nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Crazing

Contributions by: Lucas Simonds
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Crazing refers to the formation of a network of fine cracks on the surface of glazed ceramics caused by tension between the ceramic body and the glaze. This process can come about in a number of ways. When a glazed ceramic cools after firing crazing can occur if the glaze contracts at a faster rate than the ceramic body (US Bureau of Standards 1928:557). Alternatively, a similar process can occur later in the life of a ceramic if it is exposed to changes in temperature drastic enough to cause significant expansion and contraction of both the ceramic body and the glaze (Cronyn 1990:146). Lastly, crazing can appear as a result of the expansion of the ceramic body alone which produces tension in a rigid glaze (US Bureau of Standards 1928:557).
==Related Terms==
crackle; craquelure
=== Synonyms in English ===
=== Translation ===
English 	crazing
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==Discussion==
In the context of conservation, the effects of crazing depend on the nature of the ceramic body. Crazing on any type of ceramic will produce aesthetic damage. Not only is the fine network of cracks itself aesthetically unpleasing, but dirt cannot be removed from the cracks, and crazed ceramics may suffer from organic staining (Department of the Interior 2004:511;Durbin 2005:46). If the ceramic body is non-porous, then the damage caused by crazing is generally limited to those aesthetic factors described above (Cronyn 1990:146). Porous ceramic bodies, however, can be exposed to numerous environmental factors through the cracks in the glaze caused by crazing, leading to pieces of the glaze flaking off and the possible deterioration of the ceramic body itself (Cronyn 1990:146).
Treatment of ceramics presenting crazing does not differ from the treatment of ceramics generally, consisting mainly of the application of a consolidant, but care must be taken during soaking treatments to prevent flaking of the glaze (Cronyn 1990:151,152). In the case of ceramic tiles, in particular, a treatment consisting of a mineral densifying agent and sub-surface sealant has been successfully applied to mitigate the possible deterioration caused by crazing (Department of the Interior 2004:514).
==References==
Cronyn, J.M. 1990. Elements of Archaeological Conservation. New York, New York: Routledge
Department of the Interior. 2004. The Preservation of Historic Architecture: The U.S. Government’s Official Guidelines for Preserving Historic Homes. Guildford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot
Durbin, Lesley. 2005. Architectural Tiles: Conservation and Restoration. New York, New York: Routledge
U.S. Bureau of Standards. 1928. Crazing of Glazes Caused by Permanent Increases in Size of Ceramic Bodies. Journal of the Franklin Institute 205(4):556-558
Category:Lexicon
Category: Condition Terms
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Crease

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Crease refers to a line of crushed or broken substrate fibers, the result of a fold. (Smithsonian Institute, 2006)
==Related Terms==
Fold
=== Synonyms in English ===
=== Translation ===
English 	crease
French 	pli
Spanish 	pliegue
Portuguese 	ruga
Italian 	piega
German 	
Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	皺摺
==Discussion==
A crease is a line, ridge, or groove in a paper or fabric, made by pressing, folding, or wrinkling with or without the aid of heat, pressure, and moisture. The fibers in the crease region may be irreversibly crushed or broken. A dog-ear crease is a diagonal fold at the corner of a page. (Museum of Fine Arts Boston, 2013). Creases typically occur in flexible materials, such as paper, and do not break through the surface of the object. Creases in the edges of works on paper can also be the result of faulty mounting. 
Creases may cause aesthetic or structural problems. If the paper in a creased area is not repaired, the area could weaken or tear. To repair a crease, flatten the area by applying localized moisture, followed by applying gentle pressure with blotters or weights. Severe creases "may be reinforced on the verso with Japanese paper adhered with an archival paste."(Collector's Guide, 2014)
==References==
Crease. Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online. Getty Institute. 2004. Accessed March 20, 2015. http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=crease&logic=AND¬e=&english=N&prev_page=1&subjectid=300228802
Crease. CAMEO. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. July 24, 2013. Accessed March 20, 2015. http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Crease
The Collector's Guide: Conserving Works In Paper. Collector's Guide. 2014. Accessed March 20, 2015. http://www.collectorsguide.com/fa/fa010.shtml
van der Reyden, D. 1994. Sources of Deterioration and Damage To Paper Materials. Accessed March 20, 2015. http://www.si.edu/mci/downloads/RELACT/paper_deterioration_sources.pdf 
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Category:Lexicon
Crizzling

