nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board

The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) is a private sector, nonprofit corporation that was created by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to oversee the auditors of publicly-held companies. The organization's stated goal is to protect investors and further the public interest in the preparation of informative, fair and independent audit reports.
The PCAOB oversees the audits of the financial statements of public companies and brokers and dealers through registration, standard setting, inspection, and disciplinary programs. Under the Sarbanes Oxley Act, the commission selects members and the chairperson of the board.
== History ==
Section 101 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 describes the establishment, duties, and powers of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. The Act requires that two of the five PCAOB board members be or have been certified public accountants. The Act also requires that all members of the board serve on a full-time basis.
Section 102 of Sarbanes-Oxley prohibits accounting firms that are not registered with the board from preparing or issuing audit reports on U.S. public companies and from participating in such audits. 
With the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act in 2010, the PCAOB assumed additional oversight of the audits of broker-dealers to include inspections, enforcement and standard setting authority.
As of August 2013, the PCAOB has issued numerous rulemakings, reports, and ten staff audit practice alerts.
== Products and Services ==
Under Sarbanes-Oxley, any accounting firm, including those not based in the U.S., that prepares, issues, or participates in audit reports of issuers or broker-dealers must file an annual report with the PCAOB and pay an annual fee to the board. Under certain circumstances (a "Form 3 Event"), a special report must be filed. Such events include the withdrawal of an audit report, criminal or disciplinary actions against a firm, and material changes to a member firm's auditing or accounting business structure. 
The PCAOB creates industry standards and best-practices, conducts research and analysis of emerging audit issues, performs inspections on member firms, and initiates enforcement actions such as investigations, hearings, and sanctions.
== Proposed New Auditing Standard, August 2013 ==
On August 13, 2013, the PCAOB proposed a new auditing standard that would overhaul how company audits are reported to the public. The proposal would mark the first major change in 70 years to audit reporting of public companies. Among the new standards:
*A requirement that auditors identify "critical audit matters" such as matters encountered in an audit that were particularly complex, required subjectivity or lacked appropriate evidence;
*A statement of auditor independence;
*Audit firm tenure disclosure;
*Changes to language regarding auditor's responsibilities for fraud.
For more on the proposed rule visit the MarketsReformWiki entry.
== Key People ==
*Erica Williams, Chair
*Rebekah Goshorn Jurata, board member 
*Megan Zietsman, board member
*Torrie Miller Matous, Chief of Staff
== References ==
Category:Accounting
Category:Auditors
Public company

A public company is a company that offers shares of its stock to the public, usually via a stock exchange or in the over the counter market. 
The company issues securities through an initial public offering. 
Public companies have some advantages over private companies, such as the ability to sell future equity stakes and increased access to the debt markets. They can raise funds and capital through the sale of securities. They can also issue their securities as compensation for their directors, officers and employees. Private companies can do this as well, but the securities are often hard to sell on the open market.
Disadvantages include increased regulatory surveillance and less control for founders and majority owers. A public company must answer to its shareholders, who can vote on certain changes in corporate structure. They can also "vote" by bidding the shares up or selling them down. 
Public companies must report to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and disclose their financial statements and file annual 10-k reports. 
== References ==
Category:Types of Companies
Pundi X (NPXS)

Pundi X provides a development platform for cryptocurrencies. It runs on the Ethereum blockchain. 
NPXS is the name of a cryptocurrency that developers must use for application development on the Pundi X platform. It is an ERC-20 token that is also used to reward merchants who accept Pundi X-based tokens. 
Used for small-value transactions, at the end of August 2019, one NPXS was worth .000225ths of 1 U.S. cent ($.00000225). At that time, it was ranked 61st in U.S. dollar market capitalization and 85th in the U.S. dollar value of its trading volume by CoinMarketCap, an online cryptocurrency data aggregator.
== References ==
Category:cryptocurrencies
Category:payments
Category:Ethereum
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Pure FX

