nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Ibadi

The Ibadi movement or Ibadiyya is the dominant school of Islam in Oman and, owing to historical Omani influence, in Zanzibar. Outsiders typically classify Ibadism as an offshoot of the Kharijite school, though Ibadi Muslims claim to be related to Kharijites only in sharing a common precursor.
==History==
The name Ibadi derives from the name of Abdullah ibn Ibad al-Tamimi (died 708), who differed with the Kharijites, though the origins of the rift can be traced back further to disagreements over the doctrine of takfir and over the assassination of Uthman, the third caliph, in 656. Ibadis ranked as the more moderate group opposing Ali, the next caliph (in office 656-661). During the reign of Caliph Marwan II (in office 744-750), Ibadis staged a large-scale rebellion in the Hijaz (now western Saudi Arabia), and actually managed some success there before eventually being kicked out to Oman, where they remain the dominant branch of Islam even today. 
==Differences from other branches of Islam==
* Unlike Sunnis, they believe Allah will not show himself on Judgement Day.
* Unlike both Sunnis and Shi'ites, they do not believe it necessary for all Muslims to have a single leader, and additionally do not believe that such a leader must be descended from Muhammad's tribe.
* They accept a much smaller body of hadith than Sunnis, which includes some hadith that Sunni Muslims do not accept.
* They view the first two caliphs as rightly guided, and think the next two had it right until partway through their respective lives.
* They do not accept reasoning by analogy as a valid source of law, relying only on the Quran and on hadith.
== References ==
Category:Islam
Ichthyostega

Ichthyostega was a Paleozoic stem-tetrapod, about 4 to 5 feet long, that lived during the Devonian epoch and had adaptations for living in water as well as on land. Ichthyostega had seven digits on its hind limb instead of five, and its limb bones included a humerus and a femur as with later tetrapods. Ichtyostega had a strong rib cage that could support the animal's lungs, thereby enabling it to breathe on land but probably restricting the animal's side to side movement. Its ear also was apparently adapted to hear both on land and in the water. Ichthyostega also had gill arches as well as lungs.IchthyostegaIchthyostega
==Speculation==
The fused rib cage almost certainly restricted the movements of Ichthyostega on land and it is impossible to reconstruct what the animal did there. 
#It may be that Ichthyostega lumbered safely across land feasting on large invertebrates that had evolved no defenses against vertebrate types of predation. Further invertebrate predators may not have been triggered to attack a vertebrate moving differently from their typical invertebrate prey. 
#It may be that Ichthyostega was in danger from invertebrate predators whenever it ventured far from water. Ichthyostega may have stayed near water except when desperately hungry or desperately in need to escape problems in the water where it had lived. Such problems may have included a pool or waterway drying up or perhaps a watery area becoming overpopulated, thus when Ichtyostega needed to move it could cross land and find a new waterway in which to live.
#Ichthyostega may have left the water mainly to bask, staying near water and able to return fast if needed.
==See also==
*Tiktaalik
==References==
Category:Evolution
Category:Zoology
Iconoclasm

