Phantom of the Opera

The Phantom of the Opera, originally a French novel, Le Fantôme de l'Opéra, has had many diverse adaptations, though most retain the core story of a deformed musical genius wearing a mask to hide his deformity falling in love with a singer in an opera or other music-related setting. Though different interpretations of the story vary greatly, they mostly retain an overall dark and moody tone and those key story elements. Those in the POTO fandom may be fans of one adaptation or many, and fanworks often blend information from multiple adaptations; other fans may reject certain adaptations, and the different character interpretations entirely. Each adaptation has hence greatly influenced the development of the fandom over time.
==Canon==
The main characters of the Phantom of the Opera are Christine Daaé, usually the amazing opera singer and the 'main character' of the story, Raoul, her love interest in the story, and the titular Phantom (also referred to as Erik), a disfigured musical prodigy who is also enchanted by Christine. 
The most influential adaptations: 
* The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux, published as a serialized novel in 1909/1910 and then in the book form in 1910
* The Phantom of the Opera musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber, played to over 160 million people in 41 countries and 186 cities in 18 languages
* Phantom, the 1990 novel by Susan Kay, a strongly influential published fanfiction 
* The movie adaptation of Webber's musical by Joel Schumacher, which attracted many new fans
Other popular adaptations:
* The Phantom of the Opera silent film made in 1925, that still stays one of the most faithful adaptations of the novel, despite the changed ending
* 1943 film with Claude Rains
* Phantom of the Paradise, 1974 cult classic
* The 1989 horror movie with Robert Englund as the Phantom
* 1990 miniseries starring Charles Dance and based on Arthur Kopit's and Maury Yestons' musical Phantom
* Love Never Dies, Webber's sequel to his 1986 musical
===Crossovers===
The Phantom of the Opera often features in crossovers with other works of fiction. Examples include: Batman, in Batman: Masque (1997) by Mike Grell; The Simpsons, several episodes of which have the Phantom as a character; the MacGyver episode Cleo Rocks, which is pretty much a fusion with Murdoc as the Phantom. Crossovers and fusions with the Phantom of the Opera are particularly popular in comic books, including Tarzan/Phantom of the Opera comic, a Sherlock Holmes/Phantom of the Opera comic (there are also book crossovers of those two fandoms), a fusion with Donald Duck (The Phantom of Notre Duck, 1965) and so on.
Crossovers, fusions and "Phantom of the Opera AU" also can be found in fanfiction based on other fandoms, most often other musicals.
==Fandom History==
===Terminology===
This fandom uses several words based on replacing "f" in fandom-related words with "ph" (after "Phantom"), e.g. "phandom" instead of "fandom", "phic" instead of "fic".
 
===Leroux's Novel===
The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux is the original Phantom story. It's rarely the version that draws fans into the fandom, but it's still one of the most popular and well-respected ones. It can be said that it has grown in popularity with time: while the early fandom was more centered around Webber's musical and later around Schumacher's movie, a lot of the Phantom of the Opera fanfiction written in the 2010s is based on the novel or at least has some elements of it. The most widely available translation of the book, made by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos in 1910, is heavily abridged, which might have influenced the perceptions of the story by the early phandom (e.g. a lot of text about Raoul and Carlotta was cut out, making their characters look less fleshed out.) See more discussion of different translations on F. de l'Opéra's tumblr, Wayback link
===The Musical===
Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical, made in 1986, is the adaptation that probably influenced both public perception of the Phantom story and the POTO fandom the most. While it used Leroux's book as a base, it made a lot of significant changes, one of them being to make the Phantom's personality and his deformity much less extreme than in the book thus turning him into more mysterious, attractive and sexual figure, which led to the intense romanticization of him by the fans of the musical. Webber's adaptation was incredibly popular and pretty much kickstarted The Phantom of the Opera fandom. The characteristics of the fandom formed at that period which continue to be staples of it to this day are the fannish focus on the character of Erik, perception of The Phantom of the Opera as a romance rather than mystery or horror and the popularity of the Erik/Christine pairing.
