Nuclear Nonproliferation

August 9, 2022
Bulletin 305:Can we make Archbishop Wester's call for nuclear disarmament real, for us? 
* https://www.lasg.org/ActionAlerts/2022/Bulletin305.html
Dear friends and colleagues -- 
Archbishop Wester's pastoral letter ("Living in the Light of Christ's Peace"), on nuclear disarmament, and recent guest editorial ("New Mexico, work for peace and well-being, not nuclear weapons"), together with related statement and events, may help foster peace and disarmament -- but only if they inspire practical actions, here and now. 
Perhaps the most important point in the Archbishop's letter is so simple we may not notice or fully appreciate it. It has nothing to do with nuclear weapons, politics, or policy -- yet it has everything to do with them. It is just this: individuals, each of us, are moral agents. 
Today's editorial in the New Mexican takes just the opposite approach, speaking of what "the world can do differently in seeking a path of peace," and converting the Archbishop's call to each of us into a "question humanity must answer." These abstractions are not, and will never be, moral agents. They are incapable of human action in the public sphere, the "second birth" as Hannah Arendt called it, through which human beings find freedom and fulfillment. 
That maturity and freedom, found only in public conversation, is not contingent on political victories. It is accessible right now to everybody, as the Archbishop is telling us. He is calling us to a mature engagement with the world around us, which in New Mexico happens to involve nuclear weapons in a major way. He asks us to utterly reject them. 
How? 
"Fine words butter no parsnips" -- especially if they are the words of another. So what about us? The Archbishop's wake-up call faithfully brings Pope Francis's clear nuclear disarmament message into his Archdiocese. But unless his audiences -- that's us -- interpret and act upon these words concretely, they could become a distraction from the work of actually stopping the world's largest new investment in nuclear warhead production, currently underway on the doorstep of the Cathedral in Santa Fe. 
That new production mission goes far beyond anything Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) has done in 70 years. It is, as the Pope and Archbishop both say, an assault on the core values of the Church, on Christianity -- and we may add, on humanity and all religion... it's dead-opposed to peace. 
Read the full August 2022 LASG Bulletin from Greg & Trish Williams-Mello / Los Alamos Study Group]
* https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-chile-nuclear/pope-warns-world-is-one-step-away-from-nuclear-war-idUSKBN1F41FL
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Pope_Francis_on_the_Environment
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Pope_Francis_Calls_for_Ban_on_Nuclear_Weapons.png
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* https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/baerbock-reise-usa-kanada/2545386
Statement by Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock prior to her departure for Nuclear Non-Proliferation Meetings in New York and Montreal
(GreenPolicy360: Minister Baerbock is a leader in the German Green Party, which has a long and distinguished anti-proliferation policy history)
01.08.2022 - Press release
In New York today, we will be talking about our commitment to nuclear disarmament, a goal that remains extremely important to me in the face of nuclear posturing from actors such as North Korea and Russia and the continual expansion of nuclear capabilities and arsenals. As distant as this goal may seem given the current situation in the world, we must not lose sight of it; we must remain determined to achieve it.
The Non‑Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the focus of the conference in New York, plays a crucial role. It prohibits the spread of nuclear weapons, calls on the nuclear powers to disarm, and promotes international cooperation on the civilian use of nuclear technology. In short, it is much more than just a piece of paper. The aim now is to further build on this. That is why, within the framework of the Stockholm Initiative, we have worked with 15 other countries to produce 22 very concrete proposals intended to advance effective nuclear arms control and disarmament. If, in New York, we make even the tiniest bit of progress in the discussion on these proposals and the next steps, then all the effort will be worthwhile.
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Humanity ‘One Misunderstanding, Miscalculation Away from Nuclear Annihilation’, Secretary-General Warns as Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference Begins
After a two-year delay due to COVID-19, the 10th Review Conference (RevCon) of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) will take place from August 1-26 at the United Nations in New York. At the conference, States parties to the NPT will come together to discuss progress on their treaty commitments.
