nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Vronse green

== Description ==
An unstandardized pigment name for a pigments green pigment. Vronse green was originally used for a green mixture of blue and yellow colors prepared by Paolo Vronse, a 16th c. Venetian painter (Mayer 1969). Since that time the name was used for earth green earth pigments of similar color. Since the 19th century, the name has been used for green emerald green and occasionally for viridian.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vert Vronse (Fr.); verde verons (Esp.); verde esmeralda (Esp.); verde de Pars (Esp.); Veronese earth; Paolo Vronse green; emerald green
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Vulcanite

== Description ==
An old brand name for a hard, dark, shiny rubber developed in the 1830s. The term Vulcanite was used for marketing in the U.S. while the name Ebonite was used in England. Vulcanite is produced by heating natural rubber with 10-32% sulfur. This is a much higher sulfur concentration than is usually used in vulcanization and the process results in an extremely brittle, dense moldable product. Vulcanite is naturally dark brown and opaque, but on exposure to light and moisture, the sulfur on the surface can oxidize forming a yellowish to greenish tinge. This surface is also acidic and can corrode adjacent metals. When warmed, vulcanite exudes a sulfurous odor. It was used to make combs, buttons, brooches, boxes, medallions, pens, and pencils. Vulcanite had good electrical insulation properties and was widely used for insulation. 
See also vulcanization and vulcanized rubber.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Vulcanized rubber, stamped Goodyear 1851.TIF~FTIR(MFA)]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ebonite; vulcanita (Esp.);
== Collection Risks ==
* Emits hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur containing gases upon degradation.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Spot test for vulcanized rubber: Iodine/sodium azide reagent for presence of reducible sulfur compounds - positive reaction generates bubbles (Daniels and Ward, 1982)
* Density = 1.15 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* V.Daniels, S.Ward, "A Rapid Test for the Detection of Substances which will Tarnish Silver" Studies in Conservation 27:58-60, 1982. 
* Plastics Museum Website
* Scott Williams, WAAC Newsletter 24(1) 2002 - Emits hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur containing gases upon degradation
* History of Plastic at www.nswpmith.com.au/historyofplastics.html
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Plastic"
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980
Category:Materials database
Vulcanization

== Description ==
Vulcanization is a process used to harden and strengthen rubber. Discovered by Charles Goodyear in 1839, vulcanization also makes rubber elastic, flexible and heat resistant. In the initial process, vulcanization was done by first heating rubber till it became a viscous mass, then sulfur compounds were added and the mixture cooled. When vulcanized rubber is exposed to heat or light, it can degrade, forming a brownish, brittle material that may evolve sulfurous oxides. Copper containing alloys can accelerate oxidative degradation (Hatchfield 2002). Recently, a chemical vulcanization process has also been developed that occurs at room temperature. This room-temperature vulcanization (RTV) occurs when the rubber is mixed with a catalyst. The RTV hardening process is generally used with silicone rubbers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vulcanisation (Br.); vulcanización (Esp.); vulcanisation (Fr.); vulcanizzazione (It.); vulcanização (Port.)
== Risks ==
Sulfur vulcanized rubbers can evolve sulfur fumes
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Spot test for vulcanized rubber: Iodine/sodium azide reagent for presence of reducible sulfur compounds - positive reaction generates bubbles (Daniels and Ward, 1982)
==Resources and Citations==
* P.Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002. 
* V.Daniels, S.Ward, "A Rapid Test for the Detection of Substances which will Tarnish Silver" Studies in Conservation 27:58-60, 1982.
Category:Materials database
Vulcanized rubber

