Nuclear Proliferation

Russia's Invasion of Ukraine, an Escalating Disaster
Hundreds of thousands dead and injured, millions refugees, immense damage and...
Collapse of nuclear weapons control agreements and a proliferating nuclear weapons race
Proliferation of nuclear weapons, 'modernization' with a next generation of 'usable', precision-deliverable nuclear weapons accelerates
A generational result of the Russia-Ukraine war is a breakdown of nuclear arms treaties and multi-nation strategic/tactical nuclear proliferation 
Read GreenPolicy360's associate, Strategic Demands:
* https://strategicdemands.com/nuclear-arms-race-3-0/
The War Grinds on...
* https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/24/europe/kyiv-war-anniversary-intl-cmd/index.html
* https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/it-s-been-astonishing-ian-pannell-on-one-year-anniversary-of-ukraine-war/ar-AA17UfPM
* https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/russia-s-war-on-ukraine-grinds-into-second-year-as-putin-gambles-on-the-long-game/ar-AA17W4WC
* https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-war-news-russia-invasion-by-the-numbers/
* https://www.npr.org/2023/02/19/1153430731/ukraine-russia-war-one-year-anniversary-how-will-it-end
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'Small' tactical nukes are not ... small
:From GreenPolicy360's associate, Strategic Demands
https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Nuclear_war_-_small_nukes_are_a_misnomer_-_Potsdam.png
Strategic Demands
Regional Nuclear Conflict will deliver, science says, Global Nuclear Catastrophe
* https://strategicdemands.com/regional-nuclear-conflict-global-nuclear-catastrophe/
* https://strategicdemands.com/nuclear-issues-cold-war-2-0/
@StrategicDemands.com: 
As nuclear treaties, agreements, and negotiations fall by the wayside, the JCPOA, the INF, NewSTART, and others, and the U.S., Russia, and China race to build a next generation of nuclear capabilities, there are those, like Lindsey Graham from South Carolina who seem to be saying that if U.S. negotiations with North Korea fail, then war is the answer, one way or the other, seeming to say that nuclear exchanges are acceptable. Nuclear weapons use, nuclear weapons exchanges are not acceptable.
What is rarely understood is the current new nuclear arms race, with new warheads, new MIRVs, new (nuclear) pit production, new delivery systems, new tactical (‘usable’) nukes, new ‘dial-up’ nukes, new cruise nukes, new hypersonic nukes…
The collapse of nuclear arms control architecture is accompanied by multi-nation, multi-billion spending, much of it in secret, a race toward human and environmental disaster. The next generation of nuclear weapons is not providing added security, it is delivering a ticking clock…
* https://strategicdemands.com/bigger-picture-beyond-the-ukraine-conflict/
GreenPolicy360: We had hopes during the period of negotiations between Russia and the U.S., Ukraine, NATO, and European countries, that addressing the expressed security concerns, focused on new nuclear weapons capabilities (e.g., tactical 'dial-up' nuclear weapon systems, modernized precision-targeting delivery systems, cruise missiles, advanced nuclear-missile carrying F-35s and other radar-avoiding strike aircraft, and reconfigured intermediate-range battlefield systems, could be diplomatically limited, verified, and provide the 'mutual security' being sought. Our proffered proposals were detailed at Strategic Demands. A road to peace and security was set forward -- and we watched as diplomacy broke down...
A Case Study: Rethink the Intermediate Nuclear Weapons Accord
A Proposed Ukraine Fix: Act Now to Expand the INF Agreement
* https://strategicdemands.com/a-proposed-ukraine-fix-act-now-to-expand-the-inf-agreement/
War Commences
February 2022
GreenPolicy360: As war commences in Ukraine, we should ask why the Intermediate Nuclear Forces agreement was abandoned by the Trump administration... and how Russian leader Putin is now threatening using nuclear weapons...
GreenPolicy360: The U.S. government's choice to abandon the Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty in 2019 is a harbinger of deeper, broader and much more serious nuclear weapons proliferation. Some in the national security establishment see tactical nuclear weapons as "usable", but in our five decades of work on national security issues (see our history) our opinion has grown stronger. There are no usable nuclear weapons. Any use will have have grave, even existential consequences, to life on earth. The scientific studies we are quoting talk of atmospheric disruption as one of many connected life-threatening consequences. The purveyors of nuclear war threats are far from bringing any semblance of peace and security.
* https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/INFtreaty
https://www.nti.org/search/?f-search=inf+treaty&f-order=relevance
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February 2022
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* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Tactical_nukes_question_-_as_of_January_28_2022.png
Remembering... and asking 'what if' they had not been removed
Sunflowers Planted to Mark End of Nuclear Weapons in Ukraine
Via Washington Post
June 1996
Defense Secretary William J. Perry, with his Russian and Ukrainian counterparts, planted sunflowers on a former Soviet missile silo today to mark Ukraine's complete nuclear disarmament.
