nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Policy Research Associates

A consultancy set up in 1985 by Julian Lewis, Leigh Kerpel and Tony Kerpel. One of its projects was the Media Monitoring Unit.
He runs a political pressure group called Policy Research Associates which pops up now and again in debates on such matters as council corruption, trade union law and CND. Lord Chalfont is a patron as is Norris McWhirter, who founded the Freedom Association, and Edward Leigh, MP (Con., Gainsborough and Horncastle).The increasing activity of the PRA and the decision to form the monitoring unit is indicative of a more aggressive approach in Right-of-centre circles to getting across its message.Lewis says there has been growing concern that, whereas newspaper subscribers can choose their reading, the TV-viewing millions are limited to only four stations and two controlling bodies whose adequacy is questioned.To get the unit off the ground he approached Sir Peter Tennant, 75, a senior City businessman and adviser to the CBI. Tennant in turn drew together a nucleus of sympathisers, mostly from the City, who put up the £25,000-or-so to hire a director, buy a video recorder and publish the report. Maurice Weaver, 'PEDIGREE OF A TV WATCHDOG. TV has again been accused of political bias by a monitoring group. But how impartial are the monitors?', Daily Telegraph, 20 November 1986.
==Notes==
Political Action Committee

Originating in the United States, a Political Action Committee or PAC is an organization set up to advance causes or individuals by providing material and financial support to favored political candidates. PACs must be registered with the Federal Election Commission and are divided into two categories: separate segregated funds (SSFs) and nonconnected committees.
:Basically, SSFs are political committees established and administered by corporations, labor unions, membership organizations or trade associations. These committees can only solicit contributions from individuals associated with connected or sponsoring organization. By contrast, nonconnected committees--as their name suggests--are not sponsored by or connected to any of the aforementioned entities and are free to solicit contributions from the general public. 'Quick Answers to PAC Questions,' Federal Election Commission Website, accessed on 29 July 2010. 
The number of federal PACs are on the rise, with nonconnected committees being the fastest growing group.'Federal Election Committee News Release,' Number of Federal PACs Increases, 'Federal Election Committee Website,' 9 March 2009 
==Criticism==
US Federal laws prohibit other types of organizations from endorsing and financially supporting political candidates for public office to prevent corporate and special interest group control of the political process, but PACs can be legally used to provide funds to and oppose or support candidates directly. PACs are limited by the amount of funds they can receive and give to individuals and institutions per an allotted timeframe, but analysts note that this important monitoring measure can be surpassed by creating a group of PACs devoted to the same purpose. In other words, even though a political candidate cannot legally accept more than $5,000 from a specific PAC in the primary election, he or she can actually receive much more than that from related PACs endorsing the same cause. In this way well-funded lobbying groups can indirectly and effectively promote their causes by providing financial incentive to specific political candidates through the creation of multiple same-purpose PACs.
==References==
Political Communication and Persuasion

