nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Diona Rogers

Diona Rogers is an associate with Thompson Coburn, LLP.. 
==Background==
While in law school, Rogers worked as a student clinician at Loyola University of Chicago’s Business Law Clinic where she advised clients on corporate matters such as LLC and non-for-profit entity formation, including helping such non-for-profit entities obtain 501(c)(3) tax exempt designation with the IRS. Rogers also has experience drafting written supervisory procedures in compliance with applicable regulatory rules and policies. 
At Loyola, Rogers spent the summer of 2013 as a law clerk at LaBarge, Campbell & Lyon LLC, and before that she worked as an assistant to Judge Arlander Keys of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.
Following law school, Rogers worked as an associate at Ziliak Law, LLC, where she represented clients in a variety of business and regulatory matters.
==Education==
Rogers received a Bachelor of Science and a Bachelor of Arts Degree from Northern Arizona, summa cum laude, completing the requirements for a double major in Public Relations and Advertising, with a Minor in Spanish. Rogers graduated with a 4.0 GPA and was awarded the Northern Arizona University Gold Axe Award. She received both a Juris Doctorate and a Masters of Business Administration, cum laude, from Loyola University of Chicago in 2014. Rogers built upon her academic accomplishments in law school by being named to Loyola’s Dean’s list and receiving the following academic and service awards: CALI Excellence for the Future, Public Interest Recognition, and Leadership and Service Recognition awards. She also served as captain of Loyola’s 2014 regional champion Thurgood Marshall Mock Trial team and participated in Loyola’s study abroad program spending time in France, Italy and China.
== References ==
Direct Market Access

Direct market access (DMA) allows buy-side traders to access liquidity pools and multiple execution venues directly, without going through a broker's trading desk. It has been adopted by institutional traders as a way of aggregating liquidity that is fragmented across execution venues on both sides of the Atlantic. 
Traditional DMA provides centralized order routing where the customer inputs an order and relies on the FCM to route the order directly to the exchange of his or her choice. Pure DMA allows clients to connect directly to an exchange, circumventing the FCM community. The emergence of DMA has generated a debate among regulators about risk-management systems at both FCMs and exchanges.
The key motivation for aggressive DMA trading on the buy side is cheaper commissions - DMA commissions are about one cent a share, while program trades cost roughly two cents a share and block trades cost four cents to five cents per share. 
Hedge funds are among the most aggressive users of DMA. As DMA rose in popularity, consolidation hit, and the big broker-dealers acquired independent DMA vendors. In 2004, Banc of America Securities bought Direct Financial Access Corp.; BNY Brokerage bought Sonic Financial Technologies; and Citigroup acquired Lava Trading.
== References ==
Category:Electronic Trading
Direct Match

Direct Match is a FINRA-registered broker-dealer that plans to offer an electronic trading venue for US Treasuries in 2016. The venue would allow all participants to transact on a centralized platform, with what the company calls the first "true all-to-all anonymous central limit order book (CLOB)" in the US Treasury market. 
There has so far been no centralized exchange for the trading of bonds; banks make money when a customer buys a bond based on the fees the bank sets. This can create incentives in that the bank is trading against the customer, according to Jim Greco, Direct Match's co-founder. Direct Match doesn’t charge fees, which eliminates the incentive to charge against the consumer. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Jim Greco, CEO and co-founder
*Kristi Neller, head of sales and co-founder
*William O'Brien, executive chairman
== References ==
Direct settlement

Direct settlement is one of three types of clearing used prior to the establishment of the Board of Trade Clearing Corporation in 1925. It involves bilateral reconciliation of contractual commitments. Direct settlement is obtained through delivery or by offset between the original counterparties.
In a system of direct settlement, there are three categories of possible outcomes. First, the specified terms of the contract can be performed. Second, the involved parties can settle the contract prior to deilvery by establishing a mutually agreed price at which both are willing to extinguish the pending liabilities of the other. This method is referred to as direct offset. 
The third and last outcome involves one of the parties could failing to perform and the contract is settled on the basis of standing enforcement procedures.
==See Also==
*Clearing Through Rings
*Complete Clearing
== References ==
Category:Clearing
Directive 2003/87/EC

The Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
of Oct. 13, 2003 established a scheme for emission allowance trading of greenhouse gases within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC.
The goal of the Directive was to to promote reductions emissions of greenhouse gases in a cost-effective and economically efficient manner. For each period referred to, each Member State had the responsibility of developing a National Allocation Plan stating the total quantity of allowances that it intended to allocate for that period and how it proposed to allocate them. 
Member states had the responsibility of bringing into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by Dec. 31, 2003 at the latest. 
== Moving Forward ==
In January of 2005, the European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) commenced operation as the largest multi-country, multi-sector emission trading scheme for greenhouse gases worldwide. The scheme is based on Directive 2003/87/EC.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Directive on Alternative Investment Fund Managers

The European Commission's Directive on Alternative Investment Fund Managers (AIFMD) is a proposed regulatory and supervisory framework for alternative fund managers (AIFMs) in Europe. The proposal provides more transparency to the investors and regulators associated with alternative investment funds. The funds being discussed in the proposal include hedge funds and private equity.
In a release by the commission, the proposal set out specific goals for AIFMs. AIFMD aims to:
*"Ensure that all AIFM are subject to appropriate authorization and registration requirements;
*Provide a framework for the enhanced monitoring of macro-prudential risks, e.g. through sharing of relevant data among supervisor;
*Improve risk management and organizational safeguards to mitigate micro-prudential risks;
*Enhance investor protection;
*Improve public accountability for AIF holding controlling stakes in companies;
*Develop the single market for AIFM."
On December 2, 2010, the commission sent a provisional request for comments to the Committee of European Securities Regulators (CESR), later replaced by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA). The original deadline for advice was September 16, 2011, and an additional letter extended that date to November 16, 2011.
== References ==
Category:European Commission
Category:Investment Funds
Dirk Forrister

__NOTOC__ 
Dirk Forrister is president and CEO of the International Emissions Trading Association (IETA. He took the position in May 2012, replacing Henry Derwent. He previously ran his own consultancy as principal and founder of Forrister Advisory and served as chair of market oversight at IETA. 
== Background ==
Forrister is former climate adviser to President Bill Clinton. He also served at the US Department of Energy and with Natsource as a Managing Director until 2010. 
He also served as an assistant U.S. Secretary of Energy for Congressional, Public and Intergovernmental Affairs, Energy Program Manager at the Environmental Defense Fund and was legislative counsel to Congressman Jim Cooper, the author of two early climate change laws. Forrister is a member of the advisory boards of the National Center for Atmospheric Research and the American Carbon Registry.
== Education ==
Forrister earned his bachelor of arts degree from David Lipscomb University and a juris doctorate from Rutgers University.
== References ==
Dirk Mueller-Ingrand

__NOTOC__ 
Dirk Mueller-Ingrand is an entrepreneur and executive who was a co-founder and chief executive of optionMONSTER and tradeMONSTER. He is currently a managing partner of Rebellion Partners.
He is a co-founder of Investitute with the Najarian brothers and Ron Ianeiri and part of the Najarian Family Office
== Background ==
Mueller-Ingrand has more than 20 years of experience in global banking, corporate finance and technology. He is currently executive chairman of LTR Ltd., a U.K. based consulting firm focused on the financial services industry.
He was CEO of TRADEmonster when it was sold to OptionsHouse.
He speaks, English ,French and German.
== Education ==
He holds a masters degree in finance from the University of Hamburg.
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Discount rate

