CNS leukemia

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Last updated on 2024-07-23:16 regimens on this page
20 variants on this page
Note: these regimens are primarily culled from literature that describes them as part of a comprehensive treatment regimen. If that is the case, the original regimens can be found on the following pages:
*Acute promyelocytic leukemia
*Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma
*B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
*T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
=CNS prophylaxis, local therapy=
==IT Cytarabine & Methotrexate==
===Regimen variant #1, 16 doses===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Thomas et al. 2006	2000-02 to 2005-01 	Pilot, fewer than 20 pts
====CNS therapy, prophylaxis====
*Methotrexate (MTX) by the following route-based criteria:
**LP: 12 mg IT once on day 2
**Ommaya reservoir: 6 mg IT once on day 2
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 100 mg IT once on day 7
Given each cycle for a total of 16 intrathecal treatments
===Regimen variant #2, 6 to 8 doses===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence
Thomas et al. 1999 	1992-09 to 1997-06 	Phase 2
Thomas et al. 2003 	2001-04 to 2003-03 	Phase 2
Ravandi et al. 2010 (MDACC 2006-0478)	2006-09-28 to 2009-07-15	Phase 2
Note: Total number of doses depends on risk for CNS relapse based on serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) greater than 1400 IU/L and/or proliferative index percentage of S + G2M greater than or equal to 14%.
====CNS therapy, prophylaxis====
*Methotrexate (MTX) by the following route-based criteria:
**LP: 12 mg IT once on day 2
**Ommaya reservoir: 6 mg IT once on day 2
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 100 mg IT once on either day 7 or 8
Given each cycle (approximately every 3 weeks) for a total of 6 or 8 intrathecal treatments
===References===
# Thomas DA, Cortes J, O'Brien S, Pierce S, Faderl S, Albitar M, Hagemeister FB, Cabanillas FF, Murphy S, Keating MJ, Kantarjian H. Hyper-CVAD program in Burkitt's-type adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Aug;17(8):2461-70. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# Thomas DA, Faderl S, Cortes J, O'Brien S, Giles FJ, Kornblau SM, Garcia-Manero G, Keating MJ, Andreeff M, Jeha S, Beran M, Verstovsek S, Pierce S, Letvak L, Salvado A, Champlin R, Talpaz M, Kantarjian H. Treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia with hyper-CVAD and imatinib mesylate. Blood. 2004 Jun 15;103(12):4396-407. Epub 2003 Oct 9. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
## Update: Daver N, Thomas D, Ravandi F, Cortes J, Garris R, Jabbour E, Garcia-Manero G, Borthakur G, Kadia T, Rytting M, Konopleva M, Kantarjian H, O' Brien S. Final report of a phase II study of imatinib mesylate with hyper-CVAD for the frontline treatment of adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica. 2015 May;100(5):653-61. Epub 2015 Feb 14. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
# Thomas DA, Faderl S, O'Brien S, Bueso-Ramos C, Cortes J, Garcia-Manero G, Giles FJ, Verstovsek S, Wierda WG, Pierce SA, Shan J, Brandt M, Hagemeister FB, Keating MJ, Cabanillas F, Kantarjian H. Chemoimmunotherapy with hyper-CVAD plus rituximab for the treatment of adult Burkitt and Burkitt-type lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2006 Apr 1;106(7):1569-80. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
## Update: Fayad L, Thomas D, Romaguera J. Update of the MD Anderson Cancer Center experience with hyper-CVAD and rituximab for the treatment of mantle cell and Burkitt-type lymphomas. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2007 Dec;8 Suppl 2:S57-62. link to original article EuroPMC
# MDACC 2006-0478: Ravandi F, O'Brien S, Thomas D, Faderl S, Jones D, Garris R, Dara S, Jorgensen J, Kebriaei P, Champlin R, Borthakur G, Burger J, Ferrajoli A, Garcia-Manero G, Wierda W, Cortes J, Kantarjian H. First report of phase 2 study of dasatinib with hyper-CVAD for the frontline treatment of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2010 Sep 23;116(12):2070-7. Epub 2010 May 13. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors--parts of the protocol were not explicitly listed in this reference, which instead referred to Thomas et al. 2004 and Kantarjian et al. 2004 link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT00390793
## Update: Ravandi F, O'Brien SM, Cortes JE, Thomas DM, Garris R, Faderl S, Burger JA, Rytting ME, Ferrajoli A, Wierda WG, Verstovsek S, Champlin R, Kebriaei P, McCue DA, Huang X, Jabbour E, Garcia-Manero G, Estrov Z, Kantarjian HM. Long-term follow-up of a phase 2 study of chemotherapy plus dasatinib for the initial treatment of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2015 Dec 1;121(23):4158-64. Epub 2015 Aug 26. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
==IT Cytarabine, Methotrexate, Methylprednisolone==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Huguet et al. 2009 (GRAALL-2003)	2003-2005 	Phase 2
Note: Intrathecal treatments are given on days 1 & 8 of induction, day 29 of each series of consolidation blocks, and day 1 of late intensification -- 6 doses total.
