nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Piperno

==Description== 
A magmatic rock present in areas where there has been volcanic activity. Piperno is a lithified rock that is characterized by the orientation of lenticular concentrations of grey color, called flames, immersed in a matrix of the same color but lighter. While not easy to extract, some underground separation allow large blocks to be removed. Piperno is resistant to the wear and tear of atmospheric agents and for this reason it has been widely used for the cladding of buildings in Naples
==Resources and Citations==
* Domenico Calcaterraa, Piergiulio Cappellettib, Alessio Langella, , c, Vincenzo Morrab, Abner Colellab and Roberto de Gennaro, "The building stones of the ancient centre of Naples (Italy): Piperno from Campi Flegrei. A contribution to the knowledge of a long-time-used stone" Journal of Cultural Heritage, Vol. 1(4), pp 415-427.
* Wikipedia: Piperno Accessed August 2022
Category:Materials database
Piqué

== Description ==
1) A medium weight, tightly woven fabric with a raised geometric design. Piqué was originally made in cotton, but has also been produced in silk and synthetic fabrics. An example of piqué fabric is bird's eye. It is used for skirts, dresses, children's coats, purses, and neckwear. 
2) An ornamental design made by inlaying metal, tortoiseshell, ivory, or mother-of-pearl with gold or silver dots or pins. Piqué was used for small boxes, jewelry, and other small items in France the 17th and 18th centuries. It was introduced into England at the end of the 17th century and by 1770, Mathew Bolton had developed a machine to produce piqué decorations.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pique; piqué work; piqué (Esp.)
== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Pique Work." Accessed 10 Aug. 2004.
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Pistacia gall

== Description ==
An abnormal growth on cashew trees, Pistacia vera, Pistacia terebinthus or Pistacia atlantica, that are native to Europe and India. Galls are formed when gall-wasp eggs are deposited on tree branches. The nutlike gall grows until the larvae are completely enveloped. The mature insect bores a hole through the gall in order to escape. The galls contain about 14% tannins (gallic and ellagic acids) along with flavonoid colorants (myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol). The tannins have been used for centuries for vegetable tanning of leather.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pistacia vera; Pistacia terebinthus; Pistacia atlantica
Category:Materials database
Pita fiber

== Description ==
Pita means yellow and the name has been used for several types of fibers. Pita fibers are obtained from both agave plants and pineapple plants. See istle, and piña.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pita fibre; fibra de pita (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 427
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I Natural Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England, 1984
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Pitch

== Description ==
1) A sticky, black residue obtained from the distillation of coal tar, petroleum or pine tar. Pitch is used as a sealant and wood preservative as well as a component in roofing, paving and water proofing. Early used of the term 'pitch' were used for the residue obtained from burning evergreen trees, such as spruce.
2) In papermaking, pitch is a mixture of resin acids, fatty acids, calcium carbonate, calcium soaps and other residues from the manufacturing process. Pitch can collect and cause trouble in the pressing equipment.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
brea (Esp.); Burgundy pitch; Canada pitch; Jew's pitch
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Density = 1.07
== Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 800
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=1.07
Category:Materials database
Pitch pine

== Description ==
A medium size North American pine tree, Pinus rigida, found generally in mid-Atlantic states. The pitch pine produced a sappy wood that made it excellent to make charcoal in Colonial America. It was occasionally used for ship building, mine timbers, railroad ties, briges and barns. Nowadays the tree is used mainly for rough construction, pulp, crating, and fuel. Pitch pine yields pitch and turpentine. The wood's high resin content preserves it from decay.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pinus rigida; pichepin (Fr.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Evergreen needles: 2 1/2 to 5 inches (6-13 cm ) long
* Cones: ovoid, 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm) long, light brown in color
* Bark: mature trees have brownish thick flat plates with deep furrows
* Height: may reach 80 feet (25 m)
* Density = 52-53 ppcf
== Resources and Citations ==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=52-53 ppcf (0.83-0.85 g/cm3)
Category:Materials database
Pith

== Description ==
The primary tissue system in the procambial strands of vascular plants. Pith paper is made from long ribbons of spirally cut pith obtained from from rice paper trees, Tetrapanax papyrifera cultivated in China, Japan and Taiwan from Aralia papyrifera cultivated in Thailand. The exposed cellular structure of the pith gives the paper a unique spongy structure. The delicate, porous texture of pith is also used to make artificial flowers, lightweight pith helmets, paintings, and molded figurines.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
shola; pith paper
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
Category:Materials database
Pitting

==Description== 
The preexistence or development of small cavities in stone. Pitting can occur because of:
* Weathering/erosion
* Improper mixing/curing of materials
* Abrasive Cleaning
== Images ==
File:Pitting-01_ICOMOS.jpg|thumb|Pitting in marble sculpturePhoto: S. Simon
File:Pitting-02_ICOMOS.jpg|Pitting in limestone columnPhoto: V. Vergès-Belmin
File:Pitting-03_ICOMOS.jpg|Pitting from lichen colonizationPhoto: V. Vergès-Belmin
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
Category:Materials database
Piña

