nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Artificial aging

== Description ==
A procedure that exposes a material to short periods of severe, but controlled, environments to induce accelerated deterioration. The experimental conditions may include intense light, high heat, wet-dry cycles, freeze-thaw cycles, pollutant exposure or combinations thereof and are usually done in a specially designed chamber such as a Weather-Ometer®. Selected parameters (fading, loss of adhesion, corrosion, chemical composition, etc.) are periodically monitored as the experiment progresses. Once deterioration is induced and measured, it can be correlated to the deleterious conditions and plotted as a function of the exposure time. Ideally, these kinetic profiles could be used to predict service life of a material, however, since many factors can affect the natural aging process, this may not always be accurate. Artificial aging can be used to compare the relative deterioration character of several materials. Because the kinetics of the intense cycling may differ from natural aging kinetics, the term artificial aging is preferred over the term accelerated aging.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
accelerated aging; artificial weathering; artificial ageing (Br.); künstliche Alterung (Deut.); viellissement artificiel (Fr.); envelhecimento artificial (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* Matte Paint: Its history and technology, analysis, properties and conservation treatment, Eric Hansen, Sue Walston, Mitchell Bishop (ed.), J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, Vol. 30 of AATA, 1993
Category:Materials database
Artificial chamois

== Description ==
A soft, chamois-like cloth made from sheepskin tanned with formaldehyde or alum (Brady 1971). Artificial chamois is filled with oil and mechanically sueded to produce the suppleness of real chamois. They are washable and will dry soft. Currently synthetic chamois are being made from polyvinyl alcohol sheets laminated on each side of a nylon mesh. They are lintless and solvent resistant.
See also chamois leather and PVA chamois.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Ovis ammon; argali (Esp.); argal; aoudad; Barbary sheep; mountain sheep; Marco Polo sheep, Pamir argali;
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 181
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
Category:Materials database
Artificial lace

== Description ==
A simple, nonwoven lace currently produced by chemical methods. Artificial lace has been prepared in several ways. An old, rarely used method prepared the lace using an engraved cylinder to stamp a pattern from a thin layer of cellulose paste. Modern methods use chemicals to dissolve regenerated cotton fibers from a polyester matrix.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
artificial tulle; encaje artificial (Esp.); kant van kunststof (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
Category:Materials database
Artificial marble

== Description ==
A synthetic, molded stone prepared to imitate the appearance of marble. One type of artificial marble, called Marbelite, is made by heating potassium alum in water then adding 10% heavy spar and marble dust (Brady 1971). Another type of artificial marble, called Exsilite, is made by fusing grains of silica and pigments to form a slab that simulates onyx marble. Made from Keene's cement, marezzo marble is also prepared to look like marble.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
imitation marble; Marbelite; Exsilite; mármol artificial (Esp.); künstlicher Marmor (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 500
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Artificial outdoor weathering

== Description ==
A procedure similar to artificial aging that uses outdoor environments to induce deterioration rather than the controlled conditions of an indoor chamber. Outdoor weathering is generally an unacceptable method for comparing products used in art conservation because of the inability to control or even monitor all of the factors that influence the degradation process. It is used in industry, however, as automobile and commercial paint producers use exposure to Florida sunshine as a standard in their paint tests. Because the kinetics of the outdoor exposure test may differ from natural aging kinetics, the term artificial weathering is often preferred over the term accelerated weathering.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
accelerated weathering; künstliche Freiluftbewitterung (Deut.); viellissement artificiel en extérieur(Fr.); envelhecimento em exposição natural (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Artificial parchment

== Description ==
A dense, heavy parchment-like paper generally used for greeting cards, announcements and diplomas. Artificial parchment is very different from imitation parchment which is a translucent greaseproof paper used for wrapping food. 
See also vegetable parchment.
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Roy Perkinson, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Artificial stone

