Recovery Techniques - includes information on drying and freezing water damaged photographic material. 
Tide line image examples 
Information on mold and mold damage 
Information on Water and Wood 
== Water Purity Levels ==
Water is commonly used in conservation treatments, and different levels of purity are required for the treatment of different materials.
==== Tap water ====
Tap water refers to drinkable water that is from the municipial water supply, and it can be use for certain conservation treatments. Tap water is not preferred for certain treatments because of concerns about chemical compounds added to tap water during the treatment process to adjust the pH or remove contaminants, chlorine to kill biological toxins, and the possibility of dissolved solids like minerals. The most common dissolved mineral in hard water is calcium carbonate, which can leave mineral deposits on materials during cleaning. 
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ⇋ Ca2+ + 2HCO3-
Hard water and soap solutions can form a precipitate by the interaction of the ions to destroy the surfactant in the soap, which instead of causing the soap to form a lather, it forms a falls out of solution as a precipitate on the surface of the material. (Wikipedia contributors 2012). 
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ⇋ Ca2+ + 2HCO3- 
==== Distilled water ====
Distilled water refers to water that has been heated to a boiling point until it vaporized, then the steam is condensed in a clean container and this process leaves the impurities behind in the original container(Wikipedia contributors 2012). 
Dissolved solids like salts will not be able to vaporize in the water. 
==== De-ionized water ====
De-ionized water has had cations and anions removed through a de-ionization process. 
==References==
Wikipedia contributors. 2012. 'Hard Water'. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_water&oldid=472728225. Accessed January 24, 2012. 
Wikipedia contributors, 2011. 'Distilled water'. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distilled_water&oldid=473605078. accessed February 7, 2012.
Water Charts

Back to Water Purification Methods and Environmental Considerations
These charts provide information about the environmental impact of the systems used to make purified water. 
Environmental Impact from Water Purification, Use and Disposal:
center
Overview of Water Treatment Methods:
center
Charts from: Nunberg, Sarah, "When the Well’s Dry, We Know the Worth of Water." AICNews. AICNews March 2011 vol. 36 no. 2: 12-13.
Water Treatments

Water Purification Methods and Environmental Considerations
"When the Well’s Dry, We Know the Worth of Water"
(Benjamin Franklin)
Water is one of our planet’s most precious resources. It is also the most useful, powerful and non-toxic solvent a conservator can employ. The AIC Committee on Sustainable Conservation Practice encourages responsible use of this limited asset.
Paper, textile, and archaeological conservators often engage in treatments that require large amounts of water. Understanding the environmental repercussions in producing/using/recycling large amounts of bottled or purified water is helpful as we set our goals to reduce energy use and minimize the waste we produce. Whenever possible, we encourage using tap water before purified water and only purchasing bottled water as a last resort. 
The charts (link below) list various types of water and address:
•	Water discarded during purification (ratio of feed water to purified product)
•	Energy to run purification equipment
•	Energy to make purification equipment and bottles
•	Raw materials to make purification equipment and bottles
•	Disposal of spent filters, equipment, and empty storage containers
We hope these charts help conservators to evaluate water purification methods and to begin using purified water only as necessary. 
List of Water Treatments
Water Charts
Wet cleaning

Wet Cleaning is the cleaning of museum objects with water and conservation grade detergent. Can be used on many different types of objects but is a permanent process that should be used with care.
=== Translations ===
English 	Wet Cleaning
French 	nettoyage humide
German 	Nassreinigung
Italian 	pulizia bagnato
Portuguese 	limpeza umida
Spanish 	limpieza en humedo
Chinese (Traditional)	濕式清潔
== Discussion ==
Wet Cleaning is mostly discussed when it comes to cleaning textiles and when to and when not to wet clean objects. Cleaning historicaltextiles with water and detergent can permanently alter how the object looks especially if the proper precautions aren’t taken. Certain fabrics can shrink which causes tightening and distortion of the fabric or color can bleed out permanently altering how the piece is suppose to look (V&A). Wet cleaning museum textiles is similar to cleaning clothes in your home but without a washing machine. It is a soak, lather, and rinse process. Pure water (distilled water) is used along with a light amount of detergent if any at all (Pardos). 
Wet cleaning can also be used on glazed ceramics, glass, stone, and historic medal if the pieces are in good condition. It canalso sometimes be used on polished and unfinished wood. With these objects, wet cleaning should be done sparingly with only a small amount of water and just to remove dust. Dry Cleaning (see other page) should be carried out first, as it is less permanent and easier to carry out on these objects (North East)
Finally all objects that have been wet cleaned should be dried completely before being placed in storage to avoid the mold growth.
== References ==
Pardos, Maria. 2015. “Washing Bonnets for Common Grounds.” Retrieved from: https://thebowesmuseum.wordpress.com/tag/wet-cleaning/
North East Collections Care Framework. 2007. “Conservation Cleaning for Objects”. Retrieved from: https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/library/asc/conservation/CCFcleaningguidelines1compressed.pdf
V&A. 2015. “Cleaning Textiles” Retrieved from: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/cleaning-textiles/
When Purified Water is Necessary

