nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
StockTwits

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StockTwits is a finance and market focused communications service. Founded in 2008, the service was originally built on the Twitter platform, but has since migrated to its own platform. Co-Founder and CEO Howard Lindzon said in September 2012 that 70% of messages posted by their more than 200,000 members originated on StockTwits (the remaining messages originating on other social networks). Users, which include investors, analysts and media, can connect their StockTwits account to Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn. StockTwits also runs a financial blog network.
StockTwits will be adding, "live trading as an option for its users within the platform. The first assets Stocktwits users will be able to trade are cryptocurrencies." 
== History ==
StockTwits originally created the "$TICKER tag" to organize Twitter posts about markets and individual stocks. Twitter users that connect their accounts to StockTwits are able to include a tag (ex: $AAPL for Apple Inc.) in their Twitter message to have it aggregated on StockTwits. While the original Twitter functionality still exists, users can now post messages, links and charts directly to StockTwits and any connected social media accounts simultaneously. StockTwits users can follow messages from individual users or stocks.
In July 2012, Twitter announced the launch of the "cashtags" – clickable tags based on company ticker symbols:
Now you can click on ticker symbols like <a href="https://twitter.com/search/$GE">$GE</a> on <a href="http://t.co/coKFdEQL" title="http://twitter.com">twitter.com</a> to see search results about stocks and companies— Twitter (@twitter) <a href="https://twitter.com/twitter/status/230098997010911233" data-datetime="2012-07-31T00:34:10+00:00">July 31, 2012</a>
In a blog post, Lindzon expressed his disappointment with Twitter "hijacking" their idea claiming, "Stocktwits provides context, curation and community," while Twitter's cahstags often aggregate irrelevant messages. In January 2013, StockTwits officially announced they would drop the ability for users to post to their StockTwits accounts from Twitter, effective March 1, 2013.
Upcoming changes to how StockTwits works with your Twitter account<a href="http://t.co/osCI0sH7" title="http://stks.co/gKNN">stks.co/gKNN</a> $$— Stocktwits (@StockTwits) <a href="https://twitter.com/StockTwits/status/296277567516844033">January 29, 2013</a>
In October 2009, StockTwits formed a partnership with the CME Group.
== Products and Services ==
*Free and premium StockTwits accounts
*Free and premium blogs
*Investor communications solutions
== Key People ==
*Howard Lindzon, co-founder and CEO
*Francis Costello, Chief Operating Officer
*Chris Corriveau, Chief Technology Officer 
== References ==
Stock Market Crash of 1929

The stock market crash of 1929 was the worst market crash in U.S. history and led to the Great Depression of the 1930s. October 24, 1929, known as Black Thursday, was the first day of the crash. 
A boom in the stock market from 1920 to 1929 had caused stocks to more than quadruple in value. This growth increased investor confidence to the point that many borrowed heavily to invest more money in the market. In 1929, however, the market bubble burst.
On so-called Black Tuesday - Oct. 29, 1929 - the equity market saw its worst day. A new record for that time of 16.4 million shares were traded and the ticker tape fell behind by two and a half hours. In terms of percentages, the market suffered a loss of about 12 percent. On Black Tuesday, top bankers met twice – once at noon and again in the evening.
== References ==
Category:Market Crashes
Category:Great Depression
Stock index futures