The discount rate is the rate at which member banks may borrow short term funds directly from a Federal Reserve Bank. The discount rate is one of the two interest rates set by the Fed, the other is the Federal funds rate.
The Federal Reserve Banks offer three discount window, or lending facility, programs to depository institutions: primary credit, secondary credit, and seasonal credit, each with its own interest rate. All discount window loans are fully secured. 
Under the primary credit program, loans are extended for a very short term (usually overnight) to depository institutions in generally sound financial condition. Depository institutions that are not eligible for primary credit may apply for secondary credit to meet short-term liquidity needs or to resolve severe financial difficulties. Seasonal credit is extended to relatively small depository institutions that have recurring intra-year fluctuations in funding needs, such as banks in agricultural or seasonal resort communities. 
The discount rate charged for primary credit (the primary credit rate) is set above the usual level of short-term market interest rates.(Because primary credit is the Federal Reserve's main discount window program, the Federal Reserve at times uses the term "discount rate" to mean the primary credit rate.) The discount rate on secondary credit is above the rate on primary credit. The discount rate for seasonal credit is an average of selected market rates. Discount rates are established by each Reserve Bank's board of directors, subject to the review and determination of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The discount rates for the three lending programs are the same across all Reserve Banks except on days around a change in the rate. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Federal Reserve System
Dispersion

Dispersion refers to the degree of variation or spread of a set of values from their average or mean. In finance, dispersion often refers to the extent to which the prices of individual securities or assets deviate from the average return of a broader market index, such as the S&P 500. High dispersion indicates a wide range of returns among individual assets, while low dispersion suggests that most assets are performing similarly.
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== References ==
Category:Statistical Terms
Category:Indexes
Category:S&P 500
Distributed ledger

A distributed ledger refers to a type of information technology that holds information in a manner similar to traditional ledgers, but with one key difference: the ledger itself is not a single source like a book, a file on a website, or secured network server. Rather, the ledger is held and updated independently by numerous individual members (or nodes) of a large network. Changes to the ledger have to meet consensus with the majority of other nodes on the network. If it succeeds, the changes are added to every node's copy of the ledger, and thus the ledger as a whole is altered.
Distributed ledgers have a variety of applications. Besides their utility as fintech or components of fintech, their transparent record-keeping capacity could potentially be used to innovate a wide variety of fields. It is, theoretically, a widely-adaptable concept; experimental startup companies all over the world have begun utilizing it for everything from supply chain management to ride sharing to birth and death certificate archiving and real estate registry.
=== Distributed ledgers and blockchain ===
Distributed ledger is an information technology innovation. Blockchain is the first successful example of it, but the name "blockchain" refers to just one type of distributed ledger. 
In other words, all blockchains are distributed ledgers - not all distributed ledgers are blockchains.
== References ==
Category: fintech
Category: definitions
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: distributed ledgers
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Dividend-arbitrage trade

A dividend-arbitrage trade, often referred to as a dividend trade, takes place between professional market makers who buy and sell thousands of options as part of a strategy that allows them to collect corporate dividends on the stocks.
The goal of such a trade is to capture the (usually quarterly) dividend that companies issue to investors. The trade takes place on the day before a stock goes ex-dividend, which is the day on which a company compiles a list of its shareholders for the purpose of issuing a dividend. 
Market makers who want to capture that dividend without becoming long-term stock owners will buy and sell call options. In doing so, they take both long and short positions in the same contract. They increase their odds of capturing the dividend if they buy and sell hundreds of thousands of options. As a result, they increase the trading volumes for exchanges on which the transaction is conducted. 
The International Securities Exchange has taken exception to the practice, saying it distorts the relative volume numbers at the U.S. options exchanges, inflating the market share of exchanges on which the transaction takes place. The dividend-arbitrage trades take place only on trading floors. ISE is an all-electronic exchange.
A trading unit of Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Merrill Pro, reportedly lost close to $10 million on a dividend trade on September 21, 2012 due to an error in handling or processing the trade, according to a Dow Jones story. 
== References ==
Category;Trading Strategies
Dividends

