nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Emerging markets

Emerging markets are markets in countries that are restructuring their economies to become market-oriented and thus offer opportunities in trade, technology transfers, and foreign direct investment. They are in transition from developing to being fully developed. According to the World Bank, the five biggest emerging markets are China, India, Indonesia, Brazil and Russia. Mexico, Argentina, South Africa, Poland, Turkey, and South Korea are considered emerging markets as well. 
The term was coined by Antoine van Agtmael in 1981 when he was working for the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a division of the World Bank. He hoped to attract needed investment to a set of once-obscure, now promising stock markets.
Emerging markets are characterized by strong economic growth and rising disposable incomes. However, many of their citizens are still relatively poor. They are regional economic powerhouses with large populations, resource bases, and markets.
They are societies that are undertaking domestic economic and political reforms, moving away from state interventionist policies that failed to produce economic growth and toward open door policies. They are the world's fastest growing economies and are expected to become more significant buyers of goods and services than industrialized countries. They are also critical participants in the world's political, economic, and social affairs. They are seeking a larger voice in international politics and a bigger slice of the global economic pie.
== References ==
Category:Russia
Emil Assentato

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Emil Assentato is chief executive of Tradition (North America), Inc.(TNA)and Tradition Asiel Securities (TAS), and chairman of FXDirectDealer LLC (FXDD) and Standard Credit LLC.
== Background ==
In 1973 Emil Assentato began his career on Wall Street at M.W. Marshall Inc., which was a firm that focused on OTC markets. In 1986 he joined Tradition (North America), Inc. (TNA), acting as money market and short term derivative manager. In 1991, he was appointed CEO of TNA. After a few years, he became the president of Tradition Government Securities, which is now called Tradition Asiel Securities (TAS). In 2006, as the retail forex platform formed by TNA, FXDirectDealer LLC (FXDD) grew, Assentato was named chairman and in 2008 he was also appointed chairman of Standard Credit LLC.
== Education ==
Emil Assentato graduated from Hofstra University in 1971 with an economics degree as well as being inducted into the National Business Honor Society.
== References ==
Emil van Essen

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Emil Van Essen is CEO of Emil van Essen LLC, a commodity trading advisor, CTA based in Chicago. Van Essen, who has been a registered CTA since 1997, has been trading and modeling trading systems in the futures industry for more than 25 years. He has developed trading programs that primarily focus on spread trading strategies. 
His firm was the recipient of two BarclayHedge "BTOP" awards at the Managed Futures Pinnacle Awards held on June 11, 2012, for: Best Return (High Volatility - Diversified) for $100-299M AUM and Best Defensive (Diversified) for $100-299M AUM. His firm was nominated for another Pinnacle award in 2014 for the category of "3-Year Best Hybrid CTA." 
== Background ==
He began his career as an institutional futures specialist for Prudential Securities and moved on to become director of quantitative futures analysis at REFCO Global Ltd., and director of managed futures at the Bank of Montreal. At Bank of Montreal, established its managed futures operations and began testing and developing a CTA selection model for the bank. Van Essen also created the bank's first systematic, model-driven proprietary trading group.
He also has authored two books on systematic futures trading.
== John Lothian News Interview ==
 JLN Managed Futures editor Jim Kharouf spoke with van Essen about his trading program, how the industry evolved and the issue on most minds in the industry, what impact will MF Global have on the managed futures space. Disclaimer: Futures and options trading involve risk. Past results are no indication of future performance. Investment in this fund is open to QEP investors only. Published December 1, 2011.
==Products==
== Education ==
Van Essen studied honors mathematics at the University of Waterloo, in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, from 1983 to 1986. 
== References ==	
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Emil van Essen Managed Futures

