nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Corporate Transparency Act

Corporate Transparency Act (CTA) is a federal law enacted by the United States Congress as part of the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020. The CTA aims to enhance transparency in corporate ownership and combat illicit financial activities, such as money laundering, terrorist financing, and tax fraud, by requiring certain business entities to report beneficial ownership information to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.
== Background ==
The CTA was introduced to address significant gaps in the U.S. financial regulatory framework that allowed individuals to use anonymous shell companies to conceal their identities and engage in illegal activities. Prior to the CTA, beneficial ownership disclosure was primarily governed by state laws, which varied significantly across jurisdictions. The federal law seeks to create a standardized approach to collecting beneficial ownership information nationwide.
== History ==
The Corporate Transparency Act was enacted on January 1, 2021, as part of the National Defense Authorization Act, despite being vetoed by then-President Donald Trump. Congress overrode the veto, allowing the CTA to become law. The reporting requirements under the CTA took effect on January 1, 2024.
== Requirements ==
Under the CTA, "reporting companies" are required to file Beneficial Ownership Information (BOI) reports with FinCEN. These reports must include details about individuals who exercise substantial control over the company or own at least 25% of its ownership interests. Reporting companies include domestic corporations, limited liability companies (LLCs), and other entities created by filing with a state or similar office.
The CTA exempts certain entities from reporting requirements, including publicly traded companies and tax-exempt organizations. However, noncompliance with the reporting obligations can result in significant penalties, including fines and potential imprisonment.
== References ==
Category:Finance
Category:Regulation
Category:Anti-Money Laundering
Category:Corporate Governance
Category:U.S. Department of the Treasury
Category:Corporate Transparency Act
Category:Corporate Transparencys
Corporate bond

Corporate bonds are the longer term corporate debt instruments issued by corporations to finance growth, compared to shorter-term commercial paper which funds operations. 
Corporate bonds, typically issued in denominations of $1,000 or $5,000, have maturities exceeding one year and are used to fund long-term operations relating to growth. Unlike with municipal bonds, the interest income from such bonds is taxable, although some corporate bonds are issued as zero-coupon without annual interest payments.
== History == 
 
The freeze in global credit markets in 2008 widened the spread between U.S. AAA-rated corporate bonds widened from 203 basis points (bps) in January to 491 in early October, a record. Meanwhile, yields on Indian corporate bonds continued to rise as foreign banks, spooked by the spreading credit crisis, widening the spread there on corresponding Treasury bonds from 250 to 362 bp in under a week.
In December of 2010, there was a rush to issue corporate bonds while yields remained low. The Federal Reserve announced details of a bond-buying program called "QE2". In response, the yield on the 10-year US Treasuries rose from 2.57 percent on Nov. 3 to 3 percent on Dec. 3. It dropped back to 2.95 per cent on Dec. 6 after Ben Bernanke said that QE2 would be extended in 2011 if US employment didn't improve. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Corporate debt

__NOTOC__
Corporate debt refers to all bonds and bond-like instruments that corporations issue to investors in the wider credit market. Bond-like, short-term commercial paper is traded on the money market while longer term corporate bonds are traded on the bond market.
== Long and short ==
Most corporate debt issued to the credit market are as bonds with maturity (repayment date) of one year or longer and a standard coupon (interest rate) payment structure, sold in blocks of $1,000 par (face) value. In the U.S., corporate bond yields are higher than same-term government bonds because of their greater risk, and coupon and redemption payments are usually fixed. However, some corporate bonds carry floating rates to protect them from volatile markets, while zero-coupon bonds are sold at a deep discount to their face value. Corporate bonds are ranked on a descending scale from Aaa or AAA (lowest risk) to C (highest risk) by ratings agency Moody's, with a better rating meaning lower borrowing costs. Competing agencies Fitch's and Standard & Poor's also rate corporate bonds on similar scales.
 
The recent credit crisis on Wall Street and global financial markets has restricted the ability of many corporations to raise capital through corporate debt, both long-term and short-term. Corporate debt with maturity under one year is called commercial paper and trade in much larger-denomination blocks than corporate bonds and trades on the money market among mostly banks and institutional investors. The commercial paper market has also been slugged by the crisis and higher costs have forced some companies out of it altogether. Some corporate bonds can be traded on major exchanges and electronic trading networks as "listed bonds", although most corporate debt and all commercial paper is actually traded over the counter (OTC) through decentralized, unregulated markets. Corporate debt of one year's maturity or more, by contrast, falls under the SEC's aegis. 
== References ==
Correlix Inc.