Stock index futures are traded contracts on the future movement of a (usually) widely followed and traded stock index. Trading on such contracts has become enormously popular in recent years with individual traders and investors since the introduction of the e-mini contract by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (eventually CME Group, or CME). 
==Brief Background==
The original intent of the stock futures markets was to allow portfolio managers to hedge positions in the stock market.
Futures on equity indexes first began trading in the U.S. in 1982 when the CME launched its S&P 500 futures contract. Since then, the CME and the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), which offers futures on the Dow Jones Indexes, have remained at the forefront in creating similar products on a range of stock indexes. The two exchanges merged in 2007 to create the CME Group. 
The CME began rolling out its suite of electronically-traded, small-contract 'E-mini' stock index futures in 1997. The exchange now boasts a 92 percent market share of index futures and options trading led by the E-mini NASDAQ-100, the CME's fastest-growing e-mini index contract by trading volume. The E-minis, which trade at one-fifth the size of regular index-futures contracts, have been called one of the two most successful trading innovations of the past decade.
==Trading Index Futures==
Stock index futures, especially E-minis, offer traders and investors a range of advantages, including extremely high leverage, no physical or electronic delivery hassles and the chance to trade the whole market in a single contract.
Since introducing stock index futures contracts on other popular indexes like the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the small-cap Russell 2000 Index, exchanges have begun listing more niche-based products. These include the CBOE Volatility Index Futures, which track an stock index's volatility, and the Morningstar Style Index Futures, traded on US Futures Exchange, which track indexes by stock size and investment style.
== Product Fingered In Market Decline Of May 6, 2010, But No Anomaly Found ==
Despite concerns that a sharp market decline on May 6, 2010 compared to that seen in the crash of 1987 may have been fueled by irregular trading in stock index futures, the CME said in a statement released on that date that trading by Citigroup Global Markets Inc. in its stock index futures markets did "not appear to be irregular or unusual in light of market activity" on that day. CME Group said that while its policy was not to comment on individual participation in its markets, it was releasing its statement about Citigroup "in light of volatile market conditions."Citigroup also released its own statement, saying that there was no basis for rumors that it was responsible for a massive trading error on that date.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Stock index options

A stock index option is a contract that gives its owner the right to buy (call option) or sell (put option) a stock index (a basket of stocks) at a fixed value until a specified date. Stock index options are offered on both options and on futures exchanges. Since 1983 when the first stock index option -- CBOE 100 options (now S&P 100 options) was introduced, the growth of stock index options has been rapid. Today, well-known indexes, including the S&P 500, the S&P 100, the NYSE Composite Index, the Nasdaq-100 Index, a series of Russell indexes, a variety of international and regional indexes, along with specialized indexes, have been listed on virtually all exchanges. 
In the options world, these options work exactly like regular stock options except that an index rather than a particular stock is the underlying asset. Options of stock index futures have the futures contract as the underlying. All stock index options, whether traded on a futures exchange or an options exchange are cash-settled (delivered) versus physical settlement (delivery). 
== References ==
Category:Indexes
Stock market

The stock market refers to all marketplaces - both public exchanges and private over-the-counter markets - where investors can buy and sell stocks. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the world's largest stock market and trades over 200 million stocks daily.
== Large and small ==
Almost all listed stocks traded on U.S. public stock markets have market capitalizations of more than $10 million compared to about one-third of those trading on OTC markets like NASDAQ. Around six times more stock issues are traded on OTC markets in the U.S. compared to public exchanges. Prices on OTC stock markets are negotiated whereas those on exchanges are decided by auction. 
== References ==
Category:Stocks
Category:Equities
Category:Stock Exchanges
Stock watering