Many early fans of the musical were also fans of Michael Crawford, the actor who originated the role of the Phantom. In fact, fannish association of him with this role was so strong that some fans doubted that the musical could be successfully performed by anyone but the original cast, though such discussions died down with time.
The early phandom generally was more uncritical towards Erik and more prone to excuse and justify even the most extreme of his actions. Character bashing of Raoul was very common and intense, and even though the majority of fans were Erik/Christine shippers, many of them disliked Christine as well and harshly criticized her for what they perceived as unfair treatment of the Phantom. Such attitudes were so prevalent that some fans even considered them necessary for a "proper phan":
====Online Phandom====
At first the fandom was zine-based but started transitioning to the internet in mid-90s:
On Tumblr, artbecoming(deactivated) and [pastelwest-blog] have also recounted some memorable parts of being part of phandom in the mid 2000s (archived).
===Kay's Phantom===
Phantom, a 1990 novel by Susan Kay featuring the Phantom as the central character, has greatly influenced the phandom and the fannish view of Erik. Many details from the book have become strongly entrenched in the POTO fanon. Erik's backstory as portrayed in the book is treated by many fans as essentially canon and often is accepted as such even by the fans who didn't read the book. At first fannish reactions to the novel were very positive, but with time a more critical view became more prominent. The characterization of Christine and her relationship with Erik are often cited as the weakest point of the book; some fans also criticize the portrayal of Roma people and the scenes set in Persia as racist. Nevertheless, even the fans who dislike the book often appreciate it as an important part of the fandom history.
===Schumacher's movie===
The Phantom of the Opera, the movie adaptation of the musical by Joel Schumacher in 2004, received mixed reactions. On the one hand, it quickly became one of the most popular versions of the story and attracted a lot of new fans, on the other hand, those fans often were very young and unfamiliar with any other version of the Phantom story. There were also a lot of criticisms of the movie itself, e.g., fans claimed that it was a "dumbed down" version of the story, the Phantom was made too attractive, that the actors cast as Erik and Christine were too young and weren't good singers, that many director's choices didn't make sense etc. As a result, fans of the movie got quite a negative reputation among fans of the older adaptations and Leroux's novelIs anyone else bothered by the sudden rush of fangirls the 2004 movie has brought? on Phanwank, which in return led to accusations of elitism. Many older members left the fandom altogether after the movie was made. In the 2000s, lots of fanfiction was written by fans of the movie, but now phics based on it are rare.
See also Mid-2000′s Phantom of the Opera Fandom Things for some fan memories of this period.
===Love Never Dies===
Love Never Dies, Webber's "sequel" to his famous musical, has a very negative reputation in the fandom. The most common reasons cited by fans are OOC/poor handling of all the characters, nullifying Erik's redemption arc, protagonist-centered morality, saturation with badfic cliches (Erik/Christine secret night of love resulting in genius child, drunk gambler Raoul, Meg and Madame Giry being here for no reason) or just inferior quality of lyrics and music in comparison with its predecessor. Even fans who don't have a strongly negative reaction usually like the musical in a "so bad it's good" way. Most fics based on Love Never Dies are parodies, fix-its or stories about Erik bringing up Gustave after Christine's death.
==Fandom Culture & Controversies==
===Naming Conventions===
A very old feature of Phantom of the Opera's fanspeak is replacing "f" in fandom-related words with "ph" (after "Phantom"): phandom, phic, phan. Fannish nicknames, often used to discern between Eriks from different adaptations, usually are formed by adding the first letter from the name of the author (Lerik for Leroux's book, Kerik for Kay's book) or the actor who played Erik (Gerik for Gerard Butler's Phantom, Cherik for Charles Dance's). There are also nicknames for other Phantoms that don't follow this rule (Rat Phantom for the Argento's movie, Bird Phantom for Phantom of the Paradise).
Phantom of the Opera fandom rarely uses portmanteau names for pairings, though there are some exceptions like "Pharoga" and "Megstine".
