nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
European Federation of Financial Analysts' Societies

EFFAS, the European Federation of Financial Analysts Societies, was set up in 1962 as a professional association for nationally-based investment professionals associations in Europe. The umbrella organization comprises 24 member organizations, representing more than 14,000 investment professionals.
In addition, the Federation maintains contacts with professional societies in the same discipline which are not members of EFFAS, in order to ensure a representation in the various accounting
discussions.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
European Industry Council

The European Industry Council is a lobby group set up to represent the interests of European derivatives exchanges, clearing houses and dealers in the face of new rules being drawn up in January 2010 by European policy-makers that could change the face of trading in this market. It was formed under the auspices of the London-based Futures and Options Association. 
The EIC will initially comprise representatives from these exchanges: ICE Futures Europe, the London Metal Exchange and NYSE Euronext; European clearing house company LCH.Clearnet; banks Deutsche Bank AG and Morgan Stanley; and brokerage Marex.
The proposed regulatory developments with which the EIC is concerned include a 'Tobin tax' on transactions, limitations on bank ownership of clearing houses and the supervision of OTC markets.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Derivatives
Category:Futures
Category:London Metal Exchange
Category:Deutsche Bank
Category:Morgan Stanley
European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority

The European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) was established as a result of reforms to the structure of supervision of the financial sector in the European Union after the financial crisis of 2007-2008. The reform was initiated by the European Commission following the recommendations of a Committee of Wise Men and supported by the European Council and Parliament.
Before and during the financial crisis, the European Parliament called for a move towards more integrated European supervision to ensure a level playing field for all and to reflect the increasing integration of financial markets in the Union. The result was a strengthening of the supervisory framework to reduce the risk of future financial crises. 
EIOPA is part of a European System of Financial Supervisors that comprises three European Supervisory Authorities, one for the banking sector, one for the securities sector and one for the insurance and occupational pensions sector, as well as the European Systemic Risk Board.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
European Monetary Union

The European Monetary Union (EMU) is the agreement among the participating member states of the European Union to adopt a single hard currency and monetary system. The EMU was formed on Jan. 1, 1999.
== History ==
Plans for the EMU were formalized in provisions within the Maastricht Treaty, which founded the European Union. The Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1992, and subsequently ratified by all of the member states. Some countries approved the treaty by a public vote, while other countries ratified the treaty through a legislative vote. The Treaty set up the conditions, or "convergence criteria," which each member state in the European Union must meet before it could join the EMU. These conditions for EMU membership were considered necessary because when the member states join the EMU, domestic economic crises in one member state will effect all of the other member states. 
To participate in the initial formation of the EMU, each member state had to meet the following five convergence criteria by 1998: (1) the national legislation governing the country's financial system had to be compatible with the treaty provisions controlling the European System of Central Banks; (2) the country had to achieve a rate of inflation within 1.5 percent of the rates in the three participating countries with the lowest rates; (3) the country had to reduce its government deficits to below 3 percent of its gross national product; (4) the country had to keep its currency exchange rates with the limits defined by the ERM for at least two years; and (5) the country had to keep its interest rates within two percent of the rates in the three participating countries with the lowest rates.
Eleven of the 15 European Union member states initially qualified to join the EMU in 1998. Those states were: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain.
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:European Union
European Multilateral Clearing Facility

The European Multilateral Clearing Facility (EMCF), a subsidiary of Fortis Bank Nederland Holding N.V., is a central counterparty clearing house for equity trading on exchanges and multilateral trading facilities. EMCF launched in March of 2007. As of the middle of 2009, EMCF offered central counterparty clearing house services for the main equity indices of 12 countries. 
EMCF is regulated by the Dutch Financial Services Authority (Autoriteit Financiele Markten) and The Dutch Central Bank (De Nederlandsche Bank). It has been granted the status of Recognized Overseas Clearing House by the British Financial Services Authority (UK FSA). 
EMCF provides clearing services for BATS Trading, Chi-X and Nasdaq OMX. 
 
== History ==
The European legislation MiFID, implemented in November 2007, forced order flow providers to direct their flow to the venue of best execution. EMCF was established to service the market for securities trading after the introduction of MiFID. Competition in the area has forced the slashing of fees by European clearers. EMCF and its competitors lowered clearing fees several times. 
In 2008, the European Central Counterparty appointed EMCF as their central counterparty. 
Also in 2008, The NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. announced that it had entered into a binding agreement to acquire a 22 percent equity stake in EMCF from Fortis Bank Nederland Holding N.V. 
In July of 2009, it was reported that the London Stock Exchange was in talks with EMCF about the possibility of taking a stake in the venture. 
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*CEO, Jan Booij
== References ==
Category:Clearing Houses
Category:Central Counterparty Clearing House
European Multilateral Clearing Facility N.V.

