nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Lawrence Leibowitz

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Lawrence Leibowitz is a financial markets professional, banker, technology and exchange executive. He currently serves as the president and a board member of Crux Informatics. He is a member of the board of Cowen Inc., a broker dealer and investment management firm.
Formerly, he was the CEO of Incapture Technologies, financial markets focused technology firm. 
He also serves as a member of the board of directors of Enfusion, a provider of cloud-based investment management software, outsourced, middle & back office services and data analytics.
In October of 2016, Leibowitz was appointed to the board of CBL Markets, an environmental commodity marketplace company based in Australia and the U.S.
He is a member of the board of The Giving Compass and Sitehands.
Previously, he was the chief operating officer of NYSE Euronext. He was appointed to that post on March 3, 2010 and left in December of 2013 after NYSE was acquired by ICE.
At NYSE, he was responsible for business and product development for the U.S. cash markets, as well as for NYSE Euronext’s global technology systems and development and its U.S. options business. 
== Background ==
Leibowitz was a member of the NYSE Euronext management committee.
He was previously group executive vice president and head of U.S. markets and global technology for NYSE Euronext. 
Before joining NYSE Euronext, Leibowitz was chief operating officer with UBS Americas Equities. He joined UBS Americas Equities as a managing director in 2004 when the firm acquired Schwab Capital Markets. He was responsible for several areas including market structure, strategic planning, business analysis, regulatory control, and the broker services functions for the equities division. At Schwab, he was co-head of Schwab Capital Markets. 
Before joining Schwab in October of 2001, Leibowitz co-founded Bunker Capital, a quantitative hedge fund in 2006. He also served as CEO of REDIBook ECN and as managing director and head of program and quantitative trading at Credit Suisse First Boston. 
In addition to chairing the Nasdaq quality of market committee and serving on the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association’s (SIFMA) market structure committee, Leibowitz has been a speaker at numerous industry forums related to market structure.
Leibowitz is the older brother of comedian Jon Stewart of the Daily Show.
== Education ==
Leibowitz graduated from Princeton University with a degree in Economics.
== References ==	
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:NYSE Euronext
Category:NYSE Euronext - Former Employees
Category:Exchange Executives
Category:UBS
Category:Charles Schwab
Lawrence M. Schloss

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Lawrence Schloss has been the chairman and chief executive officer of Diamond Castle Holdings, LLC, a private equity investment firm, since September 2004. 
Schloss serves as a member of the board of directors of MF Global. He also serves on the board of directors of Performance Equity Management, LLC, the private equity affiliate of General Motors Investment Management Corporation, the executive committee of the New York City Police & Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund, and is the chair of the Tulane University President’s Council. 
 
== Background ==
Prior to founding Diamond Castle Holdings, LLC in 2004, Schloss was global head of Credit Suisse First Boston Private Equity and a member of the Credit Suisse First Boston executive board. Prior to Credit Suisse First Boston, he was chairman of Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette's Merchant Banking Group from 1995. He joined Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette in 1978 as an investment banker. 
== Education ==
Schloss received a B.A. cum laude from Tulane University and an MBA from The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. 
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:MF Global - Former Board Member
Lawrence Peirson

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Lawrence Peirson is head of the London market hub for Banca IMI, the investment bank subsidiary of Intesa Sanpaolo, one of the largest banking groups in Italy. He joined the bank in April 2016, one month after stepping down from a role in sales and client development at CME Group. 
He is also a former trustee of the Futures for Kids Charity Trust. 
== Background ==
Born in Caracas, Venezuela and raised in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Peirson began his career in the financial services industry in 1989 as a stock broker in Madrid. In 1993, he moved into futures and options, working middle and back office at Ahorro Corporation Financiera. After that, he served as head of derivatives operations at Central Hispano Bolsa. From there, he moved over to BZW Futures, which later became Barclays Capital in London.
At Barclays, Peirson was manager of futures clearing sales, responsible for developing and growing its European business. In 1999, he moved up to associate director and then to director and European head of futures and options in 2002. In this role, he oversaw client relationships in futures and options for the bank's prime services division.
In 2011, Peirson left Barclays to become head of futures sales and marketing at SEB Enskilda. 
He joined CME Group in 2013 in a strategic account management role, and moved to the client development in 2015, where he remained until departing in 2016. 
Peirson speaks several languages including English, Spanish and Italian.
== Education ==
Peirson earned a bachelor's degree in history from Colby College in 1987. 
== References ==
Lawrence Schulman

