nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Manganese dioxide

== Description ==
A dense, black powder that occurs in nature as the mineral pyrolusite. Manganese dioxide ore is the primary source for manganese metal. Synthetically produced manganese dioxide has a brownish tone. Both natural and synthetic manganese dioxide have been used for paint pigments and as a colorant in mortar. Manganese dioxide is used to make amethyst glass and to counteract the yellowish green color of iron oxide in glass. It is used as a black glaze and for painting on porcelain, faience, and majolica, and as a drier for oil paints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
manganese black; manganese brown; Pigment Black 14; CI 77728; dióxido de manganeso (Esp.); dioxyde de manganèse (Fr.); dióxido de manganês (Port.); black oxide of manganese; manganese binoxide; battery manganese
== Risks ==
* Toxic. 
* Inhalation or ingestion of manganese can cause a nervous system disorder. 
* Strong oxidizer and should not be heated or rubbed with organic matter. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Slowly dissolves in hydrochloric acid. Insoluble in water, nitric and sulfuric acid
Composition 	MnO2
CAS 	1313-13-9
Density 	3.125 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 86.94
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 5770
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
Category:Materials database
Manganese drier

== Description ==
Organic salts of manganese used to speed the curing time of drying oils. Manganese driers act as an oxidation catalyst, drying the film from the top down. Excess amounts can cause the film to wrinkle. Manganese driers are often mixed with cobalt driers to minimize skinning. Examples of manganese driers are: manganese dioxide, manganese carbonate, manganese octoate, manganese oleate, manganese oxalate, manganese linoleate, manganese resinate and manganese naphthenate.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
secativo de manganeso (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Guy Weismantel, Paint Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1981
Category:Materials database
Manganese green

== Description ==
An emerald green synthetic pigment first made in 1935 by fixing barium manganate on a barium sulfate base. Manganese green is a permanent green pigment that was little used and is no longer available. It accelerates the drying of oil paints. See manganese blue.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
barium manganate green; verde de manganeso (Esp.); vert de manganèse (Fr.); verde de manganês (Port.); Cassel green; Rosenstiehl's green; baryta green
== Risks ==
* Toxic. 
* Inhalation or ingestion of manganese can cause a nervous system disorder.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Insoluble in water. Decomposed by acids
Composition	BaMnO4
Density 	4.85 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Category:Materials database
Manganese oxide

== Description ==
1) Manganese oxide is a general name for the various oxide forms of manganese: such as manganese oxide (MnO), manganese dioxide (MnO2), manganese sesquioxide (Mn2O3) and manganese tetroxide (Mn3O4). 
2) Manganese oxide (MnO) is a bright green powder that can be oxidized to form dark purple to black manganese oxide compounds. It is used in textile printing and in glazes and glass colorants.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
manganous oxide; manganese monoxide; manganic oxide; manganese tetroxide; manganese sesquioxide; CI 77727; manganomanganic oxide
== Risks ==
* Toxic. 
* Inhalation or ingestion of manganese can cause a nervous system disorder. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in acids. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	MnO, Mn2O3, Mn3O4
CAS 	1317-35-7
Melting Point	1650 C
Density 	5.45 g/ml
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Manganese silicate

== Description ==
A yellow-red, crystalline material that occurs in nature in the minerals rhodonite, manganjustite and tephroite. Manganese silicate is used as a red colorant in glass and ceramic glazes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
rhodonite, manganjustite; tephroite
== Risks ==
* Toxic. 
* Inhalation or ingestion of manganese can cause a nervous system disorder.
* NIH: Technical sheet
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Insoluble in water
Composition 	approx. MnSiO3
CAS 	7759-00-4
Melting Point	1323 C
Density 	3.48 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 5781
Category:Materials database
Manganese sulfate

== Description ==
A pale red, crystalline material that is used to dye textiles and as a colorant in paints, varnishes and glazes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
manganese sulphate (Br.); manganous sulfate
== Hazards and Safety ==
* Toxic. 
* Inhalation or ingestion of manganese can cause a nervous system disorder. 
* Flinn Scientific: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol.
Composition 	MnSO4-4H2O
CAS 	7785-87-7
Melting Point 	30 C
Density 	2.107 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 169.01
Refractive Index	1.508, 1.518, 1.522
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 5782
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: ref. index=1.508, 1.518, 1.522
Category:Materials database
Manganese violet

