Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.), also referred to as the Confederacy, was an unrecognized, treasonous, white-supremacist ethnocratic regime, operated in the Southern United States between the dark years of 1861 and 1865. It was a belligerent in and the instigator of the War to Preserve Slavery (1861-1865). As a Herrenvolk democracy, in which one racial or ethnic group has democracy and all other groups are instead oppressed, the C.S.A. was a proto-fascist regime.Worshiping the Confederacy is about white supremacy — even the Nazis thought so: Confederate memory nurtured fascism. by Nina Silber (August 17, 2017 at 10:00 a.m. UTC) The Washington Post (archived from 12 Feb 2020 21:29:55 UTC).Erasing History: How Fascists Rewrite the Past to Control the Future by Jason Stanley (2024) One Signal Publishers / Atria. ISBN 9781668056912.
The CSA formed in 1861 when seven (later expanded to eleven) slave states decided that armed revolt was preferable to tolerating the election of a Republican President whose anti-slavery opinions southern slaveholders deemed, at a minimum, a threat to their expansionist desires.Lincoln on Slavery National Park Service. The economy of the Southern states depended overwhelmingly on plantation agriculture, particularly of cotton, an important and valuable export commodity.Industry and Economy during the Civil War National Park Service. Confederate politicians predicted that the value of cotton would guarantee the new nation's sovereignty and prosperity (a notion known as "King Cotton").King Cotton, Britannica A devastatingly effective Union naval blockade, however, made international trade almost impossible and as a result, the industrial powers of Europe turned elsewhere to more colonial climes for their raw materials and largely left the CSA to its own devices.
Between the strangling of foreign trade and the destruction caused by the war being fought mainly on its own soil, the CSA's economy deteriorated rapidly. The primary Confederate military force, the Army of Northern Virginia under Robert E. Lee, surrendered after the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse in April 1865, and the Confederacy dissolved a month later. After the war's conclusion, Washington lawmakers placed the rebel states under federal military occupation during a long, difficult period of social and political upheaval from 1865 to 1877 known as Reconstruction where southern republicans and minorities would enjoy a brief period of military-enforced integration before northern disinterest in continuing the occupation and political backroom deals led to the end of the program and the return of the system and leadership that had backed the Confederacy for another century.
==The Hall of Shame: the states of the Confederacy==
In both Missouri and Kentucky, parts of the legislature broke from the official legislature and set up rival governments, which later went to exile in other parts of the Confederacy. In Kentucky, after a few years of avowed neutrality, the Unionist side won in elections, particularly because the South was the first side to engage in conflict in Kentucky proper.Kentucky in the Civil War 1861-1862] Essential Civil War Curriculum. However, many Southern sympathizers formed a separate state government, with Bowling Green as its capital. Also, North Carolina was sort of bullied into it, as most surrounding states were Confederate and wanted them to join.A House Divided: Civil War Kentucky American Battlefield Trust
Missouri, on the other hand, while calling itself neutral was more pro-Southern, and battle broke out very quickly between Missouri troops and Union troops. The Union won, and removed the governor of Missouri, who also created an alternative, pro-Southern government in contention with the official pro-Union one.Guide to American Civil War in Missouri State Historical Societ of Missouri. 
Both states were represented, along with the "official" Confederate states, on the Confederate flag.
An with a capital in Mesilla, was also created from the southern half of the pro-Union New Mexico Territory after the Confederates won the (1861). However, it was lost after the (1862), when this government also went into exile; the Union later created its own Arizona Territory from the western half of New Mexico Territory. Another territory to side with the Confederacy was the (later known as Oklahoma), largely inhabited by Native Americans.
Funny enough, there were numerous attempts to secede from the Confederacy as well. Winston County, Alabama, attempted to secede from its state, with the Nickajack region of North Alabama and East Tennessee attempting to do the same,The “Lost” State of Nickajack Civil War Omnibus and Scott County, Tennessee actually declaring itself independent of Tennessee and the Confederacy, this being forgotten after the Civil War until 1986, when they were ceremonially readmitted into Tennessee and the Union.The Switzerland of America] West Virginia, formerly part of Virginia, actually managed to secede from its eastern neighbor, albeit with some help from Congress and the Union military.West Virginia created by secession from Southern Confederate state African American Registry There were also a lot of Union supporters in East Tennessee, who, as a whole, petitioned to become their own state, only to be crushed by Tennessee state troops.East Tennessee's Civil War: Pro-Union with divided loyalties Knox News
Finally, there was significant but not majority pro-Confederate sentiment in slave-owning Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia, which never seceded.
