nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
PEM E49250, Chinese embroidered silk shawl (Early to mid 19th century)

== Artifact Information ==
Pale yellow Chinese embroidered silk shawl. Early to mid-19th century. Imported from Guangzhou, China. Chinese crepe shawls such as this, with a ground of "bird-of-Paradise yellow" or "stem yellow" on which cordons of flowers are embroidered are mentioned in 1828 in the Ladies' Monthly Museum of London as "elegant novelties in fashion"[1].
The Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, MA USA. E49250.
center|frame|Image of the embroidered Chinese silk shawl. photo by B. MacLaren
== Summary of results ==
The major components of the plant are protoberberine alkaloids: palmatine and jatrorrhzine. No berberine was detected. The dyeing source was probably huangteng. [2]
== HPLC profile ==
center|frame|Absorbance at 350nm (mAU)
== Identified compounds ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Pa2.PNG~palmatine UV-Vis|Ja2.PNG~jatrorrhizine UV-Vis|]]]
Compound 	RT (min.)	MW 	UV/vis 	Other
palmatine 	37.1 	351	348,428	major component
jatrorrhizine	34.4 	337	348,428	
== References ==
[1] Worth, S.(1986) "Embroidered China crepe shawls: 1816-1863; Dress 12:43-54.
[2] Xian Zhang,Karina Corrigan, Bruce MacLaren, Mimi Leveque, and Richard A. Laursen, Characterization of Yellow Dyes in Nineteenth Century Chinese Textiles. Studies in Conservation 52, 211-220 (2007).
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Cultural Artifacts
Category:Textiles
PEM E79076, embroidered silk shawl, China (19th century)

== Artifact Information ==
Orange-red Chinese embroidered silk shawl. Early to mid-19th century. 
The Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, MA USA. E79076.
== Summary of results ==
HPLC profile of a low temperature (~50 °C) extract of fibers from a red 19th century Chinese silk shawl showed that both carthamin (red) and
berberine (yellow) dyes were detected. Carthamin was most likely come from safflower and berberine from a plant that contains alkaloids, for example amur cork tree or Chinese cork tree [2]
== HPLC profile ==
center|frame| Absorbance at 450nm (mAU) Modified HPLC profile with author's permission [2]
== References ==
[1] Worth, S.(1986) "Embroidered China crepe shawls: 1816-1863; Dress 12:43-54.
[2] Richard A. Laursen and Chika Mouri "Decomposition and analysis of cathamin in safflower-dyed textiles", e-Preservation Science 2013, 10, 35-37.
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Cultural Artifacts
Category:Textiles
PEM E80968 Dragon robe, China (19th century)

== Artifact Information ==
The Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, MA USA. E80968.
 
The Peabody Essex Museum collected a dragon robe (E80968) thought to have been produced for the late Qing dynasty court. Beginning in the seventeenth century, only the emperor, empress, empress dowager and sometimes a high-ranking imperial consort were permitted to wear garments in
this ‘bright’ or ‘clear’ shade of yellow, known in Chinese as ming huang [1]. The robe was probably made for a very high-ranking woman at court, if not the Emperor’s wife or mother. The height of the lishui wave border at the hem, in addition to the prominence of the dragons, stylistically place this robe in the middle of the nineteenth century [2].
center|frame|Imperial dragon robe. © The Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, MA USA. 
== Summary of results ==
thumb|One yellow thread from the collar seam was removed for dye analysis
Yellow thread from the collar seam was samples and analyzed. The major components of the plant are flavonoids: rutin, keampferol and quecetin glycosides. The dyeing source was probably pagoda tree buds. [2]
== HPLC profile ==
center|frame|HPLC-DAD profile, extract from the robe, Absorbance at 350nm (mAU) by X. Zhang
== References ==
[1] Gary Dickinson, and Linda Wrigglesworth, Imperial Wardrobe, Bamboo Press, London, (1990) 199.
[2] Xian Zhang,Karina Corrigan, Bruce MacLaren, Mimi Leveque, and Richard A. Laursen, Characterization of Yellow Dyes in Nineteenth Century Chinese Textiles. Studies in Conservation 52, 211-220 (2007).
 
