nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Alternative investment

An alternative investment refers to types of investment products that are not part of the "traditional" list of investments (stocks, bonds and money market instruments) common in the public eye. While there is no definitive list of investments that are alternative, the label is typically applied to products such as commodity futures, currency foreign exchange, hedge funds, real estate, and venture capital.
Conventional wisdom often states that alternative investments are higher risk than traditional ones. However, risk is not so simply divided between investment types. Poor risk management in the stock market can be just as fatal to a portfolio as the same behavior in a futures market. Limited exposure in an alternative investment could prove no riskier than the addition of bonds to a portfolio. Overly conservative investments can increase the risk of "opportunity loss", where little is gained in times where more could be made. It might be more accurate to view alternative investments as generally more volatile in nature, but risk is related both to the investment environment and the investment decisions that are made.
Conventional wisdom also frequently views alternative investments as either uncorrelated or negatively correlated in behavior to traditional investments: As the stock market falls, alternative investments will rise in value. This, too, is an inadequate model. Some alternative investments do not follow (or invert) the stock market but some may, depending on the circumstance, even when that was not the intention. Correlation is often dependent on both the specific configuration of the investment and the way it is used.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Alternative uptick rule

The alternative uptick rule is a newer version of a Securities Exchange Commission rule that was in place for 70 years until its elimination in 2007. 
In February of 2010, the SEC voted to instate the rule, which would temporarily limit short sales on a stock after it fell 10 percent in one day. Dissenting commissioners doubted the move would end debate on the issue. The rule required short sellers to exceed the highest bid for the remainder of that trading day and the following in short sales of that security. 
SEC Chairman Mary Schapiro backed the rule. The SEC had solicited comment on five different proposals designed to prevent short sellers from dominating trading in a stock to drive the price down, under pressure from lawmakers. 
The restrictions also involve instituting a circuit breaker to curb the widespread and legal practice of borrowing a company's shares, selling them and then purchasing them back when the stock declines, then returning to the lender, keeping the difference. 
== References ==
Alun Green

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Alun Green is a veteran financial technology executive who was named executive vice president of futures and options at Trading Technologies International, Inc. on December 4, 2023. 
Previously, he served as general manager of Fidelity National Information Services (FIS)'s derivatives utility business. He was previously the general manager of FIS's Stream GMI business. He also served as head of strategy for post-trade derivatives and securities. He held the same role at SunGard before its acquisition by FIS in late 2015. 
== Background ==
Green has 15 years of experience with derivatives. Before working for the derivatives utility, he was a member of the Cliq team. He was also previously the general manager of the Stream GMI business at SunGard. Before joining SunGard in 2007, Green was the head of IT business at Calyon Financial, where he was involved in IT strategic planning and implementation for operations, finance, compliance and risk management for a variety of exchange-traded and OTC products. He also led the system migration and integration when Credit Agricole and Credit Lyonnais merged to form Calyon.
== Education ==
Green graduated from the University of Oxford in 1988 and received a graduate degree in mathematics from Queen Mary, University of London in 1992.
==MarketsWiki Education Video, October 2015==
Alun Green, SunGard – The Technology Roadmap, 2015 Edition
“We as human beings have not evolved to be very good at reading and writing.”
Alun Green asks, “Is the written word dying?” Perhaps dying is too strong a word, but Green makes an excellent point in that humans have walked the planet for millions of years, and only began using the written word within the past few hundred years – much too short a time span to have “evolved” to cope with the written word. Meanwhile, as technology continues to disrupt any and all human processes, our species may well revert back to the forms of oral and visual communication to which we are better suited. 
As a career technologist facilitating the automation of manual processes, Green asks what human beings will do when the computers and robots take over. His answer? Machine learning is not the same as artificial intelligence, and we sentient beings will be needed for decision making and communication, but not necessarily the written kind.
== References ==	
Category:SunGard - Former Employees
Category:FIS - Former Employees
Aly Wilson

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Aly Wilson is a London-based business development executive. Currently, she serves as relationship manager for the London Metal Exchange.
== Background ==
Wilson joined the LME in 2013 from Lloyds Banking Group, where she was a consultant. 
Previously, she was head of foreign exchange bank sales, relationship management and on-boarding for LCH.Clearnet.
She has also served as vice president of clearing business relations for Eurex. Wilson was a vice president and head of customer solutions for EMEA & Asia for FXMarketSpace.
Additionally, she was senior client manager for EBS and an investment analyst with GIO Asset Management.
== Education ==
Wilson holds a bachelor of science with honors in mathematics and business management from Queen Mary College at the University of London.
== References ==	
Category:EBS
Category:FXMarketSpace
Category:Eurex
Category:LCH.Clearnet
Alyce Andres