European Multilateral Clearing Facility N.V. (EMCF) is Europe's largest cash equities clearing company and one of the top two Central Counterparty (CCP) clearing providers in Europe. It provides CCP Services to 19 European markets through 10 multilateral trading facilities and exchanges: Bats Europe, Burgundy, cats-os, NASDAQ OMX Nordics, Quote MTF , Turquoise (via interoperable link), The Order Machine (TOM) and First North.
In 2007, EMCF became the first CCP to serve MTFs in multiple markets. Today it serves more than 50 European financial service providers. Its offerings include: novation, gross trade netting, risk management, settlements, and fails and buy-in management.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
European Savings Banks Group

The European Savings Banks Group (ESBG) represents 24 members from 24 countries
with total assets of 2,505 billion euro, total deposits of 1,600 billion euro, total loans of 1,343 billion euro, 1,045 savings banks, 66.000 branches and more than 750.000
employees.
 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
European Securitisation Forum

The European Securitisation Forum - which is now known as AFME/ESF - addresses financial markets policy issues relating to securitization, development of best practices, and member education. Membership comprises securitization arrangers, issuers, investors, credit rating agencies, law and accounting firms, trustees, servicers, data and other service providers, stock exchanges and other market participants.
AFME/ESF collaborates with other major European and global associations involved with securitization issues, including the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA), the American Securitization Forum (ASF), and the Asia Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (ASIFMA), to promote a consistent approach for development of the securitization industry globally.
Initiatives are generated by the members, approved by the division's board, and carried out by the Association for Financial Markets in Europe (AFME) staff with input from AFME/ESF working groups. The projects take a variety of forms, from informal discussion groups to formal responses to government consultations.
== History ==
On November 1, 2009 SIFMA and the London Investment Banking Association (LIBA) merged their London-based operations into a single independent organization - the Association for Financial Markets in Europe. As a result, the ESF became known as AFME/ESF.
== Products and Services ==
The AFME/ESF seeks to:
*Build consensus within the industry on issues of broad importance to the participants involved
*Mount focused efforts to advance AFME / ESF's substantive positions by interacting with appropriate governmental, regulatory, accounting, legislative, and other policy-making bodies at the EU, national, and international levels
*Educate the securitization community and related stakeholders about the benefits of, and market developments in, securitization
*Conduct substantive, high-quality conferences, workshops and educational programs
*Provide member firms with a forum to identify, raise, and discuss industry issues and concerns
*Eliminate inefficiencies in market practice and regulation
*Facilitate the development of best practices and industry standards
*Contribute industry expertise to facilitate an informed debate about regulation
*Serve as a resource for policy makers, media, and private individuals seeking to understand the securitization markets
== Key People ==
*Steve Gandy, Chairman
*Mark Lewis, Vice-Chair
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
European Union

File:European union.png125px
The European Union is the economic and political partnership of 27 European countries governed by three different representative bodies: the European Parliament (EP), the Council of the European Union (CEU) and the European Commission (EC). Most share a common currency, the euro, for which the European Central Bank administers monetary policy.
== Common interest ==
The European Union's 495 million citizens vote directly for the EP while their national governments elect the CEU and the EC, which functions as the EU executive branch, is appointed by the EU every five years and represents "the common EU interest". The EU began in 1957 as the European Economic Community (EEC), a regional economic co-operation agreement between its original six founding states of Belgium, Netherlands, France, Italy, Luxembourg and West Germany. 
==Regulatory News==
On May 24, 2011, the EU Economic & Monetary Affairs Committee approved proposals that allow the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) to determine what types of derivatives should be centrally cleared. Lawmakers in the European Parliament voted on a measure that would require clearing houses to hold at least 10 million euros ($14.1 million) in capital, which is designed to help absorb losses.
== History ==
The European Union came from a movement after World War II to create unity between Germany and France which eventually laid the foundations for the EU forty years later. It began as the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community, formed in 1951 and 1958 respectively by the countries of Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. 
== References ==
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
European Union Allowances

A European Union Allowance (EUA) is the equivalent of one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). In order to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases, the European Union Emission Trading Scheme will impose caps on the amount of European Union Allowances permissible in any EU member state. In turn, each EU member state must draft a National Allocation Plan (NAP), which must be approved by the European Commission, setting out how the maximum annual volume of EUAs in that EU member state is to be divided between the various sectors of GHG emitters, and setting limits on individual emitters. These caps are deliberately challenging, so as to encourage GHG emission reduction and the development of a trading market in emission reduction credits.
 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Environmental Markets
European Union Emission Trading Scheme