==Politics==
In 1861, delegates from the slaveholding states met in Montgomery, Alabama to write the constitution of the Confederate States.Background of the Confederate States Constitution The finished product was largely identical to the existing United States Constitution with the exception of multiple explicit protections for the Southern slave trade, among them a ban on any state abolishing slavery and a guarantee of the rights for a slave-owner to travel between states with his slaves.On this day, the Confederate Constitution is approved National Constitution Center
The Confederacy was a failure from the start, not only due to its return to the spirit of the Articles of Confederation, but also due to its egotistic leaders and its unstable politics. President Jefferson Davis, for instance, was by all accounts an impulsive, easily-angered, and abrasive man who surrounded himself with yes-men because he alienated everyone around him who had a shred of intelligence.Union and Confederate Politics Michael Todd Landis. Essential Civil War Curriculum. His own Vice President, Alexander Stephens, spent much of his time at home writing angry letters to attack Davis' decisions. The Confederate government saw a shocking rate of turnover among its civil servants, and most of the South's genuinely talented thinkers chose to join the military instead to seek glory.
One of the more striking aspects of Confederate democracy was the lack of political parties. For much of its early existence, the primary political issue that divided the Confederate Congress was the overbearing leadership of President Davis; he vetoed any bill meant to limit his power in a way that his opponents described as "military despotism".Yearns, Wilfred Buck. The Confederate Congress, (1935, 2010) ISBN 978-0-820-33476-9, p. 218-219. Meanwhile, the lack of parties largely prevented the formation of any governing coalitions in the Confederate Congress with the result that individual legislators, and thus their local voters, were powerless to enact change. The divide between voters and their government was further emphasized by the Confederate Congress' insistence on holding secret meetings and refusal to publicly record its proceedings.Creating a Confederate Senate US Senate.
Jefferson Davis was the first and only President of the Confederacy, elected unanimously by the 
==Internal affairs==
The Confederacy was a dangerously unstable nation — while a slight majority of the population had voted in favor of secession, the emphasis was on "slight," and pro-Union guerrilla bands thankfully began forming deep within Confederate territory before the Civil War had even officially started. The state of Virginia actually split in two, with the Appalachian section of the state voting to return to the Union. A full quarter of Union troops in the American Civil War were actually from the Confederate states themselves, and Southern Unionists included the governor of Texas, Sam Houston, who was deposed at gunpoint by pro-Confederate politicians and spent the entire war under house arrest."A Short History of Sam Houston", Sam Houston Memorial Museum For all intents and purposes, the Confederacy was fighting two wars — one against the Union, and one against its own citizens.Massacre on the Nueces, The New York Times
==Apologetics==
Confederate apologetics in the form of historical revisionism continues to this day. As recently as 1996, Pastor Bobby Eubanks of Ridge Baptist Church along with 14 other clergy wrote and circulated a letter claiming that:
*The Confederate Flag is a Christian symbol. (In truth, the flag apparently is a stolen flag of Scotland, defaced with Stars and Bars coloring.)
*Leaders of the Confederacy are historical examples of Christian character.
*The Civil War was a fight between Christianity and Atheism. (Interestingly enough, Karl Marx openly called for Lincoln to free the slaves.)
*Removing the flag is part of a liberal conspiracy to attack traditional values.
*Race relations are better in the South than in the rest of the nation.
*The flag "represents the noble effort, of South Carolinians and Southerners generally, to resist the federal government’s unconstitutional efforts to subjugate sovereign states."Here’s how one pastor fought for years to keep the Confederate flag flying in South Carolina by Tobin Grant (June 24 at 4:30 PM) Washington Post. In actuality, "states' rights" don't technically exist: governments have powers, given to them by the governed, not rights, which are (supposed to be) held by the governed and governments must defend and respect. Look up the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution: the word "rights" does not even appear. The term "powers" is used instead, because powers can be given and revoked, unlike rights.
On February 14, 2014, Fox News legal analyst Andrew Napolitano claimed that the North started the "murderous" Civil War (despite the first shots being fired by secessionists at Fort Sumter, South Carolina), and that slavery should have been allowed to die a "natural death" (despite slavery not having ended in the world, and only having been de jure abolished worldwide since 2007).‘Daily Show’ obliterates Fox News Confederate apologist: ‘I just un-f*cked your facts’ by Travis Gettys (25 Feb 2014 at 08:13 ET) Raw Story.
===The "heritage, not hate!" trope===
The "heritage, not hate" slogan in reference to the numerous Southern monuments to the CSA, the various commemorations of the CSA, and the continued use of the Confederate flag are in fact an early form of American denialism.Last Battles by Jelani Cobb (July 6 & 13, 2015) The New Yorker.
To quote Alexander H. Stephens, the Vice President of the CSA:
And he was a moderate by Confederate standards. Fuck you, DiLorenzo!
==External links==
*Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938, Library of Congress
*What Caused the Civil War: or, How to argue with a Confederate apologist Tue Apr 12, 2011 at 10:17 AM PDT Daily Kos.
*Whose heritage? SPLC documents how the US government still honors the Confederacy.
==See also==
*Neo-Confederate
*The New Confederacy
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Authoritarian regimes
Category:Far-right politics
Category:Fascism
Category:Historical countries
Category:Racism
Category:United States history
Category:United States politics
Category:Slavery
Category:Totalitarianism
Category:White supremacy