Sweeteners

Sweeteners are the variety of products we use to fill our craving for sweets or a sugar substitute. Tons of diet woo and general food woo are built on them.
Many claims are made by health nuts that natural sugars are better for you, both for losing weight and for health. Many diet gurus have their pet sweetener. And the food industry is endlessly tossing out new products that offer no calories but tons of sweet sweet taste.
==Color coded packets==
Not to be outdone by the 'gay lifestyle' handkerchief codes, sweeteners have color coding which must be observed at your peril.
* Aspartame (most popularly marketed as "Equal®") — comes in little blue packets. It gained popularity due to being a better-tasting alternative to the slightly bitter alternatives at the time.
* Saccharin — the pink packets, which can taste bitter to some but sweet to others
* Sucralose — the yellow packets, marketed under the name "Splenda®" (not to be confused with the yellow packets marked "Sugar Twin", which is saccharin)
* Stevia (the green packets) tastes like stale licorice. It is derived from the plant Stevia rebaudiana.
* If cyclamates were still marketed in the U.S., they would probably be in the black packets
* Sugar alcohols like sorbitol, maltitol, and xylitol don't come in color-coded packets
You can avoid all this confusion by just using sugar — although even there, new brown packets of so called "natural golden" sugar are out there to make more of a mess. Of course, if you're diabetic (and not just trying to lose weight), you sort of have to deal with this stuff. Just be aware that the alternative sweeteners don't necessarily act like a preservative the way sugar does: so syrups made with sucralose (Splenda), for instance, spoil quickly whereas sugar syrups don't.
=="Natural" sweeteners==
* Agave nectar‎
* 
* Sugar cane (Saccharum spp.) and its derivatives, including molasses. Pure cane juice, "sugar in the raw", and "natural" sugar are basically sugar from sugarcane that have only been partially processed. One of the main reasons (along with indigo, tobacco and cotton) why slavery was brought to the Americas.
* Sorbitol (E420)
* Stevia (E960)
* Lead Acetate. Sugar of Lead. (Which is a poison if you don't know) DO NOT EAT. Notable for having been used as a sweetener in Ancient Rome, which makes you wonder how they lasted as long as they did. Also a "natural" byproduct of storing acidic food (or wine) in lead containers
* Beet sugar: chemically the same thing as cane sugar, it is more expensive to produce than cane sugar but grows naturally in temperate climates and was thus promoted with autarky in mind. An added benefit is that it was never grown with slave labor.
*Xylitol (E967) occurs naturally in small amounts, consequently commercially-produced xylitol is produced using biotechnology.Xylitol: a review on bioproduction, application, health benefits, and related safety issues by Salim Ur-Rehman et al. (2015) Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 55(11):1514-28. doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.702288.
===Xylitol and oral health===
Xylitol appears to reduce the formation of dental cavities (caries), but only when used habitually in gum (not candies).Effects of xylitol chewing gum and candies on the accumulation of dental plaque: a systematic review by Eva Söderling & Kaisu Pienihäkkinen (2022) Clin. Oral Investig. 26(1):119–129. doi:10.1007/s00784-021-04225-8. Poor oral health can have side-effects on one's overall health (endocarditis, possibly cardiovascular disease, pregnancy and birth complications, and pneumonia).Oral health: A window to your overall health Mayo Clinic. A medium-sized study of pregnant women in Malawi found that chewing xylitol gum regularly reduced the likelihood of premature birth by 24%.Chewing sugar-free gum reduced preterm births in a large study: The idea was inspired by the connection between poor oral health and preterm birth by Aimee Cunningham (February 15, 2022 at 7:00 am) Science News.LB 1: PPaX: Cluster randomized trial of xylitol chewing gum on prevention of preterm birth in Malawi by Kjersti M. Aagaard et al. (2022) American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 226(1):S777. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.12.015.
==Zero calorie artificial sweeteners==
* Cyclamate (E954)
* Saccharin
* Aspartame
* Sucralose (E955)
* Erythritol (E968)
== Are zero-calorie sweeteners making you sick? ==
Public opinion has largely been against artificial sweeteners. They're seen as "cheating" by the weight-conscious, they don't taste like sugar, and they have "artificial" in their name. But opponents of artificial sweeteners often make another claim: That they don't actually help you lose weight, and in fact make your weight problem worse.
A 2011 University of Texas study found that, of 474 diet soda drinkers followed over 10 years, those who drank 2 or more diet sodas per day gained five times as much weight as those who avoided diet sodas altogether.Martha Rosenberg, The Truth About Sugar & Sweeteners, Consumers Digest, Sept. 2012 Artificial sweetener opponents offered 2 possible explanations: They slow your metabolism, and they don't satisfy your craving for sweets thus turning you into a sweetaholic. But there's a third possible explanation: correlation does not imply causation. The people in the study who drank more diet soda might have been the people with weight problems, who used diet soda as a tool of weight control.
A 2013 study on European adults found a link between type 2 diabetes and sugar-sweetened soft drinks, but not between type 2 diabetes and artificially-sweetened soft drinks.Romaguera, Consumption of sweet beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence in European adults: results from EPIC-InterAct, Clinical and Experimental Diabetes and Metabolism, 26-April-2013 A 2014 study claimed to find a link between artificial sweeteners and metabolic syndrome, but this study also had problems.Do artificial sweeteners cause obesity?, examiner.com, 26-Sept-2014Artificial sweeteners linked to obesity–poor evidence, Linda Tock in Skeptical Raptor's blog, 29-Sept-2014 A 2016 study claimed a possible mechanism for sucralose-sweetened beverage consumption to increase appetite, but it was based on fruit fly and mouse brain experiments.Fast Take: Can Low Calorie Sweeteners Increase Your Appetite?, IFIC blog, 14-July-2016
There have been a few studies on artificial sweeteners' effect on cancer and cardivascular disease. They clearly say you shouldn't drink 2 litres of beverages with artificial sweeteners per day. But then again you shouldn't drink 2 litres of sweet beverages daily anyway.
==Other sweeteners tied to woo==
* High-fructose corn syrup
==References==
Category:Diet woo