nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Simulated masonry

== Description ==
Any of a number of products manufactured to imitate the appearance of stone. Simulated masonry blocks are for facings and are usually made from cement, minerals, epoxy and/or fiberglass. Cast stone is an early type of simulated masonry. Perma-Stone, a popular simulated masonry, began in 1929 to make facing blocks from portland cement, aggregate, crushed quartz, mineral colors and metal hardeners. They were primarily used for remodeling or renovation projects. Formstone, first made in 1937, was a cement based simulated stone that was made at the construction site. Rostone, first produced in 1933, was a prefabricated panel made from pressurized shale, alkaline earths, lime and water. Simulated masonry products were popular until the 1960s when vinyl and aluminum siding became readily available and more economical.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cast stone; Perma-Stone; Bermuda Stone; Fieldstone; Formstone; Magnolia stone; Romanstone; Rostone; Silverstone; Terox
==Resources and Citations==
* Ann Milkovich McKee, "Simulated Masonry", in Twentieth-Century Building Materials, T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
Category:Materials database
Sinew

== Description ==
A strong, leathery elastic band made from a tendon. A tendon is a fibrous tissue that connects bone to muscle. It is expandable in the direction parallel to the fibrils. Prior to the development of rubber and synthetic elastomers, sinews were used as an elastic material.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tendon
== Resources and Citations ==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "tendon" [Accessed 25 Jan. 2006].
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinew (Accessed Jan. 25, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Singapore dammar

== Description ==
One of two main varieties of dammar; the other is Batavia dammar. Singapore dammar is paler than Batavian dammar and has less tendency to bloom (Mayer 1969).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Singapore damar
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Sinhalite

== Description ==
A transparent to translucent gem-quality stone that is a borate mineral with formula MgAl(BO4). Sinhalite was traded as peridot from Sri Lanka until 1952 when it was recognized as a unique composition by mineralogists at the British Museum. Sinhalite is usually a greenish to brownish yellow, but may also be found in white, gray, pink, brown colors. Gem quality crystals have been found in Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Tanzania, and Myanmar (Burma). 
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Orthorhombic crystal system 
* Fracture = conchoidal 
* Luster = vitreous 
* Streak = white 
* Fluorescence = inert
* Pleochroism = moderate: light brown, dark brown, and greenish brown
Mohs Hardness 	6.5 - 7.0
Density 	3.475 - 3.500 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.668 - 1.707
Birefringence 	0.036 - 0.039
==Resources and Citations==
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* Wikipedia: Sinhalite June 2022 and Dec 2022.
Category:Materials database
Sinopia

== Description ==
A light color red ocher that is no longer in use. Sinopia was originally mined near the city of Sinope in Asia Minor. It was used as a pigment from ancient times until the Renaissance. Sinopia was primarily used for sketches and underdrawings. It has been replaced by other natural red pigments such as red ocher, Venetian red, Spanish red and terra rosa.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
red iron oxide; sinopia (Esp.), Fr.; sinópia (Port.); sinope; sinopie; sinopis; sinoper; red ocher; red ochre
==Resources and Citations==
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Sinter

== Description ==
1) A lime or silica-based binder deposited by a mineral spring or river. Sinter adheres stones and clays to form oolitic rocks.
2) A solidified mass formed by heating, but not melting, a material such as a metal, ore or clay.
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Sintra

== Description ==
[3A Composites USA] A registered trademark for a lightweight rigid, expanded polyvinyl chloride board with matte PVC film on each surface. Sintra® was introduced to North America in 1980. It has been used for the construction of signs and exhibits, screen painting, and as a substrate for mounting photographs.
Four grades of Sintra® are available:
* Sintra: standard product; Bright white, lightweight, low gloss (satin), printable on both sides
* Sintra Eclipse: two layer: Bright white face over black; both with same characteristics as standard Sintra
* Sintra Vers (formerly called ePVC): lighter weight, general purpose, low-gloss finish
* Sintra Construct: Designed for machinability with extra rigidity and screw retention; available in thick gauges
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
PVC Board
 
For comparison with alternates, see 
* PVC Boards and
* Foamboards/Support panels, 3A Composites
== Personal Risks ==
Sintra: [Safety Data Sheet]
==Collection Risks ==
Research by Greg Smith and Michael Samide report that some rigid, unplasticized PVC construction boards give off a sulfur containing heat stabilizer (2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate [2-EHTG]) that can tarnish silver [1]. However, they also reported finding several specific brands of PVC construction board, namely Komacel (Kommerling) and e-PVC (now renamed as Sintra Vers, 3A Composites) are safe for use in exhibition casework as they do not contain 2-EHTG.
Links to Oddy Test results posted on AIC Wiki Materials Database Pages for individual materials below
See also polyvinyl chloride for additional test result information
° 3A Sintra Tested in 2016
° 3A Composites or Vycom Sintra or Celtec tested in 2014
° 3A Composites Sintra tested in 2012
° White Sintra tested in 2012
° 3/4" Sintra tested in 2012
° Laird Plastics 6mm "Sintra" tested in 2011
° Laird Plastics PVC tested in 2009
==Working Properties==
Sintra: Fabrication guide
== Resources and Citations ==
*[1] Assessing the Suitability of Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) for Museum Showcase Construction, Michael J. Samide and Greg Smith, 2020 Link 
* Sintra Material website
* CCI Technical Bulletin 32 - Products Used in Preventive Conservation Link
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory: Board/Panel, Plastic
Sioux Falls sandstone

