nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Al Yamama arms deal

The Al Yamama arms deal is a very amusing phrase to say. The deal itself involves the sale of a number of state-of-the-art Eurofighter jets to Saudi Arabia by the United Kingdom. 
The deal resulted in several high profile fraud investigations by the UK's serious fraud office, which were summarily quashed by the government on spurious "national security" grounds, over alleged bribes paid by British Aerospace to complete the deal. It is also suspected that Mark Thatcher, the comically bungling malefactor son of Margaret Thatcher, was involved in the deal and on the receiving end of dirty bungs.
Despite being well tooled-up with all this military kit, the Saudis appear to have taken a back seat in the subsequent War in Iraq. Or as the late Saddam Hussein put it "...they are defended by women in shorts (chortle-chortle)"
In 2010, the U.S. Department of Justice fined BAE Systems (postcursor of British Aerospace) USD $400M in a plea bargain for false accounting practices (but not bribery), related to the company's utilization of an U.S. banking institution to funnel payments to a Saudi prince.
Category:Middle East
Category:British politics
Alan Cantwell

Alan Cantwell is an American conspiracy theorist, AIDS denialist, retired physician and cancer woo promoter who supports the hypothesis that bacteria cause cancer. He also believes that HIV/AIDS is a man-made disease, a genetically modified organism developed by U.S. Government scientists.Aids Conspiracy "Dr. Alan Cantwell, author of AIDS and the Doctors of Death: An Inquiry into the Origin of the AIDS Epidemic and Queer Blood: The Secret AIDS Genocide Plot, believes that HIV is a genetically modified organism developed by US Government scientists; that it was introduced into the population through hepatitis B experiments performed on gay and bisexual men between 1978-1981 in Manhattan, Los Angeles, San Francisco, St. Louis, Denver, and Chicago (these experiments were directed by Dr. Wolf Szmuness); and that there is an ongoing government and media cover-up regarding the origin of the AIDS epidemic."Alan Cantwell On The Origin Of AIDSThe Man-made Origin of HIV/AIDS: This is NOT Fake News. Alan Cantwell.
Cantwell is a fan of Wilhelm Reich and his idea of orgone energy He was influenced by the research of who advocated the unsupported theory that a species of bacteria named Progenitor cryptocides was the cause of cancer in humans.Bacteria and cancer: an interview with Dr. Alan Cantwell.Virginia Livingston, MD Cancer Quack Or Medical Genius?. Alan Cantwell.
Cantwell invokes a conspiracy theory that cancer microbe research is being suppressed by the medical community:
Cantwell is also supportive of Helena Blavatsky and the idea of a soul:
Cantwell has a number of controversial papers published.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cantwell+AR He has written the following books:
*AIDS, the Mystery and the Solution (1986)
*The Cancer Microbe: The Hidden Killer in cancer, AIDS and other Immune Diseases (1990)
*Queer Blood: The Secret AIDS Genocide Plot (1993)
*Four Women Against Cancer: Bacteria, Cancer, and the Origin of Life (2005)
*Aids and the Doctors of Death (2017)
The Encyclopedia of American Loons describes Cantwell as an "utter loon and megalomaniac whose approach to medicine is not science."#53: Alan Cantwell
==External links==
*Alan Cantwell — New Dawn Magazine
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:Cancer woo
Category:HIV/AIDS
Category:Physicians
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Alan Craig

