nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Causal impotence objection

The causal impotence objection is among the most serious threats to ethical vegetarianism, action on climate change, and population mitigation. The argument begins with the premise that individuals, or relatively small collections thereof, have a negligible impact on the world; it is unlikely that their actions will make a substantive impact, or noticeably change some state of affairs. By the such individuals are not morally obligated to do anything about which they cannot control.
 
==Examples==
*An individual riding a bike rather than a car makes no meaningful difference in overall carbon emissions. What difference they do make is generally so small as to be negligible and readily subsumed by the rest of society. 
*A lone individual abstaining from meat is unlikely to reduce any amount of animal suffering. The global market simply will not respond to one individual’s dietary choices, nor will most grocery stores, which are likely to purchase just as much meat as before.http://www.pdcnet.org/pdc/bvdb.nsf/purchase?openform&fp=swphilreview&id=swphilreview_2008_0024_0001_0053_0060
==Discussions==
Philosopher rejects the “group principle” implicit in some arguments defending individual obligations based on collective impacts. Namely, by founding the individual obligation to do something on the collective impacts of a group, we merely beg the question of whether such an individual obligation exists.IT'S NOT MY FAULT: GLOBAL WARMING AND INDIVIDUAL MORAL OBLIGATIONS by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
==Proposed resolutions==
In regard to vegetarianism, and Peter Singerhttp://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/heathwood/pdf/norcross.pdf argue there must be some number of vegetarians at which some number of animals are spared a fate in factory farms. For example, 10,000 vegetarians might spare 200,000 chickens from factory farms per year (ignoring elasticities; note that the average American consumes roughly 27 chickens per year.)http://www.quora.com/How-many-chickens-cows-pigs-and-fish-does-an-average-human-consume-in-a-year Assuming that the market responds to differences in demand of exactly 200,000 chickens, given the uncertainty about which decisions will actually lead to changes in supply, the expected number of chickens spared per whole chicken purchased would be 1. This is because, while each decision has a very low probability of leading to a shift in supply, when it does happen, the change is roughly 1 divided by that probability. So, the expected number of chickens spared per vegetarian per year would be 200,000 / 10,000 = 20.
==References==
Category:Morality
Cayenne pepper

thumb|right|165px|Chilies growing in a garden
The cayenne pepper or Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a spice. It and related species (esp. C. chinense) contain capsaicin (C18H27NO3), which is the primary source of "spiciness" in most hot sauces. The purified capsaicin extract is an ingredient in some topical remedies for joint and muscle pain, and is also the main ingredient in many pepper sprays. The bell pepper is a different cultivar of the same species as cayenne; it does not produce capsaicin. Many spices contain antioxidants, and capsaicin is no exception.Antioxidant activity of capsinoids A 1999 study of culinary spice use found that traditional spice use was correlated with geographic latitudes and elevations, indicating that spice use likely developed as a way to counteract microbial contamination of foods (i.e., higher ambient temperatures increases microbial activity, which increases the need for more microbial control in the form of spices).Darwinian gastronomy: Why we use spices Another proposed explanation (not exclusive of the first) is that spicy foods encourage perspiration, helping keep the human body cooler in hot weather.
==Scoville scale==
Capsaicin content and by extension spiciness is measured by the named after its inventor, pharmacologist The scale works by diluting a sample of a pepper until spiciness can no longer be detected, with stronger required dilutions being inducated by higher numbers on the scale.The Scoville scale, Alimentaruum A typical cayenne pepper is between 30,000-50,000 on the scale and a bell pepper is at 0, while the spiciest pepper yet cultivated, sits at a whopping 2.693 million Scoville units.How Hot Is ‘Pepper X’? Its Creator Spent 6 Hours Recovering from Eating It, Stephanie Pappas, Scientific American 26 October 2023
==Woo==
Apparently Cayenne is now recommended as an herbal treatment for heart attacks on the just-vague-enough-to-sound-believable premise that it "promotes warm blood circulation".Can cayenne pepper stop a heart attack? let's say no Suffice it to say, this mechanism is poorly established at best, and in sensitive individuals, exposure to capsaicin has been known to cause heart attacks.Comments on the use of capsaicin spray (page 5) (Capsaicin is an irritant, after all.) And while some small positive metabolic changes have been seen in rat models,Effects of cayenne pepper on hepatic gene expression involved in lipid metabolism in DSS treated rats fed an atherogenic diet human use of cayenne pepper for metabolic regulation can have nasty side effects, like most spicy peppers.a 25 year old developing severe cardiac symptoms as a resultand a 41 year old
==Derivation==
Cayenne is the capital city of French Guiana, which seems to have derived its name from one of the many rivers in the area. Hot peppers are known there, but the local cuisine, although spicy, is not notably sphincter-burning.
==References==
Category:Alternative medicine
Category:Chemicals
Category:Food woo
Category:Plants
Center for American Progress

