nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Sterling silver

== Description ==
A silver alloy that contains no more than 7.5% of other metals, usually copper. Pure silver is too soft for most purposes and the addition of copper hardens the silver and lowers the melting point. Sterling silver has been used in coinage, tableware, and solid silver objects. The name 'sterling' was first used for the 0.925 grade of silver in 13th century England.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Easterling silver; Tealby pennies; starling silver; argent sterling (Fr.); Sterling-Silber (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
* Oppi Untracht, Metal Techniques for Craftsmen, Doubleday & Company, Garden City, 1968
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
* A History of Technology, Charles Singer, E.J. Holmyard, A.R. Hall (eds.), Clarendon Press, Oxford, Volume 1: From Early times to Fall of Ancient Empires, 1954
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 723
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_silver (April 2004) - gives synonyms
Category:Materials database
Sterro metal

== Description ==
A type of brass used for casting. Sterro metal is composed of copper with about 40% zinc and 1-2% iron. It was first made in the late 19th century used for machinery and marine parts. Other brasses with similar compositions were Delta metal, Aich's metal, Gedge's metal and Mach's metal.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Delta metal; Aich's metal; Gedge's metal; Mach's metal
Category:Materials database
Stiasny test

==Description== 
A chemical test designed to determine the type of vegetable tanning agent used in tanning a leather. It consists of boiling the specimen in a solution of formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid, which causes any condensed tannins present to be completely precipitated. while any pyrogallol tans remain in solution. The test solution is obtained by extracting a fragment of the sample (a piece 4 by 4 mm) by refluxing, for 4 hours, first in a 50% aqueous solution and then equal volumes of 6N hydrochloric acid, acetone and water.
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Sticklac

== Description ==
The crude resinous substance deposited on the twigs of various trees in southern Asia by the female of the lac insect, Laccifer (Tachardia) lacca (or Coccus lacca). Sticklac undergoes several processing steps to extract useful components. Lac is used in the manufacture of varnishes (shellac), sealing wax (lac wax) and red colorants (lac dye).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lac; shellac
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 705
Category:Materials database
Sticky traps

== Description ==
An adhesive strip used to monitor insect infestations. Sticky traps for insects were developed in the 1970s. The strips contain a tacky, non-drying adhesive that traps and retains any insects coming into contact. Some strips are housed in boxes or tents. They can also be taped to the floor or hung near a light. Sticky traps are often baited with food or pheromones to attract the insects. The retained insects can be identified and counted as part of an integrated pest management program.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vapor pest strip; insect trap; The Trapper; Mr. Sticky; Zone Monitor; Catchmaster; Yellow Sticky Strips
==Resources and Citations==
* N. Odegaard, "Insect Monitoring in Museums", WAAC Vol 13 (1), Jan. 1991, 19-20.
* AMOL reCollections Glossary at http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/htm
Category:Materials database
Stillingia oil

== Description ==
A light yellow, drying oil obtained from the kernels of the seeds of the tree Stillingia sebifera, cultivated in China. Stillingia oil dries slower than linseed oil but has been used in some paints in Asia. A wax, called stillingia tallow, is obtained from the seed husks.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
stilingia oil (sp); tallowseed oil; stillingia tallow; Chinese vegetable tallow; Queen's root; yaw root; silver leaf
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Iodine no. = 160
* Density = 0.943-0.946
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 775
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8973
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Stinging nettle

== Description ==
The bast fibers obtained from the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica, Urtica ferox, or Urtica gracilis) plant. The stinging nettle, or great nettle, plant has been grown in Scandinavia for centuries and its fibers were used for making sails. The stems of the stinging nettle plants produce a light-color bast fiber that is soft and strong. It is used for twine, rope, canvas, and sailcloth. Nettle fibers are also used as substitutes for flax and hemp.
For stinging nettle fiber identification, see FRIL:_Stinging_Nettle
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Urtica dioica; Urtica ferox; Urtica gracilis; ortiga (Esp.); great nettle; common nettle, California nettle, slender nettle
== Risks ==
The stems and leaves contain formic acid. It is a skin irritant and may produce a severe allergic reaction.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Fiber diameter is small ranging from 10-75 microns
* Cell wall is thick (similar to linen)
* Microfibrillar spin = S
* Microscopic examination shows frequent calcium oxalate druses in parenchyma
== Resources and Citations ==
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Stipple engraving

