nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Barium yellow

== Description ==
A banana-color yellow pigment composed of barium chromate. Barium chromate is precipitated from a barium chloride solution by the addition of potassium dichromate. Barium yellow is a fairly permanent pigment but it may turn green slowly in light. It has low tinting strength and opacity. It was not widely used as an artists pigment by itself but was sometimes mixed with strontium yellow and zinc yellow then sold under the name lemon yellow or citron yellow. It was also used for coloring glass, and ceramic glazes. Currently barium chromate is used in anticorrosion pastes and in metal primers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pigment Yellow 31; CI 77103; Barytgelb (Deut.); amarillo de bario (Esp.); cromato de bario (Esp.); jaune d'outremer (Fr.); jaune de baryum (Fr.); giallo di bario (It.); amarelo de bário (Port.); ultramarine yellow; lemon yellow; permanent yellow; barium chromate yellow; baryta yellow; Steinbuhl yellow
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|BarchromUCL.jpg~Raman|MFA- Barium Yellow.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Risks ==
Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. Skin contact may cause irritation. 
Carcinogenic. Combustible. Decomposed by heat. 
CDH Fine Chemicals: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in dilute mineral acids and alkalis. Insoluble in water. Microscopically, it may appear as colorless, birefracting, rhombic plates,
Composition 	BaCrO4
CAS 	10294-40-3
Density 	4.45-4.49 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 253.32
Refractive Index	1.94 - 1.98
== Resources and Citations ==
* H. Kuhn, M.Curran, "Chrome Yellow and Other Chromate Pigments", Artists Pigments, Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.
* Pigments Through the Ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry #999
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Bark

== Description ==
The tough, protective, outer covering on woody stems and roots. Tree barks have had numerous applications over the years. Smooth barks, such as from birch trees, have been used for paper, boat building, clothing (tapa), shoes, baskets, and house construction. Extracts from the barks from oak and hemlock trees have been used for tanning leather and dyeing cloth. Cork is a light weight, buoyant bark obtained from Quercus suber trees. Other barks provide medicine (quinine), flavorings (cinnamon) and adhesive extracts.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
écorce (Fr.); Rinde (Deut.); corteccia (It.); casca (Port.); corteza (Esp)
== Additional Images ==
File:1992.525-SC58823.jpg|Cane basketMFA# 1992.525
File:MFA85485.jpg|Bark cloth (Tapa)MFA# 85.485
File:MFA2111629.jpg|Watercolor of bark pieces; MFA# 21.11629
File:White.Oak2_bark_AA.jpg|White oak Quercus alba
== Resources and Citations ==
* Mary-Lou Florian, Dale Paul Kronkright, Ruth E. Norton, The Conservation of Artifacts Made from Plant Materials, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1990
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Bark dyes

== Description ==
Many natural dyes have been extracted from the barks of common trees. The most intense color is the black dye, quercitron, obtained from oak bark. Other barks produce tan to dark brown colors on wool. Generally, the inner bark is collected in the fall or winter, then dried and stored for later use. Many of the barks also are high in tannins. The presence of excess tannin will darken the fabric with age. Some processes use potassium dichromate, ferrous sulfate, or copper sulfate in the final rinse to remove the excess tannins.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
colorantes extraídos de la corteza (Esp.); colorants extraits d'écorces (Fr.); coloranti da cortecce di albero (It.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
Category:Materials database
Bark ink

== Description ==
Dark, water-soluble extracts obtained from various trees, such as oak, hawthorn, blackthorn, and cherry, have been used as inks (Kuhn 1986). These dark organic dyes are fixed with inorganic salts, such as iron or copper sulfates.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
inchiostri gallo-tannici (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
Category:Materials database
Bark paper

== Description ==
Thin, flexible sheets obtained from the smooth, white, inner surface of tree bark usually from one of the following trees: birch (genus Betula), paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), or breadfruit (genus Artocarpus). Bark paper, also called bark cloth, has been used in many cultures. Polynesian bark cloth, called tapa, is cut in thin strips from the inner bark of the breadfruit tree, then beat to form a thin flexible cloth. Amatl, made by the Aztecs and huun, made by the Maya, are other types of cloth prepared by soaking then beating the bark sheets to form thin paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bark cloth, amatl; tapa; huun; tissu en fibre d'écorce (Fr.);amatle (Esp.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* S. Turner, Which Paper?, 1981.
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Silvie Turner, Which Paper?, Design Press, New York, 1991
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Bark skiver

