nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Aubrey G. Lanston & Co.

Aubrey G. Lanston & Co. is a research and brokerage firm founded in 1949 by the former assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury, Aubrey G. Lanston. Its specialties focus on U.S. government securities issued by the Federal Reserve. In 1957, Lanston was chosen as a primary dealer for Treasury securities by the Federal Reserve. at its inception the firm was an underwriter and market maker for treasury auctions. Lanston & Co. also has a subsidiary, Lanston Futures, a futures broker focusing on clearing for institutional traders seeking confidential execution. 
In 1986, the firm was bought out by the Industrial Bank of Japan (IBJ) in an effort to create two-way market access for its customers. Despite the buyout, Lanston& CO. has maintained its independence from the Bank and has since gained market access in Japan and England. 
The firm kept a solid reputation in the financial world until February 2000, when bond traders from Lanston, along with a trader from Warburg Dillon Read, were investigated by the SEC for participating in an illegal short squeeze. A Warburg trader was fired as a result.
== Key People ==
*Aubrey G. Lanston, Founder 
== References ==
Category:Primary Dealers
Category:Brokerages
Category:Bonds
Category:Aubrey G. Lanston & Co.
Aubrey Ho

__NOTOC__ 
Aubrey Ho is the director of corporate communications for the Hong Kong Mercantile Exchange.
== Background ==
Ho is responsible for all of Hong Kong Mercantile Exchange's internal and external communications.
Before joining the exchange, she was group head of marketing in Asia for ABN AMRO and before that executive director and Asian head of communications and marketing for UBS AG. She also worked for global communications and consulting firm Gavin Anderson earlier in her career.
== Education ==
Ho holds a master in business administration the University of New South Wales and a bachelor of arts in Journalism from the University of Georgia.
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Hong Kong Mercantile Exchange
Category:ABN AMRO - Former Employees
Auction

Auctions are a form of price discovery in which prospective buyers compete with each other by placing price bids until only one price remains. In auctions for most assets or goods, multiple buyers bid the price up, but for some large-issue securities like U.S. Treasuries and some stock IPOs, auctions discover the lowest possible price for every security available.
Auctions for single investment assets like a piece of property or artwork as well as consumer-oriented auction websites like eBay are conducted as regular ascending price auctions, where each bid places a higher bid than the previous until only one remains. In some cities (like Sydney, Australia) with an undersupply of developed property, all real estate sales are conducted by such auctions.
== Going Dutch ==
 
A growing number of asset sales are being conducted using a descending-price auction, also called a Dutch auction because it was first used in tulip-bulb auctions in 17th-century Netherlands. Dutch auctions involve issuers revealing how much of a security they want to sell and sometimes a possible price. Prospective buyers then place secret bids for the quantity and price they want to purchase and afterwards are allocated amounts based on whether their bids met the issuer's minimum set price. 
The most familiar Dutch auctions for investors are the ones used by the U.S. Treasury to sell Treasury bills, Treasury notes and Treasury bonds as well as Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (TIPS). In competitive-bidding Treasury auctions each bidder specifies the yield s/he is seeking and can bid for up to 35% of the issue. In non-competitive bidding the bidder can buy up to $5 million worth of the issue and must accept the yield of the highest price bidder. The Treasury accepts competitive bids in ascending order by yield until all the issue is sold. 
Dutch auctions for share initial public offerings (IPOs) were pioneered by San Francisco-based brokerage WR Hambrecht, which claims to have democratized the IPO process compared to the established process of underwriter allocation. The same Dutch auction process was used by internet search-engine powerhouse Google.com in its $2.7 billion IPO in 2004, where the bidding and price discovery were both fully automated. These kinds of auctions were first proposed by Nobel prize-winning economist William Vickrey.
== References ==
Auction rate securities

