nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Palestine Securities Exchange

The Palestine Exchange (PEX) is a fully-automated stock Middle Eastern stock exchange founded in 1995 to promote investment in Palestine.
It was the first among the Arab stock exchanges to trade fully electronically. It is the only Arab exchange that is publicly traded and fully owned by the private sector. The PEX operates under the supervision of the Palestinian Capital Market Authority. In 2016 PEX became a full member at the World Federation of Exchanges (WFE)>
There are 48 listed companies on PEX as of 31/03/2019 with market capitalization of about $3,758 million across five main economic sectors; banking and financial services, insurance, investments, industry, and services. Most of the listed companies are profitable and trade in Jordanian Dinar, while others trade in US Dollars.
== History ==
The Palestine Exchange was established in 1995 as a private shareholding company to promote investment in Palestine. It transformed into a public shareholding company in February 2010, in order to comply with principles of transparency and good governance. The PEX was fully automated upon establishment.
In 2017 PEX entered into an agreement with Nasdaq to buy its new generation of trading platforms called "X-Stream." It also restructured PEX departments and operations.
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Stock Exchanges
Palm Oil Futures

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Palm oil is the world's largest vegetable oil by production, and the biggest agricultural component in the production of biofuels through its use as a feedstock for biodiesel. The combination of rising production - from Indonesia and Malaysia - and demand has increased the need for a hedging tool and fostered the introduction and growth of futures contracts at the Bursa Malaysia, Dalian Commodity Exchange and Singapore Exchange Limited.
 
== Background ==
Palm oil has overtaken soya oil as the most widely-grown oil or fat, accounting for 24.9 percent of the harvest in the 2006/07 growing season compared with 14 percent in 1990/91. Rising demand from China - where it is still predominantly used as a cooking oil - and from members of the European Union (where it ranks second to soya oil as a feedstock for biodiesel) - has seen production in Malaysia double over the past four years, while output in Indonesia has climbed seven-fold from to 2002/03 to 2006/07.
Indonesia surpassed Malaysia as the largest producer (and exporter) in 2006/07, though the expansion has heightened concerns from environmentalists about deforestation. However, palm oil is viewed as a more efficient feedstock than soya oil: it accounted for 4.6 percent of the oil planting area in 2006/07, but 34 percent of oil production, while soya oil accounted for 40.3 percent and 29.3 percent, respectively.
The rising demand has pushed palm oil prices to record levels, with the spot price on the KLSE climbing from R1,766.44 per tonne in January 2004 to R2,880 in December 2007.
The market buoyancy has also spurred consolidation among producers eager to secure additional acreage. 
== Listed Contracts ==
The Bursa Malaysia was the first to launch a palm oil futures contract in 1990, with a crude kernel palm oil contract following in February 2004 and a US dollar-denominated palm oil future started in January 2008.
The Joint Asian Derivatives Exchange, a joint venture between Singapore Exchange Limited and the Chicago Board of Trade, started their own crude palm oil contract in June 2007, though the dissolution of Jade saw it transferred to the Singapore exchange in November 2007. It was the first palm oil contract to be listed during the US trading day. 
The Dalian Commodity Exchange started a refined palm oil futures contract on October 29, 2007.
== References ==
== External Links ==
*Bursa Malaysia
*Dalian Commodities Exchange
*Singapore Exchange Limited 
category:Renewable Energy Futures
Category:Agricultural Futures Contracts
Category:Oil
Category:Commodities
Category:Futures
Pamela Sue Farquhar

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Pamela Sue Farquhar is currently an exchange-traded derivatives liaison for The Bank of New York Mellon (BNY Mellon).
== Background ==
Farquhar previously worked in positions at UBS Securities in positions including associate director of client relations in sales and marketing, associate vice president of client relations in sales and marketing and associate vice president of client relations. 
Farquhar was an assistant manager of FX options with AIG International from 1998 to 2000. 
She was employed from 1995 to 1998 with Merrill Lynch Futures as a commodity finance and margin specialist.
Farquhar worked from 1993 to 1995 as a customer service representative for MBF Clearing Corp. 
Farquhar is Series 3 registered.
== Education ==
Farquhar received a bachelor of liberal arts degree from Pennsylvania State University.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:The Bank of New York Mellon
PanXchange, Inc.