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Lawrence Schulman is the owner and CEO of Cheiron Trading LLC, a Chicago-based futures trading firm.
He is the president of the board of the American Blues Theater in Chicago.
== Background ==
Previously, Schulman was managing director at Goldenberg Hehmeyer and an economist at the Chicago Board of Trade.
Early in his 20-year career, while at the CBOT, he was a key member of the team that developed the options on the T-bond futures contract. 
== Education ==
Schulman has an MBA in Finance from The University of Chicago's Booth School of Business and a BA in Math-Economics from Wesleyan University.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Cheiron Trading LLC
Category:University of Chicago
Lawrence Wong

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Lawrence Wong is a Beijing-based exchange executive who is the head China Business at the Singapore Exchange (SGX). 
He represents SGX across seven collaborative councils set up by Singapore with Guangdong, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Tianjin and Zhejiang to promote bilateral economic, business, trade and investment activities
== Background ==
Before joining SGX in 2006, Wong was general manager of a Schroders’ joint venture for greater China based in Shanghai.
He has also been with OCBC Bank in a senior management role.
== Education ==
== References ==	
 
Category:Exchange Executives
Category:Singapore
Category:SGX
Laws Governing Futures Trading in China

Futures trading in China is governed by the Administrative Regulations on Futures Trading and accompanying administrative measures separately regulating futures exchanges, futures brokerage companies, and futures industry personnel, as well as other trial measures related to IB (introductory broker) business, financial futures clearing business, and risk management requirements.
==Administrative Regulations on Futures Trading==
Main article: Administrative Regulations on Futures Trading
The Administrative Regulations on Futures Trading were passed by the 168th meeting of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China on February 7, 2007, promulgated as Decree of the State Council of the People's Republic of China No.489 on March 6, 2007, and took effect on April 15, 2007 .
==Measures for the Administration of Futures Exchanges==
The Measures for the Administration of Futures Exchanges were deliberated and adopted at the 203rd chairmen’s meeting of China Securities Regulatory Commission on March 28, 2007, promulgated as Order of China Securities Regulatory Commission No.42 on April 9, 2007, and took effect on April 15, 2007 .
==Measures for the Administration of Futures Companies==
The Measures for the Administration of Futures Companies were deliberated and adopted at the 203rd chairmen’s meeting of China Securities Regulatory Commission on March 28, 2007, promulgated as Order of China Securities Regulatory Commission No.43 on April 9, 2007, and took effect on April 15, 2007 .
==Measures for the Administration of Futures Practitioners==
The Measures for the Administration of Futures Practitioners were deliberated and adopted at the 207th chairmen’s meeting of China Securities Regulatory Commission on July 4, 2007, promulgated as Order of China Securities Regulatory Commission No.48, and took effect on the same day .
==Measures for the Post-holding Qualifications of Directors, Supervisors and Senior Managers of Futures Companies==
The Measures for the Administration of Futures Practitioners were deliberated and adopted at the 207th chairmen’s meeting of China Securities Regulatory Commission on July 4, 2007, promulgated as Order of China Securities Regulatory Commission No.47, and took effect on the same day .
==Trial Measures for the Provision of Intermediary Services by Securities Companies to Futures Companies==
==Trial Measures for the Financial Futures Clearing Business of Futures Companies==
==Trial Measures for the Administration of Risk Control Indicators of Futures==
==Futures Practitioners Standards of Practice==
== References ==
Category:China
Category:Futures Market in China
Category:Laws Governing Futures Trading in China
Layering