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Alyce Andres is an interest rate and FX strategist at Bloomberg News in Chicago. She was previously the Chicago bureau chief at MT Newswire and at Market News International, a Deutsche Boerse company. 
== Background ==
In 2000 Andres was promoted to Chicago bureau chief at MNI. Her market coverage expanded to include U.S. Interest Rate Swaps, U.S. Swaptions and credit default swaps, among others. Andres contributed to MNI Fixed Income and Credit Bullet Points and produces daily pieces for MNI Main Wire. She was a product manager, lead analyst, and commentator for the MNI Chicago Report. Andres also was a co-product manager on the MNI Blast, an interactive market-related chatroom. Before joining MNI, she worked for both Prudential Bache and Bear Stearns at the Chicago Board of Trade in the area of Treasury futures and options.
Andres joined MNI in August 1997 as a reporter covering U.S. Treasury futures and options at the Chicago Board of Trade. She also provided spot news coverage at various industry events as well as coverage of key central bankers.
== Education ==
Andres holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Finance from Purdue University and a Master's in Business Administration Degree in Finance from DePaul University.
== References ==	Alyce Andres Bloomberg Stories<feed url="https://www.bloomberg.com/authors/AUAkU3zAUQo/alyce-andres.rss" entries="5">[{PERMALINK} {TITLE}]</feed>
Category:Journalists
Category:Market News International - Former Employees
Category:MT Newswires - Former Employees
[[Category:Prudential Bache - Former Employees
Category:Bear Stearns - Former Employees]]
Amado Boudou

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Amado Boudou is the President's Minister of the Economy in Argentina. He was named to the position in July of 2009.
In March of 2010, Boudou was quoted by the press as saying that Argentina was on its way to negotiate for an over 65-percent debt release. As of March of 2010, the country faced an estimated US$15 billion in debt obligations. Though much of that amount would be funded through the budget, the government was seeking ways to raise money for payments, either through debt issues or tapping central bank foreign currency reserves.
== Background ==
He was the previous head of the Administración Nacional de la Seguridad Social (ANSES), the state social security office.
== Education ==
Boudou received a degree in Economics at the National University of Mar del Plata in 1986. He worked as a teaching assistant at the university until 1990, during which time he obtained a doctorate in Economics from a private institution, the Argentine Macroeconomic Studies Center.
== References ==
Aman Mehta

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Aman Mehta is a Chicago-based accounting professional who currently serves as the chief financial officer of the RCG Division of Marex Spectron.
== Background ==
Mehta joined Rosenthal Collins Group in 2008 as a staff accountant. He moved up through a variety of accounting roles with the firm, including senior account, accounting manager, controller and finally he was named chief financial officer in 2016.
== Education ==
Mehta holds a masters of science in accounting from DePaul University in Chicago.
He also holds a diploma from the Kellstadt Graduate School of Business, DePaul University in the study of marketing and sales management.
Mehta holds a bachelor of commerce degree in business administration from the YMCA Institute of Management Studies.
== References ==	
Category:Accountants
Category:Chief Financial Officers
Amanda Brady

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Amanda Brady is an attorney with Ziliak Law, LLC, based in Chicago. She joined the company in August 2015 from Aschenbrener Law, P.C.
== Background ==
Before joining Ziliak law, Brady also worked as an attorney with TorHoerman Law, LLC and with Baugh, Dalton, Carlson & Ryan, LLC. At those firms her experience ranged from advising on company fundraising matters to representing growth-stage companies in transactional matters, to supporting clients engaged in arbitration or litigation. She focuses her practice on working with startups on formation issues and representing both startups and growth-stage companies as they deal with equity issues and fundraising. She also guides companies through the fundraising process, and has experience with mergers and acquisitions, private placements, and drafting privacy policies, terms of service, terms of use, and employee handbooks, among other corporate documents.
She has been engaged to speak on a variety of topics, including: Chicago-Kent College of Law, “Legal Considerations for Closely Held Businesses”; UIC Institute for Entrepreneurial Studies, “Primary Legal Considerations for Startups”; Better Business Planning, “Ongoing Privacy Considerations for Businesses”; and Ms. Tech “lunch and learn” sessions on fundraising and privacy policies, terms of service, and terms of use.
== Education ==
Brady received her B.A. in Political Science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, her J.D. from Chicago-Kent College of Law, and her M.B.A. from IIT’s Stuart School of Business. Amanda is licensed to practice law in Illinois and has been admitted to the Supreme Court of Illinois and the U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois.
== References ==
Amanda Renteria