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Cultural Artifacts
Category:Textiles
PH

== Description ==
A logarithmic scale (0-14) used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. A pH of 7 indicates a neutral solution. The pH drops as the acidity of the solution increases and a pH of 0 indicates a very strong acid. Conversely, the pH increases and the alkalinity of the solution increases. Example pH values are:
* hydrochloric acid = 0.7
* acetic acid = 2.8
* boric acid = 5.6
* neutral water = 7.0 (without dissolved carbon dioxide)
* sodium bicarbonate = 8.3
* sodium carbonate = 12.1
* sodium hydroxide = 13.1
Category:Materials database
PH Testing Pen

== Description ==
[Lineco] A trademark for a pen containing a pH indicator dye. Lineco's pH Pen contains chlorophenol red indicator solution. When a small dot of ink is applied to a dampened paper, it will produce a color that is an approximate indication of its acidity or alkalinity. A pH greater than 6.8 gives a violet color while acidic pH levels below 5.2 are yellow. The dye residue leave a permanent stain on the paper and should not be used on a work of art. However, it may be useful for matboards, lining paper and hinges (King et al 1970).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Lineco's pH Testing Pen; pH Prüfstift (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Lineco: Website
* A.King, A.Pelikan, W.Falconer, "The Use of the Archivist's Pen and Universal pH Solution for Estimating the Surface pH of Paper" Studies in Conservation, 15:63-64, 1970.
* Marjorie Shelley, The Care and Handling of Art Objects, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987
Category:Materials database
PH indicator pen

== Description ==
A marking pen containing a pH indicator dye in the ink. When a small dot of ink is applied to dampened paper, it will produce a color that is an approximate indication of the acidity or alkalinity of the paper. The dye residue will leave a permanent stain on the paper and should not be used on a work of art. However, it may be useful for matboards, lining paper and hinges (King et al 1970). Colored or coated papers may may produce inconsistent results. The Archival pen contains bromcresol green indicator solution, while the Lineco and Abbey pH pens contain chlorophenol red indicator solution.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pH Indikatorstift (Deut.); stylo indicateur de pH (Fr.); 
Brand names: Archival Pen [Process Materials, NJ]; Lineco pH testing pen; pH pen; Litmus Pen; Abbey pH Pen
==Resources and Citations==
* A.King, A.Pelikan, W.Falconer, "The Use of the Archivist's Pen and Universal pH Solution for Estimating the Surface pH of Paper" Studies in Conservation, 15:63-64, 1970. 
* J. Miller, E. McCrady, "Comparison of pH Pens on the Market" Alkaline Paper Advocate, 3(5), Nov. 1990. Link
* Marjorie Shelley, The Care and Handling of Art Objects, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987
Category:Materials database
PIRC

= Peebles Island Resource Center (Technical Preservation Guidance) =
"The six conservation laboratories that are part of the Peebles Island Resource Center (PIRC)were established in 1974 as a unit within the Bureau of Historic Sites of the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRHP). For over a quarter century, the PIRC conservation labs located in a rehabilitated textile factory in Waterford, New York, have provided state-of-the-art conservation and collections care to OPRHP's State Historic Sites, State Historic Parks and State Parks. Since 1986 this high level of preservation support has also been provided under contract to government clients within New York State. Peebles Island conservators as part of PIRC have access to, and work in project teams with, specialists in areas such as archeology, exhibit design, cultural history, building and landscape conservation, and collections management." (from website)
Web Address 	http://www.nysparks.com/hist/history.html
Postal Address 	Peebles Island Resource Center
New York State Office of Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation
P.O. Box 219
Waterford, NY 12188 USA
Phone 	518 237 8643 ext, 3225, 3226
Fax 	518 235 4248
Contact 	John Lovell Contact: John Lovell
Searchable 	No
Categories 	General
Website Languages	English
Category:Directory
Category:Directory: General
PK

== Description ==
A logarithmic scale used to measure the completeness of a chemical reaction. The pK is defined as the negative logarithm of the equilibrium constant K (Lewis 1993). The dissociation of a weak electrolyte in water would have a high pK value, e.g., boric acid has a pK=9.24, while the dissociation of a strong acid has a low pK value. In an aqueous solution a compound is 50% dissociated when the pH of the solution reaches the pK value of the compound. Thus the pK value is the optimum pH for buffering.
Category:Materials database
PMA 2004-7, Tibetan Buddhist altar (19th to 20th century)