Layering is a trading practice that involves the submission of multiple orders on one side of the order book - say, buy orders - to create the impression of liquidity in a stock or other trading instrument when the trader's actual intention is ultimately to trade in the opposite direction. The trader then quickly cancels or withdraws the orders, and then makes real trades if prices have moved to the trader's advantage.
FinTech firm Trillium offers this definition:
Layering is the act of placing multiple visible non-bona fide orders with the intent of creating a false impression of supply or demand, thereby pushing market prices to levels at which the participant can obtain opposite-side executions at more favorable prices than would have otherwise been possible.
Also See: "spoofing"
== References ==
Category:Trading
Layne G. Carlson

Layne G. Carlson is treasurer and corporate secretary for the Minneapolis Grain Exchange (MGEX).
Carlson is responsible for documenting and maintaining official records and minutes for the exchange. This includes ownership and membership records as well as rules and regulations. Carlson also keeps financial records and manages all banking functions for the exchange.
== Background ==
He began his career at the MGEX as an investigator in the audits and investigations department in 1991. He accepted the positions of corporate secretary and treasurer at the exchange in 2005. 
When not working at the exchange, he likes to take his motorcycle out to work on the family farm. He also has his pilot’s license and enjoys fishing. 
==John Lothian News Interview==
Layne Carlson Tells the Story Behind MGEX’s Apple Juice Contract
The Minneapolis Grain Exchange, now known as MGEX, launched Apple Juice Concentrate (AJC) futures and options on August 13, 2012. We asked Layne Carlson, corporate secretary and treasurer of the exchange, for the story behind the new Apple Juice contract. Interview by JLN publisher John Lothian. Published August 23, 2012. Watch at JohnLothianNews.com
== Education ==
He obtained a B.S. in Accounting from LeTourneau University in Longview, Texas, and a J.D. from the University of Minnesota Law School before being admitted to the Minnesota Bar. 
== References ==	
Category:MGEX
Category:Minneapolis Grain Exchange
Lazard Group LLC

Lazard Group LLC provides financial advisory and asset management services to corporations, partnerships, institutions, governments, and high-net worth individuals.
Lazard operates from 39 cities across 24 countries in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Central and South America. The firm provides advice on mergers and acquisitions, strategic matters, restructuring and capital structure, capital raising and corporate finance, as well as asset management services to corporations, partnerships, institutions, governments, and individuals. 
== History ==
The firm has origins dating back to 1848. Immediately prior to completing an initial public offering, Lazard spun off Lazard Capital Markets and Lazard Alternative Investments, which are no longer part of Lazard.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Asset Managers
Lebanese pound

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 The Lebanese pound (LBP} has been issued by Lebanon's central bank, the Bank of Lebanon, as the nation's official currency for over sixty years following a period of joint currency with Syria linked to the French franc. Although volatile during recent civil wars, the Lebanese pound (ticker symbol LBP) has recently stabilized in value due to its fixed peg with the U.S. dollar and the conservative monetary policy of the central bank's governor, Riad Salamé.
== Background ==
Lebanon began issuing its own money named the Lebanese Pound in 1949, a year after termininating an agreement with France, its former colonial ruler, that had linked Lebanon's previous currency, the Lebanese-Syria pound (LSP), to the franc (FFR). The LSP's rate was fixed at 20 to the FFR until 1939 and joint Lebanese-Syria pound banknotes were issued until 1948, the year Lebanon's parliament passed the Money and Credit Code that established both the Bank of Lebanon (BofL) and the Lebanese pound.
The currency's recent history has been turbulent, especially during the protracted civil wars of the 1970s and 1980s but has since stabilized. The Lebanese pound was first pegged to the U.S. dollar (USD) in 1999, a policy widely credited with restoring the currency's stability and political support. Currently its value is around 1,500 LBP to the USD. 
== Coinage ==
The BofL currently issues 14 denominations of LBP banknotes a value of one LBP up to 100,000 - including the 1,000 pound note shown above - and five denominations of LBP coins up to 500 LBP. The Lebanese pound is divided into 100 piastres and the BofL issues four denominations of piastre coins, the lowest with a value of five piastres and the highest 50 piastres.
== Latest news ==
Bank of Lebanon Governor Riad Salamé recently cited the Lebanese pound's stability as a key economic factor likely to drive Lebanon's economic growth at around 4% for 2009. He added that the BofL expects retail deposits of Lebanese pounds in local banks to increase more than 12% annually for 2009 despite last year's global financial crisis.
== References ==
LedgerEdge