Contributors: Amy Morse
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Tiny cracks and hairline fractures that form in glass and feel wet or even greasy to the touch. 
==Related Terms==
Crissling
=== Synonyms in English ===
=== Translation ===
English 	Crizzling
French 	
Spanish 	
Portuguese 	
Italian 	
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Arabic 	
Chinese (Traditional)	網狀裂紋
==Discussion==
Crizzling happens as the result of too little stabilizer or too much of an alkali in the glass’ recipe. When the glass is exposed to a relative humidity that is too low (below 40% RH), the surface will lose moisture. If the RH is too high (above 55 %), it will “weep”. This moisture is pulled out of the sub-layers of glass in an environment with over 50 percent relative humidity and condenses on the surface of the object. 
Typically, crizzling is found in glass made before the 19th century and after the 17th century throughout Europe and China, although it is not uncommon to find examples of crizzling in more recent objects. The term “sick glass” is often used to describe crizzling, but it is actually a general term that can be ascribed to more than one effect of deterioration in glass including fogginess, weeping, and the oily or wet residue left after exposure to high relative humidity.
Glass that has these attributes and is kept in an environment that fluctuates in relative humidity will eventually crack because of the constant swelling and shrinking process that occurs when there are frequent switches between a dry environment and a more humid environment.
There are experimental treatments for crizzling including water based, ion solutions that are applied to the object to treat the surface of the glass. The second is a consolidant and adhesive agent, which in the past, has been an approach that was considered inoperable because of the agents’ ability to absorb and trap water. Trapped water under the surface of the consolidant can form salts under the agent’s coating and eventually cause flaking of the consolidant and further deterioration of the glass.
Nevertheless, despite these drawbacks to using consolidant and adhering agents to prevent and slow the process of crizzling, a new treatment involving a solution of 15 percent Paraloid B-72 has shown in experiments to work well at stabilizing glass objects prone to crizzling (Koob, S.P, 2010:128) . 
==References==
Anonymous, 2011 Crizzling. Electronic document, http://www.cmog.org/article/crizzling, accessed 04/02, 2014.
Brill, R. H., 1975 Crizzling - A Problem in Glass Conservation. In Conservation in Archaeology and Applied Arts. Pp. 121. Stockholm Congress: International Institute for Historic and Artistic Work.
Hogg, Simon, David McPhall, Victoria Oakley, and Phillip Rogers, 2014 Cracking Crizzling - Eight Years of Collaborative Research. Electronic documnt, http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-29/cracking-crizzling-eight-years-of-collaborative-research/.
Koob, Stephen P., 2010 An Experimental Treatment for Severely Crizzled Glasses. Glass and Ceramic Conservation:128. 
Category:Lexicon
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Crocking

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Crocking is tendency of a fabric or paint to give off color when the surface is rubbed. For fabrics, crocking may occur when it has excess dye or has been improperly dyed. For paintings, crocking may occur when the pigment to binder concentration is high. Crocking. (2013). CAMEO (Conservation and Art Materials Encyclopedia Online). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Retrieved from http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Crocking 
Textiles and garments with fabric color or design that is lighter on the reverse side is likely to be fabric that have been subject to pigment print or surface dye. These methods of prints and dyes, when used on fabrics are susceptible to dye crocking. Dye crocking can be the result of color loss by friction, abrasion and mechanical action.Link text, additional text. 
200px|thumb|right|caption
==Related Terms==
=== Synonyms in English ===
rubbing, transfer, smear, spread, 
=== Translation ===
English 	crocking
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Chinese (Traditional)	摩擦脫色
==Discussion==
A crockmeter is used in physical testing of textiles to evaluate the degree of transfer. The test used is a standard textile test, either a Canadian General Standards Board test or the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists test. A manufacturer would use it to see if the textiles met standards for care labeling. A fabric that crocks will stain the muslin test piece and the stain is measured by the grey scale, the lightness or darkness on the muslin test piece. Ideally textiles shouldn't crock. More information about about testing can be found here: http://www.contracttextiles.org/uploads/images/banners/pdf/AC_wet_dry_crocking_080714.pdf and here: http://garmentstech.com/colour-fastness-to-rubbingcrocking-test-procedure/
==References==
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Category:Lexicon
Cross-referencing and integration

