nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Cellulose triacetate

== Description ==
Cellulose acetate resin with more than 92% of the hydroxyls replaced with acetate. Cellulose triacetate was first developed by Schutzenberger in 1865. However, it was a tough hard plastic that contained high amounts of acids and was only soluble in expensive chlorinated solvents. Small amounts of triacetate film were produced by Eastman-Kodak in 1908. Fiber production from cellulose triacetate was not commercially viable until the mid-1950s when economical solvents became available. Triacetate is a durable fiber that is resistant to wrinkles, stains, chemicals, sunlight, insects and moisture. It should not be dry-cleaned but is not degraded by normal laundering. It dries quickly in air or cool driers and maintains its shape without ironing. Triacetate is a crisp, firm fabric that is often used in taffetas and suitings. It is used in drip-dry clothing, tablecloths, skirts and slacks. It is often used in wool blends to increase washability and crease retention.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cellulose acetate; CTA; triacetate; triacetato de celulosa (Esp.); triacétate de cellulose (Fr.); cellulose triacetaat (Ned); Arnel® [Celanese, America]; Tricel [British Celanese]; Trilan; primary acetate; JPS [Courtaulds]; Courpleta [Courtaulds]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in chloroform, methylene chloride, m-cresol, 90% phenol. Insoluble in acetone. Unaffected by dilute acids, alkalis and bleaches. 
Tenacity = 1.1-1.4 g/denier (dry); 0.7-0.8 g/denier (wet); Elongation 25-30% (dry); 30-40% (wet); Moisture regain = 2.5-3.5%; Melting Point = 300; Density = 1.32
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 170
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:II Man-made Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England
* Marjorie Shelley, The Care and Handling of Art Objects, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987
* Marjory L. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Fort Worth, TX, 1986
* Identification of Textile Materials, The Textile Institute, Manchester, England, 1985
Category:Materials database
Celotex

== Description ==
[Celotex Company] A brand name for a variety of fiberboards made from bagasse (sugar cane waste) and/or mineral fibers. The Celotex Company was founded in 1925 to produce the insulating tiles and boards. Celotex products were treated to resist fungi, termites, and water. The boards had a rough, weblike surface that accepted paint well, but they became brittle and friable with age. Low-density Celotex boards were used in the 1930s for heat and sound insulation in such buildings as the White House, Washington D.C. and Rockefeller Center in New York City (Jester, 1995). The popular Acousti-Celotex ceiling tiles were perforated then stenciled with paints. Medium density fiberboard were used as supports for brick, siding, stucco, and roof shingles. In 1937, Celotex introduced Cemesto, a fire-resistant insulation board that was surfaced with asbestos cement. Cemesto was used in low-cost housing, gasoline stations, factories, and office buildings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fiberboard; Acousti-Celotex; Cemesto
==Resources and Citations==
* Celotex Website
* C. Gould, K. Konrad, K. Milley, R. Gallagher, "Fiberboard", in Twentieth-Century Building Materials, T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995. 
* "Celotex-Houses from Sugar Cane: Mr. Bror Dahlberg and His Company," Fortune 19 (Feb. 1939): 80-84.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 98
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Celotex Residential: www.celotex.com/products/residential
Category:Materials database
Celsius

== Description ==
The international scale for the measurement of temperature. Formerly called the centigrade scale, it was developed by Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, in 1742. The Celsius scale is set as a linear function of the thermometric properties of pure water. The freezing point of water at 1 atm (sea level) is designated 0 C, while the boiling point of water is designated as 100 C. The one hundred degree differential gave the scale its first name of centigrade. In 1948, the centigrade scale was officially designated as the Celsius scale in honor of its creator. 
The Celsius scale relates to the absolute Kelvin (K) scale by the equation: 
T (C) = T (K) - 273-15. 
The Celsius scale related to the archaic Fahrenheit (F) scale by the equation: 
T (C) = 0.555 [T (F) -32 ].
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
C; centigrade (old wording)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, E1142, 695-696, Jul-94
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Cement

== Description ==
1) A strong adhesive. Examples are rubber cement and cellulose cement. 
2) A finely powdered inorganic material that can be mixed with water then dried to form a solid, durable mass. Examples of cement materials are plaster, lime, pozzolan cement and portland cement.
3) A natural mineral material, usually chemically precipitated, that occurs in the spaces among the individual grains of a consolidated sedimentary rock, thereby binding the grains together as a rigid mass. Common cements are silica, carbonates, and iron oxides.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ciment (Fr.); caementum (Lat.); cement (Dan., Ned., Pol., Sven.); Zement (Deut.); cemento (Esp.); sement (Nor.); cimento (Port.);
== Additional Images ==
File:Portland.Cement.quarry.jpg|Portland cement quarry
File:Lehigh.Portland.Cement.jpg|Lehigh Portland cement quarry, Iola
File:Cement.limestone.quarry.jpg|Cement limestone quarry
File:PortlandCementCo_Iola.jpg|Portland cement company, Iola
== Resources and Citations ==
* Submitted information Comment: José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, 2009.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 172
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: Cement. Retrieved May 25, 2003.
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Glyn E. Daniel, ed., Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York, 1977
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement (Accessed Mar. 1, 2006)
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Cement fondu