Political Communication and Persuasion was a journal founded by terrorologist Yonah Alexander in 1980. It was published by Crane Russak.
The journal is said to examine the roles of nongovernmental, intergovernmental, and governmental organisations as politcal communicators. The journal 'presents original research on propaganda and psychological warfare and on peacekeeping, peacemaking and peacebuilding assignments of political communicators.' A, Schmidt and A.J. Jongman, Political Terrorism:A new guide to acrtors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories and literature, published in 1988 by Transaction Publishers, accessed 24 November 2014 
==Merger and new title==
PC&P ceased to exist in 1994 when it was retitled Political Communication and the overtly ideological complexion of the editorial board was noticeably ended. The journal itself gives the following account:
:Based on the recommendation of a joint publication committee chaired by Jarol B. Manheim (George Washington University), the Political Communication Divisions of ICA and APSA agreed in 1991 to co-sponsor a new journal, Political Communication. The new journal was to be published by Taylor & Francis Publishers and would replace the printing house's journal Political Communication and Persuasion. After negotiations with the publisher and the boards of both ICA and APSA, the new journal began publication as Political Communication (Volume 10) under the editorship of Doris Graber in 1994. Editorship of the journal rotates between the ICA and APSA Political Communication Divisions.
==People==
===Circa 1991===
====Editor in Chief====
*Yonah Alexander
====Associate Editors====
*Norman Frankel
*John Martin
*Robert G. Picard
====Editorial Board====
*Leonard Binder
*Wilton Dillon
*Yehezkel Dror
*Seymour Maxwell Finger
*Milton R. Konvitz
*Rett Ludwikoksi 
*Rainer Mathes
*Myres S. McDougal
*Richard L. Merritt 
*John Norton Moore
*Benjamin Nimer
*James N. Rosenau
*Leonard R. Sussman
*George K. Tanham
===Circa 1988===
:Editor in chief - Yonah AlexanderPolitical Communication and Persuasion, Vol 5 No 3, 1988.
:Associate editors: Lawrence Z Freedman, Institute of Social and Behavioral Pathology | John Martin, University of Maryland
:Board of editors:
:International Editorial advisory board: Elie Abel, Standford University | Ray S Cline, US Global Strategy Council | Lord Chalfont, London | Phillips Davison, Columbia University | Oscar Handlin, Harvard University | Samuel P Huntingdon, Harvard University | Amos A Jordan, CSIS | Max Lerner, New York Post | Seymour Martin Lipset, Stanford University | Leonard H Marks, Washington DC | Maj Gen (Ret) Indar Jit Rikhye International Peace Academy | John P Roche, Tufts University | Helmut Sonnenfeldt, Brookings Institution | Dennis Warner, Australia | Don Wallace, Georgetown University | Ben J Wattenberg, American Enterprise Institute | George F Will, Maryland | General (Res.) Aharon Yariv, Tel Aviv
==Notes==
Category:Academic JournalsCategory:Terrorism Journal
Political Developments

Political Developments Limited (PDL) is a London-based lobbying firm providing services to the property industry.
==Background==
Political Developments is a member of the Association of Professional Political Consultants (APPC) and the UK Public Affairs Council.
==People==
===2012-13===
*Tom Byrne
*Jeremy Handel
*Georgina Chapman
*David Talbot
 UKPAC Register Period 1 March 2012 to 31 May 2012 
===Circa 2010===
*Jeremy Handel
*Steve Norris
*Georgina Chapman
*Jo Ingham
*Tom Byrne
*Simon Keal
==Clients==
===2010===
Trenport Investments | Bloor Homes | Persimmon Homes | Providence Court Investments | Explore Investments | Southside and City DevelopmentsAPPC, "APPC Register Entry for 1 March 2010 to 31 May 2010", accessed 28.08.10
===2013===
| Bloor Homes South Midlands | Land Improvement Holdings | Leach Homes | Paladin Developments Ltd | Persimmon Homes East Midlands | Persimmon Homes Essex Providence Court Investments | Redrow Homes South Midlands | Worton Grange Industrial Limited | Trenport Investments 
==Contact, Resources, Notes== 
===Contact===
Address: 29 New Bond Street
London
W1S 2RL
Website: http://www.politicaldevelopments.com
===Resources===
*Political Developments Limited, APPC Register Entry for 1 March 2010 to 31 May 2010
===Notes===
Category:Lobbying firms
Back to Lobbying Portal
Political Developments Limited, APPC Register Entry for 1 March 2010 to 31 May 2010

Political Developments Limited
: APPC Register Entry for 1 March 2010 to 31 May 2010
==Address(es)==
=== in UK===
:Address(es) in UK
:Contact
:Political Developments Limited
:29 New Bond Street
:London
:W1S 2RL
:Name: Jeremy Handel
:Tel: 020 7491 9992 
:Fax: 020 7499 2223
:Email: jhandel@politicaldevelopments.com
:Website: http://www.politicaldevelopments.com/
===Offices outside UK===
None
==Staff== 
:(employed and sub-contracted) providing PA consultancy services this quarter
*Jeremy Handel
*Steve Norris
*Georgina Chapman
*Jo Ingham
*Tom Byrne
*Simon Keal
==Fee-Paying clients==
:(for whom UK PA consultancy services provided this quarter)
Trenport Investments | Bloor Homes | Persimmon Homes | Providence Court Investments | Explore Investments | Southside and City Developments
==Fee-Paying Clients== 
:(for whom only UK monitoring services provided this quarter)
None
==Pro-Bono Clients== 
:(for whom consultancy and/or monitoring services have been provided this quarter)
None
==Notes==
 Category:APPC Register
Political Psychology