Back to Water Purification Methods and Environmental Considerations
Often purified water is necessary in conservation treatments, but not always. Here are a few examples of activities that do require purified water:
* Mixing reagents
* Salt test solutions
* Sample preparation
* Paper conservation treatments may need purified water, depending on the region and the contaminants in the water. Some conservation use primarily tap water after having the water tested.
Other examples? Email us at sustainability@conservation-us.org
This wiki was created and is maintained by the Sustainability Committee (formerly the Committee on Sustainability in Conservation Practice). It is intended to provide information for AIC members and other interested parties. Any treatment should be carried out by a qualified conservator(find a conservator ). Please send comments and suggestions for sustainable practices to sustainability(a)conservation-us.org.
Wire Recordings

Category:Electronic Media
Category:Audio Preservation
=Wire Recordings=
==History==
Magnetic recording proved viable and available in 1898 through the wire recording inventions of Valdemar Poulsen Wikipedia. Up until about 1955 wire recordings were used for instantaneous, dictation, and field recordings. The wire is wound on metal on metal or plastic spools. 
==Technical Details==
Wire recordings are made of stainless steel wire. Some, from the mid-1920s, are on 6mm "wire tape." 
Wire is stable, but it is an obsolete format. The wire format's primary problem is mechanical; for instance, it easily tangles or breaks.
==Conservation Practices==
==Conservation Products & Supplies==
==Equipment==
==References==
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Valdemar Poulsen which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.
Wood anatomy/ Wood identification

Back to the Wooden Artifacts Page
Image: wa logo.gif‎‎ Wooden Artifacts Group Conservation Wiki 
Contributors: 
Yuri Yanchyshyn.
Your name could be here! Please contribute.
Copyright: 2013. The Wooden Artifacts Group Wiki pages are a publication of the Wooden Artifacts Specialty Group of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. The Wooden Artifacts Group Wiki pages are published for the members of the Wooden Artifacts Specialty Group. Publication does not endorse or recommend any treatments, methods, or techniques described herein.
 
----
This section is dedicated to wood anatomy and wood identification.
==Further reading== 
*CITES Tropical Wood Identification Guide -http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/30572765-7F5C-4EAF-AC70-774EC56F69BF%5CCITES-Identification-Guide---Tropical-Woods.pdf
*Journal of the International Association of Wood Anatomists, Vol.32 (2), 2011
:[This entire issue was devoted to the current state of wood identification of CITES related species, with various contributors, and can be found at http://www.iawa-website.org/]
*Czako, Mihaly. 2007. Identification of Wood by Chemical Fingerprinting. A Guide to More Useful Woods of the World. Madison, Wisconsin. Forest Products Society. 307-313. 
:[A succinct introduction to the topic and its place within theoverall field of tree and wood identification.]
*Lancaster, Cady and Espinoza, Edgard. 2012. Analysis of Select Dalbergia and Trade Timber Using Direct Analysis in Real Time and Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for CITES Enforcement. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. Vol. 26(9): 1147-1156.
*Lancaster, Cady and Espinoza, Edgard. 2012. Evaluating Agarwood products for 2-(2-phenylethyl)-chromones using Direct Analysis in Real Time Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry Vol. 26(13): 2649-2656.
*Kite, Geoffrey C. and Green, Paul W.C. and Veitch, Nigel C. and Groves, Madeleine C. and Gasson, Peter and Simmonds, Moniques S.J. 2010. Dalnigrin, a neoflavonoid marker for the identification of Brazilan rosewood(Dabergia nigra) in CITES enforcement. Pytochemistry Vol. 71.: 1122-1131.
*Gasson, Peter and Miller, Regis and Stekel, Dov J. and Whinder, Frances and Zieminska, Kasia. 2010. Wood identification of Dalbergia nigra (CITES Appendix I) using quantitative wood anatomy, principal components analysis and native Bayes classification. Annals of Botany 105: 45-56.
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Back to the Wooden Artifacts Page
Category: Wooden Artifacts.
Work Practices

