nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Ghazali

Abu Hamed Mohammad ibn Mohammad Ghazali (1058-1111), sometimes known, especially in the West, as Algazel, was an influential mediaeval Islamic theologian and philosopher.
He was strongly opposed to the Mutazilite school, who based their views largely on the writings of Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle, and sought a rational approach to Islam. This led to a public debate with Averroes, who took up the side of the Greek philosophers. He is largely credited with the Mutazilites' eventual obscurity, and some critics have accused him as having played a major role in the 'closing' of the Islamic mind, such as Robert R. Reilly in his book The Closing of the Muslim Mind: How Intellectual Suicide Created the Modern Islamist Crisis. Despite having opposed the arguably more rationalist Mutazilites, he should not be looked upon as a conservative scholar or a fundamentalist, as he was not by any stretch of the imagination. Among other things he reconciled Sufism with Sunni Islam. He also reconciled Atomism (which was actually an ancient school of philosophy that developed both in Greece and in India at roughly the same times) with Islamic thought (though given his opposition to Aristotelian Philosophy that probably isn't all that surprising). 
He was a major organizer and systematizer of kalam arguments for the existence of God.
He was infamous for advancing occasionalism, the belief that material objects never directly interact, but only do so through the mediation of God. All movement and causation in the universe, in his view, is the product of continuous divine intervention.
He was well known for the reconciliation of orthodox Islam with the mystical aspect of Islam, which brought the rift between the Ulema and Sufis to an end.
Category:IslamCategory:Philosophy
Ghetto

The term ghetto is used to refer a poor and undeveloped part of a city where members of an oppressed minority group are forced to live, due either to brutal force used by totalitarian regimes, or by social and economic pressures in democratic society.Merriam Webster; Definition of Ghetto. The term originated in 16th century Venice, where Jewish people were segregated and lived in the Other cities in Europe formed segregated Jewish areas, and by the 19th century ghetto was the common term for these areas. After World War 2, the word ghetto became highly stigmatized due to the Nazi regime use of ghettos as concentration camps as part of the genocide of millions of Jewish people. Although Jewish segregation is no longer practiced, ghettos still exist today, in the United States, Europe, and worldwide, occupied by other marginalized groups.
==Venetian Ghetto==
The was the first Jewish area where compulsory segregation was enforced to be called a "ghetto." It is commonly incorrectly believed it was the first segregated Jewish area. This is a misconception, as these areas had existed in Europe for three hundred years before. After WW2, the Venetian Ghetto was renamed because of Nazi associations of the word.The New York Times; David Laskin, March 9, 2016: 500 Years of Jewish Life in Venice.The Guardian; Marie-José Gransard, March 20, 2016: 500 years of the Venetian ghetto: commemoration and history.
==Nazi ghettos==
During WW2, the Nazis setup a system of mass discrimination against Jewish people and others deemed undesirable for racial reasons. Officially the were designated as and Jewish people were forcibly relocated to the ghettos from other areas of Germany. This process of the "Ghettoization" of the Jews also took place in countries in which the Germans had gained military or political control, such as in Poland. The Holocaust Encyclopedia; Ghettos.
There were several distinct types of Nazi ghettos, and they were used for different purposes in the Holocaust. Initially, the Germans organised "open ghettos", which despite the name were not fully open. This later moved to increased numbers of walled "closed ghettos", where escape was a capital offense. The final solution involved extermination camps, where Jewish people and others were murdered, and the eventual mass murder of almost all occupants of the Nazi ghettos in 
== External links ==
* 
* In The Ghetto, sung by Elvis Presley on YouTube
== References ==
Category:Crimes against humanity
Ghost Whisperer

Ghost Whisperer was a fictional television drama series (2005-2010) produced by CBS television, in which the protagonist, Melinda Gordon (played by Jennifer Love Hewitt), was able to "see" and communicate with ghosts, with assorted paranormal tropes (e.g. flying ouija boards, mobile phones sending messages out of the blue, roses appearing out of nowhere). One of the show's executive producers was the self-proclaimed "medium" James Van Praagh, so inevitably the show stooped into proselytizing that ghosts really exist and that those who don't believe are "closed minded." This usually involved stereotyping characters into two groups - those that are skeptical (usually portrayed as middle-aged, sometimes wear glasses, slightly overweight, lonely, and have no social life) and those that believe (usually young adults or teens, hunky, slim and beautiful (a la Jennifer Love Hewitt)). If skeptics and believers were swapped with African-American and white, this show would never get past NAACP.
==External links==
*Ghost Whisperer episode scripts
Category:Television programmes
Ghost box

