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Guideline 16.3

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== Guideline 16.3: Design strategies are used to enhance security ==
=== What are the security advantages of a well designed exhibit case? ===
A case affords the most effective form of protection while still allowing an object to remain on exhibit. Even when other security strategies, such as security staffing and sensors, are used, a case provides an extra layer of defense. The barrier of a case provides a high level of physical protection from handling and incidental touching. And opportunistic theft is almost eliminated by the use of cases. Furthermore, a wide range of security options can be designed into an exhibit case, including a dual locking system, tamper resistant fasteners, case alarms, and shatter-resistant or bullet-resistant security glazing.
[For more information on cases and mechanical deterrents, see Standard *.]
=== When must a case be utilized for security reasons? ===
A sturdy sealed case, securely bolted to the floor or wall, should be used to display high-risk objects, such as national treasures or objects of unusually high monetary value or political sensitivity. Unobtrusive protection can be provided by alarm and sensor units incorporated into the exhibit case design. A lender may require use of a case in the loan agreement.
When open exhibit is unavoidable, as in a furnished historic house, it may be possible to secure small objects to larger ones or to architectural elements, when this can be done without damage. And replicas can be used to replace small, easily-pocketed items.
[For more information on cases and security, see Standard *.]
=== What design strategies can aid security? ===
* Allow clear pathways through the exhibit to ensure clear lines of sight to deter theft or tampering. 
* Use psychological barriers (such as raised platforms, ropes, and floor markings) to deter vandalism. 
* Secure all portable objects to prevent theft and accidental bumping:
::Mount objects to panels or shelves
::Attach mounts used to display small objects to panels or shelves
::In open exhibits, secure small objects to larger ones or to architectural elements when it can be done without damage.
[For more information on mounts see Standard *.]
=== What architectural modifications can aid security? ===
* Eliminate windows and add bars to remaining windows
* Limit exits and entrances to the exhibit space and where necessary replace internal doors with security rated doors.
* Upgrade locking systems and key differently from the rest of the facility to limit the number of staff authorized to enter the exhibit.
Guideline 17.1

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== Guideline 17.1: Hardware and controls are used to protect objects from fire and water damage ==
=== What hardware is available to reduce the danger of fire and water damage? ===
Hardware and equipment that detect water leaks or detect and fight fire include:
* A fire detection system: Fire detector signals should be integrated into the building’s fire alarm system.
* Smoke-control systems: [Need further clarification.]
* A sprinkler system with automatic shut-off and with protective cages around heads (preferably a pre-action system). 
* Portable fire extinguishers within the exhibit space: These can be installed inside wall cabinets or exhibit case bases or concealed behind furniture in period rooms.
* A water leak detection system: [Needs further clarification.]
[Needs amplification e.g. More info on these hardware options; any additional hardware and controls; the relative costs and ease of installation & maintenance.]
Guideline 17.2

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== Guideline 17.2: Museum Policies are instituted to protect against fire and water damage ==
[Placeholder text.]
=== What policies can help protects object from fire and water damage? ===
* No-smoking policies
* prohibiting personal space heaters, etc. and ensuring compliance by addressing inadequate heating and cooling of workspaces.
* Consulting with the local fire chief to ensure proper fire prevention plan is in place.
* The museum has an emergency plan in place.
* Staff must be trained in use of fire extinguishers.
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Guideline 17.3