== Description ==
Any mixture of cement or plaster prepared to imitate the appearance of natural stone. In early Egyptian tombs and Roman bulldings, walls were coated with lime and gypsum plaster then painted to simulate the appearance of natural stone (Proudfoot 1996). By the 16th century, recipes for artificial stones included marble dust, lime, and glue. Manufacturing centers were preparing cast stones based on terracotta (Coade Stone) or cement (Pulham stone, Haddon stone) by the mid 19th century for use in buildings, statuary, and decoration. 
See cast stone.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
imitation stone; pierre artificielle (Fr.); pedra artificial (Port.); oxychloride cement; renders; casting stone; 
Brand names: Victoria stone; Protean stone; Frear stone; Siliceous Concrete Stone; Coade's stone; Permastone; Pulham stone; Haddon stone; scagliola; pietra dura;
==Resources and Citations==
* T.Proudfoot, "Artificial Stone" The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996.
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Artificial wood

== Description ==
Any synthetic material prepared to simulate the appearance of wood. Artificial wood has been prepared using sawdust, paper, or wood fibers mixed with glue. Printed papers laminated to hard substrates can provide good visual representations of wood. They are popularly used for counter tops, inexpensive furniture, and flooring.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Artists' Gloss Varnish

== Description ==
[Winsor & Newton] A brand name for a polycyclohexanone based varnish that was previously sold as Winton Varnish. Artists' Gloss Varnish is composed of 46% Laropal K-80 dissolved in mineral spirits with no additional components. The non-yellowing coating is typically used over oil, alkyd, or acrylic paints.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Artist's Gloss varnish FTIR.PNG~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Winton Varnish; 
==Physical and Chemical Properties== 
* Soluble in petroleum hydrocarbons, turpentine, isopropanol. 
* Insoluble in water.
* Tg = 43 C
* Refractive Index = 1.53
==Resources and Citations==
* M.McGinn, "Proprietary Varnishes Based on Ketone Resins" AIC Painting Conservation Catalog, Varnishes and Surface Coatings, p.93, 1998.
* Currys Art Materials -information on oil varnishes
Category:Materials database
Artists' Matt Varnish

== Description ==
[Winsor & Newton] A brand name for a polycyclohexanone based varnish. Artists' Matt Varnish is composed of Laropal K-80 dissolved in mineral spirits. It also contains a matting agent (fumed silica) and an ultraviolet inhibitor. The nonyellowing coating is typically used over oil, alkyd, or acrylic paints.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Artist's Matte varnish FTIR.PNG~FTIR]]]
==Physical and Chemical Properties== 
* Soluble in petroleum hydrocarbons, turpentine, isopropanol. 
* Insoluble in water.
==Resources and Citations==
* M.McGinn, "Proprietary Varnishes Based on Ketone Resins" AIC Painting Conservation Catalog, Varnishes and Surface Coatings, p.93, 1998.
* Currys Art Materials -information on oil varnishes
Category:Materials database
Arundo donax

== Description ==
A giant reed, Arundo donax, native to the Mediterranean area. Arundo donax is cultivated around the world. Similar to bamboo, arundo can grow to 18 feet in height. The stems are used as reeds in woodwind instruments. The bast fibers are used for manufacturing paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Spanish reed; scriptural reed; savannah grass
== Resources and Citations ==
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Arylide