Emil van Essen Managed Futures was founded by Emil van Essen. He has been a registered commodity trading advisor since 1997. 
The firm was the recipient of two BarclayHedge "BTOP" awards at the Managed Futures Pinnacle Awards held on June 11, 2012, for: Best Return (High Volatility - Diversified) for $100-299M AUM and Best Defensive (Diversified) for $100-299M AUM. 
In December 2006, van Essen launched a spread trading program focused on commodities. The program, targeted at institutional and qualified investors, originally focused on roll arbitrage - pricing inefficiencies in commodity spreads resulting from commodity funds rolling their positions from the spot month to a deferred delivery date. Van Essen has since expanded into fixed income markets, including a program solely focused on yield curve inefficiencies.
== Products and Services ==
As of July 2014, van Essen had expanded to five program offerings: 
*Emil Van Essen Spread Trading High Minimum – includes both commodity and fixed income exposure. $5,000,000 minimum investment.
*Emil Van Essen Spread Trading High Minimum Commodity Only – includes only commodity exposure. $5,000,000 minimum investment.
*Emil Van Essen Spread Trading Interest Rate Only – yield curve trading only. $1,000,000 minimum investment.
*Emil Van Essen Spread Trading Low Minimum – same program as high minimum combined with a $500,000 minimum investment. 
In June 2014, the firm lauched:
EvE Multi-Strategy Program (EvE MS), a 50-50 combination of the firm’s flagship EvE Spread Trading Program (EvE STP) and the EvE Long-Short Commodity Program (EvE LSCP)
== Key People ==
*Emil van Essen, CEO
*Bryan Kiernan, strategy
*Russ Rauch, operations
*Dennis Callahan, manager of trading and back-office 
*Anthony Zaccaria, director of business development
== References ==
Emily Ahearn

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Emily Ahearn is the director of public relations at software solutions company NumeriX. She was appointed in January 2012.
== Background ==
Ahearn was formerly an account supervisor at Intermarket Communications, beginning in June 2007.
== Education ==
Ahearn earned a bachelor's degree in business administration, marketing, and communications from Fordham University in 2007.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:NumeriX
Emily Cates

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Emily Cates is a specialist in operational processing at Rule Financial, a London-based advisory firm focusing on IT for the global markets space. She joined the firm in June 2012, after spending 18 months as head of London operations for Knight Capital Europe.
==Background==
Prior to her role at Knight Capital Europe, Cates spent eight years at Dresdner Kleinwort, where she held several roles, most recently as global head of client and cross-products services. Before that she spent six years at Credit Suisse, where she rose to vice president of strategic change management and prime banking. 
==John Lothian News Interview==
In January 2014, Rule Financial released a white paper written by Cates and her colleague Amrik Chawla on the progress of the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR), which came into force in 2013. VIEW WHITE PAPER
Read the interview on John Lothian News HERE.
Cates spoke with former John Lothian News editor-at-large Doug Ashburn on the status of EMIR implementation, how it compares with U.S. rules, and the challenges that lie ahead.
== Education ==
== References ==
Emily Lambert

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Emily Lambert is a freelance writer and editor currently serving as associate director of Intellectual Capital at The University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
Lambert was previously a senior writer with Forbes Magazine, where she worked from 2002 to 2012. She is the author of a book about the futures industry titled "The Futures: The Rise Of The Speculator And The Origins Of The World's Biggest Markets."
== Background ==
She was previously a copy editor/reporter at the New York Post. 
In January of 2011, Lambert held a book signing for her book "The Futures" at the After Words Bookstore in Chicago.
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== Published Works ==
*Historic Opportunities in Small Caps
== Books ==
*The Futures: The Rise of the Speculator and the Origins of the World's Biggest Markets (Basic Books, December 2010) - ISBN 9780465018437
== Education ==
Lambert received a B.A. and a BMA in music from the University of Michigan.
== References ==	
Category:Journalists
Category:Forbes - Former Employees
Category:Forbes
Category:Authors
Category:University of Chicago
Emily Portney