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== Guideline 17.3: Exhibit design strategies are used to protect objects against fire and water damage ==
=== What design considerations help to protect objects from fire and water damage? ===
Ensure exhibit layout does not create fire hazards or allow water damage:
* Block the spread of fire by leaving adequate space (1.5m) between walls and exhibit shelving. 
* Avoid creating architectural features that establish vertical airways. These can spread fire quickly and into new areas.
* Leave heat and smoke detectors and sprinklers clear. Tall cases and exhibit panels must not obstruct airflow around detectors, nor should they block proper sprinkler discharge patterns.
* Do not place objects in the paths of fire sprinkler heads, particularly if objects are water sensitive. Where possible, the exhibition plan can specify the relocation of detectors and sprinkler heads to maintain optimum system effectiveness.
* Do not display objects less that 20 cm above ground floor level to minimize the potential from water damage due to flooding (from either natural cause or from broken pipes).
Do not use highly flammable materials. Materials used as props and in exhibit construction should not be fire hazards. Plastics, woods, fabrics and other materials used in exhibits must conform to National Fire and Protection Agency standards.
Ensure exhibit electrical wiring is up to code and does not create a fire hazard: For more information see Guideline 17.4
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Guideline 17.4

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== Guideline 17.4: The exhibit’s electrical wiring and fixtures do not compromise object safety ==
=== What precautions should be taken to ensure electrical fixtures, lighting, and wiring will not pose a fire hazard? ===
The museum must ensure that new wiring is installed correctly and consider reinstalling old wiring that might not be up to code. The following precautions must be taken:
* All exhibit lighting, electrical fixtures, and wiring must comply with the National Electrical Code for both personnel safety and fire prevention. Unless the museum has adopted a particular edition, the exhibition designer should follow the latest edition. For detailed guidance see the National Fire Protection Association publication NAPA 909, Recommended Practice for the Protection of Museums and Museum Collections.
* Avoid any unnecessary wiring in display areas. Keep electrical wiring to the minimum possible and do not run wiring through the exhibit area if it is not required for exhibit needs.
* Avoid electrical services within shelves inside exhibit enclosures.
 
* Utilize a qualified electrical inspector to assess the electrical installation. Follow safe electrical inspection procedures and safe use of voltmeters, multimeters, and similar electrical test equipment.
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Guideline 18.3

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== Guideline 18.3: Museum policies protect objects from particulates and chemical pollutants ==
=== What museum practices can assist in protecting objects from particulates and chemical pollutants? ===
[Placeholder ideas; needs amplification & revision]
* Smoking is prohibited inside the building
* Smoking is prohibited outside the building near air-intake vents
* Windows are kept shut
* Timely repairs are performed on broken windows and on dried putty and caulking around windows and doors to eliminate cracks, which admit dirt
* Housekeeping keeps dust and particulates to a minimum
* Policy of using object-safe materials, whenever possible, throughout museum
* Caution in the use of chemical sprays for cleaning 
* Caution in use of chemicals for pest control (For more information on recommended methods of pest control, see STANDARD 20: Preventing Pest Damage).
* Dedicated space is provided for exhibit construction to reduce particulates and pollutants in the exhibit location
* Appropriate training provided to staff to ensure HVAC is functioning correctly, and there is timely renewal of filters and pollutant absorbers.
* Ongoing costs for housekeeping, and for maintenance and renewal of pollution controls and equipment is included in museum’s operating budget.
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Guideline 19.4

== Guideline 19.4: Museum policies protect objects from inappropriate temperature and relative humidity ==
=== What policies can assist in protecting objects from inappropriate temperature and relative humidity? ===
[Placeholder suggestions; need amplification]
Windows and doors are kept shut to ensure climate controls work effectively
Timely repairs are performed on broken windows and on dried putty and caulking around windows and doors to eliminate cracks and leaks.
Maintenance of temperature and relative humidity controls:
*Training is provided to ensure staff know how to monitor and maintain controls so that they work effectively
*Budget includes funds to maintain controls and replenish humidity control products as needed (silica gel, etc.)
*Sufficient staff are dedicated to these tasks.
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Guideline 2.5

