nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
State action doctrine

State action doctrine is the American legal concept that the protections of the Constitution — such as the Fourteenth and First Amendments — only apply with any real strength to the coercive power of the state against the individual, rather than the coercive power of the individual against the individual. 
Thus, private discrimination is not actionable under the Fourteenth Amendment: in the absence of federal and state statutory law to the contrary, private restaurants in America could serve only African American clientèle, or only white clientèle, and not run afoul of any Constitutional provision whatsoever. This limitation — a holdover from American law during the Reconstruction following the Civil War — has survived for nearly 150 years, and shows no sign of being weakened significantlyThe Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3, for weakening of the state action doctrine, see e.g. Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (holding that judicial enforcement of a racially restrictive covenant qualifies as significant state action, which must be struck down therein). (the Civil Rights Act of 1964 got around this by prohibiting racial discrimination under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution).
Similarly, the First Amendment does not generally protect speech from being curtailed by a private institution of which the speaker is a member. By way of example, an American citizen could not be criminally prosecuted, or statutorily barred, from making non-threatening racist statements. However, the same citizen could legally be terminated from his profession for the same. When they are employed by public institutions, however, the protections generally still apply.
==References==
Category:United States law
Category:United States politics
State of the Union (comic strip)

State of the Union was an American daily newspaper comic strip distributed by Creators Syndicate that ran from September 2004 until May 2010, when the company "retired" the strip. What was this strip like? Well, if the talky milieu of Mallard Fillmore can be seen as appealing to the typical Fox News viewer, the more overtly racist, violence-tinged agitprop themes of many State of the Union strips would probably appeal to readers of WorldNetDaily or Stormfront who think that Fox News is too soft.
For example, the last strip, which was a rerun of an earlier strip, is set in a graveyard at night. Barack Obama has dug up the remains of Ronald Reagan, who is shown lying in a casket marked "Reaganomics". An aura surrounds Reagan's head, reminiscent of iconic artwork showing Mary and the baby Jesus with auras around their heads. Obama stands over Reagan, in his right hand holding a stake in the form of the word "TAXES" to the cadaver's chest. He is about to give the stake a hard whack with a large wooden mallet. By the strained look on his face, Obama is either taking extremely careful aim at the stake, or is taking a massive crap in his pants. Gee. Gotta wonder why Creators Syndicate would retire something like that.
The strip's artist Carl Moore has claimed to have been a liberal when he was a college student during the Vietnam War. He says he became a right winger when he saw war protesters attacking police on TV. Obviously, he has never contemplated the effects of anarchists and agent provocateurs on peace protests. Or the fact that TV news cameras are always pointed at the troublemakers in any crowd. Or the more numeous times when protesters were attacked by police, such as at the 1968 Democratic National Convention (where the police went so far as to attack a sitting congressman who was not part of the protest).
==External links==
*State of the Union, archived from the original by Creators Syndicate, shows the "Obama driving a nail called taxes into Reagan's cadaver in a coffin labeled "Reganomics" cartoon.
Category:Cartoons and comics
State terrorism

