Type 3 phaser

A type-3 phaser (often simply referred to as a phaser rifle) was the Federation classification for the more powerful rifle variant of the standard Starfleet handheld phaser. Though the design has evolved over the years, the basic concept of the phaser rifle remains the same. The biggest difference between a "regular phaser" and the phaser rifle is that the rifle is more powerful and could fully-autonomously recharge. The phaser rifle is bulky due to its improved systems and increased fire power, and needs to be held with two hands as a result. (; )
==History==
===23rd century===
The Federation Starfleet's "type 3" phaser rifles were developed with advancements in the experimental phaser technology during the late 23rd century. Phaser rifles were initially deployed into Starfleet's armament as standard heavy small arms type weapons somewhere around 2256, just before the start of the Federation-Klingon War, when Starfleet was switching from laser weapons to the new phaser technology. ()
In 2256, phaser rifles somewhat were based on the previous standard issue laser hand pistols, being essentially a much bigger version. Phaser rifles fired yellow-colored shots, which could be changed between bolts and beams depending on the situation. Phaser rifles had three main power modules located in the middle of the weapon, these could be rotated to swap between one of the three power cells while the other two recharged from an onboard power source. The phaser rifles of this period also had three beam emitters that the operator could switch between on the muzzle - one for a small precise shot, another for a standard size shot, and a third for a wide dispersion shot. Phaser rifles had at least three settings which could be used from any of the emitters, with the main two modes being the stun and setting. The third setting would allow the user to fire a cutting beam to use on objects. (; ; )
In 2256, Captain Philippa Georgiou discharged a type 3 phaser into a water well on the Crepusculan homeworld, shifting the water table and allowing water to reemerge from the well in a large geyser. ()
Type 3 phasers were also occasionally used by officers aboard the . For example, in 2256, a couple of officers in the ship's mess hall were equipped with phaser rifles; one of these officers was even about to use his when Michael Burnham began attacking and Psycho using Suus Mahna, though he was stopped by Commander Ellen Landry, who instead brandished a type 2 phaser to persuade Burnham to cease and desist. Phaser rifles were also carried by Landry herself and Kowski when they were part of a boarding party that traveled to the . There, Landry and Kowski used theirs, switching the weapons to the kill setting, to repeatedly fire at a creature which survived the phaser fire and chased the group, causing them to hurry to refuge in engineering and killing Kowski. In engineering, Landry fired a cutting beam from her phaser rifle to cut through a door that was otherwise jammed closed. ()
In 2259, when Captain Pike and his crew returned to Rigel VII for a rescue mission, they brought phaser rifles along in case they were attacked, to avoid a repeat of a previous mission to the planet. Despite the changes in standard issue equipment, phaser rifles during this time had gone through very little change due to being more advanced than their hand phaser counterparts. ()
In the late 2260s, phaser rifles had finally evolved and changed in design thanks to improvements in phaser technology. The weapon had grown in size mainly used beams, rather than bolts, which were a light purple color. The appearance of the weapon was changed dramatically but still retained the same basic layout with the three different power cells in the middle and the emitter on the front. The weapon is a bit bulkier to supplant the increased firepower from more advanced equipment, now with a targeting display on the top. The barrel of the weapon has gotten longer to supplant the extra fire power, and the muzzle has been merged into a single emitter to simplify the design. The colors on the weapon were changed to be more in line with the simplified and sleeker Starfleet technology of the late 2260s. ()
In 2265, Spock had Scotty beam down a phaser rifle to Delta Vega in 2265 to use if crewman Garry Mitchell, who had been affected by a strange energy from the galactic barrier and gained Godlike powers, attempted to escape. It was though that at the time the phaser rifle would have the firepower to execute Garry, or at least hurt him. ()
===23rd century (alternate reality)===
In 2259 of the alternate reality, phaser rifles were issued to Starfleet security personnel on Earth after the terrorist bombing of the Kelvin Memorial Archive. 
 used a phaser rifle to try to take out 's jumpship 208 when it was firing on the Daystrom Conference Room at Starfleet Headquarters. When fired, this rifle only had a bright muzzle flash and recoil and did not appear to fire a visible phaser beam or a phaser burst.