These are some notes from Suzy Morgan's discussion about cross-linking and integrating the wiki during the 2015 Wiki Workshop at the AIC Annual Meeting.
*Make it easy for people to find what they want by providing as much related info (via links) across pages. Think outside and beyond the concept of "specialty groups". Are there related pages you can link to, that can provide "further reading" or more in-depth explanation?
* Other ways to integrate the wiki (and also bring in information from related wikis like CAMEO) is to update the Lexicon pages and also link words to their related page on the Lexicon section.
* Know what links to your page! Use the "What links here" button to find out what other pages reference that page. Note that this does not work for Category pages. There are also other special pages that can show you what the most integrated/linked pages are, as well as a list of "orphan" pages that aren't linked to from anywhere!
*Categories are a GREAT cross-wiki way to integrate information across specialty group pages and other stand-alone parts of the wiki. You can add as many categories to a page as you like, but for them to really work, make sure to spell AND capitalize your category names the SAME WAY every time! Categories are case-sensitive. When you add a category to a page, it automatically generates a link to a page that lists all other pages tagged with that same category.
* One way to create a one-stop-shop for related information is to utilize the Category Page ability, which lets you make a landing page that shows a list of all pages tagged with a certain category. You can code/edit this page just like any regular page, adding images, written information, links, etc. I've done this on the EMG part of the wiki to make more general topic groups (audio/moving image preservation) which then have the more specific topics linked at the bottom.
*To link to one of these category pages, write your link like so: [[:Category:CategoryName]]
Generally, as in the case of the EMG main page, you wouldn't want to just create the link by using the regular [[Category:CategoryName]] because you won't have control over where the link goes, and it will also make the landing page ITSELF be tagged as that category. Instead, use the first example with the colon in front of the Category name link.
Cupping

300px|thumb|right|Raking light image of painting showing cupping
Cupping is a distortion of the paint surface on canvas resulting in concave sections of paint and raised areas of paint adjacent to cracks (Kirsh and Levenson 2000).
==Related Terms==
Crackle, Cleavage, Craquelure, Flaking
=== Translation ===
English 	cupping
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Chinese (Traditional)	杯狀裂紋
==Discussion==
Crackle patterns on surfaces of paintings can sometimes form islands of paint that can lead to cupping (Canadian Conservation Institute 2011). The cracks in the paint layers allow for air and environmental factors to penetrate in between and under the paint layers. As a result of fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity, paint may delaminate, curling away from the surface along the cracks, forming a concave center with raised edges, like a cup or crater (Michalski 2014). Prolonged cupping can lead to the the distortion of the fabric support of the painting due to tension (South Florida Art Conservation 2013).
==Reference==
Condition Reporting - Paintings. Part III: Glossary of Terms - CCI Notes 10/11. 2011. Canadian Conservation Institute. Accessed March 24, 2014. http://www.cci-icc.gc.ca/publications/notes/10-11-eng.aspx.
Kirsch, Andrea and R.S. Levenson. 2000. Seeing Through Paintings: Physical Examination in Art Historical Studies. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Michalski, Stefan. 2014. Agents of Deterioration: Incorrect Relative Humidity." Canadian Conservation Institute. http://www.cci-icc.gc.ca/caringfor-prendresoindes/articles/10agents/chap10-eng.aspx.
Craquelure. 2013-2018. South Florida Art Conservation. Accessed August 19, 2013. http://www.sflac.net/blog/tag/craquelure/.
Curling

