nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Velveteen

== Description ==
A thick, soft fabric with a dense cut pile on one side. Velveteen is made with a weft pile while velvet is made with a warp pile. Velveteen is usually made from cotton.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
velventine (Fr.); velours de coton (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* P.Tortora, R.Merkel (eds.), Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Fairchild Publications, New York, 1996.
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Website: www.fabrics.net
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 846
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velveteen (Accessed Nov. 29, 2005)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Velvetleaf

== Description ==
A tropical herb of the mallow family, Abutilon theophrasti, native to Asia. The velvetleaf plant is a source of jute-like fibers that are used in ropes and cords. The plant has been naturalized in the United states and is considered a weed.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Abutilon theophrasti; China jute; Indian mallow
Category:Materials database
Veneer

== Description ==
A thin, decorative facing glued to the surface of an inferior base material. Wood veneer panels are generally made from mahogany, oak, walnut, or cedar. The panels are about 2-3 mm thick. The term veneer is also used for thin facings made from brick, stone, and plaster.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
placage (Fr.); chapa de madera (Esp.); sfogliato (It.); tranciato (It.); folha (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 618
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
* Anne Grimmer, Glossary of Building Stone Terms, A Glossary of Historic Masonry Deterioration Problems and Preservation Treatments, National Park Service, Washington DC, 1984 Comment: stone veneer
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Veneer plaster

== Description ==
A strong, thin finish layer of plaster that is placed over blue boards to make replacement plaster walls and ceilings. Veneer plaster was developed in the second half of the 20th century.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
white coat; putty coat
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* NPS briefs at www2.cr.nps.gov/tps/briefs/brief21.htm
Category:Materials database
Venetian chalk

== Description ==
An old name that was generally used for talc. Venetian chalk was used in the manufacture of drawing crayons (Schur 1985)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
talco de Venecia (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Venetian point lace

== Description ==
A delicate, handmade needlepoint lace containing floral motifs. Venetian point laces were highly prized with flowing, graceful patterns. They were made from the 16th to 19th centuries. The rose patterns were later imitated in the late 19th c in Belgium (rose point lace).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Venetian rose point lace; point de Venise
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Catholic Encyclopedia at http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08729b.htm (accessed March 10, 2007)
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: 'Venetian Needle Lace' (accessed Mar. 10, 2007) (from 16th to 19th centuries)
Category:Materials database
Venetian red

== Description ==
A permanent, reddish brown pigment. Venetian red was originally prepared from a natural red ocher. By the 18th century, Venetian red was being manufactured by calcining ferrous sulfate (copperas) with lime or calcium carbonate. Venetian red contains about 15-40% ferric oxide and 60-80% calcium sulfate. Venetian red is used in oil paints, house paints, and as a paper colorant.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
India red; Indian red; scarlet red; terra rosa; iron oxide red; roasted iron oxide
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Venetian red.TIF~FTIR (MFA)|Synthetic Venetian red (Forbes MFA 76) 50X copy.tif~Raman (MFA)]]]
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Density = 3.45
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Venetian white

== Description ==
A commercial name for a white pigment mixture. Venetian white is composed of equal parts lead white (basic lead carbonate) and barite (barium sulfate). The name Venice white was used for this mixture as well as for pure lead white.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Venice white
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 445
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Venice turpentine

== Description ==
A thick viscous exudation from the Austrian larch tree, Larix decidua. Venice turpentine contains 63% resinous acids, 20% terpenes and 14% resins. It has been used since the 16th century in small amounts as a nonyellowing addition to oil paints where it produces an enamel like surface. Venice turpentine is not used as a varnish because it quickly becomes dark and brittle when exposed to oxygen and light. It is used as a mounting medium for light microscopy. Venice turpentine has also been used as a plasticizer in glue paste linings (Ackroyd 1996).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Larix decidua; trementina de Venecia (Esp.); trementina veneta (It); larch turpentine; Venetian turpentine
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in oil, turpentine, ethanol, ammonium hydroxide, glacial acetic acid, acetone, alkalis. 
* Insoluble in water.
* Refractive Index = 1.53
== Resources and Citations ==
* Paul Ackroyd "Glue-Paste Lining of Paintings: An Evaluation of Some Additive Materials" ICOM Edinburgh 1996 p.231-238.
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 832
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Kurt Wehlte, The Materials and Techniques of Painting, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975
* Paintings Specialty Group, Painting Conservation Catalog, Wendy Samet (ed.), AIC, Washington, DC, 1998
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 10078
* Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
* Gordon Hanlon, contributed information, 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Ventilago