A Ghost box (also known as a Frank's box) is a device used to supposedly communicate with the dead. In reality, it's just an intentionally-damaged radio. 
== How it's made ==
Ghost busters get a radio with a frequency scanning function, disable the bit that stops it scanning when it finds a station — and presto, instant ghost box. The radio then permanently jumps though available frequencies, playing each one for a fraction of a second. The various sounds from snatches of transmission, static, white noise and interference are then interpreted (using some of the most extreme pareidolia and a big dose of imagination) as words and communication from spirits on the other side.The many voices of Frank's Box Skeptoid 
== Why they think it works ==
The spirits are seemingly unable to just pick one frequency, stick to it, and speak clearly, but must instead speak on lots of different ones in quick succession in cryptic syntax.Frank's Ghost Box Ghost TechIsland Paranormal InvestigatorsLooking to buy a Franks box or “Ghost Box”? Latest model Ghost Box radio to hit the market is the BEST yet! Greenvilleghost.com
== The inevitable app ==
Instead of buying an intentionally malfunctioning radio in order to pretend you're communicating with spirits, you can buy a smartphone app that creates the same effect. This small miracle of pseudoscience is marketeered by the aptly-named "Jason Profit".
==See also==
*Electronic voice phenomenon
*Ghost Hunters
*Dybbuk box
==References==
==External links==
*The Ghost Box
*The Ghost of Douglas Adams Woo attempts to channel the other side to establish contact with Douglas Adams.
*Suicide Victim's Final Words /ghost box session.wmv This poor man genuinly believes he's speaking to his dead brother in law
Category:Paranormal
Category:Technology
Ghost rockets

Ghost rockets or Scandinavian ghost rockets (Swedish: spökraketer; Norwegian: spøkelsesraketter; Finnish: aaveraketit) are a series of observations of unidentified flying objects over Finland, Sweden, and Norway in 1946.
Generally considered at the time to have been Soviet test rockets or missiles, the opening of Soviet records reveals that was unlikely, so, the conspiracy-inclined assumed it had to be alien craft.https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4628
==External links==
*Ghostrockets.se, where you can buy a documentary
*Jose Antonio Caravaca, "Spökraketer: Los cohetes fantasmas de Suecia" ("Spökraketer: The ghost rockets of Sweden"), blog entry, in Esos misterios objetos celestes y sus tripulantes ("Those mysterious celestial objects and their crew"), accessed June 25, 2019 (in Spanish).
*"Spökraketerna" (The ghost rockets"), SVT (Swedish Public Broadcasting), February 29, 2016. Accessed June 25, 2019 (in Swedish).
==See also==
*Norwegian spiral
==References==
Category:Paranormal
Category:Ufology
Category:Conspiracy theories
Giambattista Vico

Giambattista Vico was a major Italian philosopher of the Enlightenment (or Counter-Enlightenment, depending on who you ask). His most well-known work is the 1725 Scienza nuova (in English The New Science), and he is sometimes called the "first constructivist" because of his novel position that the truth itself is constructed by society (often summarized by his famous formula verum esse ipsum factum, "the truth is precisely what is made"Liber metaphysicus, I.1). Some thinkers, like Isaiah Berlin, believe that Vico inaugurated the philosophy of history as we know it. Unfortunately for his modern readers, Vico writes in a very obscure style, leaving his work wide open for divergent interpretations: this was probably deliberate, because of the stranglehold held by the Inquisition over radical thought in Italy at the time.
Vico came up with a wide-ranging philosophy of how civilizations develop. According to him, the ideal trajectory of civilizations begins in a divine age where government is dictated by divine authority, then develops into a heroic age governed by legendary monarchs and feudal aristocrats, before finally evolving into a human age where humans are recognized as equal, democracy is the prevailing mode of government, and rationality is idolized (for better or for worse). These stages cycle according to the rise and fall of individual civilizations.
There are a lot of references to "divine providence" in Vico's work, and he claimed to be writing a refutation of "modern philosophers" including Spinoza, which has led some of his interpreters to view him as an 'anti-modern' writing in defense of Catholicism. The problem with this account is that Vico hardly ever mentions the Bible or Christianity, and when he does it's only in strange non sequiturs. One example is when he affirms that sacred history shows that the world is much younger than the chronicles of other civilizations presume, and then immediately asserts that this is a "great proof" that sacred history is true, with no further supporting arguments. By contrast, "divine providence" can also be read as referring to a collective will that pushes human development in particular directions, and which cannot be reduced to individual people, identifying Vico as a kind of social historian.
Vico's work was fairly obscure and was not lauded in his own time, but he later became a major influence on Marx and the radical left, and significantly influenced the development of modern historiography. He is now recognized as one of the most significant philosophers of the early Enlightenment.
==References==
Category:Philosophers
Category:Historians
Category:We're on a mission from God
Gigantopithecus