Curling is a planar distortion in a paper support in response to changes in relative humidity (Reilly 1986). Factors such as fiber strength, internal bonding, and fiber orientation may affect curling.
==Related Terms==
Warping, cockling, buckling
===Synonyms in English===
Curl, rolling
=== Translation ===
English 	curling
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Chinese (Traditional)	捲曲
==Discussion==
Reilly (1986)discusses curling in relation to photographs and any work on machine-made paper. The process of paper manufacture creates a predominant fiber alignment, called the machine direction or grain direction. This provides a directional orientation to the physical properties of the paper. The direction perpendicular to it is the cross direction. Due to this predetermination, the fibers will expand much more in one direction than the other when exposed to moisture. Fluctuations in relative humidity will accelerate curling tendencies.
Some types of photographs, such as Albumen prints, are especially susceptible to curling. The binder and the paper support are connected yet respond to environmental factors differently, expanding and contracting at different degrees and rates. When the binder expands and contracts at a different rate than the paper support, compressive and tensile strengths are created which can damage the photograph (Reilly 1986). Curling, especially tight curling, may cause a series of parallel cracks because the binder is not flexible enough to withstand the stresses.
===Types of Curl===
as described by Brenda Bernier (2004):
* T curl: Across-grain or transverse curl. 
* L curl: direction of curl is longitudinal or parallel to grain.
* D curl: diagonal curl or two opposing corners. 
* C curl: cupping or all four corners. 
 
==Reference==
Bernier, Brenda. 2004. “Issues in Humidification and Drying of Gelatin Silver Prints” Topics in Photographic Preservation, Vol.11. Compiled by Brenda Bernier. Washington: American Institute for Conservation, Photographic Materials Group. Pp. 6-16.
Kiely, Helen U. 1927. The effect of moisture on paper. Holyoke, MA: American Writing Paper Company.
Reilly, James M. 1986. Care and Identification of 19th-CenturyPhotographic Prints. Rochester, NY:Silver Pixel Press.
Van der Reyden, Dianne. 1992. Recent Scientific Research in Paper Conservation. Journal of the American Institute of Conservation 33(3):117-138. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3179619
Vitale, Timothy and Paul Messier. 1994. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Albumen Photographs. Journal of the American Institute of Conservation 33(3):279-299. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3179638
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Custodial Neglect

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Back to Preventive Care
Back to the Ten Agents of Deterioration 
Custodial neglect is the only one of the Ten Agents of Deterioration that is non-physical in nature, although the effects of neglect manifest themselves physically. One type of custodial neglect occurs when active care is not taken to preserve the collection or when information and practices on collections care are not current. The second type of custodial neglect is the disassociation of collection objects and their records. Ensuring that collections records are properly kept and maintained is of the highest priority.
Category:Preventive Care
Deacidification

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Contributions by: Joanne Lim
Deacidification is the process of adding an alkaline Alkaline buffering agent into an acidic paper (pH6.0 and below) in order to preserve the paper.
See also the BPG Wiki pages on Alkalization and Neutralization and Alkalinization of Books.
==Related Terms==
=== Synonyms in English ===
Alkalinization, Alkalization and Neutralization, Alkaline
=== Translation ===
English 	Deacidification
French 	Désacidification
Spanish 	Desacidificación
Portuguese 	Deacidification
Italian 	Deacidificazione
German 	Entsäuerung
Russian 	раскисление
Arabic 	إزالة الحموضة
Chinese (Traditional)	除酸
==Discussion==
 
