nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Stovepiping

Stovepiping is a term originating in the intelligence community to describe a process by which raw data is funneled directly to high-ranking officials or the media.
==Intelligence==
An example of stovepiping intelligence would be the formation of the Office of Special Plans (OSP), a Pentagon unit in use from 2002-2003 to stovepipe raw intelligence from Iraq to the upper echelons of the Bush administration. The unvetted intelligence that administration officials received could then be cherry-picked to present the most sensationalist claims regardless of their accuracy.SourceWatch entry for OSPOfficial's Key Report on Iraq Faulted, Washington Post
==Science==
The term is sometimes applied in a scientific context to refer to journalists presenting as scientific fact a claim from a source that hasn't undergone proper peer review. In many cases, someone with a pet theory will side-step the peer-review process to present unpublished research to the media.
An example of scientific stovepiping occurred in the "Leakegate" affair in which the Times of London journalist Jonathan Leake published an article with claims made by a denialist blogger while ignoring counter-claims by scientists.Leakegate: On Stovepiping and Plagiarism, Deltoid
==On wikis==
Wikipedia has specific policies to limit the number of fringe or minority or untested claims. For instance, the following policies are in place there to discourage stovepiping:
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*
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==See also==
*Garbage in garbage out — the end result of stovepiping
*Manufactroversy
==External links==
*Stovepiping, Phrase Finder
*Serious Claims Belong in a Serious Scientific Paper, Ben Goldacre
*The Stovepipe, New Yorker
==References==
Category:Propaganda
Category:Political terms
Category:Media
Strict scrutiny

Strict scrutiny is a form of constitutional review that is used to determine the validity of legislation that discriminates on the basis of suspect categories, such as race, or which strips individuals of fundamental rights, such as the right to vote, the right to privacy, or First Amendment rights. Under strict scrutiny review, a statute can be found valid if the statute is narrowly tailored to serve a compelling governmental interest.Sherbert v. Verner 374 U.S. 398 (1963).
It has been said that strict scrutiny is strict in theory, but fatal in fact.
Currently, the only "suspect classifications" to which strict scrutiny applies are raceBrown v. Board of Education, 347 US 483, 74 S. Ct. 686, 98 L. Ed. 873 (1954). and national origin.Korematsu v. U.S., 323 US 214, 65 S. Ct. 193, 89 L. Ed. 194 (1944) Religion de facto has a very similar degree of protection (including the "compelling state interest" criterion), but religion is not usually regarded as a suspect class because religious discrimination is governed primarily by the free exercise clause, not the equal protection clause. Sexual orientation has been given a quasi-suspect classification.Romer v. Evans, 517 US 620, 116 S. Ct. 1620, 134 L. Ed. 2d 855 (1996). See also Lawrence v. Texas, 539 US 558, 123 S. Ct. 2472, 156 L. Ed. 2d 508.
==See also==
*Fourteenth Amendment
==References==
Stuart Landsborough

Stuart Landsborough is a New Zealand born skeptic who started the New Zealand Psychic Challenge. Stuart Landsborough buried $50,000 worth of New Zealand promissory notes within 5km of the Puzzling World Theme Park he built and offered it to any psychic who could find it. After six months he made it easier by burying the notes within a 200 metre radius. Four people (seven, according to Wikipedia) have tried and failed to find the loot.
In 2006 the money was moved again, to within 100 metres of his premises, and he upped the ante by another $50,000 -- however, no "true psychic" would accept the challenge for money despite Landsborough saying he would donate the money to a charity of the psychic's choice.
==See also==
*James Randi
==External links==
*http://www.psychicchallenge.co.nz/what.html
Category:Living people
Stuart Pivar