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Emily Portney is the global head of agency clearing, collateral management and execution at J.P. Morgan Securities LLC. After serving as the global head of the futures and options business at J.P. Morgan, Portney was moved to the newly created unit in 2012. 
In February of 2016 it was reported that she would step down from her role at J.P. Morgan to "pursue a new opportunity." 
== Background ==
Prior to her current position, Portney was chief financial officer of JPMorgan’s global equities division. She had also served as managing director and chief operating officer of origination and distribution for the Americas.
Portney has also served on the Commodity Futures Trading Commission’s Market Risk Advisory Board, the executive committee of the Futures Industry Association, and the CME Group's risk committee.
She joined J.P. Morgan’s futures and options clearing business in 1993, immediately after graduating from college. In 2001, she was approached to join the firm’s equities business, ascending through its ranks to become that group's CFO. Not long after, she added coverage for prime services to her portfolio.
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Category:FIA Global Board of Directors
Category:FIA Board of Directors Members
Emily Thomas

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Emily Thomas is global head of news business sales for Fidessa. She was previously head of sales in Asia, working out of the Hong Kong office. She has been with Fidessa for six years, previously working as a global account director based in London. 
== Background ==
Before joining Fidessa, she worked for Reuters in London and for Arthur Andersen in Chicago.
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category:Reuters - Former Employees
Emir Al-Rawi

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Emir Al-Rawi is a management consulting for financial services. 
He is a former managing director at IMC Financial Markets. He joined IMC in that role in 2005. Al-Rawi oversees legal, finance, mid office, operations and business development.
== Background ==
Before joining IMC, Al-Rawi was the managing director for Nederland Option Traders, a market maker on the Amsterdam Options Exchange. Previously, he was floor manager and senior trader for Timber Hill Europe A.G.
== Education ==
Al-Rawi received a B.S. in Economics from St Mary's College of California. He currently resides in Chicago with his wife and three kids.
== References ==	
Category:Proprietary Trading Firm Executives
Category:IMC Financial Markets - Former Employees
Emirates Securities and Commodities Authority

The Emirates Securities and Commodities Authority (ESCA) is the governmental entity responsible for ensuring integrity and transparency in the financial markets of the United Arab Emirates. 
 
== Organization and Purpose ==
 
ESCA's primary objective is to provide investors in the UAE with an opportunity to invest in securities and commodities in a manner that serves the interest of the national economy. 
The markets that ESCA regulates include: the Dubai Financial Market, the Abu Dhabi Securities Market and the Dubai Gold & Commodities Exchange.
ESCA is managed by a five-member board of directors and chaired by the Minister of Economy and Planning. currently serves as chairperson. 
ESCA is a member of the International Organization of Securities Commissions. 
== Key People ==
*Chairman, Sheikha Lubna Bint Khaled Al Qassimi 
*Chief Executive Officer, Abdullah Salem al-Turafi
== History ==
ESCA was established by the president of the United Arab Emirates on Jan. 29, 2000 in accordance with Federal Law No. 4. 
== References ==
 
Category:Regulators
Emma Davey

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Emma Davey is a veteran journalist and editor, and industry organization executive, who serves as a consultant to the FIA, after retiring at its chief commercial officer at the end of 2024. Davey spent 37 years in the futures industry working for publications, exchanges and the FIA and has been a philanthropic leader, serving as the chair of Futures for Kids.
== Background ==
Davey was promoted to the post of chief commercial officer in March 2019, after serving as senior vice president for global communications from March 2009.
In January 2019, she was named interim head of Europe, replacing Simon Puleston Jones, who resigned. 
 
Davey had responsibility for the FIA's major industry conferences in the US, Europe and Asia. She was jointly responsible for establishing the FIA diversity initiative in March 2019, supporting the mission to increase the participation and profile of women in the listed and cleared derivatives industry.
In 2019, Davey was named one of 30 inspirational women city leaders by Brummell Magazine.
Davey was previously at the London Metal Exchange where she was membership and business development manager from 2007 - 2009. 
Before that, she was editorial director of Futures and Options World (FOW), having been with the publication for about 20 years. 
Davey is a member of the Women In Listed Derivatives' Board of Directors. 
== Education ==
She holds a bachelor of arts degree with Joint Honors in Drama and English from Goldsmiths College, University of London. 
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Women in Listed Derivatives
Category:FOA
Category:Futures Industry Association
Category:FIA Europe
Category:Journalists
Category:FOW - Former Employees
Category:London Metal Exchzange - Former Employees
Category:FIA
Category:FIA - Former Employees
Category:Consultants
Emmanuel Carjat

