nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Asphaltum

== Description ==
1) An old name for asphalt generally used prior to the 1800s. 
2) In the 17th and 18th centuries, the term asphaltum also referred to a transparent brown, asphalt-based pigment used in watercolor and [[oil%20paint|oil paints] for glazes and shadows. The oily material can slow the drying of linseed oil producing a soft film. With time, asphaltum in dried oil films can result in the movement or disfigurement of the film as well as alligator cracks. Asphaltum was sold commercially as a transparent brown artist pigment under the name bitumen (Gettens and Stout 1966).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
2) bitumen; Antwerp brown; asphalt paint; Asphalt (Deut.); asfalto (Port.); asphalte (Fr.); asfalto (Esp.); asfaltos (Gr.); alfalto (It.); bitume (It.); asfalt (Ned.); asfalto (Port.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Asphaltum, Forbes Raw Materials.TIF~FTIR]]]
== Risks ==
Combustible. Softens at slightly elevated temperatures. 
Ages poorly in dried oil films resulting in movement, disfigurement and/or cracks.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in petroleum hydrocarbons, turpentine, and most organic solvents. Partially soluble in oils.
Microscopic ID: amorphous, brown particles with conchoidal fracture and/or curved particle boundaries. RI < 1.662. Isotropic in crossed polars. 
== Additional Images ==
File:Asphaltum PPL 200x.jpg|Asphaltum, PPL, 200x
File:Asphaltum XPL 200x.jpg|Asphaltum, XPL, 200x
== Resources and Citations ==
* R.White "Brown and Black Organic Glazes, Pigments and Paints" National Gallery Technical Bulletin, 10:58-71, 1986. ° R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Eastaugh, N. et al. The Pigment Compendium, a Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008. 
Category:Materials database
Astatine

== Description ==
A rare, radioactive chemical element in the halogen family. Astatine isotopes occur naturally in uranium ores. Very little research has been done on Astatine since the lifetime for its most stable isotope is only 8 hours.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
At
== Risks ==
Carcinogenic.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in organic solvents.
Composition 	At (atomic no. 85)
Melting Point 	302 C
Molecular Weight	217
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 889
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Astigmatism

== Description ==
A refractive aberration in an optical system or lens. Astigmatism prevents light rays from converging at a single point. This results in a blurred or distorted image.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Astigmatismus (Deut.); astigmatismo (Esp., It., Port.); astigmatisme (Fr.); astygmatyzm (Pol.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976 Comment: p. 208
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia at http://www.wikipedia.com
Category:Materials database
Astrakhan

== Description ==
Tightly curled, black fur obtained from the fleece of young or stillborn lambs of karakul sheep native to the Lake Kara Kul region of Uzbekistan. The highly valued karakul lamb pelt is removed shortly after birth. A broadtail pelt, which is softer and silkier, is obtained from a still-born lamb. Imitation astrakhan is called astrakhan cloth and was originally made in Russia. It is a inexpensive woolen fabric made by heat-treating pile yarn to produce helical coils. Astrakhan fur and astrakhan cloth are used for lining and trimming coats, caps, and muffs.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
astrakhan cloth; astrachan; karakul; Persian lamb; broadtail; Swakara (Southwest African karakul);astracán(Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Facts on Furs - Karakul from www.iftf.com/facts_karakul.asp
* Meredith Montague, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Atacamite

== Description ==
A green mineral composed of copper oxychloride. Atacamite was named by D. de Fallizen in 1801 when he identified it as a mineral found in the Chilean Atacama Desert. It occurs naturally in the oxidation zones of copper deposits and has been found in Chile, China, Russia, Czech Republic, Arizona, and Australia. It ranges in color from a soft muted green to emerald to blackish green. Atacamite also occurs as a chloride corrosion product on copper and bronze objects. Its presence indicates bronze disease. Using this corrosion reaction, Theophilus gave a recipe for the synthetic preparation of atacamite (Naumova and Pisareva, 1992). Atacamite has been found as a green pigment on sculpture, manuscripts, maps, and frescoes painted in Asia, Russia, Persia and Europe.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
copper oxychloride; Atacamit (Deut.); atacamite (Fr., It., Port.); atacamita (Esp.); atakamitis (Gr.); atacamiet (Ned.); wild patina; Mehlpatina; flour patina; peste du bronze; bronze disease; malignant patina; rogna; caries;
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|AtacamitUCL.jpg~Raman (UCL)|Atacamiteitaly1.jpg~Raman (U of Parma)|Atacamite.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Crystallizes as thin orthorhombic prisms; Brittle with conchoidal fracture; Luster = adamantine to vitreous; Streak = green; Transparent to translucent.
Composition 	Cu2Cl(OH)3
Mohs Hardness 	3.0 - 3.5
Density 	3.76-3.78 g/ml
Molecular Weight	213.57
Refractive Index	1.831; 1.861; 1.880
== Resources and Citations ==
* M.Naumova, S.Pisareva,"A Note on the Use of Blue and Green Copper Compounds in Paintings" Studies in Conservation 39:277-283, 1994.
* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Pigment Compendium, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* H. Otto, "X-ray fine structure investigation of patina samples" Freiberger Forschungshefte.B, 37, 1959, pp. 66-77.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 233
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacamite (accessed Aug 30 2005)
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Atactic polymer