State terrorism is a form of terrorism specifically used (officially or otherwise) by a standing government against its own people or others, in order to terrorize them into submission. This is distinct from state-sponsored terrorism, in that state-sponsored terrorism still depends upon non-governmental groups to carry it out, even while it is supported (usually secretly) by a state. 
The concept of state terrorism was first identified by Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman in the late 1970s. It remains a very controversial idea in international relations, as the definition of terrorism usually involves it being committed by non-governmental actors. "State terrorism" is hard to distinguish, then, from regular military or law enforcement activity in any repressive regime.
Opponents of the concept argue that "terrorism" does not apply to governments, and that actions which are deemed state terrorism, such as targeting civilians in wartime, falls under the definition of war crimes or human rights violations instead, with including them diluting the term. Proponents, on the other hand, argue that it is hypocritical to simply exclude government actions that otherwise qualify. 
There is no one internationally accepted definition of terrorism. Many legal definitions of terrorism, such as in US law, apply it only to non-state actors. However, the origin of the word was derived from the Reign of Terror in France from 1793-94, during which the revolutionary Jacobin regime killed and imprisoned thousands of their real or perceived opponents, with the explicit purpose of terrorizing all "counter-revolutionaries" into surrender. This was called "terrorism" by critics in Britain, and Jacobin revolutionaries were labeled "terrorists", the origin of the terms.
Events which have been viewed as state terrorism include the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Allied bombing of Dresden and the firebombing of Tokyo, Nazi bombings of London and Guernica,Which, out of the four, is distinguished by the stated aim of the attack — a bridge — being more or less the only thing left standing after the attack. anti-communist CIA operations in Vietnam, the and Unit 731 by Imperial Japan, as well as acts of totalitarian states such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy,Especially their conduct in the war with Ethiopia. the Soviet Union, China, the Khmer Rouge, and other dictatorships. Israeli operations in Qibya on October 15th, 1953 left 66 dead, mostly women/children, and Sabra/Shakili in Lebanon, September 16th, 1982 killed as many as 3000, mostly women/children.http://www.ifamericaknew.org/history/terrorism.htmlhttps://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/israel-original-terrorist-state Israel has been accused of state terrorism, including by the Obama Administration,http://nation.foxnews.com/2015/10/14/obama-admin-accuses-israel-terrorism the Jordanian parliament,http://www.timesofisrael.com/jordans-parliament-accuses-israeli-enemy-of-state-terrorism/ and the president of Bolivia.http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/07/30/bolivia-israel-terrorist-state/13384989/
==Notes==
==References==
Category:War
Category:War crimes
Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty is one of the most famous icons of the United States, along with Mount Rushmore and the Grand Canyon.
The monument itself stands at over 90 metres, half of which is the statue itself, half being its base.
The Bible says, "Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth." ()
==History==
The statue was given by France in 1876 as a birthday gift to America to celebrate their centennial of independence from the British (with whom they both have a historical enmity), and it now stands at Liberty Island and symbolizes concepts such as freedom, democracy and, indeed, liberty. 
Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi was the sculptor of the statue and Gustave Eiffel, of Eiffel Tower fame, designed the interior truss system that supported the statue and the then-well-known architect Richard Morris Hunt designed the pedestal.
The statue remains a popular tourist attraction to this day despite its liberal connotations.
A few idiots wanted to ship the statue back to the French in 2003, around the same time those people started calling those fried potato things freedom fries. This would have destroyed a national icon out of pure spite.
The Libertarian Party has adopted the Statue of Liberty as its symbol, conveniently forgetting that this big government statue was donated by socialist France and is maintained by the communistic National Park Service with our tax dollars. Whoops.
==Conspiracy theories==
There are claims of a connection with the freemasons or Knights Templar.The Knights Templar walk among us! And other crazy conspiracy theories SBS (Australia), Feb 7, 2018 Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, the sculptor, and Gustave Eiffel, the engineer, were both freemasons, but it's unlikely they intended the sculpture to enforce masonic authority on the US, or whatever conspiracy theorists think a masonic-built statue could do.
In March 2017 the statue fell dark for a few hours. There were a lot of imaginative theories about this. It was interpreted as a protest for International Women's Day or against Donald Trump's restriction on travel from Muslim countries to the US. Or maybe the Russians hacked it.The 3 Best Conspiracy Theories About the Statue of Liberty Going Dark, Time.com, March 8, 2017
==Alleged Satanic representation==
Conservative Christian conspiracy theorist Mark Dice and theforbiddenknowledge.com claim that the Statue of Liberty was designed by French Freemasons and is secretly meant to represent Lucifer.
http://www.theforbiddenknowledge.com/symbology/5o5.htm
Which just goes to show how easily you can (re-)interpret a bit of symbolism.
==Notes==
==References==
Category:New York
Category:United States
Steady state economy