* https://press.un.org/en/2022/dc3845.doc.htm
August 1, 2022
Calling for the world to avoid the “suicidal mistake” of nuclear conflict, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres stressed that while humanity has been extraordinarily lucky so far, “luck is not a strategy”, and the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons is as crucial as ever, as the month-long Tenth Review Conference of that accord began at (the NYC) Headquarters today.
Noting the Conference takes place “at a time of nuclear danger not seen since the height of the cold war”, he added that he will visit Hiroshima on the anniversary of the first nuclear bombardment in human history. Geopolitical tensions are reaching new highs as States seek false security in stockpiling and spending hundreds of billions of dollars on doomsday weapons that have no place on the planet. Almost 13,000 nuclear weapons are now being held in arsenals around the world, while from the Middle East and the Korean Peninsula to the Russian Federation’s invasion of Ukraine, “humanity is just one misunderstanding, one miscalculation away from nuclear annihilation”.
“We need the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as much as ever”, he stressed. Citing areas for action, he called for reinforcing the 77-year-old norm against the use of nuclear weapons; finding practical measures to reduce the risk of nuclear war and return to the path of disarmament; and promoting the peaceful use of nuclear technology as a catalyst to advance the Sustainable Development Goals. All parties must renew good faith negotiations — as well as listen to compromise and keep the lessons of the past in view...
More
The Tenth NPT Revcon: What’s at Stake for the Global Nuclear Order Views from top nuclear non-proliferation experts
* https://www.justsecurity.org/82549/the-tenth-npt-revcon-whats-at-stake-for-the-global-nuclear-order/
Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI)
* https://www.nti.org/news/nti-at-the-10th-npt-review-conference/
Bulletin of Atomic Scientists
* https://twitter.com/BulletinAtomic/status/1554842009147424769
* https://thebulletin.org/2022/08/npt-review-conference-will-it-rise-to-the-proliferation-challenges/
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July 2022
: 
* https://www.dw.com/en/in-nagasaki-germanys-annalena-baerbock-calls-for-world-without-nuclear-weapons/a-62422970
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Nuclear Proliferation vs Nuclear Nonproliferation
In the Nuclear Age the Question of the Hour...Day...Year...Century is.... Security
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GreenPolicy360 Siterunner: Scroll to the start of this page below, to a beginning under a school desk in 1963, to chart the chronology of a anti nuclear proliferation journey...
A Nuclear Life Chronology
(Or How Not to Want the Bomb and How to Become a Lifelong Nonproliferation Activist)
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February 28
Washington Post | Opinion: Putin’s nuclear threats remind us arms control is dangerously unfinished business
* https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/02/28/putins-nuclear-threats-remind-us-arms-control-is-dangerously-unfinished-business/
Lost opportunity for nuclear arms control agreements and 'mutual security' 
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Nuclear_Nonproliferation
Strategic Demands
Regional Nuclear Conflict will deliver, science says, Global Nuclear Catastrophe
* https://strategicdemands.com/regional-nuclear-conflict-global-nuclear-catastrophe/
* https://strategicdemands.com/nuclear-issues-cold-war-2-0/
@StrategicDemands.com: 
As nuclear treaties, agreements, and negotiations fall by the wayside, the JCPOA, the INF, NewSTART, and others, and the U.S., Russia, and China race to build a next generation of nuclear capabilities, there are those, like Lindsey Graham from South Carolina who seem to be saying that if U.S. negotiations with North Korea fail, then war is the answer, one way or the other, seeming to say that nuclear exchanges are acceptable. Nuclear weapons use, nuclear weapons exchanges are not acceptable.
