nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Lightweight Composite panels

== Description ==
[Vermont Composites] A brand name for a series of very strong, structural panels. Lightweight Composite panels are available with a honeycomb Aramid core and with a polyimide foam core. Carbon and glass fibers are added to increase strength.
==Resources and Citations==
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
Category:Materials database
Lightwood

== Description ==
A pine wood that has a high concentration of resin. Lightwood is preferred for kindling because it is fast burning. It is also used for fence posts and foundations because it is water repellent and rot resistant.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Lignin sulfonate

== Description ==
A sulfonate salt of lignin that is produced as a waste product from chemical processes for making paper pulp. Lignin sulfonate is a brown powder that forms a colloidal solution in water. Lignin sulfonate is used as a dispersant for concrete and for carbon black additions to rubber. It is also used as a tanning agent for leather.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lignosulfonate
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Forms a colloidal solution in water. 
* Insoluble in most organic solvents
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 451; says formed in 'sulfate' process
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993 Comment: says formed in 'sulfite' process
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 Comment: says formed in 'sulfate' process
Category:Materials database
Lignite

== Description ==
A soft, brownish coal with a wood-like texture. Lignite, or wood coal, falls between peat and bituminous coal in density and carbon content. Lignite deposits occur in the United States, Germany and the Netherlands. It contains up to 40% water and must be dried prior to use. Lignite is used to produce some brown colorants, such as sap brown dye and Vandyke brown. Montan wax can be extracted from some lignites. Lignite is used to produce some petroleum-type products such as polyesters and polyamides. Also a process has been developed to reduce lignite to methanol for fuel. Jet is a very dense form of lignite.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Braunkohle (Deut.); lignite (Fr., It.); wêgiel brunatny (Pol.); lignito (Esp.); lenhite (Port.); brown coal; wood coal; Vandyke brown; Cologne earth
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 451
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignite (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Lignum vitae

== Description ==
The dense, heavy heartwood of the tropical evergreen guayacum trees, Guaiacum officinale and Guaiacum sanctum, that are native to the West Indies and the coast of Central America. Lignum vitae is the heaviest of all woods. The dark brown to black wood is tough and difficult to carve, but it is valued for its fine grain that polishes to a high gloss. The principal use of lignum vitae is for making of bowling balls, pulley sheaves, and mallet heads. It is naturally resistant to fungi.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
wood of life; Guaiacum officinale; Guaiacum sanctum; gaïac (Fr.); gaiaco (Port.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Heartwood color ranges from olive to dark green/brown to nearly black; color darkens with age and light
* Grain is interlocked; Texture is fine and can be polished to a high luster
* Durable for outdoor use: resistant to insect attack
* Density = 73-83 ppcf
==Working Properties==
* Can skip over-top jointer cutters on account of its extremely high density, and very light passes are recommended. 
* Will also dull cutters, and overall the wood is considered quite difficult to work. 
* Due to its high oil content, it’s very difficult to get strong and reliable glue joints. Finishing can also be problematic as well. 
* However, lignum vitae turns well on a lathe.
==Resources and Citations==
* The Wood Database: Lignum vitae
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 451
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965 Comment: 73-80 ppcf
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 5512
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=73-83 ppcf (1.17-1.33 g/cm3)
Category:Materials database
Lily of the valley

== Description ==
A natural yellow or green dye obtained from the leaves of the lily of the valley plant (Convallaria majalis). Fresh leaves gathered in the summer then shredded give a yellowish green color to wool that is mordanted with chrome. Dried leaves gathered in the fall produce a golden color on wool with a chrome mordant. The color does not dye cotton. It has good fastness on wool.
Category:Materials database
Lime

== Description ==
Any of several forms of calcium oxide obtained from heating calcium carbonate (limestone, marble, chalk, and shells). When calcium carbonate is heated to about 500 C, carbon dioxide is driven off leaving anhydrous calcium oxide or quicklime. When quicklime is soaked in water, it is changed to calcium hydroxide or slaked lime. Slaked lime that is dried and ground to a fine powder is called hydrated lime or lime hydrate. Lime will eventually harden and react with carbon dioxide to reform calcium carbonate. Lime is used in mortar, cement, stucco, glass, whitewash, putty, leather tanning, papermaking, and as a water-softening agent.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
calcium oxide; calcium hydroxide; calcia; quicklime; caustic lime; hot lime; hydraulic lime; hydrated lime; burnt lime; chaux (Fr.); cal (Esp., Port.); , Gebrannter Kalk, Gelöschter Kalk (Deut.); ongebluste kalk (Ned.)
== Risks ==
* Noncombustible. 
* Caustic material that may cause irritation and burns on contact.
* Fisher Scientific: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Slightly soluble in water.
* Composition = CaO
* pH = 12.5-12.8
* Melting pt = 2614 C
== Resources and Citations ==
Jonathan Taylor, "Lime: The Basics", Building Conservation Directory 2000 : Link
Category:Materials database
Lime, chlorinated