Center for American Progress (CAP) is a George Soros-funded, liberal, supposedly "progressive," Beltway think tank founded by ex-Bill Clinton Chief of Staff John Podesta. 
Since the 2008 elections, it has become a mouthpiece for Barack Obama. Its current president Neera Tanden entered the public eye after Joe Biden nominated her to direct the Office of Management and Budget. It didn't go too well.
==Shilling for escalation==
During the run-up to the 2008 election, CAP, which had previously organized anti-Iraq protests with MoveOn.org during the Shrub administration, fell into line with the hawkish Democrats and pushed for escalation in Afghanistan. It has continued to cheerlead for Obama's surge in Afghanistan since then.40 Reasons to Reengage in AfghanistanHow Obama Took Over the Peace Movement
==Transparency? What transparency?==
Obama promised to take the issue of transparency "seriously" before he took office. While Obama's transition team did disclose its funding, there was one exception: CAP. CAP was summarily criticized for failing to disclose its funding and being intimately tied with Obama's transition into the White House.Where's transparency of Podesta group? The CAP transition has been compared to the close ties St. Ronnie had with the Heritage Foundation in the early '80s.
CAP also has ties to Common Purpose, a pressure group set up by former Chief of Staff Rahm Emmanuel to keep the dirty hippies in line. Common Purpose has been used to goad liberal organizations and activist groups into self-censoring criticism of Obama, such as when liberal groups were told to "ratchet down the rhetoric" over Wall Street bonuses.White House may be dictating, but we're not stenographers
==Sites they fund==
The CAP Fund bankrolls the websites ThinkProgress and ClimateProgress. ThinkProgress was the former home of liberal blogger Matthew Yglesias and the Wonk Room blog. ClimateProgress is run by physicist and environmentalist Joe Romm. Apparently, Time Magazine really likes Joe Romm.Heroes of the Environment, Best Blogs
==Vast left-wing conspiracy==
During the Breitbart-gate scandal over ACORN, CAP and associated sites issued statements supportive of ACORN. Due to this, as well as its association with numerous liberal boogeymen, it is considered to be part of the vast Soros/ACORN conspiracy to spread reason social democracy communism across the country.
==External links==
*CAP homepage
*ThinkProgress
*ClimateProgress
==References==
Category:Left-wing activists
Category:Liberalism
Category:Think tanks
Center for Bio-Ethical Reform

The Center for Bio-Ethical Reform is an anti-abortion outfit whose primary means of arguing against the practice appears to be gross-out Photoshop jobs Completely Authentic PhotographsTMCBR / Abortion Photo Authentication (Wayback Machine copy) juxtaposing sundry fetus parts with coins.
They purport to mix "scientific fact, historical examination, and contemporary analysis" with the aforementioned gross-out pictures;CBR / The AbortionNO Web Project (Wayback Machine copy) however, the only so-called arguments that they mix with the pictures is to compare abortion to the HolocaustAbortionNo.org » GAP (Wayback Machine copy) and quote-mine the Bible extensively.(Wayback Machine copy)
Further sullying their attempt at making an apolitical, secular image is the fact that they link their message to the cause of stopping "ObamaCare."Newsletter from August 2009 (Wayback Machine copy)
==See also==
* Abortion and Nazism
* Is Abortion Genocide?
==External links==
* Center for Bio-Ethical Reform
==References==
Category:Organizations
Category:Misnomers
Center for Inquiry

