nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Raymond J. Di Sanza

__NOTOC__ 
Ray Di Sanza is a senior vice president at Charles Schwab & Co., Inc and leads the custody & asset servicing group in operational services. This team has responsibility for the safe custody and servicing of client assets held by Charles Schwab on behalf of its clients. Sanza's responsibilities include corporate actions, cashiering, margin, security master, P&S and settlement operations, cost basis and tax reporting. Prior to his current role, he was responsible for the creation of Schwab's Operational Services Control team, as well as holding multiple operational positions in his 14 year career. He joined Schwab as the vice president of the corporate actions area.
== Background ==
Before joining Schwab, Sanza spent 22 years at Smith Barney in various operational roles, including core brokerage operations, stock record and control, mutual funds operations and Stock Plan Services.
He served on the board of directors of the Corporate Actions Division of the SIA (now SIFMA) and was president of the division from 1988 through 1989. He also served on the board of the Securities Operations Division of the SIA, and is currently a member of the SIFMA Private Client Operations Committee.
== Education ==
He holds the FINRA Series 7, 9/10, 24 and 27 licenses and has successfully completed the FINRA at Wharton curriculum to earn the designation of Certified Regulatory and Compliance Professional (CRCP).
== References ==
Raymond Kahn

__NOTOC__ 
Raymond Kahn is a New York based bank executive who joined the Intercontinental Exchange on Jan. 3, 2017 to focus on ICE’s interest rates business. 
Before joining ICE, Kahn had his own firm, Archon Capital Advisors, which focused on the use of blockchain technology in the post-trade and settlement space. 
Earlier he was a managing director at Barclays, where he was in charge of the development of Barclay’s OTC clearing platform from inception and managed the firm’s FCM. He was also an active participant on global industry groups including FIA’s Executive and Tech committees. He joined Barclay’s as part of its acquisition of Lehman Brothers in 2008. 
== Background ==
Kahn previously worked for Lehman Brothers from 2001 to 2008.
== Education ==
Kahn has an MBA in Finance from the Wharton School of Business and a BA in Economics from the University of Michigan.
== References ==
Raymond L. D'Arcy

__NOTOC__ 
Raymond L. D'Arcy has been president and chief executive officer of Interactive Data since March 2009 and has been with the company for 30 years. 
== Background ==
Prior to becoming CEO of Interactive Data, D'Arcy held a number of senior level positions in sales, marketing, product management and finance. His responsibilities included building the companies US mutual fund industry, helping integrate the Company's institutional sales and product development teams in his role as president of the Data Delivery Business and creating the Major Accounts Group to centralize client-facing activities.
== Education ==
D'Arcy graduated with a degree in accounting from Boston College and an MBA from Babson College.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Interactive Data
Raymond M. Tierney III

__NOTOC__ 
Raymond M. Tierney III is the chief executive officer and president of Bloomberg Tradebook, LLC, an electronic agency broker for institutional traders, broker-dealers, hedge fund managers, plan sponsors, market makers and portfolio managers worldwide.
== Background ==
Prior to joining Bloomberg, Tierney was at Morgan Stanley for 16 years, starting in 1994 as an executive director and senior sales trader. He was elected a managing director in 1998 and named head of North America cash sales trading in 2004. Tierney became global head of equity trading for Morgan Stanley Investment Management in 2006, responsible for leading MSIM’s worldwide trading efforts. He started his Wall Street career as a trader at Paine Webber (1981-1986), and served as a vice president at First Boston (1986-1991) and as a vice president and sales trader at UBS Warburg (1991-1994). 
== Education ==
Tierney received a bachelor of arts from Villanova University. He is on the board of directors of the National Organization of Investment Professionals (NOIP) and serves as executive director of The Mike Foundation. Tierney also is involved with Wings Over Wall Street and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Bloomberg
Category:Bloomberg Tradebook
Raymond Ma

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__NOTOC__ 
Raymond Ma is a veteran journalist and corporate communications professional who serves as the managing editor of China Business Knowledge. He also previously served as an associate editor, metals & mining news
for S&P Global Market Intelligence.
He also previously served as a Hong Kong-based corporate communications manager for the Hong Kong Mercantile Exchange.
== Background ==
Prior to joining the Hong Kong Mercantile Exchange in 2010, Ma was a journalist. He held various positions with the South China Morning Post from 2001 to 2008 and also worked as a freelance journalist from 2009 to 2010.
== Education ==
The University of Hong Kong, BBA, Marketing, 1998 – 2001
== References ==
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Category:Hong Kong Mercantile Exchange - Former Employees
Category:Corporate Communications Professionals
Category:Journalists
Category:S&P - Former Employees
Raymond Tamayo