LedgerEdge is the first fully regulated, DLT-enabled platform for trading corporate bonds. It is a decentralized platform regulated as a multilateral trading facility (MTF) by the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). The platform is built on distributed ledger technology so traders can use smart contracts to minimize the amount of information they release to the market. It went live in May 2022. 
It integrated with S&P Global’s thinkFolio platform in May 2022 to allow mutual clients to access DLT enabled corporate bond liquidity and trading services.
== History ==
LedgerEdge was founded in 2020 by David Nicol and David Rutter. Trading went live on LedgerEdge in May 2022. The platform is powered by R3’s Corda, a scalable, permissioned peer-to-peer distributed platform that supports applications which foster and deliver digital trust between parties in regulated markets.
The system went operational with 45 firms in the UK MTF and 70 globally either trading on the platform or in the onboarding process. These included seven out of the top 10 sell-side dealers as well as more than 30 major asset managers.
Seth Johnson joined LedgerEdge as a strategic advisor in June 2022.
== Products and Services ==
Corporate bond trading
== Key People ==
*David Nicol, Chief Executive Officer and Co-Founder
*David Rutter, Co-Founder
*Seth Johnson, Strategic Advisor
== References ==
Lee A. Freeman Sr.

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Lee A. Freeman Sr. was an attorney and civic leader and non-profit patron who was a senior partner in Freeman, Freeman & Salzman and a Chicago attorney for 60 years. He also was a former general counsel of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. He died in March 1995. 
== Background ==
Freeman was one of the first lawyers to use Rule 23 of federal civil procedure. According to the Chicago Tribune, he used the rule in class action suits to recover damages for state and public agencies that had been overcharged as a result of price fixing conspiracies affecting the products they had purchased.
An arts patron, Freeman and his wife, Brena, established the composer-in-residence program at the Lyric Opera. They also funded the Nelson Algren Awards for the best American short stories, a competition that was taken over by the Chicago Tribune in 1988.
== Education ==
Freeman graduated from Syracuse University and from Northwestern University Law School. He began his career as an assistant Illinois attorney general.
He later established the Lee and Brena Freeman chair at the University of Chicago Law School.
== References ==	
Category:Lawyers
Category:Chicago Mercantile Exchange
Category:Chicago Mercantile Exchange - Former Employees
Category:Deceased
Lee B. Stern

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Lee B. Stern is a long-time financial market participant who founded Lee B. Stern and Company, a clearing member of the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) and LBS LP. He has been a member at the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) for more than 57 years and was profiled by CME Group's Open Markets as the world's "Longest Serving Futures Trader." 
In 2019, Stern was inducted into the Futures Industry Association's Futures Hall of Fame, which was established in 2005 to commemorate outstanding contributions to the global futures and options community. 
Stern owns a minority interest in the Chicago White Sox and is also known as the founder of professional soccer in Chicago. (He founded the Chicago Sting of the North American Soccer League in 1974 and is a member of the United States Soccer Hall of Fame.)
== Background ==
He served in the U.S. Army Air Corps at the end of World War II. 
Stern began his career as a clerk for Merrill Lynch in December 1947. After a successful run of 20 years in futures and options trading, Stern opened the clearing firm Lee B. Stern & Company in 1967.
In October of 1992, Darrell Zimmerman and Anthony Catalfo attempted to manipulate the U.S. Treasury bond futures and options market at the CBOT. Catalfo reportedly profited by $1,500,000, but Zimmerman lost nearly $9,000,000, for which his clearing firm, Lee B. Stern & Company, was liable. After an initial suspension of trading and clearing privileges of the three principals of the Lee B. Stern & Company - Lee Stern, his son Daniel Stern, and Lester Moucher - the CBOT had the suspension expunged.
A book chronicling his life was written by Stern and Neal Samors. The book is titled A Kid From The Windy City.
== Education ==
Stern attended Roosevelt University in Chicago.
==John Lothian Profiles==
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:CBOT Members
Category:John Lothian Profiles
Category:Futures Hall of Fame Members
Lee Betsill