== Description ==
A hard, non-sticky, elastic form of rubber. In 1839, Charles Goodyear discovered a process, termed 'vulcanization' that makes natural rubber into a form that is elastic, flexible and heat resistant. Vulcanization was done by first heating rubber till it became a viscous mass, then sulfur compounds were added and the mixture cooled.. Vulcanized rubber is produced by heating natural rubber with 10-32% sulfur. This is a much higher sulfur concentration than is usually used in vulcanization and the process results in an extremely brittle, dense moldable product. Vulcanized rubber is naturally dark brown and opaque, but on exposure to light and moisture, the sulfur on the surface can oxidize forming a yellowish to greenish tinge. This surface is also acidic and can corrode adjacent metals. When warmed, vulcanized rubber exudes a sulfurous odor. It was used to make combs, buttons, brooches, boxes, medallions, pens, and pencils. It had good electrical insulation properties and was widely used for insulation. The term Vulcanite was used for marketing in the U.S. while the name Ebonite was used in England.
Vulcanization is a process used to harden and strengthen rubber. Discovered by in 1839, When vulcanized rubber is exposed to heat or light, it can degrade, forming a brownish, brittle material that may evolve sulfurous oxides. Copper containing alloys can accelerate oxidative degradation (Hatchfield 2002). Recently, a chemical vulcanization process has also been developed that occurs at room temperature. This room-temperature vulcanization (RTV) occurs when the rubber is mixed with a catalyst. The RTV hardening process is generally used with silicone rubbers.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Vulcanized rubber, stamped Goodyear 1851.TIF~FTIR(MFA)]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ebonite; vulcanita (Esp.);
== Collection Risks ==
* Emits hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur containing gases upon degradation.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Spot test for vulcanized rubber: Iodine/sodium azide reagent for presence of reducible sulfur compounds - positive reaction generates bubbles (Daniels and Ward, 1982)
* Density = 1.15 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* V.Daniels, S.Ward, "A Rapid Test for the Detection of Substances which will Tarnish Silver" Studies in Conservation 27:58-60, 1982. 
* Plastics Museum Website
* Scott Williams, WAAC Newsletter 24(1) 2002 - Emits hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur containing gases upon degradation
* History of Plastic at www.nswpmith.com.au/historyofplastics.html
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Plastic"
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980
Category:Materials database
Vulkem

==Description== 
[Tremco] A textured, single-component, moisture-curing, gun-grade polyurethane sealant.
==Applications== 
General-purpose sealant designed for use on poured and precast concrete, masonry work, window and door perimeters, and similar types of construction joints. Vulkem 116 is approved for exterior use only. 
==Resources and Citations==
* Tremco: [file:///C:/Users/mderr/Downloads/Vulkem%20116%20Data%20Sheet.pdf Vulkem 116]
Vulpex

== Description ==
A brand name for a surfactant containing potassium methyl cyclohexyl oleate. Vulpex mixes with both organic and aqueous solvents. It was originally used in conservation for cleaning wall paintings. Vulpex has also been used for textiles, leather, carpets, oil paintings, sculpture, metals, and stone.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
potassium methyl cyclohexyl oleate
== Risks ==
* Flammable. Flash point = 123 F
* Kremer-Pigmente: MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in water, mineral spirits, trichloroethylene. 
* pH = 10.5-11.5.
Category:Materials database
Vulpinic acid

== Description ==
A natural yellow dye extracted from wolf lichen (Letharia vulpina). Vulpinic acid (C19H14O5) is a methyl ester derivative of pulvinic acid that was first isolated in 1925. The bright yellow dye has been used by Northwest Coast First Peoples for dyeing porcupine quills and wool. It was identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in yellow wool in the MFA's Chilkat Dancing Blanket (#2008.650)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Letharia vulpinia; vulpic acid; benzeneacetic acid, alpha-(3-hydroxy-5-oxo-4-phenyl-2(5H)-furanylidene)-, methyl ester, (E)- (9CI); methyl (2E)-2-(3-hydroxy-5-oxo-4-phenylfuran-2-ylidene)-2-phenylacetate; Methylpulvinsaure;
==Risks==
* Vulpinic acid is acutely toxic by ingestion and may be absorbed through the skin.
* Cayman Chemical: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Composition 	C19H14O5
CAS 	521-52-8
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 322.32 g·mol−1
Solubility 	water, hexane, acetone
== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
* George Thornton Emmons, The Tlingit Indians, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, 1991.
* Leonard Soltzberg, internal report
* Pub Chem Open Chemistry Database, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/vulpinic_acid#section=Top
Category:Materials database
Véronèse green

== Description ==
An unstandardized pigment name for a green pigment. Véronèse green was originally used for a green mixture of blue and yellow colors prepared by Paolo Véronèse, a 16th c. Venetian painter (Mayer 1969). Since that time the name was used for green earth pigments of similar color. Since the 19th century, the name has been used for emerald green and occasionally for viridian.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vert Véronèse (Fr.); verde veronés (Esp.); verde esmeralda (Esp.); verde de París (Esp.); Veronese earth; Paolo Véronèse green; emerald green
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
WAAC