===Fanon===
Phantom of the Opera fanon is quite developed and detailed, borrowing from many adaptations of the canon and sometimes just from fannish interpretations. It may lead to the confusion, when, for example, a detail from Kay's book is treated by fans as canonical for Leroux's book. Authors often mix several different Phantom of the Opera canons (for example, Leroux's book and Webber's musical, or Kay's book with pretty much any of the most famous POTO canons) as a basis for the same fic. It can be done deliberately or accidentally; it also may be one of the reasons why characterizations in phics vary quite a lot even by fannish standards.
* Erik is treated by fans as the Phantom's birth name, though his real name is not known in canon. Erik (The Phantom of the Opera) at Wikipedia
* "Destler" is often used as Erik's last name in fics, but it appears in only one adaptation, the horror movie made in 1989 and starring Robert Englund, and isn't universally accepted as the Phantom's name. See Erik Destler at Urban Dictionary
* Erik is very tall.
* Madame Giry's name is Antoinette.
* Madame Giry is the Phantom's friend/knows him well.
* Christine is very young (sixteen is a common variation). The only popular adaptation for which it may be true is the 2004 movie; Christine is usually in her twenties in other canons.
* The Opera has dormitories where ballet dancers/chorus girls live.
Tropes Influenced by Susan Kay's Book
* In many fics Erik is abused by his parents as a child. His mother often treats him worse than his father.
* Erik is forced to work in a circus, usually in a freak show, often by Romani.
* Erik's mother is named Madeleine.
* Nadir Khan is daroga's name.
* Erik has a Siamese cat Ayesha.
* Erik is a drug addict, or had been in some point of his life.
===Controversies===
Phantom of the Opera fandom produced a lot of discourse which often centered on Erik and Christine's relationship (see Erik/Christine for more details). Fans also criticise the racism present in many adaptations and fics, usually in the portrayal of Roma people and Persians and in the fact that most adaptations do not include the daroga's character from Leroux's book.Lindsay Ellis discusses the treatment of daroga's character in adaptations in her video The Most Whitewashed Character In Literary History A common fandom opinion is that a lot of choices made in many modern adaptations and fanworks are actually more problematic than these in Leroux's book that was written in the 1910s.
==Fanfiction==
One characteristic specific for the Phantom of the Opera fandom is that it has an unusually large amount of published fanfiction. Since Leroux book is in public domain now, many of such stories are at least ostensibly based on it, though they often have elements of various adaptations as well. Those books are usually self-published, but professional publications also exist. Phantom by Susan Kay is the most popular example of published POTO fanfiction; other examples include Progeny, When Angels Wept and Unmasqued. Self-published phics generally are not very different from internet or zine phics, and sometimes are indeed first published in a zine or online before authors decide to turn them into books. There are also books by professional writers that are based on the Phantom of the Opera; they are less likely to follow fandom-specific tropes, at least in way that the fandom likes. The Phantom of Manhattan by Frederick Forsyth, on which Love Never Dies was partially based, is the most famous and the most disliked example of this type. Other Phantom-related books by professional authors include Angels of Music by Kim Newman and Maskerade by Terry Pratchett from Discworld book series.
===Pairings and Genres===
The Phantom of the Opera fanfiction is overwhelmingly het and focused on Erik. The most popular het pairings in the fandom are Erik/Christine and the canon couple Raoul/Christine. Erik/OFC is also popular, though more so at fanfiction.net than at AO3. Other, less common pairings include Raoul/Meg and Erik/Meg.
 
The most popular slash pairings are Erik/Raoul and Erik/Daroga (often referred to as "Pharoga" in portmanteau fashion). There is also a small amount of Raoul/Daroga. Femslash pairings include Christine/Meg and Christine/Carlotta. Poly fics are usually Erik/Christine/Raoul or sometimes Erik/Christine/Daroga.
