nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
PEAK6 Capital Management

PEAK6 Capital Management LLC is a subsidiary of Peak6 Investments, L.P. that offers options trading and investment services. It also provides liquidity and risk management services to the options market. Peak6 Capital Management and Peak6 Investments are based in Chicago, Illinois. 
Peak6 Capital Management is a market maker and proprietary trading firm. 
== History ==
PEAK6 is a member firm at the International Securities Exchange (ISE).
=== PEAK6 Advisors ===
PEAK6 Advisors is the company's registered investment advisor.
=== Just Options === 
Just Options is an arm of the company that aims to help independent traders and incubate hedge funds.
=== OptionsHouse === 
OptionsHouse is the brokerage arm of the company that offers a commission structure that offers a flat rate of $4.95 for stock trades and $9.95 for options trades. OptionsHouse received a four-star rating in the 2008 Barron's Online Broker Survey.
OptionsHouse is expected to unveil a new Tax Optimization and Reporting Tools from Maxit, which provides real-time, cost basis and tax-based investment decision support.
=== PEAK6 University ===
=== Key People ===
== References ==
Category:Peak6
Category:Proprietary Trading Firms
Category:Market Makers
PEI

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PEI Media, named for flagship magazine Private Equity International, has grown in seven years to become a leading global media group covering alternative asset classes of private equity, real estate and infrastructure. PEI Media, which operates from New York and London offices also hosts some 15 conferences annually in different global regions.
== History ==
PEI Media was launched as Investor Access in 2001 by a team of managers who split from financial publisher Euromoney Institutional Investor plc, publisher of Euromoney and Insitutional Investor magazines. Later that year the group published Private Equity International (PEI), which became its flagship. The new PEI Media subsequently launched Private Equity Real Estate (PERE)and PEI Manager in 2002, and later PEI Asia. In 2007 PEI Media completed a management buyout to acquire ownership of all its businesses.
== Products and Services ==
PEI magazine in 2007 began publishing a list of the world's 50 largest private equity firms, now known as the PEI 50. Topping th 2008 PEI 50 list was heavy-hitter The Carlyle Group, followed by Goldman Sachs Principal Investment Area, TPG, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and CVC Capital Partners. This year PEI Media's PERE launched its PERE 30 list of the world's leading private-equity real estate investors. Topping that list was The Blackstone Group followed by Morgan Stanley Real Estate, Tishman Speyer, Goldman Sachs Real Estate Principal Investment Area and Colony Capital. As well as the four magazines, PEI Media also operates the websites Private Equity Online, Private Equity Real Estate, PERE Connects and PE Connect. 
== Key People ==
PEI Media Editorial Director Philip Borel helped lead the goup's management buy-out from Euromoney Insitutional Investor plc in 2001. Borel is founding editor of the magazines Private Equity International and PEI Asia and the website PrivateEquityOnline.com and currently oversees all PEI's online and print operations.
== References ==
Category:Media Companies
PIPE

A PIPE transaction is a "Private Investment in Public Equity" and is viewed as an alternative to an initial public offering for companies with a market capitalization under $400 million that seek an equity infusion of less than $75 million.
PIPE transactions involve privately issued equity or equity-linked securities that are sold to accredited investors under Regulation D by public companies. Issuers range in size from small OTC companies to large cap, New York Stock Exchange-listed companies. Transaction sizes range from under $1 million to over $200 million.
While a PIPE transaction is marketed to a limited number of investors over a short period of time, a traditional public transaction may require a broader marketing process and the filing of a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission prior to pricing.
== References ==
Category:Private Investments
Category:Investments
PLUS Markets Group plc