Alan Craig (Born 1945 or 1946) is a former local council member from East London, from the Christian Peoples Alliance. He is a firm believer in the idea that The Gays are all part of a giant Homosexual Agenda. He backs this up by appealing to Godwin's Law, and making reference to the "Gaystapo" and "pink jackboots".Confronting the Gaystapo, Alan Craig's website After widespread critical reaction, it was toned down a bit with the pictures of Nazi salutes et al. being removed. But never fear, the vitriolic hatred and bigotry remains.
He is a member of the supposedly nice, tolerant, liberal happy-clappy, borderline agnostic Church of England, and isn't any of those things. His remarks on gay people were published in the Church of England Newspaper, which represents the conservative evangelical wing of the established church (though it is not an official CoE publication).Anglican newspaper defends 'Gaystapo' article, The Guardian It was also republished on Anglican Mainstream, which claims to represent mainstream, orthodox Anglicanism.Anglican-Mainstream
Craig produced a particularly tacky piece of borderline concern trolling in the form of a letter to then recently de-closeted Olympic diver Tom Daley, suggesting that Daley's relationship with American screenwriter Dustin Lance Black was abusive. According to Craig, Black's relationship with Daley is "sinister and selfish" compared to the love shown by Daley's deceased father: "as you climb into his bed, note well that you are no longer just a gay icon; you’ve become Black’s gay trophy too. Not just a personal trophy as he delightedly deflowers your virginity and teaches you gay sex, but a massive trophy for gay ideologues and activists around the world". Craig argues that Daley's coming out has "emboldened predatory gay men and encouraged many boys to submit to them".From A Father’s Heart To Tom Daley, Alan's Angle
In 2015, Craig was selected as a UKIP candidate for Brent North and also decided to speak at 'Transformation Potential', a conference in London promoting quack gay-to-straight conversion therapy.UKIP candidate Alan Craig to speak at ‘gay cure’ event, Pink News In March 2018, he was appointed the party's Spokesperson for Families & Children, leading to resignations from the leadership of the party's LGBT group.UKIP’s LGBT officials resign in protest Pink News, March 29, 2018
==References==
Category:British people
Category:British politicians
Category:British politics
Category:Discrimination
Category:Homophobes
Category:Living people
Category:Purity culture
Category:United Kingdom
Alan Gauld

Alan Gauld is a British psychologist and parapsychologist. 
==Paranormal==
Gauld was born in Portland, Dorset, England, and attended Harvard University in 1956-57. He later earned an M.S. in 1958 and a Ph.D. in 1962 from Emmanuel College. He taught psychology at Nottingham University, he was also President of the Society for Psychical Research from 1989 until 1992. His works as an editor include Poltergeists, co-edited with Tony Cornell (1979), and Human Action and its Psychological Investigation, co-edited with John Shotter (1980).Biography of Alan Gauld 
He is most well known for his book Mediumship and Survival: A Century of Investigations (1984).Book Review by Anthony Campbell
Gauld has written that physical mediumship such as ectoplasm is the result of fraud, but has been gullible and fallen into the trap of believing that other Victorian mediums were actually genuine. According to Gauld, Leonora Piper had supernatural abilities when in reality the "spirit" controls of Leonora Piper were alternate personalities.
==Publications==
*A History of Hypnotism (1992)
*Mediumship and Survival: A Century of Investigations (1984)
*The Founders of Psychical Research (1968)
==See also==
*David Fontana
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:British people
Category:Parapsychology
Category:Psychologists
Category:Living people
Alan Hayward

Alan Hayward (1923–2008) was a British engineer, physicist and old earth creationist writer. He is known for his research on fluid density and flowmeters; he wrote a textbook on the subject. Hayward was a Christadelphian and a non-Trinitarian. He accepted an old earth and was critical of young earth creationism. However, his arguments against evolution have been dismissed by the scientific community.
==Progressive creationism==
Hayward endorsed a form of progressive creationism. In his book God Is; A Scientist Shows Why It Makes Sense to Believe in God (1978) he proposed the hypothesis of "successive creation" that “God has been at work ever since the universe began, performing a great number of creative acts at intervals” (pp. 197-198). In Creation and Evolution: The Facts and Fallacies (1985), he expanded on these ideas, supporting a form of “ancient creationism.” He was strongly opposed to young earth creationism, and refuted all its major arguments. According to Hayward the succession of fossil types is undeniable but it is not due to evolution; rather, to “successive acts of creation over a long period.”Creationism Intellectual Origins, Cultural Context, and Theoretical Diversity by Thomas Allen McIver Of course his hypothesis of "successive creation" is not testable and is no different than just saying God did it.
==Publications==
*God Is: a Scientist Shows Why It Makes Sense to Believe in God (1978)
*Flowmeters: A Basic Guide and Source-Book for Users (1979)
*God's Truth: A Scientist Shows Why It Makes Sense to Believe the Bible (1983)
*Creation and Evolution: The Facts and Fallacies (1985) 
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:British people
Category:Physicists
Alan Lake

