Borax

== Description ==
A natural product composed of hydrated sodium borate. Borax is produced by the evaporation of water in shallow lakes. Borax was used by the Egyptians for mummification and by the Romans for glassmaking. In the 9th century, it was used as a flux for soldering gold in Arabia and by the 10th century, borax was being used in ceramic glazes in northern China. By the 13th century, tincal (borax) was regularly imported from Tibet to Europe for use in Venetian glass. The white powder is now mined from deposits in India, Russia, Persia, and the U.S. (California). Borax is used as a flux, cleansing agent, tanning agent, water softener, preservative, fungicide, and as an alkaline ingredient in glass, ceramics, and glazes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sodium borate decahydrate; sodium diborate; tincal; tincalconite; tincar; hydrated sodium boration; sodium tetraborate; rasorite; Sporax®; bórax (Esp., Port.); borace (It.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|boraxRS.jpg~Raman|borax.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Risks ==
Toxic by ingestion. LD50 = 4500-6000 mg/kg. Skin contact can cause irritation. 
U.S. Borax: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in water. Sweetish, alkaline taste. 
* Cleavage is perfect in one direction, good in another. 
* Translucent to opaque. 
* Fracture = conchoidal. 
* Streak = white. 
* Luster = vitreous to greasy.
Composition 	Na2B4O7.10H2O
CAS 	1303-96-4
Mohs Hardness 	2.0 - 2.5
Melting Point 	75 C
Density 	1.715 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 381.4
Refractive Index	1.4630 (fused)
Boiling Point 	320 C
== Resources and Citations ==
* Mineralogy Database: Borax
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 108
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borax (Accessed Sept. 2, 2005)
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* S.R.Trotman, E.R. Trotman, Textile Analysis, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1932
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art, ICCROM, Rome, 1991
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: ref. index=1.4630
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: borax" [Accessed December 4, 2001]
Category:Materials database