nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Segregated funds

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A segregated fund, or segregated account, is an account used by a brokerage firm to keep the customers' assets separate from the firm's. If a brokerage house becomes insolvent, the customers’ funds will be readily recognizable and will not be tied up in litigation for extended periods of time.
This money, securities or property is held in this manner in compliance with Section 4d of the Commodity Exchange Act and U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) regulations. It may not be commingled with the money, securities and property of the futures commission merchant (FCM).
Segregated funds entered the spotlight on Oct. 31, 2011 when broker-dealer MF Global filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, due largely to the fact that some of MF Global's customer accounts that were supposed to be segregated and protected from the rest of the business had suffered what regulators described as "possible deficiencies." As of Nov. 21, 2011, the MF Global shortfall was estimated to be more than $1.2 billion. Eight days later, trustee James W. Giddens filed an expedited motion for the bankruptcy court's approval of a $2.1 billion bulk transfer and distribution to former MF Global customers.
On April 4, 2012, the CFTC filed and settled charges against JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. for the misuse and "unlawful handling" of Lehman Brothers, Inc. customer segregated funds. JPMorgan Chase Bank was ordered to pay a $20 million civil monetary penalty and take on additional measures to ensure that segregated funds are protected.
==Restoring Customer Confidence Video Series ==
Customer Segregation: A Clear View
Moving excess customer funds to a clearing house is one way to reduce the amount of capital at risk. Byron Baldwin, SVP, Buyside Relations at Eurex, says his exchange developed segregated account services that can be as wide or granular as needed. Published Nov. 27, 2012.
== References ==
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:MF Global
Segregated witness

Segregated Witness (or SegWit) is a computer software upgrade designed to help address scalability issues with some cryptocurrencies, such as bitcoin and Litecoin.
== Overview == 
SegWit was first introduced by a developer named Pieter Wiulle at the Scaling Bitcoin conference in 2015. In his presentation, Wiulle said that by implementing a new protocol to bitcoin's core code that removes certain data normally recorded on its blockchain and storing that data outside the block, he could fix a bug in bitcoin's code called "transaction malleability," which allows anyone to change small details that modify the details of the identifying addresses relevant to a transaction - in other words, the data that tells you who sent bitcoin to whom - as well as its subsequent hash. Others praised this proposed protocol upgrade as a potential solution to bitcoin's relatively poor scalability; by implementing this upgrade, bitcoin would be able to process more transactions per second, because less data would be required to record a transaction in a given block. This was dubbed "segregated witness," because the signature data had previously been named the "witness."
Another benefit of SegWit is that it is, from a programming standpoint, surprisingly flexible; SegWit supports implementing "second layer" protocols, meaning the protocol tends to operate smoothly with protocols built "on top" of a blockchain, such as the Lightning Network.
Not all members of the bitcoin community agreed that the upgrade was feasible from a technical standpoint. In fact, the debate became so devisive, it led to the hard fork that created Bitcoin Cash. 
In August 2017, SegWit was enacted to the bitcoin blockchain. Because of how the protocol was designed, it was implemented without causing a hard fork.
== References ==
Category:Decentralized Applications
Category:Digital Assets
Category:Definitions
Category:blockchain
Category:Distributed ledgers
Category:fintech
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Seismic Foundry

Seismic Foundry is an early stage capital markets financial technology fund. The firm was founded by Cathryn Lyall, Bill Templer, Brendan Bradley, Jeff Gale and David Feltes, to help fund start-up fintech firms in the financial markets space.
 