Auction Rate Securities (ARS) are long term, variable rate bonds tied to short term interest rates. They have a long term nominal maturity with the interest rates reset through a Dutch auction, at intervals usually of 7, 28, or 35 days. They trade at par and are callable at par on any interest payment date at the option of the issuer. Although they are issued and rated as long term bonds, they are priced and traded as short term instruments because of the liquidity provided through the interest rate reset mechanism. 
The auction rate market was invented in 1984 by Ronald Gallatin, an investment banker at Lehman Brothers. The idea was to issue long-term securities that could pay their buyers interest rates only slightly above short-term rates. That was accomplished by resetting the rate at periodic auctions. As long as there were willing bidders for the securities, any holder could sell the security at face value whenever there was an auction.
== References ==
Auctos Capital Management

Auctos Capital Management, LLC is a Chicago-based commodity trading advisor (CTA) and commodity pool operator (CPO) launched in September 2007 by Kevin Jamali. It is headquartered in offices in the Chicago Board of Trade Building. 
== History ==
Auctos was organized as a limited liability company in Delaware in September of 2007. It has been registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission as a commodity trading advisor and commodity pool operator since October of 2007. It is a member of the National Futures Association.
Auctos initially traded two market systems. In 2009, it expanded to eight systems using three different strategy sectors. Its strategies include directional, spreads and pattern recognition. They focuse on uncorrelated, shorter-term systems. 
As of January 2011, Auctos had $25 million of assets under management. That was up from $10 million under management as of February of 2010.
== Products and Services ==
Auctos strategies include 70 different profit and loss line items that are generated in 40 outright markets and 30 spread markets. The equally weighted models have a target of 10% annualized standard deviation and a drawdown of less than 15%. The firm uses historical data to conduct various robustness tests and aims to avoid over optimization.
Auctos offers managed accounts under CFTC Rule 4.7. to exempt Qualified Exempt Persons.
== Key People ==
*Kevin Jamali, Managing Member and Founder
*Abdol H. Esfahanian, Consultant
*Ali Neyestani, Technology Officer and Research Analyst
== References ==
Category:Commodity Trading Advisors
Category:Commodity Pool Operators
Category:Auctos Capital Management
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Audacity Capital

Audacity Capital DMCC is a proprietary trading firm founded in 2013 and headquartered in Dubai.
== History ==
== Business Model ==
Audacity Capital operates solely as a proprietary trading firm using in-house developed software and algorithmic models. It acts as a market maker on several exchanges worldwide. Audacity Capital is a member of the Futures Industry Association FIA.http://www.audacitycapital.com/media-1/2015/12/7/7-dec-2015-audacity-capital-joins-fia-asia
Audacity Capital operates under the DMCC (Dubai Multi Commodities Center) infra-structure, a strategic initiative by the Government of Dubai to provide the physical, market and financial infrastructure to facilitate a commodities market place in Dubai.http://www.dmcc.ae/dmcc-who-we-are
== Key People ==
* Harold Duineveld, Managing Director
* Marco Duquette, Director
== Audacity in the news ==
http://tabbforum.com/opinions/audacity-capital-on-the-benefits-of-liquidity-providing
== References ==
Audrey R. Hirschfeld

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__NOTOC__ 
Audrey R. Hirschfeld is the senior vice president, secretary and general counsel for ICE Futures US.
== Background ==
She served as senior vice president, regulatory affairs for the New York Board of Trade before it was acquired by ICE and renamed ICE Futures US. Before that she was senior vice president and general counsel for the Coffee, Sugar & Cocoa Exchange, Inc., NYBOT's predecessor..
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:ICE Futures US
Auerbach Grayson

