nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Gold leaf

== Description ==
Extremely thin sheets of gold that are used for gilding. Gold leaf has been used since at least 2600 BCE (Hatchfield and Newman 1991). It is prepared by interleaving thin plates of gold between layers of gold-beater's skin which are then hammered until the malleable metal is spread to a fine continuous film thickness of about 0.1 micrometer. Gold leaf is typically cut in 3 inch squares and sold in books containing 25 sheets. Standard gold leaf is 23.5 carat; other types of gold leaf are lemon gold (18.5 carat) and pale gold (16 carat). The latter two are alloyed with silver and are thicker and easier to handle. Gold leaf is used for gilding furniture, frames, and plaster. It is also used for gold lettering and other types of decoration.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
goldleaf; gold foil; feuille d'or (Fr.); Blattgold (Deut.); hoja de oro (Esp.); bladgoud (Ned.); folha de ouro (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* P.Hatchfield, R.Newman, "Ancient Egyptian Gilding Methods" in Gilded Wood. Conservation and History, Sound View Press, Connecticut 1991.
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Gold paint

== Description ==
A decorative metallic paint prepared with gold powder, bronze powder or titanated mica metallic pigments. 
For example, see Liquid Bright Gold.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pintura a ouro (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Gold powder

== Description ==
A powder prepared from finely ground gold. Gold is difficult to grind because of its ductility. This made powdered gold more expensive than gold leaf. In medieval times, one preparation method mixed gold with honey then ground it in a glass mortar. Another method amalgamated the gold with mercury prior to grinding followed by heating to drive off the mercury. Currently, gold powder is prepared by electrolytic methods. In the Middle Ages, the most common use for gold powder was as an ink and paint on illuminated manuscripts. It is now primarily used as a colorant in gold paint for the decoration of ceramics (see Liquid Bright Gold).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
poudre d'or (Fr.); polvo de oro (Esp.); goudpoeder (Ned.); pó de ouro (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Gold ruby glass

== Description ==
A deep red glass colored with metallic gold. Gold ruby glass was made by the ancient Egyptians and Romans (Lycurgus cup) The color is produced by a colloidal gold solution prepared by dissolving gold in aqua regia. The glass may also contain some tin or silver salts. The ancient technique for making ruby glass was lost for centuries. In 1676, a Hamburg physician, Andreas Cassius, described the red colouring properties of a solution of gold chloride which was subsequently called purple of Cassius. Soon after (c. 1679) Johann Kunckel von Löwenstern, a German glass maker, produced the deep red color in glass, but kept his technique of double heating a secret. The method was again rediscovered at the end of the 19th century at the glassworks at Ehrenfeld. Variations in the red color are obtained by the temperature at which the glass is worked. One type of gold ruby glass called ambernia, has color gradations ranging from amber to ruby.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ambernia
==Resources and Citations==
* Glass encyclopedia at www.encyclopedia.netnz.com/index.html 
* Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
Category:Materials database
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup (Accessed August 2020)
Gold size

== Description ==
An adhesive composition applied to a surface prior to the application of gold leaf. The adhesive may be an thin layer of animal glue or a resin/oil mixture. One recipe for a resin/oil mixture is given as 2 parts copal varnish 1 part yellow ocher 4 parts turpentine and 8 parts boiled oil (Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 1961).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
asiento del dorado (Esp.); missione (It)
Category:Materials database
Gold trichloride

== Description ==
Dark orange crystals that decompose with light or heat. An aqueous solution is called chlorauric acid or acid gold trichloride. Gold trichloride is used as a toner for black and white photographs. It is also used as a glaze for ceramics, enameling glass and making ruby glass. Other uses of gold trichloride include gold plating and the production of fine gold powder.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
auric chloride; auric trichloride; gold (III) chloride; chlorauric acid (solution)
== Risks ==
Decomposes with heat. Very hygroscopic. Contact, inhalation, and ingestion cause irritation and blisters. May cause severe allergic reactions. 
Fisher Scientific: MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water, ethanol and ether.
Composition 	AuCl3
CAS 	13453-07-1
Density 	3.9 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 303.32
Boiling Point 	229 C
== Resources and Citations ==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4542
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Category:Materials database
Goldbeater's skin

== Description ==
A thin, clear, strong film interleaved with gold sheets for the production of gold leaf. Goldbeater's skin is prepared from the outside membrane of the large intestine of the ox. The intestine is cleaned, rubbed and stretched to form a transparent, perfectly smooth film. In addition to preparing gold leaf, gold beater's skin is used to repair vellum. It has also been coated on one side with BEVA to make a sturdy, transparent heat-seal tape.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
baudruche (Fr.); pele de batedor de ouro (Port.); goudslagershuidje (Ned); goudslagersvlies (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Goldbeater's tissue