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Gigantopithecus was an extinct genus of ape which lived in India, China, and Indochina from about 1.5 to 0.3 million years ago. The position of Gigantopithecus in the evolutionary tree of life is uncertain, although among modern apes they may be most closely related to the orangutan. It is known that Gigantopithecus was not a human ancestor and has no known living descendants.
They were up to 3 meters tall and could weigh 500 kg (in contrast gorillas are less than 2 meters high and weigh up to 195 kg). They lived in Asian forests where they mostly ate plants, probably bamboo in particular but it may have had a slightly wider diet than pandas, including fruit and some other plant matter. Scientists believe they became extinct around 100,000 years ago (older studies say slightly earlier) due to climate change turning their forests into savannah and reducing their food supply.The Largest Ape That Ever Lived Was Doomed By Its Size, Mark Strauss, National Geographic, 5 January 2016
Only a small number of remains have been found, largely teeth and bone fragments, with no complete skeleton.Why Earth's Largest Ape Went Extinct, Live Science, 2016 The first example was identified by Ralph von Koenigswald in 1935, who found fragments in a traditional Chinese medicine shop labelled as dragon teeth. Since then, specimens have been found at sites in southern China (notably Liucheng Cave in Liuzhou, China) as well as Vietnam and India.
Three species are known:
* Gigantopithecus blacki: the latest, which became extinct around 100,000 years ago
* Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis: lived 9-6 million years ago in India
* Gigantopithecus giganteus: despite its name, smaller and earlier than G. blacki.
 
==Is it Bigfoot?==
Some cryptozoologists claim that Gigantopithecus has living descendants, namely bigfoot and the yeti. There is no evidence supporting the existence of these cryptids, so there is no reason to believe they exist. Indeed, many versions of the bigfoot and yeti myth suggest a swift, agile, predatory animal, which does not match the big bamboo-eating ape; and bigfoot is generally described as bipedal while Gigantopithecus probably was not.Did Bigfoot Really Exist? How Gigantopithecus Became Extinct, Smithsonian Magazine, Jan 9, 2012 More scientifically minded individuals have proposed that the discovery of Gigantopithecus remains are what led to the legends of the yeti.
==References==
Category:Evolution
Ginger Taylor

Ginger Taylor is a mother of an autistic son and an anti-vaccine wingnut. She put together a bogus and frequently-cited list of "60+ studies proving vaccines cause autism" and also has a YouTube channel. She has defended Andrew WakefieldAnatomy of a Witch Hunt by Ginger Taylor and Donald Trump for their anti-vaccine beliefs.Doctors’ vaccine liability and autism
She is the executive director of the anti-vaccine Canary Party. Notably, another member of the Canary Party is Mark Blaxill of Age of Autism. She is also an occasional guest contributor to AoA and contributed to an anti-vaccine book called "Vaccine Epidemic". She lives in Brunswick, Maine.Maine Delegates: Ginger Taylor
She has claimed that vaccines are against the Jewish faith (no matter what sensible Jewish people might sayWhen did measles become Jewish?: Vaccinating children is a moral, ethical and religious requirementNotice from Vaad Harabbonim Regarding Measles) and likened it to forced sterilization.Ginger Taylor, MS dubiously invokes “religious freedom” to argue against vaccination
Ginger Taylor insists that she is rationally approaching these terrible Big Pharma shills for debate, only for them to be mean to her.Have you no sense of decency, Ginger Taylor, at long last? After Ginger Taylor announced that believers of truth must always love debate, it was pointed out that her favorite conference (Autism One) has kicked out multiple people for having scientific beliefs.An anti-vaccine activist destroys my irony meter...
==See also==
* Autism One
* Age of Autism
* Dunning-Kruger effect
* Sealioning
==External links==
*Her site
*Her YouTube channel
*Posts about her on LBRB
*Autism prevalence: Now estimated to be one in 88, and the antivaccine movement goes wild, Science Based Medicine
*Response blog to her 60+ studies list
==References==
Category:Anti-vaccination movement
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Category:Living people
Category:Autism woo
Giordano Bruno