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Lee Betsill is a Chicago-based exchange and risk professional who serves as the managing director and chief risk officer of ]]CME Clearing]]. Previously, he had served as CEO of CME Clearing Europe, but returned to Chicago in June of 2015 as managing director, global clearing operations at CME Clearing.
Betsill also serves as a member of the executive board of CCP Global, the global association for central counterparties (“CCPs”), representing 42 members who operate over 60 individual CCPs globally across the Americas, EMEA and the Asia-Pacific region.
Before becoming CEO of CME Clearing Europe in July of 2013, Betsill was chief operating officer and managing director for CME Clearing Europe, the London-based clearing arm of CME Group, Inc. He also sits on the company's board of directors.
== Background ==
Betsill began his career on the floor of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, but moved to the clearing side in 1994 with the OM Group's Stockholmsbörsen, (now part of NASDAQ OMX. He acted as the head of clearing for OMLX, the London-based derivatives exchange, for seven years, until 2006, when he became a managing director of the London Stock Exchange and head of its EDX London subsidiary. 
Betsill left EDX in December 2009 to take the COO role at CME Clearing Europe.
== Education ==
In 1984, Betsill earned a bachelor's degree in finance from the University of Wyoming. In 1989 he received a master's degree in information management from the Thunderbird School of Global Management. 
== References ==	
Category:OM Group - Former Employees
Category:London Stock Exchange - Former Employees
Category: CME Group
Category: MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Lee C. Bollinger

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Lee C. Bollinger is president of Columbia University in New York. He is also on the faculty of the Columbia Law School. He has led Columbia since 2002 and is its nineteenth president.
Bollinger is a constitutional scholar and has served on the board of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York since 2006.
== Background ==
Bollinger was dean of the University of Michigan Law School in Ann Arbor from 1987 to 1994. As president of the University of Michigan, Bollinger was the defendant in two 1997 lawsuits that challenged the school’s policies of considering race in admissions. In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court said Michigan’s law school could consider the race of applicants. At the same time, the court ruled that the school’s method of awarding points to minority applicants was too “narrowly tailored” to achieve the school’s stated wish for diversity on campus. 
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category:University Professors
Category:Educators
Lee Griggs

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Lee Griggs is president of EMEA at Itiviti, a Stockholm-based software firm established in 2016 to combine two subsidiaries, Orc Group and CameronTec.
== Background ==
Griggs joined Orc Group as a trading software analyst in 2000. He became a managing director in its London office in 2006 and the following year was named vice president of sales. In 2010 he became head of EMEA, a role which continued after the creation of the combined entity.
== Education ==
In 1996, Griggs earned a bachelor of science in geology and geophysics from the University of Leicester.
== References ==
Lee Ju-Yeol

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Mr. Lee is the senior deputy governor of the Bank of Korea. 
== Background ==
Mr. Lee joined the Bank in 1977. He has worked in economic statistics department, the foreign exchange and research departments. He moved into the monetary policy department in 2005 and became senior deputy governor in April 2009.
== Education ==
Mr. Lee received B.A. in Business Management from Yonsei University in 1977 and a Masters in Economics from the Pennsylvania State University.
== References ==
Category:Central Bankers
Category:Korea
Lee M. Amaitis

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Lee M. Amaitis is vice chairman of BGC Partners. He previously served as co-chief executive of the company.
Amaitis was formerly a senior executive of Cantor Fitzgerald and eSpeed. He played a key role in the recovery of Cantor Fitzgerald and eSpeed after the devastation on September 11, 2001 and in the re-building of its voice brokerage business, which became BGC.
Amaitis is actively involved with a number of charities and fund raising events around the world, in particular for disabled and disadvantaged children.
== Background ==
Amaitis joined Cantor Fitzgerald as senior managing director in New York in 1995 after nearly two decades in the fixed income market. He moved to London in 1996 to oversee European operations. He drove the expansion of Cantor Fitzgerald International into a wide range of businesses, including interest rate derivatives, cross currency trading and basis trading. He also secured the firm's membership in a variety of exchanges and clearing houses.
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:BGC Partners