Iconoclasm is the destruction of icons that are part of a certain set, such as religious symbols. A person who performs this is an iconoclast.
==Origin==
The original meaning refers to those who destroyed religious iconography which they believed to be idolatrous. There were some examples of this in medieval Byzantine Christianity and Islam, but some of the most notable bouts of iconoclasm took place during the Protestant Reformation of the 16th and 17th centuries, when Puritans removed or destroyed religious statues, paintings, stained glass windows and other ornamentation which they believed to be a violation of the Second Commandment. Some iconoclasm was done peacefully by reforming ministers and congregations, but much of it was committed by rioting crowds or soldiers. This was particularly the case during the English Civil Wars and the Commonwealth era (1642 to 1660).
==Modern usage==
Some sects of Islam continue to be aniconist, particularly some Salafis and Wahhabis. In 1965, one of King Faisal's nephews was killed while leading an assault on Saudi Arabia's first television station.Saudi Arabia: A Chronology… Frontline.
In the early part of the 20th century in the Papuan Gulf region of Papua New Guinea, was a cargo cult that destroyed all of the traditional religious paraphernalia.The Vailala Madness and Other Essays by F. E. Williams, edited by Erik Schwimmer (1977) University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 0824805194.
In modern usage, the term "iconoclasm" is rarely used for physical destruction or vandalism. Instead an iconoclast is anybody who challenges, rejects or redefines a popular image or perception, particularly one held to be "sacred" in some way, although this is often in a secular rather than religious sense. Sometimes this can be a visual defacement of a picture, such as the Sex Pistols' modified portraits of Queen Elizabeth II on their record sleeve artwork. More often iconoclastic behaviour takes the form of criticising accepted heroes or concepts. However, this also means that 'iconoclast' is a popular self-description among cranks and their fans accompanied by claims that, for instance, the scientific consensus they don't like amounts to a religious dogma.
==See also==
*New Atheism
*Antitheism
==References==
Category:Religion
Category:Culture
Category:Religious terms
Idealism

Idealism is the theory in the philosophy of mind that holds that mind is the ultimate stuff of reality, and matter depends on mind for its existence. Metaphysical idealism holds that only mind or mental substance exists; epistemological idealism may acknowledge that an external world might exist, but says that we can have no certain or direct knowledge of it. It is opposed to materialism, which holds that matter is the ultimate stuff of reality, and mind depends on matter for its existence, and dualism, which holds that mind and matter are both separate and independent things, and neither is reducible to the other.
There were historically three main movements of idealism: in early modern Britain, most notably with George Berkeley, who advanced metaphysical idealism as a counter to skepticism about the existence of an external world; German Idealism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, starting with Immanuel Kant's epistemological idealism and getting weirder; and British and American idealism in the latter part of the 19th century, with leading figures including F. H. Bradley and J. M. E. McTaggart.Guyer, Paul and Horstmann, Rolf-Peter, "Idealism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
Idealism is frequently associated with the idea that material reality is somehow unreal. Many idealists have indeed believed this - famously, McTaggart claimed that the notion of time was so self-contradictory and incoherent that it must be illusory. But not all idealists agree with labeling material reality as "unreal"-an alternative idealist view is that while it does not possess the same ultimate reality, the independent self-existence which mind possesses, it nonetheless is real for what it is.
Idealism was the predominant school in British philosophy at the beginning of the twentieth century. Under attack from G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell, it swiftly declined and was overtaken by logical positivism, among others, although Neo-Kantianism was popular in German in the early 20th century, R. G. Collingwood upheld the idealist flag at Oxford University in the early 20th century until World War II, and some versions of epistemological idealism persisted. Nevertheless, idealism is certainly not as prominent and plentiful now as it once used to be.After all, it has declined (as stated previously). Postmodern philosophy, such as that of Gilles Deleuze, is sometimes accused of being idealism (for denying scientific truth, the physical world, etc), but it doesn't have much in common with older forms of idealism."Review of Jeremy Dunham, Iain Hamilton Grant, and Sean Watson, Idealism: The History of a Philosophy", Dietmar Heidemann, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 2012.03.25
==See also==
*Solipsism
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Philosophy
Identification abuse

Identification abuse is a form of abuse where guardians of a child refuse to help them gain identification, effectively rendering them illegal immigrants in their own country, if the child tries to leave their parents or their parents' religion. Often, this occurs when guardians simply don't file a birth certificate when their child is born or when guardians deny their now-adult child autonomy by withholding their records.https://homeschoolersanonymous.wordpress.com/2015/02/10/when-your-very-identity-is-held-hostage-alecia-pennington-and-identification-abuse/ The abuse severely debilitates the kids by making it hard for them to get a job, enter most hospitals and schools, or even prove citizenship or legal work status.
Identification abuse is typically seen among homeschoolers and survivalists. This is not necessarily because the form of abuse is more appealing to them, but likely because it would be much more difficult to accomplish for anyone whose children have greater access to the outside world.
==References==
category:Law
Ideological patrolling