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Plus Markets is a small-cap and mid-cap stock exchange in London. The firm is a Recognised Investment Exchange in the UK and a market operator under the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive ('MiFID'). This means they are authorized to operate both secondary markets (trading) and primary markets (listing/quotation). 
== Recent News ==
In August of 2010, Plus announced a new plan to reinvent the small-cap listings and price reporting platform into a stock and derivatives exchange. Originally, their platform reported UK market maker transactions and charged a fee, but the shares were not traded on Plus. The entity also listed small-and medium-sized companies. Under this new dual exchange strategy, they aim to compete against such rivals as the London Stock Exchange and Chi-X Europe, amongst others. 
The Plus platform, which will launch next year, will trade interest rate swaps under an agreement with the FTSE index to launch a "new range of multi-currency interest rate swaps products." In this move, Plus is abandoning the NASDAQ OMX technology it has used for price reporting. 
== Products and Services ==
PLUS provides stock coverage including London-listed shares, European liquid shares and unlisted shares quoted on the AIM and PLUS markets. PLUS also has a quote-driven trading platform that is supported by market makers and market data connectivity to a variety of data vendors. Additionally, PLUS provides real-time surveillance delivered to RIE and Trade Data Monitor standards.
== Key People ==
*Non-Executive Chairman, Giles Vardey 
*Vice Chairman, Simon Brickles
*CEO, Cyril Theret
*CFO, Nemone Wynn-Evans
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
POSIT

The POSIT Marketplace is a dark pool operated by Investment Technology Group (ITG) 
== Benefits ==
* Protects against gaming — POSIT Marketplace uses a proprietary Liquidity Filter to extract quality liquidity from various dark pools, proactively minimizing information leakage and protecting against gaming.
* Boosts liquidity — POSIT Marketplace brings all of ITG’s liquidity together in one place, across small-, mid-, and large-cap stocks. POSIT is one of the largest buyside-to-buyside liquidity pools in the industry, enabling traders to get more trades done.
* Reports trade executions — As an agency broker, ITG offers full transparency, providing clients with a POSIT Marketplace Report Card to evaluate the performance of each dark venue.
* Streamlines workflow — The simplicity of POSIT Marketplace provides traders end-to-end process integration and more crossing opportunities. Traders can interact with standing orders in the system, ITG Algorithms, market-bound flow, and unplaced shares from the trading blotters of POSIT AlertSM participating clients.
* Ensures confidentiality — POSIT Marketplace offers complete privacy, using a proprietary algorithm to match buy and sell orders without human intervention.
== References ==
Category:Dark Pools
Category:European Dark pool
PPEX

Public Private Execution Network (PPEX) was registered as an automated trading system (ATS) by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in February 2020. PPEX is owned and operated by broker-dealer North Capital Private Securities.
The platform leveragea blockchain technology to facilitate secondary market trading of privately issued and exempt securities, including security tokens. 
== References ==
Category:ATS
Category:STO
Category:CryptoMarkets
PRIME Analytics, LLC

Prime Analytics, LLC is a financial software firm that develops systems for trading and risk management professionals in the derivatives industry. The firm is based in Chicago, with offices in New York and Tucson. It was acquired by KRM22 on September 25, 2018.
Prime Analytics offers comprehensive derivatives trading, valuation, and risk management platforms through its ProOpticus line of products.
ProOpticus is designed for traders in the pit, in electronic markets, or both. It offers for traders printed Delta Sheets for pit traders, and Dynamic Delta Sheets for traders on handheld devices and electronic traders. With over 20 option valuation models and 16 volatility skewing methods, ProOpticus provides precise values for option contracts of all asset classes. Finally, ProOpticus offers unparalleled risk analytics for traders and risk managers in both trading firms and FCMs, and for brokers following the markets for clients.
==See also==
*ProOpticus
*John P. Kelley
*Joseph Campbell
== External links ==
*www.Prime-Analytics.com
*www.facebook.com/ProOpticus
*www.twitter.com/ProOpticus
Category:Independent Software Vendors
Category:MarketsWiki Sponsors
Category:Prime Analytics
== References ==
PRMIA