= Western Association of Art Conservators =
"The Western Association for Art Conservation, WAAC, is a nonprofit membership organization for professional conservators. WAAC was founded in 1975 to bring together conservators practicing in the western United States to exchange ideas, information and news. Although WAAC is specifically a regional organization for the western states including Alaska and Hawaii, any individual or institution may become a member regardless of location or national boundary."(from website)
Web Address 	http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/waac/
Postal Address 	Pam Skiles 
WAAC Secretary
3840 Greenwood Avenue 
Oakland, CA 94602
Phone 	+1 510 238-3806
Contact 	p.skiles@comcast.net
Information Online	Conferences / seminars
Courses / workshops
Publishes newsletter
Books / brochures / articles
Publications viewable online
Archived information
Job openings
Publishes info sheets
Searchable 	Yes
Website Languages 	English
== Comments ==
Newsletter (3/year)-WAAC Newsletter -available online, archived and searchableCategory:Directory
WACC

= Williamstown Art Conservation Center =
"The Williamstown Art Conservation Center (WACC), a nonprofit organization located on the grounds of the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, treats objects ranging from family photographs, antiques and heirlooms to some of the most important paintings, sculpture and furniture in the country. Founded in 1977 to address the conservation and collection care needs of a small consortium of collecting institutions in the Northeast, the Center now serves more than 50 member museums and historical societies in New England, New York, Mid-Atlantic and Southeast, as well as individuals and corporations." (extracted from website)
Web Address 	http://www.williamstownart.org/
Postal Address 	Williamstown Art Conservation Center
225 South Street
Williamstown, MA 01267USA
Phone 	+1 413 458 5741
Fax 	+1 413 458 2314
Contact 	wacc@williamstownart.org
Searchable 	No
Categories 	Research / training
Website Languages	English
Category:Directory
Category:Directory: Research / training
WCG

= Washington Conservation Guild =
"The Washington Conservation Guild (WCG) is a nonprofit organization for professional conservators, students and others interested in conservation. It is based in Washington, D.C. and draws its membership primarily from Washington, Maryland and northern Virginia. The Guild offers a forum for the exchange of information about conservation through monthly meetings (October through May), a quarterly newsletter, its new publication, Conservation Resources for Art and Antiques, and a membership directory."(from website)
Web Address 	http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/wcg
Postal Address 	Washington Conservation Guild 
PO Box 23364
Washington, DC 20026
Phone 	202 623 9377
Contact 	washingtonconservationguild@hotmail.com
Information Online	Conferences / seminars
Courses / workshops
Publishes newsletter
Books / brochures / articles
Membership / staff directory
Searchable 	Yes
Categories 	Membership organization
Website Languages 	English
== Comments ==
The Washington Conservation Guild Newsletter (ISSN #0886-1323) is published quarterly in September, December, March, and June. As each new edition of the Newsletter appears, highlights are posted on this Web page; back issues are not archived on the website.Category:Directory
Category:Directory: Membership organization
WD-40

== Description ==
[WD-40 Company] A registered trademark for a light machine oil. WD-40® was developed in 1953 by Norm Larsen and the name is an abbreviation for 'water displacement, 40th attempt'. It contains a mixture of 50% volatile petroleum distillates in a petroleum base oil. WD-40® is used to lubricate metal surfaces especially for delicate machinery. Other applications include cleaning lightly rusted parts and removing adhesive residues.
== Risks ==
WD-40 aerosol: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Density 	0.817 g/ml
Boiling Point	323 F
==Resources and Citations==
* WD-40 company: Website
* Conservation News Number 33, July 87
* Website: www.hants.org.uk/museums/ofr/cmeth_t.html
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WD-40 (Accessed Dec. 29, 2005)
Category:Materials database
WMF

= World Monuments Fund =
The World Monuments Fund (WMF) is a private, non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of historic art and architecture worldwide through fieldwork, advocacy, grantmaking, education, and training. Since its founding in 1965, the New York-based World Monuments Fund has worked with local communities and partners to stem the loss of 400 important and irreplaceable sites in 80 countries. Every other year, WMF publishes the World Monuments Watch list of 100 Most Endangered Sites. (extracted from website)
Web Address 	http://wmf.org/
Postal Address 	World Monuments Fund
95 Madison Avenue, 9th floor
New York, New York 10016USA
Phone 	+1 646 424 9594
Fax 	+1 646-424 9593
Contact 	wmf@wmf.org
Information Online	Conferences / seminars
Grants / funding
Grant forms available online
Books / brochures / articles
Publications viewable online
Publication sold online
Publishes info sheets
Searchable 	No
Website Languages 	English
== Comments ==
Press release sheets available online; 
 World Monuments Watch List: 100 Most Endangered SitesCategory:Directory
Wad