Patrulhamento ideológico (English: ideological patrolling) is a Brazilian Portuguese term that can be roughly translated as "Political Correctness Enforcement" in English. It is the act of patrolling the expression of ways of thinking of other people, for guaranteeing that the "correct ways" prevail in the patrolling group's social control sphere. 
The Patrulhamento is usually done by a social group roughly known as the "Patrulha" (The Patrol), a group of self-righteous people who view themselves as a kind of elite who reserve for itself the right of defining what is and what not is good for "democracy", "free expression", and "equality" in Brazil, usually from a left-wing or left-leaning perspective. 
Historically, the patrulhas existed in Brazil during the military dictatorship, when some left-wing intellectuals practiced their own form of censorship and social control inside the cultural and academic circles that they controlled, for banning content they viewed as contrary to their own partisan or factional interests. As such, the term is used mainly by the liberals and conservatives to decry the leftist "monopoly" of academic and cultural prestige, but also some leftists themselves use the term to define attempts of political control by internal cliques. As such, the term always had a connotation that is not just political, but also cultural.
The patrolling posses that do exist in most Brazilian cultural and political scenes are deeply disliked by thinking people both in the right and left, despite being used by some left-wing politicians as a sort of environmental control against conservative and/or religious (Protestant) politicians: even if they themselves don't agree with the patrols' extremist or merely self-serving agendas, they would accuse adversaries (or, as Brazilian politics work, political allies of the opposite ideological spectrum) of being against whatever the patrulhas stand for, gaining relative power over these adversaries/problematic allies, as they get distracted trying to solve the resultant media outcry in place of exerting more demands over the politician who unleashed the dogs on them in the first place.
With religious politicians, this tactic has mixed results, as many of them are associated with or directly control, as church ministers, equivalent pietist patrulhas that are as vicious as the "Progressivist" ones, having, if not so much support from academic intellectuals and trade union insertion, the affiliation of reborn Christian drug dealers, thugs, and local ministers that can make votes in the favelas and comunidades disappear very quickly from the politician whom their boss should classify as an "enemy of God".
The existence of so many patrulhas acting at cross-purposes created a situation of virtual civil war among Brazilian intelligentsia, which is one of the factors of Brazil's current political crisis.
==External links==
* See the Portuguese Wikipedia page Patrulha ideológica.
Category:Brazil
Category:Jargon
Category:Political correctness
Ideomotor effect

Actions of an individual can be influenced by suggestion and expectations without the individual being consciously aware of it. This is known as the ideomotor effect. In motor behavior, there are two parts to the brain activity. The first is the activity that results in the motor activity; the second is the registration of that activity in the conscious mind. The ideomotor effect happens when the second part, the conscious registration, is circumvented.
The effect was first observed by in 1852, in his investigation of dowsing. He proposed the ideomotor effect as a third class of unconscious behavior, along with excitomotor (such as breathing and swallowing) and sensorimotor (reflex actions).
The ideomotor effect has been well documented; however, it still remains an effect that is largely unknown to most people, including scientists.
==Examples==
A classic example of the ideomotor effect in action dates back to the use of a held pendulum as far back as 371 CE. An operator would hold the pendulum and attribute certain meanings depending on which direction the pendulum would swing. Priests used this technique to channel divine messages. Alchemists used it to determine the composition of an object. The results were very convincing, until double-blind trials failed to yield the same results.
The ideomotor effect was responsible for the Clever Hans effect. This is named after a horse, who was believed to be able to understand and solve basic arithmetic problems and give the answer by tapping his hoof. It was later found out that the horse had no mathematical abilities at all, but was simply picking up unconscious ideomotor-generated visual cues from his owner which told him when to start and stop tapping.Clever Hans phenomenon, The Skeptic's Dictionary
Many phenomena have been attributed to the ideomotor effect, including:
*Dowsing
*Ouija boards
*Automatic writing
*Facilitated communication
*The movement of the table and other objects in séances
*An apparent "life energy", or chi, in Chinese medicine
==Features==
*Action — the actual motion of the pendulum or other object, which is the result of minor unconscious motor activity, usually greatly amplified
*Projection — the responsibility for the action is connected to something other than the operator
*Attribution — because of the projection, the action is attributed to some new science, undiscovered phenomenon, or paranormal activity
*Delusion — the operator is considered to be someone with an exceptional ability
*Self-confirmation — once the ideomotor effect begins to take place, psychological reinforcement can amplify the effect and prevent falsification in the mind of the operator
==External links==
*The unseen force that drives Ouija boards and fake bomb detectors by Chris French (April 27, 2013) The Guardian
==See also==
*Pareidolia
==References==
Category:Science
Category:Psychology
Ignatius L. Donnelly