What is rarely understood is the current new nuclear arms race, with new warheads, new MIRVs, new (nuclear) pit production, new delivery systems, new tactical (‘usable’) nukes, new ‘dial-up’ nukes, new cruise nukes, new hypersonic nukes…
The collapse of nuclear arms control architecture is accompanied by multi-nation, multi-billion spending, much of it in secret, a race toward human and environmental disaster. The next generation of nuclear weapons is not providing added security, it is delivering a ticking clock…
(SJS)
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Updated / First week of February 2022
* https://strategicdemands.com/bigger-picture-beyond-the-ukraine-conflict/
* https://strategicdemands.com/a-proposed-ukraine-fix-act-now-to-expand-the-inf-agreement/
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Nuclear_Nonproliferation
January 2022
A Proposed Ukraine Fix: Act Now to Expand the INF Agreement
* https://strategicdemands.com/a-proposed-ukraine-fix-act-now-to-expand-the-inf-agreement/
GreenPolicy360 / February 24, 2022: 
As war commences in Ukraine, we all should ask 'what if'... beginning with what if nuclear weapons had not been removed from Ukraine in 1996?
Sunflowers Planted to Mark End of Nuclear Weapons in Ukraine
Via Washington Post
June 1996
Defense Secretary William J. Perry, with his Russian and Ukrainian counterparts, planted sunflowers on a former Soviet missile silo today to mark Ukraine's complete nuclear disarmament.
At the Pervomaysk missile base in southern Ukraine, the officials planted the flowers in a plowed field of black earth atop the destroyed remains of missile Silo 110. During the Cold War, the base, amid flat Ukrainian farmlands that resemble the American Midwest, held more than 80 such silos, with 700 nuclear warheads aimed at the United States.
The ceremony celebrated Ukraine's abandonment of the world's third-largest nuclear arsenal, which it inherited in the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union. It also marked the near completion of a primary U.S. strategic goal since the Soviet breakup: to gather all ex-Soviet nuclear weapons in Russia, thus avoiding a proliferation of nuclear powers.
* https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/06/05/sunflowers-planted-to-mark-end-of-nuclear-weapons-in-ukraine/bb491a92-3f00-41c3-a9a1-0801661f96b9/
* https://strategicdemands.com/?s=bill+perry
* https://strategicdemands.com/environmental-security/
Nuclear Weapons Proliferation vs. Nuclear Weapons Nonproliferation
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Nuclear_Proliferation
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Nuclear_Nonproliferation
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Strategic Demands for Mutual Security, Not Yet Evident
Updated / First week of February 2022
* https://strategicdemands.com/bigger-picture-beyond-the-ukraine-conflict/
* https://strategicdemands.com/a-proposed-ukraine-fix-act-now-to-expand-the-inf-agreement/
Update / February 2
In a story released early today by elpais.com, presented as an “exclusive”, we are offered an inside look at U.S. – Russia Ukrainian negotiations… We now have to point to Strategic Demands earlier proffered diplomatic solution — to focus on mutual security as our StratDem logo tag states “Security is Indivisible”. Perchance mutual security has found resonance.
In paragraph 4 of the elpais.com ‘exclusive’ article a reference is made to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and goes on to say “Washington is prepared to discuss the concept of ‘indivisibility of security'”.
* https://english.elpais.com/usa/2022-02-02/us-offers-disarmament-measures-to-russia-in-exchange-for-a-deescalation-of-military-threat-in-ukraine.html
The main difference between both texts is that Washington is prepared to discuss the concept of “indivisibility of security,” which the OSCE approved at its summit in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan in 2010. Moscow has included this in the first article in its draft deal, using this principle to allege that the eventual entry of Ukraine into NATO would affect its security. The text from the US warns that it does not share the Russian point of view and notes that the concept of indivisibility of security “cannot be viewed in isolation.” Even so, it expresses willingness to deal with the “respective interpretations” of the same. And it points out that “the United States and Russia also reaffirmed the inherent right of each and every participating state to be free to choose or change its security arrangements, including treaties of alliance.”