Political Psychology (ISSN: 1467-9221) is a peer reviewed academic journal which was founded in 1979. The journal is published six times a year by Wiley publishers. Overview Political Psychology Wiley Online Library, accessed 12 January 2015 
The journal is said to be 'dedicated to the analysis of the interrelationships between psychological and political processes. International contributors draw on a diverse range of sources, including cognitive psychology, economics, history, international relations, philosophy, political science, political theory, sociology, personality social and clinical psychology.' 
==People==
===Circa 2015===
====Editor-in-Chief====
*Alex Mintz
====Editorial Board====
*Molly Andrews - University of East London 
*Daniel Bar-Tal - Tel-Aviv University
*William Boettcher III - North Carolina State University
*Daphna Canetti - University of Haifa
*Tereza Capelos - University of Surrey
*Sabina Cehajic-Clancy - Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Bosnia and Herzegovina
*Christopher Cohrs - Queens University
*Martha Crenshaw - Stanford University
*Christopher Federico - University of Minnesota
*Nehemia Geva - Texas A&M University
*Robert Jervis - Columbia University
*John Jost - New York University
*Catarina Kinnvall - Lund University, Sweden
*Bert Klandermans - VU University Amsterdam
*Howard Lavine - University of Minnesota
*George Marcus - Williams College
*Rose McDermott - Brown University
*Sam McFarland - Western Kentucky University
*Kathleen McGraw - Ohio State University
*Kristen Monroe - University of California, Irvine
*Orla Muldoon - University of Limerick, Ireland
*Jerrold Post - George Washington University
*Felicia Pratto - University of Connecticut
*Thomas Preston - Washington State University
*Steven Reicher - University of St. Andrews
*Stanley Renshon - City University of New York
*Katherine Reynolds - Australian National University 
*Mark Schafer - Louisiana State University
*David Sears - University of California, Los Angeles
*Michal Shamir - Tel Aviv University
*Myungsoon Shin - Yonsei University, South Korea
*Chris Sibley - University of Auckland
*Linda Skitka - University of Illinois, New Zealand
*Eric Stern - Swedish National Defense College, Sweden
*Cameron Thies - University of Iowa
*David Winter - University of Michigan
==Notes==
Category: Terrorism Journal
Political Warfare Timeline 1936

Notes towards a chronology of the modern history of covert action with particular reference to the role of the Lovestoneite movement.
===January===
*Lovestonite Youth group opposes merger of YCL and YPSL.
*POUM joins Spanish Popular Front government.
*2 Lovestone sends IRA money to Brandler for Prague operations.
===February===
===March===
===April===
*United Auto Workers holds first convention.
===May===
*19 Lovestone writes August Thalheimer that Communists put the word out they would absorb Lovestoneites.Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.115.
===June===
===July===
*Spanish civil war begins
*16 Lovestone letter to Thalheimer stating David Dubinsky visiting.
===August===
*24 Zinoviev and Kamenev convicted.
===September===
*English CPO sends letter to Lovestoneites
*5 Lovestoneites accept official version of trials of Zinoviev.Robert J. Alexander, The Right Opposition: The Lovestoneites and the International Communist Opposition of the 1930s, Greenwood Press, 1981, p.124. 
===October===
*CIO expelled from AFL.
*6 Lovestone writes to Comintern agent Heinz Neumann about Spain p.116.
*14 Lovestone informs Brandler of complaints that IRA too much an ICO organisation.
===November===
*Thalheimer in Catalonia.Robert J. Alexander, The Right Opposition: The Lovestoneites and the International Communist Opposition of the 1930s, Greenwood Press, 1981, p.152.
*29 Communists conclude Lovestoneites no longer a real trend in the progressive movement.Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.119.
===December===
*13 POUM lose position in Catalan government. 
==Notes==
Category:SpooksCategory: Political Warfare Timeline
Political Warfare Timeline 1944

