nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Brimstone

== Description ==
Currently used as a common name for solid sulfur. In early times, brimstone was used to refer to any ore or stone that burned.
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 783
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983
Category:Materials database
Brinell hardness test

== Description ==
A method for testing the hardness of a metal. With the Brinell hardness test, a steel ball (one centimeter in diameter) is pressed into the surface of the metal with a standard force. The size of the indentation is measured and compared to tables of hardness numbers provide by the instrument manufacturer.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Brinellhärte Prüfung (Deut.); épreuve de dureté Brinell (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.940
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Bristle

== Description ==
A stiff hair or fiber used for brushes. Natural bristles are obtained from the back or shoulders of swine (hogs, pigs, or boars). They can be white, yellow, bronze, gray, or black. From the 16th century to 1917, Russia was the major exporter of brush bristles (usually white). China began exporting natural black bristles in 1889 to the U.S. and these quickly gained in popularity. Currently most natural hair bristles come from India. A flag, or split end, adds to the paint carrying ability of the bristle. Some plant fibers, such as piassava, are also used for brush bristles. Synthetic bristles are various stiff monofilament fibers such as nylon, and polyethylene.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
brush
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Lengths up to 13 inches. Bristles have a natural curve and springiness. They often have flags (split ends at tips)
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I Natural Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England, 1984
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "brush" [Accessed October 16, 2003].
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* F. Kidd, Brushmaking Materials, Bristish Brush Manufacturers, London, 1957
* Zora Sweet Pinney, 'A Handle on the Terms used for Artists' Brushes', unpublished glossary, 1999
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Bristlecone pine

== Description ==
A slow-growing pine, Pinus aristata, native to the western United States. Bristlecone pines grow for thousands of years and are the oldest known living trees. Tree ring samples obtained from bristlecone pines have provided calibration samples for carbon 14 dating charts.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pinus aristata
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Glyn E. Daniel, ed., Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York, 1977
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Bristol board

== Description ==
A high quality, stiff, glazed, white cardboard. Originally made in Bristol, England around 1800, Bristol boards, or Bristol papers, were name for the Earl of Bristol who was associated with visiting cards and the fine arts. Early papers were often made by local stationers. Bristol boards are typically supercalendered to produced a smooth surface, but can also be found textured as vellum or with a rough finish. The surface is favored for drawing with pen and ink as well as printing. The boards are now categorized into three main classes: printing bristols, index bristols, and wedding bristols. Printing bristols have a stiff, printable surface. They are used for advertising, posters, displays as well as pen and ink drawings and paintings. The U.S. Patent Office requires trademark and patent images be drawn on Bristol board. Index bristols also accept printing and writing well and are extremely erasable. They are used as booklet covers, file cards, postcards, and menus. Wedding bristols are made with decorative finishes, such as vellum or antique plate. Bristol boards are available in various plies and have been used in museums for interleaving, dividers and supports.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bristol (Fr.); Bristol paper; illustration board
== Applications ==
Interleaving, dividers, supports.
== Collection Risks ==
Some Bristol boards are not archival quality. Choose lignin-free boards with a neutral pH.
== Forms/Sizes ==
Common sizes include 22 1⁄2 in × 28 1⁄2 in (572 mm × 724 mm) and its bulk thickness is 0.006 inches (0.15 mm) or higher[2] and A4, A3, A2 and A1. Bristol board is typically white, but can now be found in multiple colors.
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Krill, English Artists Paper, Trefoil Publications, London, 1987, p. 139-140.
* Rachael Perkins Arenstein, Lisa Goldberg, and Eugenie Milroy, ‘Support and Rehousing for Collection Storage’ In ‘Preventive Conservation: Collection Storage’ Lisa Elkin and Christopher A. Norris (eds.), Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, New York. 2019. 
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Silvie Turner, Which Paper?, Design Press, New York, 1991
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Roy Perkinson, contributed information, 1998
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 583
Category:Materials databaseCategory: MWGCategory: Board/Box/Tube, Cellulose
Bristol glaze

== Description ==
A low-fired stoneware glaze that that produces a clear or cream color-glassy surface. Bristol glazes, developed in the mid 19th century, contain feldspar, and zinc oxide.
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Historic ceramics: www.anthro.utah.edu/IMACs/473-Ceramics.pdf
Category:Materials database
Bristol stone

== Description ==
A creamy white limestone quarried near Bristol, England.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Britannia metal