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Amanda Renteria is former chief of staff for Sen. Debbie Stabenow (D., Mich.). 
She was considered the front-runner to succeed Gary Gensler as chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, but in July of 2013 she withdrew her name from consideration for the post. 
== Background ==
Renteria came to Debbie Stabenow's office as a legislative assistant in 2006 and was a member of her staff for seven years. She served as Stabenow's legislative director and then chief of staff for four and a half years. She played a small role in formulating the Dodd-Frank rules, according to Huffington Post. 
After graduating from Harvard, she worked at Goldman Sachs for several years before going back to California and working as a high school teacher and coach. She then worked for the city of San Jose before moving to Washington.
== Education ==
Renteria is a graduate of Stanford University and Harvard Business School.
== References ==
Amaranth Advisors

Amaranth Advisors was a hedge fund that imploded in 2007 after its biggest trader, Brian Hunter, made highly leveraged bets on natural gas that eventually ended up losing about $4.6 billion for the company. Amaranth's trading losses were among the biggest since 1998, when Long-Term Capital Management lost $4 billion investing in government bonds. 
Amaranth was founded by Nicholas Maounis and based in Greenwich, Connecticut.
== References ==
Category:Amaranth Advisors
Category:Hedge Funds
Amaury Dauge

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Amaury Dauge is the chief financial officer at Axioma, a buy side risk management specialist. He joined the firm in May of 2016. 
He was previously the chief financial officer at Euronext. He was promoted to that position from head of corporate planning in January 2014, in preparation for Euronext's "demerger" from the InterContinentalExchange. He initially joined Euronext in 2001 as an M&A analyst before becoming head of M&A and later chief of staff to the CEO. In 2008 he became chief operating officer for the European equities market.
== Background ==
Dauge began his career at BNP Paribas before joining PwC and Atos Consulting.
== Education ==
He has an MBA from INSEAD and is a graduate of Centre de Formation a l'Analyse Financiere and INSEEC Business School.
== References ==
Amaury De Villemandy

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Amaury De Villemandy is CEO Europe and the Middle East for Newedge. 
Villemandy was formerly Deputy to the CEO Europe and the Middle East with responsibility for sales and front office for Newedge, as he was for Fimat immediately before Fimat and Calyon merged to become Newedge. 
== Background ==
Villemandy began his career in 1989 working for ODDO & CIE as a sales person on the Equity Derivatives market, first on the floor, then at the desk. In 1992, he joined FINACOR as Head of the Equity Derivatives Desk before joining Fimat to head up the Front Office of Fimat SNC, the group’s Paris-based subsidiary. In 1998, he was named General Manager of that entity and became a member of the Fimat Group Management Committee.
== Education ==
== References ==
Ambit

Ambit, SunGard Data Systems' banking solution system, launched in 2008. The new software strategy assists retail, commercial and private banks with technology and software solutions to support front-, middle- and back-office operations.
SunGard Ambit provides banking institutions with support for core banking, customer centricity, channel management, payments and treasury and liquidity management, as well as governance, risk & compliance.
The end goal of Ambit is for a bank to become "The Well Managed Bank," involving proper management of any bank's three core assets: customers, capital and staff. 
On Nov. 23, 2011, SunGard launched Amit MyMoney, an online and mobile banking platform integrating personal banking and social media.
== References ==
 
Category:SunGard Data Systems
Amercanex (American Cannabis Exchange)

The Amercanex Corp is the first fully electronic marketplace in which wholesale and retail distributors of cannabis can sell, buy, or exchange their inventories on a fully disclosed and transparent market. The main function of the marketplace is to ensure fair and orderly transactions, as well as efficient dissemination of price information for any product bought, sold, or exchanged on the Electronic Cannabis Market (ECM).
Although marijuana is currently illegal in New York, Amercanex CEO Steve Janjic is building the infrastructure for a brick-and-mortar exchange in New York to be prepared once marijuana is declassified as a Schedule 1 drug. That infrastructure includes 22,000 virtual seats that are selling for $5,000 a piece. At least 2,200 have sold so far. 
Thirty-seven states and the District of Columbia have either legalized some form of marijuana use or possession, or are in the process of doing so.
According to Janjic, "The patchwork nature of marijuana legalization on the local, state and federal levels creates problems for buyers, sellers and users," which Amercanex hopes to address. 
The exchange does not touch the physical product. 
== History ==
In August 2015, Amercanex entered into a strategic partnership with Dixie Brands Inc., providing Dixie’s affiliates by state the rights to conduct wholesale distribution of the Dixie Elixirs and Edibles line.
Richard Schaeffer, former NYMEX Chairman, and David Greenberg, former NYMEX Board Member, joined the board of Amercanex in September 2015.
== Products and Services ==
ACE Marketplace is the web-based user-interface to the Electronic Cannabis Market.
== Key People ==
*Steve Janjic, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer
*Michael Herron, President
*Adam Martin, Chief Operating Officer
== References ==
American Association of Individual Investors