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== Guideline 2.5: The exhibit designer is versed in the design of conservation features used in exhibitions==
Why is the designer essential to successful exhibit conservation?
:As discussed in Guideline 2.3, it is the conservator’s responsibility to describe the conservation requirements: the conditions that will be required to protect exhibit objects from potential hazards. However, the exhibit’s ultimate success in protecting the objects on display depends in large part upon the ability of the designer to translate these requirements into conservation features that will mitigate these hazards. It is therefore essential that the designer is both sensitive to the needs of conservation and also knows how to incorporate conservation features into exhibit design. 
How to locate a designer qualified in creating conservation-friendly exhibits
:Whether you are selecting a designer from in-house or contracting with a design firm:
:• Look for a designer who has previous experience with exhibits that involved a conservator
:• Identify firms that have a history of producing preservation–friendly exhibits.
:• Contact other museums and conservators who have worked with the designer as references.
:• Confirm that the designer is conversant with conservation concerns, including non-hazardous materials, the use of conservation quality exhibit enclosures, exhibit case construction, lighting design, and exhibit mounts.
:Note: In each contract with an exhibit firm, outline the firm’s responsibility to address conservation concerns.
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Guideline 2.6

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== Guideline 2.6: The exhibit fabricator is both willing and qualified to follow all conservation specifications==
Why is the fabricator essential to successful exhibit conservation?
:Like the exhibit designer, the fabricator is an essential link in the chain of effective conservation. For conservation features to function as intended, they must be fabricated exactly as specified. Therefore it is very important to select a fabricator who is both willing and qualified to follow all conservation specifications.
How to identify a fabricator qualified to create conservation-friendly exhibits
:Whether you are selecting a fabricator from in-house or contracting with a fabrication firm:
:• Assess the extent to which potential fabricators are aware of conservation concerns. For example, ask if the fabricator has worked with exhibits displaying vulnerable collections and if they understand why the specifications are so exacting and important. Those with some understanding of conservation are likely to appreciate the importance of following specifications exactly. 
:• Evaluate not only the fabricator’s ability to meet exacting specifications but also their willingness to make the special effort required, such as constructing the necessary prototypes and mock-ups. 
:• Ensure that the fabricator understands changes cannot be made—for example, to materials, seals, or adhesives—without consulting the designer or conservator.
:• In all production contracts, include some form of conservation inspection for critical components. For instance, inspections are needed to verify that the exhibit meets construction specifications, cases meet physical and performance requirements, exhibit lighting functions properly, and object mounts are satisfactory.
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Guideline 20.1

== Guideline 20.1: Museum policies are instituted to eliminate pests ==
=== What policies can discourage the presence of pests? ===
It is essential to maintain a clean environment free of food and dust, which is attractive to egg-laying adult insects. Pests should also be deterred from entering the exhibit environment. Organic materials on which pests could hitch a ride should be thoroughly inspected before being brought into the exhibit building, and all gaps that could allow pests access into the building should be closed or sealed. 
Policies that deter pests include: 
*Receptions that include food are not held in the galleries
*Food is prohibited near galleries
*Windows are kept closed 
*The museum avoids using organic construction and furnishing materials that could harbor pests (wool carpets, old wood)
*All organic materials are inspected for infestation before they are brought into the museum
*Structural repairs are carried out promptly; cracks in walls and gaps around windows and doors are sealed to prevent pests getting access to the museum.
*Housekeeping maintains a clean environment and removes dust.
*Landscaping surrounding the museum does not attract or harbor pests
*Effective monitoring is conducted to identify a pest outbreak immediately
*A pest control program, such as an Integrated Pest Management Program (IPM), is instituted and staff training provided
*The museum budget includes funds for IPM program and maintenance.
Fumigants and pesticides should not be used for routine maintenance because of health concerns and the potential damage to objects, such as corrosion of metals, embrittlement of leathers, and alteration of dyes.
=== How is an IPM Program implemented? ===
There are several good web resources with information on implementing an IPM program in collection holding institutions
*The Museumpests.net website created by the Integrated Pest Management Working Group contains information on the four main elements of an IPM program: prevention, monitoring, identification and remediation.
*Collection Trust's What's Eating Your Collection? organizes its resources into two main sections: Identify & Solve and Pest Recording. The site also maintains an extensive bibliography.
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Guideline 20.2