== Description ==
A polymer in which the substituent groups are randomly substituted along the backbone. Thus the molecule is not stereospecific.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
polímero atáctico (Esp.); polimero atattico (It.); polimero atático (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Atco oxygen absorber

== Description ==
[EMCO Technologies] A registered trademark for an oxygen absorbing powder. ATCO® Oxygen Absorber can reduce the oxygen concentration to below 0.1% in a closed system (EMCO website).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
oxygen absorber
== Risks ==
The absorption process is exothermic.
==Resources and Citations==
* EMCO Technologies: ATCO
* Gordon Hanlon, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Atmospheric pressure

== Description ==
The pressure caused by the weight of the atmosphere. A standard atmosphere (atm) is defined as the pressure exerted by a 760 mm column of mercury at standard gravity and a temperature of 0 C. This definition was set such that the mean value of the atmosphere at sea level is 1 atm (760 mm Hg). Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude. It is also dependant on temperature and humidity. The variations in atmospheric pressure are used as an indicator of weather.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
atm; atmosférický tlak (Ces.); atmosfære (Dan.); Luftdruck (Deut.); presión atmosférica (Esp.); pression atmosphérique (Fr.); pressione atmosferica(It.); luchtdruk (Ned.); lufttrykk (Nor.); ciśnienie atmosferyczne (Pol.);
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 29.92 in Hg = 1013.25 millibar (torr)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Conditioning, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, E41, 23-24, Sep-92
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure (accessed Mar 2006)
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

== Description ==
An analytical instrument used to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the elemental content of materials. Atomic absorption (AA) spectrophotometry is similar to flame emission (FE) spectrophotometry in that the sample, prepared as an acid digested solution, is heated to incandescence using a controlled flame source. The difference is that during the sample aspiration, the AA flame is illuminated with one of over 50 hollow cathode elemental lamps that produce specific emission lines characteristic to a given element. The detector then measures spectrum of the flame plus the sample to determine the samples absorption of the radiation at these specific wavelengths. This method is more sensitive than FE. However, since only one element can be measured at a time, AA has generally been replaced in recent years by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrophotometers, because they can analyze multiple elements simultaneously with much lower detection limits. AA is used to determine major and minor elements in stone, metal, glass, concrete, and other inorganic matrices.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
AA; AAS; Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie (Deut.); spectrométrie d'absorption atomique (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* L.Tang, M.Troyer, "Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy" Technology & Conservation, 2/81, p. 40-45.
* Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies, Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: B.Aston, J.Harrell, I.Shaw, "Stone"
Category:Materials database
Atomic force microscopy

== Description ==
A high magnification analysis method. Atomic force microscopy profiles a surface at the atomic level by scanning a probe slightly above the surface. The field variations due to the varying gap are measured and used to produce an image of the surface.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
AFM; Rasterkraftmikroskop (Deut.); microscope à force atomique (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Atomizer

== Description ==
A device designed to introduce a liquid into the air as a fine spray. Fixatives and varnishes were applied with atomizers prior to the use of pressurized cans. A typical design is for two open ended metal tubes to be connected at right angles to form a T-shape. The unit is then sealed into the cap of a solution bottle with the bottom of the T-shape surrounded by liquid. A pump or rubber bulb is used to blow air through the tube at the top of the T-shape. This aspirates a portions of the solution forcing a fine aerosol stream out the opposite end of the top of the T-shape.
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Atramentum

== Description ==
An archaic Roman term for carbon black used in paint and ink (Mayer 1969). The term was also used by the Romans to refer to an unkown glaze or varnish that some scholars now think may have been asphalt mixed with oil or resin (Mayer 1969).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
atramento (It.); negro de fumo (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Atrazine

== Description ==
A white crystalline compound. Atrazine is a selective herbicide used to control lichens, moss, and higher plants. It inhibits photosynthesis.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine; Gesaprim [Ciba Geigy]; Aatrex; Actinite; Aktikon; Argezin; Atazinax; Atrafaf; Atratol; Atred; Candex; Cekuzine-T; Chromozin; Crisatrina; Crisazine; Cyazin; Fenamin; Fenatrol; Griffex; Hungazin; Inakor; Oleogesaprim; Pitezin; Primatol; Radazin; Strazine; Vectal; Weedex; Wonuk; Zeapos; Zeazine
== Risks ==
* LD50 = 1869-3080 mg/kg 
* Loveland Products: Atrazine SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in ether, chloroform and methanol. Slightly soluble in water.
Composition 	C8H14ClN5
CAS 	1912-24-9
Melting Point 	171-174 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 215.7
==Resources and Citations==
* The Merck Index, Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: Entry # 902
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art, ICCROM, Rome, 1991
Category:Materials database
Attapulgite

