nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Samuel Hahnemann

Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann was a German physician during the 18th and 19th centuries who is best known as the founder of homeopathy. He was frustrated by the surgical procedures performed on patients at that time — when anaesthetic had not been invented and many patients died because of infections and other complications. The mainstream medicine at that time was not evidence based and didn't work particularly well. 
He came up with the idea of like cures like (similia similibus curantur) after taking cinchona bark (a malaria treatment containing quinine) and noticing it caused symptoms similar to malaria. The problem is that the symptoms he experienced were probably a result of an allergy to quinine,Hahnemann's Allergy to Quinine by William E.Thomas (4th March 2002) Homeopathy Home. meaning that the foundational observation on which homeopathy was invented is false. It is claimed that many patients who came to Hahnemann were cured. However, modern-day scientists have explained that this was because he, unlike other physicians of the days, did not "torture" his patients, rather than because of any efficacy of homeopathic medicine itself.
Hahnemann is interred in Pere-Lachaise cemetery in Paris. Marion, John Francis, Famous and Curious Cemeteries, Crown Publishers Inc., New York, 1977. 
::"In the other direction … are the tombs of two contrasting doctors: that of Samuel Hahnemann, father of immunology, whose large rose granite monument and bust were erected by a grateful international following; and that of Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotin who adopted the guillotine from an earlier Scottish device with the humanitarian aim of stopping more brutal kinds of executions. Before its use he had been a leading society doctor in Paris; after its initiation his practice fell apart."Permanent Parisians: An Illustrated Guide to the Cemeteries of Paris by Judi Culbertson & Tom Randall (1986) Chelsea Green Publishing Company, Chelsea.
==See also==
===Want to read this in another language?===
==References==
Category:Alternative medicine
Category:Alternative medicine promoters
Category:Homeopathy
Category:Physicians
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Samuel Hahnemann (português)

Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann , o criador da homeopatia, começou a formular os princípios da homeopatia (do grego homeo, semelhante, e pathos, sofrimento ou doença), em fins do século 18, o horror que nutria pela medicina tradicional de seu tempo era justificado. Entre os recursos médicos da época contavam-se a aplicação de sanguessugas, os enteroclismas (lavagens intestinais), as sangrias, a administração maciça de drogas perigosas e outros métodos invasivos que geralmente faziam mais mal do que bem.Homeopatia desmascarada. Ana Luiza Barbosa de Oliveira.
Partindo de observações feitas a partir do uso do extrato de quinino, que, usado em pessoas sadias, parecia produzir os mesmos sintomas da doença que era usado para tratar a malária – chamada então de febre dos pântanos –, Hahnemann formulou o primeiro axioma da homeopatia, conhecido como Lei dos Semelhantes. Outros dois axiomas da homeopatia são a Lei do Remédio Único, que estabelece que o remédio mais eficaz é a substância pura que produza os mesmos efeitos da doença a combater, aplicada em dose única; e a Lei da Dose Mínima, ou dos Infinitesimais, que diz respeito à diluição do princípio ativo, o famoso e controverso princípio do "quanto mais diluído mais forte".
A diluição, chamada em homeopatia de potencialização ou dinamização envolve uma seqüência progressiva de diluição e agitação rítmica, a chamada sucussão. A primeira diluição é obtida adicionando-se uma parte do princípio ativo a nove partes de solvente, geralmente água ou álcool. Faz-se em seguida a sucussão percutindo-se ritmicamente o frasco com a solução contra um anteparo, geralmente uma tira de couro. A potência da solução obtida é de 1DH na escala decimal hahnemanniana, ou seja, uma parte em dez. Para obter-se a potência 2DH, no mesmo sistema decimal, mistura-se uma parte da solução anterior em nove de água, o que resulta em solução com uma parte de soluto em 100 (1 seguido de dois zeros) de solvente. Similarmente, obtém-se as potências seguintes, de 3DH até diluições extremas como 30DH, ou seja, 1/1030, uma parte de soluto em volume de solvente representado pelo número um seguido de trinta zeros.
==Ver tambem==
=== Para ler em outro idioma ===
== Referências: ==
Category:Português
Category:Homeopathy
Category:Alternative medicine promoters
San Diego Christian College