The Center for Inquiry or CFI is a nonprofit organization that defends secular and humanist values and scientific skepticism. CFI operates many branch locations located across the US and in different countries like Argentina, India, Canada, Poland, and Kenya. All of these locations relate to promoting CFI's core mission. CFI is also a non-governmental organization (NGO) at the United Nations with special consultative status under the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).CFI's Advocacy Information
==History==
The Center for Inquiry was established in 1991 by Paul Kurtz and was formed by melding two similar organizations, the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) and Council for Secular Humanism, under one official umbrella organization.
==Goals==
*An end to the influence that religion and pseudoscience have on public policy.
*An end to the privileged position that religion and pseudoscience continue to enjoy in many societies.
*An end to the stigma attached to being a nonbeliever, whether the nonbeliever describes her/himself as an atheist, agnostic, humanist, freethinker or skeptic.About CFI
The Center for Inquiry's Office of Public Policy works in the US Congress as CFI's lobbying arm to ensure that secular and humanist values are fairly represented in America's policy and decision making space. 
Operates Secular Rescue which supports secular activists and bloggers in the Middle East and Bangladesh in their pursuit of safety from persecution.
Operates TIES which provide educators with free online resources and workshops to help them teach evolution, natural selection, and diversity.
==Sexism==
Noted fallen from grace sexist Lawrence Krauss reportedly sexually harassed several women onboard a cruise ship conducted by the CFI, the CFI proceeded to ignore this complaint and let Krauss return several times over, nothing was done about Krauss' harassment as it was deemed that Krauss' celebrity status among neckbeards was more important than actually providing justice for sexual harassment victims."Jeffrey Epstein, Lawrence Krauss, and Firing your Heroes into the Sun" by Rebecca Watson
==Affiliated programs==
*The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI)
*Council for Secular Humanism
*Secular IslamAbout Secular Islam
*CFI On CampusCFI On Campus
*The Freethought Books Project - Disseminating freethought/atheist literature to prisonersAbout the Freethought Books Project
==References==
Category:Atheist groups
Category:Political action groups
Category:Skeptical organizations
Category:United Nations
Center for Science in the Public Interest

The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) is a consumer organization which undertakes research and advocacy programs, as well as providing consumers with information about health and well-being.
In 2010, they won a class-action suit against Coca-Cola, to have their misleading statements regarding Vitamin Water removed.Vitamin water isn't healthy, rules Federal judge
Their three main goals are:
== Food restriction advocacy ==
CSPI sees certain food ingredients as harmful, at least in the quantities that they're consumed in the developed world. They advocate government limits on those food ingredients. The three food items they seek limits on most fervently are:
* salt;Salt: The Forgotten Killer
* sugary drinks, for which they advocate a tax;Whether they'll expand their advocacy to a tax on all added sugars, in light of this May 2013 CDC press release which states that "Foods contributed 67% of calories from added sugars compared with 33% from beverages" in adults, remains to be seen. and
* trans fat, for which they seek an outright ban.http://www.cspinet.org/transfat/about.html
CSPI's stance on trans fat represents a reversal of their position from the early 1990s. Before evidence of trans fat's unhealthfulness became available, CSPI advocated replacing the lard and tallow used for frying in fast food restaurants with partially hydrogenated oils, on the grounds of lowering the American intake of saturated fats.Enig, Mary. The Tragic Legacy of Center for Science in the Public Interest. Weston A. Price Foundation: January 6, 2003.
CSPI has also petitioned the U.S. FDA to ban synthetic food dyes.http://www.cspinet.org/fooddyes/CSPI on food coloring: a pointless warning, examiner.com, 13-May-2014 A 2012 meta-analysis concluded that synthetic food dyes may have an effect on ADHD, but that a conclusion could not be drawn due to small sample sizes and publication bias.J.T. Nigg et al., Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 51 no. 1 (January 2012), pp. 86-97
Other food items CSPI has opposed include:
* aspartameFDA Should Reconsider Aspartame Cancer Risk, Say Experts
* nitritesChemical Cuisine: Learn about Food Additives
* caramel colorFDA Urged to Prohibit Carcinogenic "Caramel Coloring"
* azodicarbonamide,FDA Should Ban Azodicarbonamide, Says CSPI FoodBabe's infamous yoga mat chemical
==External links==
*CSPI Homepage
* CSPI scam, a site critical of CSPI, run by people with just as big of an axe to grind as CSPI themselves
* The Anti-Pleasure Principle, from Reason.com, 1-July-2003
==References==
Category:Food
Category:Organizations
Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change

The Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change is not so much a "center" as it is a family-run global warming denialism operation. It was founded by Craig Idso, who heads the center and runs it along with his father Sherwood and brother Keith. Their credentials are related to plant science and agriculture. They put out their own "peer-reviewed" journal called CO2 "Science" where they extol the virtues of rising carbon dioxide levels. They received a buttload of money from oil and coal interests back in the '90s and 2000s, naturally.Josh Harkinson. "The Dirty Dozen of Climate Change Denial - No. 8: Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change (A.K.A. The Idso Family)." Mother Jones. 2009 December 4.Jill Lawless. "Exxon accused of funding groups that mislead on climate change." USA Today. 2006 September 20.Greenpeace ""
They set up a project called the "Medieval Warm project," which collected various temperature reconstructions in an attempt to demonstrate that the Medieval Warm Period was warmer than today. In reality, what they did was comb through mountains of actual research, pull out data, and then cherry-pick it and fiddle with the values on graph axes to conduct their "research."Hoskibui. "Medieval project gone wrong." Skeptical Science. 2011 April 30.
Here's the "CO2 experts" informed take on global warming:
==See also==
*CO2 is Green
==External links==
*Their site
*More for the annals of climate misinformation
==References==
Category:Denialist organizations
Category:Global warming
Category:Pseudoscience promoting organizations
Center for the Study of Political Islam

The Center for the Study of Political Islam (or simply Political Islam) is an organization founded by Dr. Bill Warner (whose Ph.D. is in Physics and Math — not Politics or Theology). Its research generally uses mathematics to "prove" Islam as evil, though can be heavily misleading in its presentation. Warner claims that Barack Obama was a Muslim, primarily because he "promotes" Islam.President Obama 'Is The Face Of Islam In America' by Kyle Mantyla (Tuesday, 1/13/2015 4:37 pm) Right Wing Watch
=="Research"==
Political Islam heavily supports the "Eurabia" myth, a far-right claim that Muslims will one day take over Europe. To 'prove' it is Warner's magnum opus, "How many times Muslims invaded Europe vs. Europeans invaded Muslim countries?" The purpose of this video, which shows 1400 years worth of battles across a map of Europe, is to imply that Islam (or at least Islam in the Middle East) is fanatically obsessed with invading Europe and always will be. It further serves to pass away the Crusades and Anglo-French colonial expansion into North Africa as somehow defensive. The main problem any history academic would find with this research is the "for Dummies" level of simplification, missing out completely on instances where European and Muslim nations were allied against other states.
==References==
Category:Islamophobia
Centers for Disease Control