== Background ==
The firm was created by a group of veteran industry executives with extensive experience in the bank, broker-dealer, exchange, trading and technology space. The focus is on early stage start-ups, which often have difficulty in attracting funding by larger venture capital firms. Seismic Foundry provides capital as well as management expertise and networking services to help firms grow. 
By targeting very early-stage firms, the fund seeks to leverage the UK's Government Seed Enterprise Investment Scheme, which provides tax benefits to investors of start-ups. 
The firm made its first investment in Kite Edge in January 2018, a search and content firm that helps clients unbundle research on MiFID II rules. 
It made its second investment in a regulation technology start-up firm called Enforcd, which provides a regulatory database for institutions. The platform includes news, analysis and statistics that help firms identify and manage regulatory risk.
== Key People ==
* Cathryn Lyall, co-founder, partner
* Bill Templer, co-founder, partner
* Brendan Bradley, co-founder, partner
* Jeff Gale, co-founder, partner 
* David Feltes, co-founder, partner
== References ==
Self-regulatory organization

In United States securities law, the principal federal regulator, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), delegates authority to the National Association of Securities Dealers (the NASD) and to the national stock exchanges (such as the NYSE) to enforce certain industry standards and requirements related to securities trading and brokerage. 
The National Futures Association is the self-regulatory organization for the futures industry. U.S. futures exchanges also have self-regulatory functions.
On July 26, 2007 the SEC approved a merger of the enforcement arms of the NYSE and the NASD, to form a new SRO, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. In addition, Congress created the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (the MSRB) as an SRO charged with adopting investor protection rules governing broker-dealers and banks that underwrite, trade and sell tax-exempt bonds, 529 college savings plans and other types of municipal securities.
== References ==
Sell side

The sell side refers to a brokerage or firm that manages individual accounts and makes recommendations to the clients of the firm. Sell side analysts are those who issue recommendations such as "strong buy," "outperform," "neutral," or "sell." The brokerage benefits from these recommendations because whenever a client trades stock, the brokerage gets a commission. 
Sell side analysts are paid by and ultimately answer to the brokerage, not the clients. Their recommendations are not specific to one client but are aimed at all or any of the firm's clients. 
Also see: buy side
== References ==
Category:Brokers
Senior debt

Senior debt refers to a class of debt that takes priority over other debt securities sold by the issuer. If the issuer goes bankrupt, the senior debt must be repaid before other classes of debt are repaid. Mortgage bonds, as well as most loans from financial institutions, are senior debt. 
In mortgages, a first mortgage is a senior debt, and the second mortgage is a junior debt.
== References ==
Category:Interest Rates
Category:Fixed Income
Sentinel Management Group

Sentinel Management Group, Inc. is a former Illinois-based cash management firm that collapsed following its filing Ch. 11 bankruptcy and the filing of U.S. fraud charges against the company. Sentinel froze customer accounts in August 2007 as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the National Futures Association (NFA) began investigating the company's recordkeeping.
== History ==
Sentinel was founded by Philip Bloom in 1979 in order to manage cash for brokers at the Chicago Board of Trade and Chicago Mercantile Exchange, with the promise that the firm would invest only in top quality investments that could be returned almost "at a moment's notice." In 1988 he hired his son Eric and, in 1992, named Eric as company president. 
On August 14, 2007, Sentinel halted customers' ability to withdraw funds after reportedly requesting such an order from the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). While some regulators claimed that no such request was ever made, the company made the decision to avoid a significant loss. At the time, Sentinel was managing approximately $1.6 billion in assets.
Brokers Farr Financial and Velocity Futures sued as a result of the freeze and due to Sentinel's attempting to sell assets to hedge fund company Citadel Investment Group LLC. Three days later, on August 17, 2007, Sentinel filed for Ch. 11 bankruptcy.
On August 20, 2007, the SEC filed civil fraud charges against Sentinel. According to a report by Reuters: "In a complaint filed in U.S. District Court in Chicago, the SEC accused Sentinel of defrauding clients by improperly commingling, misappropriating and leveraging their securities without their knowledge in violation of the Investment Advisers Act." Nearly $460 million in customer securities had been transferred to a proprietary house account by Sentinel.
In June 2012, Sentinel CEO Eric Bloom and head trader Charles Mosley were indicted on 20 counts of fraud in connection with the Sentinel bankruptcy. In October 2013, Mosley pleaded guilty on two counts of investment adviser fraud in exchange for an agreement to cooperate with prosecutors in their case against Bloom.
In March 2014, Eric Bloom was found guilty on 18 counts of wire fraud and one count of investment adviser fraud. 
== Products and Services ==
Sentinel invested in managed-futures funds, allowing clients, mostly high-net-worth individuals and hedge funds, to withdraw from accounts quickly and easily. Short-term commercial paper, foreign currency, investment-grade bonds and Treasury notes were among Sentinel's investments prior to the company's collapse.
== Key People ==
*Philip Bloom, Founder and Chairman
*Eric Bloom, President & CEO
*Charles Mosley, Chief Trader & Portfolio Manager
== References ==
Category:Cash Management Firms
Category:Managed Futures
Category:Defunct Firms
Serena Ng

