nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Pragmaticism

Pragmaticism is a term that Charles Sanders Peirce adopted in his late writings to distinguish the particular species of pragmatism that he preferred.
Whether one chooses to call it pragmatism or pragmaticism, and Peirce himself was not always consistent about it even after he found it necessary to introduce the distinction, his conception of pragmatic philosophy is based on one or another version of the so-called "pragmatic maxim". Here is one of his more emphatic statements of it:
Pragmaticism was originally enounced2 in the form of a maxim, as follows: Consider what effects that might conceivably have practical bearings
you conceive the objects of your conception to have. Then, your conception of those effects is the whole of your conception of the object (CP 5.438).3
==References==
* Peirce, C.S., Bibliography.
# Charles Peirce, "What Pragmatism Is", The Monist, vol. 15, pp. 161-181 (1905), reprinted in Collected Papers, CP 5.411-437 (1934).
# Charles Peirce, "How to Make Our Ideas Clear", Popular Science Monthly, vol. 12, pp. 286-302 (1878), reprinted in Collected Papers, CP 5.388-410 (1934).
# Charles Peirce, "Issues of Pragmaticism", The Monist, vol. 15, pp. 481-499 (1905), reprinted in Collected Papers, CP 5.438-463 (1934).
==See also==
===Related topics===
* Entitative graph
* Existential graph
* Hypostatic abstraction
* Hypostatic object
* Inquiry
* Logical graph
* Philosophy of mathematics
* Philosophy of science
* Pragmatic maxim
* Pragmatic theory of truth
* Prescisive abstraction
* Scientific method
* Semeiotic
* Sign relation
* Triadic relation
* Truth theory
===Related works===
* Kaina Stoicheia
* Logic of Relatives (1870)
* Logic of Relatives (1883)
* On a New List of Categories
* The Simplest Mathematics
Prenuptial Agreeements

Prenuptial Agreements are agreements between a man and a woman prior to marriage guaranteeing each other certain rights. The major element of a pre-nup concerns limiting the liabilities of each party to the other in case of divorce. Because a pre-nup is only a piece of paper until admitted into evidence by a divorce court judge, they are often worthless.
==Legal standing==
To be enforced, a pre-nup must be judged as valid by the divorce court judge, euphemistically called “family court.” A pre-nup can be rejected for many reasons including violation of county, state, or federal statute, claim that the pre-nup was signed under duress or under limited mental capacity, claim that the terms were not clearly explained, and so on. 
==Who benefits from pre-nups?==
The parties, the man and woman contemplating marriage, often secure the services of a divorce lawyer to draft the pre-nup. Fees can become many thousands of dollars. Once the pre-nup is signed and the fee paid, the lawyer is no longer part of any proceedings. In particular, he will generally not be called to testify once a divorce is initiated. The document stands for itself. The aggrieved party cannot sue that lawyer for damages if a divorce is filed and the party suffers severe losses, monetary, domicile, other assets, or child custody.
In many cases, as noted, the document is deemed inadmissible.
In short, the only person who wins is the divorce lawyer.
Prescisive abstraction

Prescisive abstraction or prescision, variously spelled as precisive abstraction or prescission, is a formal operation that marks, selects, or singles out one feature of a concrete experience to the disregard of others.
The above definition is adapted from the one given by Charles Sanders Peirce (CP 4.235, “The Simplest Mathematics” (1902), in Collected Papers, CP 4.227–393).
==References==
* Peirce, C.S., Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vols. 1–6, Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss (eds.), vols. 7–8, Arthur W. Burks (ed.), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1931–1935, 1958.
==See also==
* Charles Sanders Peirce
* Hypostatic abstraction
* Hypostatic object
Category:Charles Sanders Peirce
Category:Inquiry
Category:Logic
Category:Mathematics
Category:Ontology
Category:Philosophy
Category:Pragmatism
Category:Semiotics
Printing

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Pseudoscience

Pseudoscience is a purported methodology, or belief, or practice that is claimed to be scientific or made to appear scientific, but does not adhere to the scientific method, lacks supporting evidence or plausibility, or otherwise lacks scientific status. The term comes from the Greek root pseudo- (false or pretending) and "science" (from Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge"). An early recorded use was in 1843 by French physiologist François Magendie, who is considered a pioneer in experimental physiology.
As it is taught in certain introductory science classes, pseudoscience is any subject that appears superficially to be scientific or whose proponents state is scientific but nevertheless contravenes the testability requirement, or substantially deviates from other fundamental aspects of the scientific method. Professor Paul DeHart Hurd argued that a large part of gaining scientific literacy is "being able to distinguish science from pseudo-science such as astrology, quackery, the occult, and superstition". Introductory classes in science often take careful pains to delineate the objections scientists and skeptics have to practices that make direct claims contradicted by the corresponding scientific discipline.
== Characteristics of pseudoscience ==
Public utility