== Description ==
A natural red dye obtained from the plant Ventilago maderaspatana native to the East Indies (Mayer 1969). Ventilago has poor lightfastness.
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Ventilation

== Description ==
The process of refreshing the air in an interior space. Ventilation provides oxygen and diminishes carbon dioxide, moisture and odors. Natural ventilation uses openings in the building, such as window, doors and vents, to allow air to circulate. Starting in the mid-19th century, mechanical fans and heating units (forced air heating systems) were used to circulate warmed air. In the 20th century, the use of combined heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems became prevalent for controlling air quality (temperature, humidity, circulation and purity) in interior spaces. These units are usually automated with sensors and computers to provide optimum conditions while conserving energy.
== Additional Images ==
File:08 AHU-2.jpg|Air handler unit
Category:Materials database
Verd antique

== Description ==
Any of various veined green stones, such as serpentine, used for interior decoration. Verd antique was originally named for its use in ancient buildings in Egypt, Greece, and Italy. The green marble has been quarried in France (Barcelonette) and the U.S.(Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Mexico, Maryland, New York, and California).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
verde antique; verde antico; verde antique; Verde Antico (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 702
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Luciana and Tiziano Mannoni, Marble: the history of a culture, Facts on File Publications
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998 Comment: spelling used from this source
Category:Materials database
Verel

== Description ==
[Eastman Chemical] A brand name for a modified acrylic fiber (modacrylic fiber) that was introduced in 1956. Verel is no longer produced.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Verelfiberkj1.jpg~FTIR|verel1000m.jpg~SEM|verel350m.jpg~SEM]]]
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Website: www.straw.com/sig/dyehist - introduced by Eastman Kodak in 1956
* Kodak: history
Category:Materials database
Vergaut

== Description ==
A green pigment prepared as a mixture of blue and yellow. Vergaut is most often described as a mixture of indigo and orpiment that was used as an alternative to verdigris by medieval painters. Alternate combinations found in some texts include: orpiment with ultramarine blue (Cennino); orpiment with organic blue-most likely woad (Brown 2003, about use in Lindisfarne Gospels)), indigo with orpiment or yellow ocher (Merrifield 1849)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vertbleu
Category:Materials database
Vermeil

== Description ==
1) A 17th and 18th century term for fire gilding (Mayer 1969). 
2) A 19th century term for a gilded metal (silver, copper, or bronze) coated with a transparent orange red lacquer to produce a rich gold color (Mayer 1969). 
3) Current trade definitions in the U.S., indicate that the term 'vermeil' can only be used when pure silver or sterling silver is plated with gold. 
4) A general term for a bright red color (as a variant of vermilion).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vermeil (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations===
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* FTC website (jewelry) -http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/guides/jewel-gd.pdf
Category:Materials database
Vermiculite

== Description ==
A laminar micaceous mineral composed of hydrated magnesium aluminum iron silicate. Vermiculite occurs naturally as a compact ore. It is mined in Russia, Australia, Brazil, South Africa, and the U.S. (Montana, North Carolina, South Carolina, Wyoming, Colorado). When vermiculite is heated to about 300 C (570 F), it expands to form highly porous, worm-shaped curls of connected mica-like plates. Expanded vermiculite is used as a fire-resistant insulator, spill absorbent, and packing material. It is also used as a lightweight filler in plaster, concrete, brick, rubber, soil, paper, paint, and plastics.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hydrated magnesium aluminum iron silicate; exfoliated hydrobiotite; Zonolite insulation; Microfil; Microlite; Verxite
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Vermiculite.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]
== Risks ==
* Vermiculite mined prior to 1990 may contain asbestos which is toxic by ingestion and inhalation. 
* Noncombustible. 
* Resistant to insects, bacteria, and fungi. 
* Millipore Sigma: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Unaffected by water, acids, alkalis or organic solvents. 
* Can expand 6-20 times when heated. Expanded vermiculite can absorb 200-500% of its weight in liquid. 
* Fracture = uneven 
* Crystal system = monoclinic 
* Cleavage = perfect 
* Streak = pale yellow
CAS 	1318-00-9
Mohs Hardness	2-3
Density 	0.04-0.15 g/ml (expanded)
== Resources and Citations ==
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 10095
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: Vermiculite." (Accessed 16 Mar. 2004).
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite (Accessed Sept. 20, 2005)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Ceramics and Glass Conservation Section, List of Workshop Materials, The British Museum, London.
Category:Materials database
Vermilionette

