nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Antimony trioxide

== Description ==
A white crystalline powder that occurs in nature as the mineral valentinite. Synthetic antimony trioxide, produced by roasting antimony ore then mixing with barium sulfate was introduced as an artists' pigment called antimony white and Timonox in 1919. It is inert, has good hiding power, and low oil absorption. Since it is darkened by hydrogen sulfide, antimony oxide is often mixed with zinc oxide which has preferential absorption for that gas (Gettens and Stout 1966). Some samples may contain senarmonite and/or valentinite, two known mineral forms of antimony oxide. Octahedral arsenic oxide may also be present as an impurity. Antimony trioxide is used as a white pigment and opacifiers in waxes, enamels, and glasses. It is also used to flameproof textiles, paper, and plastic.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|antimony trioxide.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
antimony (III) oxide; antimony white; antimony oxide; Pigment White 11; Antimontrioxid (Deut.); Antimonweiss (Deut.); blanc d'antimoine (Fr.); oxyde d'antimoine (Fr.); leyko toy antimonioy (Gr.); bianco di antimonio (It.); triossido d'antimonio (It.); antimoon wit (Ned.); trióxido de antimónio (Port.); diantimony trioxide; antimony sesquioxide; flowers of antimony; exitelite; senarmontite; valentinite; weisspiessglanz; Timonox [Cookson Lead and Antimony, England];
== Risks ==
* Highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion. 
* Skin contact is corrosive. 
* Fumes are carcinogenic. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in concentrated hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, strong alkalis. Insoluble in water.
* Fine crystals (about 1 micron) appearing rounded or cubic. 
* Colorless in plane-polarized light. 
* Isotropic with low birefringence.
Composition 	Sb2O3
CAS 	1309-64-4
Melting Point 	655
Density 	5.67-5.75 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 291.5
Refractive Index	2.18; 2.35
Boiling Point 	1425 C
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Pigment Compendium, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004 Comment: refractive index=2.087. Date for Timonox=1919
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: density = 5.75 and ref. index = 2.18;2.35
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 64
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 752
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Antimony trisulfide

== Description ==
1) A red pigment that is also called antimony vermilion. Antimony trisulfide was first synthesized in 1842 by C. Himly. Depending on conditions, the pigment can range in hue from orange to deep red. It is an unstable crystalline form and turns black when mixed with lead pigments. Antimony vermilion is also used to color ruby glass. See also antimony oxide sulfide.
2) A black pigment that is prepared by grinding the mineral stibnite. Antimony sulfide, is actually antimony trisulfide, but because it exists as red (synthetic) and black (natural) crystals, the black form is sometimes called antimony sulfide and antimony black. Black antimony trisulfide is used in camouflage paints because it has the same infrared reflectance value as green foliage. The black powder, called kohl, was occasionally used as an eye paint in Egypt from the Amarna period onwards (Ogden 2000). Antimony black powder was used since the late 17th century to blacken the edges of books (Roberts and Etherington 1982).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
antimony (III) sulfide; antimony sulfide; stibnite (mineral); antimony trisulphide (Br.); orangé d'antimoine (Fr.); trisulfure d'antimoine (Fr.); sulfure d'antimoine (Fr.); Antimontrisulfid (Deut.); Stibnit (Deut.); Antimonit (Deut.); trisulfuro de antimonio (Esp.); tritheioycho antimonio (Gr.); trisolfuro di antimonio (arancio di antimonio) (It.); antimoon trisulfide (Ned.); trisulfureto de antimónio (Port.); antimony orange; antimony red; antimony vermilion; antimony black; hermus mineral
== Risks ==
Skin contact can cause allergies and ulcers. Reacts explosively with organic materials. Highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion. 
Turns black with heat or when mixed with lead pigments. 
Fisher Scientific: MSDS 05/02/01
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in alkalis and strong acids. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	Sb2S3
CAS 	1345-04-6
Melting Point 	546 C
Density 	4.562 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 339.72
Refractive Index	2.65
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Roberts, D.Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1982.
* J. Ogden, "Metals" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 149.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 64
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Antimony vermilion

== Description ==
An obsolete name for a pigment composed of antimony trisulfide. Antimony vermilion was first made in 1842.
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Antimony white

