nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Powernext

Powernext, launched in July 2001, is a Paris-based electronic trading platform for spot and derivative energy contracts. The firm was founded by a consortium of power grid firms, energy companies and financial institutions including HGRT, Euronext, EDF, Société Générale, BNP Paribas, TotalFinalElf and Electrabel. 
Powernext is regulated by the French Authority for Financial Markets (Autorité des Marchés Financiers (France)) and the (Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution - ACPR) of Banque de France.
In October 2014, the European Energy Exchange (EEX), part of Deutsche Boerse Group, purchased a majority interest in Powernext through an exchange of shares. Upon the close of the deal, EEX will own 55.8 percent of the company.
Under the terms of the deal, PEGAS, a joint venture between EEX and Powernext that offers spot and futures prices, intra-day and weekend prices, as well as location-based energy spreads, will be operated by Powernext as of 2015.
== Products and Services ==
Powernext lists several electronic energy markets with straight-through processing: 
*Powernext Gas Spot and Powernext Gas Futures launched on 26th November 2008 in order to hedge volume and price risks for natural gas in France.
*Powernext and EEX launched PEGAS on 29 May 2013, a commercial cooperation where the 2 exchanges combine their gas markets to create a pan-European gas market.
*Powernext Energy Savings, a dedicated spot market for French White Certificates (Certificats d’Economies d’Energie) launched on 10th January 2012.
*Powernext owns a 50% equity stake in EPEX SPOT and a 20% in EEX Power Derivatives.
== Key People ==
*Jean-François Conil-Lacoste, CEO
*Pierre Bornard, Chairman
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Power Exchanges
Prague Stock Exchange

The Prague Stock Exchange is the largest securities market in the Czech Republic. It is organized as a joint stock company.
== History ==
Only licensed securities dealers who are members of the Exchange have access to the exchange’s system and are entitled to make trades.
In June 2001 the Exchange was affiliated as the Associate member of the Federation of the European Securities Exchanges (FESE) and from 1 May 2004 it became the full member of FESE in connection with accession of the Czech Republic into the European Union.
In May 2004 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the U.S. SEC) officially granted the status of a "designated offshore securities market" to the Prague Stock Exchange and included it into the list of offshore exchanges reliable for investors. 
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Stock Exchanges
Category:European Exchanges
Prashant B. Bhuyan

__NOTOC__ 
Prashant B. Bhuyan is an investment technology entrepreneur and cognitive data scientist. He is the founder and CEO of Accrete.ai, a NYC-based investment technology company aiming to help investors mitigate cognitive biases and make better decisions through the use of machine augmented collective intelligence (MACI).
Before starting Accrete in 2017, Bhuyan spent over a decade in high-frequency trading where basic automation replaced exchange floor brokers nearly overnight. He realized that if machines could learn how to read without explicit instruction, AI could be more profitable and scaleable than traditional SaaS. 
He is also co-founder and principal of Microstructure Research & Engineering Technologies (MRET), a data analytics company focused on solving problems related to the market microstructure and high frequency finance. MRET specialized in building algorithmic trading systems and analytics for financial firms.
== Background ==
Bhuyan also co-founded Alpha Modus Research, a joint venture between MRET and a third party re-seller formed around a suite of cognitive imbalance forecasting tools. 
 
He also co-founded MRT Trading LLC with a former NYMEX vice chairman to trade U.S. stocks. 
Bhuyan invented an award winning IBM Watson use case that improved the forecasting accuracy of stock prices into the close of U.S. markets and garnered significant attention. He was invited to present his work as a keynote at several conferences around the world and has also been interviewed on CNBC and Silicon Angle's the Cube.
==Articles==
Information overload is killing returns. AI is helping to change that for the IBM Watson blog
How fund managers can apply AI to turn data into insights in the IBM Watson blog
==Video==
== Education ==
He is a graduate of Hamilton College.
== References ==
Prashant Bhatnagar

__NOTOC__ 
Prashant Bhatnagar is global head of recruitment at UBS. 
He was previously the head of exchange operations for the Abaxx Exchange a position he assumed in 2019.
 