At the Pervomaysk missile base in southern Ukraine, the officials planted the flowers in a plowed field of black earth atop the destroyed remains of missile Silo 110. During the Cold War, the base, amid flat Ukrainian farmlands that resemble the American Midwest, held more than 80 such silos, with 700 nuclear warheads aimed at the United States.
The ceremony celebrated Ukraine's abandonment of the world's third-largest nuclear arsenal, which it inherited in the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union. It also marked the near completion of a primary U.S. strategic goal since the Soviet breakup: to gather all ex-Soviet nuclear weapons in Russia, thus avoiding a proliferation of nuclear powers.
* https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/06/05/sunflowers-planted-to-mark-end-of-nuclear-weapons-in-ukraine/bb491a92-3f00-41c3-a9a1-0801661f96b9/
* https://strategicdemands.com/?s=bill+perry
* https://strategicdemands.com/environmental-security/
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Nuclear Weapons Proliferation vs. Nuclear Weapons Nonproliferation
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Nuclear_Proliferation
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Nuclear_Nonproliferation
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Quick Scan, Nuclear Weapons - Recent Background Data
June 2021
WASHINGTON ― NATO allies are poised to formally oppose the alliance deploying ground-based nuclear missiles in Europe, following U.S. President Joe Biden’s meeting with fellow heads of state set for June 14 in Brussels, Defense News has learned.
The position, which echoes past remarks from Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg, is set out in a draft communiqué for release after the NATO summit, according to one U.S. Senate aide and one European official, who spoke on condition of anonymity in order to discuss the closely held document.
A NATO spokesperson on Sunday declined to comment on the communiqué's contents, saying the discussions were ongoing.
The potential move is seen as possible way to ease tensions with Moscow and to tee up an arms control dialogue ahead of the U.S.-Russia summit in Geneva on June 16.
(The Summit talks were unsuccessful in reaching mutually agreed nuclear arms controls and accords)
"Nuclear Sharing" of Weapons and the INF Treaty
Moscow has spent years calling on Washington and its allies to remove all US nuclear weapons from Europe, with both Russian and European officials describing them a “relic of the Cold War.” Russia has also criticised the NATO concept of “nuclear sharing,” which allows non-nuclear power allies to take part in the planning of operations using nukes. Russia argues that in addition to arousing tensions and suspicions in Russia-NATO relations, NATO “nuclear sharing” is a violation of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
* https://sputniknews.com/20210321/trump-reportedly-cut-down-size-of-us-nuke-arsenal-in-europe-by-a-third-1082409563.html
F-35s and 'Dial Up' Tactical Nuclear Weapons Deployment
The US military committed to upgrading its arsenal of B61 bombs in the mid-2010s, opting for the creation of a smaller variant known as the B61-12, the testing of which was recently shown at the Tonopah Test Range in Nevada. The weapon is touted for its ability to be carried inside an F-35’s internal weapons bay. The bomb has four yield options: 0.3 kilotons, 1.5 kilotons, 10 kilotons, and 50 kilotons. For comparison, the nuclear bombs which the US dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 were equivalent to about 15 and 18 kilotons, respectively.
"Nonstrategic nuclear weapons stationed in Europe
The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists on the current status of the US nuclear arsenal appears to confirm that about 100 B61s are now stationed at US bases across five European countries, down from previously reported estimates of 150.
The nukes are said to be stationed in Italy (at the Aviano and Ghedi bases), Germany (Buchel Air Base), Belgium (Kleine Brogel base), the Netherlands (Volkel base), and in Turkey (Incirlik). Researchers attributed the drop in deployed nukes to a "reduction of operational storage capacity at Aviano and Incirlik," with about 130 B61s now said to be stored at bases in the US and kept ready for operations in Asia or other locations outside Europe.
* https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL32572.pdf
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* https://strategicdemands.com/nuclear-issues-cold-war-2-0/
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2021/2020
Our advice to President-elect Biden: Break the dangerous pattern of nuclear competition with Russia
* https://thebulletin.org/2021/01/my-advice-to-president-elect-biden-break-the-dangerous-pattern-of-nuclear-competition-with-russia/
A 'Secret' Nuclear Weapons System
* https://strategicdemands.com/u-s-president-and-a-secret-nuclear-weapons-system/
U.S. President Trump: “I have built a nuclear—a weapons system that nobody’s ever had in this country before. We have stuff that you haven’t even seen or heard about. We have stuff that Putin and Xi have never heard about before. There’s nobody—what we have is incredible.”