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Emmanuel Carjat is chief operating officer of QuantHouse. He was named to the role in November 2018, and is responsible for handling the company's operations and growth efforts.
== Background ==
Before joining QuantHouse, Carjat was co-founder of Atrium Network, launched in 2006. The firm was purchased in 2011 by TMX Group, where he remained in the role of managing director until 2015. In 2017, the TMX Atrium business was acquired by Intercontinental Exchange.
== Education ==
He earned a masters degree in telecommunications from Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris.
== References ==
Emmanuel Devedeux

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Emmanuel Devedeux is the commercial director of customer and market management for LCH.Clearnet.
 
== Background ==
Devedeux was the managing director for EDX Consulting from January of 2007 to February of 2008. He was senior vice president of international sales for Atos Euronext Market Solutions from August of 2005 to December of 2006. He was vice president, international sales director for AtosEuronext from January 2001 to December of 2003, and deputy director of international sales for AtosEuronext from Janaury of 2001 to December of 2003. He was director of the capital markets division of Atos Origin from January of 1995 to December of 2000.
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category:Atos Euronext Market Solutions
Category:LCH.Clearnet
Category:Atos Origin
Emmanuel Doe

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Emmanuel Doe is the president of the Trading Solutions Group at Interactive Data Corporation (IDC). 
== Background ==
Doe has more than ten years experience in financial services. Before joining IDC in September 2011, Doe was the global business manager and senior vice president at Thomson Reuters.
== Education ==
Doe graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a Bachelor of Arts in Politics, Philosophy and Economics.
== Five Minute Interview ==
October 2011
== References ==
Emre Degirmenci

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Emre Degirmenci was named managing director, EMEA, for R.J. O'Brien's London-based affiliate, R.J. O'Brien Limited, effective September 1, 2020. 
== Background ==
Degirmenci previously had 25 years of experience in treasury, risk management and finance roles at major global banks and commodities firms. His positions included 15 years at Citigroup in New York, Singapore and Istanbul, and several years at the Royal Bank of Scotland in London. From 2014 to May 2020, Degirmenci was group treasurer for Marex Spectron in London, responsible for Treasury strategy and policy, managing group liquidity, capital and currency exposure.
== Education ==
Degirmenci earned a bachelor of business administration degree in Istanbul at Bogazici University, and an MBA in New York at Baruch College.
== References ==
Enclave Markets

Enclave Markets is an institutional-grade digital asset trading platform that provides an over-the-counter dark pool for institutional clients. 
On September 8, 2022, Enclave Markets announced the launch of Enclave Cross, a new service that allows participants to trade blocks of digital assets at the given market price without any information leakage or market impact. Enclave Cross has begun early-stage production testing with select institutional trading firms and prime brokers, including Hidden Road Partners, LedgerPrime, Republic Crypto, Fir Tree Partners, Scrypt, FBG Capital, and Blizzard Fund, among others. Enclave Cross enables approved participants to execute block trades in a fully private and secure manner.
Enclave Cross currently supports trading of bitcoin, ether, Avalanche’s AVAX, and Circle’s USD Coin, with more to be added later. Because it is a stablecoin-based product (as opposed to fiat), Enclave Cross can operate in several jurisdictions without licensing, though the company is in the process of applying for licenses where they are needed. Enclave Cross uses a new hardware technology called Secure Enclaves, which cryptographically guarantees the integrity of the code base that autonomously runs the trading platform, according to Enclave's CEO.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*David Wells, CEO
== References ==
End-users