== Information ==
In addition to Tangka, furniture plays an important role in worship in the Buddhist tradition.The buddhist altar collected by Philadelphia Museum of Art was originally built into the walls of a Tibetan home, most likely in a room reserved as a sacred space for daily ritual worship by Tibetan-Buddhist lay practitioners [1].
center|frame|© Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA, USA Polychrome domestic altar (PMA 2004-7-1a1--1e1i), Tibetan, late 19th-early 20th c. Photo accessed from Museum of Art online catalog
== Summary of results ==
center|frame|Detail of the gilded altar door. image adopted from reference [1] with author's permission 
Small fragments from the top of the metallic decoration was removed, extracted and analyzed by Liquid chromatography-diode array detector-mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS). It was found that the altar door showing imitation gilding with berberine-toned brass flake, brass leaf and tin leaf. LC-DAD-MS analysis showed berberine [M+1 352] and palmatine [M+1 336] and jatrorrhizine [M+1 338], compounds found in barberry species. LC profiles of the altar colorant and Tibetan barberry ( Berberis tibetacae) were similar. Detailed analytical results including pigments applied to the alter could be found in publications by B. Price [1] and X. Zhang [2].
== HPLC profile ==
center|frame|Absorbance at 350nm (mAU). analyzed by X. Zhang [1]
== Identified compounds ==
== References ==
[1] Price, B., Malenka, S., Sutherland, K., Paul, K., Kingery, A., and Zhang, X., A Tibetan Polychrome Domestic Altar and Four Six-Panel Cabinets: Materials Analysis, Dating, and Conservation. ICOM-CC, New Delhi, India, September, 919-925 (2008).
[2] Zhang, X., Mouri C., Mikage M., and Laursen, R. A., Identification of Sources of Protoberberine -Alkaloids Used as Yellow Dyes in Asian Objects of Historical Interest. Studies in Conservation 55 177-185 (2010).
 
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Cultural Artifacts
Category:Objects
PSIgate

= Physical Sciences Information Gateway =
PSIgate (Physical Sciences Information Gateway) is the physical sciences hub of the Resouce Discovery Network (RDN). Led by the PSIgate team at the University of Manchester, PSIgate provides free access to high quality Internet resouces for students, researchers and practitioners in the physical sciences, specifically in: astronomy, chemistry, earth sciences, materials science, physics, and science history/policy. Each resouce in the main PSIgate Catalogue has been selected by information professionals and subject specialist to ensure relevance and quality. (extracted from website)
Web Address 	http://www.psigate.ac.uk
Postal Address 	PSIgate
The Joule Library
The University of Manchester
Phone 	0161 275 8729 
John Blunden-Ellis
Contact 	feedback@psigate.ac.uk
Information Online	Related links
Publishes info sheets
Searchable 	Yes
Categories 	General
Website Languages 	English
== Comments ==
PSIgate was launched in Sept. 2001Category:Directory
Category:Directory: General
PS 4000

== Description ==
[Preservation Solutions, Chicago IL] A brand name for an aqueous adhesive emulsion of polyvinyl acetate formulated for bookbinding and book repair. PS 4000 is acid-free and dries to form a clear flexible bond.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Meets ISO 14523 - Photographic Activity Test
==Resources and Citations==
Note: As of 2022, this product was no longer found on the Internet
* Preservation Solutions: Products Accessed Oct 2022
Category:Materials database
PVA Chamois

== Description ==
[Mascot Utensil] Originally a brand name for a soft synthetic chamois like cloth made with a nylon mesh interior surrounded by two layers of polyvinyl alcohol cloth. It is stronger and holds more water than natural chamois. As of 2022, an internet search indicates the term PVA chamois is used generically for any soft chamois-like microfiber cloth containing polyvinyl alcohol.
Some products are:
* ArmorAll: PVA Synthetic Chamois
* PVA Materials: PVA Chamois
* Champion Chamois: Chamois PVA drying cloth 
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Resistant to most chemicals and solvents. 
* Lint-free.
==Resources and Citations==
Website: www.mascot.com.tw/ps06.htm
Category:Materials database
PVA sponge

