nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Grapefruit seed extract

Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is a purported "all-natural" supplement sold in health food stores and over the Internet. It is supposedly a natural antimicrobial and antifungal product.
However, tests on actual grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) seed extract show zero antimicrobial or antifungal properties, while tests on commercially available GSE do show such properties.Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seed extract and its relation to preservative substances contained, von Woedtke T, Schlüter B, Pflegel P, Lindequist U, Jülich WD, Pharmazie. 1999 Jun;54(6):452-6. The difference? Tests on commercial GSE products show they contain benzethonium chloride and triclosan,Identification of benzethonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts, Takeoka G, Dao L, Wong RY, Lundin R, Mahoney N, J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Jul;49(7):3316-20.Simultaneous identification and quantification by liquid chromatography of benzethonium chloride, methyl paraben and triclosan in commercial products labeled as grapefruit seed extract, Avula B, Dentali S, Khan IA, Pharmazie. 2007 Aug;62(8):593-6. both antimicrobial and antifungal compounds also used in deodorants, disinfectant sprays, and antiseptic hand wipes. Neither of these compounds occur naturally in grapefruit seed extract, which indicates they were either added to "all-natural" grapefruit seed extract products as preservatives, or GSE products were adulterated with those compounds to give them their claimed benefits. Benzethonium chloride and triclosan, while effective, are approved and generally regarded as safe for external use only, but specifically disapproved for internal use.
Bottom line: GSE products sold in health food stores are not "all-natural". Their apparent active ingredients aren't listed on the label. The actual amount of benzethonium chloride and triclosan they contain could vary widely, making their effectiveness for any given application unclear. Given these unknowns and the unapproved status of these two compounds for internal use, it is probably a very bad idea to take GSE products internally.
==See also==
*Big Placebo
==External links==
*Grapefruit seed extract
==References==
Category:Alternative medicine
Category:Herbal medicine
Category:Plants
Grassroots

Grassroots is a term often used to refer to movements (usually social or political) that have been created as a natural response to some perceived social or political wrong or cause.
These organizations (at least those that are genuine in origin) tend to be locally-based as opposed to national in terms of scale,Smith, David Horton. Grassroots Associations. Sage Publications, Inc. their backing tends to rest entirely on ordinary people as opposed to a formal organization, and their funding, if any, comes from voluntary donors within the movement or from their sympathizers.Gundelach, Peter. (1979) Grass Roots Organizations. Acta Sociologica.
By contrast, the fake version is Astroturfing (so named after the artificial grass product), where a corporation, think tank, or some other formal party with a direct interest in the issue at hand (such as a product like the health risks of cigarettes or a political cause like nativism) either covertly and artificially creates a "grassroots" organization (which is in reality a shill for their interests), or co-opts a genuine grassroots movement for their own purposes.
==References==
Category:Political terms
Graviola

Graviola, soursop or guanábana (Annona muricata) is a fruit native to the humid regions of Central and South America. A formerly obscure fruit for those not in those regions, it has gained some notoriety for being promoted as an alternative cancer treatment.
==Cancer woo==
The fruit itself is not the active ingredient studied, but rather extracts from seeds, leaves, bark, and twigs of the plant.Graviola (Annona muricata) by Barrie R. Cassileth (September 01, 2008) Cancer Network. The fruit itself is tasty and probably harmless in moderation. A 1996 studyFive novel mono-tetrahydrofuran ring acetogenins from the seeds of Annona muricata by M. J. Rieser et al. J. Nat. Prod. 1996 Feb;59(2):100-8. did find extracts from the seeds to be potent against colon adenocarcinoma cells. However, it was performed with an in vitro sample of cells and not humans, and was only compared to one kind of chemotherapy drug.
==Side effects==
Graviola extract has been proven to be neurotoxic. A study performed by the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center showed a high frequency of Parkinson's disease in the French West Indies, where Graviola is popular as food and medicine. The source of the disease was dopamine-degenerating alkaloids in seeds and roots.Toxicity of Annonaceae for dopaminergic neurons: potential role in atypical parkinsonism in Guadeloupe by A. Lannuzel et al. Mov. Disord. 2002 Jan;17(1):84-90. So, not only is it ineffective, but dangerous if used carelessly.
==See also==
* Alternative medicine
* List of medicinal plants
==References==
Category:Cancer woo
Category:Alternative medicine
Great Chain of Being

