nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Rhetoric

Rhetoric is an aspect of communication, first developed in Greek antiquity,Except when otherwise: see for example applicable to both oral and written communication, and usually involving persuasion, disputation, and/or argument. 
Classical rhetoric features three rhetorical appeals:
University of Missouri, Kansas City — Three Rhetorical Appeals: Ethos, Pathos, Logos by George H. Williams.
Durham Technological Community College: Aristotle's Ethos, Pathos, and Logos.
* ethos: an appeal to character, credibility, or authority
* pathos: an appeal to emotion or identity
* logos: an appeal to logic
While Aristotle (along with, in fact, most rational folks) uses logos, in fact all three can be effective at persuasion, and the most convincing arguments use all three. Note too that people can employ logical fallacies effectively in a persuasive piece or argument, as long as the opposition does not "catch" them doing it.
==The Basics to Arguing==
===Ethos===
Appealing to one's reputation or someone else's is essential to getting an audience on their side. This can be broken down into three strategies:Heinrichs, p. 374-376
*Virtue: Showing the speaker and the audience share the same values. An audience is more likely to be convinced by someone they associate with.
*Practical Wisdom: Displaying one's own credentials, experience, and above all making their positions seem like the middle ground or reasonable compromises.
*Disinterest: Seeming unbiased or reluctant when drawing your conclusions. 
Ethos is best used to get an audience on your side and against your opponent.Heinrichs, p. 40
===Logos===
Go ahead, look at the site's extensive guide. Logic is best used to make an audience agree with you.
===Pathos===
This is typically the final and strongest part of an argument, though also the most likely to be fallacious. Emotional arguments are best used to move others to action, and go a long way to help when the logic is not in the speaker's favor. Generally, pathos is discouraged and politicians who use it are quickly called out by their opponents as scaremongers. Not all emotions have to be negative to be effective, though; a good speaker can throw plenty of humor and sympathy into a speech to control the audience. 
Emotions should always appear to be under control, if just barely; uncontrolled passion is generally too much to convince an audience.
===Kairos===
Kairos is the art of using the right timing for an argument.Heinrichs, p. 261 This generally comes down to common sense — an argument based on reputation will work best immediately after accomplishing something, an argument based on logic will work best when the audience is pleased and willing to listen, and an argument based on emotion will work best in a time of crisis.
==See also==
==External links==
*Thank You for Arguing: What Aristotle, Lincoln, and Homer Simpson Can Teach Us About the Art of Persuasion by Jay Heinrichs 
==References==
Category:Evaluating arguments
Rhythm method

The rhythm method is a method of birth control involving abstaining from unprotected sex except on days when a woman is believed to be "infertile" determined only by calendar-based calculations. Natural family planning is a newer, more scientifically refined entry into abstinence methods of birth control. NFP does not rely merely on following the calendar. Women using NFP are taught to monitor some or all of: changes in their cervical mucus, a fall in their basal body temperature, as well as the dilation and closure of their cervix to determine approaching fertility and its passing.
==Proponents==
It is used by:
# People without easy access to other forms of birth control;
# People who choose not to use other forms of birth control, often because of religious beliefs or belief in natural remedies and methods in general;
# People who want to have kids.
Natural Family Planning is assessed by Planned Parenthood's Alan Guttmacher Institute to have a perfect use effectiveness rate of 91%, and an actual user rate of 75%. The method can work well for couples in a stable relationship who are smart enough to learn the various indicia of fertility. Effectiveness increases if barrier methods are employed on each end of the "heading-toward-or-away-from-fertility" days, and intercourse is avoided during the 3-4 days of peak fertility. Catholics, and some fundamentalists, of course, are not allowed to combine NFP with "artificial" contraception.
==References==
Category:Sexuality
Ribosome