== Description ==
A bright pink or purplish red quartzite sandstone quarried near Sioux Falls, South Dakota (Lent 1925). Sioux Falls sandstone is a hard, strong stone that polishes to a high gloss. It was used for buildings and interior decoration.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Jasper sandstone
==Resources and Citations==
* F.Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries, Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925.
Category:Materials database
Sisal hemp wax

== Description ==
A wax found on the fibers and leaves of the agave plant, Agave sisalana (and A. rigida), native to Central America.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sisal wax; hemp wax
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Iodine value=28-29
* Acid value=16-19
* Saponification value = 56-58
* Melting Point = 74-81 C
* Density = 1.007-1.010 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: melting point = 74-81, density=1.007-1.010, iodine value=28-29, acid value=16-19, saponification value = 56-58
Category:Materials database
Sitka spruce

== Description ==
A large evergreen spruce, Picea sitchensis, native to the Pacific coast of the United States and Canada. Sitka spruce has soft, pale reddish brown color wood with a straight grain. The stiff wood is used for millwork, boxes, musical instruments, boats, airplanes, ladders, and paper pulp.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Picea sitchensis; tideland spruce; épicéa de Sitka (Fr.); espruce americano (Port.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Density	27 pcf
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 759
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* External source or communication Comment: West Coast Lumbermen's Association, Seattle, Wash.: air-dry weight = 27 pcf
Category:Materials database
Size exclusion chromatography

== Description ==
A type of chromatography that separates compounds based on their molecular size. Size Exclusion Chhromatography (SEC)(formerly called Gel Permeation Chromatography, GPC) uses a separation column filled with a porous, semisolid material. Small molecules pass quickly through the column while larger particles are slowed by their siz and diffusion rates. SEC is primarily used for characterizing molecular weight distributions of polymer units. It has also been used to separate enzymes and amino acids.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
SEC; GPC; gel permeation chromatography; gel filtration;
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "gel chromatography." Accessed 10 Nov. 2004 .
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_permeation_chromatography accessed Nov. 10, 2004
Category:Materials database
Sizing

== Description ==
A glaze or filler applied to or mixed into paper pulp or cloth to decrease porosity, as well as add luster or weight, and increase stiffness. Examples are rosin, glue, gelatin, casein, gums, starch, synthetic resins (polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, polyacrylic acid and polyvinyl acetate), and modified cellulose.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sizing; sizes; sealer
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Sizing Accessed June 2023
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
Category:Materials database
Skin glue

== Description ==
An impure gelatin prepared from the skins of animals (Gettens and Stout 1966). 
See animal glue and hide glue.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
animal glue; hide glue; nikawa
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
Category:Materials database
Skin wool

== Description ==
Wool that is removed from slaughtered sheep. Skin wool that is loosened using a depilatory of lime or sodium sulfide is called slipe wool (Cook 1984). Once the depilatory loosens the wool, it is pulled away without damaging the hide. The wool can also be loosened by bacterial action. This type of skin wool is called Mazamet wool. Skin wool is considered inferior to clip wool.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Mazamet; slipe wool; pulled wool
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I Natural Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England, 1984
* Identification of Textile Materials, The Textile Institute, Manchester, England, 1985
Category:Materials database
Skunk hair

== Description ==
Fibers obtained from the tails of the North American skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and the South American skunk (Coneaptus mephitu). The long white or black guard hairs have been used for paint brushes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
polecat; zorrino; sorino; wood pussy; North American skunk (Mephitis mephitis); South American skunk (Coneaptus mephitu); stinkdyr (Dan.); Skunk (Deut., Ned.); zorrino (Esp.); mouffette (Fr.); (It.); stinkdieren (Ned.); stinkdyrene (Nor.); skunkar (Sven.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Cross section of butt end is circular becoming flattened and twisted further along the hair.
== Additional Images ==
File:skunk1large.jpg|thumb|Skunk hair
File:skunklarge.jpg|Skunk hair
== Resources and Citations ==
* F. Kidd, Brushmaking Materials, Bristish Brush Manufacturers, London, 1957
* Zora Sweet Pinney, 'A Handle on the Terms used for Artists' Brushes', unpublished glossary, 1999
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: skunk" [Accessed October 16, 2003].
Category:Materials database
Slab plastering

