nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Nature (journal)

Nature is a premier BritishBritish-based but owned by Anglo-German publisher SpringerNature peer-reviewed scientific journal, first published in 1869. Along with Science, the flagship journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS for short), it is one of the top two most prestigious journals in the world, and the most cited — having the highest impact factor of all journals.
==Content==
Unlike most journals, which are highly specialised, Nature is one of the few that still publishes a wide range of science from all valid disciplines. The rate that papers are accepted into Nature is about 1 out of every 10 submissions — and papers are only submitted if the authors think that they even have a chance of being published.
==Notable papers==
In 1974, Nature published the results of experiments performed by physicists Targ and Puthoff, who studied Uri Geller and were convinced his psychic powers were real.Information transmission under conditions of sensory shielding, Nature, volume 251, pp. 602-607 The editors preceded the article with their own disclaimer, something the magazine hardly ever does.
In the 1980s, Nature published work by Jacques Benveniste that appeared to show that homeopathy worked. As the paper was well-written and passed peer review there was no objective reason to reject the paper; thus putting away conspiracy theories that say alternative medicine is completely shunned by mainstream scientific groups. The paper was published on the grounds that the experiments were being repeated under the supervision of a team from Nature, which included illusionist James Randi who would be there to spot any sleight of hand — famously taping samples to the ceiling to enhance the randomisation and blinding process. Under these conditions, the experiment turned out to be negative and due entirely to the bias of a single individual in the lab (although not outright fraud). The editor of Nature at the time, John Maddox, was nevertheless disappointed in not being able to publish completely Earth-shattering results, stating "I'm sorry we didn't find something more interesting."
==See also==
* Elsevier
* The BMJ
==External links==
*Nature.com
*PhD Comics — Science vs Nature
==Notes==
==References==
category:Science
Category:Journals
Nature woo

"Nature woo" refers to the irrational belief in the goodness of all things deemed "natural." Although such beliefs sometimes have a faint basis in science, any kernel of truth is usually blown way out of proportion and then coated in woo, all in the name of a campaign by the crunchier-than-thou to prove that Mother Earth loves them more than you. 
This explains why marketing managers love the meaningless word "natural" in phrases along the lines of "full of natural goodness" as they assume that customers will believe that anything that is "natural" is good for them.
==Naturally lethal==
Of course, nature woo ignores the fact that a vast range of perfectly natural things are dangerous or deadly. Plants such as tobacco, and ; mushrooms such as the the and the chemicals such as and minerals such as asbestos, and diseases such as rabies, AIDS, and leprosy; creatures such as crocodiles, sewer rats and mosquitoes; mold; natural disasters; excessive ultraviolet radiation; and are all perfectly "natural" but are in no sense good for you. In fact, the only way you might be able to survive some of these natural hazards is through the "unnatural" (artificial) intervention of science and technology; including hospitals, modern medicine, engineering and architecture.
Nature woo relies on maintaining false dichotomies between Nature, humankind and human products, as if Homo sapiens does not form a part of dear old , and as if once Homo sapiens has generated something it ceases to be "natural". In finer terms, the distinction made seems to be between the spontaneous and instinctive on the one hand, and the "unnatural" intellectual and reasoning (i.e. not spontaneous, and thus not with obvious time-proved antecedents) on the other. In other words, appeal to nature here is effectively a chthonic version of an appeal to tradition.
==Examples==
*Alternative medicine
**Crystal healing
**Herbalism
**Homeopathy
*Natural parenting woo:
**Lactivism
**Natural childbirth and home birth, which may or may not be better for mother and child (should be cheaper, at least), but are not necessarily better just by virtue of being "natural."
*Vaccine hysteria
*Organic food
*Aspartame controversy
*Chemophobia
*E number phobia
==See also==
*List of medicinal plants (includes side effects)
*Noble savage, a stereotype of native peoples used to hawk "natural" products
*Folk science
Nawaz Sharif