====CNS therapy, prophylaxis====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 40 mg IT mixed with methotrexate and methylprednisolone 
*Methotrexate (MTX) 15 mg IT mixed with cytarabine and methylprednisolone
*Methylprednisolone (Solumedrol) 40 mg IT mixed with cytarabine and methotrexate
6 doses (see note)
===References===
# GRAALL-2003: Huguet F, Leguay T, Raffoux E, Thomas X, Beldjord K, Delabesse E, Chevallier P, Buzyn A, Delannoy A, Chalandon Y, Vernant JP, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Chassevent A, Lhéritier V, Macintyre E, Béné MC, Ifrah N, Dombret H. Pediatric-inspired therapy in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the GRAALL-2003 study. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 20;27(6):911-8. Epub 2009 Jan 5. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2009 May 20;27(15):2574. Dosage error in article text. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00222027
==IT Cytarabine, Methotrexate, Prednisone==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Tsukasaki et al. 2007 (JCOG 9801) 	1998-2003 	Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT
Ishida et al. 2015 (Kyowa 0761-003)	2010-2011 	Non-randomized part of phase 2 RCT
Note: Treatments were given after cycles 1, 3, and 5 after platelets greater than 70 x 109/L and within 2 days before the next cycle.
====CNS therapy, prophylaxis====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 40 mg IT mixed with methotrexate and prednisone 
*Methotrexate (MTX) 15 mg IT mixed with cytarabine and prednisone
*Prednisone (Sterapred) 10 mg IT mixed with cytarabine and methotrexate
3 doses (see note) 
===References===
# JCOG 9801: Tsukasaki K, Utsunomiya A, Fukuda H, Shibata T, Fukushima T, Takatsuka Y, Ikeda S, Masuda M, Nagoshi H, Ueda R, Tamura K, Sano M, Momita S, Yamaguchi K, Kawano F, Hanada S, Tobinai K, Shimoyama M, Hotta T, Tomonaga M; JCOG. VCAP-AMP-VECP compared with biweekly CHOP for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG9801. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Dec 1;25(34):5458-64. Epub 2007 Oct 29. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00145002
# Kyowa 0761-003: Ishida T, Jo T, Takemoto S, Suzushima H, Uozumi K, Yamamoto K, Uike N, Saburi Y, Nosaka K, Utsunomiya A, Tobinai K, Fujiwara H, Ishitsuka K, Yoshida S, Taira N, Moriuchi Y, Imada K, Miyamoto T, Akinaga S, Tomonaga M, Ueda R. Dose-intensified chemotherapy alone or in combination with mogamulizumab in newly diagnosed aggressive adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma: a randomized phase II study. Br J Haematol. 2015 Jun;169(5):672-82. Epub 2015 Mar 2. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT01173887
==IT Cytarabine & WBRT==
Cytarabine & WBRT: Cytarabine & Whole Brain Radiation Therapy
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Rowe et al. 2005 (MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993)	1993-2003 	Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT
Note: while this is not chemoradiation in the traditional sense, the delivery of chemotherapy and radiation overlap so may have synergistic effects.
