nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Norman Champ

__NOTOC__ 
Norman Champ is a partner in the New York office of Kirkland & Ellis LLP, where he heads up the regulatory solutions practice in the Investment Funds Group. In this role, which he began 2016, he counsels the most sophisticated private fund sponsors in the world on complying with the constantly changing regulatory environment in the United States and other countries.
Previously, he was director of the Division of Investment at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). He was appointed to that position on July 5, 2012. There he was responsible for proposing and overseeing new rules for money market funds if they were required. 
Champ teaches a class at Harvard Law School, which focuses on private funds investment management law. He administered this course to 120 SEC colleagues.
== Background ==
Earlier, Champ served as the deputy director of the Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations (OCIE) at the SEC, a role he held since June 2010. While in the OCIE, Champ was the acting head of the broker-dealer, investment adviser/investment company and credit rating agency exam programs and acting chief counsel. He also led the creation of OCIE’s first examination manual. He joined the SEC in January 2010 as the associate regional director for Investment Adviser/Investment Company Examinations in the SEC’s New York regional office. 
Champ joined the SEC from Chilton Investment Company, a multi-billion dollar adviser to private funds and managed accounts, where he served as executive vice president and general counsel. For ten years, he served as general counsel and as a member of the firm's executive committee. Champ also served as a member of the board of directors of the Managed Funds Association and the chair of its investor protection task force for three years.
Prior to Chilton, Champ accepted a position in 1992 at the law firm of Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP in New York City, where he specialized in mergers and acquisitions law. Champ also spent two years as a law clerk for the Honorable Charles S. Haight, Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York.
== Education ==
Champ graduated summa cum laude from Princeton University in 1985, earning a B.A. in history. He received his master’s degree in war studies in 1986 from King’s College University of London, where he was a Fulbright Scholar. He earned his juris doctor degree from Harvard Law School, cum laude, in 1989.
== References ==	
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission - Former Employees
Category:Attorneys
Norman Champ, III

__NOTOC__ 
Norman B. Champ, III is executive vice president, general counsel of Chilton Investment Company, LLC. He also serves as a member of board of directors of the Managed Funds Association.
 
== Background ==
Prior to Chilton Investment Company, Champ was with the law firm of Davis Polk & Wardwell for eight years. From 1990 to 1992, he clerked for the Honorable Charles S. Haight, Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. In winter term 2008, Champ was a lecturer on law at Harvard Law School. He also has been a member of the Practising Law Institute.
== Education ==
Champ has an A.B. in History from Princeton University and a J.D. from Harvard Law School. He was a Fulbright Scholar at King’s College London where he received his M.A. in War Studies.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:MFA Board of Directors Members
Normie

A "normie" in cryptocurrency terms refers to an individual who is not involved in or knowledgeable about cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology. This slang term is often used within the cryptocurrency community to describe people who have little to no exposure to the crypto ecosystem.
== Definition and Usage ==
The term "normie" is derived from "normal person" and is typically used in a mildly derogatory or condescending manner. In the context of cryptocurrencies, a normie is characterized by:
* Limited or no understanding of blockchain technology
* Lack of investment in cryptocurrencies
* Skepticism or indifference towards the crypto market
* Reliance on traditional financial systems (often referred to as TradFi)
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Several terms are used interchangeably with or similarly to "normie" in the crypto community:
* Nocoiner: A person who has no cryptocurrency holdings
* Pleb: A regular person with little crypto knowledge or average income
* TradFi user: Someone who primarily uses traditional financial services
== Cultural Context ==
The use of "normie" in crypto circles reflects the subculture that has developed around cryptocurrencies. It often signifies a divide between those who are part of the crypto movement and those who are not. This terminology can be seen as part of a broader trend in niche communities to distinguish insiders from outsiders.
== Criticism ==
The use of terms like "normie" has faced criticism for potentially creating an exclusionary environment. Some argue that it may alienate newcomers and hinder broader adoption of cryptocurrencies. As the crypto industry aims for mainstream acceptance, there's an ongoing debate about the appropriateness of such terminology.
== Evolution of Usage ==
As cryptocurrencies gain more mainstream attention, the term "normie" is evolving. In some contexts, it's used less as a pejorative and more as a neutral descriptor for those new to or outside the crypto space. Some in the community advocate for more inclusive language to encourage wider participation in the cryptocurrency ecosystem.
== References ==
Category:Slang Investing Terms
Category:Types of Investors
North American Energy Credit and Clearing Corp.