Later in the day, U.S. spokesperson John Kirby referred to the negotiation documents written about by elpais.com and stated the U.S. willingness to negotiate with Russia. Mutual security, ‘security is indivisible’ as a principal is on the table and in negotiation!
* https://english.elpais.com/usa/2022-02-02/pentagon-says-documents-published-by-el-pais-show-us-is-willing-to-negotiate-with-russia.html
Pentagon spokesman John F. Kirby said on Wednesday that the confidential documents published exclusively by EL PAÍS – and which included the responses by Washington and NATO to Russia’s requests for security guarantees – show that the United States has the willingness to negotiate with the Kremlin in order to solve the crisis in Ukraine.
Kirby mentioned the documents in his opening remarks ahead of a news conference at the Department of Defense. “We did not make this document public, but now that it is, it confirms to the entire world what we’ve always been saying: there is no daylight between our public statements and our private discussions.”
StratDem continues to advocate for solutions that move nations toward mutual security and nuclear nonproliferation. This confrontation at the border of Ukraine provides, in its charges of insecurity and claims of aggression, an opportunity to move toward broad-range solutions that address nuclear and potentially cataclysmic challenges.
Amid the rattling of swords and ‘modernization’ of nuclear forces, the forward positioning of ground- and air-based tactical and nuclear weapons, comes a generational opportunity to drawdown and step back from mutual nuclear insecurity.
* https://strategicdemands.com/a-proposed-ukraine-fix-act-now-to-expand-the-inf-agreement/
 
Update / February 1, 2022
Russian President Vladimir Putin, speaking at a Tuesday news conference following a five-hour meeting in Moscow with Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban:
“It is already clear — I informed the Prime Minister about this — that the fundamental Russian concerns were ignored [in the U.S. response]. We did not see an adequate consideration of our three key requirements.” Russia had not seen, he explained, “adequate consideration of our three key demands regarding NATO expansion, the renunciation of the deployment of strike weapons systems near Russian borders, and the return of the [NATO] bloc’s military infrastructure in Europe to the state of 1997, when the Russia-NATO founding act was signed.”
GreenPolicy360 / Strategic Demands to Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin: 'Step back from the brink.''
Order the ambassadors to talk security. Address the nuclear weapons, tactical and strategic, extension of the INF treaty, expansion of NATO, nuclear weapons ‘modernization’ attached to enhanced nuclear weapons controls. Real, mutually verifiable security.
War involving nuclear-armed states will never bring real security…
January 28, 2022
'Intermediate-Range Missiles Are a Focal Point in the Ukraine Crisis'''
Examining the United States and Russia’s differing responses to the demise of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty highlights the interconnectedness of these events and the failure of the nations to communicate. While Russia’s threats are fundamentally tied to maintaining influence over Ukraine and deterring NATO expansion, a renewed focus on arms control can still play a role in finding a peaceful resolution.
* https://warontherocks.com/2022/01/why-intermediate-range-missiles-are-a-focal-point-in-the-ukraine-crisis/
Russia’s proposal for ending the current crisis stipulates that the United States “not deploy land-based intermediate- and short-range missiles in areas allowing them to reach [Russian territory].”
* https://mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/rso/nato/1790803/
* https://mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/rso/nato/1790803/?lang=en
Nuclear Weapons in Europe ... Tactical/Strategic Background
: Security Perspectives, Security Demands: Russia, Ukraine, NATO, US, European nations
If one steps back and takes a broader look at the causes of potential war over the issue of Ukraine, the issue takes on a larger security perspective, i.e., nuclear weapons "modernization" and next generation "smart", "dial-up" tactical nuclear weapons imminently being deployed in Europe and other theaters.
The modernization of nuclear weapons post Cold War nuclear triad strategies, and the Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) era of massive nuclear retaliation with 'launch on warning' command and control to assure land-based missile capabilities can respond to perceived preemptive attack, has led to a new era, one of so-called small nukes.