A ribosome is an enzyme complex responsible for constructing polypeptides, the constituent molecules of proteins. It is found in all cells. Due to the importance of the ribosome, it is one of the most studied enzymes. A rough structure of the enzyme was obtained in the 1970s, but only recently has technology moved to get a precise crystal structure of the cell. In short: it is essential!
==See also==
*Enzyme
==References==
Category:biology
Rice puller

thumb|right|165px|Two counterfeit Anna coins[http://coinquest.com/cgi-bin/cq/coins?main_coin=20480 Token: India (East INDYA Company) UK, UKL (Counterfeit) 1616 to 1818] CoinQuest
Rice pullers are a specialty of scammers on the Indian subcontinent. They are metal objects which are purported to attract grains of rice. And, seriously, that's about it. It is this magical property that makes such items extremely valuable, though it is unclear how it could be especially useful.
==What are they?==
Rice pullers can be any old metal object such as cutlery, bowls, or jewellery. The most prized of all rice pullers is a cheap, crudely faked Anna coin dated 1616, allegedly minted by the East India Company (they minted no such coin in 1616).Token: India (East INDYA Company) UK, UKL (Counterfeit) 1616 to 1818 CoinQuest Scammers will demonstrate the "power" of these objects through unimpressive illusionist techniques.
Claims are made that a unique mixture of copper and iridium accounts for the metal's magical powers in an attempt to science it all up.
==The scam== 
The scam usually works like this:
# The "trader" will attract numerous "buyers" who are merely shills. This gives a public appearance of the metal being easily saleable at premium prices (up to Rs500,000 for an old spoon (that's 9,000 USD)).
# Interested parties will come forward with their old cutlery and request that they have it appraised and if interested, that the "trader" might purchase it.
# The "trader" will respond that he's had a major crisis of some kind and is no longer buying, but instead needs to sell his stock at bargain basement prices. 
# The target, believing there is a ready market, will leap at the opportunity at making a quick profit and snaps up the "bargain".
The advent of the Internet has enabled this scam to flourish as "traders" flood forums and business directories, making it look like a vibrant and respectable industry.
==External links==
*"Baba sells fake 'rice puller' for 2cr, flees", The Times of India, April 9, 2011 (archived copy from 7 Jul 2013 14:02:31 UTC)
*Metal Corporation (archived link from 2012), an example trader, whose site includes some wildly pseudoscientific claims
*A rice puller demonstration by Aswin Pathrudu (Mar 10, 2012) YouTube
==References==
Category:Currency
Category:Pseudoscience
Category:Scams
Rich Iott

Rich Iott, more commonly known as "that Nazi reenactment guy," is a former grocer and direct-to-video schlock producer from Ohio who rose to lesser fame for arguably surpassing the batshit-levels of Sharron Angle and Carl Paladino during the 2010 midterm elections. He stood as a Republican candidate for Ohio's 9th Congressional district, which consists mostly of Toledo. Toledo being one of Ohio's few "blue" strongholds, he was basically screwed from the start. 
What happened next didn't help. He ran on a typical wingnut Teabagger platform: Deport all the illegals, finish the dang fence, keep the gays out of 'Murrica, Obamacare is health care rationing. What he's most remembered for, of course, was the revelation that he had been a long-time participant in a Nazi military reenactment unit. The Atlantic first broke the story, in which he staked out his "I am not a Nazi" position (though he failed to sing the "I Was Not a Nazi Polka"):
Iott later said in an interview with Anderson Cooper:
Historians were skeptical about the version of history portrayed by the Wiking reenactment unit, which whitewashes the actions of the unit:
House Whip Eric Cantor repudiated Iott's behavior, but Weeper John Boehner thought he was just peachy and backed his campaign.Boehner, Iott in Nazi flap In a victory for sanity, he lost his election. Considering what would happen to the Republican party 6 years after he lost, his candidacy in hindsight was either a lot more tragic or darkly amusing.
==External links==
*Colbert on Iott
==References==
Category:Failed Tea Party candidates
Category:Living people
Category:Ohio
Richard Dawkins - God Hater