====CNS therapy, prophylaxis====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) as follows:
**Consolidation & Maintenance: 50 mg IT once per week for 4 weeks, then 50 mg IT once per quarter for 4 doses (8 doses, total)
====Radiotherapy====
*Whole-brain irradiation to 2400 cGy, given during consolidation
One course
===References===
# MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993: Rowe JM, Buck G, Burnett AK, Chopra R, Wiernik PH, Richards SM, Lazarus HM, Franklin IM, Litzow MR, Ciobanu N, Prentice HG, Durrant J, Tallman MS, Goldstone AH; ECOG; MRC/NCRI Adult Leukemia Working Party. Induction therapy for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of more than 1500 patients from the international ALL trial: MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993. Blood. 2005 Dec 1;106(12):3760-7. Epub 2005 Aug 16. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00002514
## Update: Goldstone AH, Richards SM, Lazarus HM, Tallman MS, Buck G, Fielding AK, Burnett AK, Chopra R, Wiernik PH, Foroni L, Paietta E, Litzow MR, Marks DI, Durrant J, McMillan A, Franklin IM, Luger S, Ciobanu N, Rowe JM. In adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the greatest benefit is achieved from a matched sibling allogeneic transplantation in first complete remission, and an autologous transplantation is less effective than conventional consolidation/maintenance chemotherapy in all patients: final results of the International ALL Trial (MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993). Blood. 2008 Feb 15;111(4):1827-33. Epub 2007 Nov 29. link to original article EuroPMC 
## Update: Fielding AK, Rowe JM, Richards SM, Buck G, Moorman AV, Durrant IJ, Marks DI, McMillan AK, Litzow MR, Lazarus HM, Foroni L, Dewald G, Franklin IM, Luger SM, Paietta E, Wiernik PH, Tallman MS, Goldstone AH. Prospective outcome data on 267 unselected adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia confirms superiority of allogeneic transplantation over chemotherapy in the pre-imatinib era: results from the International ALL Trial MRC UKALLXII/ECOG2993. Blood. 2009 May 7;113(19):4489-96. Epub 2009 Feb 24. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC 
## Update: Fielding AK, Rowe JM, Buck G, Foroni L, Gerrard G, Litzow MR, Lazarus H, Luger SM, Marks DI, McMillan AK, Moorman AV, Patel B, Paietta E, Tallman MS, Goldstone AH. UKALLXII/ECOG2993: addition of imatinib to a standard treatment regimen enhances long-term outcomes in Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2014 Feb 6;123(6):843-50. Epub 2013 Nov 25. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC
==IT Methotrexate monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Rowe et al. 2005 (MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993)	1993-2003 	Non-randomized part of phase 3 RCT
====CNS therapy, prophylaxis====
*Methotrexate (MTX) as follows:
**Phase 1: 12 mg IT once on day 15
**Phase 2: 12 mg IT once per day on days 1, 8, 15, 22
===References===
# MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993: Rowe JM, Buck G, Burnett AK, Chopra R, Wiernik PH, Richards SM, Lazarus HM, Franklin IM, Litzow MR, Ciobanu N, Prentice HG, Durrant J, Tallman MS, Goldstone AH; ECOG; MRC/NCRI Adult Leukemia Working Party. Induction therapy for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of more than 1500 patients from the international ALL trial: MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993. Blood. 2005 Dec 1;106(12):3760-7. Epub 2005 Aug 16. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00002514
## Update: Goldstone AH, Richards SM, Lazarus HM, Tallman MS, Buck G, Fielding AK, Burnett AK, Chopra R, Wiernik PH, Foroni L, Paietta E, Litzow MR, Marks DI, Durrant J, McMillan A, Franklin IM, Luger S, Ciobanu N, Rowe JM. In adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the greatest benefit is achieved from a matched sibling allogeneic transplantation in first complete remission, and an autologous transplantation is less effective than conventional consolidation/maintenance chemotherapy in all patients: final results of the International ALL Trial (MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993). Blood. 2008 Feb 15;111(4):1827-33. Epub 2007 Nov 29. link to original article EuroPMC 
## Update: Fielding AK, Rowe JM, Richards SM, Buck G, Moorman AV, Durrant IJ, Marks DI, McMillan AK, Litzow MR, Lazarus HM, Foroni L, Dewald G, Franklin IM, Luger SM, Paietta E, Wiernik PH, Tallman MS, Goldstone AH. Prospective outcome data on 267 unselected adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia confirms superiority of allogeneic transplantation over chemotherapy in the pre-imatinib era: results from the International ALL Trial MRC UKALLXII/ECOG2993. Blood. 2009 May 7;113(19):4489-96. Epub 2009 Feb 24. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC 
## Update: Fielding AK, Rowe JM, Buck G, Foroni L, Gerrard G, Litzow MR, Lazarus H, Luger SM, Marks DI, McMillan AK, Moorman AV, Patel B, Paietta E, Tallman MS, Goldstone AH. UKALLXII/ECOG2993: addition of imatinib to a standard treatment regimen enhances long-term outcomes in Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2014 Feb 6;123(6):843-50. Epub 2013 Nov 25. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors link to PMC article EuroPMC
==IT Methotrexate & Hydrocortisone==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Sullivan et al. 1977 	1971-1973 	Phase 3 (C)	IT MTX, Ara-C, HC	Did not meet primary endpoint of DOR
Kim et al. 2015 (AMC-UUCM-2008-0310)	2009-2012 	Phase 2 	 	
Note: Treatment can be started during or after induction.
====CNS therapy, prophylaxis====
*Methotrexate (MTX) 15 mg IT (schedule not specified), admixed with hydrocortisone
*Hydrocortisone (Cortef) 50 mg IT (schedule not specified), admixed with methotrexate
Up to 10 doses
===References===
# Sullivan MP, Moon TE, Trueworthy R, Vietti TJ, Humphrey GB, Komp D. Combination intrathecal therapy for meningeal leukemia: two versus three drugs. Blood. 1977 Sep;50(3):471-9. link to original article EuroPMC
# AMC-UUCM-2008-0310: Kim DY, Joo YD, Lim SN, Kim SD, Lee JH, Lee JH, Kim DH, Kim K, Jung CW, Kim I, Yoon SS, Park S, Ahn JS, Yang DH, Lee JJ, Lee HS, Kim YS, Mun YC, Kim H, Park JH, Moon JH, Sohn SK, Lee SM, Lee WS, Kim KH, Won JH, Hyun MS, Park J, Lee JH, Shin HJ, Chung JS, Lee H, Eom HS, Lee GW, Cho YU, Jang S, Park CJ, Chi HS, Lee KH; Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Working Party of the Korean Society of Hematology. Nilotinib combined with multiagent chemotherapy for newly diagnosed Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2015 Aug 6;126(6):746-56. Epub 2015 Jun 11. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00844298
==IT Methotrexate & Methylprednisolone==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Lo-Coco et al. 2010 (GIMEMA AIDA-2000)	2000-2006 	Non-randomized
Note: It is not explicitly stated but presumably these are admixed and given together.