Ignatius Loyola Donnelly was an American Congressman and fringe scholar. He wrote about Atlantis, Catastrophism (a comet impact affecting ancient civilizations) and the Shakespeare authorship question (he believed it was Francis Bacon). His writings influenced Helena Blavatsky, Rudolf Steiner, Edgar Cayce, Immanuel Velikovsky and many other purveyors of woo.
Ironically, he's named after the founder of the Jesuits.
==Books==
*Atlantis: The Antediluvian World (1882), full text available at Project Gutenberg and elsewhere
*Ragnarok : the Age of Fire and Gravel (1883), full text available at Project Gutenberg and elsewhere. It deals with a purported ancient comet impact.
*The Shakespeare Myth (1887)
*Caesar's Column (1890), full text available at Project Gutenberg. A science-fiction/dystopian novel, published under a pseudonym.
==External links==
*
*IGNATIUS DONNELLY: An Inventory of His Family Papers at the Minnesota Historical Society (currently the access is restricted)
*Official US Congress biography blurb
Category:Authors
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Ignorance

Ignorance is lack of knowledge regarding a particular subject. It should not be confused with stupidity; many people might be uninformed (ignorant) about the facts of, say, evolution, but are quite knowledgeable (not stupid) on many other subjects. Education (below or at university level) tends not to instill reasoning power, but teaches how to pass various tests. The competition of peer pressure and religious teaching can easily overwhelm the teaching of compulsory (and therefore less liked by students) secular education. The beliefs of parents are the third leg of information input. It ain't the poor dear's fault — it's the fault of the system. Homeschooled people might receive misinformation from all three education directions.
Propaganda is the attempt to influence the ignorant by pushing information with a particular point of view (POV).
*The platforms Breitbart and InfoWars, known for their far-right stances, typically disseminate content that aligns with propaganda due to its ideologically driven and often one-sided nature. Similarly, from the far-left perspective, platforms like WSWS and Democracy Now are often considered sources of propaganda, as their content strongly reflects their political ideologies.
*In contrast, AP News and The New York Times are renowned for producing information that is based on journalistic integrity and an effort towards neutrality, making them reliable sources of information. Additionally, BBC represents a source of information known for its balanced reporting and commitment to journalistic objectivity, often considered as a benchmark for reliable information.While AP News, The New York Times, and BBC strive for accuracy and fairness, no source is completely free from bias or error.These organizations have rigorous editorial standards to ensure the quality and reliability of the information they provide.
Remember: your propaganda is my information (and vice versa).
Of course, "ignorance ≠ stupidity" has the corollary "knowledge ≠ intelligence." The guy who wins the quiz down at the pub is in all probability not the most intelligent, just the most knowledgeable about trivia.
Ignorantia juris non excusat (ignorance of the law is no excuse) is a general legal principle that means ignorance will not help in one's defense. Using ignorance as an excuse is different than using lack of intent as an excuse, which will work for some crimes, such as perjury, which requires intent, but not for making a false statement while under oath, which does not require intent.
==See also==
*Willful ignorance — not so much being ignorant than failing to acknowledge facts
*Faith
*Dunning-Kruger effect — a phenomenon wherein when someone is uninformed about a given subject, they tend to overestimate their knowledge and competence at it, and vice versa
*Fractal wrongness — a combination of gross ignorance and utter misinformation resulting in viewpoints that are completely divorced from reality
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Education
Igor Panarin