== Background ==
Before joining Abaxx, Bhatnagar spent seven years as the senior manager for clearing and settlement, securities services with Standard Chartered Bank, where he was responsible for custody/securities services covering 27 countries across Africa, Asia and the Middle East. 
From 2006 through 2012, Bhatnagar served as vice president, clearing and settlement infrastructure for the Singapore Exchange. He then served as vice president, head of clearing & settlement for the Singapore Mercantile Exchange, prior to its acquisition by ICE.
Bhatnagar began his career in 1995, managing operations and technology development for the National Stock Exchange of India Limited.
== Education ==
Bhatnagar holds a Bachelors of Commerce, Commerce & Accounting and a Masters in Commerce, Business Administration from the University of Rajasthan. In 1995, he was awarded the ACS, Corporate Law, by the Institute of Company Secretaries of India.
== References ==
Precious metals

Precious metals are those with intrinsic value, including gold, silver, platinum and palladium. Precious metals are rare, lustrous, do not oxidize or corrode, and are softer than base metals.
A metal is precious if it is highly valued or rare. Gold, silver, platinum and palladium, which have long histories as coinage, clearly fit the description. Nickel and copper, while valued and used in coinage and in production, are comparatively common and belong to the base metals. 
Precious metals are traded physically or via futures and options contracts, mining company stocks, bonds, mutual funds, or other financial instrument.
== References ==
Category:Metals
Category:Gold
Category:Silver
Precision agriculture

Many definitions of precision agriculture exist. The US House of Representatives defined it in 1997 as “an integrated information- and production-based farming system that is designed to increase long term, site-specific and whole farm production efficiency, productivity and profitability while minimizing unintended impacts on wildlife and the environment”. 
It attempts to improve crop performance while minimizing environmental impact. 
The first substantial precision agriculture workshop was held in Minneapolis in 1992, and that was followed by numerous conferences around the world. An Australasian symposium on PA has been held annually since 1997. The U.S. Congress drafted a bill formally recognising the practice in 1997. 
The impetus for precision agriculture emerged in the late 1980s when grid-based sampling of the chemicals in soil was matched with new variable-rate application (VRA) equipment for fertilisers. Using a compass and dead-reckoning principles, fertilisers were applied at rates designed to complement changes in soil fertility. In the 1990s, NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) became available for civilian use and soon after, crop yield monitors hit the commercial market. A number of crop yield monitoring systems were developed that allowed fine-scale monitoring and mapping of yield variation within fields. The linking of yield variability data with maps of soil nutrient changes marked the true beginning of PA in broadacre cropping.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Predatory lending

Predatory lending refers to deceptive practices used by lenders to take advantage of borrowers. During the subprime mortgage bubble of the past few years, many first-time homebuyers ended up with mortgage payments they could not afford, because the terms and conditions of the loans were confusing or misleading. Predatory mortgage lending was a major contributor to the surge in home foreclosures in 2008, as well as the current economic and financial crisis.
== References ==
Category:Lending
Category:Types of Fraud
Preet Bharara

__NOTOC__ 
Preet Bharara is a former federal prosecutor who served as the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 2009 to 2017. He previously served as an Assistant U.S. Attorney for five years. 
Bharara was mentioned in November 2020 as one of the top contenders to run the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission under the administration of President-elect Joe Biden. He was nominated to become the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York by President Obama and sworn in on August 13, 2009. He left that post in March 2017.
== Background ==
While serving as U.S. Attorney, Bharara was known for his investigations of insider trading on Wall Street. He became known nationally when he brought charges against the hedge fund SAC Capital Advisors in Federal District Court in Manhattan in 2012, a case that later resulted in the fund's closure after SAC agreed to plead guilty to five counts of insider trading violations in 2013.
Bharara is also a Distinguished Scholar in Residence at the New York University Law School and host of the podcast "Stay Tuned with Preet."
== Education == 
He received his law degree in 1993 from from the Columbia University School of Law, where he was a member of the Columbia Law Review, and graduated from Harvard University in 1990 with an AB in Government.
== References ==
Preferred stocks

Preferred stock is typically a higher ranking stock than common stock. There are four different types of preferred stock: cumulative preferred, non-cumulative, participating, and convertible. 
Preferred stocks, also called preferred shares, generally have a dividend that must be paid out before dividends to common stockholders. The shares usually do not have voting rights. They have characteristics of both debt (fixed dividends) and equity (potential appreciation).
== References ==
Category:Stocks
Category:Types of Shares
Category:Equities
Price

The price of securities referred to by the media are usually their closing price, or last trading price when the market's regular session ended. But investors and traders are generally more interested in the opening price, which often varies from closing due to electronic trading, as a better predictor of short-term price movement.
== First watch ==
Since the advent of global, 24-hour capital markets, closing price has become less reliable as a benchmark for a security's trading demand whereas opening price incorporates all after-hours market sentiments. All intraday market movements and securities' closing prices are benchmarked against the opening price. The power of opening prices as an analytical short-term trading tool has even been dubbed the "Opening Price Principle", also the title of a popular trading book on the subject. 
== References ==
Category:Market Terms
Category:Data
Category:Charting
Price Asset Management, Inc.