Security personnel on the also carried phaser rifles during the subsequent mission to apprehend Khan. ()
By 2263, phaser rifles were still in use as security officers used them to defend the Enterprise against Krall and his Swarm drones during the Battle of Altamid. ()
Also, in 2259 of the alternate reality, Section 31 of Starfleet used rapid-fire phaser rifles that fired red phaser bolts. Khan brought one of these rifles along with him to Qo'noS and used it to defend himself and Kirk's away team from Klingon soldiers. One of the Section 31 security personnel on the also carried one of these rifles. ()
===24th century===
By the 24th century, phaser rifles had evolved again, becoming way less bulky, more powerful, and simpler in design. At this point they had sixteen power settings, improved fully autonomous recharge capability, multiple-target acquisition, and gyro-stabilization. They were slightly less powerful but much more sophisticated than Cardassian phase-disruptor rifles; some, such as Major Kira Nerys, considered them less effective in the field as their complexity made them less robust. ()
Facsimile phaser rifles were created by the Romulan Star Empire in 2367 and given to rebels on the Klingon planet Krios, in an attempt to destabilize relationships between the Federation and the Klingon Empire. Both the facsimile and Federation rifles had an output of 1.05 MW. The only physical difference to the standard Federation rifle was an emission crystal efficiency of 94.1%. This was eight percent above the standard model. Another difference was that the initial output spike of the phaser beam was inverted, a sign that the power cell had been charged with a forced pulse in the terahertz range – a method used in Romulan disruptor rifles. ()
The 2360s version of the rifle could be modified with the use of a tracking light mounted on the central body, as well as a shoulder strap designed for ease of carrying. () A phaser rifle could be set to fire an expanding energy pulse. The pulse could be set low enough to avoid damaging equipment, but high enough to affect changelings. It also heated up the air it was fired through. ()
In the early 2370s, the compression phaser rifle began to be distributed to , , and other starships, including the and . ()
More advanced phaser rifles capable of firing phaser bolts as well as the standard beam were also used in the 2370s. These rifles had a pistol grip in back and either an underbarrel grip or a second vertical grip underneath the (similar to conventional firearms of times past), and were capable of being modified with various types of scopes, barrels and power cells. The rifle variant with the underbarrel grip was used during zero-gravity EVA-operations in the Borg incident of 2373/2063. This variant was also able to be magnetized against a surface, further proving its usefulness in zero-gravity environments. (; ) 
When Worf's rifle ran out of power on the Ba'ku planet, he improvised and swung it, like a club, at a Son'a drone that was firing isolinear tags at Ba'ku villagers and Starfleet crew. ()
In 2381, Nick Locarno attempted to murder Beckett Mariner with a phaser rifle. However, she evaded most of his shots, and was beamed onto the Cerritos captain's yacht right before what would have been the killing blow hit. ()
Aboard the in 2384, Gwyn and Dal R'El both attempted to make use of an updated phaser rifle when they were being boarded by The Diviner, Asencia, and . ()
===25th century===
Phaser rifles were carried aboard the and were used by the Stargazers security officers to defend the ship from the Borg Queen. ()
Phasers riles were carried aboard the and were used by the Titan-A's security officers to search for Jack Crusher when he escaped from the brig. ()
==Structure==
Starfleet phaser rifles of the 24th century were characterized by several components (; ):
* Beam control assembly
* Discharge crystal
* Emission aperture
* Energy cell
* Power pack
* Prefire chamber
* Rapid nadion pulse
* Safety interlock
* Sight
=== Types ===
* Bajoran phaser rifle
* Breen phaser rifle
* Kellerun phaser rifle
* Regalian phaser rifle
==Appendices==
===Appearances===
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===Background information===
Matt Jefferies is accredited with drawings for the original series type 1 and 2 sidearms which fitted together in a modular fashion. The said drawings also mention a mysterious "UNIT 4" for which no drawing or design was ever made public nor featured in the original series. Possibly this UNIT 4 was meant to be a phaser rifle, but never made it onto the show as explained below. (Star Trek: The Original Series Sketchbook, pp. 92-93)
Rick Sternbach designed the phaser rifle introduced in . He explains its apparent lack of trigger as follows:
My Type III rifle blueprints don’t show an obvious button on either the fore or aft grips. One of the postings [on TrekBBS] talks about buttons being hit at the wrong times, which I do recall as being an issue during production. Made for slight VFX headaches. Perhaps that affected how I drew the thing. 