Igor Panarin is a Russian analyst and professor. In 1998 he forecast that the United States would collapse economically and politically within the following decade.Russian expert: U.S. headed for collapse, United Press International Panarin supports Russian nationalism and the pan-Eurasian ideology of .Pan-Eurasian nationalism, Panarin's own website. In Russian.
===Prediction for 2010===
Beginning in 1998, Panarin predicted the break-up of the United States into six parts in 2010. He specified the time of the disintegration to the end of June or the beginning of July in December 2008,The prediction. In Russian. following a civil war caused by mass immigration, economic decline and moral degradation. He forecast financial and demographic changes provoking a political crisis leading to social unrest, civil war, national division and intervention of foreign powers.As if Things Weren't Bad Enough, Russian Professor Predicts End of U.S., Wall Street Journal It obviously didn't happen.
====The Breakup of the US====
Panarin outlined the breakup of the US into six regions, each under the control or influence of other countries:
#Atlantic America: comprising the eastern seaboard and under the influence of the EU
#Central North American Republic:the great plains, from Ohio to Idaho. Part of Canada
#California Republic: California and the rest of the Southwest, under Chinese influence
#Texas Republic: comprising Texas and other southern states, goes to Mexico
#Alaska: taken back by Russia
#Hawaii: either goes to Japan or China
==See also==
*John Titor
==References==
Category:Ruskies
Category:Educators
Category:Living people
Ikclaimmijnnaam.nl

Ikclaimmijnnaam.nl (Ik claim mijn naam, translates to I claim my name), is a Dutch conspiratorial website which ascribes to a special kind of woo that mixes some sovereign citizen ideas with new age ‘self actualization’ and the like. They will help you find “true sovereignty and freedom” and have designed an exceptionally silly and bureaucratic method to achieve this. They also have an Appetite For Random Capital Letters.
== So how does it work? ==
According to the authors of ikclaimmijnnaam.nl , the Dutch state 'owns' the names of all its citizens from the moment their birth certificates are signed. The site never really explains what this ownership of names actually is, but the State haz your namez!!! Luckily, ikclaimmijnnaam.nl is here to help you out and get the ownership of your name back. You do this by sending a bunch of letters to municipal authorities and posting an ad in a national newspaper together with some other loonies publicly declaring your name to be yours. The guide to claiming your name quite aptly explains that 'if the municipal authorities say they can't do anything with your request, they are right.' After you've claimed it, you write your name "John; of the family Jones" in contrast to "John Jones", which is super neato. The organization behind the website will then send a 'declaration of sovereignty' to the Dutch king telling him that your legal person is now also yours. If he doesn't reply within six weeks then the letter you've sent will magically become a binding declaration of independence and, huzzah: you are now a Sovereign Human, for whatever the hell it's worth. Your "slavery to the Dutch state will be broken", and now you can do "some very nice things".https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQkUw7sSDQk 14:15 
To give you a feel for what kind of folks we're dealing with here:
== So what does it do? ==
If the King doesn't reply within six weeks, your name can no longer ‘be used without your permission’, and one more 'free human' escapes his royal tyranny, or something like that. The website and its associated Facebook groups and YouTube channels never seem to be able to agree what actual benefit the whole process brings, or why the Dutch state would even allow this to happen if they actually owned your name. When you've 'escaped slavery', you can call yourself “Sovereign Human of Flesh and Blood”, unlike those other State-owned humans, who are unworthy of a capital H. Now you can join a cool club with other Sovereign Humans, talk about sovereignty on the internet and “negotiate with the tax services” on not paying taxes for bombs or jet fighters. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQkUw7sSDQk 14:20 Yeah, good luck with that.
==External links==
*Reunion of Free Humans of Flesh and Blood on the Land Guidelines (in Dutch)
*http://ikclaimmijnnaam.nl/ (in Dutch)
==References==
Category:Internet kooks
Category:New Age
Category:Netherlands
Category:Pseudolaw
Category:Webshites