Correlix Inc. is a firm that develops latency management solutions for buy-side, sell-side, and exchange/ECN/ATS trading companies.
Correlix's investors include Sequoia Capital, Genesis Partners, Xenia Venture Capital Ltd., Blumberg Capital, and Vernon & Park Capital. The company is headquartered in New York, and has offices in London and Israel. 
== History ==
Correlix, Inc. was formerly known as VisualCortex. The company was founded in 2005 and is headquartered in New York, New York. Correlix has research and development offices in Israel.
In January of 2011, Correlix signed a $750,000 contract with NYSE Euronext Inc. to supply its Correlix RaceTeam latency measurement service. The Correlix service was to begin operating early in 2011 at the NYSE Euronext’s liquidity center in Mahwah, New Jersey to provide additional latency performance insight into all U.S.-based markets, including NYSE Classic, NYSE Arca Equities, NYSE Arca Options and NYSE Amex Options. According to company officials, the deal secured Correlix a majority market share in the space.
The contract with the NYSE, followed contracts for Correlix with Nasdaq, the Chicago Board Options Exchange, and Lime Securities LLC. 
== Products and Services ==
The company provides Latency Intelligence Suite, which facilitates trading operations and architects with real-time process flow visibility to analyze order flow, volume sensitivity, system processing time, and liquidity venue response time; Trade Execution LI, a solution that graphically monitors the complete transaction life cycle in real time; and Market Data LI, a solution that monitors market data distribution in real time from the moment data arrives, until it is delivered to end user applications and trader desktops. Its solutions enable companies to discover, isolate, analyze, and report trading latency in multi-tier distributed enterprise data centers. 
== Key People ==
*Founder, President and CTO, Shawn Melamed
*Vice President of Client Services, Dan Norcross
*Vice President of Operations, Sam Naftalovich
*Vice President R&D, Dr. Einat Orr
*Director of Finance and Operations, Galit Dekel
== References ==
Category:Data Vendors
Category: MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Corties Draper

__NOTOC__ 
Corties Draper is a student, athlete and video host. He was a student athlete at Roosevelt University, where he was the captain of the Roosevelt University Lakers football team and a Chicago Board of Trade Clearing Corp. Foundation Finance Honors Fellow. He was also in the McNair Scholars Program. He graduated from Roosevelt University in May of 2024. 
He is the host of the John Lothian News video series Futures Discovery, sponsored by MIAX.
== Background ==
Draper grew up in Elmwood Park, IL and played championship football for IC Catholic High School before transferring to Elmwood Park High School for his senior year.
== Education ==
Draper is a graduate of Roosevelt University's Heller School of Business.
== References ==	
Category:Journalists
Roosevelt University Alumni
Cortland Capital Market Services LLC

__NOTOC__
Cortland Capital Market Services LLC is an independent investment servicing company providing fund administration, commercial bank loan servicing, securitization services, and middle-office support to financial institutions including proprietary trading and alternative investment managers, banks, and commercial lenders.
 
== History ==
The firm was started in 2008 in Chicago by Russ Goldenberg and Doug Hart - two executives who played major roles in creating the structured-finance business at LaSalle Bank.
== Dan Hart John Lothian News Interview ==
Dan Hart of Cortland Fund Services Discusses Series Trusts
As the push into managed futures mutual funds continues, we sat down with Dan Hart, managing director with Cortland Fund Services, to talk about his firm’s entrance into the series trust space. Cortland is launching its first series trust called the Cortland Cottonwood Series Trust. Hart spoke with JLN Managed Futures editor Jim Kharouf about why Cortland has moved into the series trust arena, how it works and why institutions and CTAs are showing interest. Published June 4, 2012. Watch at JohnLothianNews.com
== Products and Services ==
*Credit Services
*Custody, Cash Management, Escrow
*Fund Administration Services
*Loan Servicing
*Property Accounting
*Securitization Services
*Syndicated Bank Loan, Leveraged Loan and Middle-Market Loan Services
== Key People ==
*Dan Hart
== References ==
Cost

Cost refers to the total amount a consumer or investor must pay for goods, services or assets - also called expense. It refers to both a payment of money and also non-monetary expenses like labor, time or sacrifice of other benefits.
==Costing out==
A corporation's calculation of the expense of raising money from investors to fund its growth or development is called the cost of capital. This is the rate of return the company must offer on debt securities such as bonds or notes to persuade investors to purchase them. Companies often figure the relative performance of an asset using a cost-benefit ratio, expressed as net present value divided by the initial investment.
== References ==
Cotton

