nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Specially protected persons, objects, and activities (international humanitarian law)

==Common positions==
===African Union (2024)===
==National positions==
===Costa Rica (2023)===
===Sweden (2022)===
===Switzerland (2021)===
== Appendixes ==
=== See also ===
=== Notes and references ===
=== Bibliography and further reading ===
Category:Specially protected persons, objects and activities
Category:Legal concepts
Steel mill in Germany (2014)

Date 	Reported in December 2014. The German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) did not disclose the actual date of the attack but it appeared in its annual report from 2014.BBC news, “Hack attack causes 'massive damage' at steel works”, (22 December 2014), BBC.
Suspected actor	There is no evidence attributing the attack to individuals or groups. The attack has been classified as an Advanced Persistent Threat (APT), therefore, it has been assumed that it has been conducted by a skilled and well-funded group of hackers.Sentryo, “Cyberattack on a German steel-mill”, (31 May 2016), Sentryo Center.
Target 	A steel mill located in Germany (the German Government never disclosed the name and the location of the steel mill involved).BBC news, “Hack attack causes 'massive damage' at steel works”, (22 December 2014), BBC.
Target systems 	Microsoft Windows-based systems
Method 	According to a report published by the SANS Institute, the hackers targeted on site personnel and gained access to the steel mill network through a spear-phishing attack.R M. Lee, M J. Assante, T Conway, “Case study paper – German Steel Mill Cyber Attack”, (30 December 2014), SANS Institute. It is likely that the email contained an attached document that, once opened, triggered the malicious code within the steel mill networks.E Kovacs, “Cyberattack on German Steel Plant Caused Significant Damage: Report”, (18 December 2014), Security Week. Then, exploiting the vulnerabilities in the applications running on the targeted system, the code created a remote connection point to establish a bridge between the attackers and the targeted industrial network. At this point, the hackers were able to reprogram the programmable logic controllers (PLCs), compromising the functions of the furnace.ibid.
Purpose 	Unknown
Result 	The accumulation of breakdowns of individual industrial components of the control systemA Potekhin, “How this Attack on a German SCADA Network Could Have Been Prevented”, (23 June 2016), Cyberbit. prevented the furnace from being shut down, causing grave infrastructural damage.P Cobb, “German Steel Mill Meltdown: Rising Stakes in the Internet of Things”, (14 January 2015), SecurityIntelligence.
Aftermath 	The attack likely caused loss of control of the infrastructure and physical destruction at the steel mill. The German government never disclosed the entity of the damages. The attack bears relevance as it highlights the rapid development of increasing threats against Industrial Control Systems (ICS) resulting in physical damages.K Zetter, “A Cyberattack has causes confirmed physical damage for the second time ever”, (8 January 2015), Wired.
Analysed in 	Scenario 03: Cyber attack against the power grid
Scenario 10: Cyber weapons review
Collected by: Samuele De Tomas Colatin
Category:Example
Category:2014
Category:Industrial control system
SuperMicro supply chain breach (since 2010)

Date 	First discovered in early 2010.J Robertson and M Riley, ‘The Long Hack: How China Exploited a U.S. Tech Supplier’ Bloomberg (12 February 2021)
Suspected actor	According to Intel, APT 17 (also known as Sneaky Panda or Deputy Dog), a Chinese state-sponsored group, was behind the operation.
Target 	Various government agencies and private sector organizations, including Apple, Amazon, Intel, and the US Department of Defense.
Target systems 	Computers containing hardware made by Super Micro Computer Inc.
Method 	SuperMicro’s motherboards reportedly featured an extra chip the size of a grain of rice,J Robertson and M Riley. ‘The Big Hack: How China Used a Tiny Chip to Infiltrate U.S. Companies’ Bloomberg (4 October 2018) loaded with code that created a backdoor to the user’s servers.
Purpose 	Possibly data exfiltration and cyber espionage.
Result 	In 2018, Bloomberg estimated that there were 30 organizations that had suffered breaches but were unaware of that fact. The total number of organizations breached remains unknown. 
In addition, military data was exfiltrated from the US Department of Defense.
Aftermath 	SuperMicro has denied the reports and any culpability.SuperMicro, ‘Supermicro Statement on Bloomberg’s Claims’ (12 February 2021) However, the company admitted in 2019 that it had suffered “unauthorized intrusions” into its network that began in 2011 and ceased in 2018. A security audit conducted by SuperMicro did not reveal the presence of any malicious chips.SuperMicro, ‘Testing Finds No Malicious Hardware on Supermicro Motherboards’ (11 December 2018) Nonetheless, the company moved its manufacturing out of China.S Moss, ‘Supermicro to move manufacturing out of China to quell the spy chip rumors it denies’ Data Centre Dynamics (7 May 2019)
China has denied the allegations made against it, describing them as “attempts to discredit China and Chinese enterprises”.
Apple stopped using SuperMicro’s motherboards for “unrelated reasons”. By contrast, at least some US government agencies continued to purchase the company’s products, although reportedly for unclassified purposes.
Analysed in 	Scenario 02: Cyber espionage against government departments
Scenario 09: Economic cyber espionage
Collected by: Michaela Prucková
Category:Example
Category:2010
Texas Municipality ransomware attack (2019)