== Description ==
A reproductive printing method in which the engraved pattern is made with tiny dots. Used in the 16th century by Giulio Campagnola, the primary design dots in a stipple engraving are made with a roulette (small wheel with points) or a mattoir (mace head type tool). Other tools are used for the finer tonal areas, such as needles, curved stipple graver, or a stippling burin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Punktiermanier (Deut.)
== Images ==
File:69.202-SC26016.jpg|thumb|Stipple and line engravingMFA# 69.202
File:69.239-SC28191.jpg|thumb|Stipple engravingMFA# 69.239
File:69.254-SC27465.jpg|thumb|Stipple engravingMFA# 69.254
File:69.309-SC26018.jpg|thumb|Stipple and line engravingMFA# 69.309
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "printmaking." Accessed 3 Feb. 2005.
* Luis Nadeau, Encyclopedia of Printing, Photographic, and Photomechanical Processes, Atelier, New Brunswick, 1997
* The Bullfinch Guide to Art History, Shearer West (ed.), Bullfinch Press, Boston, 1996
* B. Gascoigne, How to Identify Prints, Thames & Hudson, London, 2004
Category:Materials database
Stockinette

== Description ==
A soft, elastic, machine-knitted fabric often used in underwear, bandages, and infants' wear. Stockinette fabrics are generally prepared with a plain stitch from wool, cotton, or synthetic fibers. The fabric may be made in tubular or flat forms.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
stocking net; stockinet
== Applications ==
* Internal supports/pillows
* Exhibit forms
* Mannequins
== Resources and Citations ==
* Rachael Perkins Arenstein, Lisa Goldberg, and Eugenie Milroy, ‘Support and Rehousing for Collection Storage’ In ‘Preventive Conservation: Collection Storage’ Lisa Elkin and Christopher A. Norris (eds.), Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, New York. 2019. 
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 Comment: also spelled stockinet
* AMOL reCollections Glossary -http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/htm
Category:Materials database
Stoddard solvent

== Description ==
A petroleum distillate that was formerly widely used as a dry cleaning solvent, especially for spots and stains. Stoddard solvent was distilled and refined from mineral spirits collected in the boiling range of 177-190C. ASTM method D-484-52 defines Stoddard solvent as clear, free from suspended matter and dry (no dissolved water). Stoddard solvent is no longer commonly used because of the fire and explosion risks.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cleaning naphtha; mineral spirits; petroleum distillate; Stoddard's solvent
== Risks ==
* Highly flammable. Explosion risk. Flash point = 38-55 
* Toxic by ingestion and inhalation (may contain some benzene). 
* Skin contact can cause irritation and dryness.
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
CAS 	8052-41-3
Melting Point	-30 C
Boiling Point	149-204 C
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
Category:Materials database
Stone

== Description ==
1) Natural rock that has been cut for use in construction or carving. See also mineral.
2) A British weight unit equivalent to 6.35 kg. Stones were widely used as a measuring tool in Europe and Britain throughout the Middle Ages. However, the weight of a stone was not standardized, but dependent on each local trading center. Due to expanded trade practices, England passed a law in 1389 standardizing the weight of a stone as 14 pounds.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
piedra (Esp;); pierre (Fr.); pedra (Port.); Stein (Deut.); steen (Ned.)
== Additional Images ==
File:Stone.tessera.set.jpg|Stone tessera
File:Stone.tessera.jpg|Stone tessera samples
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "stone" [Accessed November 7, 2001].
Category:Materials database
Stone Mountain granite

== Description ==
A medium-grain, light gray granite quarried from Stone Mountain, a massive dome-shaped granite outcropping that projects from the surrounding plains east of Atlanta, Georgia. Stone Mountain granite has been widely used for buildings and monuments. In 1917, Gutson Borglum, an American sculptor was commissioned to start a bas-relief sculpture on the northern face of Stone Mountain. The Confederate Memorial carving, mostly done in the 1960's, depicts the South's Civil war leaders.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Stone marten

== Description ==
A dark brown weasel-like animal (Martes foina) native to Europe and northern Asia. Marten fur has been used for coats, trim, and paint brushes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Martes foina; beech marten
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Guard hair is coarse, dark brown, and shiny. 
* Fur is white or gray.
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: marten" Encyclopædia Britannica. [Accessed October 16, 2003].
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Stone ocher

== Description ==
A high quality grade of yellow ocher that has also been called Oxford ocher and stone yellow (Mayer 1969).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
stone ochre; Oxford ocher; yellow ocher; goethite
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Stone pine

== Description ==
A very tall pine tree, Pinus pinea, with a rounded canopy that is native to southern Europe. The stone pine is an important conifer timber in Italy. The wood is soft, fine-grain, and easily worked. The oily nuts from the stone pine, called pignons, have been a source of food since ancient times.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pinus pinea; pignons; pin parasol, pin pignon (Fr.); pinho manso (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "pine" [Accessed October 31, 2001].
Category:Materials database
Stoneware