GreenPolicy360: What is he talking about? Perhaps, a next-generation, Mach 5 or 6, atmospheric-bouncing, ICBM hyperglide system?
Or perhaps the U.S. president was revealing the W76-2, a new nuclear warhead that fits on the Trident D-5 submarine-launched ballistic missiles.
Or perhaps he is revealing, in his own style, radar-evasive, new configured and tested F-35s now deployable to deliver 'intermediate', 'dial up', 'low yield', 'small' (i.e., tactical, nonstrategic) 'battlefield' nuclear weapons in 'regional theaters'...
As reported (publicly):
The U.S. Navy currently fields 12 nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, each equipped with approximately 20 Trident D-5 submarine launched missiles. Each D-5 carries between four and five W-76 warheads each. The W-76 has an explosive yield of approximately 100 kilotons, or about six times the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. With a range of 4,600 miles, a U.S. missile submarine parked off the coast of Canada could rain up to 80-100 warheads on western Russia.
* https://twitter.com/AtomicAnalyst/status/1100439661456097282
* https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/new-low-yield-submarine-based-nuclear-warhead
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"Low-Yield" Nuclear Weapons Breakout
2019
 'Limited' Nuclear Conflict
• Global Nuclear Catastrophe
Visit GreenPolicy360's associate Strategic Demands 
Regional Nuclear Conflict will deliver, science says, Global Nuclear Catastrophe
Carnegie Nuclear Conference: Experts Assemble to Talk as Nuclear Arms Control Architecture Collapses / StrategicDemands.com
2018
2017 / 2016
(GreenPolicy360's continuing coverage of nuclear weapons issues is in association with www.strategicdemands.com)
Trump’s Nuclear Arsenal
Opinion by the New York Times Editorial Board / Oct. 26, 2017
The United States nuclear arsenal consists of 4,000 warheads, plus more than 2,000 warheads awaiting dismantlement. This number came into focus recently after a report that President Trump said in July that he wanted a huge increase in the country’s nuclear capability. ... more troubling, Mr. Trump can unilaterally order a nuclear strike at any time. Senator Bob Corker, a Republican, has called the president’s threats toward other countries reckless, saying they could set the nation “on the path to World War III.”
Every effort must be made to avoid the use of nuclear weapons. Reducing the nuclear stockpile is one important step. But legislators can go even further by requiring the president to seek a declaration of war from Congress before launching a first nuclear strike, as Senator Ed Markey of Massachusetts and Representative Ted Lieu of California, both Democrats, have proposed.
From Strategic Demands / GreenPolicy360
Prevent Nuclear First Use
US Senator and Others Question US President's Fitness -- Again, Use of Nukes Raised 
US President Threatens at the UN
 News in Depth: The US President & Nuclear Codes
::James R. Clapper Jr., former director of US national intelligence, questioned President Trump’s fitness for office following the president's speech in Phoenix on Tuesday, August 22. 
::“I really question his ability to be — his fitness to be — in this office... I also am beginning to wonder about his motivation for it — maybe he is looking for a way out...” Clapper continued that he is worried about the president’s access to nuclear codes. 
::“In a fit of pique he decides to do something about Kim Jong Un, there’s actually very little to stop him,” Clapper said, referencing the US president and North Korean leader. 
::“The whole system is built to ensure rapid response if necessary. So there’s very little in the way of controls over exercising a nuclear option, which is pretty damn scary.”
#HairTrigger: The Risks of Nuclear War Escalate
:http://strategicdemands.com/no-one-should-have-singular-nuclear-launch-authority/
:::http://strategicdemands.com/nuclear-issues-cold-war-2-0/
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* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Blissfully-Unaware.png
A Stark Nuclear Warning 
By Jerry Brown
New York Review of Books / July 2016
Review of My Journey at the Nuclear Brink
by William J. Perry, with a foreword by George P. Shultz
* http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/07/14/a-stark-nuclear-warning/
I know of no person who understands the science and politics of modern weaponry better than William J. Perry, the US Secretary of Defense from 1994 to 1997. When a man of such unquestioned experience and intelligence issues the stark nuclear warning that is central to his recent memoir, we should take heed. Perry is forthright when he says: “Today, the danger of some sort of a nuclear catastrophe is greater than it was during the Cold War and most people are blissfully unaware of this danger.”1 He also tells us that the nuclear danger is “growing greater every year” and that even a single nuclear detonation “could destroy our way of life.”
In clear, detailed but powerful prose, Perry’s new book, My Journey at the Nuclear Brink, tells the story of his seventy-year experience of the nuclear age. Beginning with his firsthand encounter with survivors living amid “vast wastes of fused rubble” in the aftermath of World War II, his account takes us up to today when Perry is on an urgent mission to alert us to the dangerous nuclear road we are traveling.
