nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Options Symbology Initiative

The Options Symbology Initiative is an undertaking by an industry consortium headed by the Options Clearing Corporation (OCC). The consortium collaborated to address limitations in the traditional method of identifying U.S. listed options contracts during back-office processing. This is typically a three to five alpha-character representation; the first three characters are used to identify the option's listing symbol and the remaining two alpha-characters are used to identify the expiration month, call/put indicator and strike price. This method has been used for more than 25 years.
The new plan replaces the five-character symbols with a 21-character descriptor that explains the underlying option. The new identification format comprises four key components: the underlying symbol, the expiration date, the strike price and the option type (call or put). 
It intends to match options symbols with the underlying security symbol, in order to reduce corporate action symbol conversions, eliminate the need for wrap symbols and the LEAPS rollover process, reducing errors in back-office processes while providing more flexibility in new product development.
In November, the Options Clearing Corporation completed the second round of testing for the Options Symbology Initiative and said the industry was on track with preparations for the changes coming in February 2010. The date set for industry compliance was February 12, 2010. 
On Feb. 17, 2010, the OCC announced that the February 12 conversion for the Options Symbology Initiative had been successfully accomplished and that firms, clearing members, exchanges and the OCC were all using the new OSI key. Before the conversion, all the OCC's clearing members certified they had completed the scripted industry testing that took place from Sept. 2009 through Jan. 2010. 
All affected market participants, including exchanges, clearing members, vendors, and the clearinghouse, are required to adhere to the OSI changes.
In December 2010, OCC won the "Best Innovation by a Clearing House - Americas" Award for 2010 from FOW Magazine for its efforts in the Options Symbology Initiative.
== Resources ==
Symbology Initiative Overview at the OCC web site: www.theocc.com/initiatives
== References ==
Category:Options
Category:OCC
Options Toolbox

CBOE, as part of its educational initiatives, created The Options Toolbox, an interactive educational program designed to help investors understand exchange-traded equity options, index options and LEAPS. The tutorial contains educational sessions and tools, including an options calculator, to help investors test their ideas.
The Options Toolbox contains: 
*Equity and Index Option Strategy Selection 
*Option Fundamentals and Pricing 
*Simulated Position Analysis 
*CBOE Product Information and Reference Tools
== References ==
Category:CBOE
Category:Options
Options books

First, there hundreds of books on options. If they can't get a high enough rating on Amazon (4 stars or above, with at least ten reviews), we're not including them, because as random as that sounds, we just have to draw the line somewhere. Period. Plus, everyone has at least five friends that will send in random, glowing reviews.
First, for novices here's an inexpensive, but good primer (not really a book per se) from Options Industry Council, king of the hill for a neutral, non-biased approach to the topic of options education. In simple terms, it explains what options are and how they work, provides real-world investing scenarios, and describes options strategies for various markets. It's easy, and it gets the point across, kind of an "options for dummies," although OIC would never consider anyone a dummy, but rather a beginner: Investor's Guide to Trading Options, $12.95
*Options As a Strategic Investment, 3rd Edition, Hardcover, Larry McMillan - ISBN 9780136360018 
*Options As a Strategic Investment (4th Edition Study Guide, paperback), Larry McMillan - ISBN 9780735202382 
*McMillan on Options, Second Edition, Larry McMillan - ISBN 9780471678755 
*Profit with Options: Essential Methods for Investing Success, Larry McMillan - ISBN 9780471225317 
*New Insights on Covered Call Writing: The Powerful Technique That Enhances Return and Lowers Risk in Stock Investing, Larry McMillan with Richard Lehman - ISBN 9781576601334
*Option Volatility & Pricing by Sheldon Natenberg ISBN 155738486X
*Options For The Stock Investor: How Any Investor Can Use Options to Enhance and Protect their Return (Hardcover), James B. Bittman - ISBN 9781557388728 
*Dynamic Hedging by Nassim Taleb ISBN 0471152803
*The Options Workbook: Fundamental Spread Concepts and Strategies for Investors and Traders (Paperback), Anthony Saliba - ISBN 9781419521072
*Options and Options Trading : A Simplified Course That Takes You from Coin Tosses to Black-Scholes (Hardcover), Robert Ward - ISBN 9780071432092 
== References ==
Category:Options
Category:Options Education
Options education