"Richard Dawkins — God Hater" is an analysis of Richard Dawkins' 2006 book The God Delusion written by Wayne Jackson and published on the Christian Courier website, which claims 17,000 subscribers.Wayne Jackson, Richard Dawkins – God Hater. Archived from Christian Courier.
According to their website: 
Their articles include "Satan: Everything You’ve Always Wanted to Know, But Were Afraid To Ask", "What Do You Know About Demons?", and "Five Questions About Evolution that Charles Darwin Can’t Answer". Unfortunately, the latter article is unavailable on the website. Perhaps they realized Darwin's been dead for over a century, so it would be very difficult for him to answer any question.
Below is an analysis of Jackson's piece on Dawkins' The God Delusion.
==Rebuttal== 
===Richard Dawkins – God Hater===
===Dawkins on the 9/11 Tragedy===
===Universality of Religion===
===Dawkins’s Focus===
====Explanation====
====Exhortation====
====Inspiration====
====Consolation====
===Conclusion===
==See also==
*Atheists hate god
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics
Category:Side-by-side articles
Richard Herring

Richard Keith Herring is a British comedian and writer, who was made a patron of The British Humanist Association (now Humanists UK) in 2010.Richard Herring Humanists UK, retrieved January 16, 2025
==Career==
Herring has made his skepticism of religion a part of his comedy, and in 2001 performed a stand up show titled Christ on a Bike, which satirised Christianity. In 2010 he performed a new version of this show titled Christ on a Bike: The Second Coming. He has performed many other stand up comedy tours and has been described by the British Theatre Guide as "one of the leading hidden masters of modern British comedy".
Herring has been recognised as a pioneer of comedy podcasting. He also co-wrote and co-starred in the comedy TV show Fist of Fun in 1995, along with Stewart Lee. In 2013, Herring toured with the stand up show We're All Going To Die!, in which he discussed the topic of death and his view that belief in an afterlife is not necessary to enjoy life.
==References==
Category:British comedy
Category:British people
Category:Comedians
Category:Living people
Richard Hofstadter

Richard Hofstadter was a historian and the author of several books on United States political history and thought. His best-known works include The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It, The Paranoid Style in American Politics, The Age of Reform, and Anti-intellectualism in American Life.
Hofstadter was briefly a communist, joining the Communist Party USA in 1938 and leaving it after only four months in 1939 following his objection to the Hitler-Stalin pact.Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography by David S. Brown (2007) University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226076415. He was greatly influenced by the work of the Marxist Charles Beard. He began to move toward centrism early in his career and became known as a "consensus historian" (a term he disfavored) due to his rejection of class conflict as the central narrative in American history. He was influential on both American liberalism and neoconservatism. Some of his works, chiefly The Paranoid Style and Anti-intellectualism in American Life, are frequently referenced to explain the militia movement and the perennial popularity of conspiracy theories. The Paranoid Style deals with perennial American conspiracy theories such as the Illuminati, Freemasonry, "international bankers" and anti-Catholicism. The Age of Reform was a revisionist work on the Populist, Progressive, and New Deal reform periods in which he tries to link the former to nativism and make a case for the New Deal as a dissimilar and necessary departure from the earlier movements rather than a logical progression from them. His book Social Darwinism in American Thought 1860-1915, written while he was still involved with the CPUSA, helped to popularize the term "social Darwinism" but was also something of a hit piece on the American right-wing. It has been criticized for oversimplifying the views of figures such as Herbert Spencer and downplaying or omitting instances of support among progressives for eugenics.Thomas C. Leonard. Origins of the myth of social Darwinism: The ambiguous legacy of Richard Hofstadter’s Social Darwinism in American Thought. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 71 (2009) 37–51.
Unfortunately, he was also something of an elitist, too often showing contempt for those who considered themselves victims of history and economics and didn't adopt "correct political attitudes".Emmett Rensin: "The smug style in American liberalism", Vox (April 21, 2016). He also ascribed political paranoia only to minority political actors, not the establishment.Jesse Walker: "The Trouble with Richard Hofstadter", Reason (August 26, 2013).
==External links==
*The Paranoid Style in American Politics, the central essay of the eponymous book originally published in Harper's Magazine.
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:Historians
Category:United States politicians
Richard Kent