Nawaz Sharif is the thrice elected Prime Minister of Pakistan and leader of the Pakistan Muslim League, a party named after the one that established Pakistan as a secular Muslim state in 1948.http://historypak.com/nawaz-sharif-1949/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Nawaz-Sharifhttps://books.google.com/books?id=7czT4fipTyoC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false The League came to power after the death of General Zia-ul-Haq in a mysterious air crash. Sharif has represented a centre-right constituency whose power base is in the Punjab region.
Sharif's elections have not been immune from the extensive intimidation and ballot rigging endemic to Pakistani politics.
Like many Pakistani Prime Ministers, Sharif opportunistically cultivated religious conservatism and introduced more aspects of Sharia law to the country's legal system.https://tribune.com.pk/story/516152/nawaz-sharifs-shariat-bill/
He was accused of corruption, especially after the State bought out most of his family steel business at especially favorable prices.https://www.ft.com/content/b5b046de-7368-11e7-aca6-c6bd07df1a3c
Sharif was overthrown by General Pervez Musharraf in 1999. Sharif had sacked Musharraf as Chief of Army Staff after the Pakistan Army was forced to withdraw from Indian-occupied Kashmir; Sharif expected Musharraf to take the blame and be replaced by the Director of Inter Services Intelligence, General Ziauddin.
Musharraf was sacked while en route on a commercial flight from a conference in Sri Lanka.http://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/dec/11/pakistan.saudiarabia Sharif ordered the runway at Karachi to be blocked by police cars in order to crash the aircraft. Musharraf used a cellphone to order his soldiers to clear the pathway and then to arrest Sharif.
Subsequently, Nawaz Sharif was sentenced to 10 years for terrorism and hijacking, but was allowed to go into exile in Saudi Arabia.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/dec/11/pakistan.saudiarabia Recently, Sharif has returned to Pakistan, to win the 2013 elections against Imran Khan.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/13/pakistan-elections-nawaz-sharif-imran-khan
The PML has split into those who opportunistically support Musharraf called PML(Q) for Quaid-e Azam or PML(N) for Nawaz. Nawaz Sharif is distrusted by the West for being too close to the Militants, but backed by Saudi Arabian King Abdullah.
In 2018, he was again sentenced 10 years to jail for corruption. His sentence was suspended after a couple months.Pakistan court orders release of ex-PM Nawaz Sharif, daughter, Al Jazeera
==References==
Category:Convicted felons
Category:Homophobes
Category:Islamic fundamentalism
Category:Living people
Category:Middle-Eastern politicians
Category:Muslims
Nayirah testimony

The Nayirah testimony refers to an account given in October 1990 to the United Congressional Human Rights Caucus in which 15-year old Nayirah relayed details of mass human rights violations performed by Iraqi soldiers in Kuwait. This included the standard brew of summary execution and mass looting, but also blood-curdling tales of hospitals being targeted, including newborn infants and vulnerable children being taken from incubators and having their oxygen turned off so that the equipment could shipped off to Iraq."Human Rights Violations in Kuwait" - CSPAN Needless to say the Bush administration took full advantage of this story, which was a cornerstone in bolstering public support for military action in the middle-east — much saving of human rights ensued.
==The reality==
Nayirah, it turns out, was not just any 15-year old girl. She was in fact Nayirah Al-Sabah, the daughter of Kuwait's ambassador to the US, and had been heavily briefed on what to say during her testimony. She had not witnessed any of the 'atrocities' listed in her speech and future investigations would find that no such looting of hospitals had taken place.Leonard Doyle, "Iraqi Baby Atrocity is Revealed as Myth," The Independent (12 January 1992) Infants had died, but only when the doctors and nurses responsible for those infants fled the hospital. There was no mass looting of hospital equipment resulting in dead babies and children. Nayirah in fact was a fraud being coached by the PR firm Hill and Knowlton who were working for the Kuwaiti government.
==The embarrassing take-away==
Although the initial deception of the Nayirah testimony is shocking, perhaps the more worrying concern was that almost the entirety of Western mainstream media was taken in by this as was the international human rights organisation Amnesty International. Almost all the media and non-governmental organisations that had a hand in spreading and verifying the Nayirah testimony have since retracted their endorsement of it, however none of them have suffered in standing because of it. Much like the claims of WMD's in Iraq, by the time they had been found out to be phony it was too late to do anything and everyone had already forgotten and forgiven the people responsible for promoting the lies that got them there in the first place. 
What the Nayirah testimony demonstrates is that contrary to the smug liberal consensus,Henry Farrell, A Brief Theory of Very Serious People. Crooked Timber, 22 July 2015. even seemingly benign human rights organisations like Amnesty can be manipulated by bad governments and realpolitik.
==References==
Category:Conservative deceit
Category:Imperialism
Category:Politics
Category:Propaganda
Category:Iraq
Category:War
Nazir Ahmed