== Description ==
Long bast fibers obtained from the leaves of pineapple plants, Ananas magdalenae or Ananas comosus, native to tropical America. Pineapple plants are cultivated in Hawaii, Philippines, Indonesia, India and West Indies. The light cream color piña fibers are fine, soft and lustrous. Piña fibers are very resistant to salt water and are strong, wear resistant and easy to clean. They are used for fabrics, ropes, twines and paper. Piña cloth, a soft, sheer fabric made from the long fibers, is used for apparel, accessories and home furnishings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Ananas magdalenae; Ananas comosus; pina; pita; pineapple fiber; abacaxi (Brazil); silk grass; fibras de piña (Esp.)
== Risks ==
Not resistant to acids.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Fiber length 10 - 20 cm (2 - 4 inches) Cross section = oval
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 728
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Marjory L. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Fort Worth, TX, 1986
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I Natural Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England, 1984
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Plagioclase

== Description ==
A common series of feldspars that contain both calcium and sodium aluminum silicates. Placiogclase minerals fall in between the categories of albite (sodium aluminum silicate) and anorthite (calcium aluminum silicate). Examples of plagioclase minerals are: labradorite, and sunstones. Some rocks that contain plagioclase minerals are: andesite, basalt, diabase, diorite, and gabbro.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
soda lime feldspar; oligoclase; labradorite; bytownite; plagioclase (Port.);
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Good cleavage in two directions. Fracture = uneven. Luster = vitreous. Streak = white
Mohs Hardness 	6.0-6.5
Density 	2.62-2.76 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.53-1.59
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* Mineralogy Database: Plagioclase
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com "plagioclase." Accessed 9 Dec. 2004 .
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Plain weave

== Description ==
One of three fundamental fabric weaving patterns: plain, satin, and twill. Plain weave fabrics are made by passing filling threads over then under each warp thread. The adjacent filling thread reverses the lacing pattern by going under then over each of the warp threads. Both the filling and warp threads are equal in thickness. Plain weave fabrics can the tightly or loosely woven. Examples of plain weave fabrics are: calico, cambric, canvas, cheesecloth, chiffon, chintz, crepe, georgette, gingham, homespun, linen, muslin, percale, organdy, seersucker, tabby and taffeta. Some variations of plain weave fabrics use different size filling and warp threads. Examples of these are broadcloth, grosgrain, poplin, faille, and bengaline.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tabby weave; simple weave; ligamento de tafetán (Esp.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* M. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt Reinhold & Winston, Fort Worth, 1986.
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Plant pigments

== Description ==
Natural organic colorants obtained from the stems, roots and flowers of plants. Colored materials from plants have been used since ancient times and dyes and pigments. Some of the major chemical classification for plant pigments are: 
* hydroxyanthraquinone: alizarin, purpurin, cochineal, kermes, lac 
* carotenoid: lutein (Nettles, marigold), bixin (annatto), crocetin (saffron) 
* flavonoid: anthocyanins, flavonols (fustic), flavones (Weld) 
* Tannins: gallotannin (oak galls, young fustic), ellagitannin (sumac) 
* Other: indigotin (indigo), curcumin (turmeric), berberine (barberry), chlorophyll
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vegetable pigments; pigmentos vegetales (Esp.); colorantes vegetales (Esp.); pigments végétaux (Fr.); corantes vegetais (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Plasma

== Description ==
(geology) An archaic name for a translucent green gemstone. Plasma stones are composed of a bright green cryptocrystalline quartz (chalcedony) and often have patches of white or yellow. They are native to India and Egypt. Many poor quality emeralds have been misidentified as plasma gemstones. Plasma stones are called bloodstone when they contain small red spots of jasper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chalcedony
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Fracture = conchoidal. 
* Luster = waxy. 
* Streak = white.
* Mohs Hardness = 7.0
* Density = 2.6 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* J. Ogden, Jewelry of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications, New York, 1982.
* Mineralogy Database: Quartz
Category:Materials database
Plastazote

== Description ==
[Zotefoams Limited] A trademark for a crosslinked polyethylene foam that is expanded with nitrogen gas. Plastazote® is chemically and biologically inert. Plastazote® products are supplied as sheets, rolls, rods, or slabstock. As with other polyethylene products, these foams deteriorate, shrink, and/or warp in direct sunlight. Similar products by the same company are Evazote® (ethylene vinylacetate) and Supazote (ethylene copolymer). All Zotefoams exhibit very low emission of volatile species up to temperatures of 190C.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Zotefoam; Propozote (polypropylene); Evazote® (ethylene vinylacetate); Supazote (ethylene copolymer)
Similar products: Volara
== Applications ==
* Case inserts
* Shoes, flipflops
* Packaging
== Risks ==
* Softens at 105-115C and decomposes at 300C. 
* Combustion products are carbon monoxide and water.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Waterproof
* Lightweight and flexible
* Chemically resistant
* Impact absorbent
* Available in several densities and thicknesses (2-27 mm). Select from low density polyethylene (LDPE) or high density polyethylene (HDPE)
==Resources and Citations==
* Zotefoams: Plastazote
* National Park System, Conserv O Gram, Number 8/2, 'Safe Plastic & Fabrics for Display & Storage': Link
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Ceramics and Glass Conservation Section, List of Workshop Materials, The British Museum, London
Category:Materials database Category:MWGCategory: FoamsCategory:Antivibration/Acoustical/Insulation
Plaster

