nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
AAA Capital Management Advisors, Ltd.

AAA Capital Management Advisors, Ltd. is a commodity pool operator/commodity trading advisor located in Houston, Texas. Gerard G. Trevino, chief operating officer/chief risk officer and principal, serves as a member of the Commodity Pool Operator/Commodity Trading Advisor Advisory Committee of National Futures Association.
==Registration Information==
*
Category:Commodity Pool Operators
Category:Commodity Trading Advisors
Category:AAA Capital Management Advisors
AAX

AAX is a cryptocurrency exchange based in Hong Kong. AAX stands for Atom Asset Exchange. It is operated by local Atom International Technology Limited.
== History ==
AAX was founded in 2018 in Hong Kong by the Atom Group. In January 2019, AAX secured a deal with the London Stock Exchange (LSE) to buy the LSE's Millennium Exchange matching system, a matching engine designed to process large volumes of orders quickly and with very low latency. At the time, the matching engine had already been in use in stock markets around the world.
In November 2019, AAX launched, becoming the first digital asset trading platform to use the LSE's Millennium Exchange matching system. This also marked the first time that the system had been deployed in a cloud-based environment.
On November 13, 2022, AAX halted customer withdrawals for what it called temporary “scheduled maintenance” to “address serious vulnerabilities.” Employees at the exchange alleged that the outage was caused by liquidity problems. In early December of 2022, the Financial Times reported that AAX users said the exchange had failed to process customer withdrawals and that AAX staff said they had been disconnected from the company's email systems.
== Products and Services ==
AAX offers OTC, spot, and futures trading for digital assets to both retail and institutional investors via its 24-hour trading platform. AAX lists 50 crypto-to-crypto trading pairs, as well as five perpetual futures contracts (up to 100x leverage) for bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, EOS, and XRP. Its OTC desk can also convert dollars, Renminbi and Hong Kong dollars into digital assets.
Using the LSE's Millennium Exchange matching engine, AAX claims the platform can handle a large number of orders at the same time with an average latency of under 500 microseconds, or 1/2000 of a second. For comparison, Binance offers special low-latency trading service for a small selection of clients trading its futures products, but its top speeds are 1/200 of a second.
== References ==
AB32

AB 32: Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 is the California legislation passed on August 31, 2006 and signed by signed by Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger that establishes the US's first comprehensive regulatory and market mechanism designed to lower greenhouse gases. The legislation holds the California Air Resources Board (ARB) responsible for monitoring and reducing GHG emissions to 2000 levels by 2010 or 11% below business as usual, to 1990 levels by 2020 or 25% below business as usual, and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. 
The plan includes about 85% of California's total greenhouse gas emissions and will reduce them through a declining emissions cap. The legislation includes electric utilities, industrials, transportation, agriculture and forestry, small industrial firms, commercial and residential emissions.
AB32 will create a cap-and-trade market and link to the Western Climate Initiative, a group of seven western states and two Canadian provinces. The cap-and-trade market is scheduled to launch in 2012. 
The legislation also calls for an increase in the amount of renewable energy used by the state to 33 percent by 2020, up from a state mandated level of 20 percent. 
== Timeline for AB32 ==
Requires ARB to:
· Establish a statewide GHG emissions cap for 2020, based on 1990 emissions by
January 1, 2008.
· Release a final plan by October 2008.
· Adopt a plan by January 1, 2009 indicating how emission reductions will be achieved from significant GHG sources via regulations, market mechanisms and other actions.
· Adopt regulations by January 1, 2011 to achieve the maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reductions in GHGs, including provisions for using both market mechanisms and alternative compliance mechanisms.
· 
== References ==
Category:Environmental Trading
Category:Global Warming
ABN AMRO Clearing USA