Nazir Ahmed, Baron Ahmed is a British politician who was a member of the House of Lords and a former member of the Labour Party. He's best known for his controversies, which we'll talk about below.
In April 2012, Ahmed reportedly denounced the US government's bounty on Lashkar-e-Taiba chief Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, calling it an insult to all Muslims and stating that "If the US can announce a reward of $10 million for the captor of Hafiz Saeed, I can announce a bounty of 10 million pounds on President Obama and his predecessor George Bush".http://tribune.com.pk/story/364863/sterling-bounty-offered-for-obama-bush/ This resulted in his temporary suspension from the party.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18658233 He denied making these statements,http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-17723890 even though the website of the university that was hosting him at the time also quotes him as saying much the same thing in its summary of the event.http://pu.edu.pk/home/section/seminars/1445
Ahmed had previously been jailed for dangerous driving following an incident in which a man was killed;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/4804702/Labour-peer-Lord-Ahmed-jailed-for-motorway-texting.html in March 2013, it was reported that he blamed his prison sentence on a Jewish conspiracy.http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=306382 He got suspended again for that one,http://www.channel4.com/news/lord-ahmed-suspended-over-jewish-conspiracy-comments and later resigned from the Labour party due to the controversy.http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-peer-lord-ahmed-resigns-from-party-over-alleged-antisemitic-comments-8614641.html
In 2020 he retired from his seat following the result of a Lords Conduct Committee investigationhttps://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld5801/ldselect/ldcond/170/17005.htm that concluded he exploited a member of the public who had sought his help to report an exploitive faith healer to the police, instead coercing her into a sexual relationship. In proper governmental fashion, it took a news report on the issue after she was denied an investigation to get the government to actually look into the complaints.https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-54975932
==External links==
*Got a Problem? Lord Ahmed Can Help
==References==
Category:Convicted felons
Category:Muslims
Category:Living people
Category:Antisemites
Necessary and sufficient conditions

Necessary and sufficient conditions is a logical phrase that describes the relationship between two statements when one statement is true if and only if another statement is true. If a given statement is a necessary condition of another, it must be true for the second statement to be true. If a given statement is a sufficient condition for another statement to be true, the first statement, if satisfied as true, assures the second statement is true.
In physical science terms, a necessary and sufficient condition is known as the "cause" of an event, and the ensuing event is the "effect" of the prior one. The cause, of course, precedes the effect in time, although under the "necessary and sufficient" constraint, either event's occurrence can be imputed from the occurrence of the other.
In mathematics, "necessary and sufficient" is used to establish an equivalence relation between two statements: if the truth of one statement is necessary and sufficient for the truth of another statement, then the two statements are equivalent.
A related concept is dispositivity; that the truth of one statement may be either necessary, sufficient or both for the falsehood of another.
==Corollaries of the concepts==
Suppose a statement D, whose truth may be conditional on the truth of three other statements A, B and C (for the sake of argument, consider the list exhaustive). Given the notions of necessity and sufficiency described above, a few rules become clear.
*If exactly one of the statements A, B, or C is a necessary condition, but not a sufficient one, for the truth of D, no single condition among them is sufficient for the truth of D.
*If one or more of the conditions A, B, or C is sufficient but not necessary, then no single condition among the three is necessary for the truth of D.
*If one of the conditions is both necessary and sufficient by itself, sufficiency of the others is immaterial (see the physical science point above).
There is also terminology governing more complex relationships involving necessity and sufficiency:
*If A and B are both necessary but neither one individually, nor the two together, is sufficient for D, A and B may be said to be severally necessary but jointly insufficient.
*If A, B, and C are all necessary and the three together are sufficient for the truth of D, they may be said to be both severally necessary and jointly sufficient.
Category:Logic
Category:Philosophy of science
Negative conclusion from affirmative premises