Auerbach Grayson & Company Inc. is a New York-based stockbroker that serves major U.S. investors.
It does business in 98 countries around the world and specializes in executing trades in the most emerging of markets. 
Because Auerbach Grayson is considered a registered broker-dealer under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulation 15A (6), it is allowed to distribute foreign-based research directly to its clients.
Its clients - which include mutual fund s and hedge funds typically have assets ranging from $100 million to several billion dollars and are a mix of both value-driven and speculative investors.
It was the first brokerage firm to provide its clients with equity research reports in the eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) format. Auerbach Grayson is launched its XBRL research platform on the heels of a proposed SEC rule that would require the largest public companies in the United States to submit corporate financial reports in the XBRL format beginning with reporting periods ending in December of 2008.
== History ==
In 2012, firm parnter Jonathan Auerbach passed away at the age of 70.
== Products and Services ==
Offers research, execution and clearance in equities, derivatives and fixed-income instruments through a network of broker partners. The firm also provides and implements hedging and arbitrage strategies. 
== Key People ==
*David Grayson, Co-founder
== References ==
Category:Brokerage Firms
Category:Broker-Dealers
Category:Auerbach Grayson
Aurora

Aurora was an electronic trading auction system developed by the Chicago Board of Trade in the late 1980s as it considered offering electronic futures trading of its products during non-open outcry trading hours.
The Aurora project, announced in March 1989 at the annual Futures Industry Association International Conference in Boca Raton, Florida and approved by the CBOT members, consisted of the CBOT and three technology companies; Apple, Texas Instruments, and Tandem.
At the 1989 FIA Boca Raton Conference, the CBOT "used a combination of lights, slides, booming music and computer graphics to show reporters its Aurora system."
The Aurora system was designed to use Tandem mainframe computers, Texas Instrument artificial intelligence components and and Apple computer graphics.
Aurora was designed to visually replicate the trading pit and use avatars to represent different traders and quantities they were quoting. A trader was only allowed to be displayed in one market at time, just as if one person could only be in one trading floor pit at a time.Gutterman
A trade was consummated when a user chose a trader with which to deal with by clicking on their avatar using their computer's mouse.
The CBOT reportedly spent $5 million building a Aurora system protype, but then dropped the system to join the CME as a 50-50 partner in Globex in 1990. It would have cost the CBOT another $20 million to implement Aurora. For the Globex partnership, Reuters was paying the $100 million cost to develop the system and was to be paid $1 per trade.
The potential success of Aurora was hampered by a data network that could only handle 19.2 kilobytes of data per secondGutterman After the CBOT dropped out of the the Globex partnership with the CME, they developed a system called Project A, which used a local area network in Chicago. This nullified the problem with the capacity constraints that impeded the development of Aurora.
Pricing for trades on Aurora were set to be $1 per trade, as opposed to the Globex fee of $4 per trade.
The Aurora trading system was criticized by then SEC Commissioner Joseph Grundfest in 1989 for being more vulnerable to pre-arranged trading because the system allows traders to select their trading partner.
== References ==
Category:Electronic Trading
Category:Chicago Board of Trade
Aurora (AOA)

With a market capitalization of $165,374,525 on July 7, 2019, Aurora (AOA) is the 52nd largest cryptocurrency according to figures from CoinMarketCap, an online data aggregator. 
AOA is the native coin for the AuroraChain. The coin uses delegated proof of stake and Byzantine fault tolerance consensus mechanisms. AuroraChain reaches transaction speeds of 2000 transactions per second (TPS).
==References==
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Aurubis

__NOTOC__
Aurubis is Europe's largest copper producer and the world's largest copper recycler. As of 2012, the company produced approximately 1 million tonnes of copper cathodes each year.
== History ==
Aurubis was formed from a merger between Cumerio and Norddeutsche Affinerie in December 2008. The entity was renamed as Aurubis AG, effective April 1, 2009.
In February 2012, executive board member Dr. Stefan Boel voiced his opposition to the sale of the London Metal Exchange (LME).
== Products and Services ==
Aurubis' primary product are copper cathodes which have a copper content of more than 99 percent. Aurubis produces cast wire rods under the following brand names: AURUBIS ROD, AURUBIS FOXROD, and AURUBIS SHAPES. The company also holds a 50-percent stake in the company Schwermetall, which produces pre-rolled strip used in industrial sectors such as construction, automotives, telecommunications and coin production.
In addition to copper, Aurubis recovers lead and other precious metals such as gold, silver and some platinums. The company is known for its recycling of copper, and also produces sulphuric acid, iron silicate stone, and selenium.
== Key People ==
*Dr. Stefan Boel, Executive Board Member
*Erwin Faust, Chief Financial Officer
*Peter Willbrandt, Chief Executive Officer
*Dr. Michael Landau, Executive Board Deputy Member
== References ==
Category:Metals
Category:Aurubis
Austan D. Goolsbee

