nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Crocidolite

== Description ==
A fibrous, blue-green mineral composed of sodium iron silicate. Crocidolite is a minor commercial form of asbestos, called blue asbestos. It is found in Europe, Africa, South America and the United States. Crocidolite fibers have a harsh texture. They have fair flexibility and are strong. Crocidolite fibers are used to reinforce polymers and as heat resistant textiles.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
blue asbestos; riebeckite; crocidolite (Port.); Krokidolit (Deut.)
== Risks ==
* Noncombustible. Unaffected by heat.
* Carcinogenic. 
* Highly toxic by inhalation of dust.
* Skin contact cause irritation.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Fiber length = 12-300 mm (0.5 - 12 inches) 
* Diameter = 300-350 angstroms. 
* Luster = silky to dull.
* Cross section is polygonal or circular. 
* Tensile strength = 80,000-200,00 psi
* Resistant to alkalis and acids.
Mohs Hardness	4.0
Density 	3.2-3.3 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Identification of Textile Materials, The Textile Institute, Manchester, England, 1985
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Crocin

== Description ==
A golden yellow coloring agent found in saffron, crocus, and wongsky. Crocin is extracted from the saffron or crocus flowers, and gardenia fruits with hot water.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
di-gentiobiose ester of crocetin
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in hot water, methanol. Slightly soluble in absolute alcohol, ether, and other organic solvents. 
* Abs. max 464, 434 nm
Composition 	C44H64O24
Melting Point	186 C
Category:Materials database
Crocking

== Description ==
Crocking is tendency of a fabric or paint to give off color when the surface is rubbed. For a fabric, cocking may occur when it has excess dye or has been improperly dyed. For a painting, crocking may occur when the pigment to binder concentration is high.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
desteñimiento por frote (Esp.); roeten (roet afegeven) (Ned.); afgeven (vlekken van stoffen)(Ned.)
Category:Materials database
Crocoite

== Description ==
A bright red mineral composed of lead chromate. Crocoite has been found in Tasmania (Dundas), Ural Mountains, Romania, Brazil, the Philippines and the United States (Arizona). Although the rare mineral has the same composition as chrome yellow, it was not ground for use as a pigment. The element chromium was, however, discovered in this mineral in 1787. About 1820, after the development of commercial production of chromium, chrome yellow was produced synthetically.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Monoclinic system with prismatic crystals. 
* Cleavage is distinct in one direction. 
* Fracture = conchoidal. 
* Luster = adamantine to vitreous. 
* Streak = orange-red.
Composition 	PbCrO4
Mohs Hardness	2.5 - 3.0
Density 	5.9-6.1 g/ml
Category:Materials database
Crocus sack

== Description ==
A coarse, loosely woven fabric similar to burlap that was commonly made into bags. Crocus sacks were commonly used to ship plants and grains such as saffron, barley, and crocuses.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
croker sack; crocus bag; gunnysack; tow bag; towsack; grass sack; jute zak voor krokussen (Ned);
Category:Materials database
Cronar

== Description ==
[DuPont] A registered trademark for a polyester photographic film base. Cronar® was first made in 1955. It is available as transparent clear, transparent blue, and opaque black sheets. Cronar® polyester films are flat and dimensionally stable. They are prepared with silver halide emulsions and used in medical, printing, publishing and industrial photographic applications.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film; Eastar@ [Eastman Kodak]
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Film thickness is 4, 5 or 7 mils
==Resources and Citations==
* DuPont Teijin Films: Cronar
Category:Materials database
Cross fox

== Description ==
A color variation of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes or Vulpes fulva) found in North America, Europe and Asia. The cross fox is a yellowish brown color with a cross-shaped reddish or black marking extending across the shoulders and down the back. Their fur is long, soft and dense with silky guard hairs. Fox pelts have been used for trim, capes, collars and cuffs.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
brant fox
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "fox" [Accessed November 8, 2001].
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Cross section

== Description ==
1 - A cut or a representation of a cut along the plane of the sample that is at right angles to the primary axis. Cross section blocks are often made of paint fragments to provide information on the layer composition and construction. Cross sections of man-made textiles can aid in the identification of polymer type. A cross section is made by embedding a sample in resin, then cutting and polishing the embedment orthogonally to the layers of interest.
2 - The probability of interaction between an incident radiation or particle with a target nucleus (generally measured in equivalent surface unit per atom (usual units are the cm2 and the barn: 1 b = 10 E−24 cm2)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
1 - Querschnitt (Deut.); coupe (Fr.); 2 - section de capture (Fr.);
Category:Materials database
Cross section paper