== Description ==
A white powder that is used to bleach textiles. Chlorinated lime is also used as a disinfectant and deodorizer. 
See also calcium hypochlorite.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chloride of lime; bleaching powder
== Risks ==
Acids and moisture cause the evolution of chlorine gas
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Composition	CaCl(ClO)-4H2O
Category:Materials database
Lime casein

== Description ==
A paint binder or adhesive prepared by hydrolyzing casein powder in water with lime (calcium oxide). Lime casein is a clear, viscous solution that dries to form a water-insoluble film. Lime casein has a high pH (9.0-9.9) compared to ammonium casein (8.0-9.0), and borax casein (7.0-7.8). Lime casein is often used as a ground or size for wall paintings on lime plaster, gypsum plaster and stone. It dries to a brittle, insoluble, matte film. Occasionally a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol and a preservative, such as phenol, are added to the solution. Lime casein is also used as a paint binder. Because of its alkalinity, however, its pigment palette is limited (see fresco pigments). Earlier conservation uses have included lime casein as a consolidant for wall paintings and wall plaster.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
caseinato de calcio (Esp.); lime-casein; casein adhesive; casein glue; calcium caesinate
== Risks ==
* Casein is susceptible to biodeterioration, especially in humid environments.
==Resources and Citations==
* H.K.Salzberg, "Casein Glues and Adhesives" in Handbook of Adhesives, I.Skeist (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1977, p.158-171. 
* K.Wehlte, The Materials and Techniques of Painting, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975.
* Irving Skeist, Handbook of Adhesives, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1977
* Website: http://www.jcms.ucl.ac.uk/issue5/cons98.html#farmakalidis
Category:Materials database
Lime mortar

== Description ==
A masonry mortar that is composed of hydrated lime and water with sand or marble dust. Lime mortar was the primary mortar used for masonry before the invention of portland cement (Bucher 1996). It has also been used as a plaster for fresco (Mayer 1969).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
mortier à la chaux (Fr.); argamassa de cal (Port.); lime-sand mortar;
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 454
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Lime oil

== Description ==
A pale green, volatile oil obtained from the rinds of limes, Citrus aurantifolia. Limes originated in Indonesia or Asia and were introduced to Europe about the 12-13th century. Columbus took citrus fruit to the West Indies where they soon became widely distributed. Lime oil is normally prepared by steam distillation. It is used in flavoring, perfumes, and as an insecticide and antiseptic.
== Risks ==
* Combustible. 
* Non-toxic, non-irritant, non-sensitizing, may be mildly photo-toxic.
* Bulk Apothecary: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in fixed oils and mineral oil. Insoluble in glycerol and propylene glycol.
CAS 	8008-26-2
Density	0.855-0.863 g/ml
Category:Materials database
Lime plaster

== Description ==
A type of plaster composed of calcium oxide (lime). Lime plaster has been used since antiquity. It is prepared by heating limestone to remove carbon dioxide and convert it to anhydrous calcium oxide (quicklime). When quicklime is mixed with water, it converts to calcium hydroxide (slaked lime). Slaked lime hardens in two steps. First the water evaporates, then atmospheric carbon dioxide reacts with the calcium hydrate to form calcium carbonate. The final result is a mass of calcium carbonate crystals. Often aggregates or binders are added to increase the strength and decrease porosity. Lime plasters were used for wall coverings, frescos and wall decoration. See also lime mortar.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lime; quicklime; slaked lime
== Risks ==
* Susceptible to damage from water and pollutants.
==Resources and Citations==
* E.Sayre, "Deterioration and Restoration of Plaster, Concrete and Mortar" in Preservation and Conservation: Principles and Practice, S.Timmons (ed.), Preservation Press, Washington DC, 1976.
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Plaster." Accessed 14 July 2004.
Category:Materials database
Lime white

== Description ==
A fine, white pigment composed of calcium hydroxide, and calcium carbonate. Lime white is produced by the long-term slaking of lime in water or air to form a thick, white, alkaline paste. It was used for fresco painting because it hardens to form a cohesive film without the aid of a binder. Lime white reacts with proteins, such as egg white, or casein, to produce a tough, insoluble film.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
St. John's white; bianco sangiovanni (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* R. Gettens, E. West Fitzhugh, R.Feller, "Calcium Carbonate Whites", Artists Pigments, Vol. 2., A. Roy ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993. Comment: page 206
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Limelight

== Description ==
An early type of light that produced an intense beam. Developed in 1816, calcium lights, or limelights, were used as spotlights for theater stages. They produced illumination by burning a piece of lime in an oxyhydrogen flame. A lens system was used to focus the brilliant white light into a strong beam.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Drummond light; calcium light; Acetylen-Lampe (Deut.); lâmpada de acetileno (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Limestone