PanXchange is a web-based OTC physical commodity trading platform headquartered in Denver. Founded by CEO Julie Lerner, the online market allows buyers and sellers to negotiate specific details of a trade, including the location and timing of delivery and the exact quantity and quality of the commodity. This is all done anonymously, in real time. 
The company went live in East Africa in mid-2015, and offers negotiation and trading of more than 20 different agricultural commodities. It was formed with the intention of improving the economic livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers in East Africa. The company expanded since with the launch of a market for frac sand in 2017, which is used in the hydraulic fracturing process to recover hydrocarbons in the United States and abroad.
PanXchange was formerly known as CMDirect, Inc. and has offices in Houston, Nairobi, Kenya and Kempala, Uganda. 
The company announced a partnership in October 2016 with Bulkloads LLC, a web-based platform for trucking and bulk raw grains. The deal allows traders to access PanXchange for access to the market and price discovery on trucking routes. 
The company opened an office in Houston to further expand its business in the energy sector in January 2017. 
In August 2019 PanXchange said it would launch an industrial hemp exchange that could eventually provide the basis for related derivative contracts. Earlier in the year the exchange created a price reporting facility for industrial hemp. 
== Background ==
In October of 2014 PanXchange completed a successful pilot launch for the online negotiation and matching of physical maize and wheat in the region.
In the fall of 2016, PanXchange went live in U.S. feed grains and rose to one of the top three in the brokerage space within four months. PXEnergy launched an OTC market for proppant (sand for hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas) in October 2017. 
PanXchange is protected by two US patents with four pending. It was selected in 2016 as an Futures Industry Association Innovator.
== Key People ==
*Julie Lerner, Founder and CEO
*David Bradley, Chief Technical Officer
== References ==
Pan Gongsheng

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Pan Gongsheng is the current governor of the People's Bank of China. He was appointed to that role by the Chinese government in July of 2023. 
During his career, he has been involved in state banking reforms, tightening property market and fintech regulations, and in banning cryptocurrencies.
== Background ==
Starting in 2016, Pan headed China's top foreign exchange regulator, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE).
Before moving to the Agricultural Bank of China, Pan worked in the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) in a number of positions, including as deputy general manager of the human resources department, deputy general manager of the financial planning department, vice president of ICBC Shenzhen Branch, general manager of the financial planning department, director of the ICBC Joint-Stock Reform Office, and secretary of the board of directors. 
== Education ==
Pan is a research fellow and received his Ph.D. in economics from the Renmin University of China. He did his post-doctoral research at Cambridge University and was a senior research fellow at Harvard.
== References ==
Pantera Capital

Founded in 2013, Pantera Capital is the oldest blockchain focused investment fund manager in the world. 
In 2014, hedge fund operators Benchmark, Fortress and Ribbit joined up with Pantera to form the Pantera Bitcoin Fund. 
Pantera launched its Venture Fund III on July 31, 2018 and raised $71 million in less than three weeks. One of its first earliest investments was in Intercontinental Exchange's Bakkt bitcoin depository, which had just been founded. The fund closed to new money in March 2019, having missed its goal of $175 million. In a filing with the SEC in August 2020, the fund reported that it had raised just less than $165 million. 
Shortly after bitcoin first touched $63,000 on April 14 and then receded, Pantera began pumping the price of bitcoin. Company CEO Dan Morehead said in an interview that Pantera has a new model and forecasts that bitcoin would hit $115,000 by August 2021.
== References ==
Category:investor
Category:funds 
Category:bitcoin
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Par

The par value of a security, usually a bond, is the fixed value placed on it by the security's issuer and imprinted on the security's certificate - in the case of U.S. Treasuries par is $100. In the bond market, where par is most commonly quoted, it determines the size of the coupon payment - though not the bond's yield - and less commonly the size of some stocks' dividend payment, and par is often used as a benchmark to a bond's current market price.
== Market use ==
Par value is also referred to as nominal value or face value and has little financial relevance after the securities have been issued. However, in bond markets it is frequently used to benchmark the premium or discount the bond's current market price represents. Par value in the share market is less important and is usually significantly lower than the market price and is sometimes used by issuers of preferred stock to determine dividend payments. No-par-value stocks, as their name suggests, are issued without a par value assigned in their corporate charter or printed on the stock certificate.
== References ==
Category:Bonds
Category:Fixed Income
Parabolic

