nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Washing soda

== Description ==
White crystals of sodium carbonate decahydrate. See sal soda.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sal soda; sodium carbonate decahydrate; hydrated sodium carbonate
== Risks ==
* Skin contact may cause irritation.
* aiMix Chemicals: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in water producing strongly alkaline solution.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 734
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
* Meredith Montague, contributed information, 1998
* Bernard Toale, The Art of Papermaking, Davis Publications, Portland OR, 1983
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Wasurenasou - left (347 L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_10-08-2009_347.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 347
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 5th shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| left (347 L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| pale beige
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ワスレナ草 : Wasurenasou
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| flower, leaf, stem and root / unspecified
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| alum
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| It is difficult to dye a deeper color on a fabric with this dyestuff.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Wasurenasou - right (347 R)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_10-08-2009_347.jpg~Normal]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 347
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 5th shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| right (347 R)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| pale grayish brown
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| ワスレナ草 : Wasurenasou
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| flower, leaf, stem and root / unspecified
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| It is difficult to dye a deeper color on a fabric with this dyestuff.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Water

== Description ==
A clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is essential for most plant and animal life. Pure water occurs in nature as rain, while water in lakes, streams, and oceans contains dissolved salts/minerals (silica, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, sulfates, chlorides, carbonates, nitrites/nitrates, etc.) and organic matter. Excessive amounts of dissolved solids constitute 'hard water'. Dissolved solids are removed by distillation, filtration, reverse osmosis, or water softeners. Water is commonly used as a solvent and a diluent for aqueous paint media (gouache, tempera, aquarelle, fresco, etc.), for paper pulp, textile dyes, cement mixtures, photographic solutions, detergent, and adhesive. It is also used for cleaning, cooling, energy storage, and putting out fires.
See also Distilled water and Deionized water.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiH2O-LIQUID.jpg~FTIR|water.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ice; steam; rain; moisture; dihydrogen oxide; oxygen hydride
== Risks ==
* Chemical Book: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* pH of pure water is 7.0. 
* Standing water will absorb and dissolve carbon dioxide from the air to form carbonic acid, which can decrease the pH as low as 5.6. 
* Precipitation may contain dissolved components that additionally decrease the pH (see acid rain).
Composition 	H2O
CAS 	7732-18-5
Density 	1.00 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 18.02
Refractive Index	1.333
Boiling Point 	100 C
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 857
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 10175
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Website: www.hants.org.uk/museums/ofr/cmeth_t.html
Category:Materials database
Water blue

== Description ==
A bright blue synthetic textile dye. Water blue was first made in 1858 by Hoffmann. It is used to dye wool, polyamide, leather, and paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Acid Blue 93; CI 42780; Ink Blue G; Helvetia blue; CAS 289-83-56-4
==Resources and Citations==
* A.Scharff, 'Synthetic dyestuffs for textiles and their fastness to washing', ICOM-CC Preprints Lyon, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1999
* Colour Index International online at www.colour-index.org
Category:Materials database
Water brush

== Description ==
1) A watercolor painters brush with a cylindrical handle that can be filled with water and is typically used for plein-air painting. The brush dispenses water when the barrel is squeezed, so it takes practice to control the amount of water dispensed. Typically water brushed have caps that protect the bristles when traveling and are easy to clean. The bristles are always a bit damp, which limits their ability to achieve dry brush effects.
2) Also called a wash brush, some water brushes are designed to evenly coat a large area in in a few strokes. These brushes are ideal for applying sizing, dampening paper, or painting large areas with sumi ink or watercolors.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Mizubake water brush; was brush; mounting brush; ebake; hira bake
Category:Materials database
Water buffalo

== Description ==
A large bovine, Bubalus bubalis, native to Asia. Water buffalo have been domesticated since ancient times. Their large hides were made into buffalo leather for use in clothing and shelter. Wild populations are near extinction.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Bubalus bubalis; water ox; carabao; waterbuffalo (sp); Asian buffalo; Indian buffalo; piel de búfalo (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "water buffalo" [Accessed October 29, 2002].
* American Leather Chemists Association Glossary at www.leatherchemists.org
Category:Materials database
Water gas