Reflecting upon the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Perry says it was then that he first understood that the end of all of civilization was now possible, not merely the ruin of cities. He took to heart Einstein’s words that “the unleashed power of the atom has changed everything, save our modes of thinking.” He asserts that it is only “old thinking” that persuades our leaders that nuclear weapons provide security, instead of understanding the hard truth that “they now endanger it.”
 
=Nuclear Issues / Cold War 2.0=
 
New Arms Race Qua Old Arms Race
 
::https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Thirty-seconds-closer-to-midnight.png
:::https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Extinction
::::https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Nuclear_Weapons
:::::http://strategicdemands.com/status-nuclear-ban-negotiations/
::::::https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Nuclear_Nonproliferation
 
 At the UN: Abolish Nuclear Weapons
::https://www.un.org/disarmament/ptnw/president.html
:::http://www.lasg.org/BAN/LASG_comments_draft_ban2.pdf
::::https://www.counterpunch.org/2017/06/13/no-more-con-games-abolish-nuclear-weapons-now/
:::::https://www.counterpunch.org/2017/06/14/no-more-con-games-abolish-nuclear-weapons-now-part-two/
::::::https://www.counterpunch.org/2017/06/15/no-more-con-games-abolish-nuclear-weapons-now-part-three/
 
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::http://strategicdemands.com/new-definitions-of-security/
:::https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:New_Definitions_of_National_Security.png
::https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Surviving_Victory_Conf_contributors.jpg
:::https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Strategic_Demands_of_the_21st_Century_A_New_Vision_for_a_New_World.jpg
::::https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Surviving-Victory-conference-Washington-DC-2006.pdf
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2015 / 2014
Escalation, Echoes of Assured Destruction
* http://strategicdemands.com/new-nuclear-arms-race/
* http://strategicdemands.com/npt-treaty-at-risk/
* http://strategicdemands.com/blip_on_the_screen/
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Going BZhRK, Looking Backward, Looking Forward
http://strategicdemands.com/going_bzhrk/
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* http://www.globalzero.org/get-the-facts/nuclear-risk-reduction
GLOBAL NUCLEAR RISK REDUCTION
As world leaders descended on the United Nations in New York for the 2015 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference, the Global Zero Commission on Nuclear Risk Reduction — led by former U.S. Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James E. Cartwright and comprised of international military experts — issued a bold call for ending the Cold War-era practice of keeping nuclear weapons on hair-trigger alert.
"Hair-Trigger" Update (2017) -- http://strategicdemands.com/nuclear-hair-trigger
The Commission's extensive report calls for (1) an urgent agreement between the United States and Russia to immediately eliminate "launch-on-warning from their operational strategy, and to initiate a phased stand down of their high-alert strategic forces, beginning with taking 20% of both countries' nuclear forces off launch-ready alert within one year and 100% within 10 years; and (2) a longer-term global agreement requiring all nuclear weapons countries to refrain from putting nuclear weapons on high alert.
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NY TIMES Opinion Pages | OP-ED 
How to Avert a Nuclear War
By JAMES E. CARTWRIGHT and VLADIMIR DVORKIN
April 2015
We find ourselves in an increasingly risky strategic environment. The Ukrainian crisis has threatened the stability of relations between Russia and the West, including the nuclear dimension — as became apparent last month when it was reported that Russian defense officials had advised President Vladimir V. Putin to consider placing Russia’s nuclear arsenal on alert during last year’s crisis in Crimea.
Diplomatic efforts have done little to ease the new nuclear tension. This makes it all the more critical for Russia and the United States to talk, to relieve the pressures to “use or lose” nuclear forces during a crisis and minimize the risk of a mistaken launch.
The fact is that we are still living with the nuclear-strike doctrine of the Cold War, which dictated three strategic options: first strike, launch on warning and post-attack retaliation.
 
There is no reason to believe that Russia and the United States have discarded these options, as long as the architecture of “mutually assured destruction” remains intact.
For either side, the decision to launch on warning — in an attempt to fire one’s nuclear missiles before they are destroyed — would be made on the basis of information from early-warning satellites and ground radar. Given the 15- to 30-minute flight times of strategic missiles, a decision to launch after an alert of an apparent attack must be made in minutes.
This is therefore the riskiest scenario, since provocations or malfunctions can trigger a global catastrophe. Since computer-based information systems have been in place, the likelihood of such errors has been minimized. But the emergence of cyberwarfare threats has increased the potential for false alerts in early-warning systems. The possibility of an error cannot be ruled out.