A public utility is a company that maintains the infrastructure for a public service (often also providing a service using that infrastructure). Public utilities often involve natural monopolies, and as a result are often government monopolies, or if privately owned, treated as specially regulated sectors.
Public utilities can be privately owned or publicly owned. Publicly owned utilities include cooperative and municipal utilities. Municipal utilities may actually include territories outside of city limits or may not even serve the entire city. Cooperative utilities are owned by the customers they serve. They are usually found in rural areas. Private utilities, also called investor owned utilities, are owned by investors. Unlike public companies, private utilities may be listed on the stock exchange. Private, in this context, means not owned by the public or the government.
Punzhu:Quote Falls

Product Name:=Quote Falls and Lumped Letters
Lumped Letters, aka Quote Falls, are puzzles in which single letters are lumped together in columns above a crossword-like grid. You solve the puzzle by placing a lumped letter in its proper place in the grid to form a quote or sentence.
This is an example of an easy Quote Falls, or Lumped Letters as they are known on the Punzhu Puzzles web site.
Lumped Letters created by Punzhu Puzzles are published in a various grid sizes; small grids for the beginner up to grids that fill one page and should challenge the most proficient puzzle solver.
Instructions on solving the puzzle and solutions to each puzzle are included in this free puzzle magazine.
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Free Puzzle Magazines:
Punzhu publishes a variety of sudoku, alphasudoku, and symbol sudoku free puzzle magazines in Adobe PDF that you may download for free by clicking on the "Free Magazines" link on our main menu, or selecting the game of your choice from the puzzles displayed on the main page. 
Registration is NOT required to access our magazines.
Also available for download are crosswords, poker sudoku, symbol sudoku, poker search, word search, word find, Hitori, coded, cryptic, fill-in, scrambled, jigsaw, and other games that are available for free download from Punzhu Puzzles.
:Directory:Punzhu Puzzles
Punzhu Puzzles: Hitori

Product Name:=Hitori
Hitori puzzles were first published in Japan by Nikoli and are a logic puzzle similar somewhat to sudoku.
The puzzle is based on a grid in which numbers are placed in each square. To solve a Hitori puzzle a player must cross out or circle squares so that:
1) no number appears more than once in each row or column, 
2) crossed out or circled squares are not adjacent and, 
3) all the remaining squares, two squares or more, allow you to move horizontally or vertically without hitting a crossed out or circled square.
To design a Hitori puzzle we first set the number of squares we want across and down. This is the grid. Then we input the numbers that become the puzzle. We do this manually, as compared to some Hitori puzzles that are computer generated and don't always follow proper technique. In some computer generated puzzles for example, two adjacent squares will be created and is thus a false Hitori.
Punzhu Puzzles was the first publisher of symbol Hitori puzzles in a puzzle magazine. Symbol Hitori puzzles use symbols instead of numbers and thereby introduce a new level of concentration to the game.
Here are examples of a grid and a solution to a standard non-symbol Punzhu Puzzles Hitori puzzle:
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Free Puzzle Magazines
Punzhu makes Hitori, symbol Hitori, and other puzzle magazines available for free downloading when you click on the "Free Puzzle Magazines" link on our main web site or click on one of the puzzle images listed on the home page. Choosing "Free Puzzle Magazines" or one of the puzzle images will take you to the forum download section of Punzhu Puzzles. Registration is NOT required to access our free puzzle magazines. Available for anyone under a Creative Commons licence is our "Various Word Games", which you may download for free from our forum section.
:Directory:Punzhu Puzzles
Purchasing Fish for Your Freshwater Aquarium

Purchasing Fish for Your Freshwater Aquarium
</p>
When you purchase and setup a freshwater aquarium, there are many important things that you should consider. You must determine the size of the freshwater aquarium that you will purchase, the tools that are needed so that the aquarium can be setup properly, and the types of things that you will place in the aquarium. In addition to all of this, you must determine what types of fish that you will purchase to place in your freshwater aquarium. Here, you will find many tips on how to purchase fish for your freshwater aquarium. 
1) When purchasing fish for your freshwater aquarium, it is very important that you take the total size of the aquarium into consideration. Each fish should be allowed to have at least three inches in each gallon that makes up the aquarium. This gives the fish room to move, explore, and grow as they should. Fish in a freshwater aquarium will only grow as big as they are able to. In order to increase the life, and the quality of life for the fish in the freshwater aquarium, it is important that they have the proper amount of room to grow. 
2) When you purchase fish for your freshwater aquarium, you should be sure that you do the proper amount of research. It is important that you become familiar with the types of fish that can be placed in a freshwater aquarium. You should make sure that you understand what kind of environment suits the type of freshwater fish that you are interested in. You should make sure that you understand the typical temperatures that the fish lives in. You should also research what kinds of fish that the particular fish that you are interested in can live with. You do not want to go out and buy a lot of fish that are not compatible in one freshwater aquarium. 
3) When you purchase fish for your freshwater aquarium, you should carefully consider the fish that can add extra benefits to your aquarium. One of the types of fish that you should consider purchasing is those fish that specialize in consuming algae. This will help keep the algae in the freshwater aquarium at a minimum and can reduce the amount of work that you have to do in order to properly maintain the freshwater aquarium. 
4) When purchasing fish for your freshwater aquarium, it is important to avoid certain types of fish as a beginner. One of the many types of fish that you will want to avoid are catfish. Catfish have a habit of becoming very territorial in the freshwater aquarium. In addition to this, catfish can grow very large in a short amount of time. This can be very detrimental for your freshwater aquarium. Another type of fish that you should avoid in freshwater aquariums is the piranha. These types of fish can be very nasty towards other types of freshwater aquarium fish. In addition to this, piranha’s spread sickness and disease throughout freshwater aquariums very easily. This can be very costly for you. 
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Category:Aquariums
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Puzzles