== Description ==
A fine-grain, sedimentary rock. Limestone is composed primarily of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite or aragonite. Trace amounts of dolomite, iron oxide, quartz, clay, or organic particles can also be present. Due to these impurities, limestone can vary in color from a cream to yellow to pink to brown to dark gray. Limestone is formed from compressed and cemented seashells and marine animal skeletons (reefs) or reprecipitation (stalactites, stalagmites). It is softer and more easily worked than marble. Chalk is a soft, porous, fine-grain limestone. Coquina is a porous, soft limestone made up of visible shell fragments. Limestone is used as a building stone and for sculpture as well as in the manufacture of lime, carbon dioxide, and cement.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
quina; caliza (Esp.); calcaire (Fr.); calcário (Port.); Kalkstein (Deut.); kalksteen (Ned.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|CALCITE1.jpg~XRD (MFA)|CHSOS XRF of Chalk.jpg~XRF (CHSOS)]]]
== Risks ==
* No significant hazard. Noncombustible.
* Arlweb: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in acids with the evolution of carbon dioxide gas.
Composition 	CaCO3
CAS 	1317-65-3
Mohs Hardness	3.0 - 4.0
Density 	2.1-2.7 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* B.Aston, J.Harrell, I.Shaw, "Stone" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 40-43.
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "limestone" [Accessed January 22, 2002]
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: limestones density = 1.164 - 2.483; calcite density = 2.71
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
* Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies, Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: B.Aston, J.Harrell, I.Shaw, "Stone"
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Marble Institute: http://www.marble-institute.com
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=2.68-2.76
Category:Materials database
Limestone onyx

== Description ==
An ornamental rock composed of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite. Limestone onyx is obtained from stalactite and stalagmite formations frequently found in caves. Calcium carbonate is deposited in icicle-shaped masses from drops of mineral laden water. Although usually pure white in color, trace amounts of other minerals may add yellow, pink or green colors to the stone. Limestone onyx received its name because it exhibits either stripes or concentric circles when it is cut. Thin sheets of limestone alabaster are translucent and were used in ancient times for window panes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
stalactite; limestone alabaster; Egyptian alabaster; Algerian onyx; Morocco onyx; Pakistan onyx; Mexican onyx; tecali; onyx marble; Oriental alabaster; white onyx
== Resources and Citations ==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Luciana and Tiziano Mannoni, Marble: the history of a culture, Facts on File Publications
Category:Materials database
Limewater

== Description ==
An aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide produced by slaking lime. Limewater, is a colorless somewhat milky solution that is strongly alkaline even though calcium hydroxide is only slightly soluble in water. Limewater was used to saturate plaster before the application of secco colors. It is also used in calamine solutions and as an antacid.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
calcium hydroxide; milk of lime; lime water
==Risks==
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
A saturated solution of calcium hydroxide has a pH of 12.4.
Composition 	Ca(OH)2
CAS 	1305-62-0
Melting Point 	580 C (dec)
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 74.1
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Eric Hansen, contributed information (April 2001)
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Limewood

== Description ==
Several species of large deciduous trees of the family Tilia. They are known as linden trees in Germany, tilluel trees in France, lime trees in Britain, and basswood trees in North America. The light-brown wood from these trees has a straight grain and is easily worked. Linden wood is used for panel paintings, furniture and cabinets. Because linden wood is soft and workable, it has been used since at least the 1600s for decorative items with intricate carvings such as picture frames and sculptures.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Tilia; tilleul (Fr.); tilo (Esp.); tilia (Port.); tiglio (It.); lime wood; lime-wood; linden; tilluel; European lime; basswood
==Resources and Citations==
* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
* Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies, Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: R.Gale, P.Gasson, N.Hepper, G.Killen, "Wood"
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Limonene

== Description ==
A colorless solvent with a lemon-like odor that is occurs naturally from the oils of lemon, orange, caraway, dill, and bergamot. Limonene is used as a wetting and dispersing agent in liquid soaps, inks, perfumes, paints, varnishes, floor waxes, and furniture polishes. It is also used as a solvent for alkyd resins, rosin, waxes, and rubber compounds.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|limonene.jpg~Chemical structure]]]== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cinene; D-limonene; cajeputene; kautschin; dipentene (isomer mixture); Diene; carvene; 4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene
== Risks ==
* Skin contact will cause irritation. 
* Flammable. Flash point = 48C 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
* Most references consider limonene a green solvent because it is obtained often from food industry waste and biodegradable
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Miscible with ethanol. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	C10H16
CAS 	5989-27-5
Melting Point 	-75 C
Density 	0.8402 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 136.23
Refractive Index	1.471
Boiling Point 	175.5-176.5 C
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 5518
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: ref. index=1.471
Category:Materials database