nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Nasdaq-Liffe Markets

Nasdaq-Liffe Markets (NQLX) was an exchange created in 2000 as a joint venture between NASDAQ and LIFFE to offer trading in security futures, including single-stock futures. LIFFE CONNECT was the electronic trading platform for all NQLX trading, not surprising given the exchange's connection with LIFFE. Given the exchange's securities influence, the Options Clearing Corporation as was chosen as the clearing provider. 
In October 2004, the exchange announced that it would no longer offer contracts for trading. The existing contracts were consolidated into positions at OneChicago, which itself ceased trading security futures in September 2020.
== History ==
The partnership for NQLX was announced at the Futures Industry Association International Conference in Boca Raton, Florida, in 2001. NQLX was originally owned by NASDAQ and LIFFE. However, in 2003, NASDAQ exited the partnership as their business priorities shifted to other areas as top management changed. 
Warren Langley, former Pacific Exchange chief operating officer was named to lead NQLX as CEO in June of 2001, however he left the exchange two months later when he was unable to come to mutually agreeable contract terms. NQLX COO Robert Fitzsimmons was named acting CEO in his place. In March of 2002, Thomas Ascher was named CEO of NQLX. 
Ascher resigned from NQLX in November of 2003 and he was replaced by Robert Fitzsimmons, who served as president during a reorganization that halved the NQLX staffing. 
When NASDAQ was searching for a partner to enter the newly legalized securities futures products, Trading Technologies was originally considered as a partner and technology provider. 
NQLX was represented by Strategics, Inc. who planned and executed their media relations strategy.
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Futures Exchanges
Category:European Exchanges
Category:North American Exchanges
Category:Security Futures Exchanges
Nasdaq Clearing

Nasdaq Clearing is an EMIR-authorized clearing house providing a central counterparty clearing system for a range of markets & asset classes. It offers credit risk and clearing services to the North American energy markets. Nasdaq Clearing supports the U.S. physical power and natural gas markets by integrating the physical and financial markets through market-neutral credit and clearing services. It is part of the Nasdaq Group. 
== History ==
Nasdaq Clearing was previously known as the North American Energy Credit and Clearing Corp. until March of 2010, when it was purchased by NASDAQ OMX Group.
== Products and Services ==
The company provides credit-protected trading opportunities for both physical and financial energy market participants that transact in over-the-counter (OTC) traded contracts. It also offers credit risk management solutions to physical energy market participants so they can access credit protected standard and non-standard physical transactions.
== Key People ==
*Julia Haglind, Chief Executive Officer
*Jesper Bruzelius, Chief Risk Officer
*Michael Nolte, Chief Technology Officer 
*Henrik Selhammer, Chief Operating Officer
== References ==
Category:Clearing
Category:NASDAQ OMX
Nasdaq Commodities

Nasdaq Commodities is the brand name for Nasdaq Inc.’s global suite of commodity related products and services. The Nasdaq Commodities offerings include electricity, natural gas and carbon emission contracts, tanker and dry cargo freight, fuel oil, seafood derivatives, iron ore, electricity certificates and clearing services. Nasdaq ASA is the commodity derivatives exchange authorized by the Norwegian Ministry of Finance and supervised by the Norwegian Financial Supervisory Authority.
Nasdaq Commodities was formed when Nasdaq acquired Nord Pool’s clearing, international derivatives and consulting subsidiaries in October of 2008. Nasdaq OMX acquired all of Nord Pool ASA in March of 2010 and incorporated it into Nasdaq OMX Commodities.
Nasdaq Commodities is Europe's third largest marketplace and clearinghouse for derivatives. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
Nasdaq Commodities offers carbon contracts including: European Union Allowances (EUAs), Certified Emission Reductions (CERs), CER/EUA swaps and strips as well as physical delivery for EUAs and CERs.
On May 11, 2016 Nasdaq Commodities announced the establishment of 14 new energy markets in Europe through a collaboration with Mercuria Energy Trading, one of the world’s largest independent energy and commodities groups. The new instruments will be available to Nasdaq Commodities clients generally, but they were designed in particular to work with Mercuria’s sponsored access business for OTC European Energy markets. They will be listed on Nasdaq Oslo ASA and Nasdaq Clearing AB. 
== Key People ==
Bjørn Sibbern, Global Head
== References ==
Nasdaq Futures