The Professional Risk Managers' International Association (PRMIA) [PREE-mee-ah] is a member-led non-profit professional association dedicated to defining and implementing the best practices of risk management. It is governed by a directly elected board of directors representing its global membership. 
PRMIA formed the PRMIA Institute, a non-profit educational institution, in order to promote PRMIA's scientific, educational and charitable work. The Institute partners with leading universities and faculty to provide education to risk managers.
== History ==
In 2002, a volunteer group of risk management professionals formed the group in order to promote the profession through research, opinion, accreditation (the "PRM" designation), and ethical standards. This group of 26 founders has since grown to over 87,000, represented by 60 chapters in over 200 countries. 
== Products and Services ==
*Training Courses (classroom and online)
*Publications
*PRM Designation
*Associate PRM Certificate
*PRMIA Accreditation
*PRMIA Institute
== Membership ==
PRMIA offers both individual (sustaining, student, low income, free) and corporate (platinum, gold, silver, crystal) memberships.
== Key People ==
*Faruk Patel, Chair, Executive Committee
*Moorad Choudry, Vice-Chair, Executive Committee
*Robert Mark, Treasurer, Executive Committee
*Oscar McCarthy, Secretary, Executive Committee
== References ==
Category:Industry Organizations
PTS trading

The Proprietary Trading System (PTS) in Japan represents a significant evolution in the country's financial market structure. Introduced following the Financial System Reformation Law in 1998, PTSs allow securities firms to operate electronic trading systems that facilitate the buying and selling of stocks and bonds outside traditional stock exchanges. This regulatory change was aimed at encouraging innovation and competition among exchange venue operators, providing investors with more trading options and potentially better execution prices.
== Development and Functionality ==
Initially, PTSs in Japan operated as nighttime marketplaces, providing an alternative trading venue after the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) closed. Over time, these systems expanded to include daytime trading sessions, directly competing with traditional exchanges. PTSs are characterized by their use of electronic data processing systems and visible order books, similar to traditional exchanges, but with more competitive tick sizes and extended trading hours.
== Key Players ==
One of the most prominent PTSs in Japan is Japannext, established in 2006. Japannext has been instrumental in developing off-exchange liquidity sources and has become the largest PTS in Japan, maintaining a 5% market share. Another significant player is Cboe Japan, which markets it offers enhanced trading opportunities with lower costs and operates under highly transparent rules.
== Regulatory Environment ==
PTS venues in Japan are subject to stringent regulations to ensure fair and transparent trading. These regulations include requirements for trade surveillance, disclosure of quotes and execution prices, and adherence to short selling restrictions. Additionally, PTSs must obtain a license to operate as an exchange if their market share exceeds certain thresholds.
Challenges and Opportunities
Despite their advantages, PTSs face several challenges in Japan. These include regulatory hurdles, the dominance of traditional exchanges, and the need for advanced trading technologies like smart-order routing systems. However, PTSs also present significant opportunities for innovation and improved market efficiency, particularly as they continue to attract foreign investment and expand their trading capabilities.
== References ==
Category:Financial Markets
Category:Trading Systems
Category:Japanese Financial System
Category:Electronic Trading Platforms
Category:Market Structure
Category:Alternative Trading Systems
Category:Equity Trading
Category:Investment
Category:Financial Regulation
Category:Stock Exchanges in Japan
Pablo Malumbres

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Pablo Malumbres is the director of communications for the Madrid Stock Exchange, known as the BME or Bolsas Y Mercados Españoles.
== Background ==
Malumbres began his career at the UNESCO in Paris, where he worked as a consultant in different areas of the international institution for four years. 
In 2001, he became head of media relations, Bolsa de Madrid.
== Education ==
Malumbres holds a law degree from Universidad Complutense de Madrid and a master’s degree in international relations from the Paris University VI.
== References ==
Category:Public Relations Professionals
Pacific Investment Management Co.

Pacific Investment Management Co., or PIMCO as it is widely known, is a global investment management firm that had over $829.5 billion in assets under management as of June 30, 2008. It was founded by William (Bill) H. Gross in 1971 with only several million of assets.
By secular dynamics, PIMCO has always emphasized a 3-5 year focus on secular political, economic, demographic, and market sector trends.
PIMCO has a charitable arm called the "PIMCO Foundation."
 