====CNS therapy, prophylaxis====
*Methotrexate (MTX) 12 mg IT once prior to each consolidation cycle
*Methylprednisolone (Solumedrol) 40 mg IT once prior to each consolidation cycle
Total of 3 doses
===References===
# GIMEMA AIDA-2000: Lo-Coco F, Avvisati G, Vignetti M, Breccia M, Gallo E, Rambaldi A, Paoloni F, Fioritoni G, Ferrara F, Specchia G, Cimino G, Diverio D, Borlenghi E, Martinelli G, Di Raimondo F, Di Bona E, Fazi P, Peta A, Bosi A, Carella AM, Fabbiano F, Pogliani EM, Petti MC, Amadori S, Mandelli F; GIMEMA. Front-line treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with AIDA induction followed by risk-adapted consolidation for adults younger than 61 years: results of the AIDA-2000 trial of the GIMEMA Group. Blood. 2010 Oct 8;116(17):3171-9. Epub 2010 Jul 19. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT01064570
==IT Methotrexate & WBRT==
IT Methotrexate & WBRT: IntraThecal Methotrexate & Whole Brain Radiation Therapy
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Linker et al. 1987 	1980-1986 	Phase 2 	 	
Nachman et al. 1998 (CCG 1882)	1989-1995 	Phase 3 (C)	IT MTX; intensified	Did not meet primary endpoint of EFS
Note: Treatment is started within 1 week of achieving complete remission. Details are from Linker et al. 1987
====CNS therapy, prophylaxis====
*Methotrexate (MTX) 12 mg IT once per week x 6 doses concurrent with radiation
====Radiotherapy====
*Whole-brain irradiation, 1800 cGy total given in 10 fractions over 12 to 14 days
One course
===References===
# Linker CA, Levitt LJ, O'Donnell M, Ries CA, Link MP, Forman SJ, Farbstein MJ. Improved results of treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1987 Apr;69(4):1242-8. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
## Update: Linker CA, Levitt LJ, O'Donnell M, Forman SJ, Ries CA. Treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia with intensive cyclical chemotherapy: a follow-up report. Blood. 1991 Dec 1;78(11):2814-22. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
# CCG 1882: Nachman J, Sather HN, Cherlow JM, Sensel MG, Gaynon PS, Lukens JN, Wolff L, Trigg ME. Response of children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with and without cranial irradiation: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Mar;16(3):920-30. link to original article EuroPMC
==WBRT==
WBRT: Whole Brain Radiation Therapy
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence 	Comparator 	Comparative Efficacy
Nesbit et al. 1981 	1972-1975 	Phase 3 (C)	WBRT; lower-dose 	Did not meet endpoint of OS
Freeman et al. 1983 (CALGB 7611) 	1976-1979 	Phase 3 (C)	Intermediate-dose MTX	Mixed results
Pui et al. 2009 (Total Therapy XV)	2000-2007 	Phase 3 (C)	Observation 	Did not meet co-primary endpoints of EFS/OS
Note: in Total Therapy XV, this is the control arm of a de-escalation study.
====Radiotherapy====
*Whole-brain irradiation
One course
===References===
# Nesbit ME Jr, Sather HN, Robison LL, Ortega J, Littman PS, D'Angio GJ, Hammond GD; Children's Cancer Group. Presymptomatic central nervous system therapy in previously untreated childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: comparison of 1800 rad and 2400 rad: a report for Children's Cancer Study Group. Lancet. 1981 Feb 28;1(8218):461-6. link to original article EuroPMC
# CALGB 7611: Freeman AI, Weinberg V, Brecher ML, Jones B, Glicksman AS, Sinks LF, Weil M, Pleuss H, Hananian J, Burgert EO Jr, Gilchrist GS, Necheles T, Harris M, Kung F, Patterson RB, Maurer H, Leventhal B, Chevalier L, Forman E, Holland JF. Comparison of intermediate-dose methotrexate with cranial irradiation for the post-induction treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia in children. N Engl J Med. 1983 Mar 3;308(9):477-84. link to original article EuroPMC
## Update: Freeman AI, Boyett JM, Glicksman AS, Brecher ML, Leventhal BG, Sinks LF, Holland JF. Intermediate-dose methotrexate versus cranial irradiation in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a ten-year follow-up. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1997 Feb;28(2):98-107. link to original article EuroPMC
# Total Therapy XV: Pui CH, Campana D, Pei D, Bowman WP, Sandlund JT, Kaste SC, Ribeiro RC, Rubnitz JE, Raimondi SC, Onciu M, Coustan-Smith E, Kun LE, Jeha S, Cheng C, Howard SC, Simmons V, Bayles A, Metzger ML, Boyett JM, Leung W, Handgretinger R, Downing JR, Evans WE, Relling MV. Treating childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia without cranial irradiation. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 25;360(26):2730-41. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT00137111
=CNS prophylaxis, systemic therapy=
==Mercaptopurine & WBRT==
Mercaptopurine & WBRT: Mercaptopurine & Whole Brain Radiation Therapy
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Huguet et al. 2009 (GRAALL-2003)	2003-2005 	Phase 2
Note: Chemoradiation is given before maintenance therapy.