== Description ==
A silvery-white metal alloy containing tin (94%) with antimony (5%), copper (1%) and small amounts of bismuth and zinc. Britannia metal was developed in England in the mid-18th century as a substitute for pewter. It is brighter, harder and more corrosion resistant that pewter. After 1825, it was the only kind of pewter used to any extent (Mayer 1969). Britannia metal was used in utensils, cookware, tableware, tankards, and teapots. It was also used as a base for electroplated silver. Silver-plated britannia metal is stamped with quadruple plate or with EPBM (Electro-Plated Britannia Metal).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
EPBM; pewter; white metal; Britannium; Britannia-Metall (Deut.)
== Risks ==
Skin contact may cause irritation or lesions.
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 596
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Caring for your Collections, Arthur W Schulz (ed.), Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , New York, 1992
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Category:Materials database
British Museum - Department of Conservation, Documentation and Science

The Bristish Museum's Department of Conservation, Documentation and Science works alongside other departments in the Museum to conserve and investigate the collection. The Museum has one of the oldest and largest conservation facilities in the world. The team of conservators work to clean, repair and stabilise the objects in the collection. The study of objects while they are being conserved contributes to a better understanding of the collections and the mechanisms by which they deteriorate. This information is important to the development of new conservation techniques and allows advice to be given on the best conditions for the display and storage of objects to prevent further decay. Scientists in the department provide insights into the past through research on the collection. Using both traditional and the very latest methods and equipment they are able to answer questions that help with the interpretation and understanding of the collection. The Collections Documentation Group manages the Museum's records of all the objects in the collection. This means updating and digitising more than 250 years of records from hand-written registers, catalogues and index cards to excavation and fieldwork reports. (extracted from website)
Web Address 	http://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/departments/conservation,_doc__science.aspx
Postal Address	Department of Conservation, Documentation and Science The British Museum Great Russell Street London WC1B 3DG
Phone 	+44 (0)20 73238279
Fax 	+44 (0)20 7323 8636
Contact 	conservation@thebritishmuseum.ac.uk
Searchable 	Yes
== Comments ==
The Bristih Museum maintains a searchable database on an extensive number of research reports.Category:Directory
British gum

== Description ==
An impure form of dextrin prepared from starch that is hydrolyzed by roasting at 150C (300F) without the use of acid. These high temperatures produce a dark colored dextrin that is used in industry as a paper adhesive. British gum is soluble in warm water and it is typically used in concentrations of 10-35%. British gum gives a reddish-brown color in iodine.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
starch gum; dextrin; goma de almidón (Esp.); dextrina (Esp.); destrina (It); gomma d'amido (It)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 263
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Brittleness

== Description ==
The ability of a material to break or crack when placed under pressure. A very brittle material will snap or tear when it is folded. This is usually an undesirable quality. A material with low brittleness will readily deform under pressure without breaking. A brittle metal has low ductility and low malleability.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Sprödigkeit (Deut.); fragilité (Fr.); brittle
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 949
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
Category:Materials database
Broadcloth

== Description ==
A closely woven fabric made from cotton, Polyester, Rayon, silk, or fiber blends. Broadcloth has a soft, shiny finish and a plain weave with a crosswise rib. Originally made in Great Britain in the 1920s, broadcloth referred to a shirting fabric made on a loom wider than 27 inches. The name broadcloth has also been used for a fine, soft, dense wool fabric with a napped face and twill back.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tejido ancho de estambre (Esp.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Has at least 60 filling yarns to the inch.
== Additional Images ==
File:cotton broadcloth2_blk.jpg|thumb|Cotton broadcloth
File:cotton broadcloth_50X.jpg|Cotton broadcloth
File:cotton broadcloth_100X.jpg|Cotton broadcloth
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996 Comment: wider than 27 inches
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990 Comment: wider than 29 inches
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 878
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Website: www.fabrics.net
Category:Materials database
Brocade

== Description ==
A heavy fabric, with an elaborate, raised design interwoven on a satin or twill weave background. Brocade originated in France and was usually made with a jacquard weaving mechanism. The embossed fabric, usually made from silk or cotton, can have gold or silver interlaced threads. It is used for upholstery, draperies, and wall coverings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
brocado (Esp.); brocart (Fr.); Brokaat (Ned); lamé; brocatelle;
== Additional Images ==
File:21.246_brocade_overall.jpg|Japanese silk brocade with gold thread overall
File:21.246_brocade_det.jpg|Japanese silk brocade with gold thread detail
File:21.246_brocade_det_obverse.jpg|Japanese silk brocade with gold thread detail on obverse
==Resources and Citations==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Brocade." Accessed 10 Aug. 2004.
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Website: www.fabrics.net
Category:Materials database
Brocatelle

== Description ==
A type of brocade made with the design in high relief. Brocatelle fabrics are produced on a jacquard loom with silk, rayon, or cotton fibers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
brocade
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Brochantite