Puzzles have existed since the times of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Mathematical puzzles by the Greek mathematician Euclid, Pythagorous, or the Vedic scholar Bodhayana eventually evolved into accepted mathematical facts. 
Puzzles are found in all schools; only there they are called quizzes or tests. How to measure out one litre of liquid using only three containers, each of different a size (size varies from test to test and is immaterial. It is the math that counts; pardon the pun.).
Or the many variation of “How many” puzzles, such as: “If there were as many of us again and fifty percent as many more there would be 30 of us. How many are we?
Another example is: Every widget is a giget. One-half of all gigets are widgets. One-half of all zigets are gigets. There are 30 zigets and 20 gigets. All widgets are zigets. How many gigets are not widgets or zigets.
Here is a variation on number game puzzles:
Think of a number, triple it, divide result by two, triple the answer and take one-half of the result. Now divided that by nine and the result will always be one-quarter of the original number. 
Mathematical challenges of ancient and more recent times can be found in puzzles such as ticktacktoe, sliding square games, or find a number games.
Puzzles have been, and are today, created to pose a challenge and/or provide intellectual joy; that mental pat on the back one receives after solving a puzzle.
Category:Games
Puzzles/Aficionados

The following have semantically tagged Puzzles as an interest:
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Subject_Interest::Puzzles
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The following have semantically tagged Games as an interest:
<ASK Mainlabel="Person/Entity" Header="show" Link="all">
[[Subject_Interest:::Category:Games]]
Interests
Contributions
</ASK>
Qorvis is connected to WikiBilim

Despite anything that Jimmy Wales might say or try to hide from the public, there is an intrinsic connection between Qorvis, a public relations firm, and WikiBilim, an organization that is guiding state-approved content development on the Kazakh-language Wikipedia.
Please follow the reasoning:
# Alexander Mirtchev is represented by the PR firm, Qorvis.
# Mirtchev is an "independent director of Samruk-Kazyna National Welfare Fund of Kazakhstan".
# Samruk-Kazyna sponsored WikiBilim's expansion of the Kazakh Wikipedia, with funding of $340,000 spent in part on paid editing (71 contracts signed), digitization of documents, and conversion of the licensing rights of the "official" state-authored Kazakh encyclopedia, so that it could be copied (largely verbatim) into the Kazakh Wikipedia. Samruk Kazyna awarded 100 laptop computers to editors for transcribing articles within a given time frame and written to "a satisfactory level".
Now, anyone can see how easily the two entities, Qorvis and WikiBilim, are linked. The man who at least partially holds the purse strings of WikiBilim -- Alexander Mirtchev -- is a paying client of Qorvis.
With such a simple connection, why would the co-founder of Wikipedia go out of his way to deny any connection and hide discussion of this connection?
The reason is because Jimmy Wales is inextricably tied into this relationship with WikiBilim. Qorvis has been accused of sprucing up the Wikipedia article about Mirtchev, as well as deprecating content about Mirtchev's critics. Jimmy Wales has spoken out repeatedly about how PR firms should not cross the "bright line" and edit any Wikipedia articles directly. However, Wales will be hard-pressed to criticize Qorvis in this instance, because he personally selected the head of WikiBilim as the "Wikipedian of the Year 2011", and Wales promised a personal financial grant to WikiBilim.Jimmy Wales, Kazakhstan, Tony Blair and Wikipedia: A Timeline, 2 January 2013, Wikipediocracy.com, accessed 27 February 2013.
If Jimmy Wales were to now criticize Qorvis for manipulating content on Wikipedia, he would be criticizing an organization that supports Mirtchev, who in turn supports Jimmy Wales' "Wikipedian of the Year". 
Therefore, we predict that Wales will level no meaningful criticism of Qorvis, since that would be a thorn in his own side.
==References==
==See also==
*Criticism of Jimmy Wales
Category:Wikipedia 
Keyword::Qorvis
Keyword::WikiBilim
RSS

