nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Sizwe Kamara

__NOTOC__ 
Sizme Kamara is a Chicago-based financial services and investment management professional who is with Eaton Vance Distributors, Inc., which was acquired by Morgan Stanley in 2021. Previously, Karmara was an executive director of Morgan Stanley Investment Management. Kamara also serves as president of the board of the Greenwood Project.
== Background ==
Kamara re-joined Morgan Stanley in 2010 as an investment specialist after having a short stint at IndexIQ and previously working for Morgan Stanley since 2004. His roles at Morgan Stanley have included as a sales director, internal portfolio specialist, and hybrid wholesaler.
In his client facing roles at Morgan Stanley Investment Management, Kamara covered both institutional and retail clients offering proprietary separately managed accounts, long-only funds, and alternative investments. At IndexIQ, he was responsible for wirehouse and RIA clients. 
Kamara joined the Greenwood Project board in 2020 and was active in creating the partnership between the organization and Morgan Stanley.
== Education ==
Kamara holds a Bachelor of Science degree in finance from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, graduating in 2003. He also attended The Roxbury Latin School from 1992 to 1998. 
He also holds the Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst (CAIA) Designation.
== References ==	
Category:Morgan Stanley - Former Employees
Category:Non-Profit - Board Members
Category:IndexIQ - Former Employees
Category:Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst
Skew

Skew is a cryptocurrency data and trade execution platform for trading bitcoin and Ether derivatives products.
== History ==
Skew was founded in 2018 by Emmanuel Goh, Daniel Cullender, and Tim Noat. On April 30, 2021 Coinbase announced that it is acquiring skew and that it will integrate the analytics platform into its Coinbase Prime offering targeted at institutional investors. 
In 2019, skew raised $2 million via a seed round of fundraising for its data platform skewAnalytics, which was led by Firstminute Capital. Other participants in the round include Seedcamp, Kima Ventures, Kleiner Perkins, and QCP Capital.
In April 2020, skew raised another $5 million in a round led by Octopus Ventures, with participation from the Digital Currency Group, Firstminute Capital, and Seedcamp. This round was done in part to expand skew's engineering team, according to the company's CEO Emmanuel Goh. Goh said skew's goal is to become "like a Bloomberg for crypto - data meets trading." After the funding round, skew also launched skewTrading, a platform designed to help institutional investors connect to market makers across listed and OTC digital asset products, including digital asset derivatives and spot products.
== Products and Services ==
Skew offers two services through its trading platform, skewTrading, and its data analytics platform, skewAnalytics.
=== skewTrading ===
SkewTrading is a cryptocurrency trading platform that allows institutional traders to trade digital asset investment products tied to bitcoin and Ether. The platform does not hold client funds, relying instead on a clearing system. SkewTrading is regulated by the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). According to Goh, the platform is tailored to suit institutional investors - providing analysis on things like trade flows and positioning rather than technical analyses, which he says is an "already well-covered area in crypto markets."
=== skewAnalytics ===
SkewAnalytics is a digital asset market data platform. It displays data like open interest, futures and options volumes by cryptocurrency trading platform, and liquidations.
== Key People ==
*Emmanuel Goh - co-founder and CEO 
*Daniel Cullender - co-founder and CTO 
*Tim Noat - co-founder and COO
== References ==
Category:Cryptocurrency
Category:data
Category:derivatives
Category:bitcoin
Category:fintech
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Category:Coinbase
Skip Shean

__NOTOC__ 
Skip Shean is founder and CEO at 16wells. He was formerly chief operating officer at BigTrends.com.
== Background ==
Previously, Shean was vice president of marketing and business development for tradeMONSTER, an online brokerage firm affiliated with optionMONSTER. At tradeMONSTER, he was responsible for all online, offline, and third-party marketing efforts for the company. Prior to joining tradeMONSTER, he worked for optionsXpress, E*TRADE, and eight years in a variety of management consulting roles serving financial services firms.
Shean was also formerly vice president for marketing and business development at optionsXpress and a product manager at E*TRADE FINANCIAL.
== Education ==
Shean holds an MBA from the University of Chicago in Finance, Entrepreneurship and Strategic management. Additionally, he holds a bachelor of arts degree in Journalism and History from Baylor University.
== References ==	
Category:TradeMonster
Category:OptionsXpress
Category:E*Trade
Skylark Capital