Dividends are a taxable payment declared by a company's board of directors and given to shareholders out of the company's current or retained earnings. Dividends can take the form of a stock dividend or other property, but are usually given as a cash dividend.
Investors need to look at two important dates in order to determine whether they should receive dividends: the "record date" and the "ex-dividend date" or "ex-date." The record date is the date when you must be on the company's books as a shareholder to receive the dividend. Companies also use this date to determine who is sent proxy statements, financial reports, and other information.
Once the company sets the record date, the stock exchanges or the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. fix the ex-dividend date. The ex-dividend date is normally two business days before the record date. If you purchase a stock on or after the ex-dividend date, you will not receive the next dividend payment. Instead, the seller gets the dividend. If you purchase before the ex-dividend date, you get the dividend. If you sell your stock before the ex-dividend date, you also are selling away your right to the stock dividend.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Dmitrij Senko

__NOTOC__ 
Dr. Dmitrij Senko is a exchange, clearing and risk professional, who is the chief risk officer of Eurex. He joined the executive board of Eurex Clearing and was appointed chief risk officer effective July 1, 2019, taking over the role when Thomas Laux left Eurex Clearing to pursue other opportunities.
Senko also serves as a vice chair of the executive board of CCP Global, the global association for central counterparties (“CCPs”), representing 42 members who operate over 60 individual CCPs globally across the Americas, EMEA and the Asia-Pacific region.
== Background ==
Senko has been with Eurex Clearing since 2010, holding various senior roles with the company, most recently as head of risk analytics and model validation in the risk department (starting in 2013). In that role, he reported directly to the CRO, Laux.
Senko has also served as a manager at Accenture.
== Education ==
MBA, London Business School; PhD in physical-mathematical science, Belarus State University.
== References ==	
Category:Risk Management Professionals
Category:Clearing Professionals
Dogecoin (DOGE)

Dogecoin (DOGE) is a cryptocurrency based on an Internet meme of a Shiba Inu dog speaking excitedly in broken English.
== Background ==
Dogecoin began as a fork of Litecoin. It was created in 2013 by Jackson Palmer, a product manager at Adobe. Palmer created Dogecoin as a joke, and considers himself a "cryptocurrency bear." He does not currently have a large role in the management of the Dogecoin project and has expressed that he prefers it that way.
In January 2018, Dogecoin's market cap briefly exceeded $2 billion. While that made it the most successful "parody" altcoin to date, much more was to follow. By May 2021, the market capitalization of dogecoin had reached more than 25 times that 2018 peak, $52,637,396,524. The previous Wednesday, April 28, Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell pointed specifically to Dogecoin when he said that the U.S. financial markets had become "a bit frothy."
== Internet meme becomes successful cryptocurrency ==
Despite the light-hearted circumstances of its creation, Dogecoin endured, becoming one of the most surprisingly popular cryptocurrencies on the market. On May 1, 2019, Siddharth Coelho-Prabhu posted on Coinbase's blog that the exchange added Dogecoin support for the Coinbase wallet. Fans of the canine meme-themed cryptocurrency rejoiced, seeing it as a legitimizing move. On July 5, 2019, Binance announced it would add trading support for Dogecoin later that day. In response to the news, the price of Dogecoin spiked almost 32 percent, according to data from Coindesk. In October 2019, Dogecoin was listed on Binance U.S.
=== Tik Tok videos cause DOGE volume spike ===
In July 2020, trading volumes for DOGE spiked 600 percent between July 6 and July 7. The surge in trading was apparently due to a series of user-made videos on the popular video app Tik Tok, which encouraged other users to invest in the “joke” cryptocurrency. Global searches for “how to buy dogecoin” quadrupled, according to data from Google Trends.
=== Dogecoin surges over 500 percent ===
During the week of January 25, 2021, Dogecoin surged as users on the Reddit thread “SatoshiStreetBets” enthusiastically agreed to buy the cryptocurrency to drive its price up, surging over 500 percent between Wednesday and Friday. The price was boosted when billionaire Elon Musk tweeted about it. Users on Reddit joked that Dogecoin is “the first dog on the moon." This brought it into the top 10 cryptocurrencies in the world by market cap.
=== Dogeday 2021 ===
Users on Twitter began hyping up April 20th as “Dogeday," a day in which many predicted DOGE would reach $0.69 per coin, which would nearly triple its price. On April 16th, the market cap of Dogecoin tripled for a total of over $52 billion, overtaking XRP as the 4th-biggest cryptocurrency by market cap. Although DOGE’s rally ran contrary to a weekend bitcoin and altcoin crash, the joke coin depicting a surprised Shiba Inu did not reach the price point many had predicted on April 20th.
== References ==
Category:Cryptocurrency
Category:Litecoin
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Dogs of the Dow

