nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Adsorption

== Description ==
Occurs when one substance adheres to the surface of another, called the adsorbent. The adsorption bonding forces are weak van der Waals bonds and can usually be reversed to regenerate the absorbent's capacity. Adsorbents are used to remove pollutants, odors, tastes, colors and moisture from gases and liquids. Common adsorbents are activated carbon, activated alumina, clays, zeolites, and silica gel. The adsorption process is used to produce lake pigments by precipitating dyes on a substrate, such as aluminum hydroxide. An often confused term, absorption, refers to the penetration of one substance into another.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
adsorpce (Ces.); adsorption (Dan., Fr., Sven.); Adsorption (Deut.); adsorción (Esp.); adsorptie (Ned.); adsorpsjon (Nor.); adsorpcja (Pol.); adsorção (Port.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Mary-Lou Florian, Dale Paul Kronkright, Ruth E. Norton, The Conservation of Artifacts Made from Plant Materials, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1990
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matte Paint: Its history and technology, analysis, properties and conservation treatment, Eric Hansen, Sue Walston, Mitchell Bishop (ed.), J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, Vol. 30 of AATA, 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption (Accessed Mar. 1, 2006)
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Advanced composite

== Description ==
A reinforced or strengthened composite material. A composite material is a solid mixture of two or more materials, such as polymers, cement, plywood, coated fabric, metal alloy, or ceramic. An advanced composite is reinforced through the addition of continuous fibers that are stronger than fiberglass (i.e. ceramic fibers, metallic fibers, aramid fibers, carbon fibers, or Kevlar®, etc.). The reinforcement typically provides a lighter material with greater tensile strength.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
composite material; matériau composite (Fr.); materiale composito (It.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol.1: Composites, ASM International, 1987
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Aegirin

== Description ==
A dark green earth pigment composed of an iron containing silicate that is obtained from Malawi (Kremer Pigmente 2000).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
green earth; aegirina (Esp., Port.); egirina (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Kremer Pigmente at www.kremer-pigmente.de/edaten (accessed May 2002)
Category:Materials database
Aerate

== Description ==
To expose or incorporate air into a medium. Aeration is typically used on stored materials such as a pool of water or a bin of grain and can be accomplished by forcing compressed air into the medium, by mixing the medium with a paddle or by spraying the medium into the air. Aeration is used to remove odors and tastes in water, to minimize moisture condensation and to reduce opportunities for biological growth.
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Aerenchyma

== Description ==
A spongy tissue that occurs in aquatic plants. The thin walled cells surround large intercellular air spaces and thus provide the plant with the buoyancy it requires to remain on the surface of the water.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aerénquima (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Mary-Lou Florian, Dale Paul Kronkright, Ruth E. Norton, The Conservation of Artifacts Made from Plant Materials, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1990
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Aerial acid

== Description ==
Common name for carbonic acid prior to the 1800s when chemical compound names were standardized (Schur 1985).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
carbonic acid; acid of chalk; acid of charcoal; aerial acid; cretaceous acid
==Resources and Citations==
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Aerinite

== Description ==
A light blue clay mineral occasionally used as a pigment. Aerinite has been found in Andorran murals dated to 1163 (Casas and Llopis, 1992). Aerinite has semitransparent prismatic crystals that are birefringent. It is resistant to chemicals, heat, and light although it changes to a green-blue shade when heated over 150 C.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aerinita (Esp.); erinite (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* A.Casas, J.Llopis "The Identification of Aerinite as a Blue Pigment in the Romanesque Frescoes of the Pyrenean Region" Studies in Conservation, 37:132-136, 1992.
Category:Materials database
Aerobic

== Description ==
An organism or mechanism that requires oxygen-containing air. For example, aerobic bacteria use oxygen in their metabolic processes. Typically, aerobic microbiological growth requires an oxygen concentration greater than 1% with a relative humidity of at least 40%.
==Resources and Citations==
* N.Valentin, M.Lidstrom, F.Preusser,"Microbial Control by Low Oxygen and Low Relative Humidity Environment" Studies in Conservation 35:222-230, 1990.
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Aerogel