== Description ==
A thin, clear, tissue paper interleaved with gold plates for the production of gold leaf. Goldbeater's paper has a hard surface that is free from lint. The self-supporting tissue can be used to pickup and transfer each gold leaf. 
See also goldbeater's skin.
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
Category:Materials database
Golden Artist Acrylics

== Description ==
[Golden Artist Colors] A brand name for a series of 100% acrylic emulsion artist paints.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Miscible in water when wet. Soluble in acetone when dry.
== Additional Images ==
File:01 Irid.Pearl 100x Refl3.jpg|Iridescent Pearl
File:02 Irid.Pearl_fine 200x Refl.jpg|Iridescent Pearl (fine)
File:03 Inter. Gold fine 200x Refl.jpg|Interference Gold (fine)
File:04 Inter Copper light fine3 200x.jpg|Iridescent Copper light (fine)
File:05 Irid Gold fine2 200x Refl_2.jpg|Iridescent Gold (fine)
==Resources and Citations==
* Golden Paints: Website
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
Category:Materials database
Golden GAC 800

== Description ==
A commercial product sold as an extender to acrylic paint for pours or puddles. Even as a thickened paint, Golden GAC 800 dries to a glossy level finish without crazing. It is best when mixed with color as binder as it dries with a slightly "hazy" quality if used alone.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Golden Paints: Tech info
Category:Materials database
Golden MSA Conservation Paints

== Description ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|GoldenwhiteIR.jpg~FTIR]]]
[Golden Artist Colors] A brand name for a series of acrylic resin based paints dissolved in mineral spirits. Golden MSA Colors dry quickly to a durable water-resistant film that remains soluble in mineral spirits. The paints are miscible with oil and alkyd paints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Golden Mineral Spirit Acrylic colors; MSA colors
== Risks ==
Talas: MSDS
==Resources and Citations==
* Golden Artist Colors: Conservation Paints
Category:Materials database
Golden MSA Varnish

== Description ==
[Golden Artist Colors] A brand name for a series of UV light stabilized acrylic varnishes. MSA (mineral spirit-based acrylic) varnish is composed of a mixture of isobutyl methacrylate and n-butyl methacrylate dissolved in mineral spirits. A hindered amine light stabilizer and a substituted benzotriazole UV light absorber have been added to minimize deterioration by ultraviolet light. First introduced in the 1980s, MSA varnishes are available in gloss, matte and satin finishes. After drying, MSA Varnish is removable with mineral spirits and turpentine.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|MSA gloss varnish FTIR.PNG~FTIR - Gloss Varnish|MSA matte varnish FTIR.PNG~ FTIR - Matte Varnish]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Mineral Spirit Acrylic; Golden Varnish
== Risks ==
GoldenHub: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in mineral spirits, turpentine, benzene, chlorinated solvents, ketones, alcohols
* Golden: Tech info
 
==Resources and Citations==
* Golden Artist Colors: Varnish
* Paintings Specialty Group, Painting Conservation Catalog, Wendy Samet (ed.), AIC, Washington, DC, 1998
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Golden Polyvinyl Acetate Restoration Colors

== Description ==
[Golden Artist Colors] A brand name for a series of paints made from PolyVinyl Acetate (PVAc) resin dissolved in isopropanol. PVA Colors remain soluble in isopropanol and other alcohols, making them ideal for easy removal without disturbing the layers of original paint underneath.
==Resources and Citations==
* Golden Artist Colors: PVA Conservation Paints
Golden ocher

== Description ==
1) A deep yellow earth pigment containing yellow iron oxide. 
2) The name for a commercial pigment mixture of yellow ocher and chrome yellow. Golden ocher has been used as a house paint color.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
golden ochre; ocre d'or (Fr.); Goldocker (Deut.) 
1. Roman ocher; brown ocher 
2. chrome ocher; chrome ochre
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|ChartImageLarge_2787.jpg~Raman (MFA)]]]
== Resources and Citations ==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Goldenrod

== Description ==
A yellow dye obtained from many Solidago species most of which are native to North America. One species, Solidago virgaurea, is native to Europe. Goldenrod is found near the edge of woods, on dry banks and in any acid soil region. Its abundance, reliability and clarity has made it popular with home dyers. Goldenrod gathered in full bloom and can be stored until needed, if properly dried. Colors range from a golden-yellow with alum to a dark orange with chrome and a green with iron. The colorants in goldenrod are the flavonols, kaempferol and quercetin, and the anthocyanin, cyanidin. Natural tannins and latex rubber are also present.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Solidago virgaurea; wild goldenrod
== Resources and Citations ==
* See also [Uemera Dye Archive (Akinokirinsou)]
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
Category:Materials database
Goldenrod rubber