__NOTOC__
Price Asset Management, Inc. (PAM) is an Illinois corporation, registered with the CFTC and the NFA as a recommending Commodity Trading Advisor and Commodity Pool Operator. PAM is a specialty boutique designed to assist institutions and individuals with portfolio diversification, construction and to introduce them to alternative investments.
== History ==
== Key People ==
*John D. Reese, CEO
*David F. Schink, Chief Operating Officer & General Counsel
== References ==
== External links ==
*http://www.priceasset.com/
Category:Commodity Trading Advisors
Category:Commodity Pool Operators
Category:Price Futures Group
Price Group ETD

The Price Futures Group's Electronic Trading Division was headed by John J. Lothian, the founder of MarketsWiki. This electronic brokerage operation offered retail and institutional traders electronic tools to trade multiple futures markets from one trading screen. Price Group's ETD was discontinued in December of 2011.
== History ==
The Price Group's Electronic Trading Division was founded in 1997 with the hiring of John Lothian. The ETD first offered traders seeking direct access to the markets a platform developed by the CME called CME-IOR. CME-IOR was a rogue development project of the CME's and platform was the first to use Java in a trading platform. 
In 2000 the ETD introduced PriceTrade based on the RANORDER trading platform from Rolfe & Nolan. Later, they offered J-Trader from Patsystems, Trading Technologies X_Trader, MF Global's MTrade for clients to use to trade futures.
== Key People ==
*John J. Lothian
== References ==
Category:Price Futures Group
Category:Electronic Trading
Price Headley

__NOTOC__ 
Price Headley is the founder of BigTrends.com, which aims to provide investors with real-time stock and options strategies and investment education designed to help them profit from significant market trends. He was inducted into the Traders' Hall of Fame in 2007.
Headley is a member of the Market Technicians Association. He is also a chartered financial analyst (CFA) charterholder and a chartered market technician (CMT) charterholder.
He is the author of Big Trends in Trading. 
== Background ==
== Education ==
Headley is a graduate of Duke University.
== Resources ==
* Price Headley LinkedIn Page
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Authors
Price Holdings, Inc.

__NOTOC__ 
Price Holdings, Inc., is an employee-owned financial services company that is headquartered in the Chicago Board of Trade Building.
Its affiliate companies include independent introducing broker The Price Futures Group, Inc., registered commodity trading advisor and commodity pool operator Price Asset Management, Inc., full-service fund accounting company Fund Dynamics and FINRA registered broker-dealer and investment advisor Uhlmann Price Securities, LLC.
The entities of Price Holdings each provide an array of investment and trading services.
== History ==
The history of Price Holdings, Inc. starts with the founding of The Price Futures Group, Inc. in 1988. In 2010, The PRICE Futures Group and affiliated companies were combined in Price Holdings, Inc., which then conducted an employee stock ownership plan.
== Products and Services ==
* The Price Futures Group | Full Service Futures and Options Brokerage
*Uhlmann Price Securities | Full Service Securities Brokerage and Investment Advisory
*Price Asset Management, Inc. | Commodity-Focused Investment Products and Asset Solutions
*Atrium Trading, Inc. | Discount Electronic Trading 
*Transparent Strategy Tracker | Account Monitoring Software
*Fund Dynamics | Fund Accounting and Administration
== External Links ==
*www.pricegroup.com
*www.upsecurities.com
*www.priceasset.com
*www.atriumtrading.com
*www.tstracker.com
*www.funddynamics.com
*www.priceholdingsinc.com
== Key People ==
*Walter Thomas (Tom) Price, III, Co-Chairman
*Alan Konn, Co-Chairman
*Susanna W. Jung
== References ==
Category:Futures Brokers
Category:Securities Brokers
Category:Price Futures Group
Category:Price Holdings
Price chart

A price chart is a sequence of prices plotted over a specific time frame. In statistical terms, charts are referred to as time series plots.
On a chart, the y-axis (vertical axis) represents the price scale and the x-axis (horizontal axis) represents the time scale. Prices are plotted from left to right across the x-axis with the most recent plot being the furthest right. 
Technical analysts and chartists use charts to analyze a wide array of securities and forecast future price movements. The use of charts is not limited to just technical analysis, however. Fundamental analysts can benefit from their use as well. A graphical historical record makes it easy to spot the effect of key events on a security's price and its performance over a period of time. 
== References ==
Category:Charting
Category:Data
Price discovery