RSS stands for Really Simple Syndication or in some circles Rich Site Summary. RSS is an acronym for Really Simple Syndication and Rich Site Summary. RSS is an XML-based format for content distribution. Webmasters create an RSS file containing headlines and descriptions of specific information. While the majority of RSS feeds currently contain news headlines or breaking information the long term uses of RSS are broad. 
==Inbound==
===SimplePie===
<feed url="http://newsrss.bbc.co.uk/rss/newsonline_uk_edition/front_page/rss.xml">
== [{PERMALINK} {TITLE}] ==
{DATE}, by {AUTHOR}
{DESCRIPTION}
</feed>
===Widget===
<embed>
<script language="javascript" src="http://www.rss-info.com/rss2.php?integration=js&windowopen=1&rss=http%3A%2F%2Frss.news.yahoo.com%2Frss%2Finternet&number=10&width=300&ifbgcol=FFFFFF&bordercol=D0D0D0&textbgcol=F0F0F0&rssbgcol=F0F0F0&showrsstitle=1&showtext=1"> </script> 
</embed>
==External Links==
*RSS Specifications
*RSS Video Tutorials
*RSS Education Center
*RSS Specification at Harvard
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Notes: Click on the RSS feed icon in your browser bar to see results. See documentation for further options.
Ramon Lull

Ramon Lull
(Brief introduction)
== Life ==
== Work ==
== Influence ==
==Primary sources ==
==Secondary sources ==
== Links ==
Category:Philosophers
Bcmp Pages:=4 
Birth_Date:=1232
Flourished:=1257
Birth_Country_Name:=Majorca
Death Date:=1316
Death_City:=Palma
Death_Country_Name:=Majorca
Real estate

Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions) that encompasses land along with anything permanently affixed to the land, such as buildings. Real estate (immovable property) is often considered synonymous with real property (also sometimes called realty). However, for technical purposes, some people prefer to distinguish real estate, referring to the land and fixtures themselves, from real property, referring to ownership rights over real estate. The terms real estate and real property are used primarily in common law, while civil law jurisdictions refer instead to immovable property. Real Estate has been used throughout the industrial age and beyond for personal financial gain and financial independence.
The term real estate, as commonly used, has two meanings. First, it is a name given to the commodity "realty," which includes land and all human improvements that have been placed on the land. Second, it is the name given to the business engaged in by those persons who conduct commercial transactions in real estate.
Category:Business
Category:Investments
Category:Real Estate
Real estate/Aficionados

===Interest===
The following have semantically tagged Real estate as an interest:
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===Business===
The following have semantically tagged Business as an interest:
<ASK Mainlabel="Person/Entity" Header="show" Link="all">
[[Subject_Interest:::Category:Business]]
Their Interests
Contributions
</ASK>
===Investments===
The following have semantically tagged Investments as an interest:
<ASK Mainlabel="Person/Entity" Header="show" Link="all">
[[Subject_Interest:::Category:Investments]]
Their Interests
Contributions
</ASK>
RebatesMe

RebatesMe is an online coupon and cashback website. The company was founded in 2013 in Portland, Oregon. RebatesMe provides cashback, discount, and coupon opportunities for major brands in the U.S.A and worldwide.
==History==
RebatesMe was founded in 2013. The site featuring online cashback, discount, and coupon opportunities for retail brands in a number of categories. It is a cashback website with links to over 3000 stores worldwide. Cashback on many products can be up to 55%, presenting a useful service for shoppers alongside other discounts.
RebatesMe is also known for its RebatesMe Cash Back Button that automatically finds the best cashback rate for whatever site a user is shopping at. It also displays all the other coupons and offers available for that brand.
==References==
Recording Artist

A musician is a person who performs or writes music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music:
* An instrumentalist plays a musical instrument.
* A singer (or vocalist) uses his or her voice as an instrument.
* Composers, songwriters and arrangers create musical compositions, songs and arrangements. These may be transcribed in music notation, performed or recorded.
* A conductor leads a musical ensemble. A conductor can simultaneously act as an instrumentalist in the ensemble.
* A recording artist creates recorded music, such as CDs and MP3 files.
==Types of musicians==
;Leaders
Conductor
leader Percussionist
Recorder player
Saxophonist
Sawist (musical saw player)
Sitarist
Trombonist
Trumpeter (also Trumpet player)
Tubist (Tuba player)
Uillean piper
Violinist
Violist
;Vocalists:
Singer
Rapper
Screamer
Beatboxer
Vocal Percussion
There are 4 types of families for the Orchestra.
They are Brass, Woodwind, Strings and Percussion.
== See also ==
*American Federation of Musicians
== External links ==
Category:Occupations in music