The European Union (EU), having ratified the Kyoto Protocol (Kyoto), has voluntarily imposed stricter commitments than those under Kyoto, and has committed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to 92% of 1990 levels by 2012. As a result, it has implemented a trading system for emission reductions of greenhouse gases known as the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, which came into effect on Jan. 1, 2005. It is the first regulatory enforced commercial market for Certified Emission Reductions (CERs). The scheme is based on Directive 2003/87/EC, which entered into force on Oct. 25, 2003.
In order to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, the European Union Emission Trading Scheme imposes caps on the amount of European Union Allowances permissible in any EU member state. In turn, each EU member state must draft a National Allocation Plan (NAP), which must be approved by the European Commission, setting out how the maximum annual volume of EUAs in that EU member state is to be divided between the various sectors of GHG emitters, and setting limits on individual emitters. These caps are deliberately challenging, so as to encourage emission reduction of greenhouse gases and the development of a trading market in emission reduction credits.
As of February of 2008, around 10,000 large industrial plants in the EU were required to buy and sell permits to release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. However, after pollution credits were grossly overallocated by several member states in an initial implementation phase of the scheme, forcing carbon prices down and undermining the scheme's credibility, the EU started to toughen up the system.
==Allowance Trading Activity Logged ==
Allowances traded in the European Union Emission Trading Scheme are held in accounts in electronic registries set up by member states. All of the registries are overseen by a central administrator at EU level that, through the Community independent transaction log, checks each transaction for irregularities. In this way, the registries system keeps track of the ownership of allowances in the same way as a banking system keeps track of the ownership of money.
== History ==
*2005-2007: This was the first time period of trading (and first round of NAPs). 
*Dec. 2006: The Commission adopts a legislative proposal to include aviation into the EU's emissions trading scheme. 
*2008-2012: This is the second trading period (coincides with period under which Kyoto commitments are to be achieved), with an EU-wide CO2 cap set at 2.08 billion tonnes.
*Jan. 23, 2007: The Commission unveiled a EU-ETS legislative proposal for the post-2013 period of trading as part of a larger package on renewable energies and climate change.
* 2013: A revised scheme is due to come into force.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Environmental Markets
European debt crisis

The European sovereign debt crisis is a financial crisis in which countries in the Eurozone with too much sovereign debt have found it difficult or impossible to raise the money they need to repay that debt. Deposits at banks in these countries have had heavy losses as depositors moved their money to countries with stronger economies. 
The crisis began in the summer of 2010, largely focused on Greece but then widening to include Portugal, Ireland, Italy and Spain. The financial crisis in the U.S. that began in 2008 helped to expose the instability of these European countries. Greece had been spending heavily for many years without taking steps toward fiscal reform. Its economic growth slowed, and its debts grew to be larger than the country's entire economy. 
In response, investors demanded higher yields on Greek bonds to make up for the higher risk associated with an ailing economy. This raised the cost of the country's debt, necessitating several bailouts by the European Union and European Central Bank. The markets also began driving up bond yields in the other heavily indebted countries in the region, anticipating problems similar to what occurred in Greece. 
== Bailouts == 
The European Union bailed out Greece with an infusion of 110 billion euros in spring, 2010. They gave it a second bailout in mid-2011 worth about $157 billion. On March 9, 2012, Greece and its creditors agreed to a debt restructuring that would lead to another round of bailout funds. 
The EU gave bailouts to Ireland and Portugal in November 2010 and May 2011, respectively. 
The Eurozone member states also created the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) to provide emergency lending to countries in financial difficulty. 
== References ==
Eva Giglio

__NOTOC__ 
Eva Giglio is a Chicago-based education and non-profit professional who is the executive director of the CME Group Foundation. She joined the CME Group Foundation in 2021, succeeding Kassie Davis, who retired.
== Background ==
Before her tenure at the CME Group Foundation, Giglio held various key positions in Chicago's education landscape. Notably, she served as the Deputy Chief of Staff in the Chicago Public Schools (CPS), where she played a pivotal role in shaping the district's strategic vision and improvement planning. Her focus was on creating equitable educational outcomes for all students, addressing critical issues related to access, and fostering inclusivity.
During her tenure at CPS, Eva Giglio also co-led the Mayor's Pre-K through 12 Reopening Schools Task Force at a critical juncture during the COVID-19 pandemic. Her leadership and expertise were instrumental in guiding the district's response to the unique challenges posed by the global health crisis.
Prior to her role as Deputy Chief of Staff, Eva served as a director in the Chief Education Office of CPS. In this capacity, she was responsible for establishing systems that better supported schools and engaged essential stakeholders. 
Giglio's career in education began as a middle and high school Spanish teacher at Kenwood Academy in Chicago.
Giglio's is a board member for Share Our Spare, where she actively contributes to the organization's mission of providing diapers and essential supplies to families in need. 
== Education ==
Giglio holds a master's degree in educational leadership from North Park University and a bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
== References ==	
Category:Non-Profit Executives
Evan Harvey