The Center for the Advancement of Steady State Economies defines the steady state economy as an economy with stable or mildly fluctuating size.http://www.steadystate.org/discover/definition The term typically refers to a national economy, but it can also be applied to a local, regional, or global economy. An economy can reach a steady state after a period of growth or after a period of downsizing or degrowth. To be sustainable, a steady state economy may not exceed ecological limits. 
John Maynard Keynes, the most influential economist of the 20th century, also considered the day when society could focus on ends (happiness and well-being, for example) rather than means (economic growth and individual pursuit of profit).
The sustainable scale is the key characteristic of a steady state economy. Scale is simply a measure of the size of one object relative to another. In this case, we are concerned with the size of the human economy relative to the ecosystems that contain it. Sustainability is achieved when the human economy fits within the capacity provided by Earth's ecosystems. Economic activity degrades ecosystems,
==References==
Category:Economics
Stefaan Blancke

Stefaan Blancke (born 1976) is a Belgian sceptic and philosopher of science, who received his Ph.D. in philosophy in 2011 from Ghent University.
==Education and research==
In 2011, Blancke received a doctorate in philosophy from Ghent University, Belgium, for his dissertation Towards an integrated understanding of creationism in Europe. The dissertation consists of a number of papers published by Blancke and others over several years, including an analysis of Intelligent Design, a discussion of creationism in Europe, and an extensive analysis of creationism in the Netherlands supplemented with a number of observations and recommendations regarding the teaching of evolution and creationism in European classrooms.
Blancke's main research interests lie with pseudoscience, and creationism in particular, as well as evolutionary psychology and anthropology.
==Other activities==
Blancke is a semi-prominent sceptic in Belgium, having published several articles on sceptic website Skepp, of which three deal with creationism in Belgium and the Netherlands, and one with anthroposophy.
==Publications==
===Books===
* (doctoral thesis)
* 
* 
===Articles===
====Evolution, creationism and ID====
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
====Pseudoscience in general====
* 
* 
==External links==
*Blancke at Academia
*Articles by Blance at Skepp (in Dutch Flemish)
*Blancke at ResearchGate
*
*
==References==
Category:Living people
Category:Netherlands
Category:Philosophers
Category:Philosophy of science
Steigan.no

Steigan.no is a Norwegian "anti-globalist" alternative news site that is often described as "red-brown."Collaboration between transphobic feminists and the far right — some facts It is known for promoting Russian propaganda, conspiracy theories, racism and transphobia. It is one of the largest conspiracy theorist websites in Scandinavia, and is somewhat similar to Globalresearch. It is also associated with the "Mot Dag" red-brown conference, that has so far typically featured Nazis, tankies, pro-Assad conspiracy theorists and TERFs.
==Content==
The website was founded by former Maoist politician . Extremism researcher and skeptic describes the website as a platform of conspiracy theories and pro-Kremlin disinformation and propaganda. It has also been described as an example of "red–brown convergence" (far-left with far-right, or Third Positionism), with links to the alt-right. 
Norwegian government-supported fact checking website stated that Steigan is part of a far-right/alternative echo chamber that also includes Document.no, Resett.no, Rights.no, and Lykten.no, and where individuals linked to SIAN (Stop Islamisation of Norway) play a key role. In 2022 Faktisk.no described Steigan as the main promoter of Russian propaganda among alternative media in Norway.
The secretary-general of the left-wing Red party Benedikte Pryneid Hansen said the party views Steigan as a platform of "onesided Russian war propaganda, conspiracy theories, racism and transphobia", and that the website is characterized by "extreme conspiracy theories."
Steigan has been denied membership in the Norwegian Association of Newspaper Editors, with the rationale that Steigan.no is not a journalistic medium, but an activist website that disregards accepted journalistic principles.Steigan.no fikk avslag på søknad om medlemskap i Norsk Redaktørforening: – Patetisk
The website's writers include Hans Olav Brendberg, who is known for promoting anti-semitic conspiracy theories, and Swedish TERF and pro-Russian debater Kajsa Ekman.Kajsa Ekis Ekman in Steigan.no
==Red-brown conference==
Steigan also hosts his own conference named "Mot Dag" ("Against/Towards Day"), named after an historical communist group, that has also been described as "red-brown" and that has featured many well-known conspiracy theorists as well as far-right speakers, including Nazis, while portraying itself as left-wing. An article on LibCom noted:
==References==
Category:Antisemitism
Category:Conspiracy theorists
Category:Internet kooks
Category:Media
Category:Norway
Category:Racism
Category:Transphobia
Category:Vatniks
Step Canyon

