nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Cognitive behavioral therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a term for a set of psychotherapeutic techniques and its various derivatives, including dialectic behavioural therapy (DBT) and Brief cognitive behavioral therapy (BCBT). Rather than trying to repair the root causes of the patient's problem, CBT attempts to fix reactions to perceptions and the associated thought patterns — it focuses on alleviating behavioral symptoms.
==Uses==
In the UK, CBT is the recommended treatment of choice for problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder, OCD, bulimia nervosa, and clinical depression. Randomised controlled trials have even shown computer-based CBT to be beneficial.
==Limitations==
It is not effective for everyone; in particular, its form doesn't completely manage bipolar disorder or schizophrenia; they are best treated with psychoactive medication. However, it can help some, but by no means all, bipolar patients as an add-on treatment with to prevent relapses in mood stability.
==Criticism==
It's getting criticism in the UK from non-CBT psychotherapists suspicious of the NHS and NICE having swooped upon it with great glee on account of it being relatively cheap and somewhat effective, because it is not in fact the answer to everything. (That said, the waiting list is typically measured in months to years.)
==References==
Category:Psychology
Category:Mental health
Cognitive infiltration

Cognitive infiltration is a term coined by Cass Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule to refer to the use of government and third party "cognitive" provocateurs and front groups to "infiltrate" social networks, other online groups, and "real life" groups built around conspiracy theories.Sunstein and Vermeule. Conspiracy Theories. Harvard Public Law Working Paper 08-03, Jan. 15 2008. They use the term mostly in reference to the 9/11 conspiracist subculture. In response, David Ray Griffin wrote a book entitled Cognitive Infiltration, once again railing against the "official conspiracy theory".Cognitive Infiltration, davidraygriffin.com Critics have noted that various aspects of this strategy are illegal and similar to the FBI's COINTELPRO and the Bush administration's use of "independent analysts" and paid-off pundits.Obama Staffer Wants 'Cognitive Infiltration' of 9/11 Conspiracy Groups, Raw StoryObama Confidant's Spine-Chilling Proposal, Glenn Greenwald Truthers can now write off anyone who debunks their conspiracy theories as merely "cognitive infiltrators" (which they have done before, though). The tendrils of cognitive infiltration have wound their way into every aspect of society — even Wikileaks is an attempt at cognitive infiltration by Sunstein through the use of the limited hangout!Wikileaks is the Cognitive Infiltration Operation Demanded by Cass Sunstein, The Intel Hub
==See also==
*Astroturf
*Sockpuppet
*Troll
*Agent provocateur
==External links==
*"Cognitive Infiltration", Prawfs Blog
*In Defense of Government Disinformation Agents, Skeptoid
==References==
Category:Propaganda
Category:Political terms
Cohort study

A cohort study is a type of study that gathers data by observation. A typical study design would involve enrolling a large group of people and watching them for the appearance of a disease or other event of interest. This is less powerful than a randomized controlled trial ("RCT"), but allows examination of evidence that RCTs cannot evaluate. One of the more commonly cited cohort studies is the Nurse's Health Study which follows roughly 120,000 nurses, starting in 1973, gathering various information about their health, including but not limited to cancer, heart disease, and obesity.
Cohort studies are often contrasted to case-control studies, where correlations are drawn after the fact. For example, if you are interested in the association between condom use and syphilis transmission, you could use a case-control design or a cohort design. In the case-control design, you would look at people who have syphilis, and those who do not, and look at the rates of condom use in each group. By contrast, in a cohort study, you would observe a group of people, recording who uses condoms and who does not, and looking at who catches syphilis and who does not, using statistics to calculate the strength of the relationship. Cohort studies are generally more effective at demonstrating causality since subjects are observed with different risk factors before they get the disease and then followed to assess relationships between risk factors and subsequent new disease. Usually, cohort studies create more scientific jobs are more costly than case-control studies since they require larger sample sizes followed for a longer time.
Theoretically, an RCT could be designed to look at the same question, but this would often be unethical (e.g. if one is measuring the contracting of diseases). The corresponding RCT would randomly assign a group of people to use condoms, and a similar group of people to not use condoms, and then let them do what they will, and calculate syphilis rates at the end.
A RationalWiki cohort study has shown that a large percentage of regular users will, in fact, develop obsessions for goats.
category:Research terms
Category:Types of medical studies
Collateral damage