Giordano Bruno, born Filippo Bruno , was an Italian mathematician, philosopher, and astronomer. Oh, and also a Dominican friar. He was burned at the stakeThus making him a fryer as well as a friar in 1600 by the Inquisition for being a pantheist, and partly due to his expansion of Copernican theory in which the sun was merely a star and that there were an infinite amount of worlds inhabited by intelligent beings,The Harbinger despite that many of those same cosmological beliefs had been held by Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa.
After his death, Bruno gained considerable fame, being particularly celebrated by 19th- and early 20th-century commentators who regarded him as a martyr for science, although most historians agree that his heresy trial was not a response to his cosmological views but rather a response to his religious and afterlife views.
==Religious views==
Bruno believed that each race had its own Garden of Eden, be it those on other worlds and those on Earth. He also believed that God was not divine, but simply a very talented magician, and that Satan will eventually be saved. Needless to say, these views weren't exactly mainstream.
==Execution==
On the way to the stake:
==Vatican position==
In 1942, the cardinal who rediscovered the trial documents said the church was perfectly justified in executing him. In 2000 another cardinal said the event was "sad" but still supported the executioners.Seife, Charles, "Vatican Regrets Burning Cosmologist", in ScienceNOW, March 1st, 2000. 
==See also==
*Galileo
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Astronomers
Category:Italy
Category:Mathematicians
Category:Philosophers
Category:Scientists
Giorgio Tsoukalos

thumb|right|165px|His hair? Aliens. Doubtless the Centauri, by the look of it.[https://babylon5.fandom.com/wiki/Centauri]
Giorgio A. Tsoukalos is the Swiss-born emotionally challenged publisher of Legendary Times Magazine, a magazine that searches for evidence to support the ancient alien nonsense, and has been the Director of Erich von Daniken's Center for Ancient Astronaut Research for over 12 years.
==(Ir)relevant education==
Tsoukalos graduated from Ithaca College in Ithaca, New York in 1998 with a degree in communication and sports information. That makes him uniquely qualified to speak on matters concerning the movie Jerry McGuire, but not so much regarding anything else.
==TV work==
He is most famous for being, in his own modest words: 
His belief that practically everything in the ancient world has something to do with aliens has made him into some sort of official meme.Know Your Meme—Ancient Aliens
Did we mention that he thinks the Babylonians had nuclear weapons? Is such a thing even possible? Yes it is!
Mostly he seems to go on about replacing angels/demons/gods/the Easter Bunny/etc. with aliens.
==See also==
*Aliensdidit
*Ancient Aliens
*History Channel
==External links==
*His site
*The Ancient Aliens Meme Generator
*Giorgio getting it on with the ladies.
*Tommy Lee Jones and Will Smith, we're so very sorry.
===Watch him in action===
*"Is such a thing even possible?"
*"If today, we're able to create a two-headed dog with six legs..."
*"I don't think that Atlantis sank. I think it lifted off."
*"Those big stones were transported by way of levitation by none other than Merlin the Wizard."
*"The ancient astronauts' home planet needed gold for their atmosphere."
*"We're half-human, and half-extraterrestrial. We're hybrids!"
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Ancient aliens
Category:Conspiracy theorists
Category:Living people
Category:Pseudohistory promoters
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Giovanni Gentile

