nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Benzyl cellulose

== Description ==
A thermoplastic resin made by the action of benzyl chloride and caustic soda on cellulose pulp (Brady 1971).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bencil celulosa (Esp.);
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 98
Category:Materials database
Berberine sulfate

== Description ==
Yellow needle crystals obtained from the roots of the barberry (Berberis vulgaris) or goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) plants. Berberine sulfate is used as a fluorochrome for biological staining where it has a mean excitation wavelength of 430 nm (violet/blue) and a mean emission wavelength of 550 nm (Wolbers et al., 1990).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
berberine sulphate (Br.); barberry (Berberis vulgaris); goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
== Risks ==
Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in ethanol. Slightly soluble in water.
Composition	(C20H18NO4)2-SO4-3H2O
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 1192
Category:Materials database
Berberis dye

== Description ==
A yellow dye primarily obtained from the stems and roots of the barberry (Berberis vulgaris) bush. Berberis contains the colorants berberine (berberine bisulfate, berberine sulfate, berberine hydrochloride), berbamine, and oxyacanthine along with some soluble tannins. The yellow color is substantive on wool, leather, and silk. It has also been used as a yellow lake pigment for coloring prints (Harley 1982). Other sources of berberines include goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) plants and bark from the amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense).
For analysis examples, see:
* http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Berberis_dye_(berberis_Julianae)_LC
* http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Berberis_dye_(berberis_thunbergii)_LC
* http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Berberis_dye_(berberis_tibetasia)_LC
* http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/PMA_2004-7,_Tibetan_Buddhist_altar_(19th_to_20th_century)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Berberis vulgaris (common barberry); Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal); Phellodendron amurense (amur cork tree); agracejo (Esp.); crespino (It.); berberines; berberis bush
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|berberineUCL.jpg~Raman]]]
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. 
* Color has poor lightfastness.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 1192
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberis (accessed Sept. 2 3005)
Category:Materials database
Berberis dye (berberis Julianae) LC

== Description ==
Berberis julianae, also called Mahonia julianae, is a flowering evergreen shrub native to Central China. It is widely grown as an ornamental in other temperate regions. It grows to 6' to 8' tall and 4' to 6' wide.
== Historical importance ==
== Summary of results ==
== Analytical instrumentation and procedures ==
HPLC-DAD-MS analysis was performed with an Agilent 1100 liquid chromatography system consisting of an automatic injector, a gradient pump, a HP series 1100 DAD, and an Agilent series 1100 VL on-line atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. Separations were done on a Vydac 214TP52 analytical column (2.1 mm diameterX250 mm; 5-ím particle size). The column was eluted at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min with a tertiary gradient of water (A),acetonitrile (B), and 1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid (C) with the following elution program: 0 min, 90% A, 5% B, 5% C; 0-55 min, a linear gradient to 35% A, 60% B, 5% C; 55-60 min, a linear gradient elution to 15% A, 80% B, 5% C; 60-62 min, isocratic elution at 15% A, 80% B, 5% C; 62-70 min gradient elution to 90% A, 5% B, 5% C; and reequilibration with the latter solvent for 15 min. The mass spectrometer was run both in the negative and positive ion mode.
== Chromatograms ==
center|frame|Absorbance at 350nm (mAU), By X. Zhang
center|frame|sample information
== Identified compounds ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Lar~HPLC-DAD|R~ UV-Vis|is~ UV-Vis]]]
Compound 	RT (min.)	MW 	UV/vis 	Other
Jatrorrhizine	29.4 	337	344,426	
Berberine 	32.7 	335	344,426	co-elutes with palmatine
Palmatine 	32.7 	351	344,426	co-elutes with berberin
 	 	 	 	
== References ==
[1]
[2]
[3]
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Reference Materials
Category:Natural Dyes
Berberis dye (berberis thunbergii) LC