== Description ==
A soft tacky latex rubber extracted from many Solidago species most of which are native to North America. One species, S. leavenworthii, contains the most rubber. Goldenrod rubber occurs in the plant as a latex in isolated spots within the leaves. The dry leaves may contain as much as 7% rubber. A natural resin, that occurs with the rubber, must be removed for the rubber to harden.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Solidago leavenworthii
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 252
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "goldenrod." Accessed 31 Oct. 2004 .
Category:Materials database
Goldthread

== Description ==
A family of flowering plants of the family Coptis native to Asia and North America. The roots of the plants contain significant amounts of the yellow olorant 'berberine'. It can easily be extracted to produce a bright yellow dye that fluoresces brightly in ultraviolet light.
* See also [Uemera Dye Archive (Ouren)] 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
mouthroot; Coptis japonica; Ouren (Jap.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
* Wikipedia 'Coptis' at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptis (accessed June 2020)
Category:Materials database
Goldthread (Coptis trifolia ) LC

== Description ==
Goldthread is a perennial herb growing from slender bright yellow to orange rhizomes. Goldthread grows in wet coniferous and mixed forests, bogs, willow scrub and tundra, in areas include Japan, China, Korea, Eastern Siberia and North America [1].
== Historical importance ==
Goldthread, like all photoberberin dyes, is used as a direct dye, in a hot dye-bath, to obtain a bright golden yellow on silk or wool. The Micmac of the Gaspe peninsula and Acadia boiled the rhizomes to dye yellow [2]. The French settlers in Canada adopted this dye for their woolen cloth [3]. Japanese used Coptis japonica as a traditional dye.
== Summary of results ==
== Analytical instrumentation and procedures ==
HPLC-DAD-MS analysis was performed with an Agilent 1100 liquid chromatography system consisting of an automatic injector, a gradient pump, a HP series 1100 DAD, and an Agilent series 1100 VL on-line atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. Separations were done on a Vydac 214TP52 analytical column (2.1 mm diameterX250 mm; 5-ím particle size). The column was eluted at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min with a tertiary gradient of water (A),acetonitrile (B), and 1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid (C) with the following elution program: 0 min, 90% A, 5% B, 5% C; 0-55 min, a linear gradient to 35% A, 60% B, 5% C; 55-60 min, a linear gradient elution to 15% A, 80% B, 5% C; 60-62 min, isocratic elution at 15% A, 80% B, 5% C; 62-70 min gradient elution to 90% A, 5% B, 5% C; and reequilibration with the latter solvent for 15 min. The mass spectrometer was run both in the negative and positive ion mode.
== Chromatograms ==
center|frame|Absorbance at 350nm (mAU)
== Sample information ==
center|frame|sample information, By R. A. Laursen, Boston University 
== Identified compounds ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|~HPLC-DAD|.JPG~ UV-Vis|.jpg~ UV-Vis]]]
Compound 	RT (min.)	MW 	UV/vis 	Other
Berberine 	38.8 	335	344,424	Major compound
Palmatine 	38.8 	351	344,424	Co-elute with Berberine, could be detected with extracted ion mass.
Jatrorrhizine	34.3 	337	352,458	Major compound
Coptisine 	34.3 	319	352,458	possible
== References ==
[1] Cardon, Dominique. "Natural dyes, sources, Traditions, Technology and Science" 331 (2007).
[2] Whitehead, R. H. (1982) Micmac Quillwork; Micmac Indian Techniques of Porcupine Quill Decration, 1600-1950. Halifax: Nava Scotia Museum. p. 68; 
[3] Yamazaki K. The illustrated book of dye plants, vol. 1 (1985/2002). pp. 46-7.
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Reference Materials
Category:Natural Dyes
Gonzalo alves

== Description ==
A red to brown wood with wide dark stripes obtained from the Gonzalo alves trees native to the tropical regions of Central and South America. Gonzalo alves wood has a fine texture and variable grain.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cuta; palo de cera; palo de culebra (Mexico); gusanero (Columbia); gateado (Venezuela); guarita (Brazil)
Category:Materials database
Goo Gone

== Description ==
A trademark for a petroleum distillate product that contains some citrus oils. Goo Gone is advertised for household use to dissolve organic residues, such as adhesives, and to remove stains.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Goo-B-Gone
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Density = 0.76
== Risks ==
* Flammable. 
* Goo Gone: MSDS
== Resources and Citations ==
* Goo Gone: Website
Category:Materials database
Goose

== Description ==
Any of several large waterbirds of the subfamily Anserine. Geese are native to Europe Asia and North America. They are migratory birds that breed in the far north and winter in the south. Their quills have been used for writing pens and as ferrules for artist brushes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
geese (plural); Gänse (Deut.); ganso (Esp., Port.); oie (Fr.); ganzen (Ned.); gås (Sven.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Goosefoot seed