Date 	16 August 2019Alina Georgiana Petcu, 'An Overview of the Texas Ransomware Attack and What You Can Learn from It' Heimdal Security (11 December 2020)
Suspected actor	REvil'Texas Municipalities Hit by REvil/Sodinokibi Paid No Ransom, Over Half Resume Operations' Trend Micro (10 September 2019) (i.e., Ransomware EvilLucian Constantin, 'REvil ransomware explained: A widespread extortion operation' CSO (17 November 2020)), also known as Sodinokibi, a ransomware-as-a-service groupSingapore Computer Emergency Response Team, 'Revil Unravelled' (1 September 2020)
Target 	22Bobby Allyn, “22 Texas Towns Hit With Ransomware Attack In 'New Front' Of Cyberassault”, 20 August 2019. or 23'Texas government organisations hit by ransomware attack' BBC News (19 August 2019) small towns in Texas, U.S.
Method 	Targeting shared service providers of multiple municipalitiesManny Fernandez, Mihir Zaveri and Emily S. Rueb, “Ransomware Attack Hits 22 Texas Towns, Authorities Say”, 20 August 2019.
Purpose 	Unclear.
Result 	More than 40 municipalities have been targeted by ransomware attacks over the summer of 2019.Niraj Chokshi, “Hackers Are Holding Baltimore Hostage: How They Struck and What’s Next”, 22 May 2019. The attack on Texas municipalities, however, has been described as the most coordinated attack among all of them. As a result of the attack, city workers were unable to accept payments and to access vital records, including birth and death certificates.Kathleen Foody and Jake Bleiberg, AP, “Ransomware attack hits more than 20 Texas local governments”, 20 August 2019.
Aftermath 	The Texas Department of Information Resources (DIR) has led the response to this ransomware attack and the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) initiated investigations into the origin of the attack.Texas Department of Information Resources, “Update on the August 2019 Texas Cyber Incident”, 20 August 2019. Immediately after the attack, the municipalities were assisted by numerous federal and state agencies, including the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Department of Homeland Security, Texas A&M’s Information Technology and Electronic Crime Unit and the Texas Military Department.Kate Fazzini, “Alarm in Texas as 23 towns hit by ‘coordinated’ ransomware attack”, 19 August 2019.
Analysed in 	Scenario 14: Ransomware campaign
Collected by: Nele Achten
Category:Example
Category:2019
Category:Ransomware
The Shadow Brokers publishing the NSA vulnerabilities (2016)