== Description ==
A type of ledger paper that has a pale grid marked in blue or green ink. Cross section paper has a repetitive pattern of heavier lines that occur regularly, such as every ten blocks or every 1 inch square. Cross section paper is used for scaled drawings, charts and graphs. A similar type of paper, called quadrille, has an even density on all its grid lines.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cross-section paper; quadrille paper; graph paper; papier graphique (Fr.); papier millimétré (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Crosslinking

== Description ==
The formation of chemical bonds between groups in organic molecules. Crosslinking occurs during curing in thermosetting polymers producing an infusible, often insoluble polymer. Drying oils oxidize and crosslink on curing. In keratins, the polypeptide chains are crosslinked by the disulfide bonds of cystine. In the vulcanization process, sulfur is used to crosslink and stabilize rubber. Cellulose is crosslinked with dimethylol carbamate to produce permanent press cotton textiles.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
entrecruzamiento (Esp.); réticulation (Fr.); reticolazione (It.); reacção de reticulação (Port.)
Category:Materials database
Crow

== Description ==
Any of several black-feather birds of the family Corvidae found throughout the world. Crows range in size from the large raven (Corvus raven) to the smaller jackdaw (Corvus monedula). The common crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) is native to North America. The carrion crow (Corvus corone) and rooks (Corvus frugilegus) are native to England as well as north and central Europe. Crows feed on seeds, berries, insects, earthworms, larvae, and sometimes carrion. They are considered to be the most intelligent of all birds and have complex, hierarchic societies.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
rook (Corvus frugilegus); raven (Corvus raven); jackdaw (Corvus monedula); common crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos); carrion crow (Corvus corone)
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "rook." Accessed 18 Mar. 2005 .
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook_%28bird%29
Category:Materials database
Crown daisy (Chrysanthemum coronarium) LC

== Description ==
Glebionis coronaria is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family. It is native to the Mediterranean region. It is also cultivated and naturalized in East Asia and in scattered locations in North America.
== Historical importance ==
== Summary of results ==
== Analytical instrumentation and procedures ==
HPLC-DAD-MS analysis was performed with an Agilent 1100 liquid chromatography system consisting of an automatic injector, a gradient pump, a HP series 1100 DAD, and an Agilent series 1100 VL on-line atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. Separations were done on a Vydac 214TP52 analytical column (2.1 mm diameterX250 mm; 5-ím particle size). The column was eluted at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min with a tertiary gradient of water (A),acetonitrile (B), and 1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid (C) with the following elution program: 0 min, 90% A, 5% B, 5% C; 0-55 min, a linear gradient to 35% A, 60% B, 5% C; 55-60 min, a linear gradient elution to 15% A, 80% B, 5% C; 60-62 min, isocratic elution at 15% A, 80% B, 5% C; 62-70 min gradient elution to 90% A, 5% B, 5% C; and reequilibration with the latter solvent for 15 min. The mass spectrometer was run both in the negative and positive ion mode.
== Chromatograms ==
center|frame|Absorbance at 350nm (mAU)
== Sample information ==
center|frame|sample information, By R. A. Laursen, Boston University 
== Identified compounds ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Patuletin.PNG~Patuletin 3-O-glucoside UV-Vis|.JPG~ UV-Vis|.jpg~ UV-Vis]]]
Compound 	RT (min.)	MW 	UV/vis	Other 	
Quercetagetin 3-O-glucoside	26.4 	480	356 	Comments here	
Patuletin 3-O-glucoside 	29.9 	x 	x 	 	
Luteolin 	x 	x 	x 	 	
Apigenin 	 	x 	x 	x 	
== References ==
[1]
[2]
[3]
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Reference Materials
Category:Natural Dyes
Crown glass

== Description ==
1) A hard, clear optical glass made of soda-lime. Crown glass has a low dispersion and a low refractive index. 
2) An old form of window glass produced by spinning a globe of glass to form a thin, flat circle. The flattened sheet had a thicker raised center from the glassmaker's rod that was called a crown or bull's eye. The process may have been Syrian in origin. It was used in Europe since at least the 14th century. Crown glass made in Normandy region of France was considered to be a high quality glass. It was typically a light blue or green color with a bright fire-polished finish. Circles were made with diameters up to 1.2 meters (44 inches). They were cut into smaller rectangular pieces for use. The glass retains concentric ripple lines from the spinning process.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
2: verre en plats (Fr.); vidro de coroa ou prato (Port.); Normandy glass; bull's eye glass
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 361
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* G.Allen, L.Black,K.Hallam, "A Preliminary Investigation into the Effect of Self-Adhesive Ultraviolet Absorbing Films on Window Glass" in ICOM preprints Lyon, 1999. p.757-763; EU dictionary
* Encyclopedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/technology/crown-glass
Category:Materials database
Crude oil