== Description ==
The flat hard seeds from the weedy goosefoot (Chenopodium) plant. The seeds are used to produce the artificially granular surface of shagreen leather. They are thickly scattered on the ground, then untanned pelts are placed on top and trampled. The husks of the seeds make indentations in the skin while the seed oils tan the skins.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Chenopodium (goosefoot); Gåsefod (Dan.); Ganzenvoet (Ned.); bluebush; chualar
== Resources and Citations ==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "goosefoot." Accessed 31 Oct. 2004 .
* USDA-NRCS PLANTS database at plants.usda.gov
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goosefoot (Accessed Jan. 25, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Gore-Tex

== Description ==
[W.R.Gore & Associates] A registered trademark for a series of microporous, waterproof fabrics containing a membrane of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE, see also Teflon). GORE-TEX® fabrics were first manufactured in 1972. The 2-layer GORE-TEX® fabric is composed of the PTFE film laminated to nonwoven 100% polyester Hollytex fabric which can be heat-sealed. GORE-TEX® has pore sizes of up to 0.2 micrometers. It is impermeable to any liquid such as water, solvents, acids, alkalis, bleaches, insecticides as well as bacteria, and viruses. However, it transmits moisture and other vapors. Thus, it is waterproof but breathable. It is used for waterproof and bacteria-proof clothing which are made by laminating or sandwiching the film between other fabrics. In conservation, GORE-TEX® membrane has been used to prevent moisture buildup within a sealed environment. It has been used for localized vapor-phase treatments to remove stains and soften adhesives (Keyes 1988). GORE-TEX is also used to correct wrinkles, curled areas and align tears. It can withstand temperatures up to 135C (275F) and will block over 90% of ultraviolet rays. 
Note: Prior to 2002, GORE-TEX® was available with a 1/16" polyester felt back.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
GORE-TEX; PTFE; Teflon [DuPont]; Goretex (Esp.); Gore-tex (Ned);
== Personal Risks ==
Does not burn in flame but emits HF at temps above 215C.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Highly resistant to acids, alkalis, organic solvents and bleaches. 
* Surface is hydrophobic but may be wet with many organic solvents, such as ethanol, acetic acid. 
* Tenacity = 0.5-1.4 g/denier; 
* Elongation = 15-32 %; 
* Moisture regain = 0%; 
* Melting point = 300 C (dec); 
* Density = 2.1-2.3 g/ml
== Resources and Citations ==
* W.L.Gore: Gore-Tex
* Gore-Tex: Technology
* K.Keyes, "Some Practical Methods for the Treatment with Moisture of Moisture Sensitive Works on Paper", AIC, 1988. 
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Meredith Montague, contributed information, 1998
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
* Marjory L. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Fort Worth, TX, 1986
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory:Sheet, Fabric
Gore-Tex silica tiles

== Description ==
[W.R.Gore & Associates] A formerly available product that was a rigid plastic grid containing silica gel enclosed in GORE-TEX® which is a nonwoven polyester fabric laminated with polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon®). GORE-TEX® silica tiles provide a stable moisture content in a closed environment by allowing moisture vapor passage in both directions. The red tiles are recommended for use with relative humidities above 40% and the blue tiles are recommended for use with RH below 40%. Each tile has a color indicator for relative humidity. The silica gel in the tiles can be regenerated with moist air or oven drying. Each tile is calibrated to condition about 1.5 cubic feet of air in a well sealed case.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
GORE-TEX® silica tiles; Goretex silica tiles
== Resources and Citations ==
* W.R.Gore & Associates, Technical Bulletins on Gore-Tex Silica Tiles, dated May 22, 1997 , June 4, 1997 and May 13, 1997,
* Lowell Perkins, "A Model for Humidity Control Using Gore-Tex Silica Tiles" AIC BPG annual V06, p 6-11. link
Category:Materials database
Goslarite

== Description ==
A transparent to translucent, naturally occurring mineral composed of heptahydrated zinc sulfate. Goslarite was first described in 1847 for an occurrence in Rammelsberg mine near Goslar, Harz Mountains, Germany. Goslanite is often found in damp locations, such as mine shafts, where it has been precipitated from mineral rich water. The crystals are unstable and dehydrate on exposure to air.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hydrous zinc sulfate; white copperas; zinc vitriol; goslarie (Ned.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Color = colorless, yellow, green, blue or brown. 
* Crystals = acicular or massive 
Composition 	ZnSO4·7H2O
Mohs Hardness	2.0-2.5
Density 	2 g/ml
== Resources and Citations ==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goslarite (Accessed Sept. 7, 2005)
Category:Materials database