Dr. Richard Kent is a British evangelical Christian lecturer and retired medical doctor who runs a ministry called Free Christian Teaching, which is part of an umbrella organization called the Final Frontier Charitable Trust.About Dr Richard Kent. freechristianteaching.tv. Thanks to his M.D., he is able to call himself "doctor," which no doubt raises his level of legitimacy among the people who come to hear his lectures on young-Earth creationism. Kent is either the highest pantheon of the batshit crazy, or he's a fucking genius.
Some of the ideas he espouses in his lectures are pretty far out there. Like for instance that:
# Dragons were real.
# Dragons were actually post-Flood dinosaurs.
# These post-Flood dinosaurs had nostrils the size of modern horses' nostrils.
# These relatively small nostrils were a carryover from the pre-flood era when there was more oxygen in the atmosphere.How could the release of trillions of gallons of water into the ecosystem reduce the oxygen level in the atmosphere, you ask? Damned if we know.
# Therefore, thanks to the depleted oxygen levels in the atmosphere, the nostrils of these dinosaur/dragons would CATCH ON FIRE WHENEVER THEY BREATHED!!!Epic Creationist Fail: 'Dinosaurs caught fire by breathing too hard'. potholer54 on YouTube, 2012, at about 4:10 in.
Apparently, it never occurred to Kent that dinosaurs could use their mouths to breathe. If dinosaurs could breathe fire, they would have had adaptations around their mouths and nostrils to protect their mouth and throat from flame. Nothing resembling such an adaptation has ever been seen. 
==External links==
*Free Christian Teaching
*Final Frontier Charitable Trust
==Notes==
==References==
Category:British people
Category:Christians
Category:Living people
Richard Milton

Richard Milton is a British journalist and author most well known for his book, The Facts of Life: Shattering the Myth of Darwinism.The Facts of Life: Shattering the Myth of Darwinism by Richard Milton (1993) Corgi. ISBN 0552141216.
==Views==
Milton writes that the theory of evolution is scientifically flawed for many reasons, including that "there are no transitional fossils". While discussing the inaccuracies of radiometric dating, he said that the Earth may be as young as 175,000 years; he also discussed other possibilities, making it impossible for his detractors to maintain that he is a 'creationist', rather he is an 'anti-evolutionist'.Debate between Richard Milton and Jim Foley He also asserted that there is an absence of meteoric-dust on the Earth, which if the Earth was of great age, would be found in much larger quantities than it is.
While Milton did appear on the documentary The Mysterious Origins of Man, which argued that humankind is millions of years old, he himself remains open to the possibility that the Earth is much younger.
==Reception==
Richard Dawkins described Milton's book on evolution as "twaddle that betrays, on almost every page, complete and total pig-ignorance of the subject at hand".Review of Richard Milton: The Facts of Life: Shattering the myth of Darwinism by Richard Dawkins (28 August 1992). New Statesman.
Creationists often quote mine and misrepresent Milton's book.
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:British people
Category:Journalists
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Category:Living people
Richard Shelby

Richard Shelby was a United States Senator from Alabama, with most of what that implies. He was a Democrat for most of his early career, up until his second Senate term, but in 1994, he switched parties and became a Republican. Specifically, he made the switch one day after the "Republican Revolution" in the 1994 mid-terms, when the GOP seized control of both chambers of Congress for the first time in 40 years. Convenient timing on that.
While Shelby is not as evil or racist as his former counterpart, Jeff Sessions, he is still a bit of a nativist, sponsoring legislation to make English the official language of the United States. He has also, on at least one occasion, flirted with birther rhetoric,Huffington Post:Richard Shelby, Alabama Senator, Questions Obama's Citizenship though he later backed away from it.Alabama Live:Shelby satisfied Obama's citizenship makes him eligible for office
On the other hand, he only voted to convict Bill Clinton on one of the two ridiculous charges against him, and was one of 8 Senators (the only Republican of the eight) to vote against repealing Glass-Steagall in 1999.
==References==
Category:Alabama
Category:Birtherism
Category:Chickenhawks
Category:Former United States Representatives
Category:Former United States Senators
Category:Lawyers
Category:Leftists who turned right with age
Category:Living people
Richard William Nelson