Stuart Pivar is an American chemist and art collector who has become well known for his unorthodox views about evolution.
==Evolution==
Pivar has written that the body form of all organisms are encoded not in DNA but in the patterned structure of a primordial germ plasm the universal predecessor of the egg.Random House Publishers He published a book titled LifeCode: The Theory of Biological Self Organization in 2004.
Pivar believes evolution is driven by and rejects natural selection. He is an advocate of non-Darwinian evolution and discusses his theories in his book Origin of Form: Evolution by Self-Organization (2009). Pivar believes there is an archetype substance which is a self-organized pre-embryonic structure which shapes the form of all living organisms.
Pivar was also a close friend to Stephen Jay Gould but has made controversial statements that Gould himself was a critic of natural selection towards the end of his life.On the Beach With Stephen Jay Andrea Bottaro
==Reception==
Pivar has a long history of attempting to sue people who disagree with him. He has been called an "eccentric" and a "loon" by his critics, who have also written that he embraces pseudoscience.New York Magazine — 8 Apr 1996 — Page 24Encyclopedia of American Loons Evolutionary biologist Massimo Pigliucci wrote that Pivar sent him abusive emails and is known for sending abusive emails to other scientists who disagree with him.Massimo Pigliucci Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk, p. 101 Pivar has also attempted to sue scientists who criticised his work in reviews of his book.Stuart Pivar sues Robert Hazen
On his blog "Pharyngula", developmental biologist PZ Myers reviewed Pivar's book Lifecode and described the book as pseudoscience and called Pivar a "classic crackpot"."Lifecode: From egg to embryo by self-organization" by PZ MyersReview of Lifecode In 2007 Pivar attempted to sue Seed Media, the host of ScienceBlogs; however, the case was withdrawn after ten days.Delta, George B.; Matsuura, Jeffrey H. (2009). Law of the Internet, Volume 1, 2009 supplement. Aspen Publishers. pp. 11–12.
In 2010 Pivar published a peer-reviewed paper titled Origin of the Vertebrate Skeleton in the International Journal of Astrobiology. Paleontologist Mark McMenamin called the discovery "a seismic event in science" as the model of Pivar is based neither on a genetic code nor on natural selection and is a totally new idea in evolutionary biology.Innovative Solution to the Evolution of Form ProposedThe origin of the vertebrate skeleton by Stuart Pivar Simon Mitton, a Cambridge scientist and IJA editor-in-chief, called it "a groundbreaking concept".Phys. News 2010 Other scientists have written however that Pivar's ideas in the paper are pseudoscience and they have criticised the journal for publishing it.Pivar's pure fantasy published by Bjørn Østman
==External links==
*Stuart Pivar Home Website
==References==
Category:Authors
Category:Chemists
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Category:Living people
Subatomic particle

Subatomic particles are things smaller than an atom.
==Types of subatomic particles==
Some subatomic particles are components of atoms, like protons, neutrons, quarks, tiny neutrinos and electrons; these are a subset of . There are also bosons of assorted kinds including photons, gluons and possibly gravitons. One notable boson is the Higgs boson which was confirmed to exist in July 2012.
The is, according to some theories, literally endless, and certainly is very long—particularly if you include the , whose existence can only be inferred by spikes in an energy-capture graph.
Some, perhaps most, subatomic particles have anti-matter equivalents, but photons, according to current theories, are the same in matter and antimatter.
==Quantum effects==
Reality at the subatomic level is different from the way reality appears on the macroscopic scale that we normally observe. We evolved to understand reality on our natural scale; reality on the subatomic particle scale is perplexing and counter-intuitive to us.
Subatomic particles have both particle-like and wavelike properties. It is also intrinsically impossible to tell, simultaneously, a particle's exact position and motion.
==See also==
*Physics
==External links==
*Subatomic Particles: So That's What's in an Atom
Category:Physics
Category:Fundamental particles
Subincision

Penile subincision is a procedure performed on males in which the underside of the penis is split open so that the urethra is exposed. This procedure is far more invasive than an ordinary circumcision, and is more comparable to some forms of female genital mutilation, although it is less common. It is performed primarily as a coming-of-age ritual among some cultures, such as Indigenous Australians. As with FGM, this procedure is sometimes self-performed, and carries a great many health risks, including infections, increased risk of contracting and transmitting STDs, and difficulty urinating.
In some cultures that practice it, subincision is seen as a partial feminization of the male genitalia. Among several Australian tribes, the penetration of a subincized penis by another penis (usually that of a young boy) is a traditional practice. Some authors have speculated this to be the original purpose of subincision.
==References==
Category:Sexuality
Substituting explanation for premise

Substituting explanation for premise is a logical fallacy that occurs when a flawed explanation for a phenomenon is taken as evidence that the phenomenon did/does not occur at all.
The fallacy is a formal fallacy.
==Alternate names==
*Theoretic fallacy
==Form==
The fallacy ultimately follows the fallacious form:
==Explanation==
When this fallacy is committed, someone may attempt to refute claims that the phenomenon occurs by refuting the theory invoked to explain it. It is fallacious because the reason for believing the phenomenon in question to occur is independent of the theory used to explain it.
This fallacy probably results from a failure to distinguish the reasons for a phenomenon from the reasons to believe a phenomenon occurs. For example, the theory of evolution by means of mutation and natural selection can be used to explain the presence of transitional fossils and the high levels of consistency of phylogenetic trees created with different methods. If one determined that the theory did not suffice to explain these phenomena, it would not follow that the phenomena are not real.
==Examples==
The point(s) where the fallacy is committed is/are italicized.
#Alice proposes that iguanas are green because their skin contains chlorophyll. Bob points out that animals do not produce chlorophyll. He claims that therefore, iguanas must not really be green.
#Bob suggests that meteors burn up upon entering Earth's atmosphere because they are heated up by the friction from passing air molecules. Alice points out that this effect is not significant enough to generate the heat necessary to burn the meteors, and claims that therefore meteors really do not burn up upon entering the atmosphere.
==Demarcation==
You do not commit this fallacy if you:
*Make the inverse of this claim. A theory can be refuted if a predicted phenomenon does not occur.
*Assert that a claim is false because it is poorly supported. This is the fallacy fallacy.
==See also==
*Fallacy fallacy
Category:Formal fallacies
Subtle energy