Date 	August 2016
Suspected actor	A group of hackers called The Shadow Brokers (TBS)S Gibbs, “Shadow Brokers threaten to unleash more hacking tools”, (17 May 2017), The Guardian.
Target 	The United States National Security Agency (NSA)
Target systems 	N/A
Method 	The TBS group claimed to have hacked the Equation Group, a sophisticated hacking team believed to be operated by the NSA.T Brewster, “NSA Hacked? 'Shadow Brokers' Crew Claims Compromise of Surveillance Op”, (15 August 2016), Forbes. The leaked material could have come from a compromised NSA staging server (used for attacks) or from the mistake of an NSA employee who used the tools and left them exposed on a remote computer.J Menn, J Walcott, “Exclusive: Probe of leaked U.S. NSA hacking tools examines operative's 'mistake'”, (23 September 2016), Reuters. However, as reported by the ENISA, determining the true origin of the of the leaked file is as hard as attributing the attack per se. ENISA Cyber Security Info Notes, “The “Shadow Brokers” Story”, (5 October 2016), The European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA).
Purpose 	Unknown
Result 	The TBS group released and auctioned off a series of hacking tools developed by the NSA.S Biddle, “The NSA leak is real, Snowden documents confirm”, (19 August 2016), The Intercept. The hacking tools leaked by the TBS were intended to exploit a number of vulnerabilities in Cisco routers, Microsoft Windows based systems, Linux mail servers.B Schneier, “Who are the Shadow Brokers?”, (23 May 2017), The Atlantic. The leaks also included a working directory of an NSA analyst breaking into the SWIFT banking network.C Baldwin, J Menn, “Hacker documents show NSA tools for breaching global money transfer system”, (16 April 2016), Reuters.
Aftermath 	Even though it has been reported that the leaked material has been stolen in 2013,B Schneier, “Who are the Shadow Brokers?”, (30 May 2017), Schneier on Security Blog., D Goodin, “Mysterious Microsoft patch killed 0-days released by NSA-leaking Shadow Brokers”, (15 April 2017), Ars Technica. users have been able to update the hacking tools by readapting them. For instance, the “EXTRABACON” exploit has been modified in order to render it effective even for newer version of Cisco’s targeted softwares.D Goodin, “NSA-linked Cisco exploit poses bigger threat than previously thought”, (23 August 2016), Ars Technica. Besides, in 2017, TBS published “ETERNALBLUE”, the exploit that has been used as part of the WannaCry campaign during the same year.A NG, “Hackers behind stolen NSA tool for WannaCry: More leaks coming”, (16 May 2017), CNET. 
The leaking reveals the risk behind the secret development of hacking tools by national security agencies, which are not often willing to disclose software vulnerabilities to the software houses. E Buzas, “Hackers Hit ‘Some’ Cisco Customers With Leaked NSA Hacking Tools”, (19 September 2016), Motherboard.
Analysed in 	Scenario 07: Leak of State-developed hacking tools
Collected by: Samuele De Tomas Colatin
Category:Example
Category:2016
Ukrainian parliamentary election interference (2014)

Date 	October 2014 shortly before the Ukrainian parliamentary elections were held.
Suspected Actor 	A pro-Russian hacktivist group called CyberBerkut with suspected ties to the GRU hacker group known as APT28 (or Fancy Bear) was allegedly responsible for the attacks.A Greenberg, 'Everything We Know About Russia's Election-Hacking Playbook' Wired (6 September 2017).
Target and Method	Four days before the national vote, the Ukrainian central election system was compromised and critical files were deleted, rendering the vote-tallying system inoperable; three days before the national vote, CyberBerkut released exfiltrated data onto the internet as proof of the success of the operation.M Clayton, 'Ukraine election narrowly avoided "wanton destruction" from hackers' CS Monitor (17 June 2014).
Malware, which would have portrayed ultra-nationalist candidate Dmytro Yarosh as the winner with 37 percent of the vote and candidate Petro Poroshenko as having 29 percent of the vote, was installed.
Shortly after polls closed, the website of the Ukrainian Central Election Commission, which organized the elections, was shut down. Ukrainian security officials characterized the operation as a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack, which can slow down or disable a network by flooding it with communications requests.
Purpose 	The Central Election Commission described the attack as "just one component in an information war being conducted against our state".'Hackers target Ukraine's election website' AFP (25 October 2014). The attack can be seen as part of the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, which had started with the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula by Russia in February-March 2014.See, eg, 'International armed conflict in Ukraine' Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts (12 September 2017).
Result 	The vote-tallying system was restored, using backups, three days before the national vote.
Ukrainian cybersecurity personnel were able to remove the malware 40 minutes before election results went live, preventing it from releasing erroneous results.
Election results were blocked for two hours and the final tally was delayed. Nonetheless, Ukrainian officials announced that they had prepared for the possibility of a DDoS attack and used a backup to restore the entire system.
Aftermath 	Russian media announced that Dmytro Yarosh had won the election with 37 percent of the vote and that Petro Poroshenko had obtained 29 percent of the vote, despite such erroneous results never having been publicly released by Ukrainian officials.
In 2015, Ukraine was subject to another cyber operation conducted against the Ukrainian power grid.
In 2018, Ukrainian officials noted that they were planning to upgrade their information technology infrastructure prior to the 2019 presidential election in order to address a range of cyber security threats that they had expected to face.OSCE, 'Ukraine: Presidential Election 31 March 2019 - ODIHR Needs Assessment Mission Report' (21 December 2018) 7.
Analysed in 	Scenario 01: Election interference
Category:Example
Category:2014
Category:DDoS
War crimes