== Description ==
An old English miners’ term for black earths primarily applied to manganese-rich earths but may also be applied to deposits of graphite. In this context, wads are composed of of manganese oxide and hydroxide minerals plus iron oxides. Workable deposits of pigment-grade wad were described as used in Devon, Somerset and Derbyshire in the 19th century. With current sophisticated analysis techniques, wad has also been found on archaeological ceramics (Siddall 2018).
The term wad has evolved into an unstandardized name for natural black minerals that has been applied to graphite, manganese black, and black iron oxide. 
See also wadding.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hyper-carburet of iron; black lead; plumbago;
==Resources and Citations==
* Ruth Siddall, 'Mineral Pigments in Archaeology: Their Analysis and the Range of Available Materials' Minerals Vol 8, p. 201 (2018). Link
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Wad clay

== Description ==
A piece of rolled clay used for coiling, modeling, or to level shelves in a kiln. Wadding clay is also used to separate saggers as well as to seal their lids.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
wadding clay; wadmill; dod box
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Waferboard

== Description ==
A type of layered particle board made wood wafers bonded together with a waterproof phenolic resin. Waferboard (WB), first made in the 1950s, is type a particle board made with thin, sliced wood chips or strands prepared in thin mats; three to five of the mats are cemented together to form the final board. It is used in the construction of houses and inexpensive furniture. Oriented strandboard (OSB), first made in the 1980s, is a type of waferboard in which the strand direction is oriented at 90 degree angles for each of the 3 to 5 layers. 
See fiberboard, and particle board.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
WB; flakeboard; oriented strandboard (OSB); oriented structural board;
== Resources and Citations ==
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Wood Products Industry specifications at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch10/final/c10s06-1.pdf
* Structural Board Components Association at https://www.sbcacomponents.com/
Category:Materials databaseCategory: MWGCategory: Wood
Waifa

== Description ==
A yellow-green dye developed from the flower buds of the Japanese pagoda tree, Sophora japonica, native to Japan, China and India. Waifa green is produced by dipping alum mordanted cotton in the flower extract then drying the cloth in the sun.
* See also [Uemura Archive] and [Dye analysis]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Japanese pagoda tree (Sophora japonica, Styphnolobium japonicum)
==Resources and Citations==
* F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876 Comment: p. 304
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda_tree (Accessed Oct. 8, 2005)
* Virginia Tech Dendrology website at www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm (accessed Oct. 8, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Wainscot color

== Description ==
An 18th century term for a yellow-brown paint composed of lead white and umber (Bucher 1996). Wainscot color was an oil-based paint that resembles the color of new oak.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
wainscot colour
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Wakeman Buff sandstone

== Description ==
A fine-grain, pale buff color sandstone quarried near Wakeman in Lorain County, Ohio (Lent 1925). Wakeman Buff sandstone has many fine dark veins in spider web patterns. It was used for the interior and exterior of buildings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Spider Web sandstone
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Wallboard

== Description ==
Any rigid sheet of material used for covering interior walls and ceilings. Wallboards are used as a substitute for plaster, as decoration and as quick or temporary support surfaces. Wallboard has been made from a variety of materials over the years. In 1772, Henry Clay received a patent in England for esll panels produced with paper layers. Originally, wallboards were a laminated pasteboard made from wood pulp, waste paper, bagasse, or rags. The paper panels were soaked in linseed oil, dried, then painted or lacquered. In 1926, the Masonite® process for producing a thin, dense fiberboard, or hardboard, was developed. A third type of wallboard made from gypsum is called drywall or plasterboard. It is composed of a gypsum core sandwiched between two layers of paper. Gypsum board is fire resistance, dimensionally stable, and inexpensive. Examples of some types of wallboard are: beaverboard; Upson board, Masonite®; Iso-board; Medex, particle board, Duron®, waferboard, drywall, and Sheetrock®.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
wall board; fiberboard; sheathing board; gypsum board; drywall; dry-wall; 
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 386
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
* A.Katlan, "Early Wood-Fiber Panels: Masonite, Hardboard and Lower-Density Boards" JAIC 33:301-306, 1994.
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Waller stone

== Description ==
A fine-grain, buff and blue sandstone quarried in Scioto County, Ohio. Waller sandstone is similar to McDermott stone. It has been used for sills, trim and paving.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database