Parabolic
 
Parabolic or Parabolic SAR is calculated using the formula:: 
SAR_{n+1} = SAR_n+ α( EP – SAR_n )
The Parabolic or Parabolic SAR was popularized by J.Welles Wilder.The indicator's name derives from the shape it takes on the chart. When Parabolic SAR first generates a buy or sell signal, its slope is relatively flat. As time progresses the more sharply the dots of the Parabolic rise, until they meet the price line on the chart and signal a potential reversal of the trend. It is generally felt that the Parabolic is most useful in trending markets and to indicate stop placement. When using the Parabolic, long positions should be taken when price action is above the dots placed on the chart by the Parabolic SAR and short positions should be taken when prices are below the line of dots placed by the Parabolic SAR. : 
== References ==
Category:Market Terms
Category:Definitions
Category:Charting
Category:Data
Paradigm

Paradigm is a New York-based start up that provides communications network for participants in the OTC cryptocurrency markets.
== Products and services ==
In August 2019, Paradigm partnered with cryptocurrency trading platform Deribit to support block trades in the platform's bitcoin and Ether futures contracts.
Paradigm added features to the platform that permit cryptocurrency derivatives traders to enter delta neutral orders. Delta neutral trading facilitates volatility trading by hedging out the effects of price movements in the coin or token underlying an option contract. According to Paradigm Co-Founder Anand Gomes, "Delta-neutral execution is the holy grail for options traders" 
On November 19, 2020 Paradigm reported launching its anonymity-preserving Multi-Dealer RFQ (MDRFQ) platform for single and multi-leg option strategies that settle into listed options on Deribit, Bit.com, and other platforms as well as into options on CME bitcoin futures. The MDRFQ feature allows clients to request two-way quotes for options and option strategy trades from multiple dealers on a disclosed or anonymous basis without revealing their trade direction. A client can execute on the aggregated bids or offers in one-click.
 
Paradigm announced in February 2021 that it had launched an application programming interface (API) which would allow traders to integrate Paradigm-based complex orders and block trades into their automated work flows.
== References ==
Category:OTC
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Category:trading
Category:cryptocurreencies
Paris Hilton

Paris Hilton, the celebrity hotel heiress, lent her cache to the Lydian ICO on September 3, 2017 by tweeting her involvement in the project to her 16 million followers.
Lydian is a Singapore based marketing company which was issuing coins that would prepay for marketing services. The offering was noted for using cryptocurrency methods to issue coins that had no direct technological tie-in and also because the founder of the company was facing possible jail time for parole violations and assault. Hilton deleted her tweet and withdrew her endorsement by the end of the month. 
Hilton later got involved in the growing NFT craze, auctioning her digital graphic of her cat, Munchkin, for three charities, on August 12, 2020. In April 2021, Hilton linked up with a designer, Blake Kathryn, who produced several Paris Hilton-themed NFTs. The series is called Planet Paris and included one piece that was auctioned as a singleton, "Iconic Crypto Queen." 
==References==	
Category:celebrities
Category:controversial figures
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Parthenon Capital

Parthenon Capital is a private-equity firm with approximately $2 billion of capital under management. It has offices in Boston and San Francisco. The company focuses on investing in select middle-market companies with enterprise values of $50 million to $500 million.
In 2004 Parthenon attempted to acquire a majority stake in the New York Mercantile Exchange for $980 million. NYMEX rejected the offer after some exchange members said it was too low.
== History ==
Parthenon was founded in 1998 by Ernest K. Jacquet and John C. Rutherford. 
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*David J. Ament, Managing Partner, Boston Office Head 
*Brian P. Golson, Managing Partner, San Francisco Office Head
*Ernest K. Jacquet and John C. Rutherford, founders
== References ==
Category:Private Equity
Category:Private Equity Firms
Pasquale "Pat" Cestaro