Alan Lake is a nationalist wingnut. He is notable largely for his involvement with the English Defence League.
"In 20 or 30 years the UK will start to fragment into Islamic enclaves and non-Islamic areas around them" declared Lake in a post at the website 4freedoms; this prediction is possibly based on the ravings of Muslims Against Crusades. "Its time we decided who will be allowed in the non-Islamic areas. These are the people who we will force into the Islamic enclaves (and who we will execute if they sneak out)."
"By forcing these liberal twits into those enclaves we will be sending them to their death, at worst," he continued, "and at best they and their families will be subjected to all the depredations, persecution and abuse that non-Muslims worldwide currently ‘enjoy’ in countries like Pakistan, Iran and Egypt." He added that "It will be great to see them executed or tortured to death" and asked the other posters to "contribute the names of all those we will send with their wives and children to enjoy the religion of peace."
He later clarified that "I said execute the leftists that left the Islamic enclaves — yes that was a bit provocative, but I was trying to be brief."http://warincontext.org/2010/10/11/pamela-gellers-english-friends-islamophobes-united/
On the subject of the 2011 Oslo attacks, Lake states that Breivik "did this attack to protest against the way that Islam is taking over large parts of Europe. By attacking the leftist politicians that are enabling this, the chickens have actually come home to roost – altho [sic] I’m sure it won’t be depicted that way."http://uaf.org.uk/2011/07/edl-funder-alan-lake-calls-norway-massacre-chickens-come-home-to-roost/
The magazine Searchlight calls Lake "the man behind the English Defence League", claiming that he came up with the group's name and helped founder Stephen Lennon set it up.http://www.searchlightmagazine.com/index.php?link=template&story=344
The EDL eventually cut ties with him, announcing that "He has always jumped on the bandwagon of the EDL when in reality all he has ever done is bring shame on our movement with his 'Nazi Like' postings and his moribund rantings that would even make Himmler blush!"http://lancasteruaf.blogspot.com/2011/08/edl-racists-and-fascists-ditch-shadowy.html
==References==
Category:Living people
Alan Watts

Alan Watts was a British-American philosopher, writer, public speaker and translator of Eastern philosophies for Western audiences. He introduced the hippie crowd to Buddhism via his most famous book, The Way of Zen.
Watts was born in England and migrated to the United States in 1938, at the age of 23. He initially trained to be an Episcopalian minister before leaving the ministry in 1950. He then moved from New York to California where he assumed a position at the American Academy of Asian Studies in San Francisco. He remained in California until he died in 1973.
He wrote many books on the subjects of Eastern philosophy, including The Book: The Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are, The Way Of Zen and The Wisdom Of Insecurity: A Message For An Age Of Anxiety. Many of the lectures he presented while at the Academy were broadcast on Pacifica Radio stations KPFAAlan Watts Archives on KPFA and KPFK, and have since been fragmented and made into YouTube videos by many users. This has introduced his work to a new generation of new-age folk, with significant ease of access and dissemination. These lectures can also be found sampled in music, such as the work of STRFKR. The Pacifica Radio lectures might be Watts' most enduring legacy in the digital age.
==See also==
*Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:British people
Category:Buddhism
Category:Buddhists
Category:California
Category:Orientalist woo
Category:Philosophy
Category:Philosophers
Category:Pantheism
Alastair Noble

Alastair Noble is the director of the Centre for Intelligent Design in Glasgow.Centre for Intelligent Design - Personnel
==Calls for ID in schools==
In December 2009 he caused controversy by suggesting that Intelligent Design should be taught in British schools.The Guardian - Alastair Noble wants ID taught in British schools This was in response to the government deciding to place evolution on the National Curriculum at an earlier age, something that was petitioned for by the British Humanist Association. Noble specifically accused educators of teaching "materialist philosophy" if they didn't teach a pseudoscience such as ID alongside established science like natural selection. The arguments put forward were the usual creationist dribble; that evolution doesn't explain the origin of life, that complexity can't evolve and so on.
==See also==
*Creationism in the UK
*PRATT
==References==
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Category:Living people
Alberto Gonzales