== Description ==
A vivid green mineral composed of tribasic copper sulfate. Brochantite was discovered by French grologist, A.J.M Brochant de Villiers. It is a secondary mineral found in oxidized zones of copper deposits in Arizona, Chile, Mexico, and Russia. The mineral also forms as a bright green corrosion product on copper and bronze artifacts exposed to sulfur containing pollution. Brochantite is considered a stable patina, but may indicate pit formation for outdoor leaded bronzes due to the formation of a soluble lead sulfate. 
See also antlerite.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tribasic copper sulfate; Brochantit (Deut.); brochantite (Fr., It.); brocantita (Esp.); brochantiet (Ned.); brochantite (Port.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Brochantite.TIF~FTIR (MFA)|Brochantite Raman MFA 385.TIF~Raman (MFA)|PIG385.jpg~XRD (MFA)|f385sem.jpg~SEM (MFA)|f385edsbw.jpg~EDS (MFA)]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Needle-like prisms in orthorhombic crystalline system. 
* Streak = pale green. 
* Luster = vitreous. 
* Perfect cleavage in one direction. 
* Fracture = conchoidal
Composition 	Cu4SO4(OH)6
Mohs Hardness	3.5 - 4.0
Density 	3.9-4.0 g/ml
== Resources and Citations ==
* Mineralogy Database: Brochantite
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochantite (Accessed Sept. 2, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Broken twill

== Description ==
A sturdy, textured fabric with a disrupted diagonal twill pattern. Broken twill is a tablet weaving technique that changes the twill direction to make designs such as diamond shapes or the elaborate pattern bands used in the Middle Ages. Broken twill is used in many denim fabrics as well as for blankets and coats.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
reversed twill; cross twill
==Resources and Citations==
* Medieval Textile Study Group, Issue 24, June 2000 at www.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/webdocs/mnm_mt24.pdf
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Bromcresol green

== Description ==
A reddish brown powder used as an acid-base indicator dye. In solution bromcresol green gives a yellow color below pH 3.8 and blue color above pH 5.4. It is used in the Archivist's Pen pH sensitive marker and in A-D indicator strips.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Bromkresolgrün (Deut.); bromocresol green; 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromophenol-meta-cresolsulfonphthalein; 4,4'-(3H-2, 1-benzoxathiol-3-ylidene) bis [2,6-dibromo-3 methylphenol]S,S-dioxide
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|bromocresol green.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Risks ==
* Ingestion, inhalation and contact may cause irritation. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in ethanol, ether, ethyl acetate, benzene. Slightly soluble in water.
Composition 	C21H14Br4O5S
CAS 	76-60-8
Melting Point 	218-219 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 698.02
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 1407
* Sigma Dyes, Stains and Natural Pigments, Infrared Library, Nicolet, 1991-1995 Comment: OMNIC: formula= C21H14Br4O5S, CAS= 76-60-8
Category:Materials database
Bromelain

== Description ==
A proteolytic enzyme derived from the stems of the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus). Bromelain was first isolated in 1957 and is now sold as a food supplement to aid digestion and reduce tissue inflammation. Bromelain is a cysteine protease enzyme which hydrolyzed proteins by breaking the peptide bonds of the cysteine units. It is used to target casein. The activity of bromelain is measured in CDU (casein digestion units), GDU (gelatin digestion units) or MCU (milk clotting units) where one GDU is approximately 1.5 MCU.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bromelin; ananase; extranase; inflamen; traumanase
==Risks==
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Bromelain is active over a pH range of 3-10
* CAS = 9001-00-7
==Resources and Citations==
* The Merck Index, Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996
* Website: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/1,1525,760,00.html
* Website: http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/bro_0330.shtml
* Website: http://www.price-pottenger.org/Articles/Bromelain.html
* Website address 4 Comment: OSHA at http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_221750.html
Category:Materials database
Bromelia

== Description ==
Fine, soft fibers obtained from several species of Bromelia that are native to Central and South America. Bromelia fibers are long, strong, and creamy white. They are used for cordage, ropes, belts, carpets, and canvas-like fabrics.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bromeliad; wild pineapple;
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Good resistance to water.
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I Natural Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England, 1984
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
Category:Materials database
Bromide paper

== Description ==
A fast photographic printing paper. Bromide paper was introduced in 1871 by Richard L. Maddox and used until about 1920. The paper is formed using a gelatin emulsion containing silver bromide. Bromide paper gives dense black prints. It was usually used for enlargements.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bromide print; bromide printing paper; silver bromide paper; Bromosilberpapier (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Photography"
* Luis Nadeau, Encyclopedia of Printing, Photographic, and Photomechanical Processes, Atelier, New Brunswick, 1997
Category:Materials database