== History ==
PIMCO started as a subsidiary of Pacific Life Insurance Company to manage separate accounts for institutional clients. In 2000, PIMCO was acquired by Allianz SE, a large global financial services company based in Germany. PIMCO operates as a separate and autonomous subsidiary of Allianz. The acquisition by Allianz provided an opportunity for many of PIMCO's professionals to purchase an equity stake in PIMCO.
After 15 years as CEO, Bill Thompson retired at the end of 2008 and was succeeded by Co-CEO Mohamed A. El-Erian. El-Erian also continued his role as co-CIO with Bill Gross. El-Erian, who was expected to be Gross's successor, left the company in January 2013.
As manager of the world's largest bond fund, PIMCO made headlines when it cut the fund's exposure to U.S. government-related debt in January 2011. PIMCO's Total Return Fund, run by Bill Gross, reported that holdings fell from 22 percent in December 2010 to 12 percent in January 2011. 
Gross resigned from the company in September 2014 to join Janus Capital Group managing a newly created bond fund. Pimco named Daniel Ivascyn as group chief investment officer, replacing Gross in that position.
== Key People ==
*William H. Gross, Founder 
*Douglas M. Hodge, Chief Executive Officer
*Daniel Ivascyn, Group CIO
*David C. Flattum, General Counsel
*David Lown, Chief Administrative Officer
*John Devir, Executive Vice President of Credit Analysis
== References ==
Category:Asset Managers
Pacific Stock Exchange

The first U.S. stock exchange to demutualize, in 1999, the Pacific Stock Exchange was a regional stock exchange located in San Francisco, California. It was acquired by the owner of the ArcaEx, Archipelago Holdings, on Sept. 27, 2005, which in turn was bought by the New York Stock Exchange. 
== History ==
The Pacific Stock Exchange was founded in 1882 as the San Francisco Stock and Bond Exchange, just seven years before the Los Angeles Oil Exchange was founded. In 1957 the two exchanges merged to form the Pacific Coast Stock Exchange. However, trading floors were maintained in both cities. A name change to the Pacific Stock Exchange took place in 1973. Options trading began three years later. In 1997 the word "Stock" was dropped from the Pacific Stock Exchange name.
By 1999 roughly five percent of the 17.5 million shares traded daily on the exchange involved personal contact between a buyer and seller on the exchange floor as markets became substantially more electronic in nature.
In 2001 the Los Angeles trading floor was closed, and in 2002 the San Francisco trading floor closed as well. 
Pacific Exchange equities trading now takes place exclusively through NYSE Arca (formerly known as ArcaEx), an electronic communications network (ECN). Its former trading floor on the corner of Sansome and Pine Street in San Francisco's financial district was sold to private developers and converted into a fitness club. This real estate conversion also occurred in Chicago when Chicago Mercantile Exchange moved from its quarters at 444 West Jackson Boulevard to Wacker Drive. 
In 2003 the Pacific Exchange launched PCX Plus, an electronic options trading platform.
On September 27, 2005, the Pacific Exchange was bought by the owner of the ArcaEx, Archipelago Holdings, which in turn was bought by the New York Stock Exchange in 2006. The New York Stock Exchange Group, Inc., now NYSE Euronext, conducts no business operations under the name Pacific Exchange, essentially ending its separate identity.
== Resources ==
See NYSE Arca
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Stock Exchanges
Category:Options Exchanges
Category:North American Exchanges
Category:Acquired Companies
Pacy Ostroff

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Pacy Ostroff is director of corporate strategy at the CME Group Inc. He was appointed to the newly created position in January 2009. He reports to R. Jason Weller, who has been CME’s managing director of corporate strategy since June 2008. 
== Background ==
Before joining the CME Group, Ostroff was at Allstate Insurance, where he ran growth strategy and business development initiatives. He also served as vice president, financial services of Brunswick Corporation and director, business development of Sears, Roebuck and Company. He also worked at ABN AMRO North America and McKinsey Company, and served as a Lieutenant in the United States Navy.
== Education ==
Ostroff earned his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the United States Naval Academy and his MBA from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania.
== References ==	
Category:CME Group
Category:ABN AMRO
Paine Webber