American officials have usually played down the launch-on-warning option. They have argued instead for the advantages of post-attack retaliation, which would allow more time to analyze the situation and make an intelligent decision. Neither the Soviet Union nor Russia ever stated explicitly that it would pursue a similar strategy, but an emphasis on mobile missile launchers and strategic submarines continues to imply a similar reliance on an ability to absorb an attack and carry out retaliatory strikes.
Today, however, Russia’s early warning system is compromised. The last of the satellites that would have detected missile launches from American territory and submarines in the past stopped functioning last fall. This has raised questions about Russia’s very ability to carry out launch-on-warning attacks.
Partly to compensate for the loss of its space-based system, Russia has deployed prefabricated radar units that can be set up quickly along its borders. Some of these are already operational; some are still being tested. Unlike satellite networks, radar can provide accurate information about the scale and targeting of a missile attack — but only once a missile has entered its vicinity, which would most likely be 10 to 15 minutes after launch.
The upside of radar reporting is more information. The downside of having to wait is that it cuts the time for deciding whether to launch on warning. That in turn increases the likelihood of mistaken retaliation. For a submarine missile fired from the Norwegian Sea, Russia’s radar network would give its nuclear decision makers just 10 minutes to respond. America’s early warning systems can be expected to provide about twice as much time.
Clearly, for either side, these timelines are very compressed and the opportunities for ill-considered decisions very real. Launch-on-warning puts enormous strain on the nuclear chains of command in both countries.
In theory, no sensible head of state would authorize a launch-on-warning strike after receiving information that just one missile, or a small number of missiles, were inbound, on the assumption that this was not an intentional, full-scale attack. But the launch-on-warning doctrine still rules in both Russia and the United States — in which case the risk, however small, of cataclysmic error remains.
This risk should motivate the presidents of Russia and the United States to decide in tandem to eliminate the launch-on-warning concept from their nuclear strategies. They should reinstitute military-to-military talks, which were suspended over the Ukraine crisis, to pursue this stand-down as an urgent priority. (A joint decision on this would not destabilize nuclear deterrence: Both countries still have nuclear forces designed to withstand a first-strike attack, guaranteeing retaliatory strikes.)
To reinforce this accord, both countries should refrain from conducting military exercises that involve practicing missile launches based on information from early warning systems. Even if this restraint cannot yet be fully verified, it would be a valuable contribution to strategic stability — and, of course, to preventing an inadvertent nuclear war. This would be a positive step ahead of the 'Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference' that the United Nations will host later this month.
Detailed verification measures can come later, once better Russian-American relations are restored. The technical implementation of a decision to abandon the launch-on-warning concept would fall within the framework of the New Start treaty. A phased reduction of the combat readiness of the strategic nuclear forces would provide a safer time buffer for nuclear decision making.'
In periods of heightened tensions and reduced decision times, the likelihood of human and technical error in control systems increases. 
Launch-on-warning is a relic of Cold War strategy whose risk today far exceeds its value. 
Our leaders urgently need to talk and, we hope, agree to scrap this obsolete protocol before a devastating error occurs.
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GreenPolcy360 Siterunner:
A Nuclear Life Chronology
(Or How Not to Want the Bomb and How to Become a Lifelong Nonproliferation Activist)
1963 was not a good year. I am remembering the sirens and then the teacher's voice ordering us to get under our desks in the duck and cover position we were taught when we were told the nuclear attack could come any minute.
At first we joked 'it's a tuckin duckin' and some kids quacked quietly and snickered, but it didn't take long for most of us kids there in our East LA school to realize the adults were deadly serious and, as time passed, the snickering stopped. We waited. Under the desks. Quietly then, counting the minutes, hoping for an all clear, you can get up signal.
* https://www.history.com/news/cuban-missile-crisis-timeline-jfk-khrushchev
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_and_cover
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SJS / Siterunner: My father in World War 2 was a bomber pilot trained to fly "secret missions."
He spoke to me, on rare occasions, about his training and B-17/29 "special" assignments near war's end.
One day and one story stands out in my memory. Posterity tells me to share his story as my dad has passed away.
War secrets have long faded into history. Marfa/Roswell/Ardmore/Clovis/Alamogordo -- B-17s to B-29s -- missions to the Pacific...
It was in July 1945. At that time my lieutenant father was based in New Mexico at Clovis Army Air Field flying training missions. He was scheduled, as I look today at his yellowing papers with orders in his air force trunk, to transfer to Alamogordo on July 23rd. Curiously, I see a number of destinations on his orders are blank. I'm remembering how he told me that he knew and his crew knew, in their own way, about the first test of a nuclear weapon. They knew it had happened not far from their base and on July 17th newspapers in New Mexico had reported that a "munitions storage depot" had exploded. This was the official line to explain the bright flash in the sky at dawn, 5:30 AM on July 16th, south of Albuquerque.