==Description== 
Any synthetic, open-celled solid foam that is composed of a network of interconnected nanostructures. Aerogels are derived from gels in which the liquid has been replaced with gas while retaining the structure of the solid framework. The first aerogel material was created the Samuel Kistler in 1931 using silica gel (patented 1937). The unique properties of aerogels are due to its high surface area and open porous structure that provides extremely low density, as well as low thermal and sound conductivities. Although aerogels may feel fragile to the touch, they have strong structural integrity. They have been used in solar cells, fuel cells, batteries, supercapacitors as well as more mundane things such as paints, cosmetics, coats, rugs, pipes, spill-clean-up kits and insulation. Of particular interest for museums is the aerogels extrodinary ability to minimize heat transfer when used in fire protection blankets (Praestegaard 2023).
Aerogels were first, and most commonly, made from silica (see aerogel, silica), but they are also been made from:
* Natural polymers: cellulose, agar (SEAgel), gelatin, pectin 
* Synthetic polymers: phenol-formaldehyde, polyacrylate, polystyrene, polyurethane, epoxy, polyimide (AeroZero)
* Metal oxides: iron oxide, tin oxide, lanthanide, actinide 
* Carbon: carbon nanotubes
* Metals: gold, copper
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aerogel; air glass; frozen smoke; blue smoke; solid air; solid cloud
Brand names: Santocel (obsolete); Pyrogel; Nanogel; Cryogel; Spaceloft; AeroZero
==Applications== 
* Fire protection
* Thermal and sound insulation
* Thickening agent
* Collection of dust in outer space
==Risks==
* Structurally strong but can shatter like glass
* Will dissolve in water unless chemically treated
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Particle size averages 2-5 nm
* Surface area: up to 1200 m2/g
* Pore size is usually 100nm
* Porosity greater than 50% with examples of 99.8%
* Density - 0.2 - 0.5 g/ml
* Very lightweight
* Thermal conductivity = < 5 mW/mK (inert against molten metal)
==Working Properties== 
==Resources and Citations==
* Institute of Materials Physics in Space: Aerogels
* Praestegaard L., G. Sorig Thomsen, K. Woer 'Before the Fire: Experiments on Fire-Protecting Cover Materials', Studies in Conservation, 68(1), 1-8, (2023) link
* Alwin, S., Sahaya Shajan, X. Aerogels: promising nanostructured materials for energy conversion and storage applications. Mater Renew Sustain Energy 9, 7 (2020).
* Skanacid A/S: www.skanacid.dk
* Supedium: The Incredible Aerogel
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerogel
* Aerogel: What is Aeogel?
Category:Materials database
Aerogel, silica

==Description== 
A synthetic, open-celled solid foam that is composed of a network of interconnected nanostructures of silica. Aerogels are derived from gels in which the liquid has been replaced with gas while retaining the structure of the solid framework. The first document example of an aerogel was created the Samuel Kistler in 1931 with a silica gel (patented 1937). The unique properties of aerogels are due to its high surface area and open porous structure that provides extremely low density, thermal conductivity, and sound conductivity. Although they may feel fragile to the touch, they have strong structural integrity. They have been used in solar cells, fuel cells, batteries, supercapacitors as well as more mundane things, such as paints, cosmetics, coats, rugs, pipes, spill-clean-up kits and insulation. Of particular interest for museums is its usefulness in fire protection blankets (Praestegaard 2023).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aerogel; air glass; frozen smoke; blue smoke; solid air; solid cloud
Brand names: Santocel (obsolete); Pyrogel; Nanogel; Cryogel; Spaceloft; AeroZero
==Applications== 
* Fire protection
* Thermal and sound insulation
* Thickener
==Risks==
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Can withstand temperatures up to 1200C
* Very lightweight 
==Resources and Citations==
* Praestegaard L., G. Sorig Thomsen, K. Woer 'Before the Fire: Experiments on Fire-Protecting Cover Materials', Studies in Conservation, 68(1), 1-8, (2023) link
* Alwin, S., Sahaya Shajan, X. Aerogels: promising nanostructured materials for energy conversion and storage applications. Mater Renew Sustain Energy 9, 7 (2020).
* Skanacid A/S: www.skanacid.dk
* Supedium: The Incredible Aerogel
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerogel
* Aerogel: What is Aeogel?
Category:Materials database
Aerolam F

See Hexlite 620
== Description ==
[Ciba-Geigy] Trademark for aluminum honeycomb panels with fiberglass/epoxy face. Aerolam F panels have been used for in sailboat construction and as object support bases.
==Resources and Citations==
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Ciba-Geigy Composite Materials, 10910 Talbert Avenue, Fountain Valley CA, 92708 (800 421-9709)
Category:Materials database
Aerosil