Back to the AIC Wiki Main Page 
The WORK PRACTICES section of the AIC wiki presents information created by myriad AIC groups and gathered from a variety of sources. 
<Br>
*Imaging - Information on imaging technologies, applications and practices created by AIC's Imaging Working Group (IWG) in partnership with AIC's Research and Technical Studies (RATS) Specialty Group.
*Health & Safety - The information on the Health and Safety pages is created and monitored by members of AIC's Health and Safety Network. Additional information and resources created by the committee is available on the Health & Safety Network page. 
*Sustainable Practices - The information on sustainable practices is created and monitored by members of AIC's Sustainability Committee. The wiki pages work complement and sometimes supplement information on the committee's Sustainability Resources webpage.
*Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Accessibility - Information on inclusive work practices compiled by AIC's Equity and Inclusion Committee.
*Public Relations and Outreach Toolkit - Outreach to allied professionals, the public and the press, and government at all levels is essential in promoting our profession and the work we do in preserving cultural heritage. The content on this page was initially developed by members of AIC'sEmerging Conservation Professionals Network (ECPN) along and now input and edits are sought from the entire AIC community. Please visit the page to learn how to contribute.
*Conservation Supply Sources - A list of vendors that provide products used in conservation treatment across specialties and practices. 
*Setting up a Conservation Lab - Content on setting up a lab for private practice is being generated by various members of all AIC Specialty Groups. Please visit the page to see a list of contributors. 
*Business Practices for Conservators - This section is planned for content from AIC'sConservators in Private Practice Specialty Group
Workflow example

Author:
Institution:
== Workflow ==
===== Studio Setup =====
* Asses the material to be photographed
** Determine your desired resolution  
** Identify any detail images that need to be taken
** Identify any special handling requirements
* Determine the height of the camera and/or table
* Select background material
* Select lighting - reflectors, barn-doors, softboxes, or umbrellas
* Arrange lighting and test for even and consistent exposure using an incident light meter
* Take an image of your color target
* Adjust the light to the correct value if the color target is over- or under-exposed
* If lights are adjusted, re-capture the color target and create a custom color profile for your session
* If you are working in a digitization environment and are using a software program with the capacity to make a lens cast calibration (LCC, or flat field correction), do so at this point.
** An LCC is a technique to create luminance uniformity. It is created by capturing a grey or white board and using a software program (such as Capture One) to analyze and adjust for the inconsistencies in lighting.
** When making an LCC, it is important that the board is flat, perpendicular to the camera sensor, and covering the entire field of view of the camera.
** After creating an LCC, re-capture your color target and adjust the color profile.
===== Capture =====
* Create label and include state (BT, DT, AT and date)
* Photograph the object
** Use the lowest ISO setting (ISO 50–200, depending on the camera).
* Process and name photos in accordance with AIC and institutional guidelines.
Workflows

This page contains links to a variety of workflows for different imaging techniques from different institutions and individuals.
=== Workflows === 	
=== Workflows ===
Multispectral/Multimodal Workflows	Digital Imaging Workflow for Treatment Documentation, Conservation Division, Preservation Directorate, Library of Congress, Ed: Gwenanne Edwards and Mary Oey, Third Edition, 2018.
The Digital Imaging Workflow for Treatment Documentation is an internal instructional manual for conservation photodocumentation used in the Conservation Division at the Library of Congress.
Multispectral/Multimodal Workflows	The Textile Museum MBI Guide, Callista Jerman and Adam Neese, The Textile Museum, 2023.
The Textile Museum MBI Guide is an internal workflow for multiband conservation photodocumentation used in The Textile Museum.
Visible Light Workflows 	
:
UV Radiation Workflows 	LACMA Ultraviolet-induced Visible Fluoresence and Ultraviolet Reflectance Imaging Workflow, Yosi Pozeilov, LACMA Conservation Center, Version 1.0, April 2024.
This document will present the workflow and equipment used by LACMA’s Conservation Center photo studio to produce consistent ultraviolet-induced visible fluorescence and ultraviolet reflected images.
Infrared Imaging Workflows 	
False-color Workflows 	
RTI Workflows 	
3D Imaging Workflows 	Photogrammetric monitoring workflow, Wendy Rose, Courtauld Institute of Art, Conservation of Wall Painting Department, Appendices MA Dissertation, 2019.
This workflow covers capture, processing, and analysis in Agisoft Metashape Professional 1.5.2 and CloudCompare 2.10.2 Zephyrus. The workflow has been updated and improved upon in later publications by Rose et al., but these updated workflows are currently not shareable on the Wiki.''
X-Radiography Workflows 	
Color Correction Workflows 	Scene Referred Color Managed Image Capture Workflow, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Scott Geffert & Chris Heins, Version 1.0 May 2023. 
The Met's Lightroom based scene referred color calibrated image capture workflow was written with the intention of being accessible to the broadest audience possible, so some of it may seem elementary knowledge to Imaging professionals but is an important foundation for those who are not. The workflow may not be much different from what some are already doing but it has proven effective and reliable across multiple imaging stations with various equipment over the course of years so we wanted to share it.
*
X-ray Fluorescence