__NOTOC__ 
Austan D. Goolsbee is an American economist and the current president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. He served as a member and then chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers from 2009 through 2011 and was a member of President Barack Obama's cabinet. He also headed up the staff of the Economic Recovery Advisory Board.
He is also an award-winning journalist and an academic.
== Background ==
Before becoming president of the Chicago Fed in January 2023, Goolsbee served as the Robert P. Gwinn Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, whose faculty he joined in 1995. He has been a Fulbright Scholar and an Alfred P. Sloan Fellow. 
He has also served on the Board of Education for the City of Chicago, the Economic Advisory Panel to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the Panel of Economic Advisers to the Congressional Budget Office, the U.S. Census Advisory Committee, the Digital Economy Board of Advisors to the Commerce Department, and the External Advisory Group on Digital Technology for the International Monetary Fund.
Goolsbee has been an economics columnist for The New York Times and Slate. He has been a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research and a research fellow at the American Bar Foundation. He was also a special consultant for Internet policy for the Department of Justice’s Antitrust Division and a senior economist for the Progressive Policy Institute and the Democratic Leadership Council.
His most cited paper, co-written with Jeffrey Brown, examines the value of the economic competition created by the Internet.
Goolsbee was selected as one of Financial Times' six "Gurus of the Future"/Best under 40 (2005), named one of the Young Global Leaders at the 2005 World Economic Forum, and one of the 100 Global Leaders for Tomorrow at the 2002 World Economic Forum.
== Education ==
Goolsbee graduated from Milton Academy and received both his B.A. summa cum laude and M.A. in economics from Yale University in 1991 and went on to receive his Ph.D. in economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1995. He was an Alfred P. Sloan Fellow (2000-02) and Fulbright Scholar (2006-07).
== References ==
Category:Government Officials
Category:Bios - Educators
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Australian Climate Exchange

The Australian Climate Exchange (ACX) was Australia's first climate exchange. After Australia's ratification of the Kyoto Protocol, ACX's focus was on the international trading opportunities that this could open up and the mechanics of listing, trading and transacting Clean Development Mechanism CERs and VERs on its Australian exchange.
The company was liquidated in 2013. 
== History ==
Australian Climate Exchange Chief Executive, Tim Hanlin, was quoted in one media report as saying that Australian interest in CERs as of February of 2009 had been limited, though they were influencing the price of Australian Emission Units (AEUs). He said the flip side to the collapse in prices - if sustained - would be lower costs for polluters, though this would undermine Australia's target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 5 to 15 percent by 2020.
== Key People ==
*Managing Director, Tim Hanlin
*Non-executive Director, Scott Hill 
*Non-executive Director, Jon Hanlin 
*Non-executive Director, Adrienne Meakins 
*General Manager, Technology and Offset Supply, Manus Higgins
*Carbon Management Consultant, Marianne Dahle 
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Australian Derivatives Exchange

The Australian Derivatives Exchange (ADX) was launched on January 12, 2001, but closed just 10 weeks later after breaching financial covenants in its regulatory license
The fledgling operation was backed by members of the established Sydney Futures Exchange, and had aimed to secure a 30 per cent market share offering a three-month interest rate futures contract, a five-year government bond futures contract and an equity index contract based on the Morgan Stanley Capital Index for Australia.
The trading system was provided by UK-based EasyScreen and Atos Euronext, and cleared through th Australian Stock Exchange. It had also aimed to become the regional arm of Globex. The management team included founder and CEO John Herron, and Cathryn Lyall, now head of business development at the Chicago Board of Trade's European office in London.
== References ==
category:Australian Exchanges
Australian Securities Traders Association