==Description==
Crude oil is a raw natural resource that is extracted from the earth and refined into products such as gasoline, jet fuel, and other petroleum products. Further refining and processing also produce mineral oil, paraffin, as well as numerous solvents and plastics.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Erdöl (Deut.); pétrole (Fr.); petróleo bruto (Port.)
Category:Materials database
Crumbling

== Description ==
A surface deterioration process that occurs in stone and concretes that is caused by the crystallization of highly soluble salts, such as sodium chloride and sodium sulfate. Crumbling can also be a result of weak masonry materials, a dissolved binder, or freeze-thaw thermal cycling.
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
* James Clifton, Stone Consolidating Materials: A status report
Category:Materials database
Crust

== Description ==
A hard covering or coat on the surface of another material. In minerals or metals, a crust or deterioration product of one, may be redeposited over another. Weathering may oxidize or deteriorate the surface of some materials forming a hard, sometimes protective, crust. A surface crust may also be formed by pollution or by low solubility salts, such as calcium sulfate, that form glassy, adherent films. See black crust, gypsum crust, gypcrete, and caliche.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
crusting; incrustation; encrustation; black crust; gypsum crust; caliche; gypcrete
== Additional Images ==
File:Black.crust-01_ICOMOS.jpg|Black crust, Photo credit: V. Vergès-Belmin
File:Black.crust-02_ICOMOS.jpg|Black crust, Photo credit: B. Fitzner
File:Salt.crust_ICOMOS.jpg|Salt crust, Photo credit: B. Fitzner
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "crust" [Accessed 18 Oct. 2005].
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust (accessed Jan 6, 2006)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Cryolite

== Description ==
White, translucent crystalline mineral composed of sodium aluminum fluoride. Cryolite occurs naturally in Greenland (Ivigtut) with smaller sources located Spain, U.S.(Colorado) and Russia. It may also be made synthetically by fusing sodium fluoride and aluminum fluoride. Cryolite is used as a flux and opacifier in porcelain enamel. It is also used to make opalescent glass.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sodium aluminum fluoride; Greenland spar; icestone; ice stone; criolita (Esp.); cryolite (Fr.); Kryolit (Deut.)
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. May cause dental and bone defects. Gives off poisonous fluorine gas during firing.
* American Elements: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid. Taste is slightly salty. 
* Monoclinic, prismatic crystals usually occurring in masses or granules. 
* Fracture = uneven. 
* Luster = vitreous to greasy. 
* Streak = white.
Composition 	Na3AlF6
Mohs Hardness 	2.5
Melting Point 	1000 C
Density 	2.95-3.0 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.338;1.338;1.339
== Resources and Citations ==
* Mineralogy Database: Cryolite
Category:Materials database
Cryptocrystalline

== Description ==
A material composed of crystals too small to be recognized even under polarizing microscope. Cryptocrystalline sedimentary rocks include chalcedony, chert, and flint. Igneous cryptocrystalline rocks include carbonado (a type of diamond) and some felsic rocks such as rhyolite.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
criptocristalino (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, Submitted information, 2009
* Wikipedia: Cryptocrystalline (accessed March 2010)
Category:Materials database
Crystal (mineral)

== Description ==
A solid material that exists as a 3-dimensional arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in repeating patterns. Based on the orientation and positions of the repeating units, crystals are grouped into six systems:
* isometric (cubic) - three perpendicular axes of equal length 
* tetragonal - three perpendicular axes, two of equal length 
* orthorhombic - three perpendicular axes of different lengths 
* monoclinic - three axes of different lengths, two perpendicular 
* triclinic - three axes of different lengths, none perpendicular 
* hexagonal - three symmetrically spaced axes in one plane with a fourth axes that extends perpendicular to the first three. 
The morphology of a crystal affects its optical properties such as index of refraction, color and birefringence.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
crystals; cristal (Esp., Fr., Port.); Kristall (Deut.); kristal (Ned.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Crystal glass