== Description ==
A synthetic pigment composed of a double salt of phosphoric acid with manganese and ammonium. Manganese violet was first introduced in Germany in 1868 as Nuernberg violet. By 1890 it was commercially available in England from Winsor & Newton. It has a deep rich violet hue but has poor hiding power and has not been widely used. Manganese violet is lightfast and can be used in all techniques except for fresco.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
manganese ammonium phosphate; Pigment Violet 16; CI 77742; manganviolet; Manganviolett (Deut.); violet de manganèse (Fr.); violeta de manganeso (Esp.); iodes toy magganioy (Gr.); violetto di manganese (It.); violetto minerale (It.); mangaan violet (Ned.); violeta de manganês (Port.); mineral violet; permanent violet; Nuernberg violet; Nurnberg violet; Nuremberg violet; burgundy violet; fast violet; permanent mauve
== Risks ==
* Toxic. 
* Inhalation or ingestion of manganese can cause a nervous system disorder.
* Gamblin Artist Colors:SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Decomposed by strong acids and bases. Insoluble in water. 
* Low birefringence. 
* ASTM lightfastness=1
Composition 	(NH4)2Mn2(P2O7)2
CAS 	10101-66-3
Refractive Index	1.67; 1.75; 1.72
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Pigment'
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Mange

== Description ==
A skin disease caused by mites, expecially the Sarcoptes scabiei. Mange can occur in both animals and humans although it is rarely transmitted between species. Mange mites cause skin inflammation, itching, and hair loss. Leather prepared from infected areas can have regions with coarse grains, scars, hair pockets, or soft spots.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
scabies (in humans)
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "mange" [Accessed October 29, 2002].
 
* American Leather Chemists Association Glossary at www.leatherchemists.org
Category:Materials database
Mango - left (130 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_06-04-2009_130.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 130
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (130 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| light gray
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| マンゴー : Mango
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Mango
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Mangifera indica L.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| fruit peel / unspecified
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| Without use of mordant, the contained dye compounds would not generate a good color, or fix to the fiber well.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Mango - left (131 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_06-04-2009_131.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 131
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (131 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| cotton
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| black
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| マンゴー : Mango
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Mango
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Mangifera indica L.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| endosperm in the seed / unspecified
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| lime water; iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| The fabric was soaked in: 1) dye bath; 2) lime water bath; 3) iron mordant bath; 4) dye bath; and 5)iron mordant bath.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Mango - left (132 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_06-04-2009_132.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 132
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (132 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| black
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| マンゴー : Mango
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Mango
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Mangifera indica L.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| endosperm in the seed / unspecified
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| It appeared that the quantity of tannin content was greater in the endosperm than in its peel or fruit.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Mango - right (130 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_06-04-2009_130.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 130
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (130 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| cream
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| マンゴー : Mango
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Mango
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Mangifera indica L.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| fruit peel / unspecified
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| lime water
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| Without use of mordant, the contained dye compounds would not generate a good color, or fix to the fiber well.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Mango - right (131 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_06-04-2009_131.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 131
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (131 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| cotton
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| ochre
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| マンゴー : Mango
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Mango
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Mangifera indica L.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| fruit peel / unspecified
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Mango - right (132 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_06-04-2009_132.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 132
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (132 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| cotton
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| black
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| マンゴー : Mango
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Mango
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Mangifera indica L.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| endosperm in the seed / unspecified
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| It appeared that the quantity of tannin content was greater in the endosperm than in its peel or fruit.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Mangosteen - left (135 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_06-04-2009_135.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 135
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (135 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| cotton
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| brown
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| マンゴスチン : Mangosteen
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Mangosteen
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Garcinia mangostana L.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| fruit /unspecified
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| lime water
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| Mordanting with iron did not produce a good dyed color.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Mangosteen - right (135 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_06-04-2009_135.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 135
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 2nd shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (135 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| cotton
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| pale brown
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| マンゴスチン : Mangosteen
|-	
! scope="row"|Dye (English common name)
| Mangosteen
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Garcinia mangostana L.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| fruit /unspecified
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| lime water
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| Mordanting with iron did not produce a good dyed color.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Mangrove