== Description ==
A hard, opaque, nonporous ceramic. Stoneware is made from secondary clay and fired at temperatures of 1200-1300 C. It was made in China as early as 1400 BCE. The presence or absence of trace components in the clay can color stoneware white, gray, black, red, or brown. Stoneware can be unglazed or glazed with lead or salt glazes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
faïence (Fr.); grés (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Ceramics"
Category:Materials database
Stony Creek granite

== Description ==
1) A pinkish-red, coarse-grain granite quarried near Stony Creek, Connecticut. Stony Creek granite has large dark pink feldspar grains in a gray background. It has been used for monuments and buildings. In Washington DC, it was used for the exterior of the Freer Gallery and the Commerce Department building. 
2) A coarse-grain, red-and-black granite quarried in Massachusetts.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Storax (resin)

== Description ==
1) A brown, sticky, aromatic resin obtained from the liquidambar trees, such as Liquidambar orientalis, native to Turkey. Storax contains triterpenoids (oleamonic acid, storesin) along with styrene, stryacin, and cinnamic acid with a pleasant smell like ambergris. In 1839, E. Simon noticed that a white solid formed in the steam distillate obtained from storax. This solid obtained from styrene is now known as polystyrene. Storax resin is sometimes used as a mounting media for microscope slides. 
2) An archaic name for a brown, aromatic resin obtained from the Styrax officinalis trees, native to upper Egypt. This resin is now called benzoin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Liquidambar orientalis; liquid storax; Levant storax: styrax; benzoin; Styrax officinalis; benzoino (It); gum styrax; gum benzoin; balsam storax; gum benjamin; liquid ambaer; copalm balsam
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, carbon disulfide.
== Resources and Citations ==
* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
* M.Kaufman, The First Century of Plastics, The Plastics and Rubber Institute, London, 1963
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Strain

== Description ==
A number that indicates the dimensional change in a material due to an applied force. Strain is often calculated as the increase in length of the specimen divided by its original length. Even though strain should not have any units, it is frequently expressed as millimeters per meter, centimeter per centimeter or percent.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Belastung (Deut.); contrainte (Fr.); deformação (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, E1142, 695-696, Jul-94
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Strap leather

== Description ==
A strong, heavyweight leather made from vegetable tanned cowhide. Strap leather is thick (2-5 mm) and is used for industrial belts and upholstery straps. A thinner, trimmed versions, sometimes called vachette leather, is about 2 mm thick. It has been used for carriage covers, upholstery, harnesses and bridles.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cuero para correas (Esp.)
Category:Materials database
Strasbourg turpentine

== Description ==
An aromatic, thick, viscous exudation obtained from the fir trees, such as Abies excelsa, Abies picea, Abies alba, and Abies pectinata, found in central Europe. Strasbourg turpentine contains about 57% resinous acids, 28% terpenes, and 13% resins. It is similar to Venice turpentine and has been used since the 16th century as an additive to oil paints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
olio d'Abezzo; trementina de Estrasburgo (Esp.); fir balsam; silver fir balsam "
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Kurt Wehlte, The Materials and Techniques of Painting, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975 Comment: p. 392
* Paintings Specialty Group, Painting Conservation Catalog, Wendy Samet (ed.), AIC, Washington, DC, 1998
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Straus

= Straus Center for Conservation at Harvard University =
"The Straus Center for Conservation provides analysis and treatments for the collections of the Harvard University Art Museums and also operates as a regional conservation facility providing fee-for-service treatments, surveys, and consultations for other museums, libraries, historical societies, historical sites, and private art collectors. The Center for Conservation and Technical Studies was established in 1928 by Edward W. Forbes, Director of the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard University. It is the oldest fine arts conservation treatment, research, and training facility in the United States. In 1994, the Center was renamed the Straus Center for Conservation and Technical Studies. The Straus Center specializes in the conservation of works on paper, paintings, sculpture, decorative objects, and historic and archaeological artifacts. The Straus Center for Conservation plays a leading role not only in preserving specific works of art but also in developing new methods and techniques for the field of conservation and in training the next generation of conservators. The Advanced-Level Training Program provides formal hands-on training in conservation. This program was formalized in 1972 with support from the National Endowment for the Arts and offers up to six ten-month internships each year." (extracted from website)
Web Address 	http://www.artmuseums.harvard.edu/straus/index.html
Postal Address 	The Straus Center for Conservation
Harvard University Art Museum
32 Quincy Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone 	+1 617 495 2392
Fax 	+1 617 495 0322
Contact 	lie@fas.harvard.edu
Searchable 	No
Categories 	Research / training
Website Languages	English
Category:Directory
Category:Directory: Research / training