Nasdaq Futures Exchange, Inc. (NFX) is a Designated Contract Market regulated by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission. It was acquired by European Energy Exchange AG in November 2019 from Nasdaq and its contracts were shifted to EEX's subsidiary Nodal Exchange.
== History ==
NFX was announced in March of 2015, and trading began on July 24th, 2015. 
The exchange offered traders a fee holiday during its first nine months of operation. 
The exchange launched with 25 energy futures and options contracts and added to this list over the following year. It expanded to more than 110 futures and options based on natural gas, crude oil and power products and interest rates.
By March 2016, more than 7 million contracts had been traded on Nasdaq Futures with open interest of 700,000 contracts. In 2018, NFX volumes totaled 22 million contracts, down 55% from the prior year's volume of 49.1 million contracts. Through the first half of 2019, volumes totaled 4.5 million contracts, down 65% from 13.1 million contracts in the first half of 2018. Nasdaq NFX hopes to attract volume from the incumbents with lower trading and clearing costs, offered through the Options Clearing Corporation. 
NFX is a fully electronic exchange that uses Nasdaq’s GENIUM INET technology, which features a transparent central limit order book and real-time trade reporting functionality along with pre-trade risk management capabilities. Nasdaq Futures' independent software vendors are Orc, CQG, OptionsCity, Stellar Trading Systems, Trading Technologies and DTN Trading. Access is provided by 17 futures commission merchants.
== Products and Services ==
NFX offers a variety of contracts but is mainly focused on energy futures. Its energy offerings include natural gas, oil, and electricity as well as freight and petrochemical financial futures and steel scrap futures.
Nasdaq announced on July 2, 2018 that it would launch a suite of interest rate products called DV01 U.S. Treasury Futures on NFX pending regulatory approval. The U.S. DV01 Futures will be cash settled On-The-Run U.S. Treasury futures contracts expressed as 100 minus the yield of the corresponding U.S. Treasury security, similar to the pricing of three-month Eurodollar interest rate futures.
A full list of NFX contracts can be found here.
== Key People ==
*Rick Beaman, CEO
*Daniel R. Carrigan, President
== References ==
Nasdaq Index Options offered at CBOE

The Nasdaq-100 Index, launched in January 1985, represents the largest and most active non-financial domestic and international issues listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market® based on market capitalization. The index is calculated under a modified capitalization-weighted methodology. 
Nasdaq-100 Index Options. Trading in cash-settled options on the Nasdaq-100 (NDX) index began on the CBOE on February 7, 1994. 
Nasdaq-100 Index Tracking Stock represents ownership in the Nasdaq-100 Trust, a long-term unit investment trust established to accumulate and hold a portfolio of the equity securities that comprise the Nasdaq-100 Index®. Its initial market value approximates 1/40 the value of the underlying Nasdaq-100 Index.
The Chicago Board Options Exchange offers the following products based on Nasdaq indexes. Unlike with a wide range of CBOE proprietary 
indexes based on the S&P, only one (*) of CBOE's Nasdaq indexes is proprietary
NDX - Nasdaq-100 Index Options: Trading in cash-settled options on the Nasdaq-100 (NDX) index began on the CBOE on February 7, 1994. Nasdaq-100 Index Tracking Stock represents ownership in the Nasdaq-100 Trust, a long-term unit investment trust established to accumulate and hold a portfolio of the equity securities that comprise the Nasdaq-100 Index®. Its initial market value approximates 1/40 the value of the underlying Nasdaq-100 Index. 
VXN(*) - CBOE Nasdaq-100 Volatility Index Options: The CBOE Nasdaq-100 Volatility Index, more commonly referred to as "VXN," is an up-to-the-minute market estimate of expected volatility that is calculated by using real-time Nasdaq-100 Index (NDX) option bid/ask quotes. VXN uses nearby and second nearby options listed on CBOE with at least 8 days left to expiration and then weights them to yield a constant, 30-day measure of the expected volatility of the Nasdaq-100 Index. VXN is quoted in absolute numbers that represent the volatility in percentage points per annum. 
MML - CBOE Mini-NDX Index Options: The CBOE Mini-NDX Index is based on 1/10th the value of the Nasdaq-100 Index® (NDX). NDX is a modified capitalization-weighted index composed of 100 of the largest non-financial securities listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market. The index was created in 1985 with a base value set to 250 on February 1 of that year. After reaching a level of nearly 800 on December 31, 1993, the index level was halved on January 3, 1994. 
 