ABN AMRO Clearing USA (AAC USA), formerly ABN AMRO Chicago LLC (AACC) is a futures commission merchant and broker-dealer with memberships on all major exchanges. It clears exchange-listed futures, equities and options. In January 2023, the name of the firm was changed to ABN AMRO Clearing USA from ABN AMRO Clearing Chicago LLC to better reflect the growing reach of its business.
AAC USA is part of the global clearing business of ABN AMRO and Chicago is the headquarters for the Americas. The firm also has an office in New York. 
== History ==
Beginning in the 1980’s when the first options exchange in Europe was started in Amsterdam, the company has grown into a leading global securities services provider. Operating for many years under the “Mees Pierson” and “Fortis” brands, they were rebranded as ABN AMRO Clearing following the July 1, 2010 merger between ABN AMRO Bank and Fortis Bank Nederland.
== Products and Services ==
AAC USA offers traditional services offered by third party clearing firms, including direct market access, clearing and settlement services against Central Counterparties (CCPs), financing, and daily reporting and risk management services.
AAC USA is a clearing member of the CME, CBOT, NYMEX and COMEX.
Also, ABN AMRO Clearing provides clients access to the over-the-counter market, foreign exchange trading and hedging facilities, securities lending facilities, energy, and warrants and ETF trading opportunities.
== Key People ==
*Mike Dennis
*Boudewijn Duinstra
== References ==
Category:Clearing Firms
Category:Clearing Houses
Category:ABN AMRO
ACE Derivatives and Commodity Exchange

Ahmedabad Commodity Exchange, also known as ACE Derivatives and Commodity Exchange is India's fifth national commodities exchange, was launched on October 26, 2010. The exchange opened, offering contracts on soybeans, soy oil, rape mustard seed, castor seed and chickpeas with plans to offer other contracts such as energies, metals and spices.. ACE's launch was the first time a regional Indian market was upgraded to a national market. 
The all-electronic market is 51 percent owned by Kotak Mahindra Group, an Indian banking and financial services firm. Other investors include The Haryana State Cooperative Supply & Marketing Federation Ltd. (HAFED), a state cooperative service and marketing organization. Other investors include: Bank of Baroda, Corporation Bank and Union Bank.The exchange opened with 230 registered members. 
The exchange joins other Indian commodity exchanges: National Multi-Commodity Exchange (NMCE), National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX), Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX), and Indian Commodity Exchange (ICEX). 
== Background ==
== Products and Services ==
The exchange lists a host of commodity products, some of which are offered, others which are planned for launch.
ACE's agriculture contracts include: castor seed, mustard seed, soybeans, refined soy oil, rape mustard seed and chickpeas or chana and sugar. It also lists tumeric, a staple spice used in India. 
Among the non-agricultural contracts announced by the exchange are: gold, silver, copper, zinc, nickel, crude oil and natural gas. 
== Key People ==
*Dilip Bhatia - Chief Executive Officer 
*Selven Rodrigo - Head of Business Development 
*Tapan Mishra - Head of Products and Research 
*Suresh Pai - Head of Business Operations
*Shailesh Patni - Head of IT Infrastructure Division
*Ashish Naik - Head of IT Applications Division
*Yash Kotak - Head of Finance 
*Manish Jain - Head of Legal and Compliance
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Indian Exchanges
Category:Commodity Exchanges
ADL (Algo Design Lab)

__NOTOC__
ADL (Algo Design Lab) is a visual programming platform offered by Trading Technologies that allows traders and programmers alike to design, test and deploy custom automated trading programs using a unique drag-drop building block interface. The platform generates executable code from the user's visual design, and includes feedback and warnings to help detect and warn against undesirable algorithm behavior.
ADL was a platform originally created by TickIt Trading Systems, a front-end software company acquired by Trading Technologies in June 2010.
== References ==
Category:Trading Technologies
Category:Electronic Trading Tools
Category:Algorithmic Trading
AG Gangadhar