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Serena Ng is a New York-based reporter for the Wall Street Journal covering U.S. financial exchanges and the credit derivatives sector. 
== Background ==
In 2008, Ng was part of a team of WSJ reporters who won a Gerald Loeb business journalism award for Beat Writing. Before attending NYU’s Business and Economic Reporting program in 2004-2005, Ng worked for four years as a corporate news reporter at The Business Times, a financial newspaper in Singapore. 
== Education ==
Ng holds a bachelor’s degree in communications from Nanyang Technological University in Singapore.
 
== References ==	
category: Journalists
Category:Dow Jones
Serge Demolière

Serge Demoliere serves on the supervisory board of RTS Realtime Systems Group. 
== Background ==
Demolière graduated with a degree in Economics from the University of Hamburg. After attending a two-year internship at Dresdner Bank, he acted as a delegate of Dresdner Bank's DTB (derivatives exchange) project team. Following this, he filled several positions at Dresdner Bank. He led the department's Options and Futures as well as Trade of Domestic and Foreign Stocks. In 1994, he was promoted to Director of Dresdner Bank.
From 1995 to 1999, Demolière was responsible for the division of proprietary trading and stock exchange dealing in the business segment stocks/derivatives of Bankgesellschaft Berlin. He has been the chief representative there since December 1999. After completing the Advanced Management Program at Harvard Business School in Boston, he became a Member of the Board at Bankgesellschaft Berlin in November 2001. In addition to his function as a Member of the Board, he performs several mandates in Supervisory and Advisory Boards and he is Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Berliner Börse AG. 
== References ==
Sergey Aleynikov

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Sergey Aleynikov is a former programmer and vice president of equity strategy at Goldman Sachs. He was convicted in May 2015 of stealing some of the bank's high-frequency trading code. The New York jury found him guilty on only one count of stealing "secret scientific material" from Goldman. They were unable to reach a verdict on another similar count and acquitted him on a count of unlawful duplication.
Aleynikov's lawyer said the defense would file a motion for dismissal of the conviction, which he said amounted to a violation of the "double jeopardy" statute in U.S. law. 
Aleynikov, a dual U.S. and Russian citizen, was first arrested in 2009. He admitted to having downloaded the code, but claimed that it was not a criminal act. He had been previously tried and convicted in federal court over the computer code theft and served nearly a year in prison, but an appeals court overturned the conviction in 2012. 
He helped inspire Michael Lewis’ bestselling book “Flash Boys" about high-speed trading in the U.S. equity market.
== Background ==
Aleynikov was arrested by the FBI on July 3, 2009 after he landed at the Newark Liberty International Airport. The alleged stolen property included Goldman's proprietary "black box," or high-frequency trading code, and the alleged act broke two federal laws: the Economic Espionage Act and the Interstate Transportation of Stolen Property Act.
Aleynikov moved to the U.S. from Russia in 1990 and was hired by Goldman in 2007 to write high-frequency trading code. In 2009, he departed Goldman for Teza Technologies. Before leaving, however, Aleynikov downloaded Goldman source code and was caught by the company. The theft was reported to authorities and he faced a two-week trial in December 2010. He was convicted and filed an appeal.
== Education ==
*MS joint with UMDNJ, Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey-New Brunswick (1993 – 1996)
*Bachelor, Computer Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey-New Brunswick (1991 – 1993)
*Associate, Applied Mathematics, Moscow Institute of Transportation Engineering (MIIT)(1987 – 1990)
== Resources ==
*Your Secret is Safe... Or Is It?, JLN FX
== References ==
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Sergey Kucher