North American Energy Credit and Clearing Corp. (NECC) is a Chicago-based clearinghouse for the over-the-counter (OTC) power and gas markets. It was purchased by the NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc., and the transaction closed March 3. Financial terms of the transaction were not disclosed.
The company is now known as the NASDAQ OMX Commodities Clearing Company.
 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
NECC's business supports the U.S. physical power and gas markets by integrating the physical and financial markets through market neutral clearing services. It develops and provides clearing services to North American energy markets. 
The business' key customers include physical traders such as utilities and merchant generators, and financial traders such as banks and hedge funds. Operating as a market-neutral 'riskless principal', the clearinghouse enters matching positions with different counterparties and manages the credit risk on both sides using standard clearinghouse type margining.
== Key People ==
*John Flory, President
== References ==
Category:Clearing Houses
Category:Clearing
North American Millersâ€™ Association

The North American Miller's Association (NAMA) is a trade association that represents the wheat, corn, oat and rye milling industry. Its purpose is to organize and promote the general welfare, benefit, and common purposes of the dry grain milling and protein grain processing industry. 
NAMA is represented on the CFTC's Subcommittee on Convergence in Agricultural Commodity Markets by Rick Cole of General Mills, Inc. 
 
== History ==
NAMA was established in April 1998 as a result of the merger of the Millers' National Federation (established 1902), the American Corn Millers' Federation (established 1918), and Protein Grain Products International. In 1999 the American Oat Association (established 1988) merged with NAMA. 
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
NAMA's 48 milling member companies operate 170 mills in 38 states and Canada with aggregate production of more than 160 million pounds per day, approximately 95 percent of the total industry capacity. 
NAMA has 29 associate members that provide such products and/or services to the milling companies as milling machinery and systems, packaging materials, cargo transportation, vitamin and mineral additives, fumigants and other pesticides, financial services and seed wheat, corn and oats. 
== Key People ==
== References ==
North American Securities Administrators Association

The North American Securities Administrators Association (NASAA) is a voluntary membership association whose fundamental mission is to protect consumers who purchase secutirites or investment advice. NASAA is the voice of state securities agencies responsible for efficient capital formation and grass-roots investor protection.
== History ==
Organized in 1919, NASAA is the oldest international organization devoted to investor protection. NASAA members license firms and their agents, investigate violations of state and provincial law, file enforcement actions when appropriate and educate the public about investment fraud. NASAA serves as an advisory capacity to the Alliance for Investor Education. 
== Membership ==
NASAA's membership consists of 67 state, provincial and territorial securities administrators in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Canada and Mexico.
== Key People ==
Fred J. Joseph, Colorado Securities Commissioner, is the president of NASAA and Denise Voigt Crawford, commissioner of the Texas State Securities Board, is president elect. Karen Tyler, North Dakota Securities Commissioner, is the immediate past president. 
NASAA's president and directors are elected annually from among the membership. Additional board members currently are:
*Chris Biggs, commissioner, Kansas Office of the Securities Commissioner 
*Joseph P. Borg, director, Alabama Securities Commission, ombudsman
*Glenda Campbell, vice chair, Alberta Securities Commission, secretary 
*Melanie Senter Lubin, commissioner, Maryland Securities Commission
*David Massey, deputy securities administrator, North Carolina Securities Division, treasurer
*Michael Stevenson, director of securities, Washington Securities Division
== References ==
Category:Alliance for Investor Education
Category:Industry Associations
Northern Trust Corp.

Northern Trust Corp. is a global provider of investment management, asset and fund administration, fiduciary and banking services for corporations, institutions and affluent individuals.
It is based in Chicago and has 85 offices in 18 U.S. states. The corporation also has international offices in North America, Europe, the Middle East and the Asia-Pacific region. As of September of 2008, Northern Trust had assets under custody of $3.5 trillion, assets under management of $652.4 billion and banking assets of $79 billion.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
The corporation distributes products and services through its two business units: Personal Financial Services and Corporate and Institutional Services. Both business units are supported by Northern Trust Global Investments, a multi-asset class investment management business and Worldwide Operations and Technology, the backbone of the corporation's information technology infrastructure and transactional processing. 
Northern Trust Global Investments was named the largest Chicago money manager by Crain's Chicago Business on June 30, 2007.
In February of 2008, Northern Trust Global Investments announced it would jump into the exchange-traded fund business with plans to launch 22 different ETFs. The majority of the funds track indexes tied to local exchanges in different countries. For instance, one ETF tracks the BEL 20 index in Belgium and another tracks the Hang Seng index in Hong Kong.
In May 2011, Northern Trust announced it would acquire Omnium LLC, Citadel LLC's fund administration unit.
== Key People ==
*Frederick H. Waddell, Chairman of the Board
*Michael G. O'Grady, Chief Executive Officer and President
*Jana Schreuder, Chief Operating Officer
*Peter B. Cherecwich, President of Corporate & Institutional Services
*Shundrawn A. Thomas, President, Asset Management
*Steven L. Fradkin, President, Wealth Management
== References ==
Category:Asset Managers
Category:Banks
Category:Northern Trust
Northern Trust Global Investments