__NOTOC__ 
AG Gangadhar is the chairman and acting CEO of Digital Asset, the blockchain and digital ledger technology company. He was appointed to the role in December 2018, replacing Blythe Masters, who stepped down from that role after 3 1/2 years.
Gangadhar joined Digital Asset's board in April 2018, and worked on the firm's engineering and product strategy. He is also responsible for helping the company scale its technology and global operations for digital ledger technology for financial services, healthcare, supply chain and other industries.
== Background ==
Gangadhar has had a wide and varied computer engineering career, working for tech giants such as Microsoft, Amazon, Google, Uber and General Motor's self-driving division Cruise.
He joined Digital Asset after a short stint as chief technology officer at Cruise, from August 2017 to March 2018. Prior to that, he served as head of core engineering at Uber, heading the firm's storage, data systems, machine learning and infrastructure teams from August 2015 to July 2017. 
Before that, Gangadhar was senior director, infrastructure and cloud engineering at Google, where he managed Google's cluster compute products from March 2010 to August 2015. He was an engineering director at Amazon Web Services, launching the Cloud Database business from September 2009 to November 2010 and held a variety of engineering roles at Microsoft from June 2001 to July 2007. 
== Education ==
He earned his bachelor's degree in engineering and computer science from the University of Mumbai and a master's degree in computer science from Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
== References ==
ALTX Africa Group

ALTX Africa Group Ltd (ALTX) is an investment holding company incorporated in Mauritius. It operates a securities and derivatives market in Uganda and the East African region, called ALTX East Africa. ALTX incorporated ALTX East Africa, its first exchange, on March 25, 2014, and the exchange went live on July 13, 2016. 
ALTX launched with depository receipt securities issued on the treasury secondary market. In the medium term, ALTX will introduce global equities, access to global bond products and exchange traded funds. ALTX East Africa is regulated by the Capital Markets Authority of Uganda.
The exchange's technology provides for settlement time in less than a day, and enables the trading of different asset classes on a single platform. The exchange platform has the capability to handle 150,000 transactions per second. Its technology is provided through a partnership with GMEX Technologies, a subsidiary of GMEX Group, a London-based exchange technology company, and ESCROW Group, which specializes in securities management and systems.
As part of the agreement, GMEX set up a London-based routing hub to interconnect with ALTX and help facilitate trading liquidity into Africa. GMEX also operates ALTX's representative office in London to aid business development.
 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Joseph S. Kitamirike,CEO
*Jatin Jivram, Business Analyst
*Francis F. Tusubira, Director
*Felix Okoboi,Director
*Rose Lubwama, Director
*Edward Burbridge, Director
== References ==
APX

__NOTOC__
APX, formerly known as Automated Power Exchange, is an infrastructure and registry provider for environmental and energy markets in renewable energy and greenhouse gases including carbon commodities. The company has 2 billion certificates under management and 1300 global accounts. 
Providing a bank and mint for environmental commodities, APX Environmental Market Depository is used to create, track, manage, and retire renewable energy certificates (RECs), energy efficiency and conservation certificates, carbon offset credits such as verified emission reductions (VERs), and greenhouse gas emission allowances. 
APX also provides technology, strategic consulting and operational services to help wholesale power market participants reduce costs and improve performance in power scheduling, settlement, market operations, system operations support and demand response programs. 
Goldman Sachs is a minority investor in APX. 
== Products and Services ==
The areas in which APX provides services are:
*Environmental Asset and Risk Management 
*Environmental Portfolio Management 
*Carbon and Renewable Energy Registries
*Power Scheduling and Settlement 
*Wind and Renewable Power Scheduling
*Demand Management 
*Generation Control Systems 
*Business Consulting Services 
APX environmental market solutions create, track, manage, and retire renewable energy certificates (RECs) for all North American regional markets, Carbon Offset Credits/Verified Emission Reductions and Emission Allowances, and Energy Efficiency and Conservation Certificates.
APX provides operational solutions to the power industry which include scheduling and settlement, generation control and operation support, and consulting services.
== Key People ==
*Joseph Varnas - CEO
*Roger Yang - President of APX Power Markets
*Jose Ibietatorremendia - Vice President and General Counsel
*Heather Sanders - Managing Director
*Joseph Kerecman - Managing Director
== Recent News ==
On Sept. 7, 2010, NYSE Euronext and APX announced the joint venture, NYSE Blue that will focuse exclusively on the environmental and sustainable energy markets. The initiative will include NYSE Euronext's existing investment in BlueNext, a leading spot market in carbon credits while APX will provide the regulatory infrastructure. 
==Resources==
APX History
== References ==
Category:APX
Category:Environmental Markets
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
APX-ENDEX