The initial testing of the first nuclear weapon was at Trinity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test) in a barren area of New Mexico known as Jornada del Muerto ("Journey of the Dead Man"). The desolation made it the choice of the Army and scientists who had secretly developed the bomb at the isolated nuclear physics laboratory at Los Alamos.
The B-17 crew that flew that week from Clovis decided (in a departure from the official planned flight path) to veer "off course" and to take a look at the area where the bomb went off... not a good decision, but in those days many of the pilots and crews were strong willed to put it mildly. This crew chose to go where they thought the site of the blast was... They scanned the horizon and in the distance they saw a bright glistening spot in the desert.
They flew over it. He told me it was both frightening and beautiful. It was a crater scattering radiating beams of light up.
The crater from the blast shocked them into silence he remembered. The sand had turned liquid then fused and fallen back to earth. The crater was coated with a 'glass' that would be called "Trinitite".
They flew on without talking, he said. The power of the weapon all too evident. No more fly-boys on a run.
Now they knew what their bomber group, their B-29s, and their special runs with unusual maneuvers were being equipped to do. The military covered over the crater and evidence of the blast.
Then they heard the news, August 6th and 9th, 1945, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.
Looking Back: At Trinity, the First Nuclear Bomb Test - 1945
1965:
GreenPolicy360 Siterunner / Steven J. Schmidt (SJS): Let us go back in time to the era of the "Cuban Missile Crisis", when U.S. security was threatened by Russian nuclear weapons being delivered and made ready to launch within miles of the U.S. border. It was this news that first made many aware of existential as a word, as an imminent threat to life. Newly elected Congressman George E. Brown and high school sophomore student Steve Schmidt would meet soon after as Steve asked for his Congressman's assist in understanding the year's California high school debate topic -- 'Nth Countries and Nuclear Weapons Proliferation'. They agree to work together on this and on politics in the larger picture, the U.S. nuclear weapons and security issues. This begins an over 40 years working relationship that carried thru the peace, environment, science, earth science from space missions... the work was a steady mission.
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Day_Memories_on_the_50th_Anniversary
1968-70
"Earthrise" to the First "Earth Day"
: Environmental Movement, Global Security, Pro Peace 
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/images/1969_beginnings_of_the_modern_environmental_movement.pdf
 
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:: * https://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/images/US_Role_in_the_World%2C_Feb_1969_George_E_Brown_1.pdf
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::* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/images/US_Role_George_E_Brown_2.pdf
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::* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/images/US_Role_George_E_Brown_3.pdf
 
The 70s and 80s
"My friend George" - https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/George_E._Brown_Jr
GreenPolicy360 Siterunner / SJS: I met George Brown in the mid-1960s and we began to work to make environmental protection a political reality. He changed the direction of my life and was integral to my becoming an environmental activist. George was looking forward to the 21st century and especially to the challenges of environmental earth science programs he led in Congress for decades (George E. Brown - Wikipedia.) 
Planet Citizens, Planet Scientists, Preserving & Protecting the Home Planet Earth
GreenPolicy360 Siterunner / SJS: The original Mission Statement of the newly launched U.S. space program spoke of our planet and our responsibilities. GreenPolicy360's founder was fortunate, beginning in the 1960s, to listen to Congressman Brown Congressman George E. Brown point to the NASA plan and explain how he saw Congress put into action the reality of a multi-year, coordinated, multi-agency program to achieve mission goals. Earth science, measuring and monitoring Earth's life-enabling systems was given highest priority. Landsat's program was set in motion as a decades long, first-ever digital scanning remote satellites data collecting study. An array of satellites began to launch, creating and combining the expanding resources of NASA, USGS, NOAA, and an array of educational and scientific institutions and aeronautics business.
The overall goal, Representative Brown would continue to explain in his Congressional Science, Space & Technology leadership roles over the decades, was to understand, preserve and protect our planet as we, humanity, develop the science to look beyond the Earth and study 'the heavens'.
Here's to George Brown and the many visionaries, thinkers and doers who have carried on preserving and protecting our home planet.
Existential Threats, Existential Questions
George, as chairman of the House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, over the years until his sudden death in 1999 played a key role in nuclear weapons oversight. As with the National Climate Act he drafted in the 1970s identifying global warming as a serious, even existential threat, his focus on the threat from his first year in office in the early 1960s saw him leading efforts to reduce the nuclear stockpile and reducing the imminent threat of global destruction. The Congressman's work on non-proliferation stands out. George's letter to the head of the Department of Energy in February 1992 remains a testimony to the need for a new "strategic plan" for the Department of Energy (DOE) nuclear weapons labs. 