====Chemotherapy====
*Mercaptopurine (6-MP) 60 mg/m2/day PO during irradiation
====Radiotherapy====
*Whole-brain irradiation to 1800 cGy (details not provided)
One course
===References===
# GRAALL-2003: Huguet F, Leguay T, Raffoux E, Thomas X, Beldjord K, Delabesse E, Chevallier P, Buzyn A, Delannoy A, Chalandon Y, Vernant JP, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Chassevent A, Lhéritier V, Macintyre E, Béné MC, Ifrah N, Dombret H. Pediatric-inspired therapy in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the GRAALL-2003 study. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 20;27(6):911-8. Epub 2009 Jan 5. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2009 May 20;27(15):2574. Dosage error in article text. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00222027
=CNS treatment, local therapy=
==IT Cytarabine & Methotrexate==
===Regimen variant #1, LP===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Thomas et al. 1999	1992-09 to 1997-06 	Phase 2
Note: while there is measurable CNS disease, both drugs are given every week, alternating, usually separated by at least 48 hours (e.g., on Mondays & Thursdays).
====CNS therapy, treatment====
*Methotrexate (MTX) as follows:
**Measurable CNS disease: 12 mg IT once per week
**First 4 weeks after cell count & cytology are negative: 12 mg IT once per week on weeks 1 & 3
**Remainder of induction: 12 mg IT once on day 2
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) as follows:
**Measurable CNS disease: 100 mg IT once per week
**First 4 weeks after cell count & cytology are negative: 100 mg IT once per week on weeks 2 & 4
**Remainder of induction: 100 mg IT once on day 7 or 8
===Regimen variant #2, Ommaya reservoir===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Thomas et al. 1999	1992-09 to 1997-06 	Phase 2
Note: while there is measurable CNS disease, both drugs are given every week, alternating, usually separated by at least 48 hours (e.g., on Mondays & Thursdays).
====CNS therapy, treatment====
*Methotrexate (MTX) as follows:
**Measurable CNS disease: 6 mg IT once per week
**First 4 weeks after cell count & cytology are negative: 6 mg IT once per week on weeks 1 & 3
**Remainder of induction: 6 mg IT once on day 2
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) as follows:
**Measurable CNS disease: 100 mg IT once per week
**First 4 weeks after cell count & cytology are negative: 100 mg IT once per week on weeks 2 & 4
**Remainder of induction: 100 mg IT once on day 7 or 8
===References===
# Thomas DA, Cortes J, O'Brien S, Pierce S, Faderl S, Albitar M, Hagemeister FB, Cabanillas FF, Murphy S, Keating MJ, Kantarjian H. Hyper-CVAD program in Burkitt's-type adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Aug;17(8):2461-70. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
==IT Cytarabine, Methotrexate, Methylprednisolone==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Huguet et al. 2009 (GRAALL-2003)	2003-2005 	Phase 2
Note: Intrathecal treatments are given as follows: eight between days -7 and 21 of induction, four during the first two consolidation blocks, and one at day 29 of consolidation blocks 3 and 6 -- 14 total doses.
====CNS therapy, treatment====
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) 40 mg IT mixed with methotrexate and methylprednisolone 
*Methotrexate (MTX) 15 mg IT mixed with cytarabine and methylprednisolone
*Methylprednisolone (Solumedrol) 40 mg IT mixed with cytarabine and methotrexate
14 doses (see note)
===References===
# GRAALL-2003: Huguet F, Leguay T, Raffoux E, Thomas X, Beldjord K, Delabesse E, Chevallier P, Buzyn A, Delannoy A, Chalandon Y, Vernant JP, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Chassevent A, Lhéritier V, Macintyre E, Béné MC, Ifrah N, Dombret H. Pediatric-inspired therapy in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the GRAALL-2003 study. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 20;27(6):911-8. Epub 2009 Jan 5. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2009 May 20;27(15):2574. Dosage error in article text. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00222027
==IT Cytarabine, Methotrexate, WBRT==
Cytarabine, Methotrexate, WBRT: Cytarabine, Methotrexate, Whole Brain Radiation Therapy
===Regimen variant #1, LP===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence
Thomas et al. 2003 	2001-04 to 2003-03 	Phase 2
Ravandi et al. 2010 (MDACC 2006-0478)	2006-09-28 to 2009-07-15	Phase 2
Note: while there is measurable CNS disease, both drugs are given every week, alternating, usually separated by at least 48 hours (e.g., on Mondays & Thursdays).