The Australian Securities Traders Association is a group of professional traders who operate in Australian financial markets. Their goals are to represent the interest of market participants, whether individual or proprietary, to contribute to the discussion about the future market direction and policy and to increase member co-operation and interaction.
==Sponsors==
Sponsors of ASTA include:
*CQG
*Eurex
*FEX
*Trading Technologies
==Key People==
The inaugural ASTA committee
 
* Mark Gardner - President
* Gene Kwek - Vice President
* James Coventry - Treasurer
* Sean Taberner
* Saul Baker
== References ==
Category:Industry Organizations
Category:Australian Securities Traders Association
Australian Securities and Investments Commission

__NOTOC__
The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) is Australia’s corporate, markets and financial services regulator. ASIC is an independent Commonwealth Government body, set up under and administered by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act (ASIC Act). 
ASIC's mandate is to ensure that Australia’s financial markets are fair and transparent, and supported by confident and informed investors and consumers.
== History ==
Established by the ASIC Act 1989, the organization began operating on Jan. 1, 1991 as the Australian Securities Commission, replacing the National Companies and Securities Commission and the Corporate Affairs offices of the states and territories.
On July 1, 1998, ASIC became responsible for consumer protection in superannuation, insurance, deposit taking and, from 2002, credit.
The ASIC Act of 2001 requires that the Commission uphold the law uniformly, effectively and quickly, promote confident and informed participation by investors and consumers in the financial system, make information about companies and other bodies available to the public, and improve the performance of the financial system and the entities within it. 
== Products and Services ==
As the corporate regulator, ASIC is responsible for ensuring that company directors and officers carry out their duties honestly, diligently and in the best interests of their company.
As the markets regulator, ASIC assesses how effectively authorized financial markets are complying with their legal obligations to operate fair, orderly and transparent markets and advises the Minister about authorizing new markets.
As the financial services regulator, ASIC licenses and monitors financial services businesses to ensure that they operate efficiently, honestly and fairly. These businesses typically deal in superannuation, managed funds, shares and company securities, derivatives, and insurance.
== Investment Scam Warning == 
In May 2021, ASIC warned that it had received an increased number of reports from consumers who had lost money after responding to advertisements disguised as fake news articles. The ads mostly promoted crypto-assets (or crypto-currency) and contracts for difference (CFD) trading. ASIC said it also saw ads and websites falsely using ASIC logos or claiming the investment was "approved" by ASIC.
== Key People ==
*Greg Medcraft, Chairman
*Jeremy Cooper, Deputy Chairman
*Belinda Gibson, ASIC Commissioner
== Latest news ==
The Australian government recently transferred the power to regulate real-time market trading from the Australian Stock Exchange to ASIC, removing what some politicians had called a "conflict of interest" in having the ASX regulate its own trading activity. The decision sets up the possibility that a second securities exchange could be launched in Australia to compete with the ASX, Bloomberg reported.
== References ==
Category:International Regulatory Organizations
Category:Australian Securities & Investments Commission
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Austrian Financial Market Authority

The Austrian Financial Market Authority (FMA) is an independent, autonomous and integrated authority for the Austrian financial market.
 
==Organization and Purpose== 
The Austrian FMA is responsible for:
*contributing to the stability of Austria as a financial market
*reinforcing confidence in the ability of the Austrian financial market to function
*protecting investors, creditors and consumers
*putting forth preventive efforts with respect to compliance with supervisory standards while consistently punishing any violations of these standards.
== History ==
The founding of the FMA in 2002 placed financial market supervision in Austria on an entirely new footing, fundamentally changing supervisory philosophy from a sector or product-based form of supervision towards an integrated approach that takes in the whole of Austria's financial market. This is a move away from a focus on legal supervision towards an economically oriented approach, and a move away from an approach essentially based on quantitative key figures towards a qualitative, risk-oriented form of supervision that analyzes processes.
The Austrian Financial Market Authority is a member of the Committee of European Securities Regulators and Kurt Pribil represents FMA on the Committee.
== References ==
*Category:European Securities Regulators