Step Canyon (known to young Earth creationists as the "Little Grand Canyon") is a canyon on the foothills of Mt St Helens in Washington State, formed by a mudslide in 1982 after an earthquake. 
==Creationist abuse==
Step canyon was formed "catastrophically" in a matter of minutes. It is thus used by creationists as an analogous - albeit significantly smaller - canyon to the Grand Canyon, so they can argue that the G.C. could have been formed in a similar way.Little Grand Canyon - video from the Institute for Creation Research.
==The facts==
To put this in layman's terms, the Step Canyon was formed from weakened rock that was much more vulnerable to erosion, as well as having a very nearby drain-off point. The Grand Canyon on the other hand, is formed of an entirely different rock and has a runoff point much, much further away.http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/icr-visit/bartelt1.html A Visit to the Institute for Creation Research Because of the massive differences between them, comparing the two is exceedingly stupid.
==See also==
*PRATT
==References==
Category:Geology
Stephen Breyer

Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer was born in 1938, in San Francisco, California.Current Members He is a US Army veteran and the son of a lawyer.Stephen Breyer He holds degrees from Stanford, Oxford, and Harvard Universities. He worked for the US Attorney General's Office in the 1960s and on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force in 1973. Breyer taught law at Harvard and in Sydney, Australia, and Rome, Italy. He is a Bill Clinton appointee. He replaced Harry Blackmun, author of the majority opinion in Roe v. Wade, in 1994. On January 27, 2022, he announced his intention to retire from SCOTUS in June, at the end of the Court's term. His announcement garnered more attention than usual, as Joe Biden promised that the seat would go towards appointing the first Black woman to the Supreme Court. His successor was later revealed as Ketanji Brown Jackson.
==Quotes==
==External links==
*Breyer dissent in Bush v. Gore
*Breyer dissent in wiretapping case
*Breyer dissent in legislative prayer case
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:California
Category:Educators
Category:Jews
Category:Lawyers
Category:Liberals
Category:Living people
Category:Military
Category:United States Supreme Court Justices
Stephen E. Jones

Stephen E. Jones is an Australian substitute school teacher, Christian creationist and internet troll.
==Biography==
Jones claims to be a devout Christian and has said that he doesn't believe in evolution because the Bible opposes it. He has a bachelor of science degree in biology and is a school teacher in Perth, Western Australia.Profile for Stephen E. Jones
==Creationism==
Jones owns a number of old earth creationist websites where he argues with people over evolution and claims there is no scientific evidence for evolution, banning anyone who disagrees with him from his website. He owns another website filled with thousands of quotes from scientists on the topic of evolution yet Jones in many cases has committed devious quote mining and has misrepresented many of the scientists actual comments by moving words around.Creation/Evolution Quotes by Stephen E. Jones He claims to be a "truth loving man" yet rejects all scientific evidence for evolution and makes up fake arguments in biology where they do not exist.Problems of Evolution Why the Evolution Controversy is Not Going Away By Stephen E. Jones He also owns a blog where he personally interprets the Bible and rejects anyone else's opinion on the matter as "un-Christian". He has even attacked other Christians.Jesus is Jehovah! 
==Science==
Jones is actually unqualified in biology since he is anti-science and just claims God did it about everything.
==See also==
*Hugh Dower 
*Shaun Johnston
==References==
Category:Living people
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Category:Australians
Category:Trolls
Stephen Fry