They are not small, they are profoundly dangerous to real security. The current European, East-West standoff with Russia over Ukraine, NATO expansion and next gen nuclear weapon delivery systems and capabilities demonstrate how the coming nuclear weapons are bringing on new iterations of nuclear danger.
Nuclear Weapons in Europe 
: Security Perspectives, Security Demands: Russia, Ukraine, NATO, US, European nations
Strategic/Tactical Background:
: If one steps back and takes a broader look at the causes of potential war over the issue of Ukraine, the issue takes on a larger security perspective, i.e., nuclear weapons "modernization" and next generation "smart", "dial-up" tactical nuclear weapons imminently being deployed in Europe and other theaters.
: The modernization of nuclear weapons post Cold War nuclear triad strategies, and the Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) era of massive nuclear retaliation with 'launch on warning' command and control to assure land-based missile capabilities to respond to perceived preemptive attack has led to a new era, one of so-called small nukes.
: They are not 'small', they are profoundly dangerous to real security and the current European, East-West standoff over Ukraine, demonstrates how these next generation nuclear weapons are bringing on new iterations of nuclear danger.
: Given the saber rattling, the threats of war, the failing diplomacy broadcast as near ultimatums and resorts to use of force, and counterforce, let's hope that behind the news that's public there's a quiet negotiation going forward to resolve the primary security concerns of the nations facing off. Foremost are nuclear weapons and delivery systems that are clear and present dangers.
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:F-35s and 'Dial Up' Tactical Nuclear Weapons Deployment
: The US military committed to upgrading its arsenal of B61 bombs in the mid-2010s, opting for the creation of a smaller variant known as the B61-12, the testing of which was recently shown at the Tonopah Test Range in Nevada. The weapon is touted for its ability to be carried inside an F-35’s internal weapons bay. The bomb has four yield options: 0.3 kilotons, 1.5 kilotons, 10 kilotons, and 50 kilotons. For comparison, the nuclear bombs which the US dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 were equivalent to about 15 and 18 kilotons, respectively.
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: * https://strategicdemands.com/russia-ukraine-belarus-nato-eu-us/
 
War Between Russia, Ukraine, NATO, US?
: War Between Nuclear Weapons States Carries Extreme Strategic Risks
:: Fact: There is NO winning a Nuclear Exchange, NO Winning with Nuclear Weapons
 
What do we need? A New Vision of Security. When do we need it? Now...
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Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin: Step back from the brink. 
Order the ambassadors to talk security. Nuclear weapons controls. Mutual assurances. Real security. 
Ukraine conflict, regional war, war involving nuclear-armed states, will never bring real security... 
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Doomsday Clock 2022
: Jerry Brown and Bill Perry
* Urgent Steps to Avoid a New Nuclear Arms Race 
* A No-Cost, No-Brainer of a Nuclear Deal
The New START Treaty will expire in 2021. If it does, Russia and the Unites States could bust through the ceiling the accord places on each side’s long-range nuclear forces — the missiles and bombers that can span oceans to deliver nuclear bombs in as little as 30 minutes after launch. 
For the first time since President Richard Nixon negotiated the SALT Treaty in 1972, there would be no limit to the number or types of strategic weapons Russia and the United States deploy.
Worse, Russia and the United States would lose all inspections, tracking and verification of these arsenals, which account for over 92 percent of all the nuclear weapons in the world. This would introduce major uncertainties into a relationship already strained with mistrust and suspicion.
U.S. Ambassador to Russia Jon Huntsman says arms control “will be prominent on the agenda,” and that the two sides “will have to make a decision on whether or not there [will] be a re-upping for five years.” Huntsman notes, “We have passed a very important milestone last Feb. 5 where both the United States and Russia were to meet the internal goals of no more than 1,550 deployed strategic warheads. And both met that target, and both have done the accounting to meet that...”