For security options education, see Options Industry Council, Options Institute (through Chicago Board Options Exchange), as well as individual educational efforts of other options exchanges -- American Stock Exchange; Boston Options Exchange; International Securities Exchange; NYSE Arca; and Philadelphia Stock Exchange. Also see Options glossary.
Futures exchanges offer options on futures contracts and vary in their educational efforts regarding options topics. Unlike the options exchanges' Options Industry Council, futures currently have no centralized industry educational unit. Check individually with them to view options education opportunities.
Brokerage firms and individual learning companies also offer a variety of courses on options, but to avoid leaving any out, we have chosen not to list them under this category at this time.
Category:Educational Resources
Category:Markets Education
Category:Options
Options exercise

There are several ways to exercise an equity option or futures option; the two most common are European-style options or American-style options. 
American-style options may be exercised at any time between the date of purchase and the expiration date for that option. Currently, all equity options in the U.S. have this American-style exercise feature.
European-style options, on the other hand, generally may be exercised only on the last business day before the option expires; there can be no early assignment with this type of option.
There is also a capped option, which is exercised automatically under certain circumstances, at or before the expiration date. 
U.S. equity options expire on the Saturday following the third Friday of each month. However, the last time they trade, and the last day on which the owner may exercise the option, is on the third Friday of each month. 
If an individual believes a stock price will rise over time, he/she can take advantage of the long-term nature of the options by waiting to exercise them until the market price of the issuer stock exceeds the grant price. 
== See Also ==
"Options FAQs on Options Exercise," Options Industry Council
"Options Concepts - Exercise," Chicago Board Options Exchange
== References ==
Category:Trading Terms
Category:Options
Category:Definitions
Options on futures

Options on futures did not evolve until 1982, after a 50-year ban in the United States, when the Chicago Board of Trade launched the first options on futures contract for U.S. Treasury bond futures. Securities options preceded them by nine years when the Chicago Board Options Exchange opened in 1973. 
Today, the majority of, but not all, futures products (commodities, interest rates, foreign currencies, equity indexes, metals, energy, and others) also list a futures options product. 
The mechanics behind options on futures (or futures options) are the same as those behind equity options; they merely have different instruments underlying them.
A futures options contract gives the buyer the right -- but not the obligation -- to buy or sell a specified quantity of a commodity or a futures contract at a specific price within a specified period of time. The seller of the futures option has the obligation to sell the commodity or futures contract, or buy it from the option buyer at the exercise price if the option is exercised. 
There are two basic types of options exercise: American-style and European-style.
Category:Definitions
Category:Options
Optionshop

__NOTOC__
Optionshop is an online futures broker specializing in the execution of options on futures. It was founded by OptionsCity and Thirdstone. It launched and began accepting new accounts on January 7, 2013. It offers a set of cloud-based APIs, allowing businesses to access market data, place exchange orders, and utilize risk controls.
Optionshop was acquired by Chicago-based independent software vendor OptionsCity in November 2014.
== History ==
==John Lothian News Interview==
Robert Fitzsimmons Discusses His New Startup Optionshop
Robert Fitzsimmons was the CEO of Optionshop, an online futures broker specializing in the execution of options on futures. Fitzsimmons spoke with John Lothian News senior editor Sarah Rudolph about the interest in commodities as an asset class, the dislocation in the markets and the need for retail traders to use options to minimize their commodities risk. Published August 2, 2012. Watch at JohnLothianNews.com
*New Kids on the Block: Optionshop
== Products and Services ==
Software and technology assisting the trading of options on futures.
== Key People ==
*Robert Fitzsimmons, CEO
== References ==
Category:OptionsCity
Oracle