Variety of pairings and acceptance of multishipping is a recent development in the phandom. Earlier fanfiction was almost exclusively Erik/Christine and fans tended to have this pairing as their OTP; this tendency is even reflected in the fact that Erik/OFC pairing is often called "Erik/Other Woman". While this approach to shipping is still common and most stories still focus on Erik/Christine, since the 2000s and especially the 2010s the fans became more willing to explore other pairings and write about other characters, even minor ones.
Gen POTO fanfiction tends to be either horror/darkfic, humor or explorations of Erik's backstory.
AU is one of the most popular genres in phics. The most common varieties are Canon AU and Modern AU, but other types of AU are also used. Futurefic is very popular in shipping works. A lot of phics can also be described as fix-it fics. 
The majority of the Phantom of the Opera fanfiction is on fanfiction.net, though some authors upload their works on both fanfiction.net and AO3. Fics on fanfiction.net tend to be longer, often exceeding 100,000 words (very common feature of this fandom), and are less likely to have a m/m or f/f pairing than fics on AO3.
On the AO3, more recent than fanfiction.net and tilted more toward slash, the most popular ships are:Relationship tag filter on 
Le Fantôme de l'Opéra | Phantom of the Opera & Related Fandoms, 14 December 2019.
AO3:
In order of popularity:
*Erik/Christine 
*Raoul/Christine 
*Raoul/Erik 
*Erik/The Persian | Daroga | Nadir Khan 
*Erik/OFC 
*Erik/Meg 
*Christine/Raoul/Erik 
*Christine/Meg
===Phanwank and Badphic Tropes===
Phanwank was a livejournal sporking community created to mock the Phantom of the Opera badfic, though it also had discussions on other phandom-related topics. The peak of its activity was in the mid-to-late 2000s, so a lot of discussion was centered around the 2004 adaptation and fanfiction that was based on it. Its members often discussed and pointed out many tropes and cliches that were popular in the phics of that period.
See the list of tropes on Phanwank page.
See also , list of widely disliked tropes that show up in many POTO fics and adaptations.
===PFN's Morbidity Contest===
After the Webber's musical and especially after the movie adaptation of it in 2004, Phantom's fans started filling the Internet with fluffy romantic fanfiction, while the book's portrayal of Erik as more dangerous and unhinged was almost forgotten by the fandom. Approximately in 2000 a user of Fanfiction.net known as "The Scorpion" (or "Siren of Averne") organized the first contest of morbid works to explore the darker side of the canon. After the success of the first one, other contests of the similar nature were held on a regular basis even after The Scorpion left fanfiction.net. Those were The Phantom of the Opera Morbidity Writing Contests. This eventually lead to the tradition of calling all POTO dark fics "morbid" even if they weren't written for a contest.
Examples of fics written for Morbidity Writing Contests:
* First Contest
* Second Contest
* Third Contest
* Fourth Contest
The Scorpion also created a community called Dark Phic featuring "morbid" fanfiction.
==Fanart==
Phantom of the Opera fanart usually depicts Erik or Erik/Christine scenes. It also often depicts masks, roses, opera sets, sheet music. The most common style is dark and ornate, similar to the visual aesthetics of Webber's musical.
File:Mask1 back cover.jpg|the artist is Janet Meeham, from Mask: Tales from the Underground #1 (1989)
File:Fadedroses1-6.jpg|the artist is Cheryl Whitfield Duval, from Faded Roses #1 (1989)
File:Fadedroses1-8.jpg|the artist is Donna Barr, from Faded Roses #1 (1989)
File:Fadedroses4-potosection.jpg|the artist is Cheryl Whitfield Duval, from Faded Roses #4 (1993)
File:Fadedroses4-10.jpg|the artist is Judith Boguslaswki, from Faded Roses #4 (1993)
File:The Chandelier 1 Cover.jpg|the artist is Sybille Schenk, cover of The Chandelier #1 (1993)
File:POTO September 1997.jpg|the artist is Sharon Young. This is an untypical (both in the choice of the subject and in the way the characters look) Raoul/Christine fanart from POTO #1 (1997)
File:Ithinkinterior.jpg|artist: Baket.com, an example of manga Phantom of the Opera fanart, from the doujinshi I Think of You (unknown date) 
==Notable Fans==
* Christine Daaé, a fan who legally changed her name to that of the female protagonist of POTO, ran the first international Phantom ‘zine in the early 90s
* Carrie Hernandez
* Rafael (Romil Ilagan)
* Anne Myers (creator of The Phantom Project)
* Lindsay Ellis and Elisa Hansen (while they weren't BNFs in the phandom, they are the Phantom of the Opera fans and created some notable fan content, especially in the form of video essays)
==Archives and Communities==
* The Fifth Cellar: Canon-inclusive Phantom of the Opera fanfiction, from Leroux on up.