Subtle energy (or woo energy) is any supposed form of energy that is powerful enough to create healing effects but too tiny to be detected by scientific instruments sensitive enough to detect a single quantum leap in a very, very cold piece of metal; or the quantum 'jolt' caused by fluctuations on mirrors with a mass of forty kilograms.https://astronomynow.com/2020/07/06/quantum-jolts-measure-at-macro-scales-in-gravity-wave-detector/ These energies sometimes vibrate; apparently direct current is insufficiently subtle. Some notable alternative therapies based on subtle energy include Reiki and therapeutic touch.
==Evidence for its existence==
==See also==
*Homeopathy
*New Age
*Qi
*Quantum woo
*Woo
==External links==
*Eh, play the games.
==References==
Category:Energy woo
Category:Chinese medicine
Category:Energy therapy
Category:Indian medicine
Sufism

Sufism, also known as Tasawwuf (Arabic: تصوف‎‎), is an Islamic mystical tradition, whose adherents aim to achieve obliteration of the self and complete oneness with Allah. Sufis believe that nothing exists outside of Allah (similar to the Kabbalistic view on the nature of God), and that the Qur'an has always existed on some metaphysical realm outside of our own, and therefore merely being revealed by Allah, rather than authored by him. This belief caused much persecution of Sufis during some periods of history. Sufis, like most Muslims, view Muhammad as the prime example of spiritual piety, the al-Insān al-Kāmil, and that he was not only the greatest prophet, but also the greatest man to have lived. Carl W. Ernst, The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad, Muḥammad as the Pole of Existence, Cambridge University Press, p. 130 Sufis are particularly fond of dhikr, the practice of reciting the various "names of Allah," of which there are 99.
Practitioners are called Sufis, dervishes, or murīdīn. They group themselves into orders based around a murshid, or a guide. These orders are called Tariqa. The etymological origin of Sufism is not clear, but scholars generally agree that ṣūf or "wool" is probably the root word of "Sufi." Sufism has many parallel beliefs alongside different religions, including Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism, as well as Greek concepts.
==See also==
*Quranism
==References==
Category:Islam
Sumer

Sumer was an ancient civilization in Mesopotamia that is accepted by historians as one of the oldest known civilizations in the Middle East, if not the oldest. Depending on the definition of "civilization", Sumer can be argued to be the oldest known civilization in the world.Several other archeological areas, including Gobekli Tepe were settled earlier, but are smaller settlements.
Cuneiform, so far the oldest example of a complex writing system knownThere are earlier proto-writing systems, consisting of symbolic images that carry specific meaning, that have been found throughout the world, but they are merely symbolic, and not actual codifications of the language was invented by the Sumerians some time before 2,700 BCE, the dating of the first known written record of the Sumerians. As a result, the Sumerians hold the record for "world's oldest fart joke".Flatulence Joke is World's Oldest, BBC
The Epic of GilgameshThe oldest written account of Gilgamesh dates to 1,800 BCE contains, among other things, the plot outline for what might have been the very first buddy road flick, as well as the most significant attestation of the ancient Sumerian creation myth. Sumer can be credited with the origins of the ancient Middle Eastern temple-state, and the overall culture proved to be highly influential on the development of ancient civilizations. Over a 500-1000 year period, the Sumerian culture, including the language and religion, was subsumed into the Akkadian empire.
The modern descendants of the Sumerians — to the extent that Sumerian genes can be picked out of the background noise of the many groups to inhabit and commingle in the Middle East — make up much of the indigenous population of Kuwait. Noted astronomy crank Zecharia Sitchin had a peculiar fascination with the Sumerians, doing for them what Immanuel Velikovsky did for Greek mythology.
Sumer dates from ~4,700 BCE-1700BCE. Thus they predate Creation Week.The Onion
==Notes==
==References==	
Category:Middle East
Category:Ancient history
Sunday Assembly