Pure FX is a proposed bank-only electronic dealing platform for foreign exchange. The planned project is backed by the world's ten largest banks in FX dealing volume, and access to the system will be limited to those banks.
On March 3, 2011, it was announced that launch of this project, possibly now renamed FXPure, will be delayed due regulatory uncertainty.
Pure FX Member Banks
*Deutsche Bank AG
*UBS AG
*Barclays Capital PLC
*Citigroup, Inc.
*Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC
*J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.
*HSBC Holdings PLC
*Credit Suisse Group
*Goldman Sachs Group Inc.
*Morgan Stanley
== See Also ==
FXMarketSpace
== References ==
Category:FX
Category:FX Platforms
Putnam Coes

__NOTOC__ 
Rufus Putnam Coes is chief operating officer of Paulson & Co., an investment management firm that specializes in global merger and event arbitrage. Coes also is vice chairman of the board of directors of the Managed Funds Association.
== Background ==
Prior to Paulson, Coes was a managing director with Morgan Stanley , and before Morgan Stanley, a manager with Marakon Associates. Coes also served in various policy and management roles in the administration of President George H.W. Bush. 
== Education ==
Coes earned his B.A. in Political Science from Trinity College and his MBA from the Yale School of Management 
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:MFA Board of Directors Members
Category:Morgan Stanley - Former Employees
QE2

QE2 is a bond-buying program launched in November of 2010 by the Federal Reserve. According to a statement issued by the Fed in November of 2010, the purpose of the program - the second round of quantitative easing - was to boost job creation and inflation. At the time, the Fed said it intended to purchase $600 billion of longer-term Treasury securities by the end of the second quarter of 2011, a pace of about $75 billion per month. The Fed was expected to regularly review the pace of its securities purchases and the overall size of the asset-purchase program in light of incoming information and would adjust the program as needed to best foster maximum employment and price stability. 
On June 22, 2011, in conjunction with the release of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) statement, the Fed said it would end, as planned, its $600 billion bond purchase program in eight days. The central bank also said it would keep its targeted Fed funds rate at a historic low between 0 percent and 0.25 percent. 
==Criticism Of The Program ==
Critics of the program have said that perhaps that the best that could be said for QE2 was that to the extent it has boosted stock prices, it helped some aging baby boomers cash out at slightly higher prices than they would have received otherwise. 
The flood of cheap money that resulted from QE2 was said to help the big banks rake in profits; however, ordinary investors didn't buy into gains on Wall Street during the period of the program. Ordinary investors cashed out. Others said simply that QE2 aggravated a decline in the U.S. dollar against other key currencies and boosted commodity prices, and this had a contractionary impact on the economy. 
== References ==
Category:Federal Reserve Asset Purchase Program
Category:Definitions
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
QE3

QE3 is a monetary easing program implemented by the Federal Reserve in September of 2012. 
The Fed’s policy-making committee, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), announced on Sept. 13, 2012 that it would buy $40 billion each month of agency mortgage-backed securities on an open-ended basis, and said it could extend those purchases and buy additional assets if the jobs market didn't improve.
Combining buying MBS with its previously existing Operation Twist policy and the Fed would purchase a combined $85 billion of longer-term securities per month through the end of 2012. The stated goal was to push down long-term interest rates, while boosting the values of assets, such as stocks and homes.
In October of 2014 the Federal Reserve said it would end the bond-purchase program on Oct. 31. The policy continued to stir debate about its efficacy, even though the central bank said the policy had succeeded in its main goal of reducing unemployment.
At the same time, the Fed upgraded its assessment of the job market’s performance while pointing to some short-term downside risks on inflation.
The central bank stuck to an assurance that short-term interest rates will remain near zero for a “considerable time.”
Taken together, the moves mark a vote of confidence by the Fed in the U.S. economy, which appears to have grown at a pace near 3% or more in the third quarter. That’s a much better performance than in Japan and Europe and a hopeful sign for the world economy as growth in China appears to be flagging. 
Category:Market Terms
Category:Definitions
Category:Federal Reserve
== References ==
QQQQ