====CNS therapy, treatment====
*Methotrexate (MTX) as follows:
**Measurable CNS disease: 12 mg IT once per week
**First 4 weeks after cell count & cytology are negative: 12 mg IT once per week on weeks 1 & 3
**Remainder of induction: 12 mg IT once on day 2
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) as follows:
**Measurable CNS disease: 100 mg IT once per week
**First 4 weeks after cell count & cytology are negative: 100 mg IT once per week on weeks 2 & 4
**Remainder of induction: 100 mg IT once on day 7 or 8
====Radiotherapy====
*Therapeutic whole-brain irradiation is given to patients with CNS disease at presentation
===Regimen variant #2, Ommaya reservoir===
Study 	Dates of enrollment 	Evidence
Thomas et al. 2003 	2001-04 to 2003-03 	Phase 2
Ravandi et al. 2010 (MDACC 2006-0478)	2006-09-28 to 2009-07-15	Phase 2
Note: while there is measurable CNS disease, both drugs are given every week, alternating, usually separated by at least 48 hours (e.g., on Mondays & Thursdays).
====CNS therapy, treatment====
*Methotrexate (MTX) as follows:
**Measurable CNS disease: 6 mg IT once per week
**First 4 weeks after cell count & cytology are negative: 6 mg IT once per week on weeks 1 & 3
**Remainder of induction: 6 mg IT once on day 2
*Cytarabine (Ara-C) as follows:
**Measurable CNS disease: 100 mg IT once per week
**First 4 weeks after cell count & cytology are negative: 100 mg IT once per week on weeks 2 & 4
**Remainder of induction: 100 mg IT once on day 7 or 8
====Radiotherapy====
*Therapeutic whole-brain irradiation is given to patients with CNS disease at presentation
===References===
# Thomas DA, Faderl S, Cortes J, O'Brien S, Giles FJ, Kornblau SM, Garcia-Manero G, Keating MJ, Andreeff M, Jeha S, Beran M, Verstovsek S, Pierce S, Letvak L, Salvado A, Champlin R, Talpaz M, Kantarjian H. Treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia with hyper-CVAD and imatinib mesylate. Blood. 2004 Jun 15;103(12):4396-407. Epub 2003 Oct 9. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
## Update: Daver N, Thomas D, Ravandi F, Cortes J, Garris R, Jabbour E, Garcia-Manero G, Borthakur G, Kadia T, Rytting M, Konopleva M, Kantarjian H, O' Brien S. Final report of a phase II study of imatinib mesylate with hyper-CVAD for the frontline treatment of adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica. 2015 May;100(5):653-61. Epub 2015 Feb 14. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
# MDACC 2006-0478: Ravandi F, O'Brien S, Thomas D, Faderl S, Jones D, Garris R, Dara S, Jorgensen J, Kebriaei P, Champlin R, Borthakur G, Burger J, Ferrajoli A, Garcia-Manero G, Wierda W, Cortes J, Kantarjian H. First report of phase 2 study of dasatinib with hyper-CVAD for the frontline treatment of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2010 Sep 23;116(12):2070-7. Epub 2010 May 13. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors--parts of the protocol were not explicitly listed in this reference, which instead referred to Thomas et al. 2004 and Kantarjian et al. 2004 link to PMC article EuroPMC NCT00390793
## Update: Ravandi F, O'Brien SM, Cortes JE, Thomas DM, Garris R, Faderl S, Burger JA, Rytting ME, Ferrajoli A, Wierda WG, Verstovsek S, Champlin R, Kebriaei P, McCue DA, Huang X, Jabbour E, Garcia-Manero G, Estrov Z, Kantarjian HM. Long-term follow-up of a phase 2 study of chemotherapy plus dasatinib for the initial treatment of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2015 Dec 1;121(23):4158-64. Epub 2015 Aug 26. link to original article link to PMC article EuroPMC
==IT Methotrexate monotherapy==
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Shanbrom et al. 1961 	1957-1960 	Pilot
Huguet et al. 2009 (GRAALL-2003)	2003-2005 	Phase 2