__NOTOC__
Raymond Tamayo is Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer (CIO) at OCC. He joined OCC in 2010 and is responsible for all Technology Services. 
== Background ==
Previously Tamayo served as Director of IT development and infrastructure management for the Commercial Business and Leasing Group at Citigroup and has over 20 years of experience in management-level IT and operational positions. Before working at Citigroup, he founded a start-up management consulting firm. Prior to that Tamayo served in many capacities at HSBC Securities including Managing Director and Chief Information Officer.
== Education ==
He has a Bachelor of Science in Finance & Marketing from Boston College.
== References ==	
Category:OCC
Category:Options Clearing Corporation
Raymond W. Carmichael

Ray Carmichael is a retired, Michigan-based public relations professional. 
Previously, he served as director of Professional Schools Ministries at InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/US. 
Formerly, he was a co-founder of Strategics, Inc., a Chicago-based public relations firm. 
He reestablished Strategics in 2012 after having combined the firm with another called Vivid Ascent. He founded Vivid Ascent, along with Dan O'Brien. 
== Background ==
Carmichael co-founded Vivid Ascent in 2009 as a marketing communications and public relations firm with a foundation of more than 20 years of consulting in the financial services industries.
He had previously founded Strategics, Inc., a public relations agency that primarily represented international exchanges, brokerage firms, technology providers and financial institutions in the futures, options and securities markets.
While building Strategics, Carmichael developed the largest futures, options and securities client representation, including: LIFFE, LME, London Clearing House, Futures and Options Association, Sydney Futures Exchange, Tokyo International Financial Futures Exchange, Hong Kong Futures Exchange, CBOE, CME, ICE, Nasdaq Futures, Chicago Stock Exchange, Cargill Investment Services, FX Solutions, AlphaMetrix, optionsXpress, Trading Technologies , Rothschild Investment Corp. and UBS.
Earlier Carmichael was managing partner in Trimedia Chicago, Inc., a financial public relations and marketing firm.
Carmichael was vice president of public relations for the Chicago Board of Trade from 1980 to 1990. From 1974 to 1980 he was a director of public relations for the American Red Cross chapters in Chicago and Cincinnati, OH and taught crises communications and fund raising for the American National Red Cross organization. 
Carmichael is an accredited member of the Public Relations Society of America and served as president of the Chicago chapter in 1987/88. He also served on its board of directors from 1981-1989.
During his tenure at the Chicago Board of Trade, Carmichael developed the first media education material and introduction to debt futures.
He created and implemented the LIFFE/CBOT cooperative media strategy when the two exchanges collaborated on financial futures products.
Carmichael developed the first East Asian media information and education program of any U.S. exchange while at the CBOT. He was also the first to conduct a cooperative Chinese/U.S. open press conference.
== Education ==
Carmichel holds a bachelor's degree in communications and political science from Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio, and a master's degree in business administration from Loyola University in Chicago.
==Video==
 
 
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Public Relations Professionals
Category:Former CBOT Executives
Category:Vivid Ascent - Former Employees
Category:Strategics, Inc. - Former Employees
Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)

A REIT (Real Estate Investment Trust) invests directly in real estate, either through properties or mortgages, and is traded as a security on a stock exchange. REITs tend to offer investors high yields, and they receive special tax considerations.
*Equity REITs invest in and own properties. Revenue comes principally from their properties' rents.
*Mortgage REITs deal invest in property mortgages. They lend money for mortgages to owners of real estate, or purchase existing mortgages or mortgage-backed securities. Revenues come primarily from the interest that they earn on the mortgage loans.
*Hybrid REITs invest in both properties and mortgages.
Individuals can invest in REITs by buying shares on an exchange or by investing in a mutual fund that specializes in real estate. REITs usually pay dividends and often offer dividend reinvestment plans. Some REITS invest in a specific type of real estate, such as shopping malls or office buildings, or in one specific region. 
To qualify as a REIT in the U.S., a company must comply with certain rules specified in the Internal Revenue Code. These include: investing at least 75 percent of total assets in real estate; deriving at least 75 percent of gross income as rents from real property or interest from mortgages on real property; and distributing annually at least 90 percent of taxable income to shareholders in the form of dividends.
== History ==
Congress created REITs in the U.S. in 1960 as a way to make investment in large-scale, income-producing real estate accessible to all investors in the same way they typically invest otherwise – through the purchase and sale of liquid securities. Before listed real estate equities were created, investing in commercial real estate equity as a core asset was limited to institutions and wealthy individuals with the wherewithal to invest directly in real estate.
== References ==
Category:Investments
Category:Real Estate Investments
Real estate