__TOC__
==Overview==
The process by which high energy photons, x-rays, interact with atomic electrons and produce lower-energy photons with energies characteristic of the difference in electron binding energies is called x-ray fluorescence. 
==What it measures==
X-ray energies are required in order to eject bound electrons from their orbital. the subsequent characteristic energy x-ray emission identifies the element.
==Most common uses in conservation==
elemental analysis of paintings and artifacts
==Applications==
XRF units are portable and can be placed in front of a painting or other art object. XRF units are popular in museum applications because they allow for analysis without destructive sampling. 
==Case Study==
Back to AIC Wiki Main Page
Back to Research and Analysis page
Back to Instrumental Analysis 
Category:Microscopy
Category:Research and Technical Studies
Category:Research and Testing‏‎
Category:Instrumental Analysis
Category:Technique
1win: A Excelência Em Apostas Desportivas Online

**1win: A Excelência em Apostas Desportivas Online**No amplo universo das apostas desportivas online, uma plataforma vem se destacando por sua eficiência, confiabilidade e grande oferta de opções para seus usuários: a 1win. Esta plataforma apresenta uma solução perfeita para aqueles que amam o esporte e desejam tornar o jogo ainda mais emocionante.**Plataforma de Apostas 1win**A plataforma 1win é intuitiva, amigável e segura. Tudo o que se espera de uma plataforma de apostas online moderna está disponível: uma vasta gama de esportes para escolher, múltiplos mercados de apostas e probabilidades competitivas. A 1win oferece tudo isso e muito mais, tendo se estabelecido como uma das plataformas de apostas esportivas mais respeitadas e confiáveis da indústria.**Apostar em Desportos**Os amantes de todos os tipos de esporte encontrarão na 1win a opção perfeita para suas apostas. Desde futebol, ténis e basquetebol, até esportes menos tradicionais como dardos e críquete, a 1win cobre um amplo espectro de opções. A plataforma também fornece uma experiência de aposta completa, oferecendo dados estatísticos, informações sobre os jogadores e as equipes, tudo para auxiliar na tomada de decisões de apostas mais informadas e acertadas.**Apostas ao Vivo 1win**Para aqueles que gostam da emoção do jogo ao vivo, a 1win oferece uma robusta seção de apostas ao vivo. Esta funcionalidade permite que os usuários apostem em eventos desportivos em tempo real, com as odds sendo atualizadas continuamente conforme a dinâmica do jogo. Esta é uma opção perfeita para quem gosta de estar no centro da ação, apostando enquanto o jogo se desenrola.**Bônus de Apostas Desportivas 1win**A 1win também se destaca pelo seu generoso sistema de bônus e promoções. Novos usuários são frequentemente recebidos com bônus de boas-vindas atraentes, enquanto os usuários regulares podem beneficiar-se de uma variedade de promoções contínuas, como bônus de recarga, apostas grátis e mais. Estes bônus podem proporcionar um impulso adicional para suas apostas, aumentando o potencial de lucro e a emoção do jogo.**Conclusão**Apostar em desportos online nunca foi tão fácil, seguro e emocionante quanto é com a 1win. Com sua ampla gama de opções de apostas, plataforma fácil de usar e generosos bônus e promoções, a 1win se estabeleceu como a plataforma de escolha para os amantes das apostas desportivas. Não importa se você é um apostador casual ou um profissional experiente, a 1win tem tudo para satisfazer as suas necessidades de apostas desportivas.
Britain Has Been Urged To come Clean After Apparently Covering Up The Role Of A Canadian Spy Accused Of Smuggling

Britain has been urged to 'come clean' after apparently covering up the role of a Canadian spy accused of smuggling into . There are growing calls for an inquiry into claims the Met and the government knew the alleged people smuggler was responsible for helping Begum and her two fellow schoolgirls join while also working as a double agent for . Rabina Khan, a councillor for Bethnal Green, where Begum, then 15, went to school with Kadiza Sultana, 16, and 15-year-old Amira Abase - called for an inquiry into what took place. She said the revelations were 'absolutely disgraceful and shameful for this country and government'.  Shamima Begum and her two teenage friends were smuggled into Syria by a spy working for Canada - before Justin Trudeau's nation then then conspired with the UK to cover up its role, it is claimed