== Description ==
A high quality, heavy, decorative glass that contains at least 24% lead oxide. Crystal glass is made with fine white sand, lead oxide with small amounts of potash and niter. The clear, colorless glass is highly refractive (about 1.7) producing brilliant optical effects. Crystal glass is heavy and has greater than twice the density of standard borate glass. Lead crystal, developed in England in 1676, has been used for high quality chandelier prisms and fine stemware.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lead crystal; leaded crystal; potash-lead glass; flint glass; cristal (Fr., Port.); kristal (Ned.);
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 364
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Crystalline

== Description ==
A solid material with a well-defined, regular arrangement of atoms ions or molecules. Minerals as well as some polymers and cellulosic material can be crystalline. Crystalline materials will produce a characteristic x-ray diffraction pattern that relates to the spatial positions of the molecules.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cristalino (Esp., Port.); kristallin (Deut.); kristallijn (Ned.)
Category:Materials database
Crystalline glaze

== Description ==
A ceramic glaze that is cooled very slowly allowing crystals to form in the otherwise amorphous glass film. Under the right conditions, zinc silicate and calcium silicate form large crystals in the glaze surface. First developed at Sevrès in France in about 1850, the technique for producing crystalline glazes is complex and difficult to produce. These glazes are different than aventurine or devitrified glazes, which may also appear to contain crystals.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
glaçure cristallisée (Fr.); vidrado cristalino (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* M.F. Eggleston, 'Crystalline glazes' at http://www.wirth-milyuns.com/mfe/crystal_1.html
* Jon Price, 'Crystalline Glazes' at http://www.jonpriceceramics.com/TheGlaze/the_glaze.htm
Category:Materials database
Crystallization cycle

== Description ==
A destructive weathering pattern in which salts or other materials alternate between crystalline and solution phases depending on the amount of moisture (relative humidity) present. Changes in volume between the two phases may damage the surrounding matrix.
See also freeze-thaw cycle.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Salzsprengtest (Deut.); ciclo de cristalização (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Caring for your Collections, Arthur W Schulz (ed.), Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , New York, 1992
Category:Materials database
Cubic system

== Description ==
A descriptive crystalline form. A cubic, or isometric, crystal has atoms or molecules in a regular pattern that follow three perpendicular axes, each of equal length. The cubic crystalline form has the highest symmetry and is the only isotropic crystal system. Sodium chloride forms cubic crystals.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Kubisches System (Deut.); système cubique (Fr.);
Category:Materials database
Cubic zirconia

== Description ==
A crystal clear, synthetic diamond gemstone. Cubic zirconia (CZ) are very hard and have a high refractive index. It is composed of a single crystal of synthetically prepared zirconium oxide. During manufacture, calcium or yttrium are added as a metal oxide stabilizer, which allows the growth of the single crystal. The technique was first researched in France in the 1960s, then perfected in Russia in 1973 at the Lebedev Physical Institute. Commercial imitation diamonds have been on the market since 1976. Some coatings have been applied in recent years that make the stone visually indistinguishable from diamonds. The variations between the two stones are: 1) CZ are flawless, unlike natural diamonds, and 2) CZ has a lower thermal conductivity, higher dispersion, higher specific gravity, and often a poorer faceted cut.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
CZ; cubic zirconium; Matura diamond; imitation diamond; Pink Ice; Fianit (Russian); circonita (Esp.); zircão cúbico (Port.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Cubic zirconia has a low thermal conductivity while diamonds have a high thermal conductivity 
* Luster = adamantine 
* Cleavage = none 
* Fracture = conchoidal 
* Fluorescence = often yellow to greenish in SW and yellow to orangish in LW, but not diagnostic
* Birefringence = none
Mohs Hardness 	8.5
Melting Point 	2750 C
Density 	5.6-6.0 g/ml
Refractive Index	2.15-2.18
Dispersion 	0.058-0.066 (strong fire)
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations===
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: Cubic_zirconia (Accessed Sept. 20, 2005 and Dec 2022)
Category:Materials database
Cucurbit

== Description ==
Any of several climbing or trailing plant belonging to the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. This includes squash, pumpkin, cucumber, watermelon, and cantaloupe. Native Americans used gourds as containers and the oil from their seeds have been used paint binders.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cucumber; gourd; squash; Cucurbitaceae
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Bishop, WAAC Newsletter.
Category:Materials database
Cudbear

== Description ==
A violet color natural dye obtained from lichens. Cudbear in the name given to the dye by a Scottish chemist, C. Gordon after he discovered, then patented, the process for making it in the 18th century. Previously, the dye, archil, had been produced in Italy by a secret process for several hundred years. Cudbear is the source of litmus dye.
Category:Materials database