== Description ==
A vegetable tanned sheepskin. Bark skiver is a light colored leather that was used in the 19th century for covering law books and is not considered permanent (Roberts and Etherington 1982).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
law sheep
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Bark tannin

== Description ==
A vegetable tannin obtained from bark or wood extracts. Bark tannin is primarily obtained from several species of oak (genus Quercus) and from some hemlock trees (genus Tsuga).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
taninos de la corteza (Esp.); tannin d'écorce (Fr.); tannino (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Barley

== Description ==
A cereal grain obtained from the barley plants, Hordeum vulgare (6-rowed) or Hordeum distichon (2-rowed). Barley was cultivated in Ethipia and southeast Asia since prehistoric times. From biblical times through the Middle Ages, barley was the primary grain for producing unleavened bread and porridge throughout Europe, the Middle East, Egypt, and some parts of Asia. The grains are also been used to make malt beer. The residual stems, or straw, were used in Europe and Asia to make straw hats. The straw has also used used as a packing material, particularly for shipping glass and as an animal feed.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
barley straw; barley flour; barley bread; Hordeum vulgare (6-rowed); Hordeum distichon (2-rowed or common barley)
== Additional Images ==
File:barleyusda1.jpg|thumb|Field of barley
File:barley_straw_proc_det.jpg|Barley straw
File:4_Barley_starch_200XS.jpg|Barley starch
File:4_Barley_starch_200XS_pol.jpg|Barley starch
== Resources and Citations ==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Barley." Accessed: 9 May 2004.
* Wikipedia: Barley; species list and description (accessed Jan. 11, 2009)
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 86
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Barley starch

== Description ==
The milled product of barley grains obtained from barley plants, Hordeum vulgare (6-rowed) or Hordeum distichon (2-rowed). Barley was cultivated in Ethipia and southeast Asia since prehistoric times. From biblical times through the Middle Ages, barley was the primary grain for producing unleavened bread and porridge throughout Europe, the Middle East, Egypt, and some parts of Asia. The grains are also been used to make malt beer.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Hordeum vulgare (6-rowed); Hordeum distichon (2-rowed
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Britannica-Online Comment: "Barley." Accessed 15 July 2004.
Category:Materials database
Barleycorn

== Description ==
1) A class of weaving patterns that uses long floating threads to form a geometric design. 
2) A cotton cloth with a checked pattern resembling a barley kernel.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
espiguilla (Esp.); gerstekorrel (binding) (Ned); bird's eye; honeycomb; barley corn; barlicorn;
==Resources and Citations==
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988 Comment: p. 142
* Meredith Montague, contributed information, 1998
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Barnack limestone

== Description ==
A medium-grain, cream-color, shelly limestone quarried near Barnack in central England. Barnack limestone was used for buildings in ancient England and employed by King Wolfere for Peterborough Cathedral in 664 CE (Lent 1925). Many of the oldest colleges in Cambridge are built with Barnack limestone. The quarries were exhausted by the 16th century (Lent 1925).
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Barometer

== Description ==
An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. First invented in 1643 by Evangeliseta Torricele, a mercury barometer consists of a glass tube filled with mercury. Atmospheric pressure exerts a force on the mercury causing it to rise and fall with changes in the weather. Normal atmospheric pressure (1 atmosphere) is defined as 760 torrs or 760 millimeters of mercury.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Luftdruckmesser (Deut.); baromètre (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Barrier filter

== Description ==
A filter designed to inhibit the passage of a target material, such as moisture, ions, particulates, or selected wavelengths of light. In microscopy, barrier filters selectively block the excitation radiation wavelength, so that only the emission, or fluorescence, radiation can be seen.
==Resources and Citations==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Barwood

== Description ==
A reddish hardwood obtained from the genus Ptercarpus (e.g., Baphia nitida) trees in Sierra Leone (barwood) and the west coast of Africa (camwood). Barwood trees produce a fugitive red dyestuff containing santalin that has been used for textiles and tanning leather. The dye is soluble in alcohol, but insoluble and water. It was used commercially to produce mock turkey red dyes. 
See also sandalwood
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sanderswood; red sandalwood; ruby wood; sandalo rosso (It.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in alcohol, acids and alkalis. 
Insoluble in water.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 136
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
Category:Materials database
Baryta