== Description ==
Berberis thunbergii, is a dense, deciduous, spiny shrub which grows 0.6 to 2.5 m (2 to 8 ft) high. The plant is also called the Japanese barberry, Thunberg's barberry, or red barberry. It is a species of Berberis, native to Japan and eastern Asia, widely naturalized in China and in North America.
== Historical importance ==
== Summary of results ==
== Analytical instrumentation and procedures ==
HPLC-DAD-MS analysis was performed with an Agilent 1100 liquid chromatography system consisting of an automatic injector, a gradient pump, a HP series 1100 DAD, and an Agilent series 1100 VL on-line atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. Separations were done on a Vydac 214TP52 analytical column (2.1 mm diameterX250 mm; 5-ím particle size). The column was eluted at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min with a tertiary gradient of water (A),acetonitrile (B), and 1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid (C) with the following elution program: 0 min, 90% A, 5% B, 5% C; 0-55 min, a linear gradient to 35% A, 60% B, 5% C; 55-60 min, a linear gradient elution to 15% A, 80% B, 5% C; 60-62 min, isocratic elution at 15% A, 80% B, 5% C; 62-70 min gradient elution to 90% A, 5% B, 5% C; and reequilibration with the latter solvent for 15 min. The mass spectrometer was run both in the negative and positive ion mode.
== Chromatograms ==
center|frame|Absorbance at 350nm (mAU) and compounds identified
== Identified compounds ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|LarkJPG~HPLC-DAD|RutPG~Rutin UV-Vis|isojg~Quercetin UV-Vis]]]
Compound 	RT (min.)	MW 	UV/vis 	Other 	
Jatrorrhizine	37.4 	337	344,428	Comments here	
Berberine 	43.2 	335	348,426	 	
== References ==
[1]
[2]
[3]
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Reference Materials
Category:Natural Dyes
Berberis dye (berberis tibetasia) LC

thumb| from Denver Botanic Gardens
== Description ==
== Historical importance ==
== Summary of results ==
== Analytical instrumentation and procedures ==
HPLC-DAD-MS analysis was performed with an Agilent 1100 liquid chromatography system consisting of an automatic injector, a gradient pump, a HP series 1100 DAD, and an Agilent series 1100 VL on-line atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. Separations were done on a Vydac 214TP52 analytical column (2.1 mm diameterX250 mm; 5-ím particle size). The column was eluted at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min with a tertiary gradient of water (A),acetonitrile (B), and 1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid (C) with the following elution program: 0 min, 90% A, 5% B, 5% C; 0-55 min, a linear gradient to 35% A, 60% B, 5% C; 55-60 min, a linear gradient elution to 15% A, 80% B, 5% C; 60-62 min, isocratic elution at 15% A, 80% B, 5% C; 62-70 min gradient elution to 90% A, 5% B, 5% C; and reequilibration with the latter solvent for 15 min. The mass spectrometer was run both in the negative and positive ion mode.
== Chromatograms ==
berberis tibetasia dyed silk sample (direct dye without mordant) was extracted and the extract was injected in HPLC-DAD-MS for analysis.
HPLC-DAD profile and compounds identified
center|frame|Absorbance at 350nm (mAU)
== sample information ==
center|frame|Absorbance at 350nm (mAU)
== Identified compounds ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|~HPLC-DAD|RutiG~Rutin UV-Vis|ieg.jpg~Quercetin UV-Vis]]]
Compound 	RT (min.)	MW 	UV/vis 	Other 	
palmatine 	32.5 	351	348,428	minor component	
jatrorrhizine	29.6 	337	348,428	 	
berberine 	32.5 	335	348,428	major component	
== References ==
[1]
[2]
[3]
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Reference Materials
Category:Natural Dyes
Berea sandstone

== Description ==
A fine-grain sandstone quarried near Berea in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Berea sandstone can be either buff, gray, or blue-gray in color. It is a freestone that can be easily carved. Berea sandstone was commonly used in building construction in Cleveland in the mid-1800s (Hannibal, 1995).
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Hannibal "Use of Trace Fossils in Determining Provenance of Dimension Stone: an Example from Ohio" in The Study of Marble and Other Stones used in Antiquity, ed. by Y. Maniatis, N. Herz, Y. Basiakos, Archetype: London, 1995.
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Bergamot oil