Real estate as an asset class is sometimes considered synonymous with property but is usually distinguished as improved or developed property; land that has been or is ready to be build upon. Net global household real estate worth has declined significantly from its peak in 2005, with U.S. residential real estate losing almost $2 trillion in the first three quarters of 2008.
== The real thing ==
Real estate is generally divided into residential and commercial (and sometimes industrial), with residential considered the most important because it is the most widely held. Residential real estate is an especially popular retail investment because it is tax advantaged by mortgage-interest deductions and the 1031 exchange rules for investment real estate. Real estate is considered the asset itself whereas real property is considered the legal context of ownership.
The value of real estate assets held by households in the U.S. and elsewhere grew steadily in the decade to 2007, thanks largely to the expansion of credit markets and the growth of mortgage-backed securities. According to St. Louis Federal Reserve President William Poole, the total figure for U.S. household real estate assets reached almost $18 trillion by the end of 2006, the last year of the most recent expansion, while a recent Forbes report in December, 2008 put the size of the U.S. real estate market (not necessarily the same thing) at $6.5 trillion.
== Latest news ==
U.S. residential real estate values lost $1.9 trillion, or 8.4 percent, over the first three quarters of 2008 as fallout from the global credit crisis struck ordinary householders. That left more than 14 percent of U.S. home mortgages "under water", where the amount owed on the mortgage is greater than the home's current market price. Some communities in California and Florida saw real-estate price declines of 25-40 percent while others, such as Utica in upstate New York, saw increases of more than five percent.
== References ==
Rebecca M. Blank

__NOTOC__ 
Rebecca M. Blank is the deputy secretary at the Commerce Department. In June of 2011, it became known that President Barack Obama was considering Blank to head his Council of Economic Advisers and replace Austan Goolsbee.
In her position at the Commerce Department, Blank is the department’s chief operating officer, overseeing its 12 bureaus. She has served since June 2009 as principal economic adviser to Commerce Secretary Gary Locke.
Blank is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Fellow of the Society of Labor Economists, and a lifetime associate at the National Academies of Science. She has served in a wide variety of advisory and professional roles, including service on the boards of directors of MDRC, the Economic Policy Institute, and the Urban Institute. She was a long-time faculty affiliate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, vice president of the American Economic Association, and president of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. 
Blank was inducted as an Eleanor Roosevelt Fellow by the American Academy of Political and Social Science in recognition of her distinguished scholarship in the social sciences.
== Background ==
Blank is the former dean of the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan, and served during the late 1990s as one of three members of President Bill Clinton’s Council of Economic Advisers. 
She is also a former professor of economics at the Northwestern University and served as director of the Northwestern University/University of Chicago Joint Center for Poverty Research.
== Resources ==
* Brookings Institution: Rebecca M. Blank's Published Works
* Curriculum Vitae Rebecca M. Blank
== Books ==
*Is the Market Moral?: A Dialogue on Religion, Economics, and Justice, (Brookings Institution Press, 2003, with William McGurn) - 978-0815710219
== Education ==
Blank is a summa cum laude graduate in Economics from the University of Minnesota and holds a Ph.D. in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
== References ==
Category:Authors
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:Government Officials
Rebecca Wing

Rebecca J. Wing is general counsel for Peregrine Financial Group (PFGBEST.com), a futures commission merchant located in Chicago. 
She is one of a handful of top Peregrine Financial Group executives to remain on the payroll to help wind down the firm's operations after it filed for bankruptcy protection in July 2012 in the wake of its CEO's attempted suicide and the discovery that he had been embezzling customer money. 
== Background ==
Wing's legal experience has revolved around the investment industry since the 1980s when she was a principal with the law firm Bellows and Bellows, P.C. (1988-1997), in Chicago. She has practiced before the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the National Futures Association, Securities and Exchange Commission, National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., New York Stock Exchange, Chicago Board of Trade, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Chicago Board Options Exchange and other exchanges.
Admitted to the Colorado Bar Association in 1987 and the Illinois Bar Association in 1988, Wing also is admitted to the federal bars before the U.S. District Court for the following Districts: Northern District of Illinois (including the Trial Bar), District of Colorado; Central District of Illinois, Western District of Wisconsin and Western District of Michigan.
== Education ==
She holds a Bachelor of Science in Finance from Illinois State University, and received a Juris Doctorate degree from the University of Denver College of Law. 
 