The QQQs, or QQQQ, "The Qs" or "Cubes" are all nicknames for the NASDAQ-100 Trust Series 1 exchange-traded fund, sponsored and overseen since March 21, 2007 by Powershares. The ETF trades under the ticker NASDAQ: QQQQ. It is a tracking stock designed to perfectly mimic the action of the Nasdaq 100 index. 
On December 1, 2004, it was moved from the American Stock Exchange where it carried the symbol QQQ to the NASDAQ and given the new four letter code QQQQ. It was the most actively traded U.S. security in the United States before Standard & Poor's Depositary Receipts (SPDRS) eclipsed it. Various securities index options are available to investors and traders on the Chicago Board Options Exchange, International Securities Exchange, and, currently, Amex.
== References ==
Category:ETFs
Category:Indexes
Category:Indices
Category:NASDAQ
QWAFAFEW

QWAFAFEW (Quantitative Work Alliance for Applied Finance, Education & Wisdom) is an informal organization of quantitatively oriented professionals in various aspects of financial services (primarily investment management). QWAFAFEW chapters are located in Boston, Chicago, London, New York, San Francisco, Stamford, Toronto, Washington, and other cities around the world. The group was formed more than two decades ago to provide a venue for quantitative researchers to discuss their evolving work with peers. As the field has become more "main stream" our membership has also broadened. 
Membership includes a wide variety of interests and levels of responsibility. The members span the gamut from owners and senior executives of investment related organizations to recent entrants to the industry. Most attendees have some technical training beyond the M.B.A. level, and many have Ph.D.s. All share a common interest in quantitative solutions to understanding investment markets. 
== References ==
Category:Industry Organizations
Qatar Financial Centre

__NOTOC__
The Qatar Financial Center (QFC) is a taxation-favored, internationally focused business and financial center in Doha, Qatar. It consists of the QFC Authority, which runs the center, and Qatar Financial Center Regulatory Authority, which regulates its activities. The QFC competes mostly with the neighboring Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC). 
== History ==
The QFC was established by the Qatari government in 2005 with a commercial arm (QFC Authority) and a regulatory arm (QFC Regulatory Authority) as a anticipated magnet for international corporations and financial services.
Licensed companies can conduct business within or outside Qatar in either local currency or foreign exchange, allowing full foreign ownership and all profits to be remitted abroad. 
The global financial crisis of 2007-08 hurt the ambitions of both the QFC and its neighboring rival, the DIFC, and both have seen sharp cuts as a result. In mid-2009 the QFC cut its workforce by half and refocused on appealing to insurance and asset management businesses, followed a year later by staff cuts and internal restructuring at DIFC.
In November 2009, former QFC CEO Stuart Pearce was surprisingly replaced by Shashank Srivastava, concurrently the QFC Authority's director of Strategy and planning, on an acting basis. The leadership changes coincided with a shift in strategy for the QFC towards attracting businesses in areas of key economic interest to Qatar as well as becoming the regional center of choice for financial services. 
== Key People ==
Qatar's Economy and Finance Minister Yousuf Hussein Kamal is chairman of the QFC Authority while Philip Thorpe has been chairman and CEO of the QFC Regulatory Authority since 2005.
== Latest news ==
The QFC Regulatory Authority in May 2010 introduced new professional standards for doing business in QFC. The first will test regulatory and professional standards competence required for conducting insurance and investment business in QFC. A subsequent exam will focus more specifically on conducting insurance business in QFC.
== References ==
Qatar Financial Centre Regulatory Authority