__NOTOC__ 
Evan Harvey is global head of sustainability at Nasdaq. He manages all corporate sustainability (environmental, social, and governance strategy), philanthropic, and volunteering efforts. He has worked at Nasdaq since 2004.
He currently serves on the Network USA Board of the United Nations Global Compact and the GRI Global Sustainability Standards Board.
== Background ==
He previously served as the first chairman of the World Federation of Exchanges (WFE) Sustainability Working Group and an advisory board member for the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB). His work has been published in Forbes and the Sustainable Accounting Review, and he is a regular contributor to Capital Finance International. 
== Education ==
Harvey holds a B.A. and an M.A. from the University of Texas.
== References ==
Evan Lorch

__NOTOC__ 
Evan Lorch is the chief financial officer at BIDS Trading. 
== Background ==
Lorch joined BIDS in 2007 as the firm's Controller. Prior to BIDS, he was a manager in the banking and capital markets practice at PricewaterhouseCoopers. 
== Education ==
Lorch graduated from University of Wisconsin - Madison with a B.S. in Accounting. He is also a Certified Public Accountant in New York.
== References ==
Category:BIDS Trading
Evan Nosek

__NOTOC__
Evan Nosek is an executive director of trade development at TradeLink Holdings LLC. 
In the course of his tenure at the firm, Nosek has started numerous market-making operations for TradeLink and has built a number of trade groups. He recently started and developed market-making operations in precious metals and foreign exchange products. Nosek is a member of the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), the Chicago Climate Futures Exchange and will be a member of CME Group.
== Background ==
Nosek joined TradeLink in 1988 as a desk manager for off-the-floor operations. He managed the bond options desk for the firm from 1988 to 1990. 
Nosek was one of the first traders to trade the firm's futures program models. He also was involved in establishing operations to provide liquidity to the Winnipeg Exchange for canola oil, market-making in Brazilian soybeans at the CBOT and market making in sugar on the Liffe and ICE and Euronext. 
In 1994 Nosek was named director of international trading. In that role he was instrumental in the development of electronic trading operations for TradeLink. In 2000 Nosek became director of execution for TradeLink's asset management arm DigiLog Capital LLC.
== Education ==
Nosek attended Northern Illinois University. 
== Resources ==
* Evan Nosek LinkedIn Page
== References ==	
Category:CBOT Members
Category:CCFE Members
Category:TradeLink Holdings LLC
Evan Pollock

__NOTOC__ 
Evan Pollock is a managing partner and a recruiter at Objective Paradigm, Inc.
== Background ==
Pollock has over 10 years of experience in financial recruiting, consulting, and business development.
He is responsible for driving growth of the Direct Hire practice at Objective Paradigm, a Chicago-based recruiting firm that also specializes in Recruitment Process Outsourcing. 
Pollock has many years of experience working with clients at research labs, trading firms, hedge funds, software startups, and consulting firms. 
== Education ==
Evan is a graduate of Rutgers University and holds a bachelor's degree in Journalism. 
== Resources ==
* Evan Pollock LinkedIn Page
== References ==
Evans Rule

On Dec. 12, 2012 the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) put into play what many call the "Evans Rule." Chicago Federal Reserve President Charles Evans had put forth a proposal that the Fed should promise not to tighten until the economy hit key economic thresholds.
Specifically, Evans had suggested that the Fed should ease monetary policy – expand the money base – until unemployment dropped below 7 percent or PCE core inflation increased above 3 percent.
In other words, rather than the Fed promising to keep rates low until an arbitrary date, the promise was to keep rates low until the U.S. economy hit either a 6.5 percent unemployment or 2.5 percent inflation rate.
The FOMC said in its statement that it decided to "keep the target range for the federal funds rate at 0 to 1/4 percent and currently anticipates that this exceptionally low range for the federal funds rate will be appropriate at least as long as the unemployment rate remains above 6-1/2 percent, inflation between one and two years ahead is projected to be no more than a half percentage point above the Committee’s 2 percent longer-run goal, and longer-term inflation expectations continue to be well anchored. The Committee views these thresholds as consistent with its earlier date-based guidance."
== References ==
Category:Chicago Federal Reserve
Category:Federal Reserve
Category:Market Terms