== Description ==
An odorless toxic gaseous mixture. Water gas is composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It is formed when steam passes over red hot coke or other carbon-containing biomass, such as wood (wood gas). Water gas was used in the 19th century for heating and lighting. By 1890, it was replaced with natural gas. In recent years, this method has been used to convert waste products to energy by producing 'syngas'.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
wood gas; coal gas; syngas; dřevoplyn (Ces.); traegas (Dan.); Holzvergasung (Deut.); Gasógeno (Esp.); Gazogène (Fr.); Gassogeno (It.); Gengass (Nor.); Gengas (Sven.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.405
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 10176
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_gas (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Water gilding

== Description ==
A technique for the application of gold leaf. Used since the 12th century, water gilding was one of the major gilding techniques used for decorating medieval manuscripts and for preparing gold backgrounds on icons and altarpieces. The surface is typically prepared with a layer of size and ground, followed by a red or yellow bole layer. After drying, the bole layer is remoistened with water or alcohol and glue then the thin gold leaf is applied. Capillary action draws the water into the bole and holds the gold leaf in place as the bole dries. After drying, the gold is burnished to a bright, shiny finish.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
water gilt
==Resources and Citations==
* P.T.Craddock, "Gilding", The Dictionary of Art Grove's Dictionaries, New York, 1996.
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: P.T.Craddock, "Gilding"
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
* ArtLex Art Dictionary at www.artlex.com
Category:Materials database
Water lime

== Description ==
A type of lime, calcium oxide, that will harden under water. Water lime, or hydraulic lime contains a mixture of lime and clay. Water lime is not the same as lime water.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chaux hydraulique (Fr.); cal hidráulica (Port.); hydraulic lime
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Water oak

== Description ==
An ornamental oak tree, Quercus nigra, native to the southeastern United States. Water oaks grow primarily in coastal plains. They have glossy, blue-green leaves that turn yellow in autumn.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
possum oak; spotted oak; Quercus nigra
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Medium tree growing to 25m 
* Bark=dark gray with scaly ridges 
* Leaves=variable (5-10cm) with 0 to 5 lobes. 
* Fruit=small acorns (1 cm) with flattened cap, maturation takes two years
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "willow oak." Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 Oct. 2004 .
* Virginia Tech Dendrology website at www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm (accessed Oct. 8, 2005)
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Water repellent

== Description ==
A surface or finish that is very resistant to the penetration of water. Water repellent coatings can be paint, rubber, plastic, wax, or asphalt. They are used on textiles, leather, metals, cement, masonry, and paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
water-repellent; water-resistant; water resistant; water resistance; water repellency
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 860
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Water softener

== Description ==
Chemical compounds or physical sorbents used to reduce the solid mineral content of hard water. Hard water is primarily due to salts of calcium and magnesium and it can form scale on pipes or react with soaps to form scum. Water softeners either precipitate (lime, soda) or chemically alter these compounds (ion exchange resins, trisodium phosphate). Cation exchange resins made from natural and artificial zeolites replace calcium and magnesium ions with sodium. Acid ion exchange columns replace the cation with a hydrogen ion while alkaline exchange columns replace the anion with a hydroxyl group. Both the acid and the alkaline exchange columns alter the pH of the resulting water.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
plastifiant-réducteur d'eau (Fr.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 861
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Water Softener." Accessed: 3 Sept. 2004 .
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Water table

== Description ==
The underground elevation below which the soil is saturated with water. Above the water table, the voids between soil particles are filled with air. The water table rises and falls with the availability of water in the region.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
water level; watertable; groundwater; phreatic surface; Grundwasserspiegel (Deut.); nappe phréatique (Fr.); grondwater (Ned.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Anne Grimmer, Glossary of Building Stone Terms, A Glossary of Historic Masonry Deterioration Problems and Preservation Treatments, National Park Service, Washington DC, 1984
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_table (Accessed Mar. 1, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Water vapor permeability

== Description ==
The ability of a material to transmit water vapor. Water vapor permeability is measured using the variable partial pressures of the water vapor on each side of the test material and changes are monitored over time. Water vapor permeability is usually given in the units of grams per square meter per day (g/m2.d). This indicates the number of grams of vapor that will pass through a square meter of the test material in one day. The thickness of the test material must be specified. A typical test thickness is 1 mil (1 thousandths of an inch thick). Some vapor permeability measurements are given as cc/m2.d, but in the case of water vapor, one cubic centimeter (cc) is equal to one gram. Vapor permeability is a measure of the affinity of the vapor to the substance and thus the vapors ability to diffuse through the substance. Since cellulose has a high affinity for water, it has a large water vapor permeability.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
moisture vapor transmission (MVT)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Other units = grams per 100 square inches per day
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
Category:Materials database
Water varnish