== Description ==
A class of synthetic yellow, orange and red organic colorants. These insoluble direct azo dyes were first synthesized from aniline-based diazonium salts and acetoacetarylide in 1909. Arylide was sold commercially as Hansa yellow by Hoechst AG in 1915. Arylide yellows have good tinting strength, opacity and solvent resistance. They have good lightfastness and are primarily used in printing inks, plastic, rubbers, as well as architectural and artists paints. Monoarylide yellows have better lightfastness than diarylides.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
monoarylide; diarylide; azo dye; monoazo dye; Hansa yellow; colorante azoico (Esp.); colorante azoico (It.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|PY001 sun arylide yellow 272-0008.TIF~FTIR PY1(MFA)|PY003 sun arylide yellow 272-3119.TIF~FTIR PY3(MFA)|PY4 Eljon Yellow 5G.TIF~FTIR PY4(MFA)|PY062 sun arylide yellow calcium salt 262-3562.TIF~FTIR PY62(MFA)|PY065 sun arylide yellow 272-0065.TIF~FTIR PY65(MFA)|PY073 sun arylide yellow 272-0553.TIF~FTIR PY73(MFA)|PY074 sun arylide yellow 272-4608.TIF~FTIR PY74(MFA)|PY075 sun arylide yellow 272-0075.TIF~FTIR PY75(MFA)]]]
== Comparisons ==
Pigment number	Manufacture	Pigment name 	Manufacture CI number	Comments
PY001 	Sun 	arylide yellow 	272-0008 	
PY003 	Sun 	arylide yellow 	272-3119 	
PY004 	unknown 	eljon yellow 5g	unknown 	
PY062 	Sun 	arylide yellow 	262-3562 	
PY065 	Sun 	arylide yellow 	272-0065 	
PY073 	Sun 	arylide yellow 	272-0553 	
PY074 	Sun 	arylide yellow 	272-4608 	same spectrum for Kremer PY74
PY074 	Kremer 	unspecified 	23650 	
PY075 	Sun 	arylide yellow 	272-0075 	
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Most arylide dyes are soluble in organic solvents. Resistant to water, oil, acids and bases. Melting Point = 150 (dec)
== Risks ==
May bleed in paints. Decomposes at temperatures over 150 C.
Potential carcinogen.
== Resources and Citations ==
* B. Berrie, S.Q. Lomax, 'Azo Pigments: Their History, Synthesis, Properties and Use in Artists' Materials', Studies in the History of Art , National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, No. 57, 1997
* Website: www.handprint.com
Category:Materials database
Asbestine

== Description ==
1) A soft, fibrous, mineral composed of magnesium silicate. Asbestine, also called agaglite, is a type of talc that is softer and less brittle than asbestos. It is mined in northern New York and in southern Germany. Asbestine is used as an inert filler in house paints, blotting paper, rubber, and plastics. 
2) A brand name for a talc powder sold by the C.K.Williams & Co. 
3) An adjective meaning asbestos-like.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
1: agaglite
== Risks ==
Noncombustible
==Physical and Chemical Properties== 
Density	1) 2.75-2.85 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 794
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
Category:Materials database
Asbestone

== Description ==
[National Gypsum] A former brand name for a series of asbestos-containing concrete panels. Asbestone boards were used for floors, ceilings, and walls. They were produced from 1941-1981.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Gold Bond Asbestone panels; Asbestone Cement Wallboards
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 72
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Website: www.mesothel.com/pages/prdtbl4_pag.htm (manufactured from 1958-1981)
* Landye Bennett Blumstein on asbestos products at http://www.asbestosoregon.com/pages/manufacturers.html (manufactured from 1941-1981)
Category:Materials database
Asbestos board

== Description ==
A construction or insulating board made from asbestos fibers mixed with consolidates, then molded under high pressure. One early asbestos-containing millboard, crocidolite (blue), was made from 1896-1965 and contained chrysotile (white) asbestos in concentrations of 37-97% in a matrix of clay and starch. Later boards, such as amosite, contained 15-25% of the brown asbestos in calcium silicate. The boards can withstand temperatures up to about 540C (1000 F) ands were advertised as inexpensive, fireproof alternatives to wood. They were used extensively in mid-19th century structures for service ducts, firebreaks, infill panels, partitions, walls, sidings, flooring, roof underlays and ceilings (including ceiling tiles).
 
As the boards tend to be brittle and broken easily, the dangerous fibers can be released. Since 1980, when the use of asbestos has been banned, these boards are now made with asbestos substitutes such as mineral wool or glass fibers. 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fibrociment (Fr.); fibrocimento (Port.); cement asbestos board; asbestos cement; AC; fibro, fibrous cementBrand names: Asbestos Air Cell; Transite; Crosicolite (blue); Amosite (brown)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Density = 2.0 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Oracle Solutions [website]
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 73
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Asbestos corrugated roofing