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2019
https://www.nti.org/search/?f-search=inf+treaty&f-order=relevance
Pope warns world is one step away from nuclear war
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 link=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-chile-nuclear/pope-warns-world-is-one-step-away-from-nuclear-war-idUSKBN1F41FL
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Pope, in change from predecessors, condemns nuclear arsenals for deterrence
VATICAN CITY (Reuters) - Pope Francis appeared to harden the Catholic Church’s teaching against nuclear weapons on November 10th, saying countries should not stockpile them even for the purpose of deterrence.
His remarks, at the start of a disarmament conference that brought 11 Nobel Peace Prize winners to the Vatican, appeared to go further than previous popes. They have said that while nuclear weapons should never be used, holding arsenals solely to deter other countries from using them could be morally acceptable as a step toward achieving a nuclear-free world.
Addressing the group in the 16th century frescoed Clementine Hall of the Vatican’s Apostolic Palace, Francis spoke of “the catastrophic humanitarian and environmental effects of any employment of nuclear devices”.
He added: “If we also take into account the risk of an accidental detonation as a result of error of any kind, the threat of their use, as well as their very possession, is to be firmly condemned.”
* http://www.thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/359911-pope-francis-stockpiling-nuclear-weapons-should-be-firmly
September 2017
Ban the Bomb, Nobel Prize / October 6
::Is the Nobel Committee Finally Abiding by Nobel’s Will?
:::Nobel Peace Prize goes to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons -- http://www.bbc.com/news/world-41528743 
August 2017
 Visiting GreenPolicy's Associate, StratDem / August 10
:http://strategicdemands.com/stewards-of-the-apocalypse/
::http://strategicdemands.com/nuclear-issues-cold-war-2-0/
:::http://strategicdemands.com/costsofwar/
::::http://strategicdemands.com/new-definitions-of-security/
 Back to the Nuclear Brink / August 9
: #HairTrigger http://strategicdemands.com/?s=nuclear+hair+trigger
::https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:My_First_Order.png
 On 'First Use' and on Banning Nukes / August 7
:https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/no-one-should-have-sole-authority-to-launch-a-nuclear-attack/
::http://strategicdemands.com/?s=hair+trigger -- http://strategicdemands.com/?s=nuclear+weapons+treaty
July
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Adopted
http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/united-nations/events/events-2017/article/adoption-of-a-treaty-banning-nuclear-weapons-07-07-17
Banned: Treaty Prohibiting Nuclear Weapons Adopted
: Diplomatie.gouv.fr
: http://www.lasg.org/press/2017/press_release_7Jul2017.html
Special Issue of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists
:http://thebulletin.org/press-release/after-midnight-julyaugust-issue-available10924
Draft Treaty Prohibiting Nuclear Weapons
:Nuclear Treaty / @ United Nations / July 5 
::https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Trinity_monument_m.jpg
 At the UN: Abolish Nuclear Weapons / June 16
::https://www.un.org/disarmament/ptnw/president.html
:::http://www.lasg.org/BAN/LASG_comments_draft_ban2.pdf
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:#StrategicDemands.com / #StratDem
Status of the Nuclear Weapons Ban Negotiations
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For many years the editor of Strategic Demands has continued an association with the Los Alamos Study Group. 
:The LASG team of scientists and public/civil representatives continues to address critical issues involving US nuclear weapons development. 