Skylark Capital Management, LLC. is a private investment management firm that invests across a diverse range of products using high to mid-frequency trading strategies. Skylark invests in exchange-traded futures including energy and metal commodities, grains, equity indices, fixed income and forex. 
Skylark offers professional capital management programs to institutions and high net worth individuals using managed futures. Skylark’s aims to provide consistent returns with managed reasonable risk. 
== History ==
Skylark was founded in August 2009 in Newport Beach, California, by Anthony Lazzara, a futures trader and member of the Chicago Board of Trade and Chicago Mercantile Exchange of more than 20 years. The company was formed to meet the needs of high net worth individuals wishing to diversify their portfolio while balancing risk against a traditional investment suite.
==Methodology and Philosophy==
Skylark’s ongoing research and development aims to create a quantitatively and technically modeled trading system to create a portfolio with risk-reward characteristics. 
== Key People ==
Anthony Lazzara, founder. As chief investment officer, he leads the trading and research team and is responsible for all portfolio management decisions.
== References ==
Category:Commodity Trading Advisors
Small cap

A small cap stock is one that is tied to a company with a somewhat small market capitalization. Often, the gauge of a small cap is if the company has between $250 million and $1 billion in market capitalization. Other categories are over $5 billion in capitalization for a large cap and $1 billion to $5 billion for mid caps. The stock for a company with a capitalization of under $250 million is considered a micro cap stock.
The NASDAQ Capital Market is a market where smaller, less-capitalized companies who do not qualify for the NASDAQ National Market can be traded. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
SmartPool

SmartPool Trading Limited is a Multi-lateral Trading Facility (MTF) set up by NYSE Euronext, BNP Paribas, HSBC and J.P. Morgan. It received Financial Services Authority (FSA) approval in January 2009 to launch its dark pool for block trading in European stocks.
SmartPool began trading services on Feb. 2, 2009. It recently expanded its London management team with the appointment of Johanna Danby, chief operating officer, previously with Deutsche Bank, and Charles Armytage, senior sales manager, formerly employed at Reuters.
EuroCCP will clear and settle trades in Spain for SmartPool.
== History ==
On Aug. 16, 2009, it was announced that SmartPool would extend into trading mid-market capitalization stocks.
 
== Key People ==
*CEO, Lee Hodgkinson 
*COO, Johanna Danby
*Head of Sales, Charles Armytage
== Brokerages That Use SmartPool ==
As of July of 2009, 17 brokerages, including Knight Capital Group Inc., Exane SA, Instinet Europe Ltd., Investment Technology Group Inc., Credit Suisse, UBS and Nomura were sending orders to SmartPool.
== References ==
Category:European Dark pool
SmartTrade Technologies

smartTrade Technologies is a multi-national financial software company that provides technology for financial institutions. Harry Gozlan, the company's executive chairman, and David Vincent, its CEO and CTO, created smartTrade in 1999. Since then, smartTrade has developed software for fixed income, equities, commodities and foreign exchange. 
It offers:
Internalization/matching for equities, fixed income, FX
FX eCommerce and single dealer platform
OTC and derivatives dealing systems
Commodities dealing (including precious metals)
Smart Order Routing in all asset classes.
The company has its headquarters in Aix-en-Provence France, with subsidiaries in Paris, London, New York and Tokyo.
== Products and Services ==
smartTrade offers a cross asset Liquidity Management System that:
Connects electronically to any number of venues regardless of messaging protocols.
Aggregates liquidity from dozens of sources to create a single order book.
Distributes customized pricing to clients.
Manages client order flow.
Implements smart order routing using proprietary algorithms.
Internalizes liquidity and/or routes it to external venues.
Manages state throughout the order lifecycle.
These offerings apply to all asset classes, whether fixed income, equities, commodities or foreign exchange. 
Since 2012, smartTrade has offered a package of software dedicated to foreign exchange trading, LiquidityFX, a trading solution for FX, swaps, NDF and precious metals built on smartTrade’s liquidity management platform. It offers connectivity, aggregation, smart order routing, order management, risk management, pricing and distribution, HTML5 White Label, post trade reporting and Saas.
== Key People ==
*David Vincent, CEO and CTO
*Harry Gozlan, executive chairman
== References ==
http://www.redherring.com/events/red-herring-europe/2013-red-herring-europe-top-100-2/ <BR/>
http://www.celent.com/reports/technology-european-fixed-income-time-open-pandoras-box <BR/>
http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110615005955/en <BR/>
http://www.afp.com/en/node/310984 <BR/>
Category:Independent Software Vendors
Category:Technology Firms
Category:Algorithmic Trading
Smart contract

A smart contract is a token based on software protocol that executes certain commands once specific conditions are met. These tokens typically include pertinent built-in information about each party, the conditions of the agreement(s) between parties, and any other important information necessary to carry out the transaction. They can be used to perform credible transactions between two parties without the need for a third party to verify them. In order to accomplish this, smart contracts use distributed ledger technology, such as blockchain. One example of a smart contract would be a rental agreement for an apartment that automatically disburses a refund if the key to the apartment is not received by the resident on the agreed upon move-in date. Smart contracts could also be used to make sure the tenant automatically pays rent at a set time.
Smart contracts can theoretically be used to streamline existing commercial practices by automating certain aspects of transactions and other arrangements. They remove the need for trustworthy intermediaries because transactions are made on a public distributed ledger that is unalterable once recorded, and is witnessed by thousands of people. Carrying out transactions in such a way makes the need for trustworthy human intermediaries obsolete, because the software executes the agreement once the terms of the agreement are met, regardless of other conditions. 
== Background ==
Cryptographer Nick Szabo first introduced the concept of smart contracts in an essay he wrote in 1994.
In 2013, the white paper for Ethereum was published by Vitalik Buterin. This led to the creation of the world's first smart contract platform.
== References ==
Category: definitions
Category: distributed ledgers
Smart contracts