== Description ==
A variety of palygorskite found in Attapuglus, Georgia. Palygorskite is a fibrous clay mineral composed of hydrated aluminum-magnesium silicate. Attapulgite is very absorbent and is one of the components often found in fuller's earth. It has been used as a filler in paper and coatings. Attapulgite is also used as an inert poultice to remove dirt, salts, and microbes from the surface of stones.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fuller's earth; palygorskite; atapulgita (Esp.); atapulgite (Port.); Atapulgit (Deut.); atapulgiet (Ned.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Attapulgite.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Composition	(Mg,Al)5Si8O22(OH)4-4H2O
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 794
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
Category:Materials database
Attractant

== Description ==
A chemical used to attract insects to a trap. Attractant may contain special odors such as food or sex pheromones. Examples of some insect attractants are: Storgard, Luretape, and Geranid.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Storgard; Luretape; Geranid
==Resources and Citations==
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, A Guide to Museum Pest Control, FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988
Category:Materials database
Audiotape

== Description ==
A type of magnetic tape used to reproduce sound. Audiotapes are composed of a thin plastic substrate coated with a thin layer of magnetic particles, usually ferric oxide (Fe2O3) along with small amounts of chromium dioxide(CrO2).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
audiocassette tape; audio tape; magnetic tape
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Sound Recording." Accessed 16 Jan. 2004
* Dictionary of Conservation Terms, European Union, 2003
Category:Materials database
Auger electron spectroscopy

== Description ==
An analytical instrument that measures the energies of secondary electrons (Auger electrons) ejected from a sample when it is subjected to an electron beam. Auger electron originate in the top 2 - 10 monolayers of the surface. The energy of the electron is characteristic of the parent atom and can thus be used to identify the composition of the atoms on the surface of the sample. Auger spectroscopy is a very sensitive surface analysis method.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
AES; SAM; scanning auger microscopy; Auger-Spektroskopie (Deut.); spectrométrie d'électrons Auger (Fr.);
Category:Materials database
Augite

== Description ==
A shiny, dark-green to black pyroxene mineral. Augite is a translucent, silicate mineral containing large amounts of magnesium, iron, and aluminum. It occurs throughout the world, often in association with basalt or gabbro. In North America, augite is found in Colorado, Oregon, New York, and Ontario. Augite is also found in lunar rocks and meteorites.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Augit (Deut., Pol.); augiet (Ned.); augita (Esp.); augite (Port.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|augiteitaly1.jpg~Raman]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Monoclinic crystals that are usually short, thick and prismatic. Cleavage is good in two directions (right angles) 
Streak = green. Luster = vitreous to submetallic. Brittle with uneven fracture.
Composition 	(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2O6
Mohs Hardness 	5.0 - 6.0
Density 	2.93-3.49 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.671 - 1.761
== Resources and Citations ==
* Mineralogy Database: Augite
* Sue Fuller, Rocks and Minerals, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1995
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: augite" [Accessed December 11, 2001 (BW photo)(tech info)
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augite (Accessed Aug 30 2005)
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Auramine O

== Description ==
A bright yellow crystalline solid that is used as a dye for paper and leather. Auramine is a ketone imine compound that was first sold under the brand name Auramine O. It has been used in the preparation of ball point pens, carbon paper, printing inks, and typewriter ribbons. It is also used as a fungicide, disinfectant, and fluorochrome for biological staining. The free base, Auramine O Base (CAS 492-80-8, Solvent Yellow 34), has been removed from the market in the U.S. because it is a carcinogen. Auramine O has a mean excitation wavelength of 460 nm (blue) and a mean emission wavelength of 550 nm (Wolbers et al., 1990).
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|auramine O.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Basic Yellow 2; CI 41000; 4,4'-(imidocarbonyl)bis(N,N-dimethylaniline); auramine hydrochloride; auramine; Solvent Yellow 34; Pigment Green 3; pyocatanium aureum; aizen auramine; pyoktanin Yellow; canary Yellow; pyoktanin
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. 
* Possible carcinogen and mutagen. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in water, ethanol, ether.
Composition 	C17H22ClN3
CAS 	2465-27-2
Melting Point 	267
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 303.84
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993 Comment: formula= C17H22ClN3, CAS= 492-80-8
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Aldrich Chemical Catalog
* Sigma Dyes, Stains and Natural Pigments, Infrared Library, Nicolet, 1991-1995 Comment: OMNIC: formula= C17H23N3, CAS= 2465-27-2
Category:Materials database