== Definition ==
War crimes
Individual criminal responsibility for war crimes is stipulated in Article 8 of the Rome Statute. Article 8(1) of the Rome Statute stipulates that the International Criminal Court has jurisdiction over war crimes “in particular when committed as part of a plan or policy or as part of a large-scale commission of such crimes”. War crimes, unlike crimes against humanity, do not have to be committed as part of a widespread attack against the civilian population,CLICC commentary, Art 8 (1) (noting that “it is unlikely that a single act would meet the gravity threshold in Article 17(1)(d)” of the Rome Statute). but they have to be committed in the context of an armed conflict.
As international humanitarian law applies to cyber operations during armed conflicts, serious violations of international humanitarian law committed by cyber means may qualify as war crimes.Tallinn Manual 2.0, commentary to rule 84, para 2. The Tallinn Manual 2.0 explains that such war crimes under customary international law include the grave breaches in Articles 50, 51, 130, and 147 of the four Geneva Conventions respectively, Article 85 of AP I, as well as the offences stated in Article 8 of the Rome Statute regarding both international and non-international armed conflicts as war crimes under customary international law.Tallinn Manual 2.0, commentary to rule 84, para 1. See also Kai Ambos, ‘International Criminal Responsibility in Cyberspace’ in Nicholas Tsagourias and Russell Buchan (eds), Research Handbook on Cyberspace and International Law (2nd edn, Edward Elgar 2021) 156.
== Appendixes ==
=== See also ===
* Scenario 19: Hate speech
* Individual criminal responsibility under international law
* Crime of genocide
* Crimes against humanity
=== Notes and references ===
=== Bibliography and further reading ===
Category:Individual criminal responsibility under international law
Category:War crimes
Category:Legal concepts
Projects

HEY FUCKERS, THIS ARTICLE IS A FUCKING STUB. FIX IT UP SO THAT IT IS BETTER, FAGGOTS.
Not to be confused with Remixing, and both Projects and Remixing should not be confused with Stealing. Don't confuse the three, faggot.
Projects are the main purpose on Scratch. Although it's hard to have a real purpose if a majority of the projects are like this piece of shit. In fact, the only real good projects have been deleted.
thumb|alt=The standard project|This is what you should expect to find on the front page.
==Types of Projects==
There are a few types of projects to look at.
* Projects that are completely shit. Example.
* Projects that are intentionally shit. Example.
* Projects designed for remixing- still shit, though. Example.
* Projects designed to be games, but are shit because of how broken it is. Example.
* Projects that are actually good okay passable not shit. Example.
==Creating a Project==
Do you want to make a project too? Good! Now we know you are a part of the retarded community.
===The Process===
*Step 1: First, bring up the "editor" of choice. Shouldn't be too hard as there is only one. And it doesn't even fucking work.
*Step 2: Drag blocks all over the place. If you're good enough, you can make something work! Woooah.
*Step 3: Add shitty clip-art quality pictures given to you, or draw the shitty pictures yourself. Either way, it will be shit.
*Step 4: Add shitty music you make yourself or just steal them, because fuck copyright.
*Step 5: Release the pile of shit made in a few minutes.
Congrats! Now you should become An hero.
==See Also==
Scratch (Program)
Scratch (Website)
Remixing

Not to be confused with Projects, and both Projects and Remixing should not be confused with Stealing. Don't confuse the three, faggot.
Remixing is a sacred art of taking someone else's shit, and calling it your own. If you add a very slight edit, the Scratch Team will say it's okay, and continue with the circle jerking.
thumb|alt=Butt on|The only button you will ever need.
==HOW TO REMIX==
Remixing is really easy. All you need to do is click the button that says "See inside", add one block, and
CONGLATURATION
CONGLATURATION
CONGLATURATION
CONGLATURATION
CONGLATURATION
CONGLATURATION
 You just made a remix! 
 now please commit an hero 
Seriously, it's not that hard to remix. If you had to look back on this shit to use it as a guide, you are a dumbass.
==Remix-based projects==
As if just remixing the damn projects weren't enough, there are projects DEDICATED for you to make minor edits and call it your own.
The two biggest offenders are Coloring contests and Add yourself to X projects.
Scratch (Program)