====CNS therapy, treatment====
*Methotrexate (MTX) as follows:
**Pre-phase: 15 mg IT once at some point between days -7 and -4
===References===
# Shanbrom E, Miller S, Fairbanks VF. Intrathecal administration of amethopterin in leukemic encephalopathy of young adults. N Engl J Med. 1961 Jul 27;265:169-71. link to original article EuroPMC
# GRAALL-2003: Huguet F, Leguay T, Raffoux E, Thomas X, Beldjord K, Delabesse E, Chevallier P, Buzyn A, Delannoy A, Chalandon Y, Vernant JP, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Chassevent A, Lhéritier V, Macintyre E, Béné MC, Ifrah N, Dombret H. Pediatric-inspired therapy in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the GRAALL-2003 study. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 20;27(6):911-8. Epub 2009 Jan 5. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2009 May 20;27(15):2574. Dosage error in article text. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00222027
==IT Methotrexate & WBRT==
IT Methotrexate & WBRT: IntraThecal Methotrexate & Whole Brain Radiation Therapy
===Regimen===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Linker et al. 1987	1980-1986 	Phase 2
Note: Treatment starts while patient is receiving induction therapy.
====CNS therapy, treatment====
*Methotrexate (MTX) as follows:
**Induction: 12 mg IT once per week x 10 doses 
**Remainder of first year of therapy: 12 mg IT once per month
====Radiotherapy====
*Whole-brain irradiation, 2800 cGy total given (no details provided)
===References===
# Linker CA, Levitt LJ, O'Donnell M, Ries CA, Link MP, Forman SJ, Farbstein MJ. Improved results of treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1987 Apr;69(4):1242-8. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
## Update: Linker CA, Levitt LJ, O'Donnell M, Forman SJ, Ries CA. Treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia with intensive cyclical chemotherapy: a follow-up report. Blood. 1991 Dec 1;78(11):2814-22. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC
=CNS treatment, systemic therapy=
==Mercaptopurine & WBRT==
Mercaptopurine & WBRT: Mercaptopurine & Whole Brain Radiation Therapy
===Regimen variant #1===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Huguet et al. 2009 (GRAALL-2003)	2003-2005 	Phase 2
Note: Treatment administered before HSCT or maintenence initiation.
====Chemotherapy====
*Mercaptopurine (6-MP) 60 mg/m2/day PO during irradiation
====Radiotherapy====
*Whole-brain irradiation 1500 cGy before HCT (details not provided)
One course
===Regimen variant #2===
Study 	Dates of enrollment	Evidence
Huguet et al. 2009 (GRAALL-2003)	2003-2005 	Phase 2
Note: Treatment was administered before HSCT or maintenance initiation.
====Chemotherapy====
*Mercaptopurine (6-MP) 60 mg/m2/day PO during irradiation
====Radiotherapy====
*Whole-brain irradiation 2400 cGy before maintenance therapy initiation (details not provided)
One course
===References===
# GRAALL-2003: Huguet F, Leguay T, Raffoux E, Thomas X, Beldjord K, Delabesse E, Chevallier P, Buzyn A, Delannoy A, Chalandon Y, Vernant JP, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Chassevent A, Lhéritier V, Macintyre E, Béné MC, Ifrah N, Dombret H. Pediatric-inspired therapy in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the GRAALL-2003 study. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 20;27(6):911-8. Epub 2009 Jan 5. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2009 May 20;27(15):2574. Dosage error in article text. link to original article dosing details in manuscript have been reviewed by our editors EuroPMC NCT00222027
Category:CNS leukemia regimens
Category:Disease-specific pages
Category:Acute leukemias