* Down Once More: Erik and Christine fanfiction archive.
*Phantom of the Opera section of fanfiction.net (11.9K stories)
*Le Fantôme de l'Opéra | Phantom of the Opera & Related Fandoms tag at AO3 (1.4K works)
* Phantom of the Opera.com: site and discussion forums covering all versions of the Phantom of the Opera
* Michael Crawford International Fan Association
===LJ comms===
* Phantomfans (LJ comm)
* Phanwank (LJ comm)
====Newsletters====
* Opera Notes (LJ comm) (defunct)
* Loge No. 5 (LJ comm)
* Burke Backstage (for Simon Burke) (print)
* Second Cousens (for Peter Cousens) (print)
* Warlow's World (for Anthony Warlow) (print)
==Fanzines==
non-fiction:
*Phantom Info - newsletter
*Phantom Notes (1988-1992) - newsletter, letterzine
*Beneath the Mask - newsletter (formally "Masquerade" and "Phantom’s Masquerade")
* Masquerade - The Stage Musical Fanzine (for-profit, 1990s)
fiction:
*The First Chapter
*Hard as Lightning, Soft as Candlelight
* Mask and Mirror
* Monsieur Gargoyle
* Nocturne
* Nocturne with Variations
* Of Nights and Shadows
* Phantom Magazine
*Phantom Reflections
* Progeny
* Second Generation and Legacy of Love
* Silent Night, Lonely Night
* The Voice Unmasked
* When Angels Wept
fiction: anthology zines:
* The Chandelier
* Phantom Magazine
* "Whispers from Box 5" was planned for early 1996, 150 pages ("To give you a brief idea of the contents, it includes two "novella"-length stories by Carrie Herandez; an extract from "Beauty and the Opera" by Suzy McKee Charnas, which is being published next year; and a number of other stories by Phantom fans from around the world. It also contains some poems and illustrations." from Beneath the Mask #10 )
fiction: multimedia:
*Above All Else (1997) (The Ghost and Mrs Muir, and Phantom of the Opera)
*Faded Roses (1989-1993) (Beauty and the Beast, Amadeus and Phantom of the Opera)
*Mask: Tales from the Underground (Beauty and the Beast, Phantom of the Opera)
*Rhapsody on Leroux
* Twists of Fate
doujinshi:
*Glorencia
*I Think of You
*N & E
fan comic:
* Girls Next Door
* Roommates
poetry:
* Phantom Phantasia
==Other Fan Activities==
*Phantom of the Opera Reader's Choice Fanfiction Awards (list of winners, accessed through the Wayback Machine)
* Phantom of the Opera Reader's Choice Fanfiction Awards (list of candidates from the time when the voting was still going on, though the only categories that still can be seen are Romance 2 (for het pairings other than Erik/Christine), Fluff, Horror, Comedy/Parody, Alternate Reality, Crossovers
==Other Resources==
*Phantom of the Opera (Official international website)
*Wiki: The Phantom of the Opera (Wikipedia page)
* Phantom of the Opera fandom wiki
* The Phantom Library (the website of The Phantom Project by Anne Myers, featuring reviews, fanzines and lists of numerous Phantom adaptations)
* Phantom Reviews (video reviews of many Phantom adaptations)
==In the Media==
* The Phandom of the Opera (archived) (Article in the New York Times on phans mourning as the POTO musical is performed at the Majestic Theater for its 13,981st and final show)
==References==
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