Paine Webber was a century-old Wall Street brokerage and investment bank that rose to popular prominence in 1994 by purchasing tainted rival brokerage Kidder Peabody. Paine Webber was itself subsumed by Swiss banking giant UBS AG in 2000, at the height of the tech-fueled investment boom. 
Paine Webber was founded in 1880 and expanded rapidly over the next few decades until caught up in a securities fraud in the late 1930s. The firm survived an almost-fatal merger in the late 1970s and in 1994 purchased fellow Wall Street brokerage Kidder Peabody from owner General Electric (GE) for $670 million in stock, giving GE a 25% stake in Paine Webber. In 2000 Paine Webber purchased brokerage J. C. Bradford & Co. and a few months later was itself bought by Swiss bank and brokerage UBS for a massive $11.8 billion. In 2003 the Paine Webber name was dropped in favor of UBS Wealth Management USA.
== References ==
Category:Brokerage Firms
Category:UBS
Painting the tape

In the stock market, "painting the tape" refers to an illegal practice in which traders buy and sell a specific security among themselves, creating the illusion of high trading volume and significant investor interest. This can attract unsuspecting investors who might then buy the stock and enable the traders to profit. It is a type of market manipulation. 
The phrase "painting the tape" refers to the ticker tape that was used to report stock prices.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Market Terms
Pakistan Mercantile Exchange Limited

Pakistan Mercantile Exchange Limited (PMEX) was the first technology driven, demutualized, online commodity futures exchange in Pakistan. It was previously named Pakistan’s National Commodity Exchange Limited and the National Commodity Exchange Limited. Patsystems provides end-to-end technology for the exchange, including the matching engine and front-end JTrader platform.
Although in mid-2010 almost the entire volume of trading was in gold, in mid-2011 activity diversified as 55 percent of the total trade was gold, while silver and crude oil had a 20 percent and 25 percent share, respectively.
Pakistan Mercantile Exchange ranked 45th in global derivative exchange volume in 2021 with 2.6 million contracts traded, an 18 percent decrease from the previous year, according to the Futures Industry Association's Annual Volume Report.
== History ==
Pakistan Mercantile Exchange Limited started its operations in May 2007 as a fully electronic exchange with nation-wide reach. It is a demutualized exchange with 100 percent institutional shareholding. It is licensed and regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan, the regulator for all financial markets in the country. 
== Products and Services ==
The exchange lists and trades contracts in gold, silver, crude oil, IRRI6 rice, palm olein, sugar, wheat and KIBOR Interest Rate futures. 
== Contract Volume ==
Year	Total Annual Volume*	Percent Change
2021	2,639,897 	(-) 18.27
2020	3,230,197 	64.8
2019	1,960,097 	(-) 21.29
2018	2,490,226 	(-) 21%
2017	3,156,470 	(-) 9.3%
2016	3,481,167 	(-) 10.5%
2015	3,890,968 	8.2%
2014	3,572,003 	(-) 22.5%
2013	4,608,831 	--
== Key People ==
*Ejaz Ali Shah, Managing Director
*Dr. Salman Shah, Chairman 
*Amjad Khan, Chief Operating Officer
*Farhan Tahir, Chief Financial Officer
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Asian Exchanges
Category:Pakistan
Pakistan Stock Exchange Limited

Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) was created on January 11, 2016 from a merger of the three stock exchanges of Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. Under the merger plan, operations of the Islamabad and Lahore stock exchanges were integrated into the Karachi Stock Exchange, which was renamed Pakistan Stock Exchange Limited.
Under the plan the PSX will become a listed company on the exchange with 40 per cent of its shares offered to foreign buyers — 20 per cent in an initial public offering (IPO) and the remaining 40 per cent allocated to listed brokers. According to officials, foreign investors could already trade on the existing exchanges, but the new bourse will be better organized and have more international links.
In early 2016 PSX put out an invitation for Expression of Interests (EOIs) for acquiring a 40 percent equity stake in PSX. 
The bourse's divestment committee was mandated in February of 2016 to complete the divestment.
== History ==
The Karachi Stock Exchange was founded in 1947 with only five listed companies and a market capitalization of only Rs 37 million. KSE now has 572 companies listed with total value of Rs 6,958 billion.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==