Collateral damage is a sanitised term (euphemism) used by the military to mean unintended targets (civilians) killed in an armed situation (war).A definition that isn't rife with snark and italics can be found at Merriam-Webster. It is often the accidental result of servicing the target (killing enemy troops). Sometimes this takes place through incendiary residence (napalm misses the target and burns nearby children). In many cases an entire village will undergo neutralization (every man, woman, and child dies) and the officer in charge must file an adjustment report ("We have accidentally destroyed an innocent village"). Reporters who try to write stories about collateral damage often must submit to a security review (censorship). If they refuse, they can often be persuaded by inquiry systems (whips and hot brands). If not, they must be demoted maximally (killed).
As a euphemism, the term prevents speakers from having to picture what harming civilians looks like, minimizing the responsibility of those that committed it and dehumanizing the victims.George Monbiot, "Cleaning the stock"Magedah Shabo, Techniques of Propaganda and Persuasion. ISBN 978-1-58049-874-6 "Collateral damage" is abstract and palatable, while "murdering civilians unintentionally" isn't.
== Examples ==
* NATO spokesperson at time of the Kosovo War, was referring to repetitive massacres and burnings beyond recognition of both Serbian and Albanian civilians done by NATO pilots as collateral damage.
==See also==
* Political correctness
* Drone
==External links==
* USAF Intelligence Targeting Guide - Attachment 7: Collateral Damage
==References==
Category:War
category:Euphemisms
College Credit for Creationism

College Credit for Creationism is the tagline of a renewed assault on education standards in the United States.
A group of Christian schools, including the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI) and others, sued the University of California and several of its officials in their individual capacities. The cause of their complaint was the refusal of the University to give credit for the creationism taught by the ACSI schools in place of biology and specifically evolution.
At issue in particular was the non-recognition of the Bob Jones University-produced "science" textbooks which are short on science and long on pseudoscience and ideology. The issue is not a separation of church and state matter, but rather the surprising claim that in denying them credit for learning pseudoscience, the University was discriminating against students of the ACSI schools on the basis of religion.
The court granted partial summary judgement dismissing the suit against the university officials in their individual capacity, and then granted summary judgement in favor of the University of California.Victory in California creationism case. ncse.org, 12 August 2008. The case was appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which affirmed, and in 2010 the Supreme Court declined certiorari, thus bringing the case to an end.The end of ACSI v. Stearns. ncse.org, 19 October 2010.
==External links==
*ACSI et al. v. Stearns et al. at the National Center for Science Education
==References==
Category:Creationism
Category:Pseudoscience
Category:Education
College of Inner Awareness, Metaphysical and Spiritual Studies

The College of Inner Awareness, Metaphysical and Spiritual Studies is the rebranded and watered down version of The College of Metaphysical Studies, an unaccredited college formerly located in Clearwater, Florida that specializes in teaching metaphysical philosophy and metaphysical ministries. They currently teach homeopathy and various other "natural" healing techniques as well as "New Thought" subjects. Basically, it's chock full of crank magnetism within the large and amorphous field of New Age, including spiritualism, shamanism (probably of the plastic variety), neopaganism, all kinds of paranormal woo, and out-and-out magic.College of Metaphysical Studies — General Information and College of Metaphysical Studies — FAQ The founder of The College of Metaphysical Studies, Dr. Paul Daniele, died in 2009 leaving the school in disarray, ultimately closing under a voluntary dissolution in 2013.The College of Metaphysical Studies Inc. Florida Department of State. Retrieved on 12 March 2018. The "school" reopened with no physical campus save for a post office box in Largo, Florida.
The school presents fields of study in two divisions, Natural Healing and Ministerial Education (Pastoral Studies). The Natural Healing unit offers a number of degrees at the associate, bachelor and master's degree levels in fields such as "Metaphysical Healing Arts," "Natural Healing Studies," and "Biofield Healing." The Pastoral Studies unit offers degrees in "Metaphysical Healing Arts," "Metaphysical Science," and Theology.
==External links==
*Official site
==References==
Category:Crank schools
Category:Florida
Category:Scams
Colorpuncture