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Pat Cestaro is the chief sales officer of CODA Markets, inc.
Formerly, he was the chief executive officer of Quadriserv and the president of PDQ, Inc.. 
He is a past president of the Securities Lending Division of SIFMA, and a founding participant and former chairman of the board of directors of EquiLend, LLC, a consortium founded by the largest participants in the financial services industry to optimize efficiency in the securities finance industry. In 2009, he was inducted into Global Custodian’s Securities Services Hall of Fame. 
== Background ==
Cestaro has 30 years of experience in the securities lending industry, including two years as a managing director in the Prime Brokerage/Equity Finance Division of J.P. Morgan, and 28 years as the senior managing director in charge of Global Securities Lending at Bear Stearns & Co. At Bear Stearns, he managed a global team responsible for all borrowing and lending of domestic and international corporate securities for the firm, the firm’s clients and correspondent customers.
== Education ==
Cestaro holds a BA in Economics from Fordham University.
== References ==	
Category:JP Morgan - Former Employees
Category:Bear Stearns - Former Employees
Category:PDQ - Former Employees
Pat Read

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Pat Read is an independent financial markets professional.
Most recently, he was director and head of derivatives for ITG, an independent research broker. He joined ITG in 2007 during the acquisition of RedSky Financial, LLC, where he served as managing director and co-head of business development.
== Background ==
Previously, Read served as vice president of business development for Nasdaq-Liffe Markets NQLX. After working as a trader on both the floors of the Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Read got his start on the technology side of trading at Eurex, where he assisted with the integration of Eurex and CBOT. 
== Education ==
Read graduated from Denison University with a B.A. in Economics and History.
== References ==
Category:ITG
Category:ITG
Category:NQLX
Category:NQLX
Category:Eurex
Category:Eurex
Pat Shaughnessy

Pat Shaughnessy is the CEO of Zen-Fire, an ultra low-latency, professionally managed trading infrastructure and solutions provider.
== Background ==
After earning his degree in Finance from The Ohio State University, Shaughnessy worked for The Timber Hill Group (a division of Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. from 1995-99 as a market maker and broker.
In 1995, he was on the forefront of electronic trading as one of first brokers to use Timber Hill’s proprietary]] technology to fill electronically placed customer orders in the S&P 500 futures pit and the Nasdaq 100 futures and options pit.
His passion for the technology that drives electronic trading led him to help set up and manage one of the earliest electronic proprietary trading firms. As the firm began trading around the clock and from multiple locations, a solution was needed to allow traders to remotely connect with the comparable speed and reliability as those in the central office. The design and implementation of that solution helped lead to the creation of the brokerage firm Mirus Futures and the technology firm Zen-Fire.
==References==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Zen-Fire
Patomak Global Partners

Patomak Global Partners, LLC is a Washington-based financial consulting firm a Washington, DC-based financial services consulting firm specializing in regulatory advice, risk management and compliance services, and enforcement and litigation support. It offers strategic regulatory advice, risk management and compliance services, and enforcement and litigation support. Its clients include broker-dealers, investment advisers and funds, institutional investors, commercial banks and insurance companies.
== History ==
Patomak was founded in 2009 by former SEC commissioner Paul Atkins, in order to help companies navigate the post-financial crisis regulatory maze. 
The firm has grown to include three former SEC commissioners, two former CFTC commissioners, a former Federal Reserve governor, a former SEC general counsel, a former chief economist of the SEC, and a former chief counsel of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.
One of Patomak's clients was FTX, Sam Bankman-Fried's failed crypto exchange. Patomak signed on as an adviser to FTX in January 2022, according to a filing in the FTX bankruptcy case.
== Products and Services ==
*Regulatory Risk Management and Compliance Services
*Strategic Regulatory Advisory Services
*Regulatory Enforcement and Litigation Support Services
== Key People ==
* Paul Atkins, Chief Executive Officer
* Dan Gallagher, President
* Kathleen Casey, Senior Advisor
* Fred Hatfield, Senior Advisor
* Randall Kroszner, Senior Advisor
* Jill Sommers, Senior Advisor
* Brian Cartwright, Senior Advisor
* Craig Lewis, Senior Advisor
* Paul Allan Schott, Senior Advisor
== References ==
Patrice Aguesse