Notes towards a chronology of the modern history of covert action with particular reference to the role of the Lovestoneite movement.
==March==
*Dispute over Communist participation in the American Labor Party sees hardline anti-communists led by David Dubinsky defeated by Sidney Hillman, who believes that Communist support will help swing New York state for the Roosevelt presidential campaign. As a result Dubinsky forms the Liberal Party of New York which will campaign for Roosevelt separately.John E. Vargo, End of the Line for the New York Liberal Party?, liberalparty.org, accessed 25 January 2012.
==May==
* Earl Browder dissolves the Communist Party USA in favour of the Communist Political Association.Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.147.
*Serafino Romualdi joins the OSS.Guide to the Serafino Romualdi Papers, 1936-1967, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library.
*Council for a Democratic Germany founded by German emigrés in New York.Thomas Adam, Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p.262.
==June==
*William Casey appointed director of the London office of the OSS Secret Intelligence Branch. Joseph Gould joins the office's labor section.Jonathan S. Gould, The OSS and the London “Free Germans”, Studies in Intelligence - VOL. 46, NO. 1, 2002, Center for the Study of Intelligence, CIA.
==July==
*Serafino Romualdi sent to Italy as a Major in the OSS working with Max Corvo and Vincent Scamporino.Richard Harris Smith, OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency, Globe Pequot, 2006, p.97.
==August==
*20 - SHAEF approves OSS FAUST plan to send agents to make contact with underground labour groups in Germany.Jonathan S. Gould, The OSS and the London “Free Germans”, Studies in Intelligence - VOL. 46, NO. 1, 2002, Center for the Study of Intelligence, CIA.
*"Late August" - Joseph Gould recruits a number of German socialist exiles in London, in an operation that appears to have been penetrated by Soviet intelligence.Jonathan S. Gould, The OSS and the London “Free Germans”, Studies in Intelligence - VOL. 46, NO. 1, 2002, Center for the Study of Intelligence, CIA.
==Previous Page - Next Page==
Political Warfare Timeline 1943 | Political Warfare Timeline 1945
==Notes==
Category:SpooksCategory: Political Warfare Timeline
Political Warfare Timeline 1948

Notes towards a chronology of the modern history of covert action with particular reference to the role of the Lovestoneite movement.
==January==
*4 Information Research Department founded.
==February==
*Jay Lovestone appeals to Secretary of Defence James Forrestal over newsprint for German unions.Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.169.
==March==
*Henry Rutz informs Jay Lovestone that the German labor unions have received more paper and an automobile allocation as a result of FTUC lobbying.Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.169.
==April==
*Count Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi sets up the American Committee for a Free and United Europe.Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.227.
*Carmel Offie resigns from US Foreign Service.
*Christian Democrats win the Italian general election.Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, pp.26-27.
==June==
*CIA Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) established.Hugh Wilford, Calling the Tune? The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War, Frank Cass, 2003, p.85.
*George Kennan recommends Frank Wisner, John Paton Davies and Irving Brown to George Marshall and Robert Lovett as potential heads of the OPC. Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.27.
==July==
*Berlin Blockade.Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.169.
*27 - David Dubinsky arrives in London for Marshall Plan conference.Robert D. Parmet, The Master of Seventh Avenue: David Dubinsky and the American Labor Movement, NYU Press, 2005, p.41.
==August==
*Jay Lovestone and David Dubinsky visit Berlin. At a subsequent meeting with Lucius Clay in the American zone they plead for the restoration of trade union property. Hesse labour leader Willi Richter tells them Clay is backing pro-Nazi big business.Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.169.
*27 Richard Crossman writes to C.D. Jackson about the book that will become The God That Failed.Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War, Granta, 2000, p.64.
==September==
*Carmel Offie joins Office of Policy Coordination.
==October==
*Melvin Lasky founds a new monthly magazine Der Monat with the backing of the American military governor Lucius Clay.Frances Stonor Saunders,Who Paid the Piper, Granta Books, 2000, pp.29-31.
==November==
*Harry Truman re-elected US President.
==December==
*Frank Wisner formally introduced to Jay Lovestone by Matthew Woll.Ted Morgan, A Covert Life, Random House, 1999, pp.197-198.
*Sir William Hayter drafts a proposal for a British psychological warfare outfit to 'wage the Cold War.'Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War, Granta, 2000, p.375.
==Notes==
Category:SpooksCategory: Political Warfare Timeline
Political Warfare Timeline 1949