== Description ==
An old name used for both barium oxide and barium sulfate prior to the 1800s. 
See barite.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
heavy earth; calcined baryta; barium monoxide; baryte (Fr.); barita (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Baryta water

== Description ==
Common name for an aqueous solution of barium hydroxide prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985). Baryta water was used in place of limewater to saturate plaster before applying secco colors (Mayer 1969).
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Basalt

== Description ==
A hard, dense, often glassy, volcanic rock. Basalts are usually dark gray, black, brown, or greenish-black in color and are primarily composed of magnetite and fine-grain silicates such as plagioclase, olivine, and pyroxene. Formed from lava flows, basalts are often found in the form of pillows or columns. Famous natural basalt structures are the Giants Causeway on the northern coast of Ireland, the Needle on St. Helena Island, and Devil's Tower in Wyoming. Black basalts were quarried by ancient Egyptians. These hard stones have been used for building construction and sculptures as well as for small, carved decorative items. Ground basalt is also used to produce glassy, dark-color glazes on pottery.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
scoria; Basalt (Dan., Deut., Ned., Nor., Sven.); basalto (Esp., It., Port.); basalte (Fr.); bazalt (Pol.); scoriaceous
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
usually contains about 50% silica
Mohs Hardness	5-6
Density 	2.87-3.0 g/ml
== Additional Images ==
File:Basalt_lava_USGS.jpg|Basalt
File:Basaltemr1.jpg|Basalt
File:basaltlarge.jpg|Basalt
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 86
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Luciana and Tiziano Mannoni, Marble: the history of a culture, Facts on File Publications
* Anne Grimmer, Glossary of Building Stone Terms, A Glossary of Historic Masonry Deterioration Problems and Preservation Treatments, National Park Service, Washington DC, 1984
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Janet Burnett Grossman, Looking at Greek and Roman Sculpture in Stone, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2003
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=2.4-3.1
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
Category:Materials database
Basalt glass

== Description ==
A black, glassy, volcanic stone that is composed of basalt rather than obsidian. Basalt glass, or glassy basalt, is an amorphous silicate found in Oahu, Hawaii (Brady 1971) and also recently obtained from lunar meteorites (Lindstrom et al 1996). It is also known as Hawaiian obsidian and tachylite. Basalt glass is used for small decorative items and it polishes to a high gloss.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
glassy basalt; Hawaiian obsidian; tachylite; tachylyte; verre baltique (Fr.); vidro basáltico (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 641
* Lindstroom, M.M., D.W. Mittlefehedt, R.V. morris,R.R., Martinex, "QUE94281 A glassy Basalt-rich Lunar Meteorite similar to Y-793274" Lunar and Planetary Science, March 1996, volume 27, page 761.
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Basalt." Accessed 9 May 2004.
Category:Materials database
Basanite

== Description ==
A gray to black igneous rock composed primarily of plagioclase. Basanite is found in Spain, Hungary, Italy, New Zealand, and the southwestern United States and has been used as a touchstone.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
basanita (Esp.); basanite (Port.),Bassanit (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Britannica-Online Comment: "Basanite." Accessed 9 May 2004.
Category:Materials database
Baseball leather

== Description ==
The tanned leather used to cover the balls played with in the game of baseball. Prior to 1974, the cork center balls were wound with twine then covered with cowhide. Currently, alum-tanned horsehide is used for high-grade baseballs. Inexpensive balls may be covered in kip or sheepskin.
==Resources and Citations==
* Polymer Handbook, Sealants and Adhesives
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* American Leather Chemists Association Glossary at www.leatherchemists.org
Category:Materials database
Basic Fuchsin

== Description ==
A dark green powder composed of the chloride salt of aniline, a triarylmethane dye. Basic Fuchsin is used as a red dye for fibers of cotton, acrylic, polyester, nylon, and paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Bascic Fuchsine; Basic Violet 14, hydrochloride; CI 42510; rosaniline chloride
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|basic fuchsin.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Risks ==
* Contact may cause irritation. 
* Toxic by ingestion causing methemoglobinemia. 
* Potential carcinogen. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Slightly soluble in water.
Composition 	C20H20ClN3
CAS 	632-99-5
Melting Point 	250 C (dec)
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 337.84
Category:Materials database