Oracles are data feeds from external systems that feed vital information into smart contracts. A common example of an oracle is the provision of the event result (for example, from a football game) that is used in a betting contract where the parties who are wrong lose all of their cash and the winners receive a pro-rata share of the total of all bets. The oracle is the term for both the source of the information as well as the feature in the contract program that inputs the information into the program. In the football example the oracle would be the National Football League as well as the data feed into the smart contract program.
Depending on the type of smart contract, the oracle can be software based or hardware based (as from weight, temperature, etc sensors). The term oracle is used for both the inbound and outbound interfaces of smart contracts. An outbound oracle might, for example, unlock access to a website once a payment is made, the information about which would have come via an inbound oracle. 
== References ==	
Category:definition
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Orange juice

Orange juice futures were started in 1966, after consultation with the orange juice industry in Florida about the need for a futures contract.
The Citrus Associates was a division of the New York Cotton Exchange and its own outright exchange was formed and trading was begun on October 26, 1966, with a total of 92 contracts being traded.
Orange Juice in frozen concentrate form is a commodity traded today at the Intercontinental Exchange.
== References ==
Category:Commodities
Category:Soft Commodities
Category:ICE
Orc ExNet

Orc ExNet offers buy-side users of Orc Software access to exchanges and ECNs without the need for exchange membership. ExNet utilizes a physical network service called ExNet Private IP (PIP) Network. The advantage for the sell-side is cost efficient access to professional buy-sides. Connecting to the ExNet PIP Network enables more than 150 Orc sites to send and receive orders to and from each other. 
== References ==
Category:Orc Software
Orc FIX Access

Orc FIX Access connects FIX-enabled EMS's and OMS's to Orc's global set of market gateways with access to all major asset classes. 
The Orc FIX Access solution:
*Provides access to any of Orc's market gateways via FIX
*Enables firms to shift their focus from market access development to their core business
*Consolidates market access technology to a solution from one vendor
*Enables traders to capture new business opportunities without costly development projects
*Reduced cost of ownership for market access
*Eliminates exchange upgrade burdens 
== References ==
Orc Flow Control

Orc Flow Control is a pre-trade risk management solution used by banks, brokers and clearing firms to ensure regulatory compliance.
The Orc Flow Control is a flexible solution that:
*Provides multi-market pre-trade limit controls designed to meet common regulatory frameworks.
*Includes a single GUI to monitor and manage trading activity
*Provides complete order flow transparency for all participants across all markets
Features include:
*View limit utilization
*System notifications for attempted limit breaches
*Detailed audit trails 
== Awards ==
In September 2014, Orc Flow Control won the FOW Award for Asia for best new risk management product. 
== References ==
Orc Futures

Orc Futures is an application provided by Orc Software that is designed specifically for futures traders. It supports streamlined order entry and execution, allowing traders to quickly enter and exit single and multiple contracts in one or multiple markets, benefiting arbitrage and other spreading traders. The application runs onWindows 2000/XP and Mac OS X (UNIX) operating systems. 
It is designed to enable the execution of complex strategies with minimal input. Traders can enter and exit the market quickly, putting in an order with one click. The automated trading function allows the automatic trading of both single contracts and combinations in one or multiple markets. This, together with the conditional spread order functionality, offers an edge for traders active in arbitrage and other spreading strategies. 
Multi Market Access
Orc Futures provides simultaneous access to multiple markets completely integrated on a single screen.
Model Plug-in
This Model Builder application provides a graphical interface for the construction of user-defined models, enabling pricing any kind of instrument.
== References ==
Category:Orc
Orc Liquidator

Orc Liquidator is an algorithmic trading engine offered by Orc Group, that enables users to run a large number of complex trading strategies. It is a server-based development and trading platform for deploying custom automated trading strategies. It is used by market makers, high frequency traders and volatility traders at proprietary trading firms, hedge funds and investment banks. 
Liquidator allows firms to deploy low latency strategies rapidly, with a short time to market and fast implementation of trading strategies for tech savvy traders. It allows traders to update strategies on the fly and supports most exchange-provided order types. 
Orc handles the market connectivity so its clients do not need to do in-house maintenance or upgrades. Liquidator can send 20,000 orders per second and is scalable up to 32 instances of a strategy, including floating point calculations.
 