Congressman Brown singled out nuclear weapons as the Cold War came to an end and alternatives were envisioned. Your GreenPolicy360 editor, at that time, was often in communication with the Congressman on this issue, as I also worked alongside Governor Jerry Brown in formulating the presidential campaign platform of our campaign in 1992. Nuclear issues were top of mind, as were nuclear reduction efforts, non-proliferation and treaties to reduce nuclear stockpiles and build monitoring conventions. George assisted many public interest groups in nuclear oversight work, such as the Los Alamos Study Group. The Congressman's quest to promote peace was steady. 
George Brown / Speaks On Nuclear Weapons
In the mid 1980s and early 1990s George believed that, as the Cold War was ending with the fall of the Berlin Wall and soon thereafter the collapse of the Soviet Union, his strong advocacy for nuclear non-proliferation, his concern for decades, was realizable. Nuclear weapons controls and international nuclear agreements were doable, he thought. George was a visionary, an engineer who had the skills to turn visionary ideas into reality. In the years after your GreenPolicy360 founder first met George and we began decades of our association, I learned he was a World War 2 military veteran who courageously stood up to oppose the disastrous Vietnam war. 
As I worked with him over many years we both grew in our politics as we worked together for peace and environmental protection. Big science was at the center of much of George's future-looking agenda. He believed in green politics and was a mentor to me and many. He became a leader in Congress from California who helped shape the modern environmental movement. 
* Environmental Laws, Models Going Forward
* US National Environmental Policy Act, a "Magna Carta"
Today many of the actions of George Brown continue as models for citizens, cities and nations of the world. California and a green political/environmental protection movement that George helped to begin continue to be out in front with ideas to improve quality of life. 
In our GreenPolicy360 work, George's work continues. Even as political opposition to environmental work, anti-nuclear work, anti-war work is at risk, as we look out at a strategic horizon with pressing demands, the foundations put in place by an earlier generation remain strong.
Planet Citizens | Planet Citizens, Planet Scientists
George Brown's work remains with us in his legacy of accomplishment. I miss him often but know he is still around. I feel him when I write of green ideas and look to our kids and education and our shared future...
Let's look at some of what George accomplished before his untimely passing in 1999:
George was instrumental in proposing and establishing the Presidential Office of Science and Technology Policy in 1976. He was working with the National Academy of Sciences as they released a first-ever climate report.
In 1977 he and the new office sent a first government warning of "climatic fluctuation" and "catastrophic" change to President Carter:
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Existential treats: Congressman Brown Out in Front of Climate Action
Climate Change - Global Warming Keyword-Terms
First National Climate Act, Historic Work, 1978
GreenPolicy360 Siterunner / SJS: The beginnings of modern environmental and climate science can be traced to the 1960s and 1970s. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences played a key role in laying a foundation of scientific reports and data.'''
Energy and Climate Report, 1977, National Academy of Sciences / 175 pp. / PDF via GreenPolicy360
George Brown, taking the 1977 Energy and Climate Report from the Academy and made it actionable. In a historic moment, he proposed and drafted the legislation of the first U.S. National Climate Program and shepherded its passage in 1978.
 
The National Climate Program Act, Public Law 95-367
:National Climate Program Act, 1978 / PDF
: This first federal program established to study and assess scientifically the issues and risks of human-caused climate change became a foundation for comprehensive initiatives, with an array of new Earth Science missions led by NASA and NOAA, the EPA and USGS. 
:
At the Beginning of U.S. Science on Global Warming, Strategies & Planning
1978, the First Climate Actions
National Climate Program Act, Public Law 95-367
National Climate Program Act of September 1978
In 1979 came the first follow-on National Science Academy report. This study and report of national scientists was prescient and accurate in its global warming predictions.
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In his rumpled suits and quiet way George E. Brown moved to form coalitions few thought could be formed and garnered support for the first set of U.S. Congressional acts that served as foundation legislation for decades of green progress. 
The First Earth Day: Personal Memories by Steven Schmidt of George's Role
Congressman Brown's work advanced environmental air quality and clean air legislation. He introduced the nation's first bill to ban lead in gasoline and was at the forefront of the Clean Air Act. He attacked Los Angeles smog, some of the worst air quality of any city in the world at the time and the air standards that came out of California became models worldwide. He succeeded in clean air and water efforts, though rarely given credit given his quiet approach to accomplishing big picture goals. 
  
EPA History
George was a key player in legislation founding the Environmental Protection Agency. 