thumb|"The Geneva Conventions? You're cute."
Alberto Gonzales is a former U.S. Attorney General under President George W. Bush, having succeeded John Ashcroft. Gonzales held the post from 2005 to his resignation in September 2007.
Having served several positions for Bush when Dubya was Governor of Texas, Gonzales became his White House Counsel when he became President. At this position as the President's lawyer, he made sure the White House had the legal right to use torture, calling the Geneva Conventions "quaint". He worked with Vice-President Dick Cheney and Justice Department lawyer John Yoo to implement techniques such as waterboarding and whittling away at the legal barriers to us doing so.
Gonzales even made us feel sorry for John Ashcroft, his predecessor. While the latter was in the hospital, seriously ill, Alberto gave him a visit to try to get him to sign off on a quite possibly illegal wiretapping bill that the Deputy Attorney General who was filling in for Ashcroft refused to approve. Ashcroft pointed out that he wasn't in a position to do so, although when he got out he okayed it anyway.
After becoming Attorney General in 2005, Gonzales eventually became embroiled in the scandal that saw eight U.S. attorneys fired and replaced with less-qualified lawyers who were perceived as more loyal to Bush and more willing to prosecute voter fraud claims against Democrats. The new Democratic majority in both Houses and some Republicans insisted that Gonzales step down, and succeeded in forcing him to testify before a committee about the firings. During this testimony, he famously said "I don't recall" over 55 times in the first round of questioning alone.Crooks & Liars: Daily Show: Alberto "I Do Not Recall" Gonzales He eventually resigned in disgrace and was replaced by .
==See also==
*Michelle Malkin
*Military Commissions Act
==References==
Category:Bush administration
Category:Former U.S. Cabinet Members
Category:Lawyers
Category:Living people
Category:Texas
Alexa

Alexa (or Alexa Internet) was a website that collected data on website visitors. Originally, the site only collected data based on the browsing patterns of users who had installed the company's software tool on their browsers. Later, Alexa claimed that it had expanded its data collection procedure to include additional sources, but the details were not made public. 
Alexa's traffic rankings for websites that reach large percentages of Internet users, such as Wikipedia and Google may have been fairly accurate, at least for tracking trends. But the company also reported traffic ranks for their top 100,000 rated sites, often reaching so far into the tails of the distribution that the margins of error would overwhelm any actual potential ranking. Likely any ranking below about the top 1000 is dominated by error and worthless. 
Beyond traffic rankings, Alexa embraced the voodoo of demographic tracking. Based on the few cookies it has access to, the operating system and browser used, Alexa claimed to be able to tell a site visitor's age, education level, number of children, gender, and whether the site was accessed from work, home or school. The way this demographic information was supposedly gleaned was not published, but the likelihood that even the most basic information (gender, age, location) was even remotely based on the true population of users is extremely small. The more specific demographic information can be completely disregarded.
The service shut down in May 2022.Mayank Parmar (December 8, 2021). "Amazon is shutting down web ranking site Alexa.com. Bleeping Computer.
==See also==
*Pseudostatistics
==References==
 
Category: Internet
Category:Pseudostatistics
Category: Websites
Alexander Wood

Alexander Wood M.D. was a Scottish physician credited with independently inventing the hypodermic needle with French veterinary surgeon Charles Gabriel Pravaz. This was one of the most important medical innovations of all time."Hypodermic syringe". broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-01-14.Bellis, Mary. Who Invented the Syringe Needle? ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
==Early life==
Alexander Wood was born in Scotland, the son of a physician. Wood received his early education at private schools before going to Edinburgh University where he studied art and medicine. He graduated MD in 1839 and established his private practice in New Town. He was appointed physician to the Stockbridge and Royal Public dispensaries.
==Development of the hypodermic needle==
Wood’s main contribution to medicine was discovering the technique of administering drugs using a hypodermic syringe, although he personally referred to his invention as the "subcutaneous", not hypodermic needle. Prior to his work needles were often large, fragile, or leaked and injections were somewhat crude. Edward Jenner, inventor of the smallpox vaccine, first tested his serum using a lancet to scratch two lines on James Phipps’s arm."NMAH | Polio: History of Vaccines". amhistory.si.edu. Retrieved 14 January 2020. A few decades later Wood was inspired by James Young Simpson’s experiments on anesthesia and became concerned with relieving localized pain. In 1853, Wood used a syringe and treated a case of neuralgia by injecting morphia in the area of discomfort. Wood quickly published his research, "A new method of treating neuralgia by subcutaneous injection (1855)" in the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal to share his findings. French veterinarian Charles Pravaz, had made the same discovery that year but passed away shortly, his work largely unnoticed at the time."Alexander Wood | Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh". www.rcpe.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2020. The ability to fix a small needle onto a tube to inject drugs, was, and remains, a major breakthrough in administering drugs or vaccines, as well as drawing blood samples. However, Wood's discovery also lead to large numbers of morphine overdoses and addictions.Dr. Alexander Wood Additionally, sanitation practices were not yet well developed in Wood's day.
==See also==
*Edward Jenner
*Benjamin Rubin
==References==
Category:Medicine
Category:Physicians
Category:History of science
Category:Scientists
Alexandra Sellers