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a branch of the United States government tasked with keeping US healthy by monitoring icky things like microbes, viruses, bug bites, and anything else that poses or may pose a threat to living healthily. Originally, it focused only as a resource for disseminating information on infectious diseases, but has since branched out to help provide information on things ranging from heart disease to obesity.
Unlike FEMA, the CDC has the authority to intern large numbers of Americans in the event of a sufficiently serious disease outbreak.Legal Authorities for Isolation and Quarantine, CDC Cranks don't seem to have noticed this, however (except InfoWars, of course)."If Ebola Hits US, Even Healthy Americans Will Be Quarantined!"
==CDC "coverup" manufactroversy==
The anti-vaxxers hate this organization because the anti-vaxxers believe, from a garbled phone conversation, that the CDC was involved in a coverup of a 2004 study that had omitted data regarding MMR vaccination rates and autism diagnoses in a subset of African American boys. There is no coverup, and the entire thing is based on an incompetent anti-vaxxer researcher, with a blatant conflict of interest, who tried epidemiology and unsurprisingly sucked at it.
==External links==
*CDC home page
==References==
Category:United States government
Category:Organizations
Category:Medicine
Central bank

A central bank is a national bank that issues a country's currency, regulates the national money supply and regulates a country's interest rates. Central banks implement a government's chosen monetary policy and are often also tasked with regulating the country's private banks. Usual goals for monetary policy are high employment rate, price stability, and economic growth among other things.
Of course as they belong to the State and have a monopoly on money printing among other things they're not liked by a number of libertarians. You know, those who complain that because of their existence the epoch of the Industrial Revolution was not one of deregulated economies, ignoring why Communism and Socialism appeared in that epoch. 
== Use by cranks ==
Cranks on both sides of the political spectrum seem to be obsessed with central banks, especially the Federal Reserve, with a multitude of conspiracy theories TRUTHS! 
In many countries, including the US, central banks are supposed to be operationally independent - something which certain Tea Party influenced US senators don't seem to grasp.Victoria McGrane, "GOP Senate takeover puts Fed on hot seat," The Wall Street Journal, 5 Nov. 2014, as displayed at 22 Nov. 2017.
==References==
Category: Economics
Centrifuge

A centrifuge is a piece of equipment that rotates an object around a fixed axis (spins it in a circle), applying an outward force. When this happens, the denser materials migrate outwards, while the less dense ones are pushed inwards. 
Industrial-scale centrifuges are commonly used in manufacturing and waste processing to separate suspended solids or immiscible liquids. An example of this is the cream separator found in dairies. Centrifuges are also used to separate isotopes of the same atomic element for nuclear energy and nuclear weapons, since different isotopes have different masses (and radioactivity).
Certiorari

A Writ of Certiorari (Latin for "having been certified") is legally a writ of error submitted by a party to a case from a lower court to a higher court, requesting review of the lower court's adverse findings of law.
The common usage of the term in American law implies review by the Supreme Court. A party is said to seek "cert" almost exclusively when seeking judicial review by the Supreme Court.
The Court strategically considers and limits its docket by denying certiorari where appropriate. Cert is often denied where:
*The issue, if decided properly, would inflame national opinion on a controversial topic (under this rationale, the Court delayed handing down an opinion on miscegenation until Loving v. Virginia, despite requests for certiorari of related cases over the preceding 20 years);
*The case is simply not important enough, factually (dollar value, rights infringed, etc.) to merit review;
*The law implicated is clearly settled, and any Supreme Court opinion would be a cursory affirmation of the lower court;
*The lower court was either correct, or correct enough, or;
*The Court is simply too busy, or for some other mystical reason, uninterested.
Circuit splits – or disagreements among several federal judicial circuits – often result in a grant of certiorari, since the Supreme Court has a high level of interest in encouraging judicial uniformity (to assure the rule of law, "like cases should be treated alike"). However, the existence of a circuit split is no guarantee of a writ being granted.
The Supreme Court has — even prior to the confirmation of Chief Justice Roberts — been reviewing a decreasing number of cases."Dwindling Docket Mystifies Supreme Court". New York Times. December 7, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/07/washington/07scotus.html.
==References==
Category:United States law
Category:Latin phrases