San Diego Christian College is a fundamentalist Christian school in San Diego, California, long associated with young-earth creationism. 
The college originated in 1970 as "Christian Heritage College" and adopted its current name in 2005. Its founders included Tim LaHaye, author of the Left Behind series, and Henry M. Morris, the founder of modern creationism. Morris established the Institute for Creation Research as a research organization at San Diego Christian College in 1972. San Diego Christian College was first accredited by the Senior Commission of the Western Association of Schools and CollegesSan Diego Christian College Accreditation. sdcc.edu. Retrieved on 24 September 2015. in 1984.
The college focuses primarily on a liberal-arts curriculum "built on the foundation of a Christian worldview".Academics. sdcc.edu. Retrieved on 4 December 2015. Like Liberty University, it also has a substantial aviation program.
Some of the faculty have questionable credentials. An assistant professor of science and a science lecturer at the college have master's degrees from the School of Biblical Apologetics at the Institute for Creation Research, an unaccredited institution.School of Biblical Apologetics, About us. icr.edu. "ICR has prioritized curriculum content and practical ministry needs, rather than adding the expensive costs of academic accreditation politics..." Retrieved on 4 December 2015. At least five faculty members list credentials from the Southern California Seminary, an institution accredited by TRACS, a creationist accreditation authority.San Diego Christian College faculty. sdcc.edu. Retrieved on 4 December 2015.
==External links==
*Official website
==References==
Category:California
Category:Creationism
Category:Fundie schools
Category:Institute for Creation Research
Sanctioning the devil

Sanctioning the devil is a logical fallacy that occurs when Person A avoids debate with Person B because debating B would (supposedly) give B undue credit or "sanction" their views.
It is essentially a fallacy of opposition and an informal fallacy.
==Form==
Sanctioning the devil follows the form:
This argument is valid so long as the premises are valid. The fallacy most often occurs in P1 (debate does not lend credibility, if done correctly), but may occur in P2 (treating some view as inherently wrong and unworthy of consideration).
===Inverse form===
The inverse form of the fallacy (my opponent is too afraid to even debate me!) is very common among creationists and other cranks.
P1 is simply incorrect (in general and in specific — see the exceptions section), and so the conclusion does not follow.
==Explanation==
Debating an adversary, or "sanctioning the devil", supposedly shows that their position is at least partially credible, while denial of the opponent indicates that their arguments are not even worthy of consideration.
However, while avoiding the debate and presenting your viewpoint as a unified message is an effective strategy, it is not (according to empirical studies of people observing) as strong as presenting your viewpoint and refuting one or more alternative views.Sanctioning the Devil
Avoiding debate altogether lets the undebated opponent paint their view as ironclad and irrefutable — or why else would their cowardly debate opponent run from the debate?
==Exceptions==
It is acceptable to avoid debate if one knows that one is not prepared. For example, many evolution proponents are not up-to-date on each kind of creationist argument, and may feel that they are unable to accurately represent science.
Alternately, one may avoid debate if one knows it cannot produce useful knowledge. For example, many creationists simply Gish Gallop their opponent out of existence; this mistakenly gives the impression of creationist success.
Debating an opponent repeatedly when the opponent has clearly failed to prove an argument and has no new evidence devolves into the balance fallacy.
==Examples==
*We are not going to give this [insert loaded language/slur here] a platform!
*Very often, proponents of evolution refuse to even debate creationists, on the principle that "That would look great on your CV, not so good on mine".Why I refuse to debate with William Lane Craig
:*Even more often, creationists claim that evolutionists don't debate them because evolution is false.
==See also==
*Bill Nye debates Ken Ham
*Hierarchy of disagreement
==External links==
*sanctioning the devil, Diana Mertz Hsieh
*Sanctioning the Devil Fallacy, SeekFind.net
*Sanctioning the Devil, Logically Fallacious
==References==
Category:Informal fallacies
Sandiee Peters