== Description ==
A porous, hydrophilic sheet composed of polyvinyl alcohol. The PVA sponge absorbs up to 12 times its dry weight in water. The flexible, soft fabric has good mechanical strength and abrasion resistance even when wet. It is lint-free, static free, and resistant to biological growth.
During World War II, British defense scientists discovered PVA Sponge while searching for alternative plastic materials to replace balsa wood. PVA Sponge is very lightweight when dry, but quickly softens when exposed to water or other liquids. Decades later, Japanese scientists discovered a resin treating method to make PVA Sponge resemble balsa wood by remaining lightweight and rigid when exposed to moisture. During the 1950s, a U.S. doctor started testing and trials were made with PVA Sponge for medical applications. PVA Sponge eventually became the chosen material for internal and external surgical procedures, primarily because it would not tear, leave residual debris, could be easily sterilized, and was approved by the FDA.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
PVOH sponge (sp)
== Risks ==
For chemical resistance: Chart (Accessed Oct 2022)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Resistant to organic solvents, acids and alkalis.
== Resources and Citations ==
* PVA Sponge: Introduction (Accessed Oct 2022)
* PVA Sponge: Home (Accessed Oct 2022)
* PVAMaterials: https://www.pvamaterials.com/products/item/4447 PVA sponge](Accessed Oct 2022)
* Aion Technologies: Properties of PVA sponge (Accessed Oct 2022)
* Hydra Quest: Website
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
Category:Materials database
Pacific Silvercloth

== Description ==
[Pacific] A registered trademark for a silver anti-tarnish storage fabric. Pacific Silvercloth® is a dark-color cotton flannel embedded with tiny sacrificial silver particles. As a covering for silver objects, the Pacific Silvercloth® provides protection from sulfur-containing pollutants, dust, and scratches. The cloth may be used to make bags or line trays for storage of silver and silver alloys (Arenstein et al. 2019).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
silver cloth; antitarnish cloth
== Risks ==
* Laundering reduces effectiveness
== Forms/Sizes ==
Silvercloth is about 38" wide and is always brown as the silver embedded in the fabric will tarnish slightly, causing the fabric to change to various hues of brown over the years.
==Resources and Citations==
* Exhibit Guidelines Technical Note: Using Pollutant Absorbers Inside an Exhibit Case
* Rachael Perkins Arenstein, Lisa Goldberg, and Eugenie Milroy, ‘Support and Rehousing for Collection Storage’ In ‘Preventive Conservation: Collection Storage’ Lisa Elkin and Christopher A. Norris (eds.), Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, New York. 2019. 
* L. Selwyn, 'Historical Silver: Storage, Display and Tarnish Removal', J.IIC-GC, 15, 1990
Category:Materials databaseCategory: MWGCategory: Sheet/Film, CompositeCategory: Climate/Environment
Padan

== Description ==
A carbamate insecticide.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
S,S'(2-dimethylaminotrimethylene-bisthiocarbamate)
== Risks ==
Toxic by ingestion.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Composition	C7H15O2N2S2Cl
CAS 	15263-52-2
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Padauk

== Description ==
A deep red wood obtained from tropical trees, Pterocarpus indicus and Pterocarpus dalbergioides, found in southeast Asia, Africa, and the Andaman islands. Padauk may have a mottled surface with bright red or black streaks. It is a hard, strong wood that is naturally durable. Padauk is used for decorative cabinetwork, turnery, veneer, piano cases and parquet. A related species, Burma padauk from the Pterocarpus macrocarpus tree has a harder more yellowish wood.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pterocarpus indicus; Pterocarpus dalbergioides; padauk; corail (Fr.); pau rosa de Timor (Port.); amboyna; padouk; vermilion wood; corail
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Heartwood ranges from pale pink to to deep brownish red, darkening with time
* Grain is interlocked with a coarse texture and open pores
* Wood is resistant to decay and insects
* Density = 45-55 ppcf
==Working Properties==
* Easy to work; tearout may occur during planing on quartersawn or interlocked grain
* Turns, glues, and finishes well.
==Resources and Citations==
The Wood Database: Andaman Paduauk
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 434
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
Category:Materials database
Padding