Notes towards a chronology of the modern history of covert action with particular reference to the role of the Lovestoneite movement.
==January==
*John Meskimen passes top secret cable from Lucius Clay's office to Jay Lovestone.Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.171.
*George Kennan reviews of Office of Policy Coordination plans for covert action and finds them insufficient.Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.27.
==February==
* American Committee on United Europe (ACUE) incorporated.
*14 Matthew Woll writes to Lucius Clay accusing the American military government in Germany of discriminating against labour.Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.171.
==March==
*Friends of Russian Freedom created.Hugh Wilford, Calling the Tune? The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War, Frank Cass, 2003, pp.32-34.
* ACUE launched.
*25 Waldorf conference.
==April==
*4 - North Atlantic Treaty signed, establishing NATO.The North Atlantic Treaty, NATO, accessed 23 December 2011.
*30 International Day of Resistance to Dictatorship and WarFrances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War, Granta, 2000, p.68.
==May==
*Allen Dulles law firm draws up legal papers for National Committee for a Free Europe NCFE.
==June==
*First board meeting of NCFE
==July==
*1 John J. McCloy arrives in Germany as American High Commissioner.Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.171.
==August==
*Ex-Comintern intellectuals Ruth Fischer and Franz Borkenau proposed a permanent structure for this purpose at a meeting with Melvin Lasky in Frankfurt.Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper, Granta Books, 2000, pp.71-72.
==September==
*Konrad Adenauer becomes President of the new Federal Republic of Germany.Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.172.
==October==
*German Democratic Republic established.Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.172.
*First congress of the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund in Munich with Hans Boeckler as President.Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.172.
*John Paton Davies memo outlining a plan of political warfare against the USSR
==Notes==
Category:SpooksCategory: Political Warfare Timeline
Political Warfare Timeline 1950

Notes towards a chronology of the modern history of covert action with particular reference to the role of the Lovestoneite movement.
==January==
*Proposal for the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) reaches Frank Wisner's desk.
==April==
*Wisner approves CCF proposal.
*NSC-68 memorandum, written largely by Paul Nitze.Jerry W. Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis, South End Press, 1983, pp.23-34.
==June==
*26 Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom opens.Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper, Granta Books, 2000, p.75.
==July==
*Radio Free Europe begins broadcasting from Germany.
*Conant and others close to the NSC-68 drafting process began discussions about a 'citizens lobby' along the lines of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies.Jerry W. Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis, South End Press, 1983, p.61.
==September==
*'Citizens's lobby' proposal took further shape at a 'private citizens conference' in late September attended by some 50 key figures from the worlds of business, academia and the media. Jerry W. Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis, South End Press, 1983, p.65.
October
Bedell Smith accepts job as head of CIA
==November==
*'Citizens lobby' plan receives Secretary of State George Marshall's blessing.Jerry W. Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis, South End Press, 1983, p.67.
*Congress for Cultural Freedom established with a permanent steering committee.Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper, Granta Books, 2000, p.88.
*24 - David Dubinsky and Jay Lovestone estimate the CIA's contribution to the Free Trade Union Committee for the year to date at $200,000.*Robert D. Parmet, The Master of Seventh Avenue: David Dubinsky and the American Labor Movement, NYU Press, 2005, p.235.
==December==
*12 Conant, Vannevar Bush and Tracy Vorhees, announce the formation of the Committee on the Present Danger (CPD).Jerry W. Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis, South End Press, 1983, pp.54-55.
*13 Truman meets congressional leaders to seek additional defence funds.Jerry W. Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis, South End Press, 1983, pp.54-55.
==Notes==
Category:SpooksCategory: Political Warfare Timeline