An end-user is the company or individual that eventually uses a product or service. In the case of computer software, for example, an end user would be the person who uses the software. In the case of a company, the end-user of a financial product could use it in a risk management strategy, for example, to guard against conditions that limit the company from selling its product or service. 
End users also provide much needed liquidity to markets. End-users are important players in the market, as are hedge funds, institutional players and trading firms. For example, a retail company in a shopping mall sells most of its products during the holiday season. An unexpected snowstorm will slow the store's visitors, resulting in a reduction in sales. The end-user could use a weather derivative to offset a potential weather change, thus limiting losses.
==End Users and the Dodd-Frank Act==
The Dodd-Frank Act requires, among other things, that the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), create and implement rules regarding mandatory clearing of swaps transactions. A major topic of contention has been whether end-users should be granted an exception to the Dodd-Frank requirement for mandatory clearing of swap transactions. At its July 10, 2012 open meeting, the CFTC approved a final rulemaking that implements an exception to the clearing requirement for non-financial entities and small financial institutions that use swaps to hedge or mitigate commercial risk ("commercial end-users"). 
== References ==
Energy Efficiency & Conservation Certificates

Energy Efficiency & Conservation Certificates represent 1 megawatt hour of power conserved or load reduced. They are sometimes called EE certificates, EE credits, or White Tags. 
In theory, EECs are analogous with carbon offset credits, but they are denoted in units of energy reductions rather than emission reductions. The certificates can be traded for cash on the growing energy efficiency certificate market or otherwise retained to demonstrate reductions in energy use and associated CO2 emissions. Unlike the carbon offset credit market, however, there are no independent institutional mechanisms in place to assure the quality of EECs.
In 2007, IBM announced the industry's first corporate-led initiative to enable clients to earn energy efficiency certificates for reducing the energy needed to run their data centers. The certificates earned - based on energy use reduction verified by a third-party registry - for the first time provided a way for businesses to attain a certified measurement of their energy use reduction, a key emerging business metric.
== References ==
Category:Environmental Markets
Category:Weather
Energy Swap

An energy swap is a financial instrument whereby one participant agrees to a fixed-price contract for say crude oil, natural gas, gasoline, electricity, coal and other energies on a settlement date, while the other counterparty takes on the spot price, or the floating price of the commodity. The contracts are often used to hedge the fluctuating price of energies.
For example, say a large energy user agrees to pay a set price for crude oil. The other participant, usually a large financial institution, then agrees to pay the current market, or spot price.Energy swaps are used by energy producers, commercial users of energy, banks and other financial institutions to hedge energy price risk.
==Energy Swaps and Regulation==
Energy swaps are a huge part of the global OTC energy business. The Intercontinental Exchange's (ICE) standardized OTC energy contract for clearing of OTC energy swaps was introduced in 2002, and generated about $400 million, or 30 percent of ICE's revenues in 2011.
The exchange announced plans in July 2012 to convert all of its OTC energy contracts into futures contracts, and would do so on October 15, 2012 in tandem with CFTC rules, that set the definition and guidelines for financial and commodity swaps. The reasoning by the exchange for the move, is to shift its customers away from OTC regulatory rules and over to more established futures rules. The CFTC swaps rules include provisions that require swaps participants to post additional margin and collateral for such trades. The CFTC rule on commodity swaps, which was due to become effective on October 12, 2012, was postponed by the regulator until December 31, 2012 to allow more time for firms to comply. 
CME Group, which operates Clearport, an OTC trading platform that converts bi-lateral OTC swaps into cleared futures, generated about $300 million of revenue for the exchange in 20111, or about 9 percent of its revenue. CME is also working on a system to process energy swaps into futures, in compliance with the CFTC regulations.
== References ==
Category:Swaps
Category:Energies
Energy Trade Data Reporting Scheme

The Energy Trade Data Reporting Scheme is a project coordinated by the Financial Services Working Group of the European Energy Regulators and managed by the Austrian energy regulatory authority, E-Control. 
The program will be using Scila Surveillance to monitor the wholesale energy markets and use the findings to feed into an enhanced EU wide framework. The EU plans to develop market transparency and ensure market integrity. 
== References ==
Category:Trading Reporting
Category:Regulation