My in-universe rationale for the grips having no obvious buttons is that (also similar to one posting) the actual firing studs are buried under the ribbed poly-elasto-squishy grip material. ()
The modified phaser rifle that first appeared in was designed by Jim Martin. A new feature was the addition of triggers, although on the prop they were buttons. Joe Longo commented: "Ira [Steven Behr] said that when he was watching people shoot, they hadn't been activating anything, so we made them more realistic. It gives the actors something to do". ()
While Voyager originally only used compression rifles, they later also used the First Contact variant – indicating that weapon had been part of the ship's stores since they left DS9 in 2371. This seems anachronistic since that weapon was not introduced in other productions until around 2373, after Voyager departed. Even so, Deep Space Nine used two designs (the TNG rifle and the First Contact rifle) concurrently, indicating that no one design was "replaced", establishing that Federation postings could use two types simultaneously.
According to the It's A Wrap! sale and auction, the version of the phaser rifle (with flashlight) uses "a pair of C123 3-volt batterie… the bulb housing is inscribed '6v Lamp, Laser Products, P60'." A Surefire brand P60 designation lamp is capable of outputting 65 lumens of light. A stunt version from Star Trek: Nemesis was sold off on the It's A Wrap! sale and auction on eBay. 
The term "type 3 phaser" was first referenced in , and later again in .
====The Original Series phaser rifle====
In the final revised draft of the script for (dated ) (scenes 134 and onward), this type of phaser was referred to as "heavy," "large," "lethal-appearing," and "lethal." Also, its discharge was described as "a deep, fiery-red beam." The rifle, while carried by Kirk, was said to be "slung across his shoulder." However, this is not shown in the episode's final version, the weapon instead being carried by hand.
For the actual construction of the rifle prop itself, Gene Roddenberry turned to an outside contractor, toy manufacturer and inventor Reuben Klamer, who was already renowned at the time for the Milton Bradley Company's now-classic board game, The Game Of Life. Roddenberry became aware of Klamer's work, as he spotted a prop gun in use at another television production, The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Contacted by Roddenberry, Klamer agreed upon designing the prop, the final version of 28 June 1965 being the version which Roddenberry approved. (Julien's Auctions presents: Star Trek)
Upon approval of the design, Klamer was given the go-ahead by Roddenberry to proceed with manufacture of the prop, admonishing him that time was of the essence as shooting was already scheduled to begin in July. In a , shot for the below mentioned auction, Klamer recalled that he initially was only given a mere two weeks to come up with both the design and the prop. Already facing a deadline that he found nearly impossible to meet, Klamer, upon additional urging by William Shatner, who desperately wanted the prop, needed an additional staff of three, including employee Ab Kander, to complete the prop on time. Working around the clock, the weapon was constructed out of wood and finished with a blue/green metallic paint. Additional detailing included the hand-tooled aluminum barrel and spring-loaded trigger, a sliding switch to adjust the force setting, three plastic non-functional domed indicator lights, and inset plastic panels, as well as a telescoping antenna mounted to the top. Moveable pieces on the weapon included three acrylic turret tubes cylinders with what appeared to be copper painted metal conduit with ends painted to match the three force settings. The entire turret unit turned on a center axis. The black shoulder butt also rotated to be used as a handle or shoulder stock. According to Klamer, in the video, Roddenberry took possession of the prop in person, which measured 34×14×4.5 inches, in the second week of July, and was very excited about its end-result, reportedly exclaiming, "This is it! This does the job! Those guys at NBC will be surprised that we have this in the show." (Julien's Auctions presents: Star Trek)
In "Where No Man Has Gone Before", the phaser rifle's beam was reused animation from the impact of the laser cannon in . ("Where No Man Has Gone Before" text commentary, TOS Season 1 DVD special features)
When it was announced – during the of – that the rioters were about to move to Desilu's production base of Culver City, California, the original phaser rifle from "Where No Man Has Gone Before" was one weapon that Herbert F. Solow suggested to Gene Roddenberry as a means of protection. (Inside Star Trek: The Real Story, p. 89) Apart from its use in the episode and its proposed anti-riot use, the phaser rifle prop was most notably re-utilized for well known official publicity shots, which featured William Shatner, in the guise of Kirk, holding the phaser rifle. (Inside Star Trek: The Real Story, pp. 117, 106, 190; et al.)