== References ==
 
Category:Stock index Options
Nasdaq OMX BLNK

Nasdaq OMX introduced BLNK, a European version of its US FLASH order type, in June 2009.
BLNK allows participants to divert orders destined for the primary markets onto the Nasdaq OMX Europe order book for up to 25 milliseconds before being routed on to their destination. 
According to Nasdaq, BLNK will allow clients to take advantage of the platform’s aggressive rebate pricing structure. 
The BLNK order type, along with similar flash order types offered by other exchanges, aroused controversy when it was opposed by NYSE Euronext, who argued that giving first refusal on orders to a select group of participants creates a two-tiered market, counter to the objectives of Reg NMS.
On August 6, 2009, Nasdaq OMX voluntarily withdrew its US FLASH order type but not the BLNK version. 
== References ==
Category:NASDAQ OMX
Category:Order Types
Nasdaq OMX Europe

NASDAQ OMX Europe (aka NEURO) was a Multilateral Trading Facility (MTF) launched by NASDAQ OMX Group in 2008. It was shut down in 2010 after it failed to meet the exchange's growth objectives. Its aim was to provide a trading and routing platform for the most actively traded European stocks. The market received regulatory approval from the Financial Services Authority (FSA) as a Multilateral Trading Facility on September 8, 2008, 
Nasdaq OMX said it would maintain its London office and data centers in London to support Nasdaq OMX trading and market data operations, running the UK power exchange N2EX and supporting the international listings business. 
NASDAQ OMX Europe offered trading in 25 constituents of the FTSE 100 initially, followed by a staggered roll-out of about 600 European securities. 
Nasdaq OMX Europe faced heavy competition from the MTFs Chi-X and Turquoise, whose trading platforms had already grabbed significant market share by charging less than exchanges and by promising faster trades. 
== History ==
* On September 8, 2008 Nasdaq OMX Group announced it had entered into a partnership with Citi to provide routing broker services for Nasdaq OMX Europe. The partnership enabled NASDAQ OMX Europe to become the first multilateral trading facility to offer a pan-European order routing service. Citi would provide its high-speed execution platform including the Neonet XG Market Gateway product.
* In late August 2008, Nasdaq OMX set its Europe pricing structure, which gave rebates to customers who added stocks for sale.
* On May 21, 2010, NASDAQ OMX Europe ceased operations. 
== Key People ==
*Charlotte Crosswell, President 
== References ==
Category:NASDAQ OMX
Nasdaq OMX Government Relief Index

The Nasdaq OMX Government Relief Index is an index created by Nasdaq OMX in January 2009 to track the performance of companies receiving government aid through its $700 billion financial bailout (TARP) and other programs. The index consists of companies across multiple industries that have received a direct investment from the government of $1 billion or more. It is the first of a series of government relief-based indexes that Nasdaq plans to launch in early 2009.
The index began calculation with a value of 1,000 on Jan. 5, 2009. It trades under the symbol "QGRI." 
== References ==
Nasser Ahmed Khalifa Alsowaidi

__NOTOC__ 
Nasser Ahmed Khalifa Alsowaidi is chairman of the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange (ADX). He is also chairman of the Department of Planning and Economy (DPE)which is a key government department in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, a member of the Executive Council at the apex of the Abu Dhabi government, chairman of Abu Dhabi Ports Company (ADPC) and a board member of Mubadala Development Company (MDC). 
== Background ==
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Exchange Chairmen
Nassim Nicholas Taleb