A smart contract is a self-executing contract in which the terms of the agreement between buyer and seller are directly written into lines of code. The code and the agreements contained therein are stored and replicated on a blockchain network. Smart contracts allow for the automation of contract execution, as well as the management and tracking of contractual obligations.
One of the key advantages of smart contracts is that they can reduce the need for intermediaries, such as lawyers or brokers, to facilitate the performance of contracts. This can make the process of entering into and enforcing contracts faster, more efficient, and more secure.
Smart contracts are often associated with the blockchain technology that underlies cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, but they can also be used in a variety of other contexts, including supply chain management, real estate, and the Internet of Things.
The concept of smart contracts was first introduced by the computer scientist Nick Szabo in the 1990s, and the term was coined in 1994. However, it was not until the emergence of blockchain technology that smart contracts became a practical reality. Today, smart contracts are being used in a variety of industries and are expected to have wide-ranging implications for the way in which contracts are executed and enforced.
== References ==
Category:Blockchain
Category:Contracts
Smishing

Smishing is a social engineering attack that is a form of a phishing attack that uses text messages (SMS) to deceive recipients into revealing sensitive information or downloading malware. The term "smishing" is a portmanteau of "SMS" and "phishing".
== Overview ==
Smishing attacks typically involve sending fraudulent text messages that appear to be from legitimate organizations such as banks, government agencies, or well-known companies. The messages often create a sense of urgency and prompt the recipient to take immediate action, such as clicking a link, calling a phone number, or replying with personal information.
== Techniques ==
Common smishing techniques include:
#Fake order confirmations: Messages claim a package delivery issue and request action.
#Customer support impersonation: Attackers pose as representatives from trusted companies like Apple or Amazon.
#Financial institution spoofing: Messages appear to be from banks requesting account information.
#Government impersonation: Scammers pretend to be government agencies, often exploiting current events like the COVID-19 pandemic.
#Malware distribution: Messages contain links to seemingly legitimate apps that are actually malware.
== Prevalence and Impact ==
Smishing attacks have become increasingly common. According to Proofpoint's 2024 State of the Phish report, 75% of organizations experienced smishing attacks in 2023. The rise in smishing can be attributed to several factors:
#Higher click-through rates for text messages compared to emails.
#Increased use of personal mobile devices for work (BYOD policies).
#Advancements in email spam filters, pushing attackers to explore other channels.
== Prevention and Defense ==
To protect against smishing attacks, experts recommend:
#Never click links, reply to text messages or call numbers you don't recognize.
#Being cautious of unsolicited text messages, especially those creating urgency.
#Avoiding clicking on links or calling phone numbers provided in suspicious texts.
#Do not respond, even if the message requests that you "text STOP" to end messages.
#Delete all suspicious texts.
#Verifying the sender's identity through official channels before taking any action.
#Make sure your smart device OS and security apps are updated to the latest version.
#Using mobile security software to detect and block malicious links and messages.
#Educating employees about smishing risks, particularly in organizations with BYOD policies.
#Protect any sensitive personal information - bank accounts, health records, social media accounts, etc. - by using multi-factor authentication to access it.
== References ==
Category:Cybercrime
Category:Phishing
Smith Barney

Smith Barney was a brokerage company founded in 1873. In recent years, it has undergone several ownership and name changes, most recently having shared its name with joint venture partner Morgan Stanley. In September 2012, Morgan Stanley and parent company Citigroup officially retired the Smith Barney name, rebranding the unit as Morgan Stanley Wealth Management.
The company raised its public profile in the early 1980s, when it hired veteran actor John Houseman to deliver its trademark phrase "They make money the old fashioned way - they EARN it." 
== History ==
The company was founded in Philadelphia in 1873 As Charles D. Barney & Co. Separately, Edward B. Smith, another Philadelphian, began his own investment banking firm in 1892. Each ran successful businesses until the Great Depression, when Smith's firm ran short of money. In 1938, the two merged to become Smith Barney. 
Smith Barney was purchased in June of 1987 by Primerica who, subsequent to the market crash of 1987, began losing money on the deal. In 1988, Primerica was purchased by Sandy Weill's Commercial Credit Group. In 1993, Primerica bought Shearson Lehman Brothers, and changed the name of the retail brokerage arm to Smith Barney Shearson. Later in 1993, Primerica bought Travelers Inc in 1993. The name of that company changed to Travelers Group in 1995. Travelers purchased Salomon Brothers in 1997, and in 1998, Citicorp and Travelers Group merged to form Citigroup, Inc..
In 2007 Citigroup separated the stock and investment banking structures within its corporation, and dropped the "Salomon" from the name of the division to reflect the pure stock brokerage capacity of what was called Citi Smith Barney. In 2009, Morgan Stanley Smith Barney was created from a global merger of Citi Smith Barney and Morgan Stanley's wealth management business. 
== Products ==
Retail brokerage, investment banking, and wealth management services.
== Video ==
<videoflash>yAMRXqQXemU&feature</videoflash> 
== References ==
Category: MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Smoot-Hawley Act