The Sunday Assembly is a secular congregation that meets on the first Sunday of every month to hear philosophical talks, sing songs and generally celebrate the wonder of life. It's a service for anyone who wants to live better, help often and wonder more. It was started by Sanderson Jones and Pippa Evans. Assembly convenor Kathryn Murray states: "Especially within atheism, I think there's a bit of a stigma that's gotten attached to it that you have to be angry and outraged and anti-religion to be an atheist and it's just not true. There are heaps of people who don't believe and just want to be good people and part of a community".Sunday Assembly atheist church comes to Australia
==Sunday Assembly Everywhere==
Starting in May 2013, people will be able to start their own assemblies, under the banner Sunday Assembly Everywhere.Start Your Own Sunday Assembly The rules for doing so are in the Public Charter and Accreditation Modelhttp://sundayassembly.com/sunday-assembly-everywhere/sunday-assembly-everywher-guidelines/. The Assembly launched in the United States and Australia in September 2013http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2013/11/10/us/ap-us-atheist-megachurch.html?_r=0.
==See also==
*Unitarian Universalism
==External links==
*Sunday Assembly
*What happens at an atheist church?
*Start Your Own Sunday Assembly
==References==
Category:Atheist groups
Sunshine Policy

The Sunshine Policy (햇볕정책) is a type of South Korean policy toward North Korea: the official name is Engagement Policy (대북화해협력정책). The main aim is to establish peace on the Korean Peninsula by pursuing cooperation between South and North Korea on the basis of nationalism and pacifism. Mainstream liberals in South Korea support this policy.
Supporters of the Sunshine Policy are skeptical of excessive sanctions and 'maximum pressure' on North Korea, and believe that dialogue, compromise, trust and economic aid can help resolve the North Korean nuclear issue.
This policy is mainly related to liberal nationalism and left-wing nationalism in South Korea. But conservatives in South Korea hate this policy very much.
In 2000, Kim Dae-jung was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his successful implementation of the Sunshine Policy.
The Sunshine Policy lasted from 1998 to 2007 when the liberal South Korean government was in office. However, this policy was suspended since 2008 when the conservative government took office. But with the inauguration of the liberal government in 2017, the Sunshine Policy is being pursued again.
The policy originates from the of Willy Brandt, a former West German chancellor.
Non-mainstream U.S. politicians such as Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders support the policy in part, but not completely. Because even though they agree to talk and compromise during the Sunshine Policy, they don't agree to economic aid to North Korea. This is because they think that there should be talks with North Korea, but at the same time, there should be maximum pressure. (However, some of America's alt-right actively support this policy. Because it's a policy based on nationalism. Of course, it would not be possible for American alt-rights to like the mainstream liberals in South Korea. Support for feminism is because mainstream liberals in South Korea!)
South Korea's conservative camp is more extreme on many issues than the U.S. Republican Party. Of course, there is no lack of non-mainstream liberals in the South who oppose the policy. But the problem is that they are the Bareunmirae Party, which has contacts with Western alt-lite. As such, South Korean politics is deformed, so many young people are disgusted with politics.
==See also==
* Moon Jae-in
* Minjoo Party of Korea
Category:South Korean politics
Super

* A prefix of Latin origin meaning "above" and from which most of these terms were derived. The rough Greek equivalent is "hyper".
* Super 3D Noah's Ark, an unlicensed video game about Noah's Ark
* Superbook, an anime about the Bible
* Superbug, a bacterium that has evolved a resistance to antibiotics
* Superconspiracy, a conspiracy theory that claims one actor is responsible for multiple different conspiracies
* Supercontinent, a large landmass containing most of Earth's continental tectonic plates. Technically, Europe, Africa, Asia, and both Americas are part of a single supercontinent (as the continental shelves of Russia and Alaska are connected and were even traversable during the Ice Age's glacial maxima), but the term is typically used to refer to continents that existed in the distant geological past like Pangaea.
* Superdelegate, a delegate during the Democratic Party's primary process that isn't limited to voting based on the results of the popular vote
* Super-Earth, an exoplanet with a mass between that of Earth's and Uranus'
* Superfood, a food that has its health effects exaggerated for profit
* Supernatural, things that supposedly exist beyond the natural and scientifically observable world
** Supernatural debt relief, the idea that monetary problems can be solved simply through prayer
** Supernatural selection, an old Earth creationism alternative to natural selection where what species appear and die are decided by god
* Super PAC, a political action committee that is unlimited in the amount of funds it can receive or spend as long as they don't contribute directly to a campaign (although attack ads are fine)
* Superpower, the most geopolitically powerful and influential nation(s) in the world; during the Cold War, these were the United States and the Soviet Union, whereas today it's the United States and some would argue China
* Super Size Me, a documentary critical of fast food and McDonald's in particular
* Superstition, the idea that supernatural forces can have an impact on your daily life
* Superstraight, a "sexuality" that is really just an excuse to bash transgender people, with other derived terms like "Supergay" being used similarly
* Superstring theory, a more modern version of string theory that accounts for all known fundamental particles
* Super-uncles theory, a theory that homosexuality evolved in humans to provide more caretakers of children
* Superweapon, another term for WMD