Dogs of the Dow is an investment strategy that focuses on selecting the ten highest dividend-yielding stocks from the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) each year. Popularized by Michael B. O'Higgins in his 1991 book, this approach aims to outperform the broader market by investing in potentially undervalued blue-chip companies.
== History ==
The Dogs of the Dow strategy was first introduced by Michael B. O'Higgins in 1991. O'Higgins and other researchers back-tested the strategy as far back as the 1920s, finding that it consistently outperformed the market as a whole.
== Methodology ==
The Dogs of the Dow strategy is based on the following principles:
# At the end of each calendar year, select the ten highest dividend-yielding stocks from the DJIA.
# On the first trading day of the new year, invest an equal amount in each of these ten stocks.
# Hold the portfolio for one year, then repeat the process at the beginning of the subsequent year.
The strategy relies on the premise that blue-chip companies do not significantly alter their dividends to reflect short-term trading conditions. Therefore, a high dividend yield relative to the stock price may indicate that a company is near the bottom of its business cycle and has potential for stock price appreciation.
== Performance ==
The performance of the Dogs of the Dow strategy has varied over time:
* From 1992 to 2011, the Dogs of the Dow matched the average annual total return of the DJIA (10.8%) and outperformed the S&P 500 (9.6%).
* From 2013 to 2023, the Dogs of the Dow had a trailing total return of 10.02% compared to 11.48% for the DJIA.
* In the five years from 2018 to 2023, the Dogs of the Dow underperformed the DJIA with trailing total returns of 5.29% compared to 8.39% for the DJIA.
== Variations ==
=== Small Dogs of the Dow ===
A popular variant of the strategy is the "Small Dogs of the Dow," which focuses on the five lowest-priced stocks among the ten highest dividend-yielding Dow stocks. From 1992 to 2011, this variation outperformed both the Dow and S&P 500 with an average annual total return of 12.6%.
== Criticisms ==
While the Dogs of the Dow strategy has shown periods of outperformance, critics argue that:
* The strategy may not cover all market sectors, potentially leading to concentration risk.
* Past performance does not guarantee future results.
* The strategy's effectiveness may vary depending on the time period analyzed.
== References ==
Category:Investment Strategies
Category:Equities
Category:Dow Jones Industrial Average
Category:Dividends
Dollar

The word "dollar" has come to represent the currency of many national economies. Examples include the U.S. dollar, Canadian dollar, Australian dollar, New Zealand dollar and others.
 
The word "dollar" is derived from "thaler," itself an abbreviation of Joachimsthal, a silver mine in the Valley of St. Joachim in Bohemia, which is currently part of the Czech Republic. 
Silver from that mine was used to mint coins called Guldengroschen, or "great guilder." They became known as "Joachimsthalers," which was shortened to "thaler." Variants on "thaler" include "tolar," in Slovenian, the dutch "daalder," and "daler," in Swedish, Danish and Norwegian. 
The English word "dollar" has been in use since the sixteenth century, and was used by William Shakespeare to refer to money in Macbeth Act I, Scene 2:
"That now
Sweno, the Norway's King, craves composition;
Nor would we deign him burial of his men
Till he disbursed at Saint Colme's Inch
Ten thousand dollars to our general use."
And also The Tempest, Act II, Scene 1:
Gonzalo:
 "When every grief is entertain'd that's offer'd, Comes to th' entertainer - 
Sebastian:
 "A dollar." 
Gonzalo:
 "Dolour comes to him, indeed: you have spoken truer than you purpos'd." 
== References ==