The Qatar Financial Centre Regulatory Authority (QFCRA) was established by statute in May 2005 to oversee all financial services in the Gulf emirate as the independent regulatory body of the Qatar Financial Centre.
The QFCRA operates under a principles-based regime, with operations and rulebooks drawn heavily from the Financial Services Authority. It is headed by Phillip Thorpe, a former managing director at the UK Financial Services Authority who also spearheaded the creation of the Dubai Financial Services Authority.
The authority is one of two financial regulators in Qatar, alongside the country's central bank, but plans were announced in July 2007 to unify the oversight structure. Legislation for the combination is expected to be introduced in September 2008.
== Key People==
*Michael Ryan, CEO
*Errol Kruger, Managing Director, Supervision and Authorisation
*George Pickering, Managing Director, Policy and Enforcement
*Otello Sturino, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer
== References ==
category:Regulators
Category:Qatar
Qontigo

Qontigo is a financial intelligence and technology company that produces key indices and analytics to enable its clients to compete in the rapidly changing marketplace. It aims to help investors meet the increasingly demanding sustainability goals. 
The company was founded in 2019 through the combination of Axioma, DAX and STOXX. Qontigo is part of the Deutsche Börse Group, headquartered in Eschborn, Germany, with additional offices in New York, Zug, London, and Hong Kong.
Qontigo clients are financial-products issuers, asset owners and asset managers.
== History ==
The first collaboration between Axioma and STOXX took place in 2012. The two companies become part of Qontigo in 2019. 
== Products and Services ==
Increasing, Qontigo has focused on sustainable investing and has expanded its offering of solutions that help a growing investor base incorporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria into portfolio construction and analysis. It currently publishes a number of related indices (e.g. ESG-X Benchmarks, EURO STOXX 50 ESG, DAX 50 ESG, DAX ESG Target) and Climate Benchmarks (e.g. PAB/CTB).
In January 2022, Qontigo entered into a partnership with RepRisk, a pioneer in ESG data science. Under the partnership, Qontigo will enable solutions and access to RepRisk ESG risk data via Axioma portfolio analytics and risk models, and build indices under its STOXX family of brands. RepRisk uses artificial intelligence and machine learning combined with human intelligence to analyze public information to identify and assess material ESG risk.
== Key People ==
* Sebastian Ceria, CEO 
* Brian McArthur-Muscroft, Chief Financial Officer
* Neal Pawar, Chief Operating Officer 
== References ==	
Category:Index Providers
Qtum (QTUM)

QTUM - the currency designed by the Qtum Project - is used as the internal fueling currency of the Qtum platform. According to CoinMarketCap, Qtum was the 11th most actively traded cryptocurrency for the month preceding June 25, 2018. A crowdfunding was conducted in 2016. Coins were first issued in 2017. 
According to online cryptocurrency market data aggregator CryptoCompare, in May 2021 QTUM was the 90th largest coin by market capitalization with $1.86 billion outstanding. It was also ranked 35th by trading volume.
Focused on supporting business development applications using Java and other common languages, Qtum is intended to support smart contracts and decentralized applications. The platform is designed on the bases of both the bitcoin and Ethereum protocols.
== References ==
Category:Cryptocurrency
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Quad Group

The Quad Group is a family of companies that includes Quad Advisors, a hedge fund incubator and accelerator, as well as Quad Capital, a proprietary trading firm.
Quad Advisors provides small and mid-size hedge funds a scalable trading platform, in-house analyst research, risk assessment, accounting and technology services, as well as access to Quad and investor capital.
== History ==
In 2009, Quad Capital began proprietary trading after being granted membership in the NASDAQ OMX PHLX Stock Exchange.
On August 6, 2014 Quad Advisors announced that it had signed two hedge funds as its first resident firms.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
* John Guarino, managing partner
* Peter Borish, chief strategist
== References ==
Quadriserv, Inc.