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Sergey Kucher is the director of systems development for the CBOE. He was the chief technology officer of San Frnncisco-based chief Livevol before the firm was acquired by the CBOE in 2015.
== Background ==
Kucher 10 years plus of experience in the IT field ranges from large-scale deployments to high availability systems and low latency communications.
At Livevol, he was responsible for the development and application of their architecture and infrastructure. Before becoming CTO, Kucher was vice president of engineering. 
== Education ==
Kucher holds a bachelors degree in Computer Science from the National Aerospace University of Ukraine.
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Technology
Category:Livevol - Former Employees
Category:Livevol
Sergey Sergeevich Ivanov

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Sergey Sergeevich Ivanov is a Russian national allegedly involved in large-scale money laundering operations through cryptocurrency exchanges. He is known for his association with Cryptex, a virtual currency exchange registered in St. Vincent and the Grenadines but operating in Russia.
== Background ==
Ivanov, also known by the alias "Taleon," is believed to be 44 years old and based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. He is suspected to have changed his surname from Omelnitskii at some point in his career.
== Criminal Allegations ==
According to U.S. authorities, Ivanov has been involved in money laundering activities for approximately 20 years. He is accused of laundering hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of virtual currency for various criminal actors, including ransomware operators, initial access brokers, and darknet marketplace vendors.
== Cryptex and Other Operations ==
Ivanov is associated with Cryptex, a cryptocurrency exchange that has been linked to significant ransomware transactions. The exchange is alleged to have received over $51.2 million in funds derived from ransomware attacks and has been associated with over $720 million in transactions to services frequently used by Russia-based cybercriminals.
== Legal Actions ==
In September 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice unsealed an indictment charging Ivanov with conspiracy to commit bank fraud and money laundering. Concurrently, the U.S. Treasury Department imposed sanctions on Ivanov and Cryptex.
== Rewards ==
The U.S. Department of State has offered a reward of up to $10 million for information leading to the arrest or conviction of Ivanov.
== References ==	
Category:Cryptocurrency
Category:Cybercrime
Category:Money Laundering
Category:Sanctions
Sergio Ermotti

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Sergio Ermotti will return as chief executive officer of UBS AG starting on April 5, 2023, to oversee the integration of Credit Suisse Group AG, which UBS agreed to purchase in a deal brokered by the Swiss government and the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority. Ermotti led UBS for nine years until October of 2020. He is credited with restoring the bank to health after a government bailout in 2008. 
He will succeed Ralph Hamers, who ran UBS from late 2020 to March of 2023. Ermotti leaves his post as chairman of Swiss Re in order to head the new combined Swiss banking giant.
Ermotti ended his term at UBS Group AG after the company logged one of the best quarters since he took over nine years earlier. UBS reported better-than-expected profit on October 20, 2020, helped by a booming investment bank, unexpected inflows from rich clients, and some of the lowest provisions for bad loans in Europe. One of the longest-serving bank CEOs in Europe, Ermotti cut back the investment bank during his tenure and pivoted to a focus on wealth management. 
He joined the bank in April 2011, and less than six months later, a scandal involving a rogue trader in UBS' London office forced the bank’s chief executive, Oswald Grobel, to resign. Ermotti took over as CEO in November. 
== Background ==
Ermotti was formerly the chairman and CEO of UBS Group Europe, Middle East and Africa. He was the deputy chief executive of UniCredit Group from 2007 to 2010, managing corporate and investment banking and private banking for the company. He joined Unicredit in 2005 as the head of markets & investment banking. 
Before that, he worked for Merrill Lynch as the co-head of global equity markets and as a member of the Executive Management Committee for Global Markets & Investment Banking. Ermotti began with Merrill Lynch in 1987.
== Education ==
He earned a certificate in Swiss Banking and a master’s degree in management from Oxford.
== Professional Organizations ==
*London Stock Exchange Group, Non-executive Director
== References ==
Category:UBS Executives
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Sergio Gullo