Northern Trust Global Investments is a subsidiary of the Northern Trust Corp. and a Chicago based money manager. It was named the largest Chicago money manager by Crain's Chicago Business in a rankings list as of June 30, 2007. They have $162 billion assets under management. 
== History ==
 
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Stephen N. Potter, President
*Nicholas John Ring, Managing Director
*James D. McDonald, Chief Investment Strategist
*Bob Gray, Director of Institutional Sales and Consultant Relations
*Steven A. Schoenfeld, Chief Investment Officer of Global Quantitative Management Unit
 
== References ==
Category:Asset Managers
Category:Northern Trust
Northfield Trading LP

__NOTOC__
Northfield Trading LP is a commodity pool operator (CPO)/commodity trading advisor (CTA) located in Denver, Colo. Douglas L. Bry, president and chief portfolio strategist of Northfield, serves as a member of the Commodity Pool Operator/Commodity Trading Advisor Advisory Committee of National Futures Association (NFA).
In August 2014, Bry announced that Northfield's partners have decided to cease operations after 25 years and return $100 million of client assets. 
==History==
Northfield was founded in 1989 by Bry and Philip Spertus. The company is registered as a CPO and a CTA with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Northfield is also a member of the NFA and of the Managed Funds Association (MFA).
According to the website, Northfield manages approximately $310 million in assets for private and institutional clients.
==Registration Information==
*
== References ==
Category:Commodity Trading Advisors
Category:Commodity Pool Operators
Northwind Resources

Northwind Resources is an energy consultant, commodity merchant and dealer. The company has locations in Dexter, Michigan, Chicago and Omaha. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
Northwind trades all energy products, derivatives and options OTC via the Intercontinental Exchange(ICE), NYMEX and through other available trading platforms. Northwind is also involved in renewable energy markets, including ethanol, biodiesel, wind and agricultural commodities.
== Key People ==
*Owner, Lee Lewis
*Joseph Murphy
== References ==
Not-for-profit

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) considers some groups, such as clubs, political groups and charitable organizations, as 'not-for-profit' (or 'nonprofit') organizations because their main objective is something other than financial profit. 
Nonprofit organizations include charities, professional associations, labor unions, religious organizations, arts, community, research, and campaigning bodies. These organizations are not situated in either the public or private sectors, but in what has been called the third sector.
They are often called 501(c) organizations after the section of the tax code that lists eligible groups of non-profit entities.
Each eligible group in section 501(c) has its own code number depending on its purpose. The most common and sought-after is 501(c)(3), or 'charitable', and includes both public charities and private foundations. The 501(c)(3) groups are exempt from federal income tax and donations to them are tax-deductible so long as they fall into one of the sub-categories of 501(c)(3) that are based on a group's aims. The IRS recently announced that 501(c)(3) non-profit organizations must now place their business-income tax returns (Form 990-T) on public display. 
Bill Gates, the former full-time executive of Microsoft and present co-chairman of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is one of an estimated 1.1 million baby boomers who have traded jobs in the corporate world for work at nonprofit organizations, according to some estimates. 
The National Council of Nonprofit Organizations and the National Human Service Assembly reviewed the work of five organizations that rate charities in 2005.
== Resources ==
* Center for Nonprofit Management
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Notes

Notes are fixed income debt securities similar to bonds that carry a maturity, or borrowing period, of between one and 10 years. The best known amongst investors are Treasury notes but privately-issued notes by corporations are also popular because, although riskier, they carry higher interest rates than cash equivalents. 
Notes such as those issued by the U.S. Treasury, also called T-notes, are issued with maturities of two, five and 10 years and are extremely popular with both retail and institutional investors. Other kinds of notes issued to retail investors by private entities can carry maturities of one year and three years and are usually issued with a face value or par of $1,000 or multiples of $1,000.
== Private issues ==
Notes issued to retail investors by corporations seeking to borrow have also been popular investments although a recent freeze in the credit market caused by the credit crisis has temporarily crimped demand for them. They are issued at par and make regular coupon payments either monthly, semi-annually or annually depending on the interest rate they carry and are also actively traded in secondary markets, meaning the holder can sell them at any time and their value can rise and fall until maturity. However, unlike T-notes, issuers retain the right to cancel or alter the terms of note issues before maturity.
Corporate notes issued by large listed companies with high credit ratings of AAA (Standard & Poor's) or Aaa (Moody's) like GE Capital are considered almost as secure as T-notes. Such notes are fully redeemable anytime and offer holders both bank-type features like check-writing plus higher interest payments than cash equivalents. However, they are not insured by the FDIC, are not invested in diversified funds and are considered unsecured credit, meaning holders have no claim on the issuers in the event of bankruptcy.
== Lehman Brothers Collapse ==
Some investors were painfully reminded of corporate notes' potential unsecured-credit problem following the 2008 collapse of U.S. investment bank Lehman Brothers in the midst of the credit crisis, which rendered worthless the retail notes the bank had issued to thousands of investors. Swiss bank UBS faced dozens of lawsuits in the U.S. over the structured notes' loss of value, after it marketed the notes as "low-risk" investments. Structured notes are hybrid debt securities backed by a combination of assets including stocks, bonds and derivatives.
== References ==
Category:Interest Rates
Notional value