== Description ==
A honey-color oil extracted from the small citrus fruit rinds from the Citrus bergamia trees native to the south Italian province of Calabria . Bergamot oil is a citrus type oil that has been used as a preservative in glue and starch pastes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Citrus bergamia; esencia de bergamota (Esp.); olio di bergamotto (It); bergamotte gel; bergamot orange 
== Risks ==
* Ingestion or inhalation causes ill effects. 
* Skin contact causes irritation. 
* Eden Botanicals: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
CAS 	8007-75-8
Density 	0.881-0.886 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.464-1.468
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 593
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Bergamot." Accessed 12 May 2004.
Category:Materials database
Berlin white

== Description ==
A white intermediate compound obtained during the preparation of Prussian Blue. Berlin white is composed of iron ferric ferrocyanide. It will oxidize in air to form Prussian blue (Berrie 1997).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bianco di Berlino (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* B.Berrie, "Prussian Blue", Artists Pigments, Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
Category:Materials database
Berlin wool

== Description ==
A soft, lightweight wool. Berlin yarn is a single or plied yarn used for embroidery, needlepoint, and knitting. Berlin wool is used for clothing and gloves.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Berlin yarn; German wool; Berlijnse wolwerk (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Bertrand lens

== Description ==
A low power lens used in a microscope to optimize illumination. The Bertrand lens is placed in the body tube between the objective and the eyepiece to provide an image of the back focal plane of the objective.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Bertrandlinse (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology of Microscopy, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, E175, 75-78, May 1982
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
Category:Materials database
Beryllium

== Description ==
A lightweight, gray metallic element. Beryllium was discovered in 1797 by Nicholas Vauquelin and later isolated in 1828. Metallic beryllium is the lightest structural metal known. Similar to aluminum, it is fabricated by rolling and machining. Beryllium metal is used for aircraft and satellites. It is highly permeable to x-rays. It is also used for transmission windows on x-ray detectors. Beryllium is also alloyed with copper, aluminum, or nickel to increase their conductivity.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Be; glucinium ; béryllium (Fr.); berillio (It.); Berílio (Port.); Berilio (Esp.)
== Risks ==
Known carcinogen. Inhalation of dust is very highly toxic. Soluble beryllium compounds cause dermatitis. 
Alfa Aesar: : SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in acids, except nitric, and alkalis.
Composition 	Be (atomic no. 4)
CAS 	7440-41-7
Melting Point 	1280
Density 	1.85
Molecular Weight	atomic wt = 9.01218
== Resources and Citations ==
* Web Elements: Website
* Chemical & Engineering News, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 81 (36) , Sept. 8, 2003 Comment: Lee S. Newman
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.98
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 1201
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Beryllium oxide

== Description ==
A refractory white powder that is used in ceramics, glass, and glazes. Beryllium oxide conducts heat like a metal but provide excellent electrical insulation. Beryllium oxide is also used as an abrasive for polishing hard metals.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
beryllia; bromellite; berilo (Esp.); béryl (Fr.); óxido de berílio (Port.)
== Risks ==
* Known carcinogen. 
* Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation of dust. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Slightly soluble in water, acids or alkalis.
Composition 	BeO
CAS 	1304-56-9
Melting Point 	2530 C
Density 	3.016 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 25.01
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 102
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 1216
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Category:Materials database
Beta backscatter coating thickness gauge

== Description ==
An instrument permitting a quantitative measurement of the thickness of a coating (or a deposit) of a metal (or an alloy) on a different substrate (like silver on brass or copper, or gold on silver...). The principle of the measurement is based on the backscatter phenomenon of beta particles emitted by a sealed radioactive source like promethium 147, srontium-yttrium 90...) and detected by an appropriate detector. Such an instrument can be be hand held or table top one; it is of classical use in jewellery.
== Synonyms and related terms ==
jauge d'épaisseur de depôt à rétrodiffusion bêta (Fr.);
Category:Materials database
Beta cellulose

== Description ==
One of three forms of cellulose: alpha, beta and gamma. The three forms may be separated by soaking the cellulosic pulp in a 17.5% solution of sodium hydroxide. The pure white, alpha cellulose insoluble and can be filtered from the solution. Once the alkaline solution is neutralized, beta cellulose will precipitate. Gamma cellulose is the portion of the cellulosic material that remains soluble. Together, gamma and beta cellulose are called hemicellulose.
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
Category:Materials database
Beta radiation