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Nassim Nicholas Taleb is an author, professor, hedge fund manager, and a former Wall Street trader. He is possibly best known for writing the best-selling finance book “The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable,” which came out in May 2007, shortly before the subprime mortgage meltdown.
At the time of the "flash crash" markets decline on May 6, 2010, there was talk that as fears about the spread of the European debt crisis dragged on stocks and high-frequency trading exacerbated the move lower, a trade by Universa, a hedge fund advised by Nassim Taleb led traders on the other side of the transaction — including Barclays Capital, the brokerage arm of British bank Barclays PLC — to do their own selling to offset some of the risk.
Universa was said to have purchased 50,000 options that would come into the money if the S&P 500 Index tumbled precipitously. According to The Wall Street Journal, the purchase sparked other selling, contributing to the overall 1,000 point decline. 
== Background ==
Taleb once worked at the investment bank First Boston.
== Education ==
Taleb received bachelor's and master's in science from the University of Paris. He holds an MBA from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, and a PhD in Management Science from the University of Paris.
== Resources ==
* Blowing Up: How Nassim Taleb Turned The Inevitability Of Disaster Into An Investment Strategy
== References ==
Category:Bios - Educators
Category:Authors
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Nat le Roux

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Nat le Roux is non-executive deputy chairman of IG Group Holdings, a position he assumed in 2006. He also serves as an independent director on the board of LME Holdings Ltd. 
 
== Background ==
Le Roux spent 10 years in futures and stock brokerage before joining IG in 1992 as financial dealing director. In 1999, he was promoted to deputy chief executive and in 2002 became chief executive.
== Education ==
Le Roux read Law at St. Catherine's Collge in Cambridge.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:IG Group
Natalia da Gama

__NOTOC__ 
Natalia da Gama is director for interest rate derivatives and OTC CCP management at Banco Santander.
da Gama is a recipient of the Futures Industry Association's 2024 President's Award, which recognizes her direct and meaningful contributions to FIA's analysis of topics related to complex legal, capital and operational issues over the past year.
== Background ==
da Gama began her financial industry career in the early 1990s as a fixed income broker. She served as an interest rates swaps broker at ICAP from 1997 until 2006, when she became director OTC CCP management with Banco Santander 
== Education ==
da Gama earned a Bachelor of Science in economics from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 
== References ==	
Category:FIA President's Award Winner
Natan Tiefenbrun

__NOTOC__ 
Natan Tiefenbrun is president, North American and European equities, at Cboe Europe.
He was previously senior vice president and head of European Equities at Cboe Global Markets. He assumed the role of president, Europe, at Cboe in 2022. 
== Background ==
Tiefenbrun joined Cboe Europe in June 2021 from Bank of America (BofA), where he worked since 2013. He led BofA's agency equities execution services in the EMEA region, including its high touch, portfolio trading and electronic trading offerings. Before BofA, he spent four years with the London Stock Exchange Group, most recently as the CEO of Turquoise, a pan-European equities and equity derivatives trading platform. 
He began his financial career in 1993 with Instinet.
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category:Bank of America - Former Employees
Category:London Stock Exchange Group - Former Employees
Natasha de Terán

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Natasha de Terán is head of public affairs at the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication, or SWIFT, based in London. She joined the firm in February 2012. 
== Background ==
Prior to joining SWIFT, she served as head of public affairs at LCH.Clearnet from September 2009 to October 2011 and also held the title of head of public and government affairs with a focus on EU and U.S. financial regulatory reforms.
Before joining LCH.Clearnet, she worked as a London-based freelance journalist and editor from 1999 to September 2009. She specialized in derivatives and covering both over-the-counter and listed markets. She has written as a columnist at Financial News and was a contributor to The Banker. Her work has appeared in a number of publications, including: Global Custodian, The Wall Street Journal, The Times, The Business, Risk, The Week, Money Week and Corriere della Sera.
Terán has co-written a book on financing – "Collateral:Securities Lending, Repo, OTC Derivatives and Future of Finance," and edited a range of other books, including the FOA and ICMA Yearbooks, as well as others on behalf of Eurex.
 