== Guideline 20.2: Exhibit design discourages the presence of pests ==
=== What exhibit design strategies discourage pests? ===
Use tightly sealed cases to block access by pests
*Gaps measuring smaller than 0.3mm prevent the entry of almost all museum pests. Tightly sealed cases prevent or deter pest infestation.
Use furnishing designs that do not create harborage for pests
*Eliminate undercuts and gaps in furniture that collect dust and make cleaning difficult.
*Build a solid kick-plate along the bottom edge so that dust cannot accumulate below furnishings.
Avoid construction materials that harbor pests 
*Organic building materials such as wood boards, thatch, unfinished timbers and composite boards are a potential source of infestation. Flooring materials, including dirt, sand, pebbles and earth can also introduce pests.
Avoid using organic materials for props, or use only with caution. Animal products, wool, feathers, fur, vegetal matter, wood, and preserved foods may introduce pests or molds into the museum. 
*Use reproduction botanical models, such as silk or wax replicas, to avoid the problem. Original natural history specimens must be pre-treated before inclusion in exhibits.
*Use freeze-dried vegetal materials where possible.
*Inspect ALL materials for infestation before bringing them into the museum.
*Fumigate or freeze organic material before introduction, if in doubt. This kills eggs and larvae. (Mobile truck freezers can be utilized on site.)
Use structural modifications to block pest access
*Seal areas of entry such as cracks and gaps around doors and windows and cracks and crannies in walls to prevent infestation.
*Install insect screens on windows or doors, if it is not possible to keep them closed.
Ensure the exhibit layout allows for adequate cleaning
*Provide access behind and around exhibited objects, to ensure that exhibit areas can be adequately cleaned and inspected for pests (e.g., underneath and behind display areas). 
[For more information on safe materials, props and visual effects see Standard *.]
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Guideline 20.3

== Guideline 20.3: Controls discourage the presence of pests ==
=== What controls will discourage growth of molds? ===
Molds can grow on virtually any substance, providing moisture is present. Controlling indoor moisture is therefore an effective way to prevent mold. Use the HVAC system, air conditioners and dehumidifiers to control temperature and humidity and reduce the relative humidity to levels below 60%.
[For more information on relative humidity see Standard *.]
=== How does exhibit lighting affect insects? ===
Some insect species are attracted to bright lights, while others avoid light. In general, keep light levels relatively low in exhibits, and place lights outside a case display chamber.
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Guideline 3.2

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==Guideline 3.2: Objects borrowed from other institutions are cared for according to the specifications of a written loan agreement==
What conservation-related information should be included in a loan agreement?
For every loan object the written loan agreement should include:
:• A detailed object condition report. This provides baseline information on the object’s condition when it was accepted by the receiving institution. If a condition report does not accompany the object, the exhibit conservator will need to develop one and obtain concurrence from the loaning institution.
:• The length of the loan
:• A clear description of all conservation requirements. These include security requirements, appropriate environmental conditions, and light exposure. The requirements for the allowable environmental conditions must be itemized in the agreement. Preferably an acceptable range for each environmental feature will be provided along with the procedure to follow if conditions become deficient.
:• Requirements for emergencies and insurance
:• The limits on remedial conservation
Why is it essential to abide by all care requirements in the loan agreement for borrowed objects?
:The exhibit team and all other museum personnel must follow all care requirements set by the loaning institution to ensure that the object is returned in the condition it was lent. Failure to do so could not only damage the loaned object, it could also damage the museum’s reputation. The exhibit team should:
:• Satisfy all conservation requirements. The exhibit must provide the conservation and security safeguards required by the lending institution, even if these are more stringent than the safeguards required for the recipient’s own collections. There are instances when unattainable requirements can be re-negotiated. 
:• Provide appropriate collections care. The record keeping, handling, and display of loan materials must meet the high standards set for an institution’s own collections. Routinely inspect the loaned objects for any obvious changes and periodically perform more thorough condition reviews.
Sample Form: The Harry Ransom Center (not included here)
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