This is not to be confused with Scratch (website). If you manage to confuse the two, you are a dumbass.
Behold, the shitty program that spawned all of the shitty projects circulating Scratch itself. And this shit had multiple versions too, but most of them just add 3 pretty new blocks at a time. It's always going to be shit, and nothing you do will prevent it from being shit. Ever.
==Before Scratch 1.xxx==
Everything before 1.x looked like absolute shit. The first version is all black and white because the Scratch Team were being emos at the time designing the shitty program. It is believed that they were cutting their wrists while designing 0.1.
Not like Scratch version "0.who gives a horse's ass" looked any better. Someone in the Scratch Team must have thought that the program wasn't gay enough for little kids to enjoy, because it has colors all over the fucking place.
==Scratch 1.X==
After the failures that were spawned from the unholy asses of the Scratch Team, they decided to re-make the entire shitty thing with the same concept of stacking blocks together, but make it a combination of emo and gay, and what came out was Scratch 1.0.
===Scratch 1.0===
After 3 or more years of circle jerking and occasionally working on the program for a few seconds a day, the Scratch Team decided that they should actually work on something for once and shat this abomination out. It had more blocks than the previous versions (that were private, because everyone at the ST are greedy hogs that want more), and also had a better looking color scheme in general.
===Scratch 1.1 through 1.4===
They are all the same thing as 1.0, but with very slight differences. But since all of the little kids are absolutely stupid, they ate it up anyway and praised the Scratch Team as their holy lord and saviors. There is no real point in looking over these, as NOTHING MAJOR WAS CHANGED.
==Scratch 2.0==
While in the MIT, one person in the ST, who was obviously high, said "Hey, let's take our popular program, and fuck it sideways!" Instead of being smart and disagreeing with the dickhead, they agreed and proceeded to tear 1.4 apart. What came out was some shitty, bug filled abomination to the entire internet. Scratch 2.0. It has more bugs and glitches than Sonic '06, and it has about as many useless things as a swiss army knife.
==Scratch 3.0==
As if that wasn't good enough, in 2019, the ST decided to fuck up their program yet again, and what came out was an unusable pile of shit that stunk to high hell and broke all the "projects" made by 8-year-olds.
==Scratch Jr.==
Did you ever get a huge brain pain from the oh so hard scripting required for Scratch? Well this miscarriage is perfect for you! Introducing Scratch Jr., an absolutely useless program with shitty art at best. And the worst part is? It's for iFags and Droidfags only. You know, for teh kidz.
.
==See Also==
Projects
Scratch (website)
Scratch Team

The Scratch Team is a group of script kiddies and man-babies watching over Scratch 24/7 because they have nothing better to do with their lives. There are many admins working for Scratch. It is unknown what they really do over at Scratch HQ. Some theories say that all of the admins circle jerk over the "positive" comments given to them.
The ST's theme song
==(IN)FAMOUS ADMINS==
Paddle2See- One of the biggest Scratch Nazis of them all. All this admin does all day is merge forum posts together and ban everyone who doesn't offer to suck his dick in a kid-friendly way.
Lightnin- The only admin that isn't a fucking Scratch Nazi. However, he is still a cock sucking ball groper only because he is an admin.
cheddargirl- Also a giant fucking Scratch Nazi. This bitch likes to suck Paddle2See's tiny dick when she isn't closing forum posts all day or sending ban threats to everyone.
Harakou- One of the hundreds of thousands of bronies on Scratch. If there is any insult against MLP:FiM in anything, expect this admin to be lured over there and shut that shit down before you have a chance to do any more damage to the very small amount of bronies on Scratch.
===NOT SO (IN)FAMOUS ADMINS===
Any admin not listed here are most likely Scratch Nazis, but aren't worth more than half a shit to list because of how inactive they usually are.
===MINI-MODS===
These faggots ruin everything that may have been good with the shitty community. The main goal for these assholes is to get into the Scratch Team. All these dicks ever do, when not reporting everyone for no fucking reason, is jack off to one of the four admins above and shove dildos up their ass, pretending that said admin is fucking them hard.