Answer
Stock watering is a historical financial practice where a company issues shares at a value significantly higher than the worth of its underlying assets, often as part of a scheme to defraud investors. This practice was prevalent in the 19th century, particularly in the railroad industry, but has since been largely eliminated due to improved regulations and financial oversight.
== History ==
The term "stock watering" originated from a deceptive practice in the cattle business. Ranchers would feed salt to cattle the night before sale, causing them to drink excessive water and appear heavier at market, resulting in higher prices.
In finance, the practice became prominent in the late 19th century. Companies, particularly in the railroad industry, would inflate their claims about assets and profitability, selling stocks and bonds in excess of the company's actual value. This was often done by contributing property to a new corporation in return for stock at an inflated par value.
== Notable Examples ==
* The Erie War (1866-1868): Cornelius Vanderbilt was defrauded by James Fisk, Daniel Drew, and Jay Gould, who sold him $7,000,000 worth of watered stock in his attempt to acquire the Erie Railroad. 
* Illinois Railway Commission Report (1873): The commission found that railway company stocks in the state were inflated to $75,000,000, bringing $6,000,000 in yearly profits. Notably, 75% of the Central Pacific Company's assumed capital was found to be fictitious. 
* The Hepburn Committee (1879): This investigation found that stock watering was prevalent in the rail industry, with stock frequently issued for speculative purposes.
== Consequences and Regulation ==
Holders of watered stock could be personally liable if creditors foreclosed on the corporation's assets. This potential liability led corporate lawyers to advise clients to issue stocks with low par values. 
In 1912, New York authorized corporations to issue "no par stock," with other states following suit. This development, along with increased regulatory oversight, has made watered stock less of an issue in modern finance. 
Today, the practice of issuing watered stock is largely prevented by stringent regulatory filings required by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, making it much more difficult to engage in such schemes.
== References ==
Category:Financial Fraud
Category:Stock Market
Category:19th Century Finance
Category:Railroad Industry
Category:Securities Regulation
Stockbroker

A stockbroker (also stock broker) is a broker in the securities industry whose main business is buying and selling equities on behalf of investors or issuers, although some also trade their own account. Stockbrokers are usually classified into full-service brokers and discount brokers depending on their fee structure and services they provide - the cheapest stockbrokers usually offer investors electronic trading platforms and internet-based assistance only. In the U.S. their activities are regulated by the Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC).
== Niche (stock)market ==
Stockbrokers have evolved rapidly from their original phone and trade business into serving different niches since internet use began spreading widely in mid-1990s. Investors subsequently demanded lower fees for do-it-yourself broking and stockbrokers like Scottrade and TD Ameritrade now offer both deep-discount broking for the self-propelled and regular discount broking with assistance. More established retail-based stockbrokers tend to offer full-service brokerage but most, like Merrill Lynch, have recently been acquired by mega-banks like Bank of America. Asset managers are stockbrokers but also charge higher fees for making asset allocation decisions and are used mainly by institutional investors.
Some of the best-known recent casualties in the investment banking business, like Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers, began business as retail stockbrokers before branching out into wholesale financing. Other stockbrokers that recently specialised in higher-end broking and financing, like Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs, have been pushed by the credit crisis into refocusing on retail customers once more.
== Trading's not gambling ==
Wall Street and other high-end stockbrokers are among the largest customers of online gaming casinos and regularly drop six-figure amounts in single sittings several years after Congress passed the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA). One Internet-gaming information site reports that thousands of U.S. stockbrokers are regular online-casino players and speculates they may be looking for some upside in an otherwise down environment for brokers.
== References ==
Stocks