Colorpuncture is a piece of cross-over woo combining acupuncture and colour therapy. Rather than sticking needles in the meridians, you shine a flashlight at them. It's rooted in the idea that the body's cells communicate with each other through photons (this is nonsense) and that acupuncture meridians absorb coloured light and distribute it throughout the body. Needless to say, it has not been proven to work, and is, quite probably, complete and utter bullshit. Its singular saving grace (other than being amusingly stupid) is that there is no risk of deadly infections such as .Adverse Events of Acupuncture: A Systematic Review of Case Reports
Colorpuncture was developed in the 1970s by German naturopath and acupuncturist Peter Mandel.
==References==
Category:Alternative medicine
Category:Cancer woo
Category:Quantum woo
Category:Woo
Category:Orientalist woo
Colossians

Colossians is an epistle of Paul to the church at Colossae, in Phrygia, in what is modern Turkey. In a controversial passage Paul asserts that his own sufferings complete what is lacking in the sufferings of Christ for the benefit of the Church, which has been developed by the Catholic Church into the doctrine of the Treasury of Merit. This eventually became corrupted into a practice of paying money to get loved ones' souls out of purgatory and that in turn sparked Martin Luther to nail his 95 Theses to a church door one Halloween.
Paul goes on to say the ordinances of the Mosaic code were "nailed to the cross" and Christians were no longer subject to consuming only certain meats or drinks or observing holidays and new moons and sabbaths, because …there is neither Greek nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision, Barbarian, Scythian, bond nor free: but Christ is all, and in all…
It is questionable whether Paul wrote it, for reasons including its language and style, although many Christians still insist it is the work of Paul.Reconsidering the Authorship of Colossians, Maria A Pascuzzi, Bulletin for Biblical Research 23.2 (2013) 223–246The Authorship of Colossians, Tekton Apologetics
==See also==
*RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Colossians
==References==
Category:New Testament
Category:Pauline Epistles
Columbia Pacific University

Columbia Pacific University (CPU) was a totally unaccredited diploma mill which happily allowed creationist teachings, until California shut it down in 1997.
==Accreditation removal==
In 1995, the Council for Private Postsecondary and Vocational Education (CPPVE) found that CPU failed California academic accreditation regulations on 88 points. In particular (ellipses in original):
CPU submitted a response with 86 supposed "Errors of Fact". "Error of Fact" 27 argued the supposed lack of "evidence of competency in statistical research" was irrelevant because "many dissertations do not require statistical analysis". (Not at CPU, certainly.) In "Error of Fact" 28 and 31 argued that the Spanish Ph.D. dissertation was acceptable because the student had "provided an authenticated English translation" and had been working with a Spanish-fluent mentor in Venezuela. How this resolves the issue is uncertain.Columbia Pacific University, Response to the report of the Visiting Committee. Archived from altcpualumni.org, 15 November 1995.
Nevertheless, CPPVE ruled to close the school. In the lawsuit, Deputy Attorney General Asher Rubin blasted CPU as "a diploma mill which has been preying on California consumers for too many years," calls CPU a "phony operation" that offers "totally worthless [degrees] … to enrich its unprincipled promoters." CPU administrators appealed the decision, but in 1999, the Marin County Superior Court ordered that CPU shut down and fined CPU $10,000 for its "deceptive and unfair practices".Diploma Mills; Federal Employees Have Obtained Degrees from Diploma Mills and Other Unaccredited Schools, Some at Government Expense, Statement of Robert J. Cramer, Managing Director Office of Special Investigations, U.S. General Accounting Office, Testimony Before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate, May 11, 2004
==Creationism==
Ronald Numbers wrote that CPU was:
In other words, CPU creationist education (predictably) mirrors creationist "peer review" in creationist pseudojournals for its total lack of rigor.
==Notable alumni==
*Jerry Bergman
*John Gray
*
*Bob Marshall of Premier Research LabsMessage from our CEO. prlabs.com, retrieved on 8 October 2018. and Quantum Nutrition LabsAbout Dr. Bob Marshall, PhD. qnlabs.com, retrieved on 8 October 2018.
==External links==
*Court Orders Columbia Pacific University to Cease Operating Illegally in California, Quackwatch -- includes a list of all the health-related "graduates"
*Some Questionable Creationist Credentials, Talk Origins
==References==
Category:California
Category:Fundie schools
Combined Ex Forces