The Great Chain of Being was an idea put forth by Augustine of Hippo as a hierarchy of all matter and life; one can see it as a very poor system of taxonomy and matter classification.For comparison: It is an example of Historian A.O. Lovejoy traced the origins of the idea back to the ancient Greek philosophers. 
Three principles shaped the Great Chain:William F. Bynum. The Great Chain of Being After Forty Years: An Appraisal. Hist. Sci., vol. 13, 1975 
* The principle of plenitude, traceable to Plato, posits that the universe contains all possible forms of existence.
* The principle of continuity, traceable to Aristotle, holds that existence forms a continuous line.
* The principle of gradation, also traceable to Aristotle, states that this continuous line constitutes a ranking of the "natural order" from lowest (or simplest) to highest (or most complex).
Early protoscientific and pseudoscientific conceptions of evolutionary theory drew on the notion of the Great Chain. Notably, it appeared in works on scientific racism of the 18th-19th centuries.Jonathan Marks. The Great Chain of Being, in Encyclopedia of Racism Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) proposed a modified version of the Great Chain in which categories were not fixed but where organisms could progress to higher forms through evolutionary development.A History of Evolution Pt. 1: Ancient Greece to Lamarck, Replicated Typo
==The Chain==
#Goat God
#Angels (further subdivided by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite)
#Humans (further subdivided by racists)
#Lions and elephants
#Wild mammals
#"Useful" domestic mammals
#Other "tame" domestic animals
#Eagles
#Birds of prey
#Carrion birds
#Worm eating birds
#Seed eating birds
#Whales
#Sharks
#Fish
#Reptiles
#Amphibians
#Insects
#Sessile creatures
#Plants (also subdivided, with trees on top)
#Gemstones (also subdivided, with diamonds on top)
#Metals (also subdivided, with gold on top)
#Minerals (also subdivided, with marble at the top)
#"Minute particles"
==Bibliography==
*The Accidental Species: Misunderstandings of Human Evolution (2013) Henry Gee ISBN 9780226271200
==See also==
*Baraminology
*Cladistics
*Evolution
*How come there are still monkeys?
*Hinduism (their concept of reincarnation has some coincidental similarities)
*Linnaean taxonomy
*Periodic Table
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Christianity
Category:Pseudoscience
Great Schism

The Great Schism, also known as the Great Schism of 1054 or the East-West Schism was the schism by which the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church separated. Cultural and liturgical differences were debated as early as the 6th century; they officially split by excommunicating each other in 1054, and only ended the mutual anathema in 1965. 
== Official reasons for the separation ==
The official disagreements between the two churches were numerous and included seemingly trivial issues like baking and more critical issues of the nature of the Holy Spirit. For example, the Roman Catholic church insisted (without any clear biblical instructions that it should be so) that the Eucharist must be unleavened bread. The Eastern Orthodox Church accepted the use of leavened bread (however, the Jewish religious law forbids eating leavened bread during the Pesach, so Jesus and his disciples, being Jews, would have eaten unleavened bread during the Last Supper). There was also the more esoteric question of whether the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father or from the Father and the Son - something known as the Filioque.
== Actual reasons for the separation ==
Of course, like most things, "official positions" are rarely as important as power and politics. The two sides had many differences over this history of the church, with the appointment of John Chrysostom as Patriarch of Constantinople disputed by the Byzantine emperor as early as 404 CE, leading to the eastern church being excommunicated until 415 CE. There was another schism from 482 to 519, over who had ultimate doctrinal authority, with more excommunications.Great Schism of 1054, History for Kids
Muslim conquests had reduced the Catholic territory, leaving only two (Constantinople and Rome) of the five sees (Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem had fallen). As the centre of gravity of Christendom shifted northwards and eastwards, there were disputes over who should have authority in the Balkans. Bishop of Rome, Pope Leo IX, thought he should be head of the remaining Catholic Body. The Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius thought otherwise, believing that while the Bishop of Rome was the most esteemed, he still shouldn't be able to tell the other Patriarchs what to do.On this day: July 16, 1054 CE: Great Schism, National Geographic
==See also==
*Protestant Reformation
==External links==
The East-West Schism
==References==
Category:Christianity
Greed