== Description ==
An imitation vermilion color pigment made from chrome red (Mayer 1969).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
American vermilion; imitation vermilion; chrome red
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Vermont statuary

== Description ==
A uniform, white marble quarried in Vermont since the 19th century. Several grades were available. The fine-grain stone was often used by sculptors. Other varieties with bluish gray clouds and veins were used for buildings.
* Brandon statuary: fine-grain, ivory-tinted marble quarried near Brandon in small blocks 
* Rutland statuary: very fine-grain, milk white marble quarried near West Brandon
* Second Rutland Statuary: milk-white with gray and yellow clouds
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Shelburne marble; Vermont white statuary; Vermont marble; Vermont white marble; Brandon statuary;
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank G. Matero, Alberto A. Tagle, "Cleaning, Iron Stain Removal, and Surface Repair of Architectural Marble and Crystalline Limestone: The Metropolitan Club, Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 1995, 34 (1), pp. 49-68. Link
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 499
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Vernalis

== Description ==
A rare, green pigment made by heating chalk and viridian (Mayer 1969). Vernalis a permanent pigment that has been used occasionally in fresco paintings. It is equivalent to the ceramic color called Victoria green.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Victoria green
==Resources and Citations==
* R. Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row, New York, 1969.
Category:Materials database
Vernis Martin

== Description ==
An imitation lacquer furniture finish. Vernis Martin lacquers were developed by the Martin brothers in France in the 18th century. The original furniture finish formula used a copal resin melted with Cyprus turpentine, amber, oil of turpentine, rosin, and a drying oil. The resin mixture was colored with black, red or blue (Prussian blue) pigments or powdered metal (bronze, gold, copper) to produce deep-toned, satiny finish, lacquer layers. As the technique became popular, the name 'vernis Martin' was soon applied generically to all imitation japanned coatings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vernice martin; Martin varnish
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Riccardi-Cubitt, "Vernis Martin" The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996, P. 611
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Verona green

== Description ==
An high quality commercial pigment composed of green earth obtained from Cyprus. Verona green was highly valued in the Middle Ages (Brady 1971).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
green earth; tierra verde (Esp.); terre verte
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 610
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Vert antique

== Description ==
A dark brown, black, or green synthetic patina for bronzes. The black or brown vert antique finishes were made by heating a portion of the bronze with a blow torch then painting the hot metal with an alkaline potassium sulfide solution. To form greenish or reddish colors, solution of copper nitrate or copper sulfate, respectively, are applied (Mayer 1945). Green vert antique finishes have also been simulated using multiple layers of casein paints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vert-antique; vert antique (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Viburnum

== Description ==
Any of several shrubs and plants of the genus Viburnum. A brown dye is extracted from the fruit of the Viburnum nudum plant. It is used as a darkening agent with other colors.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
naked viburnum; withe rod; Viburnum nudum (possumhaw viburnum); snowball bush; snebolle (Dan.); Schneeball (Deut.); viorne (Fr.); viburnum (Fr.); oppiono (It.); palla di neve (It.); pallone di maggio (It.); sneeuwbal (Ned.); kalina (Pol.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Shrub =height to 6 m 
* Flower=small white in flat-topped cluster 
* Fruit=clusters of pink berries ripening to a dark blue in fall, stay in winter
==Resources and Citations==
* R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
* Virginia Tech Dendrology website at www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm (accessed Oct. 3, 2005)
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viburnum (Accessed Dec. 8, 2004)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Vickers

== Description ==
A microhardness testing method often used with metals. The Vickers method presses a diamond pyramid, point down, into the metal with a known load. The depth of the indentation is measured. The scale runs from about 100 (medium steel) to about 1000 (very hard steel).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Vickers Härte (Deut.); dureté Vickers (Fr.);
Category:Materials database
Victoria Green

== Description ==
An unstandardized name that has been used for the following colorants
* Malachite Green dye 
* Lead chromate/Prussian blue (chrome green)
* Zinc yellow/Prussian blue
* Zinc chrome green/hydrated chrome oxide 
* Viridian/zinc yellow. 
The name Victoria Green is also a name for a ceramic color that is chemically the same as vernalis.
Category:Materials database