Acidic Paper is deacidified by placing it in a liquid solution or fuming it with a vapour that contains the buffering agent, There are some disadvantages of deacidification: []
# The text on paper will fade due chemical reaction with different dyes and ink pigments 
# It is an expensive method of treatment
# The buffering agent causes wood pulp paper to be brittle and result in easy tears
It is also important to note that books with acidic papers does not require immediate conservation attention if properly stored in a cool, dark, dry conditions and
when handled correctly. []
If the acidic paper have the following problems, there has to be immediate conservation effort to deacidify it: [[[]
# pages separated from the binding
# cracked, broken, or detached bindings or spines
# brittle or fragile paper or book boards
# ripped or torn pages
# severely-faded ink
# water or humidity damage, including stains, severely distorted or cockled/ 
# buckled pages
# mold growth or foxing (brown spots)
# insect or vermin residue or damage
# stains due to leaks, spills or adhesives
Conservators should make a high-quality photocopy of the book to ensure the information is retained prior to deacidification process. 
==References==
Cumberland Jr, D., & Vogt-O-Conner, D. (1997, June 1). Retrieved March 15, 2015How to Preserve Acidic Wood Pulp Paper. Retrieved from http://www.nps.gov/museum/publications/conserveogram/cons_toc.html
Save America's Treasures. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20 2015, from http://www.lib.msu.edu/exhibits/sat/deacid.jsp
Also see the following pages on the AIC wiki BPG Alkalinization of Books, BPG Alkalization and Neutralization, Alkaline
Category:Lexicon
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Definitions of Common Terms

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Embodied Energy - (wikipedia): 
Embodied energy (or emergy[1]) is defined as the available energy that was used in the work of making a product. Embodied energy is an accounting methodology which aims to find the sum total of the energy necessary for an entire product lifecycle. This lifecycle includes raw material extraction, transport,[2] manufacture, assembly, installation, disassembly, deconstruction and/or decomposition. 
Life Cycle Assessment (wikipedia):
A 'Life Cycle Assessment'('LCA', also known as 'life cycle analysis', 'ecobalance', and 'cradle-to-grave analysis') is the investigation and evaluation of the environmental impacts of a given product or service caused or necessitated by its existence.“The materials used to produce a building product – and where those materials came from – is a key determinant of green.” It is important to keep in mind as we proceed in this discussion, that overall design and implementation will determine just how green a product can be.
This wiki was created and is maintained by the Sustainability Committee (formerly the Committee on Sustainability in Conservation Practice). It is intended to provide information for AIC members and other interested parties. Any treatment should be carried out by a qualified conservator(find a conservator ). Please send comments and suggestions for sustainable practices to sustainability(a)conservation-us.org.
Deionized water

Contributions by: Eva Falls
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Deionized water is highly purified water that has gone through reverse osmosis and had all of the ionic contaminates removed Garwell 2012.
==Related Terms==
=== Synonyms in English ===
=== Translation ===
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Chinese (Traditional)	去離子水
==Discussion==
Deionized water is pure water (H2O) meaning it has no charge. Because it does not contain ions, deionized water does not conduct electricity as well as tap water. “What is Deionized Water” 2012 Contaminates with no charge, such as viruses and bacteria, are not removed necessarily in the de-ionizing process unless it is specified by the provider these have been removed. Deionized water can prevent an artifact from reacting with any contaminate ions that might otherwise exist in the water. “What is Deionized Water” 2007 It is often used by conservators in staged baths to remove chlorides from artifacts or for cleaning artifacts. Artifacts should not be stored in deionized water though unless their chloride level is less than that of the local tap water. Often when removing chlorides from artifacts through staged baths, the artifact is first put in tap water and then deionized water. Deionized water should never be used for long term storage for metal artifacts. It is slightly acidic and does not react well with metal and can cause further corrosion. Hamilton 1999 
==References==
 Garwell, Jerry. 2012. “Deionized Water vs. Distilled Water: What’s the Difference?” Distilled and Deionized Water. . Accessed: 04/22/13.
 Hamilton, Donny L. 1999. “Methods for Conserving Archaeological Material from Underwater Sites.” Conservation Research Laboratory. Center for Maritime Archaeology and Conservation: Texas A&M University. . Accessed: 04/22/13.
 “What is Deionized Water.” 2012. Pure Tech Industrial Water. . Accessed: 04/22/13.
 “What is Deionized Water.” 2007. Department of Physics: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. . Accessed: 04/22/13.
See Also:
Cronyn, J.M. 1990. The Elements of Archaeological Conservation. Routledge: New York
Rickert, David. 1991. “Distilled/Deionized Water for District Operations.” Office of Water Quality Technical Memorandum 92.01. . Accessed: 04/22/13.
Category:Lexicon
Category: Condition Terms
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