Combined Ex Forces (CXF for short) is a British extreme right paramilitary organisation for former, current and future members of the armed forces which focuses primarily on campaigning against Islam.
Paul Walsh, also known as Paul James, was once the group's second in command. The website EDLNews exposed Walsh as an army deserter and former member of a burglary ring;http://edlnews.co.uk/index.php/latest-news/cxf-and-the-infidels/515-the-cxf-nazis-and-paul-james-exposedhttp://edlnews.co.uk/index.php/latest-news/cxf-and-the-infidels/920-paul-cxf-walsh-outed-as-an-army-deserter he has since been kicked out of the group for reasons that are not clear.http://edlnews.co.uk/index.php/latest-news/cxf-and-the-infidels/683-paul-james-sacked-as-cxf-head-for-a-collapse
Another prominent member is Michael Rafferty. Rafferty has been identified in the press as a "leading EDL figure",http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/police-foil-edl-plan-to-target-st-pauls-6261009.html but is in fact critical of the English Defence League, as he eloquently explains:
Likewise members of the EDL have also distanced themselves from Rafferty and CXF.http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/File:EDLfacebookno.jpg
One of Rafferty's online comments, involving firearms being brought to London, resulted in more than 170 EDL supporters being arrested in November 2011 to prevent a breach of the peace.
Its forum has attracted a few conspiracy theorists who are worried that the government could hack the CXF's page,http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/File:Capture_c3878ceec756a7570a728a3a040a48c0dfbf3877.png and that a New World Order is coming.http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/File:Capture_9e3e889cfaa7cbc0b511dba9192ad032fde46613.png
CxF's Deeside division leader, Matthew Stephen Raymond Woodward, pleaded guilty to fifteen charges of owning level one child pornography.http://edlnews.co.uk/index.php/latest-news/cxf-and-the-infidels/865-cxf-offer-grooming-services-to-abuse-victims?COLLCC=1554731954&#sthash.1mJ8pdxU.dpuf It is not clear if he is still involved with the group.
==See also==
* Pie and Mash Squad
* English Shieldwall
==External links==
* Official website --Google it yourself.
* Also, they have a Facebook page. Don't let your friends know you went there.
==References==
Category:Organizations
Category:Islamophobia
Category:British right wing
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI, formerly known as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOPhttps://web.archive.org/web/20090815024758/http://www.csicop.org/about/csi.htmlhttps://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/its_csi_now_not_csicop), is a non-profit organization whose stated goal is "to promote scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use of reason in examining controversial and extraordinary claims."http://www.csicop.org/about/about_csi In addition, CSI "encourages the critical investigation of paranormal and fringe-science claims from a responsible, scientific point of view and disseminates factual information about the results of such inquiries to the scientific community and the public".
CSI was founded in 1976 by Paul Kurtzhttp://www.philosophyforlife.org/the-skeptic-movement/NY Times: The Unbelievable Skepticism of the Amazing Randihttps://web.archive.org/web/20080305043319/http://csicop.org/si/2001-07/kurtz.html, and its fellows have included many notable scientists, Nobel laureates, philosophers, educators, authors, and celebrities.Recent examples: CSI: Sixteen Notable Figures in Science and Skepticism - Elected CSI FellowsCSI: The Pantheon of Skeptics{https://www.csicop.org/about/csi_fellows_and_staff CSI: CSI Fellows and Staff]
Much of CSI's material is published in its bi-monthly Skeptical Inquirer magazine. SI frequently publishes on Intelligent Design and Creationism. Unfortunately like another skeptic magazine, the Skeptical Inquirer also experiments with the anti-woke grift . 
The CSI is part of the Center for Inquiry and is closely associated with the Council for Secular Humanism.
==Membership==
Notable members/fellows past and present include the following:
*Stephen Barrett
*Francis Crick
*Richard Dawkins
*Daniel Dennett
*Martin Gardner
*Stephen Jay Gould
*Douglas Hofstadter
*Paul Kurtz
*Elizabeth Loftus
*John Maddox
*Bill Nye "The Science Guy"
*Massimo Pigliucci
*James Randi
*Carl Sagan
*Eugenie Scott
*Marcello Truzzi
==External links==
*CSICOP.org
==References==
Category:Skeptical organizations
Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow

Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT) is a fact-free anti-environmentalist pressure group founded by David Rothbard and Craig Rucker in 1985.http://www.cfact.org/about/ They both have the academic backgrounds, lifestyles, addresses and PR guru mugshots of serious lobbyists. Three of the primary funders of CFACT are the Carthage Foundation, Exxon Mobil, and the Sarah Scaife Foundation.CFACT Profile, DeSmog Blog A whole host of prominent deniers have sat on its board of advisers at some time, including Sallie Baliunas, Roger Bate, E. Calvin Beisner, Michael Fumento, Sherwood B. Idso, Patrick Michaels, and Frederick Seitz. The organization funds Climate Depot, Marc Morano's online denialist outlet. In 2009, they helped to organize the Copenhagen Climate Challenge, the denialist response to the United Nations' Copenhagen Summit.Louise Gray. Copenhagen climate summit: Behind the scenes at the sceptics' conference. The Telegraph, Dec. 9, 2009
==External links==
*cfact.org
*CFACT Sourcewatch Profile
*Exxon Secrets Factsheet
==References==
Category:Global warming denialists
Category:Denialist organizations
Category:Misnomers
Category:Propaganda
Common Filth

Common Filth is both an anti-gay podcast and the nickname of the rather odd individual who runs it. The show revolves almost entirely around the author's bizarre fixation with gay people, with Mr. Filth having argued, among other things, that gay people are literally possessed by demons, that the Human Rights Campaign has identical goals with NAMBLA, and that ISIS members are simultaneously barbarians and more morally righteous than western Europeans (don't try to follow this guy's logic, you'll give yourself an aneurysm). Common Filth uses lovable catchphrases such as "Ignore sodomite orders"https://twitter.com/hashtag/IgnoreSodomiteOrders and "White girls fuck dogs"https://twitter.com/hashtag/WhiteGirlsFuckDogs — indeed, merchandising both.https://commonfilthradio.bandcamp.com/merch (archive) Common Filth was possibly the best new source for wingnut ravings since Kent Hovind went to jail for tax evasion. Hooray?
He's somewhat notorious amongst the loonier fringes of the Internet for his foaming-at-the-mouth hatred of white people, making him kind of like a reverse James Manning. Listening to his podcast can be simultaneously hilarious and terrifying, but there's no reason to expect anything less from someone who unironically endorses the Westboro Baptist Church.
His fanbase is made up of the kind of people who steal rainbow flags from the Orlando nightclub memorial and then burn them. Lovely.
==External links==
*The madness in all its glory
*Account on Twitter
==References==
Category:Homophobes
Category:Sexism
Category:Racists
Category:Living people
Category:Pissed at us
Common Purpose (UK)

Common Purpose, or CP, is a UK-based educational charity that focuses on providing personal development and networking for potential future leaders. Businesses and organisations typically pay to send individuals on leadership courses costing up to as much as £5,750.http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7929210.stm
To various conspiracy theorists, such as The British Constitution Group, Brian Gerrish, John Harrishttp://www.tpuc.org/node/107 and other cranks, Common Purpose is the new Illuminati - a nefarious shadowy organisation dedicated to exerting its politically correct pro EU agenda on the rest of us. Common Purpose is dedicated to undermining democracy by quietly installing a network of elite trained stooges in powerful positions across government. According to these people, Common Purpose intends to 'Create a political and social paradigm shift in the UK'http://cpexposed.com/about_common_purpose/ to further the agenda of an EU superstate.
==External links==
*Common Purpose
*Common Purpose Exposed
*Stop Common Purpose 
==References==
Category:Humanitarian organizations
Category:United Kingdom
Common purpose (law)

Common purpose is a legal doctrine stating that all participants in a crime are responsible for its consequences, even if it wasn't the original intention. For example, if a gang of criminals agrees to rob a building by knocking out the security guard, they are all deemed guilty of murder if the knocker-out kills the guard. One of the more notorious uses of common purpose was the trial of the , a group of protesters in Apartheid-era South Africa sentenced to death when the mob they were part of murdered a local politician.
Category:Law