A negative conclusion from affirmative premises (also illicit affirmative) occurs when a categorical syllogism has a negative conclusion, but two affirmative premises.
It is a syllogistical fallacy and a formal fallacy.
==Forms==
You commit this fallacy if you use either of the following false syllogisms:
==See also==
*Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
==External links==
*
*NEGATIVE CONCLUSION FROM AFFIRMATIVE PREMISES, Logically Fallacious
*Negative Conclusion from Affirmative Premisses, Fallacy Files
Category:Formal fallacies
Neil Cavuto

Neil Cavuto (born 1958) is an American political pundit. Previously employed by CNBC, he is currently employed by Fox News and Fox Business Network. He hosts Your World with Neil Cavuto and Cavuto on Business on FNC. Additionally, he hosts Cavuto on FBN.Neil Cavuto|Biography, Fox News Website. He is also senior vice president and managing editor of business news for FBN, and therefore to blame for its content and business coverage.
==Political views==
As a Fox News anchor, Neil Cavuto intends to ride the tiger that is the Tea Party until it gets too hungry.Neil Cavuto Talks Tea Party Politics With Sarah Palin, Fox News Insider. Without a hint of cognitive dissonance, he also supports the neocon agenda and uses the term "homicide bomber". Stop trying to make "fetch" happen, Neil!
Unusually for a Fox pundit, Cavuto occasionally took Trump to task,Neil Cavuto Gets Down to Business When Calling Out President Trump by Brian Steinberg (October 17, 2017 10:08AM PT) Variety. the most severe task-taking was a 4-minute opinion piece on May 3, 2018 in which he concluded, "That's your stink. Mr. President, that’s your swamp."Fox's Cavuto to Trump: 'That's your stink. Mr. President, that’s your swamp.' by Meagan Flynn (May 4, 2018 at 4:14 AM) The Washington Post.Cavuto: Is Trump giving the media very real ammunition? (May 3, 2018) Fox News via YouTube.
==External links==
*Neil Cavuto's greatest hits!
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:Journalists
Category:Living people
Category:Neoconservatives
Category:New York
Nephilim