== Description ==
[Evonik] A registered trademark for an ultra-fine powdered silica that was first made in 1942 at Degussa. Aerosil® is a colloidal form of silica that is a very light and fluffy powder. It is made by burning silicon tetrachloride in a hydrogen-oxygen furnace. This produces spherical particles; the particle size can be controlled and varying grades are available ranging in size from 4 to 25 micrometers. The fine particle size provides a high surface area ranging from 35-410 m2/g. Traditional Aerosil® particles (e.g. Aerosil® 300) are hydrophilic and can adsorb water up to 40% of their own weight while still performing as a powder. It is used as a filler, thickener, and as a matting agent in paints. There is also a modified version of Aerosil® (e.g. Aerosil® R7200) that is hydrophopic. It can be added to an aqueous solutions without changing its viscosity. Its water-repellant properties are used to improve corrosion protection of some coatings. 
Examples of labeling of Aerosil include:
* Aerosil® 90-380: hydrophilic, fumed SiO2
* Aerosil® R972-R9200: hydrophobic, fumed SiO2 with 0.6-6.5% carbon
* Aerosil® MOX: mixture of SiO2 and Al2O3 used in low viscosity aqueous dispersions
* Aerosil® COK 84: mixture of SiO2 and Al2O3 used to thicken aqueous media
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aerosol silica; amorphous fumed silica; hydrophilic silica; fumed silica gel
== Applications ==
* Thickener without opacification
* Defoamer
* Sorbent
== Personal Risks ==
* Inhalation may cause silicosis; use dust mask. 
* Particles can irritate eyes. 
* CDH Fine Chemical SDS
== Collection Risks ==
* Non-flammable. 
* Inert.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* pH = 3.6-4.5
* CAS = 112945-52-5
* Melting Point = 1700 C
* Density = about 2.2 g/ml
* Refractive Index = 1.45
== Resources and Citations ==
* Evonik: History of Aerosil
* Evonik: Aerosil brochure
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 709
* Ceramics and Glass Conservation Section, List of Workshop Materials, The British Museum, London
* MSDS Sheet at MFA: old CAS# = 68611-44-9
* www.walsh-assoc.com/continue.html
Category:Materials database
Aerosol

== Description ==
A dispersion of tiny solid or liquid particles in air. Solid aerosols are suspended atmospheric particles of less than 1 micrometer in diameter. They are typically found as air pollutants and can travel far from their original source. These solid aerosols can adversely affect health, visibility, and cause damage to materials. Liquid aerosol sprays or mists are typically produced using a propellant to force liquid through a small nozzle. Numerous products, such as paints, consolidants, coatings, adhesives, insecticides, deodorants, and cleaners can be dispersed as aerosols. Propellants are usually hydrocarbons (propane, butane) or carbon dioxide. Many previously used propellants, such as Freon and vinyl chloride, have been banned.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aerosols (pl.); particulates; airborne particles; Aerosol (Deut.); Schwebstaub (Deut.); aérosol (Fr.); particules en suspension dans d'air (Fr.); aerossol (Port.)
== Risks ==
* Explosive danger. 
* Use only in well-ventilated areas. 
* The extremely fine particles in the aerosol can be inhaled, penetrating deeply into the lungs.
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Aerosol OT

== Description ==
[Solvay (formerly Cytec)] A registered trademark for several types of anionic surfactants coontaining of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate. Aerosol® OT is a white waxy solid. It has been used as a wetting agent when inpainting watercolors.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
==Applications==
Emulsifier (Home Care), Soil Release, Water Sheeting agent, Surfactant (Home Care), Leveling, Wetting
== Risks ==
* Contact may cause irritation.
* Solvay: Aerosol OT-75 product info and SDS
* Solvay: Aerosol-B product info and SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Composition 	C20H37O7NaS
CAS 	577-11-7
Molecular Weight	444
==Resources and Citations==
* Solvay: Aerosol Surfactants
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Aerosol silica

== Description ==
A colloidal form of silica that is a very light, fluffy white powder. Aerosol silica, also called fumed silica, is made by hydrogen-oxygen furnace combustion of silicon tetrachloride. This produces tiny spherical particles of varying sizes. Aerosol silica is available in hydrophilic and hydrophobic (coated) forms. It is used as a matting agent, thickener, and filler in many adhesives and coatings. Fumed silica has also been used as a desiccating agent to kill insects.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fumed silica; Aerosil® [Degussa-Huls]; Cab-O-Sil [Cabot]
== Risks ==
* Inhalation may cause silicosis; Use dust mask. 
* CDH (Fumed silica): SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* CAS = 112945-52-5
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Aerugo