Greed, according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is "a selfish and excessive desire for more of something than is needed".Merriam-Webster: "greed"
In Christianity, it is one of the Sins — such desires being seen as turning the heart away from God — and has been roundly condemned in most historical codes of morals; not without justification, as the greed of kings and other monarchic rulers could be the driving force behind endless war and political infighting.
However, in more recent years, greed has been re-evaluated and now is seen by a significant number as being a positive force in a capitalist economy, as a greedy person, by enriching himself, increases economic activity and helps everyone around him ("a rising tide lifts all boats").
...except when it fucks everyone over if appropriate laws haven't been levied to constrain it.
==Quotes==
==See also==
*Ayn Rand - extolled its "virtues", under the euphemism "rational self-interest".
*Money
*Affluenza
==References==
Category:Psychology
Category:Culture
Green

Green is a color that is generally associated with plants (because of chlorophyll) and by extension, the environment.
==Things==
*Greenback Party — late-nineteenth century U.S. political party that opposed the gold standard
*Green energy — another term for renewable energy that sometimes also includes nuclear energy
*Green Hell — a book by science-denialist Steve Milloy
*Greenhouse effect — the effect that causes global warming
*Green ink — a medium of communication by frothing lunatics
*Greenland — a large, glaciated island, so named as a marketing gimmick by 
*GreenMedInfo — an alternative-medicine website
*Green Party — one of several political parties (sprouting up internationally) that supports environmentalism
*Greenpeace — an environmentalist organization that has engaged in anti-science
*Green Revolution — created by Norman Borlaug
*Green scare — anti-environmentalism
*Green tea — a tasty drink - associated with some dubious health claims
*Greenwashing — a marketing gimmick for selling products by exaggerating or falsely claiming the environmental benefits of a product or service
==People==
*Laci Green — former feminist YouTuber
*Stephen Green — wifebeating director of Christian Voice
*Marjorie Taylor Greene — batshit crazy QAnon representative from Georgia
Greg Taylor

Greg Taylor is an Australian blogger and pseudoscience promoter. He is the owner of the paranormal website, "Daily Grail".
Taylor has an obsession with the medium Leonora Piper.10.19 – MU Podcast He repeatedly claims that skeptics have failed to debunk the medium. He also has a grudge against Martin Gardner, James Randi, and anyone associated with the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. See for example his hit-piece on Martin Gardner 1 
==Daily Grail==
Focusing on the paranormal, the Daily Grail is a website that supports all kinds of crazy woo and conspiracy theories. It features credulous and funny articles claiming all kinds of magical things like aliens, ghosts, and ectoplasms exist. Taylor is a big fan of Rupert Sheldrake. His support for Rupert Sheldrake, see 1, 2, 3 for examples. 
A popular article amongst woo-believers on the website is called "The Myth of the Million Dollar Challenge" (in reference to Randi's million-dollar challenge). It quotes parapsychology cranks such as Stephen E. Braude and Dean Radin who claim the challenge is biased against the paranormal, and the million dollars will always remain safe.The Myth of the Million Dollar Challenge 
Taylor was interviewed by Alex Tsakiris on Skeptiko, during which he stated:
However, James Randi in response to Taylor noted that his article was mostly inaccurate and slid "downhill into innuendo, ad hominem, and blatantly false attacks."THE Grubbies Attack!
==Stop Worrying! There Probably is an Afterlife==
Taylor is the author of Stop Worrying! There Probably is an Afterlife (2013).Stop Worrying! There Probably is an Afterlife The book claims that the fraudulent medium Leonora Piper communicated with spirits and is notable for ignoring skeptical material on the subject.See the references for Leonora Piper. Her biggest critics such as Ivor Lloyd Tuckett and Joseph Rinn are not cited by Taylor anywhere in the book. The book uncritically promotes non-materialist neuroscience and quantum woo. Taylor thinks anecdotal stories from near-death experiences are evidence for the mind existing independently of the brain. There is not a shred of empirical evidence found in the book. But apparently we do probably survive death according to Taylor.
==External links==
*Daily Grail
*Twitter
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:Australians
Category:Living people
Category:Parapsychology
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Gregg Braden