Giovanni Gentile was an Italian philosopher, politicianhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Giovanni-Gentile and an educator known as the "Philosopher of Fascism." He contributed to the rise of Italian fascism and was the ghostwriter of Benito Mussolini's essay, The Doctrine of Fascism. 
He was influenced by Karl Marx, Engels and Friedrich Nietzsche among others.
Under Il Duce, Gentile became the Minister of Public Education and started a reform of Italian education.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giovanni-Gentile
Following the Allied invasion of Italy in 1943, Gentile supported Mussolini's creation of the Nazi puppet state, the Italian Social Republic (or "Salò"), under which he accepted a position as head of the Academy of Italy. In 1944, Gentile was killed by anti-fascist communists.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giovanni-Gentile
==Views==
Gentile has been referred to as the "official philosopher of Fascism in Italy."Benedetto Croce, Guide to Aesthetics, Translated by Patrick Romanell, "Translator's Introduction," The Library of Liberal Arts, The Bobbs–Merrill Co., Inc., 1965 He was a supporter of rejection of individualism, collectivism and the recognition of the state as the ultimate authority.http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/mussolini.htm He wanted fascism to have been based on his own philosophy.The philosophical Basis of Fascism By Sir Giovanni Gentile.
==References==
Category:European politicians
Category:Fascists
Category:Italy
Gita Sahgal

Gita Sahgal is a British feminist, secularist and human rights campaigner. Born in Bombay, Sahgal became involved in activism after graduating from the School of African and Oriental Studies in London.http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264315 She has been involved in a number of organisations, co-founding Southall Black Sisters in 1979 and Women Against Fundamentalism in 1989.http://www.southallblacksisters.org.uk/sbs-timeline/http://www.wluml.org/node/5092
Sahgal became head of Amnesty International's gender unit in 2003 but was suspended by the organisation after she objected to its support for Moazzam Begg, a Taliban sympathiser.http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/25/gita-sahgal-amnesty-international
She is currently the executive director of Centre for Secular Space, which originated in 2010 and officially launched in 2013.http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/coffeehouse/2013/02/a-long-overdue-counterblast-to-the-lefts-thinking-on-islamists/http://www.centreforsecularspace.org/?q=content/about-us This independent think tank takes an overtly feminist stand in its promotion of human rights and opposition to terrorism.http://www.centreforsecularspace.org/sites/default/files/CSS%20concept%20paper.pdf
==External links==
* Centre for Secular Space
==References==
Category:Feminists
Category:Living people
Gladys Osborne Leonard

Gladys Osborne Leonard was a British trance medium.
Leonard became famous for her séances with Oliver Lodge, in which she claimed to communicate with the spirit of his son Raymond, a deceased soldier. Lodge published a book on the subject, Raymond Or Life and Death (1916), which recorded the alleged communications from Raymond.
Psychiatrist Charles Arthur Mercier analyzed the mediumship of Leonard and came to the conclusion that she had no genuine mediumistic ability. According to Mercier, Lodge had been duped into believing Leonard by trickery and his endorsement of spiritualism was based on assumption, not scientific evidence.Charles Arthur Mercier. (1917). Spiritualism and Sir Oliver Lodge. London: Mental Culture Enterprise. In 1917, Edward Clodd examined the mediumship of Leonard and wrote she had known her séance sitters before she had held the séances and could have easily obtained information by natural means.Edward Clodd. (1917). The Question: A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism. Grant Richards, London. Chapter Mrs. Leonard and Others. pp. 215-241
==Raymond photograph==
In a séance on 3 December 1915, Leonard described an army photograph featuring Raymond sitting on the ground with an officer, placing his hand on the officer's shoulder. Spiritualist writers such as Michael Prescott, Michael E. Tymn, and Robert McLuhan have written that Leonard could not have known about this photograph by natural means and have attributed the information as evidence for spirit communication. Skeptics, however, have refuted the spiritualist interpretation of the photograph and have uncovered Leonard's fraud.
The rationalist author Walter Mann wrote that Leonard had already seen the photograph as she had five days to obtain it before the séance:
Leonard's supposed "spirit" control Raymond was asked specific questions and he failed to answer them. "Raymond" could not remember the name of a single soldier he had been with before his death and failed to give the name of a single soldier in the photograph.Alfred W. Martin. (1918). Psychic Tendencies of To-Day. D. Appleton and Company. p. 97
==References== 
==Further reading==
*Millais Culpin. (1920). Spiritualism and the New Psychology: An Explanation of Spiritualist Phenomena and Beliefs in Terms of Modern Knowledge. Edward Arnold, London. 
*C. E. M. Hansel. (1980). ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Re-evaluation. Prometheus Books.
Category:British people
Category:Paranormal
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Category:Psychics