== Description ==
A cement containing calcium aluminate (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ciment fondu (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Cement mortar

== Description ==
Any cement used for mortar of masonry walls. Masonry cements usually start with a portland cement base with hydrated lime, crushed limestone, diatomaceous earth, or granulated slag additions to aid in spreading.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
mortier de ciment (Fr.); plâtre à enduit (Fr.); argamassa de cimento (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 173
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Ivan Myjer, contributed information, 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Cement steel

== Description ==
Steel produced by the cementation of wrought iron or mild iron with powdered charcoal.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
converted steel; blister steel; acier cémenté (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Cement stone

== Description ==
A calcareous stone, such as limestone, that is ground and used in the production of hydraulic cement.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 172
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Cementite

== Description ==
A hard, brittle material composed of iron carbide. Cementite is present in nearly all iron-carbon alloys, such as steel and cast iron. It is a metastable phase that will decompose to form graphite and iron. Although in steel, this decomposition rarely occurs. Most cast irons contain some free graphite because the silicon content of cast iron makes cementite less stable.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
iron carbide; cohenite; Železo (Ces.); Zementit (Deut.); cémenite (Fr.); cementiet (Ned.); cementyt (Pol.); cementite (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 156
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_carbide (Accessed Mar. 1, 2006)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Center for the Preservation of World Cultural Heritage

= Hornemann Institut =
The Hornemann Institute supports the world-wide transfer of current scientific results in the field of conservation-restoration by providing online-publications (including papers, theses as well as project and research reports), online training courses, a WIKI on salt damage, annotated link lists and a series of publications. The latest project is a European illustrated glossary on conservation terms for wall paintings and architectonic surfaces
Web Address 	http://www.hornemann-institut.de
Postal Address 	HAWK Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen 
Hornemann Institut 
Kardinal-Bertram-Strasse 36 
31134 HILDESHEIM (Germany)
Contact 	info@hornemann-institut.de
Information Online	Courses / workshops
E-publications
Wiki
Glossary
Books / brochures / articles
Publishes info sheets
Searchable 	Yes
Categories 	Research / training
Technical info
Bibliographic information
Website Languages 	English
German
Category:Directory
Category:Directory: Grant / funding organization
Category:Directory: Research / training
Category:Directory: Technical info
Category:Directory: Bibliographic information
Central American mahogany

== Description ==
A timber from the tree, Swietenia macrophylla, native to Central and South America. Central American mahogany has a straight grain and fine, uniform texture. The reddish brown heartwood gives a lustrous surface when polished. Cuban mahogany is used for furniture, cabinetwork, airplane propellers, veneer, and printers blocks.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Swietenia macrophylla; mogno americano (Port.); vero mogano (It.); South American mahogany; Cuban mahogany; Honduras mahogany; baywood
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Color: ranges from pink or salmon to dark reddish brown
* Density = 35-48 ppcf
== Additional Images ==
File:12_Cuban_mahogany_100X_Rad.jpg|thumb|Cuban mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) radial section at 100x
File:12_Cuban_mahogany_100X_Tan.jpg|Cuban mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) tangential section at 100x
File:12_Cuban_mahogany_100X_Tran.jpg|Cuban mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) transverse section at 100x
==Resources and Citations==
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965 Comment: 35-48 ppcf
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=41 ppcf (0.66 g/cm3)
Category:Materials database
Centre International du Vitrail / International Centre for Stained Glass Art

"The International Stained-Glass Centre, established in 1980, collaborates with the relevant scientific, cultural and professional organizations in order to promote the study and conservation of stained glass and the knowledge about, and contributes to encourage its contemporary forms of expression. By organizing workshops, cultural heritage classes, practical training courses, exhibitions of ancient and modern stained glass and guided visits, and by publishing an information lettre, a magazine, the Centre is fulfilling its mission of diffusing information about stained-glass art." (from website)
Web Address 	http://www.centre-vitrail.org/
Postal Address 	Centre International du Vitrail
5 rue du Cardinal Pie
28000 CHARTRES (France)
Phone 	33 237216572
Fax 	33 237361534
Contact 	contact@centre-vitrail.org
Information Online	Bibliographic citations
Publishes newsletter
Publishes journal
Books / brochures / articles
Publications viewable online
Publishes info sheets
Searchable 	No
Website Languages 	English
French
German
== Comments ==
Vitrea - stained glass conference postprints; indexes archived online back to 1988 Web site contain glossary and bibliographic citations for stained glassCategory:Directory
Centre SMAArt (UNIPG)