APX-ENDEX is a European energy exchange that operates spot and futures markets for electricity and natural gas in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Established in 1999, the company provides market data and a range of indices for use by traders, energy suppliers and energy-intensive industries. 
== History ==
In September of 2012, APX-ENDEX announced a restructuring in which it would split off its derivatives and spot natural gas business. As part of the restructuring, Intercontinental Exchange would acquire a 79.1 percent stake in a new company with the balance held by Gasunie, one of APX's assets. APX-ENDEX demerged as of 1 March 2013 into two separate energy exchanges, the power spot and clearing exchange APX Group and ICE Endex, the derivatives and spot gas exchange. 
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
APX Environmental Markets Registry

APX provides a high quality transaction and data infrastructure for environmental markets, including tracking of offsets and allowances. As a bank for Energy Efficiency & Conservation Certificates and Carbon Emission Reduction Credits, APX creates and track certificates via unique serial numbers and provide a full audit trail -- to ensure integrity in the marketplace. 
APX systems help ensure that there is substantiation for each environmental certificate, that policy rules are followed, and that there is no double counting. APX is an independent entity, policy neutral, is not a broker, exchange or marketer. The aim is to support voluntary and compliance markets across the US, as well as international initiatives.
==Registry Products==
*Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) for all North American regional markets
*Carbon Emission Reduction Credits‎[Verified Emission Reductions, and Emission Allowances
*Energy Efficiency & Conservation Certificates
The APX Environmental Market Depository™ provides the essential infrastructure needed to enable these markets to develop. The easy to use, Web-based platform is designed to meet the needs of market participants and support the policy objectives of states, regions, the US federal government and international organizations. The Environmental Markets Registry services provide 24/7 support of environmental markets through our fully staffed operations center. Our services include all personnel, hardware, software, documentation, training, upgrades, and system maintenance.
*APX also powers other registries 
== References ==
Category:Environmental Markets
Category:Weather
AQS

Automated Equity Finance Markets, Inc. (AQS) is a FINRA member broker-dealer and a SEC regulated alternative trading system (ATS). Upon being purchased by EquiLend in August 2016, the company rebranded as EquiLend Clearing Services.
Automated Equity Finance Markets, Inc. operates AQS and AQS Direct, automated marketplaces for securities lending and borrowing, which centrally clear transactions through the Options Clearing Corporation (OCC). AQS has the only securities lending markets to be based around a central counterparty. 
== History ==
AQS was a wholly owned subsidiary of Quadriserv, Inc., before being sold to PDQ in August 2015. 
In August 2016, EquiLend acquired AQS as well as PDQ's technology that allows AQS to connect to the OCC's Market Loan Program.
CEO Pat Cestaro and co-founder Greg DePetris remain as a consultants for EquiLend regarding clearing topics. Cestaro was formerly the chairman of EquiLend's board of directors. 
== Products and Services ==
AQS has two trading venues, AQS (available to clearing members and non-clearing members) and AQS Direct (available only to clearing members). 
Each venue has two trading "modes." In continuous trading: price discovery is market driven and completely anonymous. In negotiated transaction facility (NTF) mode: price discovery is through negotiations with another party (or multiple parties). NTF mode allows parties to decide on anonymity and lend to specific parties. Generally, NTF mode is used for block or term trades.
AQS's platform uses two main technologies: Cinnober's TRADExpress and AQS Middle Office software. 
== Key People ==
*Pasquale "Pat" Cestaro, CEO
*Greg DePetris, Co-Founder
== References ==
ASX Ltd.