Alexandra Sellers is a linguist who claims to be able to speak the language of cats.Crazy Cat Conversation Lady - Fortean TV. She published her findings in the book Spoken Cat and Relevant Factors in Worldview.alexandrasellers.com "The language of Cats is as old as what humans call 'the domestiCation of the Cat' (Cats give it quite a different name)..." According to her, "here is your milk" is "birr pirp r'mow" when translated into cat speak. "Here are a few tidbits," meanwhile, becomes "mRRah mRRah pirp r'mow."Anthony Campbell. "Spoken Cat: Alexandra Sellers." 2000. You think we're kidding. We are not. It's going to get worse funnier.
She also believes that cats have their own body of myths and folklore. She says that the cats have told her that they came from Canopus (the second brightest star after Sirius)"Canopus (Alpha Carinae)." The Encyclopedia of Science.As Sirius is the dog star, clearly Canopus must be where cats are from! to educate humanity on cleanliness. In particular, they believe that we should use our excrement as fertilizer, instead of disposing of it in our drinking water. 
Here is a story which she claims was told to her by a tabby from New York:
She seems genuine in all this (and not a poe), but you can never be sure. Ms. Sellers is the author of numerous romance novels. In her online bio, she writes "Her favourite hobby is foreign languages, of which she has studied eight: French, Farsi, German, Arabic, Hebrew, Greek, Italian, and Latin. Her talent for languages (along with her sense of humor) was also expressed in her book Spoken Cat and Relevant Factors in Worldview, a self-teaching language primer of the Cat language."Her bio. Make of that what you will.
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Cats
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Category:Living people
Alfred Russel Wallace

Alfred Russel Wallace was the co-discoverer of the theory of evolution by natural selection. Not that you would know it by the way the likes of Ann Coulter and Michael Behe talk.
==Natural selection==
Wallace co-discovered natural selection because he wrote an essay about it on the spur of the moment while suffering from malaria (that must have been some good malaria). In 1858, he sent his essay to Charles Darwin, who realized that Wallace had come up with the same theory of evolution that he had spent 20 years working on. Not wanting to be scooped, Darwin arranged to have both Wallace's paper and some of his own writing presented at a meeting of the Linnean Society without Wallace's permission.Alfred Russel Wallace: A Capsule Biography
Wallace didn't publish as extensively on natural selection as Darwin did, but he published other things as well. For example, Wallace was in the Malay Archipelago (what is now Indonesia) when he came up with natural selection, dashed off an essay that would ensure his place in history, and then went back to exploring the region. Wallace's work in the region led to his identification of what Thomas Henry Huxley would later call the , after him.
Wallace wouldn't return to the subject until 1864. Later he expressed doubts about whether human intelligence could be the result of natural selection. He also became a spiritualist in the late 1860s.
Wallace was a good sport about it all, though, and even published a book defending Darwin.
===Differences===
Although Darwin and Wallace had a similar idea of natural selection, key differences remained. Darwin emphasized individual competition and the "struggle for life" as the main selective factor involved in evolution, while Wallace emphasized environmental pressures instead.
==Other pursuits==
Wallace also foresaw the dangers that deforestation would wrought if not brought to heel, writing that extensive deforestation could degrade the soil of countries like India and impact the population therein by contributing to famines and greater natural disasters.
==Later in life==
Wallace would become one of England's most well known naturalists. He wrote a wide variety of works and wide variety of topics, and toured the United States lecturing. He died at the age of 90 in 1913.
==References==
Category:History of science
Category:Biologists
Category:Evolution