nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Common law

Common law is a body of law that is formed in the legal system by judges and other quasi-judicial bodies. It is also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law. Other names for common law include judicial precedent, judge-made law, and judge-made law. The concept of "common law" is distinguished by the fact that it develops via the use of precedence. When parties in a case dispute on what the law is, a court that applies common law would refer to previous precedential judgments made by relevant courts and then synthesise the concepts from those decisions to determine how they apply to the circumstances of the case at hand. When a dispute is handled in the past that is quite similar to the current one, the court is normally required to adopt the logic that was employed in the earlier ruling (a principle known as stare decisis). If, on the other hand, the court determines that the current dispute is fundamentally distinct from any and all previous cases (a finding that is referred to as a "matter of first impression"), and legislative statutes are either silent or ambiguous on the question, then judges have the authority and duty to resolve the issue. The court will issue an opinion that explains the reasoning behind its judgement, and then that reasoning will be compiled with previous decisions to form a precedent that will bind future judges and litigants. As the body of law that is created by judges, common law stands in contrast to and on equal standing with laws, which are enacted via the process of legislation, and regulations, which are enacted through the process of the executive branch promulgating them (the interactions among these different sources of law are explained later in this article). At the core of any common law system is the idea known as stare decisis, which states that cases should be determined in accordance with consistent principled standards so that identical circumstances will give similar decisions.
The procedures of the courts of the English kings in the years after the Norman Conquest in 1066 served as the basis for the development of the common law, which got its name from the fact that it was "common" to all of the king's courts located across England.
Later, the British Empire brought the English legal system to its colonies. A significant number of those territories still use the common law system today. These are known as common law systems, and they are types of legal systems that place a lot of importance on judicial precedent and on the line of thinking that was passed down from the English legal system.
These jurisdictions include Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Burma, Cameroon, Canada (both the federal system and all its provinces except Quebec), Cyprus, Dominica, Fiji, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Libera.
Category:Common law
Category:Legal history
Category:Legal systems
Commonwealth of Nations

The Commonwealth of Nations, commonly called to as Commonwealth, is a political organization composed of 54 member nations, virtually all of which were once British colonial territory. It is headquartered in London. The Commonwealth Secretariat, which focuses on intergovernmental elements of the organisation, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which focuses on non-governmental connections among member nations, are the organization's two primary organisations.
Historically, the Commonwealth can be traced to the first part of the twentieth century, when the British Empire was decolonised and its territories gained more self-governance, thereby establishing the Commonwealth. Initial creation as the British Commonwealth of Nations occurred during the 1926 Imperial Conference, and it was formalised by the United Kingdom via the Statute of Westminster in 1931. It was initially known as the British Commonwealth of Nations. Currently, the Commonwealth of Nations was legally created in 1949 by the London Declaration, which modernised the community and defined the member nations as "free and equal."
King Charles, Prince of Wales, was named as her intended successor during the 2018 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting. Although the role is not hereditary, Queen Elizabeth II has served as head of the Commonwealth since her coronation in 1952. There are 15 member nations collectively referred to as the Commonwealth realms, with Elizabeth II serving as their head of state. The other 34 member states are republics, while the remaining 5 countries have separate monarchs.
Despite the fact that member governments have no legal duties to one another, they are linked by their shared use of the English language and historical links. The Commonwealth Charter, which enshrines their declared common ideals of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law, as well as the quadrennial Commonwealth Games, serve to promote these values.
Category:Commonwealth of Nations
Category:Intergovernmental organizations
Category:International organisations based in London
Category:Organizations established in 1949
Communist Platform (Netherlands)