Sandiee Peters® is a Paratransformologist®. A what, you ask? Yes, a Paratransformologist®. We're not sure what exactly it's supposed to mean either. Apparently it's about "blending Eastern and Western holistic philosophies, healing beyond transformation into well-being in everyday life", but we're not sure what exactly that means either. It's a pretty complicated word and it's got a ® so whoever is a Paratransformologist® has got to be smart, right? Her real name is Sandra Pulsifer, and she's quite a babe.
She likes to liberally put a Ph.D. or Dr. title around her name. Her Ph.D. is in "holistic health"® at the American Institute of Holistic Theology®, which is not an accredited university®.
"Services" she offers include talking to the dead, telling you about your past lives, "soul paintings"® (where "the soul's energy transformed into a visible element"), Reiki®, color therapy®, aromatherapy®, music therapy®, bamboo fusion and crystal therapy®. She's also an interfaith minister®.http://www.sandiee.com/
==References®==
Category:Authors
Category:Living people
Category:Paranormal
Category:Psychics
Sandra Day O'Connor

Sandra Day O'Connor Linda Greenhouse, Sandra Day O’Connor, First Woman on the Supreme Court, Is Dead at 93. Archived from The New York Times, 1 December 2023. was the first female Supreme Court Justice. She was appointed by Ronald Reagan, and is considered by many conservatives to be a lapse of judgment on his part (Ann Coulter once called her "Reagan's biggest mistake"Reagan’s Biggest Mistake Finally Retires). Despite their fears, she was moderate on everything, often providing the swing vote on an otherwise split court.
Prior to her post on the Supreme Court, she served as a judge in Arizona. She eventually retired to care for her husband, who suffered from Alzheimer's, making her one of the few Justices who retired of their own will. A more recent example is Anthony Kennedy.
She was apparently not of sound body and mind during the 2000 election because twelve years later, she admitted she regrets Bush v. Gore.O’Connor Regrets Bush v. Gore, The New York Times
==Why She Was Nominated==
During the 1980 Presidential Campaign, Reagan promised to nominate a woman to the Supreme Court.Reagan Pledges He Would Name a Woman to the Supreme Court Stu Spencer, Reagan's chief campaign strategist, has admitted that he only convinced Reagan to do so due to his lack of popularity with female voters--although he also admits that Reagan never had an issue with nominating a qualified woman to the Supreme Court.Column: The architect of Reagan’s pledge to put a woman on the Supreme Court says it was all political
This is not to say O'Connor had no other qualifications, but it's hard to see what else Reagan saw in her other than the fact that she's a woman. Reagan even wrote in his diaries that night that "Already the flack is starting & from my own supporters."Reagan, Ronald. The Reagan Diaries, edited by Douglas Brinkley, HarperCollins (2007)Jerry Falwell said on the nomination that "every good Christian should be concerned" to which Barry Goldwater quipped "every good Christian should line up and kick Jerry Falwell's ass."Jerry Falwell's Paradoxical Legacy George Will, also a famous supporter of the President (even helping prep Reagan for the 1980 debateCOLUMNIST HELPED REAGAN ON DEBATE), famously wrote on her:
==See also==
*Ruth Ginsburg - the second woman on the Supreme Court.
*Sonia Sotomayor - the third woman. They are only allowed in one at a time.
* - the fourth. Barack Obama is obviously biased against men.
* - the fifth, the most conservative yet.
* - the sixth, first black, and most meritorious by far.
==References==
Category:United States Supreme Court Justices
Santorum Amendment

The Santorum Amendment was a failed amendment to the "No Child Left Behind" bill in order to "promote the teaching of intelligent design while questioning the academic standing of evolution."Media Promoting Misinformation about the Santorum Amendment
==History==
In the early 2000s, then-Senator Rick Santorum was one of the biggest supporters of the Discovery Institute in Washington, DC. Santorum proposed his amendment, the wording of which is clearly influenced if not written by the Disco 'Tute, in 2001. It was passed by the Senate 91-8 on June 14, 2001. However, the House version did not contain the wording, and the amendment did not become law. The non legally-binding conference report does contain the following wording:
This has been repeatedly cited by Intelligent Design proponents as sanction for their aims, despite the lack of legal weight behind it. In 2003, Santorum—along with John Boehner and Judd Gregg—wrote a letter to the Discovery Institute to the effect that the amendment was "Congress's rejection of the idea that students only need to learn about the dominant scientific view of controversial topics," something which they seem to have taken to heart.
==See also==
*Santorum
==References==
Category:Intelligent design creationism
Sappho