== References ==
Category:FCM Executives
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:PFGBEST.com
Recession

The informal definition of a recession is two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth. The National Bureau of Economic Research - a private organization of academic economists - is, however, the official arbiter of when recessions begin.
The NBER designates the beginning of a recession months after it has started and designates its ending months (or sometimes years) after it has ended. According to NBER, a recession is "a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales. A recession begins just after the economy reaches a peak of activity and ends as the economy reaches its trough. Between trough and peak, the economy is in an expansion," the normal state of the economy. 
The NBER has reviewed historical and current economic data to designate 33 American economic recessions since 1854. 
The most recent recession lasted from December of 2007 to June of 2009, according to NBER. The Business Cycle Dating Committee of the NBER determined in late September of 2010 that a trough in business activity occurred in the U.S. economy in June of 2009. According to the NBER, the trough marked the end of the recession that began in December 2007 and the beginning of an expansion. The recession lasted 18 months, which makes it the longest of any recession since World War II. Previously the longest postwar recessions were those of 1973-75 and 1981-82, both of which lasted 16 months.
The previous recession lasted from March 2001 through November 2001, but it wasn’t until November 2001 that the NBER pinpointed March 2001 as the beginning of the recession; and it wasn’t until July 2003 that it determined precisely when the recession had ended. 
==Also See==
*Depression
== Resources ==
*National Bureau of Economic Research Website
*Recession on Wikipedia
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Recognised Market Operator

A Recognised Market Operator (RMO) is a type of license issued by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) to entities that operate a stock market or derivatives market in Singapore. This license is granted under the Securities and Futures Act 2001 (SFA).
== Overview ==
The RMO license allows the holder to operate an alternative trading venue, marketplace or facility that brings together buyers and sellers of capital market products in Singapore. It is distinct from the Approved Exchange (AE) license, which is for operators of traditional stock or derivatives exchanges and subjects them to more stringent regulatory requirements.
To obtain an RMO license, applicants must meet certain criteria set by MAS, including having a permanent place of business or registered office in Singapore, appointing directors who are Singapore citizens or permanent residents, and maintaining minimum capital requirements. The specific capital requirements depend on whether the applicant seeks a Standard Payment Institution (SPI) license with a transaction threshold limit, or a Major Payment Institution (MPI) license without any threshold.
== Regulatory Framework ==
RMOs are subject to ongoing regulatory requirements and supervision by MAS to ensure fair, orderly and transparent market operations. This includes rules on cybersecurity, anti-money laundering, counter-terrorism financing, business conduct, and product due diligence.
MAS may impose additional terms and conditions on RMOs commensurate with the risk profile, nature and scope of their operations. For example, RMOs operating digital asset exchanges (DAX) have specific requirements related to managing risks associated with trading digital tokens and cryptocurrencies.
== Comparison with Other Jurisdictions ==
The RMO framework in Singapore is broadly similar to the "recognized market" concept used in other jurisdictions like Malaysia, where operators must be registered with the Securities Commission under the Capital Markets and Services Act 2007.
However, there are some differences in specific eligibility criteria and capital requirements between the two countries. Malaysia mandates local incorporation for DAX operators, while Singapore only requires a local presence.
== References ==
Category:Regulatory Licences
Recognised Overseas Clearing House

Recognised Overseas Clearing House status (ROCH) is a status granted by the Financial Services Authority (FSA) to organizations that it believes are acceptable to provide clearing and settlement facilities in the UK.
 
Recognition of the status enables a clearing house to increase its physical presence and marketing efforts in the UK. The ROCH status affords a clearing house equivalent insolvency protections to those afforded to a UK clearing house, and thereby supports the acceptance of UK firms as clearing members. 
== References ==
Category:Market Terms
Category:Definitions
Category:Clearing
RedSky Financial

RedSky Financial, LLC, is a privately-held Chicago-based broker-dealer specializing in electronic multi-asset class trading with an emphasis on exchange-traded equity derivative products. It was acquired by Investment Technology Group in 2007.
== History ==
In 2000, RedSky Financial was founded in Chicago. RedSky provided professional traders, hedge funds, institutions and proprietary trading groups with direct access to stocks, options, futures, foreign exchange and bonds through its proprietary R3 trading platform.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Investment Technology Group
Category:Acquired Companies