== Description ==
1) Shortened name for plaster of Paris which is composed of calcium sulfate hemihydrate. It is also called calcined gypsum. 
2) A powder, that forms a pasty mixture with water and dries to a hard impenetrable solid. Clays plasters were used in Egypt since at least 2000 BCE for coating walls and ceilings. Decorative wall paintings with plaster supports were made in Crete as early the 15th century BCE. Plaster is made using several formulations. Most plasters contains calcined gypsum or lime as a binder. Many use sand, hair, hairhair, or straw as extenders. Some may contain small amounts of salts (potassium sulfate) as accelerants. Organic materials (blood, glue, casein) and weak acids (citric acid, boric acid) can act as retardants. Plaster is still used as a finish material in wall and ceiling construction. Some examples of plaster types are: 
* lime plaster - contains calcium oxide; used for frescos and wall decoration 
* gypsum plaster - contains calcined and ground gypsum; See also gypsum cement. 
* plaster of Paris - calcined gypsum; used for molds, sculpture, casts 
* stucco - contains gypsum and sand or chalk; used for walls, ceilings, decoration
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
plâtre (Fr.); estuque (Port.);
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 386
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "plaster" [Accessed October 31, 2001].
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Plaster of Paris

== Description ==
A fine white powder composed a calcium sulfate hemihydrate. Plaster of Paris obtained its named because it was primarily prepared from gypsum quarried in the Montmartre district of Paris. Gypsum, calcium sulfate dihydrate, is roasted or calcined at temperatures below 250C to drive off some of the water of crystallization. Calcium sulfate hemihydrate is stable in air, but readily combines with water to form a paste that rapidly sets to an impenetrable solid. It generates heat with setting and may expand slightly. Setting can be accelerated by the addition of small amounts of salts (aluminum sulfate, potassium sulfate) or retarded by the addition of organic materials (blood, glue, casein). Plaster of Paris has long been used for molds, sculpture, and casts.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
calcium sulfate hemihydrate; bassanite; calcined gypsum; calcined plaster; burnt gypsum; partially dehydrated gypsum; plaster; escayola (Esp.); plâtre de Paris (Fr.); Plaster of Paris, Stuckgips (Deut.)
== Risks ==
* Ingestion may be harmful. 
* Anmol Chemicals: SDS
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 386
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Plastic Wood

== Description ==
Originally the name for a wood filler that was composed of wood flour mixed in cellulose nitrate resin. In the 1990s, DAP trademarked the Plastic Wood name for a latex-based polymer suspended in acetone and isopropyl alcohol solvent. It is filled with sawdust of wood fibers and may also contain limestone and attapulgite. 
==Resources and Citations==
* DAP: [Plastic Wood]
Category:Materials database
Plastic film

== Description ==
Thin, flexible, often transparent, sheets on polymer. Plastic films are made from thermoplastic polymers. and are less than 0.022 cm 9 10 mils) in thickness. They are used for packaging, sealing, waterproofing and coatings other materials. Examples: Mylar®; saran, shrink-wrap, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyester.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
película plática (Esp.); film plastique (Fr.); feuille plastique (Fr.); pellicule plastique (Fr.); film plastico (It.)
Category:Materials database
Plastic flow

== Description ==
A property exhibited by the deformation of a plastic when a stress is applied that is equal to or greater than its yield value. Very few polymers actually show plastic flow under pressure. One example is putty (Lewis 1993).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
plastic deformation
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Plastic laminate

== Description ==
A layer of paper or cloth that is impregnated and coated with a polymer to form an insoluble homogeneous piece. Laminates were first made in 1907 by Leo Baekeland when he coated canvas with phenol formaldehyde. The Formica Company was formed in 1913 to produce plastic laminates in sheet form. In 1927, urea and thiourea formaldehyde resins were used to decrease costs, but resulting in a less durable product that warped easily. In 1938, Melamine resins were used to form a laminate that was resistant to abrasion heat and moisture. But because of its high cost, it was used as a surface finish over a urea formaldehyde resin core. Various filler sheets have been used over the years, such as kraft paper, alpha paper, rag paper, cotton fabric, asbestos felt, and fiberglass cloth. Plastic laminates were popular in the 1930s and 40s for use as storefronts, wall panels, countertops, wall panels, and furniture.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
laminated plastic; laminado plástico (Esp.); stratifié (Fr.); laminato plastico (It.); plástico laminado (Port.) 
Examples: P lam; Formica® [Formica]; Micarta; Roanoid;
== Risks ==
* Ultraviolet light fades dyes and yellows phenolic resins.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000 Comment: laminated plastic
Category:Materials database