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Patrice Aguesse is head of the Market Regulation Division at Autorité des Marchés Financiers.
== Background ==
Aguesse joined the AMF (formerly the Commission des operations de bourse (COB)) in 1995 after 3.5 years in the Treasury department of Banque Sovac (Lazard's subsidiary). He started at the AMF as a senior officer in the debt and derivative products department within the corporate finance division. In April 1998 he became head of this department and from January 2002 was in charge of the banks and insurances department as well. 
From 2003 to 2005 he was seconded to the secretariat of the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee at the European Parliament. Upon his return in January 2005 he assumed his current responsibility.
== Education ==
He holds a Magistère degree in Economics from Université de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.
== References ==
Patrice Blanc

Patrice Blanc is the CEO of Jefferies Bache LLC and president of its futures brokerage division. He joined Jefferies & Company, Inc. in October 2010 as the head of the futures division. He is also a board member of the Futures Industry Association. 
== Background ==
Blanc was previously CEO of Newedge, the brokerage joint venture formed in 2007 between Calyon Financial and Société Générale's Fimat unit. He joined Fimat in 1989 as front office manager of the Parisian desk and became deputy general manager in 1991. In 1994, he established a Fimat office in Brazil and was appointed general manager of that office in 1995. In 1997, he joined Fimat USA as general manager, based in New York. In 2000 he was named chairman and president and in 2002 he was appointed head of Fimat Group. 
== Education ==
Blanc is a graduate of the Ecole Superieure de Commerce Exterieur.
== Registration Information ==
*
== References ==	
Category:FIA Board of Directors Members
Category:Newedge
Category:Newedge - Former Employees
Category:Jefferies Bache
Patricia C. Donahue

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Patricia C. Donahue is chief compliance officer and associate general counsel at Rosenthal Collins Group. Previously, she was a vice president and senior compliance counsel for MF Global.
She also serves as a member of the NFA Hearing Committee.
== Background ==
Before MF Global acquired Refco, Donahue was associate general counsel at Refco. She also worked as a senior attorney for the National Futures Association from 1991 to 2003.
She taught law at DePaul College of Law from 1990 to 1991.
She also served as a trial attorney for the Commodity Futures Trading Commission from 1984 to 1990.
== Education ==
She holds a law degree from DePaul University College of Law.
==Registration Information==
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Legal
Category:Rosenthal Collins
Category:Rosental Collins Group
Category:NFA Hearing Committee
Category:MF Global
Patricia Campbell

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Patricia Campbell is former senior vice president of communications for PFGBEST.com. She joined the company in 2003 and relocated to Chicago from Boston, where she had been with State Street Global Advisors and State Street Corporation for nearly three years.
Campbell has more than 20 years of experience in journalism, media relations, public affairs and executive communications and strategic planning. She often served as PFGBEST.com´s spokesperson and advocated for investor education and electronic trading. 
== Background ==
Originally in the news department with a National Public Radio affiliate in Iowa, Campbell began her career in the financial services industry as writer and editor of Commodities Report, an advisory newsletter published by Oster Communications, the owner of Futures Magazine. She then moved to the Chicago Mercantile Exchange where she was manager of Media Relations during the explosive growth period of 1983 to 1987, when stock indexes and futures options were being launched at a record pace. She then moved to Reuters, where she served as correspondent and later filing editor, covering markets and general news in the Chicago bureau including the 1987 stock market crash and the 1989 mini-crash. Campbell was also a Reuters contributor to The Nightly Business Report on public television.
After serving as a director of the Chicago Board Options Exchange and as a senior vice president in the Asset Management Division of the Bank of America, she became a principal of SSgA and an executive at PFGBEST.com.
 
== Education ==
Campbell graduated with a degree in Speech, Radio and Television from the University of Northern Iowa.
== References ==
Category:PFGBEST.com
Category:Public Relations Professionals
Category:Bios - Executives