Liquidator is integrated with Orc Trader for automatic quoting, trading and hedging, synthetic order types, volatility management, pre-trading analysis, risk management, risk reports, and pricing parameters management.
== References ==
Category:Trading Platforms
Category:Algorithmic Trading
Category:Orc Group
Orc Market Maker

Orc Market Maker is a market making application offered by Orc Group. It is designed to enable trading firms and banks to capture market share, reduce risk and improve trader productivity.
It provides:
* A low-latency server-based asynchronous quoting engine
* An electronic eye to take out market opportunities inside the quoted spread
* Quote packing and quote frequency management to maximize message utilization.
* Quote prioritization on various criteria 
== References ==
Orc Online

Orc Online is an application offered by Orc Software, designed for end user clients of banks and brokers. The application gives institutional and retail clients electronic access to the markets offered by the broker, in combination with financial analysis that also can include the broker's proprietary analysis reports.
Orc Online connects directly to markets and offers electronic trading as well as a wealth of financial information. It can be used as an order execution tool combined with all the necessary financial information including news updates, quotes and charts.
The applilcation can easily be white labeled, allowing the bank and broker to offer a tailor made "in house" application to their clients, including tailor made web links and logotypes. 
== References ==
Category:Orc Software
Orc Smart Order Router

Orc's Smart Order Router connects EMSs and OMSs to liquidity for multi-listed securities.
The Orc Smart Order Router solution:
*Provides a set of routing rules covering a wide variety of trading scenarios
*Provides automated order routing across any of Orc's market gateways
*Consolidates market access technology 
Benefits include:
*Market data via native market gateways
*Ability to trade more markets from the Orc system or any FIX-enabled EMS or OMS
*Custom-tailored routing rules for reduced execution costs
*Minimized market impact 
== References ==
Orc Tbricks

Orc Tbricks is a trading platform offered by Orc Group. It is designed to enable trading firms and banks a flexible, scalable and co-located electronic trading solution. Banks and trading firms rely on Orc Tbricks to automate sophisticated strategies on diverse venues across the globe.
It provides:
*An easily extendable and fully customizable trading platform
*High-performance modular and server-based architecture
*Tools and services to transparently and independently validate performance
*Comprehensive app-based solutions for cross-asset pricing, trading and risk
*Accelerated strategy development and trading automation 
== References ==
Orc Trade Access

Orc Trade Access is a solution that will connect trading system's to Orc's global set of market gateways covering all major asset classes.
The Orc Trade Access solution:
*Provides access to any of Orc's market gateways via a normalized protocol
*Enables firms to shift their focus from market access development to their core business
*Consolidates market access technology to one solution from one vendor
*Provides opportunity to explore new regions and trading venues without having to develop proprietary gateways
*Eliminates exchange upgrade burdens
*Includes full support for market data and trading 
== References ==
Orc Trader

Orc Trader is a front-end application offered by Orc Group. It lets traders customize volatility manage­ment, pricing and automated quoting. 
It is flexible and customizable, enabling:
*Accurate pricing of all exchange listed products, includ­ing complex strategies 
*Simultaneous quoting of multiple instruments on several markets 
*Automatic hedging to limit risk exposure
*Quick identification of new market opportunities 
*Tracking of cumulative position and risk in a portfolio 
It also offers advanced functionality for listed cash and derivatives, as well as OTC instruments. 
== References ==
Category:Orc Software
Category:Front-End
Order