The American Association of Individual Investors (AAII) is a non-profit association formed to provide information about stocks and investing to those who are new to the marketplace. The organization aims to arm individual investors with the education and tools they need to build wealth, with topics from trading stocks to financial planning.
== History ==
According to the organization, James Cloonan founded AAII in 1978 because he believed that individual investors armed with effective investment education materials and dedication could outperform the popular market averages. Almost 30 years later, the 150,000 members of AAII report investment returns that are consistently higher than those of the stock market as a whole.
In addition, the association says AAII's Shadow Stock and Mutual Fund Portfolios (real portfolios used to teach members about investing) have had lower risk scores and better returns than the S&P 500 for the last 10 years. AAII's purpose is to assist individuals in becoming effective managers of their own assets through programs of education, information and research. AAII is a member of the Alliance for Investor Education. 
== References ==
Category:Alliance for Investor Education
Category:Industry Associations
Category:American Association of Individual Investors
American Depositary Receipts

The stocks of most foreign companies that trade in the U.S. markets are traded as American Depositary Receipts (ADRs). U.S. depositary banks issue these stocks. Each ADR represents one or more shares of foreign stock or a fraction of a share. Those who own ADRs have the right to obtain the foreign stock those ADRs represent, but U.S. investors usually find it more convenient to own the ADR. The price of an ADR corresponds to the price of the foreign stock in its home market, adjusted to the ratio of the ADRs to foreign company shares.
ADRs were introduced in response to the difficulty of buying shares from other countries which trade at different prices and currency values. U.S. banks purchase a large lot of shares from a foreign company, bundle the shares into groups and reissue them on either the NYSE, AMEX or Nasdaq. The depositary bank sets the ratio of U.S. ADRs per home country share. This ratio can be anything less than or greater than 1. For example, a ratio of 4:1 means that one ADR share represents four shares in the foreign company.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Shares
Category:Stocks
American Economic Association

The American Economic Association exists to encourage economic research, especially the historical and statistical study of the conditions of industrial life, and to encourage the perfect freedom of economic discussion. It takes no partisan attitude, nor will it commit its members to any position on practical economic questions.
== History ==
The AEA was formed in 1885 in Saratoga, NY by a small group interested in economics. It was incorporated in Washington, DC on February 3, 1923. Today the membership is ca. 18,000, over half of whom are academics. About 15% are employed in business and industry, and the remainder largely by federal, state, and local government or other not-for-profit organizations.
== Products and Services ==
The AEA's flagship publication, the American Economic Review (AER), was first produced in 1911 and became a monthly publication starting in January 2014. The AEA's proceedings from its annual general meeting appear in a special May edition. 
The AEA also publishes a number of other journals, including the Journal of Economic Literature (JEL), first published in 1963 as the Journal of Economic Abstracts, and the Journal of Economic Perspectives (JEP) that began in 1987. The JEL publishes on the same schedule as the AER while the JEP appears in February, May, August and November. Some 4,000 groups subscribe to the three publications for around $375 each annually.
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants

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The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
(AICPA) and its predecessors have been representing the country's Certified Public Accountants for more than 120 years. The AICPA currently represents more than 338,000 U.S. CPAs in public practice and private employment with corporations, and administers the profession's Uniform CPA Examination.
== History ==
The AICPA was formed in 1887 as the American Association of Public Accountants (AAPA) and in 1917 became the Institute of Public Accountants (IPA). A sister organization, the American Society of Certified Public Accountants, was created in 1921 and formed a merger with the IPA in 1936. The combined group became the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants in 1957. 
The AAPA was launched by a committee formed in 1886 and the association had three committees in 1897, rising to 89 by 1960 and about 120 in 1999. That year the AICPA shifted its emphasis to the greater use of temporary task forces charged with fulfilling specific assignments and then disbanding. The AICPA's board of directors acts as its executive committee and meets five times annually. 
The AICPA recently came out in support of an SEC staff recommendation in December 2008 to retain fair-value accounting with some alterations. In a December 31, 2008 press release the AICPA said fair-value accounting "provides increased transparency and allows for better decision-making" by investors.
== Key people ==
AICPA President and CEO Barry Melancon was first elected to the position in 1995 and has over 25 years of experience as a CPA. Under his leadership the AICPA inaugurated its 360 Degrees of Financial Literacy education program and became the first U.S. professional association to receive an ISO-9001 certification for management and quality practices. Melancon had previously spent eight years as Executive Director of the Society of Louisiana CPAs after beginning his career as a CPA in 1979 with Louisiana firm Bergeron & Co., where he was made a partner in 1984.
== Latest news ==
The AICPA recently launched a preliminary ethics investigation against the accounting firm that signed off on disgraced investment manager Bernard Madoff, New York-based firm Friehling & Horowitz. An AICPA spokesman said the firm had not undergone a professional review for 15 years and had reported to he AICPA that it was not performing company audits, although apparently it had audited Madoff's advisory business. 
== References ==