Sir Stephen Fry is a British actor, comedian, director, and author who also happens to be a gay skeptical humanistStephen Fry: “it is essential to nail one’s colours to the mast as a humanist.” atheist.Stephen Fry: “I Use Ubuntu” Fry is well known for hosting the quiz show QI and starring in shows such as A Bit of Fry and Laurie and Jeeves and Wooster (not to mention the Blackadder series, all alongside friend and comedy partner Hugh Laurie), and has written several books and documentaries. He suffers from bipolar disorder and is the current President of the mental health charity Mind, which seeks to publicise mental health issues and to reduce the stigma associated with them.
==Views==
===Religion===
Fry is an atheist, and in an interview titled The Importance of Unbelief had this to say:
He has criticized the Roman Catholic Church as doing more harm than good, referring to: the crusades, the Inquisition, covering up of child abuse, its claim that condoms do not prevent AIDS, executing witnesses that the earth revolves around the sun, being a century or three late to denouncing the transatlantic slave trade, its conspicuous absence from even local Italian politics as they ignored the Holocaust, raping and violating countrysides and even an entire continent, and not giving the rest of the earth any of their treasure back like most museums now do when under pressure to repatriate artifacts. Intelligence² Catholic church debate: Transcript And on top of that, they did it all while wearing than pirates: yo ho, yo ho, a papist's life for me. Fetch aft the rum sacramental wine, Darby.
===Pseudoscience===
He takes a dim view of pseudosciences such as homeopathy, alternative medicine, ESP, and astrology, and is a fan of James Randi.Stephen Fry--Last Chance to Think He once said, "if there’s a word that drives me mad it’s “energy” used in a nonsensical way—don’t get me started!"
===Politics===
Fry is a social democrat and liberal and has usually tended to vote for the Labour Party, though he's been critical of the Third Way. He also supported the alternative vote in the 2011 British alternative vote referendum.http://hollowverse.com/stephen-fry/Stalemate: PR and PR, Ice Cream, Bananas and Fudge, Stephenfry.com.
He is a critic of political correctness and sided with Jordan Peterson on the issue, stating that political correctness doesn't work and calling Donald Trump and Brexit failures of the left rather than triumphs of the right.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxYimeaoea0
Fry was knighted in 2025 for "services to mental health awareness, the environment and to charity."2025 New Year Honours BBC News, 30 December, 2024
==Works==
*Mythos (2017, ISBN 978-0718188726, Michael Joseph)
*Heroes (2018)
==External links==
*Official website
*Fry's Twitter page
*Stephen Fry, waxing eloquently on his religious beliefs
==References==
Category:Actors
Category:Authors
Category:Atheists
Category:British comedy
Category:British people
Category:Comedians
Category:Film-makers
Category:Jews
Category:LGBTQ people
Category:Liberals
Category:Living people
Category:Social democrats
Stephen Meyer

Stephen C. Meyer (born 1958), a philosopher of science, advocates for intelligent design. He helped found the Center for Science and Culture (CSC) of the Discovery Institute (DI), which is the main organisation behind the intelligent-design movement.
Meyer has written the books:
* Signature in the Cell: DNA and the Evidence for Intelligent Design (2009)
* Darwin's Doubt: the Explosive Origin of Animal Life and the Case for Intelligent Design (2013), "a masterwork of pseudoscience"
* The Return of the God Hypothesis: Compelling Scientific Evidence for the Existence of God (2020)
Doctor Meyer has absolutely no qualifications within the fields of biology, cosmology, or chemistry; he does hold a Bachelor of Science in geology and physics, but his Ph.D is in the philosophy of science
which has no relevance to evolutionary biology.
==External links==
* Official website
*Professor Dave exposing the Discovery Institute: Stephen Meyer
*AronRa exposing the Prager U and Stephen Meyer
*More PragerU Creationist Nonsense - Professor Stick 
*PragerU Lies About Evolution-TMM
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:Creationists
Category:Discovery Institute
Category:Intelligent design creationism
Category:Living people