Cotton futures and options are traded on ICE Futures US, formerly the New York Board of Trade. Cotton futures began trading in 1870 at New York's original futures exchange. The contract size is 50,000 pounds.
The benchmark ICE Cotton No. 2 contract ("ICE Cotton") calls for delivery of certain minimum standards basis grade and staple length, specifically, Cotton No. 2. The delivery points for ICE Cotton are Galveston, TX, Houston, TX, Dallas/Ft. Worth, TX, Memphis, TN and Greenville/Spartansburg, S.C. 
The reportable position level for Cotton No. 2 is 100 or more contracts. The position limit is 300 in the spot contract and 5000 contracts in all months.
==World Cotton, Launch November 2015==
In 2015, the IntercontinentalExchange announced the launch of ICE World Cotton. This contract allows delivery of cotton from origins that collectively represent 73 percent of world cotton exports.
ICE had planned to launch the new contract in the fourth quarter of 2014, but it was delayed because the U.S. Congress had not yet approved a bill to allow U.S. exchanges to handle foreign-grown cotton at delivery points around the world. Congress passed the bill on July 9, 2015. The contract is the first alternative for merchants, mills and growers to pricing on the ICE Cotton No. 2 contract, which accepts only cotton grown in the United States. The new contract will include cotton grown in the United States, Australia, Brazil, India, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast and Mali, according to ICE. Delivery points will be in Australia and Malaysia. 
The world contract size is set at 55,000 pounds and is quoted in U.S. cents per pound. In addition to the U.S. delivery points, as specified in the No. 2 contract, ICE World Cotton adds delivery points in Australia, Malaysia and Taiwan. Deliverable origin points include the U.S., Australia, Brazil, India, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, and Mali.
World cotton clears at ICE Clear U.S.
==References==
Category:Definitions
Category:Commodities
Cottonwood Vending LLC

Cottonwood Vending is a company that makes and sells automated kiosks that allow customers to purchase bitcoin with cash - specifically U.S. dollars (USD).
== "Bitcoin ATMs" ==
Despite being commonly referred to as bitcoin "ATMs," Cottonwood's machines are not technically ATMs. Cottonwood Vending offers customers fiat-to-crypto trading services for bitcoin through automated kiosks. The company also lets its customers create paper wallets for bitcoins purchased using one of their machines. The company says on its website that it is not "a financial adviser nor broker-dealer and has not registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission." Cottonwood Vending has nearly 100 machines in various locations in New York and New Jersey.
== BitLicense ==
Cottonwood Vending is one of 20 companies that has been granted a BitLicense by the New York State Department of Financial Services (NYDFS). To qualify for this license, a firm needs to pass rigorous anti-money laundering, cybersecurity, and consumer protection standards set by the NYDFS. BitLicense is one of two companies whose primary services center around automated cryptocurrency kiosks, or "bitcoin ATMs," to have been granted a BitLicense.
== Customer Security ==
Cottonwood's "Terms and Conditions" section on their website cautions its customers to be mindful of cryptocurrency scams, such as services that ask for payments over eBay or PayPal that have not been verified as legitimate virtual currency payment processor. According to the company's website, Cottonwood uses the number 1-917-789-5251 to contact customers in the event that customers need immediate assistance.
== References ==
Cateory:Bitlience
Category:Anti-Money Laundering
Category:Cybersecurity
Category:ATMs
Category:Bitcoin
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Council of Economic Advisers

The Council of Economic Advisers is an agency within the Executive Office of the President that is charged with offering the President objective economic advice on the formulation of both domestic and international economic policy. The Council bases its recommendations and analysis on economic research and empirical evidence, using the best data available to support the President in setting our nation's economic policy.
 
== History ==
The Council of Economic Advisers was established by Congress in the Employment Act of 1946. 
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Chair, Austan Goolsbee
*Member, Cecilia Rouse
*Chief Economist, Jay Shambaugh 
*Director of Macroeconomic Forecasting, Steven Braun
== References ==
Category:US Executive Agencies
Council on Foreign Relations

Founded in 1921, the Council on Foreign Relations is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research and national membership organization dedicated to improving understanding of international affairs by promoting a range of ideas and opinions on United States foreign policy. 
The Council says in its mission statement that it is a "think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for its members, government officials, business executives, journalists, educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens." The Council provides up-to-date information and analysis about world events and American foreign policy on its main website page . The Council has no affiliation with the United States government. Its budget is funded through members’ dues, voluntary gifts, income from publications, endowment income, foundation grants, and subscriptions by corporate subscribers to its corporate program.
Corporate members of the Council include approximately 250 international firms representing nearly all business sectors, including financial services, law, consulting, energy, technology, pharmaceuticals, and media. Each year, corporate members participate in more than 100 events with world leaders and other Council members.
Its board of directors includes Robert Rubin, chairman of Citigroup, Inc., who was the first director of the Council and joined the Clinton Administration in 1993, serving in the White House as assistant to the president for economic policy; Peter Ackerman, managing director of Rockport Capital, Inc.; and Jami Miscik, Global Head Sovereign Risk at Lehman Brothers. The entire list of Council board directors can be found on the organization's web site 
== References ==
Counterparties