Sappho was an ancient Greek poet. She is one of the few notable female poets of the ancient world, and of them she is the most well-known. She lived on the Greek island of Lesbos. A number of her poems deal with love between women; as a result, both her name and the name of the island she lived on came to be used as terms for female homosexuality — sapphicSapphic Definition and Meaning, Merriam-Webster and lesbian,lesbian, n. and adj., Oxford English Dictionary respectively.
Much of her poetry has been lost; what remains is largely fragmentary. Only a single poem, the Hymn to Aphrodite, survives in its entirety. Many have claimed that her works were intentionally destroyed by Christians; these claims lack historical basis. The church father Gregory Nazianzen, Archbishop of Constantinople, despite being widely accused of ordering the burning of her works, on the contrary quotes her admiringly. A few of her poems were adapted by Catullus into Latin, and these have also been quite popular and widely cited in the West. Rather, it seems that her works were lost due to the same conditions of economic and social collapse and changing culture and interests which led to the loss of many other ancient works, especially during the Middle Ages. Her work may have been specifically 'victimized' by the fall of civilization due to its relative obscurity linguistically; she spoke a highly colloquial Aeolic Greek of the northern part of Greece which was never given priority when Greek was taught in schools (as opposed to the more strenuous Attic and Homeric varieties). Plato, for example, despised the northern regions and calls the dialect "barbarian".
She was highly respected in the ancient world. One epigram has Plato call her "the tenth Muse", but this is likely spurious. With that said, other Greek poets did put her on the same level as the Muses. For example, Antipater Sidonius called her "the mortal Muse singing amongst the immortal Muses", and Dioscorides described her as "the Muse of Aeolian Eresus", honored by gods and goddesses.Sappho as the Tenth Muse in Hellenistic Epigram by Angela Gosetti-Murrayjohn (2006) Arethusa Vol. 39, No. 1
==External links==
*Works by and about Sappho on Wikisource
Category:LGBTQ people
==References==
Category:Ancient history
Category:Authors
Category:Greece
Category:History
Category:Homosexuality
Category:Poetry
Satire

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Satire is defined as "the use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, in exposing, denouncing, or deriding vice, folly, etc."Satire, defined at dictionary.reference.com. It is used frequently as a tool for mocking the Establishment,The "Establishment" can be taken to mean those who enjoy entrenched power, and are in a position to enforce an orthodoxy, whether they be in government, academia, journalism, or any other field. since the nature of the style often hides its direct meaning behind words that seem to mean the opposite. The effect is often successful at communicating "unpopular" ideas, as most Establishment types take materials meant to be satirical in nature at face value, and don't get the real point.
Satire is meant to point out shortcomings in powerful people, famous people, or society at large. When these shortcomings are clarified, the audience is invited to choose to reform their own opinions on these topics, or may even be spurred into pushing for reform in society. There are two forms of satire, both named for Roman poets: Horatian satire, which uses a lighthearted, cheerful touch to cajole those being satirized; and Juvenalian satire, which is more hard-hitting and unforgiving in its portrayal of vice and folly.Monahan, Peter J. The Comic Vision (Patterns in Literary Art sereis). New York: Webster Division, McGraw-Hill, 1971. Print. ISBN 0070426813
One of the great literary satirists in English is Jonathan Swift, the author of Gulliver's Travels and a pamphlet titled A Modest Proposal. His is immensely difficult, to the point where it was one of the first books to be published in an edition featuring extensive notes, but immensely rewarding, providing what may be the crowning satire on Christianity as well as learning in general.
Claims of satire are also used by white nationalists, including the owner of The Daily Stormer,Tabatha Southey, Neo-Nazis are no joke—they just want you to think they are. Maclean's, 15 December 2017. to deflect any and all criticism — one could call this sort of bullshit 'pseudo-satire'.
==See also==
*Fake news
*The Onion — a prominent modern satirical publication
*Babylon bee — A conservative knockoff version of The Onion
*Poe's Law — where people cannot tell the difference between satire and genuine insanity
*Voltaire — the original rational satirist
==External links==
*"Too Stupid for Satire: How The Media Branded Me as a Racist": A Cracked.com blogger discusses how one of his attempts at satire was taken literally.
==Notes==
==References==
category:culture
Savanna hypothesis