Gregg Braden is an American crank, woo-meister, and New Age fantasy literature author. He argues that human emotions affect DNA, that collective prayer may heal the body, that the world is a mind, that science is pointing to religion and other woo-woo. He has published many books through the Hay House publishing company (a serious scientific publishing house). He has also appeared on the pseudohistory show Ancient Aliens and The Secret movie.
He wrote about the 2012 apocalypse for his claim that the magnetic polarity of the Earth was about to reverse,https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Apocalypse_Not/7H1PmVvFJ_4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=isbn%3A9781936740000&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover&bsq=Gregg%20Bradenhttps://archive.org/details/beyond2012catast0000stra/page/118/mode/2up?q=Gregg+Bradenhttps://archive.org/details/endoftimemayamys00aven/page/28/mode/2up?q=Gregg+Braden stating: "There has been a lot of speculation about it. The magnetic poles have certainly reversed in the past. I can tell you as a former geologist that we can see that in the geologic record, 14 times in the last 4-1/2 million years." It diiiid? Braden argued that the change in the Earth's magnetic field might have effects on human DNA and claimed that he healed himself from cancer just by thinking he was well. Where the actual proofs of his claims lie, no one knows.
==His position on evolution==
==See also==
===Want to read this in another language?===
==External links==
*
*Gregg Braden — debunking repository (Democratic Underground) — some useful debunking resources
*Encyclopedia of American Loons: "There is out there, and there is out there, and Gregg Braden is definitely as far out there as you get."
*The New-Age Conspiratorial World of Gregg Braden Exposing Psedoastronomy Blog
*Review of Fractal Time
*"Geologist" Talks About DNA Disproving Evolution on Youtube
==References==
__NOTOC__
Category:Authors
Category:Living people
Category:New Age
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Category:Shysters
Gregg Braden (slovensky)

Gregg Braden je americký blázon, woo-majster a autor New Age fantasy literatúry. Tvrdí, že ľudské emócie ovplyvňujú DNA, že kolektívna modlitba môže uzdraviť telo, že svet je myseľ a iné hlúposti.
Predpovedal apokalypsu v roku 2012, keďže, ako tvrdil, magnetická polarita Zeme sa mala obrátiť. Aaaa... stalo saa? Braden tvrdil, že zmena magnetického pólu Zeme môže mať vplyv na ľudskú DNA. Tiež sa podľa vlastných slov vyliečil z rakoviny pomocou myšlienok: jednoducho myslel na to, že mu je dobre. Kde sú skutočné dôkazy jeho tvrdení, nikto nevie.
==Externé odkazy==
*Gregg Braden — debunking repository (Democratic Underground) — zopár užitočných zdrojov na debunkovanie
*Encyclopedia of American Loons: "Je rozdiel byť mimo a byť mimo, a Gregg Braden je definitívne tak mimo ako sa len dá."
Category:Authors
Category:Living people
Category:New Age
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Category:Shysters
Category:Slovensky
Gregor Mendel