Stocks, also called shares or equities, are certificates of company ownership typically purchased by investors and traders on secondary markets called exchanges. Stocks are also bought and traded as bundled investments, called funds, and as derivatives like futures and options, and occasionally re-purchased by their issuer.
==Types of Stocks==
Common stock (aka "ordinary shares") is the kind of stock American investors and media are usually talking about - one share means one part-ownership of a company, a claim on part of its profits and a vote to elect board members. Common stock in the U.S. occasionally pays an annual dividend but the issuer can choose whether and how much to pay. Dividends are more likely to be paid by European stock issuers.
Preferred stocks, by contrast, usually pay a guaranteed dividend for the life of the issuer, and their holders get better treatment than common stockholders if the issuer declares bankruptcy. However, preferred stocks can also be repurchased - usually above market value - by the issuer at any time. Some investors consider preferred shares a midpoint in securities risk between bonds and common stock . 
Some corporations issue different classes of stocks to separate groups of shareholders to give them greater or lesser voting powers. Such corporations in the U.S. typically issue class A and class B shares and give significantly greater voting rights to class A shares. A corporation's first public sale of its shares is called an initial public offering (IPO)
==Stock Investors and Traders== 
Stocks are companies' main form of equity financing - raising capital by offering share-buyers a stake in its future growth but with no guarantees of success. For debt financing, companies typically issues bonds that it must repay with annual interest. 
Common stock value rises and falls with the issuer's fortunes and stockholders face the risk of losing their entire investment, unlike those holding the company's bonds. Nonetheless, stock volumes continue to grow worldwide because they offer unlimited returns if the company succeeds, outweighing the downside risks of failure. 
Historically, stocks as investments have returned about twice that of bonds and other fixed income investments. Stock investors naturally have a greater appetite for risk than bond investors, since stocks carry no guarantee of annual return or of even maintaining their face value. Younger investors in retirement plans, for example, typically have a portfolio weighted to stocks over bonds.
==New Stock Marketplaces==
The expansion of the Internet during the late 1990s shifted the focus of trading from telephone-based stock-brokers to computer-based independent and so-called day traders. Although faster-paced trading has shifted from volatile technology-stock IPO to more liquid derivatives markets, increasing volumes are traded online and Internet platforms have grown significantly. Recent research shows trading volume growth on the all-electronic NASDAQ exchange clearly outpacing that on the New York Stock Exchange and the American Stock Exchange in both stock numbers and in dollar values.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Stop Excessive Energy Speculation Act of 2008

The Stop Excessive Energy Speculation Act of 2008 was introduced by Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev., on July 15 in response to a surge in energy prices. It would have required the CFTC to tighten position limits on energy futures, impose reporting requirements on foreign futures exchanges, create a new definition of “legitimate” hedging transactions, and eliminate "excessive" speculation in energy markets.
 
The Futures Industry Association, along with SIFMA, ISDA, the Financial Services Roundtable and the Financial Services Forum, helped to defeat the bill, aka S. 3263, in July of 2008. In a letter sent to members of the Senate on July 25, just ahead of an important vote, the five groups urged the Senate to oppose the bill, saying it would restrict investment in energy futures, make hedging more expensive, and force trading operations overseas. 
During the subsequent vote on July 25, the Senate Democratic leadership was unable to win enough votes to proceed with the bill, and it was set aside until after the summer recess.
== References ==
Category:Legislation
Stop order

A stop order is an order to buy or sell a stock once the stock reaches a specified price, known as the stop price. When the specified price is reached, the stop order becomes a market order. Also known as a stop-loss order.
Buy Stop Order — Investors typically use a stop order when buying stock to limit a loss or protect a profit on short sales. The order is entered at a stop price that is always above the current market price.
Sell Stop Order — A sell stop order helps investors to avoid further losses or to protect a profit that exists if a stock price continues to drop. A stop order to sell is always placed below the current market price. 
The advantage of a stop order is you don't have to monitor how a stock is performing on a daily basis. The disadvantage is that the stop price could be activated by a short-term fluctuation in a stock's price. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Stop price

A stop price is the price in a stop order that triggers the conversion to a market order. 
The SEC defines a stop order as:
A stop order, also referred to as a stop-loss order, is an order to buy or sell a stock once the price of the stock reaches a specified price, known as the stop price. When the stop price is reached, a stop order becomes a market order. A buy stop order is entered at a stop price above the current market price. Investors generally use a buy stop order to limit a loss or to protect a profit on a stock that they have sold short. A sell stop order is entered at a stop price below the current market price. Investors generally use a sell stop order to limit a loss or to protect a profit on a stock that they own.
== References ==
Category:Trading
Category:Order Types
StormExchange