Price discovery is the process of establishing a market price at which demand and supply for an item are matched.
On any given day the price of a July futures contract will reflect the consensus of buyers’ and sellers’ current opinions about what the value of the commodity will be when the contract expires in July. As new or more accurate information becomes available or as expectations change, the July futures price may increase or decrease.
Competitive price discovery is considered to be an important economic function and a major benefit of futures trading. Through this competition all available information about the future value of a commodity is continuously translated into the language of price, providing a barometer of supply and demand. 
Some contend that the main purpose of markets is to allow people to determine prices, and without trades in an open market there can be no accurate determination of value. The price observed at an instant in time on the ideal efficient market is viewed as good assessment of future risk and return.
== Resources ==
"The Dynamics Of Price Discovery," Bingcheng Yan and Eric Zivot, Department of Economics University of Washington, March 15, 2004
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Price weighted

A price-weighted index is one where the components are included based on their price. For a stock market index this implies that stocks are included in proportions based on their quoted prices. Therefore, a stock trading at $100 will be making up 10 times more of the total index compared to a stock trading at $10. This is different from a market weighted index (also known as capitalization weighted) where stocks are included based on the equity market values of the underlying companies, e.g., the quoted stock price multiplied by the number of stocks outstanding.
Many believe that a price weighted index will not accurately reflect the evolvement in underlying market values because, simply, the $100 stock above might be that of a small company and the $10 stock that of a large company. A change in the price quote of the small company will thus drive the price weighted index (as it makes up a large part of the index) while the combined market values will remain relatively unaffected without changes in the price quote of the large company.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average is an example of a price-weighted stock market index.
== Resources ==
*
Category:Indexes
Category:Indices
PricewaterhouseCoopers

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC) is one of the "Big Four" auditors (with KPMG, Ernst & Young and Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu). PwC evolved from a partnership formed in 1865 between Samuel Price, William Holyland, and Edwin Waterhouse, called Price Waterhouse. The company was renamed Price Waterhouse & Co. in 1874, and in 1998 merged with Coopers & Lybrand to form Price Waterhouse Coopers. 
PricewaterhouseCoopers serves both public and private clients in 29 industries. 
PricewaterhouseCoopers, along with Ernst & Young, was chosen by the U.S. Treasury to help oversee the TARP $700 billion bailout plan. PwC was tasked with setting up TARP's internal controls. 
Both firms signed contracts to work with the Treasury until Sept. 30, 2011.
== History ==
PwC has a history that dates back to the nineteenth century. Each accounting practice originated in London during the mid-1800s.
== Products and Services ==
PwC's services include: auditing and assurance; consulting; business recovery and restructuring; corporate finance; mergers & acquisitions; human resources and taxes.
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Accounting‏‎
Category:PricewaterhouseCoopers
Category:Auditors
Prime

The prime rate on mortgages and other loans is the lowest interest rate lenders will charge to borrowers with the lowest repayment risk. Although previously though a safe investment, prime mortgages in the U.S. are now defaulting at a higher rate than subprime mortgage holders in late 2007.
== Lowest wins ==
Among major U.S. banks the prime rate benchmark is considered to be the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate (WSJPrime Rate), which is taken from a survey of the 30 largest banks' lowest available interest rates on corporate loans. Those rates, and hence the WSJ Prime Rate, generally only move with changes in the Federal Funds Rate and Federal Disocunt Rate set by the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank. 
On the since-stagnant credit markets, prime mortgages referred to home loans of sufficient quality that they could were considered eligible for securitization by now-bankrupt mortgage-repurchase giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac for sale to the [[secondary
market]] - where liquidity quickly dried up in mid-2007. Subprime mortgage lending, by contrast, focuses on customers whose credit history doesn't qualify them for the prime rate.
== Prime cut == 
Although lenders previously considered prime borrowers a good investment, U.S default rates for prime mortgage-holders have recently become a benchmark for the broadening impact of the credit crisis. The national prime default rate recently shot to 3.07% in Q2 2008, way over the previous record of 1.97% in 1985. In the embattled Californian housing market the rate of 'seriously delinquent' prime mortages jumped to 4.15% in the same period.
== References ==
Category:Interest Rates
Prime Meridian Capital Management

Prime Meridian Capital Management is a fund management firm which invests in the peer-to-peer lending space. 
The company was founded in 2012 and launched a fund called the Prime Meridian Income Fund, which invests in short-term consumer loan portfolios in the peer-to-peer lending arena through companies such as: Lending Club and Prosper. 
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
* Don Davis, managing partner
== References ==