ASX Ltd. runs Australia's largest stock exchange, the Australian Securities Exchange.
ASX Ltd, through its subsidiary, SFE Corporation Limited, also offers exchange-traded and over-the-counter financial services in the Asia Pacific region. 
== History ==
In was announced in April of 2010 that Australia wouldn't limit the number of stock exchange operators, and Chi-X Global Inc. could begin as the first rival to ASX Ltd. by the end of 2010.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Australian Securities Exchange
AT1 bonds

AT1 bonds, short for Additional Tier 1 bonds, are a type of hybrid debt instrument issued by banks as part of their regulatory capital structure. These bonds, also known as contingent convertibles or "CoCos," were introduced in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis as part of enhanced banking regulations.
== Characteristics ==
AT1 bonds have several key features:
# Perpetual nature: They have no fixed maturity date. 
# Callable: Issuers can redeem them after a specified period. 
# Discretionary coupons: Interest payments can be canceled at the bank's discretion. 
# Loss-absorption mechanism: They can be written down or converted to equity in times of financial stress.
== Regulatory Context ==
AT1 bonds were created as part of the Basel III regulatory framework, which aimed to strengthen bank capital requirements following the 2008 financial crisis. They serve as a key instrument in regulators' post-crisis bail-in regime, fulfilling part of banks' regulatory capital requirements.
== Risk Profile ==
AT1 bonds are considered a relatively risky form of junior debt. In a financial crisis or "trigger event," they can be written down or converted into equity, potentially resulting in significant losses for bondholders.
== Credit Suisse AT1 Bond Crisis ==
In March 2023, the AT1 bond market faced significant turmoil following the Credit Suisse crisis. As part of the bank's rescue deal, Swiss regulators made the unprecedented decision to write down CHF 16 billion ($17.2 billion) worth of Credit Suisse AT1 bonds to zero.
This decision caused significant controversy in the financial markets for several reasons:
# Hierarchy violation: It appeared to violate the traditional hierarchy of creditors, as AT1 bondholders were wiped out while shareholders received some compensation.
# Market shock: The move sent shockwaves through the AT1 bond market, causing a sharp sell-off in these securities globally.
# Investor confidence: It raised questions about the reliability of AT1 bonds as a form of bank capital and their treatment in future bank resolutions.
The Credit Suisse AT1 bond write-down highlighted the potential risks associated with these instruments and sparked debates about their role in bank capital structures and resolution frameworks.
== References ==
Category:Bonds
Category:Banking
Category:Financial Regulation
Category:Financial Crisis
ATM Stock Sale

An "At the Money" (ATM) stock sale is a financial transaction in which a company sells newly issued shares at or near the current market price. This method of raising capital is commonly used by publicly traded companies to generate funds for various purposes, such as financing operations, expansion, or debt repayment.
Key characteristics of ATM stock sales include:
* Flexibility: Companies can sell shares gradually over time, allowing them to take advantage of favorable market conditions.
* Cost-effectiveness: ATM offerings typically have lower fees compared to traditional follow-on offerings.
* Minimal market impact: The gradual nature of ATM sales helps minimize downward pressure on the stock price.
* Discretion: Companies have control over the timing and amount of shares sold, providing greater flexibility in managing their capital needs.
ATM stock sales are often executed through a designated broker-dealer, who sells the shares on behalf of the company in the open market. This process is typically governed by a sales agreement between the company and the broker-dealer, which outlines the terms and conditions of the offering.
==Use==
ATM equity offerings are a relatively new method of raising capital that has gained significant traction since regulatory changes in 2005 and 2008. Unlike traditional seasoned equity offerings (SEOs), ATM offerings allow companies to issue shares directly into the secondary market without underwriters, "dribbling out" shares over time rather than raising all the capital at once.
The use of ATM offerings has increased dramatically since their introduction. By 2016, their incidence and total proceeds were 63% and 26% of those for SEOs, respectively. This growth indicates that ATMs have become an important alternative to traditional equity issuance methods.
While ATM offerings can be an effective tool for raising capital, they may also lead to dilution of existing shareholders' ownership stakes. As a result, companies must carefully consider the potential benefits and drawbacks before implementing an ATM program.
== References ==
Category:Capital Raising
Category:Share Sales