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Sergio Gullo is the chief representative for Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) at the Brazilian equities and derivatives exchange BM&FBOVESPA. He took the position in September 2011 and reports to Lucy Pamboukdjian, International Business Development Officer.
== Background ==
Gullo previously worked as a business development manager for interdealer broker BG Cantor. Prior to that, he worked for emerging market banks such as Banco Votorantim and Renaissance Capital and focused on debt and structured product sales. Gullo also served as a Brazilian corporate banking representative for Lloyds TBS early in his career.
== Education ==
*Business Administration Graduation, Post Graduation Economics, Universidade Gama Filho
*Executive Program, Accelerated Development Program, The University of Chicago Booth School of Business
== Professional Organizations ==
*Brazilian Chamber of Commerce in Great Britain, Council Member
*FELABAN Delegation, Former Member
*IBDA Delegation, Former Member
*IMF Delegation, Former Member
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Series 3

The National Commodity Futures Examination - Series 3 - exam is a test that is administered by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or the former National Association of Securities Dealers. 
The National Futures Association requires that an individual successfully complete the Series 3 exam in order to become qualified to sell commodities or futures contracts. 
On the National Commodity Futures Examination – Series 3, the
candidate must receive a score of 70 percent on both parts of the exam (market knowledge and
regulations) in order to pass.
== Background ==
Individuals who are applying for NFA membership as a sole proprietor FCM, IB, CPO, CTA or for registration as an AP of any of these categories must satisfy proficiency requirements. Unless they are eligible for an existing alternative, they must pass the (NCFE or Series 3) within the two years preceding their application. NFA publishes a study outline ("Study Outlines for the Futures Industry Examinations") to aid individuals in preparing for the futures industry examinations.
The NFA test is administered by the FINRA via PROCTOR, a computer system specifically designed for the administration and delivery of computer-based testing and training and given through local centers worldwide.
== Alternatives ==
Based on the individuals' registration status and the type of business the individuals conduct, they may be eligible for one of the following alternatives to the Series 3 examination:
=== *Futures Managed Funds Examination Series 31===
=== *Limited Futures Examination - Regulations' Series 32===
=== *Referral of Securities' Clients ===
Individuals are not required to take an examination if (1) they are registered with FINRA as a General Securities Representative with their sponsor and (2) they are going to limit their futures activities on behalf of their sponsor to referring clients to APs of the sponsor, which referrals are solely incidental to their business as a General Securities Representative, or supervising persons who perform these same limited activities. 
=== *Waivers for CPOs and CTAs Trading Primarily in Securities ===
Under NFA Registration Rule 402, NFA may waive the examination requirements for certain individuals who are associated with CPOs that are required to register solely because they operate commodity pools principally engaged in securities transactions and/or who are associated with CTAs that are required to register solely because their securities advisory services include advice on the use of futures and options for risk management purposes. The individual or firm requesting the waiver must provide a written description of the facts that qualify the individual for a waiver.
== Resources == 
*Sample Exam Question
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Series 63

The Series 63 examination, officially known as the Uniform Securities Agent State Law Examination, is considered the state-based companion exam to the better-known Series 7 examination that allows graduates to sell securities in the United States. Passing Series 63 qualifies candidates to become registered representatives (RR) under state-based securities industry regulations.
== Second hurdle ==
Most prospective entrants to the securities industry must pass both the Series 7 and Series 63 exam to qualify for registration at federal and state levels to buy and sell securities. The Series 6 exam was developed by the North American Securities Administrators Association (NASAA) and based on the Uniform Securities Act that has been adopted by most states. Like the Series 7, the Series 63 exam is administered by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). The series 63 exam takes 75 minutes to complete 65 multiple-choice questions (60 scored) and candidates must score 70% to pass.
Only the Uniform Securities Act of 1956 (USA) is relevant to the series 63 exam and the breakdown of questions reflect its priorities, with a full 35% devoted to 'business practices'. Study guides also caution that because the USA is much more heavily oriented towards protecting individual investors rather than institutions, candidates should prepare accordingly.
== References ==
Category:Registration
Category:FINRA