She switched to journalism after completing an eight year stint in the City, where she worked in the Derivatives, Repo, Government Bond and Swap markets at Dawnay Day, All Trading Brokers SA, Liberty , RJ Kross, Capital Markets SA, Robert Fleming.
She also undertakes public speaking, moderating and conference chairing work.
== Education ==
Terán received a BA in History of Art from the Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London
== References ==	
category:Journalists
category:Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication
category:Public Relations Professionals
Nate Most

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Nate Most was an industry executive who invented the first U.S. ETF, the SPDR S&P 500 ETF (SPY). He died in 2004, at the age of 90. He had most recently been a board member on the iShares Trust at Barclays Global Investors. 
== Background ==
Before starting his long career in finance, Most worked as a physicist and engineer specializing in acoustics for the U.S. Navy during World War II. He later traded and managed international commodities at the Pacific Commodities Exchange. 
He joined the American Stock Exchange in 1976 and worked in new product development in Amex's derivatives business. 
In the mid 1980s he came up with the idea of mutual funds that would trade like stocks. According to an article in MarketWatch, he brought the idea to John Bogle, then head of the Vanguard Group. Bogle was thought to dislike ETFs because traders moving in and out of the funds would drive up costs. Their discussion led Most to consider a product where traders did not go in and out of the fund, and that led him to create and develop the SPDR ETFs, which was launched on Amex in 1993 with State Street Advisors as the portfolio manager. There are now 149 ETFs trading in the U.S., according to the Investment Company Institute.
Most also designed an arbitrage mechanism that keeps the price of an individual ETF share in line with the net asset value of the underlying portfolio. This feature prevents the premiums and discounts often seen in closed-end funds.
Most never received any royalties for the financial product he invented.
== Education ==
== References ==
Nathan Bostock

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Nathan Bostock is the head of restructuring and risk for the Royal Bank of Scotland. In 2011, Bostock was offered a position with rival bank Lloyds Banking Group (LSE: LLOY.L), but chose to decline and stay with RBS.
== Background ==
Bostock previously worked for Abbey National plc, assuming several roles over eight years, most notably Head of Financial Markets & Portfolio Business Unit. Prior to his career at Abbey, he served as RBS COO of Treasury and Capital Markets and RBS Group Risk Director, among other titles.
Bostock was a chartered accountant for Coopers & Lybrand and Chase Manhattan Bank for more than seven years before transitioning to banking.
== Education ==
*BSc (Hons) in Mathematics
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Royal Bank of Scotland
Nathan Clark

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Nathan Clark is a Chicago-based environmental, energy markets and investment professional who serves as a managing director of IncubEx.
== Background ==
Clark joined IncubEx in 2017 from Ridge Street Capital, LLC, where he was a managing partner.
He has also served as a vice president of Wabashco LLC, a renewable energy and natural resource development company.
And, he was a managing director form Environmental Financial Products, where he evaluated investments in conventional and renewable energy, water and sustainable agriculture.
Clark was with the Chicago Climate Exchange from 2002 to 2010, starting as a junior economist, then moving to economist, vice president and finally senior vice president.
== Education ==
Clark holds a bachelor of science degree in agricultural economics and natural resources from the University of Kentucky. He also holds a masters of science in agricultural economics from the University of Kentucky.
== References ==	
Category:Chicago Climate Exchange - Former Employees
Category:Environmental Financial Products - Former Employees
Category:Wabashco LLC - Former Employees
Category:Ridge Street Capital, LLC - Former Employees
Nathan Laurell

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Nathan Laurell is managing director of market making with Infinium Capital Management. He is responsible for overall firm strategy. Laurell also serves on the advisory committee of Vernon & Park Capital, a private equity firm that focuses on investments in the exchanges and financial markets sector. 
 
 
== Background ==
He started his first company in college and built a portfolio of successful technology companies by the age of 25. The portfolio was focused on software firms with unique intellectual property many of them holding patents on a business process. 
In 1999, Laurell founded TECHnacity, LLC, a technology development firm specializing in early-stage development for start-ups and established companies.
== Education ==
Laurell holds a Master’s of Science degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 
== Resources ==
*Nathan Laurell LinkedIn Page
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Nathan Rockliff

__NOTOC__ 
Nathan Rockcliff is an exchange executive. He is currently the chief operating officer of CBL Markets and a non-executive director of H2OX.
He is also an attorney dual qualified in both Australia (NSW) and the UK.
== Background ==
Prior to the COO role with CBL Markets, Rockcliff was their legal counsel. 
== Education ==
*LEC, University of Sydney, 2002 – 2006
*St Ignatius College, Riverview
== References ==	
Category:Lawyers