The Communist Platform is a Dutch orthodox marxist political organisation, founded in 2014. The Platform publishes articles about topical and historical political events and developments from a marxist point of view. On top of that, the Platform organises reading groups and seminars on various subjects, and it translates marxist works to the Dutch language. Finally, the Platform intervenes in the Dutch labour movement, for example by publishing voting recommendations for congresses and leadership elections within the Dutch Socialist Party.
== Ideology ==
The Communist Platform labels itself as marxist. The Platform sees the labour movement as an arena for ideological struggle in which communists should fight for a marxist program. Because of this, the members of the Platform are active within the Socialist Party, the trade union, protest movements and other workers’ organisations. The Platform focuses primarily on influencing the SP through voting recommendations and writing articles to intervene in the internal party debates. On top of that, the Platform has written and proposes an alternative, marxist, program for the SP.
This program, named A Compass for the SP, according to the Communist Platform, is a return to the ‘fundamental struggle against capitalism’ as it was described in earlier SP programs. The program calls amongst other things for the establishment of a democratic republic, workers’ militias, an elected judicial system and the nationalisation of the economy and healthcare.
Ideologically, the Communist Platform is inspired by the party movements of the marxist parties of the early 19th century. Karl Kautsky is often heralded for his role in the forging of the SPD party movement and his influence on the Russian October Revolution. Kautsky is also heavily criticised by the Platform for his later role in the rightward turn of the SPD and his support for social democracy against marxism after the split in the Second International.
Democratisation of the labour movement is a spearhead of the Communist Platform. It sees democratisation as a precondition for a healthy labour movement and a truly communist society. For this reason, the Communist Platform puts a lot of emphasis on the importance of organised discussion and debate. They engage in polemics with other left-wing organisations to advance the movement as a whole ideologically through the clashing of ideas.
== International ==
The Communist Platform has ties with the Communist Party of Great-Britain (PCC). This is a successor to the disintegrated Communist Party of Great Britain. Members of the Communist Platform have visited the summer school of the CPGB (PCC) in the past.
== External link ==
*Communist Platform official website
*Communist Platform on Facebook
*Communist Platform on Twitter
== References ==
Category:Political organizations
Category:Politics of the Netherlands
Category:Political organisations based in the Netherlands
Category:Marxist organizations
Category:Political organizations founded in 2014
Community ROCKit

Community ROCKit is the nation's first comprehensive COVID recovery planning tool. ROCKit stands for Resource Organizer for COVID Kit. The Kit is based on the ROCKit Recovery Blueprint, a free, open-source tool for all communities. 
The ROCKit Blueprint outlines objectives and tactics that city, county and state leaders can employ to recover from the pandemic. The six domains of the Blueprint include: health, government, infrastructure, housing & food, childcare, education, public safety and economy. 
The Blueprint uses research conducted by the University of Oregon and X4 Health, a social impact design organization based in Washington D.C., to pull the best of the best recovery approaches from all available COVID recovery planning models to date. 
The research and Blueprint implementation strategy are captured in a white paper called, "Developing COVID-19 Community Recovery Plans: An Analysis and Planning Framework."
Community leader

A person who is generally regarded to represent a community might be referred to as a community leader. This label is often given by secondary sources, notably in the media. To simplify things, think of community leadership as leadership in the community, leadership for the community, and leadership provided by the community. Group "is typically grounded on place and hence is local," however it may also signify a community of people who share a similar interest, goal, or practise.
The idea of leadership may be broken down into its component parts, one of which is community leadership. Even while it may also refer to a community that shares a goal, passion, or practise, it is typically rooted in a specific location and is thus considered to be local. Leadership may come from a person or from a group, and it can be unpaid or compensated. It is best served by what is called "place management," which is a combination within a region of government resources, professional and business skills, and the energies of the local community Sorenson & Epps, 1996:115-117; Osborne & Gaebler 1993. It is provided in many communities by a combination of local volunteers, businesses, and the government.
Community leaders are not necessarily elected to their positions, and in most cases, they do not have any legal powers. Despite this, the media and the police frequently use them as a way to determine the general sentiment that exists within a particular community, or as a point of liaison between that community and the authorities.
Leadership in the community, together with one's expertise and abilities, their willingness to volunteer, their networks, and their partnerships, are among the five essential indicators that have been found for better communities and civil society.
It is being widely recognised in Australia, as it is worldwide, that effective community leadership is a significant contribution to the overall social development of a community. The leadership method is built on the notion that individual growth increases communal capability. This assumption forms the basis of the leadership approach. Training that provides individuals with the resources and a knowledge of the decision-making process, as well as the opportunity to voice and have their perspectives included into future growth and planning, is the means by which this goal may be achieved. A person's efficacy in tackling challenges that are impacting their communities may also be improved through the development of new skills. In addition to this, it should increase the community's ability to recognise opportunities and respond creatively to crisis situations.
Category:Community building
Companies Act 2013