== Description ==
High-energy electrons (from some keV to some MeV) emitted by certain types of radioactive isotopes, called beta emitters, such as carbon 14, potassium 40.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Beta-Teilchen (Deut.); particules bêta (Fr.); rayonnement bêta (Fr.); beta rays; beta particles; positrons
Category:Materials database
Betadine

== Description ==
[Purdue Pharma] A registered trademark for a yellowish-brown powder used as a topical disinfectant. Betadine®, first patented in 1955, dissolves in water to form a slightly acidic solution. The microbicide kills fungi and protozoa along with both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
betadine microbicide; tincture of iodine; povidone-iodine; iodine-polyvinylpyrrolidone complex; PVP-1; Disadine; Disphex; Isodine; Proviodine
==Risks==
* Humco: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in alcohol, and water. Insoluble in chloroform, carbon tectrachloride, ether, heaxane, acetone.
==Resources and Citations==
* Purdue Pharma: Betadine website
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 7595
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betadine (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Bethabara

== Description ==
Wood from the tree, Tecoma leucoxylon, native to Surinam and French Guiana. It is also called Surinam greenheart and sold as a substitute for Demerara greenheart wood. Bethabara, however, has yellowish spots in its green wood and is not as resistant to insects as the real greenheart.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Surinam greenheart
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 377
Category:Materials database
Bethel White granite

== Description ==
A popular, medium grain, white granite with pale gray and brown markings. Bethel White granite has been quarried in Bethel, Vermont since the 19th century. The strong durable granite is still used for buildings, columns, statuary, and monuments. Examples of uses include Union Station in Washington DC, the Wisconsin State Capital Building, and the Western Union Building in New York City.
== Other Properties ==
Water absorption by weight = 0.2-0.3%
==Resources and Citations==
* Website: www.findstone.com/daniel2.htm ; water absorption = 0.2-0.3% by weight
* National Building Granite Quarries Association at http://www.nbgqa.com/color.htm
* Town of Bethel website at http://www.c21millstone.com/Towns/bethel.htm
Category:Materials database
Beton

== Description ==
The French term for concrete. Modern concrete formulations, first developed in France, contained aggregates, such as gravel, pebbles, or cinders added to the mixture of lime, sand, and cement.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
béton (Fr.); betão (Port.); beton coignet
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Bewoid size

== Description ==
An emulsified form of hydrogenated rosin that can be used as a size for paper with only minimal use of alum as a flocculating agent. Bewoid size was developed by B. Wieger in Germany. It can be added directly to the pulp mixture and requires only small amounts of alum for precipitation on the cellulose fibers. Since bewoid size minimizes the amount of alum, the possibility of excess alum forming sulfuric acid is also minimized.
==Resources and Citations==
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
Category:Materials database
Bianco sangiovanni

== Description ==
A white pigment mixture composed of calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate that was recommended by Bennino Cennini for use in fresco paintings (Mayer 1969). Bianco sangiovanni is prepared by exposing lumps of wet lime putty to the air for months. The lime becomes partially carbonated to form the two component mixture.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bianco di San Giovanni (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Bible paper

== Description ==
A very thin, opaque paper that is often used for printing bibles. Bible paper was produced in England starting in the 18th century from pulp made with rags and hemp. It was initially called Oxford India because it was similar to the thin, lightweight paper made in China and imported to Europe by the Dutch East India Company. Bible paper has a basis weight of 20 pounds with approximately 1000 pages to an inch. It is used for printing thin paper editions such as bibles, encyclopedias, and reference books.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Oxford India; India paper; Oxford bible; Cambridge bible; India bible
==Resources and Citations==
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Roy Perkinson, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Bice

== Description ==
Blue and green bice are unstandardized names that are generally used for synthetic copper carbonate, blue verditer, and green verditer. Both names have also been used to refer to the pigments ground from their respective minerals, azurite and malachite. Green bice was once used to refer to a mixture of yellow orpiment and blue bice. Blue bice was once used to refer to smalt.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
carbonato básico de cobre artifcial (Esp.); blu bice (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
Category:Materials database