The savanna hypothesis is the proposal that the major divergence between the hominins and other great apes was driven by hominins moving out of the forests and onto the grasslands. It is one of the oldest and most established hypotheses for what separated humans from the other apes, dating back to Charles Darwin's time. 
The hypothesis has come under intense fire in recent years with alternative hypotheses such as rapidly fluctuating environments or the pseudoscientific aquatic ape hypothesis competing for attention. But the savanna hypothesis received new support by a proposal that humans adapted to run down animals in the hot African sun. This included the development of large leg tendons and buttocks which do not appear in the other great apes, but allow humans to run efficiently on two legs by recycling the energy of running motions, as well as the loss of hair over most of the body to allow efficient cooling. The animal chosen to be a victim would be able to sprint faster than the relentless human hunter until heat exhaustion caused it to collapse.
Category:ScienceCategory:EvolutionCategory:Scientific hypothesis
Savant syndrome

Savant syndrome is a rare condition in which a person with a significant disability also has an unusually advanced skill, possibly without any practice.
== History ==
While the existence of savants has been reported throughout history, the condition wasn't named until 1887. John Langdon Down (after whom Down syndrome is named) first used the word "savant" to describe a man who could calculate large sums very quickly.Savant Syndrome FAQs - SSM Health
The term for savant syndrome was initially "idiot savant." The term "idiot" used to be a medical term for someone with a measured IQ below 25. Since the word has taken on derogatory connotations, and since not all savants have intellectual disabilities, we now say "savant syndrome" instead.
== Demographics ==
Around half of savants are autistic. Around 10% of autistic people are estimated to be savants (though the actual number may be lower). Men are more likely than women to have savant skills.The savant syndrome: an extraordinary condition. A synopsis: past, present, future This may be because autism is more commonly seen in men than in women.
Autistic savants are psychologically different from autistic people who have no savant skills. Compared to the average autistic person, savants had heightened sensory sensitivities, more "obsessive" behavior, better systemizing and technical/spatial abilities, and a different approach to learning tasks.Savant syndrome has a distinct psychological profile in autism
These skills may be present from an early age or acquired after illness or injury. A few cases of sudden onset of a savant skill in non-autistic people with no known causes have been reported.Brain Gain: A Person Can Instantly Blossom into a Savant--and No One Knows Why - Scientific American
== Savant skills ==
Many savant skills involve memory in some capacity.
The most common areas of skill in savant syndrome are:
* Art
* Calendar calculating
* Math
* Music
* Spatial/mechanical skills
Other possible areas include languages, sensory discrimination, telling time without a clock, and other academic subjects (like statistics or history).
Savants often feel a strong compulsion to practice these skills, showing an obsessive focus that allows them to create excellent work.Can brain damage lead to extraordinary art? - How Stuff Works
It's extremely rare for a savant to lose their skills. The skill typically remains stable or improves even further with practice. Schools may choose to educate child savants in their field of talent to encourage this skill and make it fun for the student.
== Savant woo ==
Some people claim that disabled people having savant skills is evidence that God is real.Savant Syndrome - Evidence of DesignProdigious Savants: A Journey Back to Eden? - Blessed Quietness Journal If God is to give some people serious disadvantages in life, then it would only be fair to give them an awesome skill too, right? But this argument falls apart when you consider the many people with disabilities who don't have savant skills.
==See also==
* Autism
* Disability
* Indigo child
==References==
Category:Disability
Category:Autism