Counterparties are the parties taking each side of an options or futures position, or on either side of a swap. In the over-the-counter market, the term can refer to brokers, investment banks or other securities or derivatives dealers.
In an OTC swap, the counterparties depend on each other's secure credit rating to fulfill the agreement; in a futures or options contract, an exchange generally provides the central counterparty that guarantees the trade for both sides.
== References ==
Counterparty risk

Counterparty risk is the risk that the other party in an agreement, or the entity taking the opposite side of a trade, will not live up to its contractual obligations, i.e. will default. In futures and options trading, exchanges generally provide a cushion against counterparty risk by acting as an intermediary between the two parties. 
==US Counterparty Risk Measurements==
In November 2019, three US banking agencies announced a final rule on how banks are required to measure counterparty risk. The Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency jointly issued the rule, effective April 1, 2020, implementing the so-called "standardized approach for measuring counterparty credit risk", or SA-CCR. The SA-CCR approach replaced prior risk methodologies for large, international banking organizations. Smaller banks and organizations can voluntarily use SA-CCR. 
SA-CCR is used to calculate total risk-weighted assets, and replaced the so-called "current exposure method" or CEM, which calculated standardized total risk-weighted assets. In other words, SA-CCR is used to determine the amount of capital a bank needs to cover risks in the event its derivatives trading partner fails to pay. It is considered more risk sensitive without becoming too complex and can be used on margined and non-margined trades and takes netting of positions into account.
The US rule requires SA-CCR to be used to "determine the exposure amount of derivative contracts included in the banking organization’s total leverage exposure, the denominator of the supplementary leverage ratio." In addition, the final rule incorporated SA-CCR into the cleared transactions framework. SA-CCR is considered a significant switch to "avoid negative impacts on the liquidity and functioning of the US derivatives market," according to the International Swaps and Derivatives Association.
SA-CCR was designed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) and will be applied to:
* The supplementary leverage ratio
* The credit valuation adjustment capital charge
* The exposure amount for derivatives in the BCBS output floor
* The global systemically important banks buffer
* Use in single counterparty credit limits
* Use in the FDIC assessment charge
* Comprehensive capital analysis and review
== See Also ==
Credit risk
== References ==
Category:Over-the-Counter Trading
Country Hedging, Inc.

Country Hedging, Inc. is a futures commission merchant located in Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota. Scott A. Cordes, president of the firm and chairman of the Minneapolis Grain Exchange, serves as an FCM representative on NFA's board and as a member of the NFA Membership Committee.
== Registration ==
*
Category:Futures Commission Merchants
Category:Brokerages
Category: FIA Regular Members
Countrywide Financial Corp.

Countrywide Financial Corp. was a major U.S. mortgage lending company.
== History ==
Founded in New York four decades ago by Angelo R. Mozilo, a butcher’s son from the Bronx, and David Loeb, a founder of a mortgage banking firm in New York who died in 2003, Countrywide Financial Corp. became a $500 billion home loan machine with 62,000 employees, 900 offices and assets of $200 billion. As the mortgage market boomed beginning in 2000, no company pursued growth in home loans more aggressively than Countrywide.
After nearly collapsing into bankruptcy as its financing dried up, the company was acquired by Bank of America in 2008.
In October of 2008, after the acquisition took place, BofA said it was ready to spend up to $8.4 billion to restructure the troubled mortgage loan portfolio of Countrywide Financial Corp. The bank said in a statement that the program was designed to help borrowers who financed their homes with high-risk subprime loans serviced by Countrywide.
In June 2009, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filed civil fraud and insider trading charges against Mozilo and his top lieutenants: David Sambol, the company’s former president, and Eric Sieracki, the former chief financial officer. In October of that year, Mozilo agreed to repay $45 million in ill-gotten profits and $22.5 million in civil penalties as part of a settlement with the SEC in which he admitted no wrongdoing.
In June 2010, Countrywide Home Loans and its mortgage servicing unit, which are now part of Bank of America, agreed to pay $108 million to settle federal charges that the company overcharged customers.
The Justice Department on Dec. 21, 2011 announced a $335 million settlement with Bank of America Corp. over alleged discriminatory lending practices by its Countrywide Financial Corp. unit during the build up to the financial crisis of 2008. The settlement, the largest residential settlement of its kind in DOJ history, involved more than 200,000 qualified African-American and Hispanic borrowers and loans made to them between 2004 and 2008.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
County Cork

County Cork is a Commodity Trading Advisor that is registered with the CFTC.
== History ==
County Cork was founded in 2002 by Robert J. O'Brien Jr. of RJ O'Brien & Associates.
== Products and Services ==
County Cork offers the following alternative investment programs:
*AG L/S Program
*B&B Program
*B&R Program
*RLA I Program
== Key People ==
*Robert J. O'Brien Jr., CEO
*Thomas W. Senft, COO
*Mark de Souza, President
== References ==