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The Nephilim (Hebrew: נְפִילִים) are, are ... well, no one has any idea really. They get a mention in the Bible, though. But apparently not in previous mythology. The Septuagint, which underlies most Christian Bibles, translates the word nephilim as γίγαντες, "giants", which is the word used in both the King James and Douay-Rheims versions in English.
Depending on your point of view they are one of the following:
#A third category of creatures, separate from Men and angels
#Aliens
#Giants
#Human-angel hybrids
#Humans with the soul of a non-human race
#The result of the Bible being an inconsistent mishmash of previous mythologies
#A simple mistranslation
==Spottings==
The Nephilim are mentioned in the Bible in two sections:
==Hoax spottings==
Some Internet pranksters have attempted to pass off manipulated images of giant skeletons at archaeological dig sites as real. These images have been claimed as proof of the giants mentioned in the Bible,David Emery. "Nephilim Bones: Were Giant Human Skeletons Found in Greece?". the Qu'ran, or Hindu texts,Example 1 is the Koran version, Example 2 is the Hindu version. depending on the story. It's even referenced as yet another deep web secret that can be found.
==Other sightings==
A story in 2015 claimed that Nephilim DNA had been extracted from a mysterious 19th century female corpse from the Caucasus.DNA Proof Of Nephilim Discovered? "Ape Woman" Was "Not Human" According To DNA Tests, All News Pipeline, April 5, 2015 Seemingly, reporters made the deduction that if someone's DNA was a bit odd, they had to be a Biblical giant descended from angels. (Do angels have DNA? Can they be cloned? Report to your nearest NERV recruiting station if you have the answers!)
Reports in the nutty right-wing Christian media in 2016 claimed that American soldiers had engaged and killed a Nephilim in Afghanistan and his corpse had been flown back to the USA.Is US Government Hiding the "Giant of Kandahar"?, WND
==External links==
*
*Snopes
*National Geographic (archive)
*Magic: the Gathering
==References==
Category:Biblical figures
Category:Cryptozoology
Category:Hoaxes
Category:Old Testament
Category:Mythology
Nestorianism

Nestorianism is the belief, originated by Nestorius, the Patriarch of Constantinople (briefly), that Christ was of two distinct hypostases or natures, one human and one divine. Like most early disputes over Christology, it ended with excommunications being handed out like candy.
==Origins to schism==
Nestorius was taught theology at the distinctly literalist School of Antioch, which emphasised the distinctiveness of Christ's human and divine natures. From there, he went on to be appointed Patriarch of Constantinople by Theodosius II in 428.Nestorius Once in office, he waged a zealous campaign against Arians, Macedonians (the sect, not the nationality), Novatians, and other varieties of heretic, before himself causing an uproar by arguing that the traditional title Theotokos (literally "bringer forth of God") should not be used for Mary, as it failed to recognize Jesus's human nature, and suggested the title Christotokos instead.Novatian and Novatianism This reeked of adoptionism to many, and the Patriarch of Alexandria and the Pope both became involved against the idea of Christ's natures being so loosely united as Nestorius proposed.
==Schism and Church of the East==
In 431 the emperor Theodosius II convened an ecumenical council to resolve the issue: the First . Though some at the council initially spoke out in favor of Nestorius, the political winds blew as they do, and his teachings were ultimately anathemised. Sound familiar? Afterwards, many Christians who still faithfully held to the Nestorian position fled from the Roman Empire to Sassanid Persia, and in 486 the , which had previously renounced foreign authority (i.e. the Pope etc.), officially adopted Nestorius's teachings.Nestorianism From Persia, in a classic example of (temporarily) successful evangelism, Nestorianism spread across Asia, reaching as far as Mongolia, China, and India at the height of its influence in the Middle Ages, before falling apart into a number of sects, some of which returned to communion with Rome.
==See also==
*Heresy
*Eastern Churches
*Trinity
==References==
Category:Christian denominations
Net domestic income

Net domestic income (NDI) is form of national income accounting (NIA) that takes the sum of net incomes earned and costs incurred in the production of net domestic product. It is equal to gross domestic income less consumption of fixed capital, and it is also equal to net domestic product less the statistical discrepancy. NDI comprises compensation of employees, taxes on production and imports less subsidies, and net operating surplus."Net domestic income (NDI)" www.bea.gov. NDI is not a common tool used in macroeconomics for analyzing public policy, given that it is somewhat complicated to calculate and there are a number of well established alternatives in use.
==Formula==
The basic formula is usually written as follows:
W+P+i+F+(T-s)
Where W refers to wages and salaries, P is equal to before tax income of corporations, i refers to interest and capital gains, f is all farm and unincorporated business profits, and T-s refers to taxes minus any subsidies.Lecture 3: National Income Accounting Reference - Chapter 5
==See also==
*Gross domestic product 
*Gross national income
*Net national income
==External links==
*Fred:Net Domestic Income
==References==
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category:economics