== Description ==
Synthetic antimony trioxide, produced by roasting antimony ore then mixing with barium sulfate, was introduced as an artists' pigment called antimony white in 1920. Antinomy white was sold under the name Timonox. It is inert, has good hiding power and low oil absorption. Since it is darkened by hydrogen sulfide, it is often mixed with zinc oxide which has preferential absorption for that gas (Gettens and Stout 1966). Some samples may contain senarmonite and/or valentinite, two known mineral forms of antimony oxide. Octahedral arsenic oxide may also be present as an impurity. Antimony trioxide is used as a white pigment and opacifiers in enamels and glasses. It is also used to flameproof textiles, paper and plastic.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
antimony trioxide; Pigment White 11; blanco de antimonio (Esp.); blanc d'antimoine (Fr.); bianco d'antimonio (It.); branco de antimónio (Port.); Timonox [Cookson Lead and Antimony, England];
== Risks ==
* Highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion. 
* Skin contact is corrosive. 
* Fumes are carcinogenic. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Refractive Index = 2.2
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Category:Materials database
Antioxidant

== Description ==
A substance added in small quantities to an organic compound to inhibit oxidation. Antioxidants are typically added to hydrocarbons that are susceptible to oxidation, such as rubbers, plastics, foods, and oils. Antioxidants work in two different ways. The first, called a free-radical scavenger, reacts with peroxy radicals before they can attack the hydrocarbon. These antioxidants are usually hindered amines or substituted phenolic compounds. The second antioxidant type, called a peroxide decomposer, deactivates a hydroperoxide group after it is formed. Examples of this type of antioxidant are sulfides, thiodipropionates, and organophosphites. Chelating agents are often added to scavenge metal impurities which could otherwise initiate decomposition. 
See also hindered phenol, aromatic amine, and hindered amine light stabilizer.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
anti-oxidant; inhibitor; antioxidant (Ces., Dan., Ned.); Antioxidantien (Deut.); antioxidante (Esp., Port.); antioxidanter (Sven.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 65
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matte Paint: Its history and technology, analysis, properties and conservation treatment, Eric Hansen, Sue Walston, Mitchell Bishop (ed.), J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, Vol. 30 of AATA, 1993
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Wikipedia: Antioxidant (Accessed Mar. 20, 2006 and June 2023) 
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Antistatic agent

== Description ==
An additive that minimizes or dissipates the accumulation of electrical charge. Static electrical charges, which can buildup on some polymers, attract dust and foreign matter. Antistatic agents, developed in the 1950s, are typically hygroscopic and thus attract moisture that dissipates the charge. Examples of some antistatic agents are quaternary ammonium salts, aliphatic amines, phosphate esters, and ethylene glycols. They have been applied as coatings for acrylic sheets (Lucite®, Plexiglas®, etc.) and plastic films (polyethylene, Mylar®, etc.). Antistatic coatings are also applied to some phonograph records, digital records tapes, textiles and paper products. 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
antistat; destatic agent; destaticization; anti-static agent
== Collection Risks ==
Treated polymers should not be used in contact with artifacts.
Links to Oddy Test results posted on AIC Wiki Materials Database Pages for individual materials below
* Hammond Chemicals Anti-Static Cleaner Tested in 2009
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 789
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: Antistatic agent (Accessed Mar. 20, 2006 and June 2023)
* Marjorie Shelley, The Care and Handling of Art Objects, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWG
Antitarnish paper

== Description ==
Any type of paper designed to minimize metal corrosion. Antitarnish paper has a neutral pH and is sulfur-free. It can range in weight from a lightweight tissue paper to a heavy bristol board. Antitarnish paper is used for needle and cutlery papers to minimize rusting and discoloration. Some silver antitarnish papers have hydrogen sulfide scavengers or vapor phase inhibitors to prevent the silver from tarnishing. They are designed to use near, but not in contact, with silver in a closed environment, such as a sealed case.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
anti-tarnish paper; anti-tarnish strips
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Marjorie Shelley, The Care and Handling of Art Objects, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
Category:Materials database
Antitint

== Description ==
A solution used to remove excess ink during printing (McCann 1979). Antitint solutions typically contain gum arabic and phosphoric acid. However some lithographic cleaning formulations may contain phenol, gasoline and/or caustic soda.
== Risks ==
Corrosive to skin
==Resources and Citations==
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Category:Materials database
Antler

== Description ==
A bony horn that grows on the head of deer, moose, elk, and caribou from the Cervidae family. New antlers are grown each year. They start as soft tissue covered in fur that is called velvet. The spongy, calcareous tissue hardens with time and the deer rub off the protective velvet covering. Antlers are bone, but have a uniform outer cortex structure with a spongy center core. They are primarily composed of calcium hydroxyapatite with smaller amounts of calcium carbonate, calcium fluoride, and magnesium phosphate. Antlers also contain about 30% ossein, a high molecular weight protein. The hard, but carvable, material has been used since Paleolithic times for numerous small items such as points, harpoons, needles, combs, and axe handles.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
antlers; horn; merrain (Fr.); gevir (Dan.); Geweih (Deut.); gewei (Ned.);
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Thin sections of antler show random blood vessels paths (Thornton 1981)
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Thornton,"The Structure of Ivory and Ivory Substitutes", AIC Preprints, Philadelphia, 1981, p.173-181
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
* A. MacGregor, Bone, Antler, Ivory, and Horn, Croom Helm, London, 1985
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antler (Accessed Mar. 20, 2006) -for non-English terms
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Antlerite