The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act was enacted by Congress in 1930 to address some of the problems of the Great Depression. The Act hiked tariffs on more than 20,000 imported goods. Other countries reciprocated by raising import taxes. 
President Hoover signed Smoot-Hawley into law on June 17, 1930.
The act was pioneered by Senator Reed Smoot, a Republican from Utah, and Representative Willis C. Hawley, a Republican from Oregon.
Scholars disagree over how much protection the tariff actually afforded and whether the tariff provoked a wave of foreign retaliation that made the Great Depression even worse. But Smoot-Hawley did nothing to foster cooperation among nations during a difficult time for international relations, and that the adoption of such policies contributed to a drastic contraction of international trade.
For example, U.S. imports from Europe declined from a 1929 high of $1,334 million to just $390 million in 1932, while U.S. exports to Europe fell from $2,341 million in 1929 to $784 million in 1932. Overall, world trade declined by some 66% between 1929 and 1934. 
Smoot-Hawley was the last gasp for high tariffs in 20th century American trade policy. Beginning with the 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, the United States generally sought trade liberalization through bilateral or multilateral tariff reductions. 
== References ==
Category:Legislation
Category:Great Depression
Snowball Derivatives

Snowball derivatives, often referred to as "snowballs," are a type of financial derivatives product used by investors seeking bond-like coupon payments, provided that the underlying assets, typically stock market indices, do not breach a predetermined "knock-in" level. These derivatives became popular among investors, offering steady interest payments while the underlying assets remained within a specified range.
==Background==
Investors are attracted to snowball derivatives due to their ability to generate consistent returns as long as the associated indices trade within a predefined range. These derivatives are structured to provide investors with a bond-like coupon if the underlying assets, such as stock market indices, do not breach a specific lower limit or "knock-in" level. This lower limit serves as a trigger point, and if the index falls below it, investors may face substantial losses on their original investment unless the index rebounds.
Snowball derivatives gained significant traction in the Chinese financial market, with an estimated market size of around RMB 320 billion (approximately $45 billion). Brokerages and private wealth managers actively promoted these derivatives, offering attractive yields, especially during periods of market stability. Investors were enticed by the promise of relatively stable returns, which made snowballs an appealing investment option.
However, the appeal of snowball derivatives diminished as market conditions became more volatile, leading to frequent breaches of the knock-in levels. The sustained stock market decline that began in late 2023 resulted in indices falling below these predefined levels, triggering knock-ins and causing substantial losses for investors. Many of these derivatives were linked to the CSI 500 index of Shanghai- and Shenzhen-listed stocks, as well as the CSI 1000 small-cap index.
Retail investors who had invested in snowball derivatives faced significant financial losses. These products, once marketed as relatively safe alternatives to traditional bank deposits, became a source of frustration and financial hardship for those who believed in their stability.
== References ==
Category:Derivatives
Category:Structures Products
Category:Stock Index Futures
Social Security

Social Security an economic security program that was created by the U.S. government. The Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on Aug. 14, 1935. In addition to several provisions for general welfare, the Act created a social insurance program designed to pay retired workers age 65 or older a continuing income after retirement.
The age at which a worker receives full Social Security old age benefits is referred to as the "full retirement age." A person's full retirement age can be between 65 and 67 years old, depending upon their year of birth. For those born after 1959, full retirement age is 67. Workers have the option to start receiving Social Security benefits at the age of 62, but the benefits are reduced. Workers also have the option to start receiving benefits later than their full retirement age, and the benefits are increased.
In 2009, concern grew that the recession had drained the Social Security system and Medicare of funds. It was speculated that the Social Security trust fund could be exhausted in 2037. In 2008, spending on Social Security and Medicare totaled more than $1 trillion, accounting for more than one-third of the federal budget.
== Resources ==
*PRESIDENTIAL STATEMENT SIGNING THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT. AUG. 14,1935
*Full Text Of the 1935 Social Security Act
== References ==
Category:Definitions