==Description==
A general term used for a soft, non abrasive material used to create space, protect, and/or separate an object from another surface such as a mount or storage container. Padding materials include Foams, Fabrics and batting. They can also be used as lightweight spacers to fill or produce different shapes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
stuffing; wadding; batting; cushioning; packing material
==Applications== 
==Working Properties==
==Risks==
==Forms and Sizes==
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
==Resources and Citations==
Category:Materials database Category:MWG
Pagoda tree

== Description ==
A medium sized tree, Styphnolobium japonicum, native to Japan, China and India. The Japanese pagoda tree is considered one of the best trees for bonsai. Also, a yellow-green dye, waifa green, is produced by dipping alum mordanted cotton in the flower extract then drying the cloth in the sun.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Japanese pagoda tree (Sophora japonica; Styphnolobium japonicum); waifa; enjo (Jap.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Pagoda tree color.PNG~EEM color|Pagoda tree line.PNG~EEM line]]]
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Broad spreading tree growing to 10-20 m 
* Bark = grayish or reddish brown with vertical furrows 
* Leaves = alternate pinnate 
* Flower = creamy white, hanging clusters 
* Fruit = Green pod containing pearl-like seeds
== Additional Images ==
File:pagoda tree_dyed paper.jpg|Pagoda tree dyed paper
File:Pagoda tree buds.JPG|Pagoda tree buds, unopened
File:Pagoda tree2_overall_AA.jpg|Pagoda tree Styphnolobium japonicum
File:Pagoda tree2_bark_AA.jpg|Pagoda tree Styphnolobium japonicum
==Resources and Citations==
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876 Comment: p. 304
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda_tree (Accessed Oct. 8, 2005)
* Virginia Tech Dendrology website at www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm (accessed Oct. 8, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Paint

== Description ==
A liquid mixture composed of a colorant dispersed in a binder. Paint dries to form a decorative or protective film. It can be applied with a brush, roller, sprayer, or by dipping. Some types of paints are: 
* Natural binders: Oil, Wax, Casein, gouache, tempera, Watercolor. 
* Synthetic binders: Alkyd, Acrylic, Latex, Epoxy and Vinyl.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
paints; peinture (Fr.)
== Comparisons ==
General comparison of common paint types
==Resources and Citations==
* National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association, 1500 R.I. Ave., Washington DC 20036
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 568
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Paint Standard

== Description ==
The common name for the Commercial Standard for Artists Oil Paints CS 98-62 that is issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce. First printed in 1942, the Paint Standard provides specifications for the minimum quality required to artists colors. Copies can be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington DC.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Commercial Standard for Artists Oil Paints CS 98-62
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Paint remover

== Description ==
A fluid or paste formulation designed to remove dried paint or varnish. Commercial paint strippers generally use systems based on either solvents or alkalis. Most of the solvent strippers use methylene chloride. It is an effective solvent that penetrates and swells oil, alkyd, and vinyl paints and most varnishes. However, it is not selective and will penetrate all paint and overpaint layers. Solvent strippers often contain co-solvents (acetone, methanol), acid or alkali activators, surfactants, and thickeners. Alkali strippers react with the paint film to saponify the fatty acids in oil paints and hydrolyze proteins in casein paints. They may contain sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide, and/or sodium silicate. While caustics are less toxic than halogenated solvents, they still react quickly with all paint layers. Some recent methods use weak organic acids, esters, gels, organic bases, enzymes, surfactants, and/or n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to control the speed and depth of the paint removal (Wollbrink, 1993).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
paint stripper; varnish remover; Safest Stripper [3M]; Zip-Strip® [Star Bronze]; 5f5 [SCL]; Strypeeze® [Savogran]; Peel Away® 1 [Dumond Chemical]; verfstripper (Ned.)
== Risks ==
* Most contain toxic, flammable and/or caustic materials.
==Resources and Citations==
* T.Wollbrinck, "The Composition of Proprietary Paint Strippers" JAIC 32:43-57, 1993.
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: pp. 571, 743
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_stripper (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006)
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database