Richard William Nelson is an American Christian young Earth creationist writer and internet troll.
==Biography==
Nelson studied at the University of California, Irvine and earned a Bachelor of Science degree majoring in biology. Later, from the University of Southern California (USC) he graduated with a Doctor of Pharmacy degree majoring in pharmacology. He is a Christian creationist and is the author of the anti-evolution book Darwin, Then and Now, The Most Amazing Story in the History of Science (2009).Richard William Nelson
==Creationism==
Nelson is a Christian creationist who subcribes to a literal reading of Genesis, yet has pretended on some internet websites, similarly to other creationists such as Shaun Johnston and Hugh Dower, to be neutral on the creation-evolution "debate" in hopes of selling more copies of his book. However, Nelson has been very dishonest as he has admitted in his articles to being a Christian creationist and has lectured at Christian churches propounding that evolution is in opposition to the Bible. Anyone who views his website can see he rejects any scientific evidence for evolution. Nelson uses all the familiar creationist arguments such as citing Piltdown man to discredit evolution and claiming there are no transitional fossils. According to Nelson "evolution is a dogma" and he rejects it because of the Bible.Darwin Then and Now
His book Darwin, Then and Now, The Most Amazing Story in the History of Science invokes a conspiracy theory similar to Jerry Bergman's, that the "Darwinists" have set out to remove God from science. Nelson claims evolution is a hoax and there is no scientific evidence for it. He believes that the Genesis account of the Bible is factual history and criticises scientists for opposing it.Genesis Essentials
==Quote mining==
Nelson confuses "Darwinism" with evolution and it is clear he does this deliberately. In his book, and on his website, he has quote mined thousands of scientists, moved words around, and lied about what many of these scientists actually said to make out evolution is falling apart.
==Trolling==
Nelson has been banned on many forums for trolling. He has also made fake user names and accounts and pretended to be a female on one forum in an attempt to give his book extra support; it was later revealed this user was himself.
==See also==
*Ken Jopp
*Eugene Windchy
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:California
Category:Internet kooks
Category:Living people
Category:Trolls
Rick Renzi

Rick Renzi was a Republican Congresscritter from Fairfax, Virginia formerly representing an Arizona congressional district he doesn't live in. 
Little is known about much of his adult life; he did some kind of top-secret work for the Pentagon before running for Congress. He bought a house in Arizona in 2002 just before running for the seat, which he never moved into (instead his campaign staff used it for late night beer busts, earning numerous complaints to the police from neighbors); the house was foreclosed right after the election for non-payment. The whole time he and his family stayed in Fairfax except when he was in Arizona to campaign or schmooze with his "business partners". After buying the seat by flooding the district with attack ads paid for with funds he skimmed from his insurance company, he used his seat to pass legislation directly benefiting his business partners and family.
He is also a rabid anti-abortion fanatic who got into a fist fight on the House floor over stem cell research. He has 12 children whose names all begin with the letter "R".
==The moral of the story is==
On February 2, 2008 he was indicted on 35 federal counts of public corruption, money laundering and other charges. Surprise, surprise. 
He was convicted on 17 of those counts in June 2013 and sentenced October 28, 2013.Ex-US Rep. Rick Renzi gets 3-year prison term by Bob Christie (Oct. 28, 2013 5:12 PM EDT) AP. He was pardoned by outgoing president Donald Trump.
==Special bonus==
Congressman Rick Renzi was caught live on C-SPAN necking and canoodling with Congresswoman Katherine Harris on the floor of Congress. Watch the two lovebirds in action here!
==References==
Category:Convicted felons
Category:Former United States Representatives
Category:Living people
Category:United States politicians