StormExchange is former risk management company, founded in2006 that helped companies manage day to day weather risk.
David Riker was the CEO of the company from 2006 to 2009.
== Key People ==
*David Riker was the CEO of Storm Exchange. Mr. Riker was formerly VP of Product Development and Director of Strategic Development at Marsh & McLennan Companies, Chief Technology Strategist at The Travelers Companies and Founding CEO of auto insurance provider, eCoverage.
*Dennis Reaves is COO of Storm Exchange. Mr. Reaves served as the former CTO of Odyssey Logistics & Technology, and was a founding architect for Qpass.
*Paul Walsh was the Chief Strategy Officer for Storm Exchange. Walsh was formerly SVP Client Services and Business Meteorology for Planalytics, Inc.
*Jarvis Cromwell was the Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) of Storm Exchange. Cromwell previously served as SVP and CMO for Thomson Financial, VP and marketing head for Citigroup Global Markets. He also served as a Managing Director of Marketing for Commonfund.
*John A. Dutton, Ph.D., was the Chief Scientist and weather advisor for Storm Exchange. He is an Emeritus Professor of Meteorology and Dean Emeritus of the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences at Penn State University. He received his PhD. at the University of Wisconsin.
== References ==
==Resources==
*Meteorologists Shape Fashion Trends. New York Times
*Storm Chaser: Storm Exchange's David Riker, The Deal
*StormExchange website
*Storm-Wire: Daily Weather News
Category:Weather
Category:Defunct Companies
Stotler Group Inc.

Stotler Group Inc. is the now bankrupt parent company of Chicago-based commodities and government securities firm Stotler & Co. and of Stotler Financial Corp., the owner of Des Moines stock brokerage firm R.G. Dickinson & Co. Stotler filed for Ch. 11 bankruptcy in August 1990, reportedly owing $32 million to outside unsecured creditors.
== History ==
On August 2, 1990, former Stotler chairman and prominent official at the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) Karsten Mahlmann unexpectedly resigned from both posts. Two days later, Stotler filed for bankruptcy, citing excessive debt and an inability to make any return to shareholders.
In May 1992, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filed fraud charges against Stotler & Co., seeking $15 million in damages for defendants. Salvatore C. Russo, Phillip C. Zarcone and Thomas F. Kotler, all former partners of Stotler, sought relief in the case.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Brokerage Firms
Category:Commodities
Category:Government Securities
Category:Defunct Firms
Category:Defunct FIA Members
Category:Defunct FCMs
Stout Risius Ross, Inc.

Stout Risius Ross (SRR) is a financial and operational advisory firm that specializes in investment banking, operational strategy and performance improvement, restructuring and turnaround, valuation and financial opinions and dispute advisory and forensic services. Based in Chicago, the firm also has offices in Detroit, Cleveland, Dallas, New York, Washington D.C. and Beijing.
== Products and Services ==
SRR has enjoyed a compound annual growth rate of 28% in the past 15 years. Its revenues were expected to grow to about $45 million in 2008 from about $35 million in 2007. Most of SRR's clients earn from $50 million to $5 billion in revenues.
The dispute advisory and forensic services provided by the firm include pre-litigation consulting, discovery assistance, analysis and assessment and opinions and consultations. Securities actions are one of the firm's many practice areas. 
==Key People==
*Craige L. Stout, CEO and Managing Director
*Jeffrey M. Risius, Managing Director, Valuation & Financial Opinions Group
*John N. Ross, Managing Director, Business Development 
== References ==
Category:Advisory Firms
Category:Stout Risius Ross
Straddle

The straddle is a strategy in options trading that involves the simultaneous buying of a put and a call on the same underlying stock, striking price and expiration date. 
Both long straddles and long strangles, their opposite number, make money if the stock price moves up or down significantly. Long straddles and strangles have limited risk but unlimited profit potential. Short straddles make money if the stock price stays at the strike of the straddle or in between the strike prices of the strangle. Short straddles and strangles have unlimited risk and limited profit potential. 
Purchasing only long calls or only long puts is primarily a directional strategy. The long straddle, however, is not a directional strategy, but one where the investor feels large price swings are coming but is unsure of the direction. A long straddle benefits when the price of the underlying moves above or below the break even points.
== Graphs ==
*Long Straddle
== References ==
Category:Options
Category:Trading Strategies