== Description ==
An aqueous varnish usually containing a gum-based lacquer (Bucher 1996).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
barniz al agua (Esp.); vernice all'acqua (It)
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Watercolor paint

== Description ==
A transparent or opaque paint with an aqueous binding medium. Most watercolor paints contain gum arabic as a binder. Aqueous based paints made with vegetable gum binders were used by Egyptian, Greek, and Roman artists for wall paintings. Japanese and Chinese painters extensively used watercolor paints on silk and paper supports. In the 16th-18th century, watercolor paints were used for miniature illustrations on porcelain, ivory, cards, books and manuscripts. By the 18th and early 19 centuries, watercolors rapidly increased in popularity due to the availability of small cakes of watercolor paints in metal pans. Water-based paints often contain additives such as plasticizers (hydromel, glycerin), wetting agents (oxgall, surfactant) and preservatives (phenol, alcohol).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
watercolors ; watermedia; water color paint; water-colour paint (Br.); aquarelle (Fr.); akvarel (Dan.); Aquarell (Deut.); acuarela (Esp.); acquerello (It.); aquarel (Ned.); akvarell (Nor., Sven.); akwarela (Pol.); aguarela (Port.); tinta de aguarela (Port.)
== Additional Images ==
File:Kyukyodo.jpg|Kyukodo watercolors
File:WN Artist colors.jpg|Windsor Newton artist colors
File:ClairaRobbins WC2.jpg|Watercolor set used by Claira Robbins
File:Nicholsons_peerlessWC2.jpg|Nicholson's Peerless Watercolors
File:Nicholsons_peerlessWC1.jpg|Nicholson's Peerless Watercolors
== Resources and Citations ==
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Website address 1 Comment: D. van der Reyden "Identifying the Real Thing" www.scmre.org/analysis.htm
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Watercolor paper

== Description ==
A commercially made paper used for painting with watercolor paint. The paper is treated with size to render it dimensionally stable when wet. Watercolor paper is typically very textured. The paper is thick and hard enough to allow rubbing and scraping. High quality watercolor paper is made from rag pulp or from a mixture of chemical wood pulp and rag pulp.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
water-colour paper (Br.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Waterleaf

== Description ==
An absorbent, unsized paper. Waterleaf of very absorbent and is used as a blotting paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
water leaf; blotting paper; absorbent paper
==Resources and Citations==
* Bernard Toale, The Art of Papermaking, Davis Publications, Portland OR, 1983
* Silvie Turner, Which Paper?, Design Press, New York, 1991
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Watermark

== Description ==
A distinguishing mark or pattern pressed into a sheet of paper during its manufacture. Watermarks were first developed about 1282 by Italian papermakers at Fabriano. By the 15th century, most manufacturers were using watermarks to assure quality and authenticity. Now the characteristic patterns provide a method to distinguish paper manufacturers and sometimes date the paper. Watermarks are usually produced by a raised pattern in the paper mold that results in a slightly thinner, more translucent paper in the marked area. More recently, watermarks or shaded marks, were sometimes applied with a dandy roll impression. The dandy roll compresses the fibers in a given region producing an opaque design. Watermark patterns can be seen in transmitted light, raking light, and by low energy radiography such as soft x-radiography, Grenz radiography and Beta radiography .
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
shaded mark; Wasserzeichen (Deut.); filigrane (Fr.); watermerk (Ned.); Znak wodny (Pol.); marca al agua (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* LeoCode: a working compendium of watermarks in the Codex Arundel, Codex Leicester, and other papers of Leonardo da Vinci ,
* R. Allison The Watermark Archive (accessed Jan. 6, 2009)
* The Bernstein project: The History of Paper and Watermarks from the Middle Ages to the Modern Period 
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Silvie Turner, Which Paper?, Design Press, New York, 1991 Comment: ' .. credited to the Italian papermakers at Fabriano .. papermaking was established there around 1268 and fourteen years later the first watermark, a very rough cross with small circles at each end and a larger one in the middle, appeared ...'
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "watermark" Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. [Accessed 20 Sept. 2005]. '...existed in Italy before the end of the 13th century'
* D. van der Reyden "Identifying the Real Thing" at www.scmre.org/analysis.htm
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermark (Accessed Sept. 20, 2005) '...were first introduce in Bologna, Italy in 1282;'
Category:Materials database