Gregor Mendel was a Christian friar and abbot, teacher, and pioneer in the field of genetics. He was born into a German-speaking family in Silesia, then part of the Austrian Empire and now part of Czechia. He presented his paper on his experiments in genetics in 1865;Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden by Gregor Mendel (1865) Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, Band 4, pp. 3-47. shortly thereafter, his scientific career was cut short as he was appointed abbot of his monastery and became increasingly involved in administrative duties. The scientific community did not take a general interest in his discoveries until well after his death.
==Mendelian genetics==
Through experimentation on peas, Mendel demonstrated several properties of inherited traits. He postulated that traits are determined by gene pairs. An organism's outward appearance, or phenotype, is dictated by the alternative forms, or alleles, of genes in the pair. Given a dominant allele D and a recessive allele r, the possible gene pairs are DD, Dr and rr. The recessive allele then is present in all but the first case, although the recessive trait will be expressed only in the last case.
Mendel further postulated that an organism's genetic makeup, or genotype, is inherited. He noted that, for each trait, the gene pair is formed by the receipt of one allele from each parent. This observation is identified as the Law of Segregation, or Mendel's First Law. He also noted that the combination of alleles inherited for a given trait is independent of that for other traits. This observation is identified as the Law of Independent Assortment, or Mendel's Second Law.
Mendel choosing peas as his model organism was one of those moments when science got lucky. Peas have multiple traits controlled by only a single gene in what is termed 'complete dominance' (where the dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele if both are present, as above). In most organisms, things get a lot more complicated and difficult to sort out very quickly due to factors such as polygenic traits (multiple different genes affect the same trait), pleiotropy (one gene affects multiple traits), co-dominance or incomplete dominance (where two different alleles don't behave dominantly or submissively with respect to each other but compromise), chromosomal linkage which causes traits to apparently break the Second Law… You get the picture. Just take eye colour. Eye colour is controlled by two genes, OCA2 and Gey, making it polygenic, but it's also a case of incomplete dominance, meaning that it's really hard to study. Basically, Mendel accidentally chose a Caterpie instead of an Eevee.
==External links==
*Mendel's Paper in English, MendelWeb
*
*
==References==
Category:Scientists
Category:Genetics
Category:Christians
Grenada

Grenada is a tiny island nation in the Eastern Caribbean known primarily for exporting nutmeg. Its first leader after independence from Britain in 1974 was the autocratic UFO enthusiast SirKnighted on the recommendation of… himself. Eric Gairy. A Marxist government came to power in a coup d'état while Gairy was abroad and stayed in office for 4½ years, until Ronald Reagan ordered U.S. Marines to invade the islands. 
The US administration believed that a Cuban and Soviet "plot" to build a new airport in a country with fewer residents than Allentown, Pennsylvania, posed an egregious threat to the safety and national security of the world's greatest superpower. Multiparty politics were re-established in late 1984, and Grenada has been more-or-less democratic since then. They learned their lesson from the Empire and have not elected a left-wing government since the ill-fated revolution.
==Human rights==
Homosexuality is illegal in Grenada. Same-sex sexual activity between men is criminalized under the Criminal Code, with penalties of up to ten years' imprisonment.https://www.equaldex.com/region/grenada LGBT Rights in Granada (accessed January 13, 2025) Although these laws are not generally enforced, instances of intimidation, harassment, and stigmatization of sexual and gender minorities are commonplace.They Can Harass Us Because of the Laws Human Rights Watch, 2023
Grenada does not recognize same-sex marriage or partnerships.
There are no legal protections against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity in Grenada.
==Notes==
Category:Communist states
Category:North American countries
Greta Christina

Greta Christina is a prominent American atheist speaker, author and blogger.Greta Christina's personal webpage.Greta Christina's profile at the Secular Student Alliance.
==Writings==
Christina is the author of the 2012 book Why Are You Atheists So Angry?. Her writing has appeared in the Skeptical Inquirer as well as the 2007 anthology Everything You Know About God Is Wrong.
More recently, she has written on the coming out process of atheists in her 2014 book, Coming Out Atheist: How to Do It, How to Help Each Other, and Why.
==Personal life==
Christina was born in Chicago in 1961 and has resided in San Francisco since 1984.
She is also bisexual (or pansexual), in a same-sex marriage, an LGBTQ rights supporter, and a pro-choice, sex-positive feminist.
==External links==
*Greta Christina's Blog at The Orbit 
==References==
Category:Bloggers
Category:Living people
Category:LGBTQ people
Category:Feminists