== Description ==
A technique in which plaster is thrown or roughly troweled onto the surface to imitate Tudor style homes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
slab dashing; slapdash; slap plastering; slab plastering; harl; harle; rough cast; roughcast
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Slag

== Description ==
A glassy material that floats to the top of molten metal during the smelting process. Slag is formed from the combination of silica with flux materials such as soda and potash. It also incorporates other impurities that float to the surface, such as metal oxides. In ceramic kilns, slag is formed by the reaction of the fluxing materials with the refractory lining. Ancient iron and copper alloys often contain small pieces of slag that were incompletely separated from the metal. Slag is a useful residue that is incorporated in the manufacture of concrete, mineral wool, slag brick, slag glass, portland cement, and cinder block.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
slage; dross; cinder; laitier (Fr.); Schlacke (Deut.); slak (Ned.); escória (Port.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Density	2.0-3.9
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 728
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=2.0-3.9
Category:Materials database
Slag cement

== Description ==
A type of hydraulic cement. Slag cement is made by mixing portland cement (calcium silicate), powdered blast furnace slag and lime. It is also called artificial Pozzolana cement.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
artificial Pozzolana cement
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 174
* George Wheeler paper at www.b72.com/objects/stone/consolidants.html (accessed Aug. 1998)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Slaked lime

== Description ==
Hydrated lime prepared by soaking quicklime (calcium oxide) in water forming calcium hydroxide. When lime is slaked in air (air-slaked lime), it absorbs both water and carbon dioxide, forming a mixture of calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
calcium hydroxide; hydrated lime; slack lime; cal apagada (Port.); air slaked lime; air-slaked lime; caustic lime; builder's lime; cal; pickling lime
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Calcium hydroxide
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=1.3-1.4
Category:Materials database
Slash pine

== Description ==
A pine tree, Pinus caribaea, native to the southeastern United States, the Caribbean, and Mexico. The slash pine is an important source of turpentine and rosin. It is also used for paper pulp. The slash pine has coarse-grain, resinous wood that is sometimes used for lumber and millwork. Slash pine also a common name give for the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) that also grown tint the southeastern US.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pinus caribaea; ocote pine; Cuban pine; swamp pine; Caribbean pine; southern yellow pine
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_pine (Accessed October 13, 2020)
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 613
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Slate

== Description ==
A fine-grain, homogeneous stone that splits easily into thin, smooth layers. Slate is metamorphosed from shale with such pressure that the minerals recrystallized at right angles to the pressure. Slate is usually bluish-black or gray-black in color but it also has red, green, and purple variations. High-quality slate, called Welsh slate, has been quarried in Wales since the early 17th century. Quarries in the United States are located in Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Virginia. Slate has been used in construction for roofing and flooring as well as for writing slates and blackboards. In the 16th and 17th century Europe, slate was occasionally used as a support for oil paintings. It is currently used for countertops, fireplace facing, outdoor siding, and as a paving stone.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Schiefer (Deut.); pizarra (Esp.); ardoise (Fr.); leisteen (Ned.); ardósia (Port.); skiffer (Sven.)
== Risks ==
Chronic inhalation of dust may cause silicosis. Nontoxic by ingestion or skin contact.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Density = 2.6-3.3 g/ml
== Additional Images ==
File:slatetilef5.jpg|Slate roof tiles
File:Slateemr1.jpg|Slate
File:slateredlarge.jpg|Slate
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 729
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Website address 1 Comment: http://www.marble-institute.com
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=2.6-3.3
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Category:Materials database
Slate black

== Description ==
A grayish-black pigment made from pulverized slate. Slate black was an early natural black pigment used in watercolor paints. The hard stones are difficult to pulverize making a gritting powder. It is permanent but has little hiding power. Slate black is still occasionally used in inexpensive industrial paints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
shale black; noir d'ardoise (Fr.); mineral black
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 611
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Slate flour

== Description ==
A dark green to black finely ground powder of slate. Slate flour is used as a filler in rubber and plastics. Green slate contains a significant amount of chlorite, a dark green clay mineral.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
green slate; poudre d'ardoise (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Olympus Microscopy Resource Center at http://www.olympusmicro.com/galleries/polarizedlight/pages/slategreensmall.html (Accessed Sept. 17, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Slip

== Description ==
A thin, aqueous suspension of clay in water prepared to a creamy consistency. Slip was originally used as a thin, light-color coating over red clay pieces. Now slip is used for decorating pottery. It is available in many colors, such as white, black, blue, and green. Slip that contains a significant portion of non-clay material is called engobe.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
engobe (Fr., Port.); barbotine (Fr.); slip (Ned.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "slipware." Accessed 4 Feb. 2005 .
Category:Materials database
Slip clay

== Description ==
A type of clay containing a high percentage of fluxing impurities. Slip clay melts at a relatively low temperature. It is used as a natural glaze. Slips can be red, green or brown in color.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Albany slip clay
==Resources and Citations==
* R.Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical PotteryChilton Books, Radnor, Pennsylvania, 1996.
Category:Materials database