Quadriserv, founded in 2001, is a provider of products and services to the securities lending industry.
The firm is owned by PDQ Enterprises, owner of PDQ ATS, which acquired Quadriserv in August 2015. 
== History ==
Founded in 2001, Quadriserv and its AQS subsidiary were created by a group of prime brokerage veterans to deliver transformational market structure changes to the securities lending industry, including beneficial owners, custodial banks, agent lenders, broker dealers and hedge funds. 
As a FINRA registered broker-dealer and a SEC regulated alternative trading system (ATS), AQS maximizes liquidity, access, credit and transparency, while mitigating systemic risk.
On Sept. 8, 2011, Quadriserv announced the launch of AQS Direct a broker-to-broker securities lending platform, offering improved opportunities for equity financing. 
On Oct. 6, 2010, Quadriserv announced the integration of their AQS platform with SunGard's Loanet Smart Loan, providing SunGard customers control over order management and inventory functions as well as helping to avoid dual usage of securities available for lending. AQS orders can also be initiated and maintained from within Smart Loan. 
== Products and Services ==
The AQS platform was initially based on Cinnober’s TRADExpress trading system, customized to fit Quadriserv’s functional specifications. AQS Market Data packages provide real-time, intra-day securities lending market data for the 5,000 equity, ETF and ADR products traded on AQS. 
== Key People ==
*Gregory W. DePetris, co-founder and chief strategic officer 
*Pasquale "Pat" Cestaro, chief executive officer 
*Michael Clancy, chief financial officer
== References ==
Category: Alternative Trading Systems
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor

A qualified domestic institutional investor (QDII) is an investment system which has the purpose of further relaxing the control on capital accounts in order to create more demand for foreign exchange, so that the appreciation of the RMB would slow down and more domestic enterprises would be encouraged to go out of China and thereby reduce the trade surplus. 
QDIIs were first proposed by the Hong Kong government, and like QFIIs (but in the opposite direction), under the control of capital accounts, meant to allow domestic investors to invest in overseas capital markets.
China International Capital Corp. was China’s first brokerage firm to offer a new fund under the country’s QDII program. The $5 billion fund — managed by CICC’s Hong Kong subsidiary — differs from existing QDII investment products in that it gives Chinese investors greater flexibility to limit their exposure to equity market volatility during a bear market without the need to limit their exposure when a bull market is in full swing.
The potential of the People’s Republic of China outward investment potential is considerable. In June 2007, the National Bureau of Statistics in China announced the country’s foreign exchange reserves reached $1.33 trillion (£663 billion), with a trade surplus of an impressive $112.5 billion (£566 billion) for the first six months of the year.
== QDII Development In China ==
*In July of 2001, Hong Kong government proposed QDII for the first time to strengthen Hong Kong as an international financial center.
 
*In October of 2001, China Securities Regulatory Commission acknowledged considering adopting QDII as proposed by Hong Kong government.
 
*In December of 2002, the Qualified Foreign Institution Investors (QFII) program began. Under this program QFII are allowed to invest in local currency and use the specific accounts investing in the local securities markets. The return of the investment, including dividend and capital gain from the investment, can be legally exchanged into foreign currency and repatriated. 
 
*March of 2006, the first overseas investments were revealed.
 
*In April of 2006, a formal rollout of the QDII policy was implemented. 
 
*In June of 2006, the ICBC launched the first QDII product in the banking system. China Construction Bank, Bank of China, Bank of Communications, Industrial & Commercial Bank of China, HSBC, and Bank of East Asia were given the first batch of QDII quotas.
 
*In September of 2006, Hua An Fund Management Co. Ltd. initiated the first QDII (called Hua An International Balanced Fund) among fund management companies.
 
*In May of 2007, China Banking Regulatory Commission stated that QDIIs operated by banks can invest in the stock-related products. Securities companies were allowed to issue QDII products. The net value of a QDII product investment in stocks must not exceed 50 percent, with the net value represented by a single stock capped at five percent.
== References ==
Category:China
Category:Types of Investors