The Companies Act 2013 is an act that was passed by the Indian Parliament in 2013 regarding Indian company law. This act controls the creation of companies, the obligations of companies, directors, and the dissolution of companies. The Companies Act of 2013 is comprised of 29 chapters, each of which contains 470 sections (compared to the Companies Act of 1956, which had 658 parts), and it includes 7 schedules. On the other hand, as of right now, there are just 484 (470 minus 43 plus 57) provisions in this Act. After gaining the assent of the President of India on August 29, 2013, the Act partially superseded The Companies Act of 1956. This occurred after the Act was given the green light by the President. On the 30th of August in 2013, Section 1 of the Companies Act of 2013 became fully operational. On September 12, 2013, 98 various parts of the Companies Act came into effect with a few amendments, such as increasing the maximum number of members for private companies from 50 to 200. Previously, the maximum number of members was 50. This legislation introduces a new word called a "one-person business," which will be a kind of private firm that is subject to just 98 parts of the Act's notification requirements. As of the first of April in 2014, a total of 183 new sections entered into effect.
Following this, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs produced a notice that exempted privately held enterprises from the purview of many parts of the Companies Act.
The law that was passed in 2013 includes specifications for enhanced obligations of corporate leaders in the IT industry. This improved India's protections against organised cyber crime by making it possible for CEOs and CTOs to be punished in the event of an IT failure.
Minister of Corporate Affairs, and he presented the Companies (Amendment) Bill, 2020. Minister of Corporate Affairs In the year 2020, it was approved by the parliamentary body.
Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2013
Category:Indian company law
Competent Boards

Competent Boards is an education management company that was established in 2018, and is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. The company is best known for providing designation and certificate programs curated specifically for board members and senior business executives. Competent Boards was established with the aim of elevating environmental, social and governance (ESG) competency in boardrooms around the globe.
The company was founded by Helle Bank Jorgensen, who serves as the CEO and is a distinguished industry expert with over three decades of experience under her belt. She has been associated with industry-leading firms including Datamaran, Global Compact Network Canada, International IDEA, and PricewaterhouseCoopers.
Jorgensen authored her acclaimed first book, Stewards of the Future: A Guide for Competent Boards, in 2021.
==History==
Competent Boards was launched in 2018 to help directors navigate the complexities of climate change and its impact on their business.
Its curriculum provides board members, senior executives, business professionals and investors with a comprehensive grasp of the rapidly changing risk and opportunities that climate change poses to businesses large and small around the world.
The programs feature advice from dozens of global experts including Curtis Ravenel, Johan Rockström, Paul Polman, Liu Fuzhong, Claudia Sender, The Hon. James Shaw, Chad Holliday and Miranda Ballentine.
==Programs==
Competent Boards offers a range of training programs to help board members and senior executives everywhere address business risk and opportunities. These include:
===ESG Programs===
These programs aim to help participants minimize risk, create value, enhance resiliency and establish good environmental, social, and governance (ESG) practices for their organizations. They are divided into two types of programs: the live ESG Designation program (GCB.D) and the self-guided ESG Certificate program.
===Climate Programs===
These programs aim to give participants an in-depth understanding of the current challenges and opportunities that climate change presents for all walks of business. They are divided into two types of programs: the live Climate Designation (CCB.D) programs and the self-guided Climate Certificate program.
===Designation Programs===
The designation programs are conducted bi-weekly, and include dozens of faculty and other global cohort members. The two designation programs, ESG (GCB.D) and Climate (CCB.D) are live facilitated, expert-led sessions. 
===Certificate programs===
The ESG and Climate certificate programs offered by Competent Boards are self-guided programs that can be completed within six months. The programs also include monthly group Q&A sessions with Helle Bank Jorgensen.
===Partner Programs===
Competent Boards also hosts a number of live programs through global partners.
==In the media==
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==References==
==External links==
* Official Website
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Category:Companies established in 2018
Category:Education Management Corporation
Category:Companies based in Toronto
Compordem (Goa)