= Scientific Methodologies applied to Archaeology and Art, University of Perugia =
Scientific Methodologies applied to Archaeology and Art (SMAArt) is a Centre of research and education of the University of Perugia (UNIPG) which joins together six different Departments of the University and some laboratories of the National Interuniversity Consortium for Science and Technology of Materials (INSTM). The objectives of SMAArt are 1) to promote the co-operation between human and physical sciences; 2) to offer academic and research Institutions, dedicated to the study and preservation of national and European cultural heritage, an integrated body of resources and competence in both historical and scientific fields; 3) to create, through research, new highly-qualified professional figures with a knowledge on the cultural heritage also from the point of view of materials and their properties; and 4) to develop new investigation methods and portable instruments for non-destructive in situ studies. The Centre SMAArt is cooperating with many of the most prestigious European institutions in the field of the conservation of cultural heritage, being the Coordinator of the Eu-ARTECH Integrated Infrastructure Initiative within the 6th F.P. (http://www.eu-artech.org). (from website)
Web Address	http://www.smaart.it/index.php
Searchable 	Yes
== Comments ==
Website has example videos of conservation treatments
UNIPG participates in the EPSICON program for training Ph.D. level conservation scientists.Category:Directory
Cera colla

== Description ==
A medieval term for an aqueous emulsion of animal glue and molten beeswax used as an ingredient in aqueous paint binders(Mayer 1969). Modern wax/glue emulsions may include ammonia-saponified beeswax mixed with glue, gum, or casein.
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Ceragyrite

== Description ==
A soft mineral composed of silver chloride. Ceragyrite was also called horn silver.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
horn silver
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
Category:Materials database
Ceramic

== Description ==
Molded or shaped items made from clay then fired to form a hard, vitrified material. Porcelain, a fine-grain, high-fired ceramic, was developed in China about the 7th century CE. Porcelain, or hard paste, becomes hard, translucent and resonant when fired. In an attempt to imitate porcelain in the 18th century, Josih Spode developed bone china.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ceramics (pl.); keramiek (Ned.); céramique (Fr.); Keramik (Deut.); ceramica (It.); cerámica (Esp.); cerâmica (Port.); keramik (Sven.); 
Examples include: bone china; porcelain; hard paste; soft paste
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 291
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Multilingual Glossary for Art Librarians at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/pub/mgl.htm
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Ceramic fiber

== Description ==
An inorganic manufactured fiber that is stable at high temperatures. Ceramic fibers are composite materials made from mixtures of silica with inorganic oxides such as alumina, zirconia, thoria, magnesia, hafnia, beryllia, titanium dioxide, potassium titanate. They are used for insulation, packing, gaskets and reinforcement. 
See aluminum silicate fiber.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ramic fibre (Br.); fibras minerales (Esp.); bijvoorbeeld asbest (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:II Man-made Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England Comment: p. 666
Category:Materials database
Ceramic foam

==Description== 
A stiff, lightweight foam made from ceramics. Ceramic foams are usually manufactured by impregnating open-cell polymer foams internally with ceramic slurry and then firing in a kiln, leaving behind only ceramic material. This produces an open-cell structure that has a very high porosity, with typically 75-95% of the volume consisting of void spaces. The strength of foamed material possesses a power law relationship to its density: for example, a 20% dense material is more than twice as strong as a 10% dense material. Surprisingly, foamed ceramics exhibit a toughness and strength that bulk ceramics do not have. This is because, when a crack occurs, its travel stops at an open-cell, rather than propagating through the material.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Foamed ceramic; 
Commercial products: Duocel (ERG); Techfil (Tech Ceramic)
==Applications== 
* thermal insulation, acoustic insulation
* adsorption of environmental pollutants 
* filtration of molten metal alloys
==Physical and Chemical Properties== 
* Resistant to acids and oxidation 
* Relative density = 4-30% (compared to bulk material) 
* Compressive strength = 2800 psi (Duocel Silicon carbide foam at 10-12% relative density) 
* Mohs hardness = 9 (Duocel Silicon carbide foam at 10-12% relative density) 
==Resources and Citations==
* American Elements: Foams
* Wikipedia: Ceramic foam
* Tech Ceramic: Ceramic foams
* ERG: Duocel Ceramic foam
Category:Materials database Category:MWG
Ceramic glaze

== Description ==
A thin, vitreous, opaque coating fired on the surface of a ceramic body to add color, texture, and/or water resistance. The glaze is typically a colored glass-forming mixture that is applied to the surface of a fired ceramic piece. The ceramic is then refired at a temperature that vitrifies the glaze, but is lower than the original firing temperature. Ceramic glazes are usually mixtures of silicates, colorants, and flux. Examples include: alkaline glaze, ash glaze, Bristol glaze, crystalline glaze, celadon, oxblood, peach bloom, glaze, matte glaze, raw glaze, salt glaze, slip glaze, and tin glaze.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
glaçure céramique (Fr.); vidrado cerâmico (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "traditional ceramics." Accessed 4 Feb. 2005.
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database