As the LA Times noted (without pomp or circumstance) in George's obituary in 1999: "He championed the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency". The creation of the EPA was in many ways Congressman George Brown's vision achieved..." 
The founding of the EPA was based on new realizations of science and the environment. The vision of the "Whole Earth" that began with unprecedented Apollo photos on the cover of Life magazine in January 1969 led to a coming together of education, students 'teach-ins', scientific space missions studying earth systems for the first time, and popular demands for environmental protections.
A leader and a chairperson on the House science committee for over 30 years, George legislatively engineered an array of science efforts, including one that greens look to as prescient -- climate science.
When Congressman Brown drafted originating legislation establishing a national climate change research program via the National Climate Program Act of 1978, the scientific community and nation were just beginning to awaken to a new national security threat. I remember his concern, our concern. He was trained as a scientist, an engineer, with an ability to see facts and data sets in a way others could not. 
Representative Brown was out in front of "Big Science". In his decades on the House Science, Space & Technology Committee, he worked to expand the reach of science. He knew that good data enabled good policy decisions. He pressed for first-generation earth science satellites and ongoing earth monitoring missions and data sharing.
Among his many initiatives, George Brown was a key figure in proposing, establishing, and then saving the Landsat program and its unique 'open-access' database of Earth Science imaging when President Reagan attempted to shut Landsat down. Landsat was a model for all the following earth science research missions from space and is now moving into its fifth decade with Landsat 9. 
Earth Science Research from Space
: Landsat and Virginia Tower Norwood
The 90s
The '92 U.S. Presidential Campaign: Governor Brown
The '92 U.S. Presidential Campaign: Governor Brown
1992 Presidential Campaign Platform
: of Governor Edmund G. 'Jerry' Brown Jr. 
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Brown
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Governor_Jerry_Brown
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War
: 
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Jerry_Brown_92_Presidential_Platform_We_the_People.jpg
IV. Foreign Relations
In his farewell address, President Dwight Eisenhower said, "In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought of unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic process. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals so that security and liberty may prosper together."
Like George Washington's farewell address, this sage advice was promptly ignored.
With the Cold War over, it is imperative that we now act on Eisenhower's sound counsel. We must rid ourselves of the residue of the Cold War: bloated defense budgets, thousands of unneeded nuclear weapons and major overseas troop deployments.
The United States must assume a greater responsibility for building a world order that aims for human rights, self-determination of peoples, just trading and economic relationships and broad respect for environmental standards.
B. NUCLEAR WEAPONS
The end of the Cold War call for the United States to make its boldest proposals in the area of nuclear weapons, which were developed almost totally with an eye toward containing the former Soviet Union. The June 16 U.S.-Russian nuclear weapons accord must be only the beginning of our efforts to eradicate the threat of nuclear war -- by intent or accident -- from the earth. The United States should next take the following steps:
* Enact an immediate moratorium on nuclear testing and negotiate a Comprehensive Test Ban treaty. The United States should join Russia in adopting a policy of no first use of nuclear weapons.
* Zero out and destroy all tactical nuclear weapons.
* Meet the weapons reductions specified in the June 16 accord within three years -- not the eleven years specified in the treaty or the eight discussed as a target by the Bush administration and Boris Yeltsin.
* Forego the land-based leg of the nuclear triad and put the excess warheads on bombers. This step, along with cancellation of the D-5 missile production, the remaining B-2 bombers and the last Trident submarines would save over $32 billion.
1993 - Joining Up with a Green Party in Formation 
Organizing a New Green Party, Drafting a Founding Platform, Traveling to Europe with a 'Common Ground' U.S.-European Green Parties Platform Agreement... welcoming a New European Green Party and Global Green Charter
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Green_Party
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Green_Party
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/User_talk:Siterunner
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Green_Platform
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Green_Politics
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Green_Politics
2000 and Beyond
Establishing the Green Institute
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Surviving_Victory.png
Establishing Strategic Demands and GreenPolicy360
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* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Environmental_Security,_National_Security
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Green_Politics
Strategic Demands
* https://strategicdemands.com/
* https://strategicdemands.com/about/
* https://strategicdemands.com/nuclear-issues-cold-war-2-0/
* https://strategicdemands.com/costsofwar/
* https://strategicdemands.com/new-definitions-of-security/
* https://strategicdemands.com/stewards-of-the-apocalypse/
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GreenPolicy360 (eOS)
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Planet Citizens
:* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Planet_Citizens
Nuclear Weapons
:* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Nuclear_Weapons
Green Party
:* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Green_Party
Earth Science Vital Signs
:* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Science_Vital_Signs
Nuclear Nonproliferation
:* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Nuclear_Nonproliferation
New Definitions of National Security
:* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/New_Definitions_of_National_Security
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