Orders for securities are requests to buy or sell them sent by investors to brokers and/or market makers at an exchange. Order flow refers to how regularly securities are bought and sold over a period on the exchange - important for both market makers' cash flow and for traders looking for a market edge.
== Market or limit ==
There are two types of orders in exchange trading depending on whether price or timing is the key factor spurring the transaction. Market orders aim to get the current market price as quickly as possible, almost guaranteeing they will be fulfulled but at the risk of paying a quite different price to that quoted when the investor made the order. Limit orders are more concerned with the final price of the security and so allow traders to set upper limits on buy orders and lower limits on sell orders, although the limits can sometimes mean that the transaction is never executed. Some commentators have equated market orders to online auctioneer eBay's 'Buy it now' button compared to its regular 'maximum bid' auctioning modeled on a market's limit order.
== Watching the order flow ==
Maintaining a strong and regular order flow is so important to market makers, specialists and exchanges that they sometimes pay brokers for order routing - steering customer orders their way. Some smaller exchanges like the Philadelphia Stock Exchange (PHLX) actively encourage such payment for order flow deals between brokers and specialists because, as explained by PHLX chairman and CEO Meyer S. Frucher, they believe it encourages competition. Academic researchers, however, tend to conclude that payment for order flow creates conflicts of interest among brokers and dealers and harms investors. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) allows payment for order flow but requires every broker and dealer to disclose payment quarterly.
Successful traders learn to track daily order flow to improve their results. Some use information on support and resistance levels from the trading floor to determine which trades to make and where to set profit targets and stop/loss triggers. One expert recommends traders follow changes in a contract's order book, which show the contract's best five bid (buy order) and offer (sell order) prices, to gauge a market's short-term future direction.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Trading Terms
Order Type

Order Type refers to one or more designations assigned to an order, detailing the instructions for execution.
Common order types include:
*AON (All or None) Order
*Day Order
*FOK (Fill or Kill) Order
*GTC (Good 'til Cancelled) Order
*IOC (Immediate or Cancelled) Order
*Limit Order
*LOC (Limit on Close) Order
*LOO (Limit on Open) Order
*Market Order
*MIT (Market if Touched) Order
*MOC (Market on Close) Order
*MOO (Market on Open) Order
*Stop Order
*Stop Limit Order
*Trailing Stop Order
Order routing

Order routing is the process by which an order goes from the end user to an exchange. An order may go directly to the exchange from the customer, or it may go first to a broker who then routes the order to the exchange. 
"Smart" order routing attempts to achieve best execution of trades while minimizing market impact. It is designed to help firms in an increasingly fragmented market to search for hidden liquidity, find opportunities in dark pools and use algorithms to maximize results without moving the market. 
In stock trading, it is a common practice among brokerage firms to route orders to certain market makers, who then "rebate" 1 to 4 cents per share back to the brokerage firm in exchange for the directed order flow. This practice is known as "payment for order flow" (PFOF). 
== References ==
Category:Connectivity
Category:Orders
Ordinary shares

Ordinary Shares are any shares (of stock) that are not preferred shares and do not have a predetermined dividend amount. An ordinary share represents equity ownership in a company and gives the owner a vote in matters put before shareholders in proportion to their percentage ownership in the company. 
Also known as "common stock".
The holders of ordinary shares are entitled to receive dividends if any are available after dividends on preferred shares are paid. They are also entitled to their share of the residual economic value of the company if the business unwinds. They are last in line after bondholders and preferred shareholders for receiving business proceeds, and are therefore considered unsecured creditors.
Ordinary shares include those traded privately as well as those traded on public stock exchanges. They have a stated "par value", but this value is more of a technicality and is rarely more than a few pennies. The true value of an ordinary share is based on the price obtained through market forces, the value of the underlying business and investor sentiment toward the company. 
== References ==
Category:Types of Shares
Category:Shares
Category:Stocks
Category:Equities