Roddenberry obviously reverted his initial enthusiastic stance on the phaser rifle, and it was retired from TOS after he decided that, in common with smoking, guns were not to be shown on the series, either. Regarding the TOS phaser rifle design, Bjo Trimble remarked, "The gun was just a little too lethal-looking for Gene's taste and he just didn't like it." (TOS Season 1 Blu-ray special features, Starfleet Access: "Where No Man Has Gone Before") The phaser rifle prop was returned to creator Klamer, who kept it in pristine condition in his possession for the next half century. This made "Where No Man Has Gone Before" the only canon appearance of the design in the Star Trek franchise.
But the TOS phaser rifle became somewhat of an iconic piece in the Star Trek fan community, drawing the "" analogy Star Trek-archivist Alec Peters; this prompted CBS Consumer Products to commission the manufacture of at least one copy for inclusion as a display piece in exhibitions, such as Star Trek: The Experience and Star Trek The Exhibition. These reasonably accurate copies turned up in later (un)official publicity photographs and imagery of Dave Rossi and Elizabeth Dehner actress Sally Kellerman individually posing with the prop. (TOS Season 1 Blu-ray special features, Starfleet Access: "Where No Man Has Gone Before"; et al.) Apparently, a phaser rifle prop copy even ended up in Kellerman's possession after the 2010 Official Star Trek Convention in Las Vegas. 
Michael and Denise Okuda were both somewhat critical of the TOS-era phaser rifle. Although Michael Okuda found it "a cool concept" and particularly liked how some of the weapon's components moved, he also believed the phaser rifle had "kind of a funky design." He concluded, "I think they were right to retire it after ['Where No Man Has Gone Before']." Dave Rossi remarked on the opinions that the Okudas, who Rossi worked with on Remastered TOS, had about the weapon: "I'm told that my learned colleagues thought that the phaser rifle was a bit hokey-looking." Rossi's own thoughts on the TOS-era phaser rifle, however, differed substantially from those of the Okudas. "I love the phaser rifle," he raved. "The phaser rifle kicks butt! And I'm bummed that it only appears in ['Where No Man Has Gone Before'], because to have a phaser gun that can, you know, take the top of a mountain off, what did the phaser rifle do?! You know what I mean? I really wanted to see this thing in future episodes. I didn't think it looked hokey at all; I thought it was cool. It was bulky and it was mean and looked good in Kirk's hands a lot." (TOS Season 1 Blu-ray special features, Starfleet Access: "Where No Man Has Gone Before")
Creator Klamer eventually offered up the actual original phaser rifle itself, with the accompanying period studio paperwork, for auction in the Julien's Auctions firm's Hollywood Legends Auction on 5 April 2013. As lot 120 it had an estimate of US$50,000-$70,000, selling for over three times the high estimate at US$231,000, in the process becoming the most expensive Star Trek hand-held prop ever sold at auction to date, affirming Alec Peters' assessment. 
== Apocrypha ==
In Star Trek Online, Starfleet was still using the late 2260s phaser rifle model by 2270, though the handle placement had been modified and using the rifle no longer required special requisition for it to be deployed. In 2270, the rifle's use was still not as widespread as the type 2 phaser. By 2409 in the game, Starfleet had deployed many different variants of the type 3 phaser.
===External links===
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cs:Phaser typ III
de:Phaser Typ 3
ja:タイプ3・フェイザー
Phaser, Type-03
Type 03
Category:Directed energy weapons