== Description ==
A construction sheet made from asbestos fibers mixed with portland cement and molded under high pressure. Pressed into a corrugated shape, the asbestos sheets are thinner and lighter in weight than asbestos boards. They can be fastened with screws or nails. Asbestos corrugated roofing is used for fire resistance.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
plaque de fibrociment ondulée (Fr.); cobertura de fibrocimento (Port.); asbestos lumber; asbestos corrugated shingles 
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
Category:Materials database
Asbestos felt

== Description ==
A roofing paper made from felted asbestos fibers bound with asphalt or rubber. Asbestos felt is easier to manipulate and apply than asbestos boards and corrugated roofing. It is used as an insulating liner under shingles.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
feutre bitumneux (Fr.); tela betuminosa (Port.);
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 72
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
Category:Materials database
Asbestos paper

== Description ==
A thin, flexible, fireproof insulating paper composed of felted asbestos fibers. Asbestos paper is generally bonded with a solution of sodium silicate, silicone resin, or clay. It is used as a thermal insulator for heat pipes as well as an electrical insulator for wires. Asbestos paper is inert to most chemicals.
== Hazards and Safety ==
Fireproof.
== Comparisons ==
== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 73
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Asbestos rope

== Description ==
A cord prepared from twisted or braided asbestos fibers. Asbestos rope can range in diameter sizes from one-quarter inch up to 2 inches. It is used for caulking and for insulating pipe, valve and joints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
asbestos yarn; asbestos wick; Caposite
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 72
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Asbestos shingle

== Description ==
A roofing shingle composed of asbestos fibers mixed with portland cement then molded under high pressure. In the mid-20th century, asbestos shingles were used as fireproof roofing and siding material. The natural color was gray, but pigments were used to produce black and green shingles. They were often prepared with colors and patterns that simulated slate (called asbestos slate).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bardeau amianté (Fr.);asbestos slate; asbestos cement shingle
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 72
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Asbestos tile

== Description ==
Any floor tile that contains asbestos as a filler material. Vinyl asbestos tiles (VAT), introduced in the 1930s and popular in the late 1940s and early 50s, were composed of a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer filler with asbestos fibers and pigments. The asbestos added significant wear strength to the tiles. Vinyl asbestos tiles were recommended for applications below above and on grade. But since the tiles were permeable to water, they were usually adhered to the floor with a water resistant asphaltic adhesive.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
VAT; vinyl asbestos tiles; tuile en fibrociment (Fr.); ladrilho de asbesto (Port.); asbestos floor tile 
== Risks ==
Asbestos containing vinyl tiles are considered a health hazard when the flooring is removed. Tiles in good condition can be left in place and protected with a sealer.
==Physical and Chemical Properties== 
* Generally 9.9 inch square and 1/8 inch thick.
* Permeable to water.
==Resources and Citations==
* Kimberly Konrad, Paul Kofoed, "Vinyl Tile", in Twentieth-Century Building Materials, T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Asbolite

== Description ==
A mineral containing manganese oxide with cobalt oxide (2-20%). Asbolite was used in China to produce a medium blue color in glazes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
asbolita (Esp.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties== 
Composition	(Co,Ni)O-2MnO2-4H2O
==Resources and Citations==
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
Category:Materials database
Ascorbic acid

== Description ==
A white crystalline, water-soluble vitamin that nautrally occurs in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, is essential in humans for several metabolic functions, such as the formation of healthy skin and the healing of wounds. Vitamin C also prevents scurvy. Ascorbic acid is readily oxidized and as such is used in photographic developer solutions as a reducing agent.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vitamin C; Ascorbinsäur (Deut.); vitamina C (Esp., Port.); acide ascorbique; vitamine C (Fr.); acido ascorbico (It.); ascorbinezuur (Ned.); kwas askorbinowy (Pol.); Askorbinsyra (Sven.);
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Askorbinsyraf5.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
==Risks==
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties== 
Composition 	C6H8O6
CAS 	50-81-7
Melting Point 	190-192 C
Molecular Weight	176012
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Vitamin C." Accessed 16 Jan. 2004 .
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbic_acid (Accessed Oct. 18, 2005)
Category:Materials database