Compordem is a small village of 746 hectares in Satari Tehsil in North Goa district, known and rated to have the best quality of life in India (based on the commission’s “12 Indicators”) in the state of Goa, India. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is elected representative of the village by the local elections. Compordem depends on VALPOI, the nearest town for all major economic activities. The village has government-provided water facilities that include One tap, One Well supply, Two tanks, Two tubewells, and Two handpumps. The villagers also acquire water from some of the natural water sources - Two rivers, Two canals and One spring. Compordem is also surrounded by Two lakes. The population of the village depends on the source of drinking water during summer on Tap. Compordem's pin code is 403506, and village code is 00013400. The area of Compordem is segregated as 425.01 hectares unirrigated, the 85.06 hectare area under culturable waste (including gauchar and groves), and remaining 23.03 hectare area not available for cultivation.
The village is connected with a single bus service. Compordem has Two banks and Two credit societies for the regulation of economic activity. The village is also equipped with Two recreational centers.
The village has an uninterrupted 24 hours electric supply from a power grid.
== Demographics ==
Compordem is a census village in the district of North Goa, Goa. The village has a total population of 1093 and has total administration over 225 houses which are connected to supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage.
* Compordem has 102 children, 56 boys and 46 girls.
* Scheduled caste counts for 25 (2.29%) males constitute 16 (1.46%) of the population and females 9 (0.82%).
== Medical facility ==
* Compordem has 3 hospitals in nearby town.
==Educational institutions==
As per the census 2011 report, 829 people are literate in Compordem out of which 470 are males and 359 are females.
Compordem has the following educational facilities:
* 1 Education facility
* 2 Primary schools
* 1 Upper primary school
* 3 Colleges in the nearby range
== Employment ==
According to a census 2011 report, 413 people of the total population are employed. The workforce is 308 male, 105 female with 392 (94.92%) of all workers being employed full-time, this includes 295 males and 97 females. 35 males and 25 females are considered as the main cultivators with the help of 45 male and 20 female agricultural labor. 21 people are reported to work for a marginal period of time in the year.
They depend on the agricultural markets (Mandi) of the nearby towns of VALPOI and North Goa to sell cashew nuts and make their living.
== References ==
== External link ==
* Government of Goa
* Department of Tourism
Category:Villages in North Goa district
Category:Villages in Goa 
Category:Villages in India
Composer

Theophilus Adebayo
The term composer refers to a person who creates music, particularly classical music in any form, including vocal music (for a singer or choir), instrumental music, electronic music, and music that mixes many genres. The music of a composer may be found in any genre of music, including classical music, musical theatre, the blues, traditional folk music, jazz, and popular music, to name a few. When composing music, composers often communicate their ideas via the use of musical notation.
Although musical notation serves as a set of instructions for a performer, there is a wide range of options in terms of how much the final shape of the produced piece in performance is determined by the performer.
Although the melodies, chords, and basslines of a traditional Western piece of instrumental music are all written out in musical notation, the performer has a certain amount of artistic freedom to add his or her own personal touch by varying his or her articulation and phrasing, choosing how long to hold fermatas (held notes) or pauses, and — in the case of bowed string instruments — by using different bows to create different textures. 'Interpretation' is the word used to describe the process by which a vocalist or instrumental performer determines how to play music that has already been written and notated. In terms of the tempos that are selected, the playing or singing style, or the phrasing of the melodies, the interpretations of different performers of the same piece of music may differ significantly.... Composers and songwriters who play their own music are interpreting it in the same way that those who perform other people's music are interpreting their own work. Performed practise refers to the standard set of options and methods that are available at a given moment and location, while interpretation refers to the unique choices made by a performer at a particular time and place.
==References==
Category:Composers
Category:Occupations in music
Category:Musical terminology