== Description ==
An uncommon mineral composed of dibasic copper sulfate. Antlerite is an emerald green to blackish-green color and is found in the oxidized zones of copper deposits of Arizona and Chile. It has also been identified as a corrosion product on outdoor bronze and copper sculpture. Though similar in color to malachite and brochantite, antlerite does not effervesce in contact with acid.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
antlerita (Esp.); antierite (Port.); Antlerit (Deut.); antleriet (Ned.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Antlerite PMA.TIF~FTIR (PMA)|Antlerite infrared RRUFF R050212.png~IR-ATR (RRUFF)|Antlerite Raman RRUFF R050212.png~Raman (RRUFF)]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
An
Crystal system = orthorhombic bipyramidal Cleavage = unidirectional Fracture = uneven Luster = vitreous Streak=pale green
Composition 	Cu3(OH)4SO4
Mohs Hardness 	3.5-4.0
Density 	3.88 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.72-1.78
== Resources and Citations ==
* Mindat.org: antlerite
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antlerite (Accessed Mar. 20, 2006)
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Antron

== Description ==
[DuPont] A registered trademark for a strong, lightweight nylon fiber with a unique four-hole hollow design. Antron was introduced in 1960. The bulked continuous filament fiber provide an exterior grooveless design that cleans readily. Additionally, the four holes diffuse light, reducing discolorant due to soil. The fiber is advertised as durable, resilient, soil-resistant and readily dyed. Antron is used for upholstery, draperies, and carpets. The carpet fibers are often treated with a DuraTech fluorochemical application for added soil resistance.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Microscopic cross section shows 4-hole filament design.
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* DuPont: Antron Website
* Richard S. Lewis, Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Rosalie Rosso King, Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Random House, Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Antwerp blue

== Description ==
The name for a bright, blue pigment originally made from a mixture of cobalt blue and Prussian blue. By the end of the 19th century, the formulation was changed to Prussian blue diluted with about 75% alumina.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Haarlem blue; mineral blue; cyanine blue; Leitch's blue; Pigment Blue 27/28 mixture; blu d'Anversa (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* B. Berrie, S.Q. Lomax, 'Azo Pigments: Their History, Synthesis, Properties and Use in Artists' Materials', Studies in the History of Art , National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, No. 57, 1997
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Aoki (Aucuba japonica) - 2nd left (391 2L)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_10-15-2009_391.jpg~Normal|Uemura_10-15-2009_391_UV.jpg~UV]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 391
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 5th shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| 2nd left (391 2L)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| white
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| あをき : Aoki
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Aucuba japonica Thunb.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| leaf / unspecified
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| lime
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's notes
| Mordanting with iron did not produce a color on the fabric.
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Aoki (Aucuba japonica) - top left (391 TL)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_10-15-2009_391.jpg~Normal|Uemura_10-15-2009_391_UV.jpg~UV]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 391
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 5th shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| top left (391 TL)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| pale beiige
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| あをき : Aoki
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Aucuba japonica Thunb.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| fruit / unspecified
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| lime
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive
Aoki (Aucuba japonica) - top right (391 TR)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Uemura_10-15-2009_391.jpg~Normal|Uemura_10-15-2009_391_UV.jpg~UV]]]{| class="wikitable"
|-	
! scope="row"|Museum number
| 391
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura number / title
| ; "Haze-some 25"
|-	
! scope="row"|Folder location
| 5th shelf
|-	
! scope="row"|Sample location
| top right (391 TR)
|-	
! scope="row"|Fiber type
| silk
|-	
! scope="row"|Color
| light beige
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (Japanese common name)
| あをき : Aoki
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff (botanical name)
| Aucuba japonica Thunb.
|-	
! scope="row"|Plant part
| fruit / unspecified
|-	
! scope="row"|Dyestuff extraction
| boiled in water
|-	
! scope="row"|Auxiliary agent in dye bath
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Mordant
| iron
|-	
! scope="row"|Other auxiliary agent
| -
|-	
! scope="row"|Uemura's date
| Kyoto
|}
Category:Uemura dye archive