== Description ==
Any of several trees or shrubs of the genus Rhizophora such as Rhizophora mangle, Ceriops tagal, or Ceriops candolleana. The wood from mangrove trees is primarily used for making charcoal. The bark and leaves are high in tannins (10 to 40%) and are used in preparing leather and dying cloth. Mangrove bark contains a tannin that is low in acids and insoluble residues. However, used by itself, it produces a reddish color leather that is harsh and stiff. Thus, it is usually mixed with other tannins such as wattle or quebracho. Mangrove bark is often but incorrectly referred to as cutch or kutch (Roberts and Etherington 1982).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Rhizophora mangle; Ceriops tagal; Ceriops candolleana; Natural brown 3:1; manglar (Esp.); Mangrove (Deut., Ned.); palétuvier rouge (Fr.); namorzyny (Pol.); manguezal, mangue vermelho (Port.); mangrovník (Slov.); mangrove cutch; baku baku; red mangrove; soga jambal
== Additional Images ==
File:09 Brugiera bark_Ext.jpg|Bruguiera bark, exterior
File:09 Brugiera bark_Int.jpg|Bruguiera bark, interior
== Resources and Citations ==
* Helmut Schweppe, Schweppe color collection index and information book Comment: Ceriops candolleana, CI Natural Brown 3:1
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.447
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Virginia Tech Dendrology website at www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm (Accessed Dec. 9, 2005)
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove (Accessed Dec. 9, 2005)
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Manila board

== Description ==
A thin, strong, cream-color paperboard that is used for brochure covers and notebook covers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
rope bristol; rope manila board
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
Category:Materials database
Manila copal

== Description ==
A soft variety of copal resin obtained from the Agathis dammara trees native to the Philippines and Indonesia. Manila copal is a diterpenoid resin composed primarily of polycommunic acid. Copals were used in the 18th and 19th centuries for varnishes and resin/oil media. Manila copals were also used in many fixative recipes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Agathis dammara; manilla copal (Br.); copal de Manila (Esp.); copale di Manila (It); Manila resin; manilla
== Risks ==
* Combustible, burning with a bright flame, dense smoke and strong smell.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in ether, methanol, and ethanol. Partially soluble in amyl alcohol. Insoluble in water. 
* Most copals fluoresce white in short-wave UV light. 
* Saponification number = 178 
* Acid number = 128.
* Melting Point = 230-250 C
* Density = 1.062 g/ml
* Refractive Index = 1.544
==Resources and Citations==
* K.van den Berg, J.van der Horst, J.Boon, "Recognition of Copals in Aged Resin/oil Paints and Varnishes" in ICOM Preprints, Lyon, 1999. p.855-861.
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 227; synonym Boea copal
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Copal." Accessed 14 Apr. 2004.
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* "Copal: An Immature and Controversial Resin" at www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/copal.htm
Category:Materials database
Manila paper

== Description ==
A strong, cream color paper. Originally, manila paper was made from hemp stock. It is now usually made from unbleached wood pulp or soda pulp. Manila paper is used for linings, writing, wrapping, and drawing.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
manilla paper (Br.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Mannitol

== Description ==
A sweet-tasting, crystalline powder. Mannitol occurs naturally in plants and seaweeds. Mannitol will liquefy any gum solution that has been gelled with borate because it reacts with borates to form mannitoborate. Examples of gums that gel with borate are gum arabic, locust bean gum, and gum guar. Mannitol has been used in conjunction with sucrose for the impregnation of waterlogged wood (Morgos and Imazu, 1993).
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiMANNITOL.jpg~FTIR|mannitol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
manna sugar; mannite; cordycepic acid
== Risks ==
* Combustible. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in water, pyridine, aniline and dilute alkalis. Slightly soluble in alcohols and amines. Insoluble in other organic solvents.
Composition 	C8H8(OH)6
CAS 	69-65-8
Melting Point 	166-168 C
Density 	1.52 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 182.17
Boiling Point 	290-295
==Resources and Citations==
* A Morgos, S.Imazu "A Conservation Method for Waterlogged Wood using a Sucrose-Mannitol Mixture" ICOM Preprints, Washington DC, 1993, p.266-272.
* The Merck Index, Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: entry 5788
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database