Notional value is the value of a derivative product's underlying assets at the spot (cash) price. The value of a futures contract, for example, is referred to as notional value. This value represents the equivalent dollar amount represented when trading a single futures contract. In the stock market, there is no “notional value,” because what you buy – and own – is based on the actual value of that stock. 
To determine notional value of a futures contract, one needs to know the contract's size (a fixed, standard size) and the price per unit. The notional value is determined by multiplying the two. 
For example, soybean futures with a price of $8.00 per bushel (price per unit) would have a notional value of $40,000. Simply multiply the market price – $8.00 – by the 5,000 bushels, which is the standard contract size for one soybean futures contract.
Knowing the notional value of a futures contract is important for traders because margins/performance bonds are generally calculated as a percentage of that value. Thus, if, for example, futures margins are five percent of a contract that has a notional value of $40,000, it would equal a minimum margin of $2,000 ($40,000 x .05 = $2,000). A futures contract with a notional value of $150,000 would equal a minimum margin of $7,500 ($150,000 x .05 = $7,500).
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Nout Wellink

Nout Wellink is chairman of the Basel Committee and current president of the Netherlands Bank (De Nederlandsche Bank).
Since 1997, Wellink has served on the board of directors of the Bank for International Settlements, which he chaired from 2002 until 2006. Wellink is a member of the Group of Ten (G10) governors, the committee of central bank governors of the G10 countries, and a governor of the International Monetary Fund.
== Background ==
Before joining DNB, he followed a career at the Ministry of Finance from 1970 until 1982, holding successive posts as member of the economics staff, executive director of the General Financial and Economic Policy Department and Treasurer-General.
== Education ==
Wellink obtained his doctorate from the economics faculty at the Erasmus University, Rotterdam, in 1975. 
He completed his secondary education (science stream) in 1961.
== References ==
Category: Central Banks
Category:Bios - Executives
NovaFori

NovaFori is an enterprise auction and trading technology company. It offers auction technology that provides authentication mechanisms that verify the legitimacy of products such as luxury retail goods.
Based in London and Málaga, NovaFori has clients worldwide, including Christie's, BCA, Lloyd's of London, Hilco IPv4 Global, and Global Dairy Trade.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
* Garry Jones, Chief Executive Officer
== References ==
Category:Technology Companies
Novasparks

Novasparks is a French fintech company based in Paris. They specialize in developing low-latency derivatives trading and market data software. 
== History ==
Novasparks was originally founded in 2008 by Partech International. In 2008, the company developed what its website claims was the "first pure FPGA data feed handler solution available on the market," for which they became known. 
The company opened an office in New York City in 2011; the company launched the second generation of its platform for pure FPGA (field-programmable gate array) market data feed handlers in the U.S. and European markets the same year.
In July 2020, NovaSparks was acquired by Peninsular Capital, an independent investment company, through a management buy-out (MBO) transaction. According to Antoine Brousse, Peninsular Capital’s managing partner, the acquisition was part of NovaSparks' plan to expand into new markets.
== Products and Services ==
Novasparks offers a broad range of low-latency trading software and hardware tools aimed at banks and trading firms that high-frequency trading, algorithmic trading, and all other forms of electronic trading. The company also develops software that provides real-time market data.
Novasparks also offers its services to other firms as a third-party software developer.
== Key People ==
*Luc Burgun - Chief Executive Officer & President of the Board 
*Jean-Eric Finck - Chief Financial Officer 
*Pierre Gardrat - VP engineering & CTO 
*Cliff Maddox - Sales Director 
*Arnaud Lesourd - Application Engineering Director 
*Yves Charles - VP Business Development & Board Member 
*Jean-Marc Patouillaud - Board Member
== References ==