== Description ==
An old term that originally referred to corrosion or rust on metals and later became synonymous with the green patina that forms on outdoor copper or bronze. The patina is also called verdigris because of its bluish-green color and not its chemical composition.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
verdigris; lanugo; ferruginous; aes ustum; Verdigris (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Aes ustum

== Description ==
Aes is a Latin name for copper or bronze and aes ustum is an ancient name for copper oxide patinas on these metals. 
See also aerugo.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aerugo
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
African blackwood

== Description ==
A dark purple- or plum-color hardwood from Dalbergia melanoxylon, native to the dry savanna woodlands of Africa and western India. African blackwood is a dense, hard, even-grain wood with a fine texture. It has good carving properties. African blackwood was used in ancient Egypt for furniture, arrowheads, tablets, chests, toys, inlays, and small ebony figurines. It is currently used for clarinets and other woodwind instruments because it also has good resonance qualities.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Dalbergia melanoxylon; Pau preto (Port.); hbny (ancient Egyptian); grenadillo; grenadilla; Mozambique ebony; Egyptian ebony; African ironwood
== Personal Risks ==
May cause skin irritation and allergies.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Specific gravity = 1.32 (air dry)
* Density = 82 ppcf
== Additional Images ==
File:98_Dalbergia melanoxylon_100X_Rad.jpg|African blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon)
File:98_Dalbergia melanoxylon_100X_Tan.jpg|African blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon)
File:98_Dalbergia melanoxylon_100X_Tran.jpg|African blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon)
== Resources and Citations ==
* R.Gale, P.Gasson, N.Hepper, G.Killen, "Wood" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 334-371.
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Gordon Hanlon, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
African boxwood

== Description ==
A dense yellow wood from the boxwood tree Buxus macowani, that grows in South Africa. The hard, fine-grain wood is used for small decorative items, games and engravings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Cape boxwood; colonial box; East African box; East London boxwood; south African boxwood; Buxus macowani
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 113
* Website: www.si.edu/cal/boxwoods.html
Category:Materials database
African cherry

== Description ==
A highly acidic wood from the African cherry (or makore) tree, Mimusops heckelii or Tieghemella heckelii. Makore is found on the Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria. The dark reddish brown wood is used for veneer, ornamental items and musical instruments. It is sometimes used as a substitute for African mahogany. 
See cherry wood.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
makore; Mimusops heckelii; Tieghemella heckelii; makoré (Fr.); mogno cereja (Port.); macore; African cherry; cherry wood; cherry mahogany
== Risks ==
Highly acidic wood
== Resources and Citations ==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 432
Category:Materials database
African greenheart

== Description ==
A tough, resistant greenheart timber (Cyclicodiscus gaburensis ) often used by shipbuilders and for dock timbers. Also known as okan and dahoma, the dark, green trees can range in height from 5m to 50 m depending on available moisture. The African greenheart is being exported in increasing quantities to Europe and other destinations. The plant is also a popular traditional medicine, a source of fiber and a soap substitute. It is sometimes employed as a shade tree in plantations, often by being left as the forest around it is cleared.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
okan; dahoma; Piptadena africana; Piptadeniastrum africanum
==Risks==
* Stem bark is very toxic (used in arrow poisons, as an ordeal poison; a fish poison; and mixed with rice to poison mice)
* Sawdust may irritate the skin and mucous membranes
==Resources and Citations==
* African greenheart
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 377
* Gordon Hanlon, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
African mahogany

== Description ==
A hardwood tree, Khaya ivorensis, found in western Africa. It resembles true mahogany, but African mahogany is slightly lighter in weight and is more figured. It is widely used for cabinets, musical instruments, veneer, furniture and ship building. Other species of trees are similar and are often sold as African mahogany, such as agba, guarea, sapele, and lingue.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Khaya ivorensis; Mogno africano (Port.); red khaya; red mahogany; dukuma; dubini
== Risks ==
Skin contact may cause irritation.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 432
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
Category:Materials database
African saffron

== Description ==
An orange dye extracted from the flowers of a shrub, Typeria crocea, native to South Africa.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Typeria crocea; zafferano africano (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
Category:Materials database