:Currently at the United Nations, the LASG reports on the historic "Convention to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons":
Nations Gather in Unprecedented Meeting to Ban Nuclear Weapons
:http://www.lasg.org/press/2017/press_release_27Mar2017.html 
::http://www.lasg.org/BAN/BAN_open.html
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Negotiating a global nuclear ban treaty: Nuclear-armed states vs the UN
:https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/rebecca-johnson/negotiating-global-nuclear-ban-treaty-nuclear-armed-states-versus-un
Expertise and Oversight: Addressing the Need for New Security Approaches 
Reviewing the Work of Tom Nichols
* https://www.amazon.com/Thomas-M.-Nichols/e/B001HCWR8I/
* https://www.amazon.com/Death-Expertise-Campaign-Established-Knowledge/dp/0190469412/ 
* https://www.amazon.com/No-Use-National-Security-Foundation/dp/0812245660/
Strategies built for the Cold War have survived into the twenty-first century... (In his book, No Use: Nuclear Weapons and U.S. National Security ) Nichols illustrates how America's nearly unshakable belief in the utility of nuclear arms has hindered U.S. and international attempts to slow the nuclear programs of volatile regimes in North Korea and Iran. From a solid historical foundation, Nichols makes the compelling argument that to end the danger of worldwide nuclear holocaust, the United States must take the lead in abandoning unrealistic threats of nuclear force and then create a new and more stable approach to deterrence for the twenty-first century.
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December 2016
In Historic Vote, UN General Assembly Mandates 2017 Negotiations to Ban Research, Development, Testing, Stockpiling, Use of Nuclear Weapons
“Most significant nuclear disarmament development since Cold War”
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October 27, 2016 
The United Nations today adopted a landmark resolution to launch negotiations in 2017 on a treaty outlawing nuclear weapons. This historic decision heralds an end to two decades of paralysis in multilateral nuclear disarmament efforts.
At a meeting of the First Committee of the UN General Assembly, which deals with disarmament and international security matters, 123 nations voted in favour of the resolution, with 38 against and 16 abstaining.
The resolution will set up a UN conference beginning in March next year, open to all member states, to negotiate a “legally binding instrument to prohibit nuclear weapons, leading towards their total elimination”. The negotiations will continue in June and July.
The ‘No’ votes came from the nuclear weapons states, and U.S. allies in NATO, plus Japan, South Korea and Australia, which have treaty ties to the U.S., and consider themselves to be under the protection of the ‘U.S. nuclear umbrella.’
Four nuclear weapons states broke ranks, with China, India and Pakistan abstaining, and North Korea voting in favor of the treaty negotiations. In addition, the Netherlands defied intense pressure from the rest of NATO and abstained, as did Finland, which is not a member of NATO but has close ties with the alliance.
The German Press Agency reported: "Due to U.S. pressure, 27 of the 28 NATO member states voted against the resolution with the Netherlands abstaining."
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As a follow-on to last week's review of a "Bad Week for the Global Anti-Nuke Movement" and the increasingly vocal doctrine of the Catholic Church that Pope Francis presented last September to the UN -- an 'abolition' position and advocacy of an effective ban on nuclear weapons -- this week we look to the upcoming unprecedented vote at the UN to ban/outlaw nuclear weapons...
Years ago, your GreenPolicy siterunner worked as a consultant to assist the Los Alamos Study Group. Working relationships I had developed in Washington DC over the years, especially with Congressman George E. Brown and Senator Paul Wellstone, became key go-to channels. My close political relationship with Congressman Brown began in the mid 1960s, when he first began 'mentoring' me on nuclear issues after convincing me to enter a political life as a young man who was debating nuclear proliferation -- often against Jesuit-educated students.
Today, a Jesuit pope, the first Jesuit educated pontiff, has adopted the name of Francis in honor of the saint of the environment and has quickly brought the Catholic Church to a new position on larger, existential issues globally, including environment, health and security. The Church and its over 1 billion+ followers are now looking at new ways to see the world -- and the vision of a nuclear-free world is up for consideration.
I look back to the 1990s, twenty+ years after I first met George Brown and a few years after meeting and talking with Pope John Paul. I was then living in Santa Fe, a city named after St. Francis and I first began to advise the Los Alamos Study Group. I arranged meetings with George Brown to discuss 'big science' issues and nuclear drawdown issues that the Congressman supported in his roles over the years, including as chair of the House Science Committee. George Brown was a visionary leader and the nation lost a patriot when he passed away in 1999.
The Los Alamos Study Group's director, Greg Mello, continues to bring unique perspective on the national labs in New Mexico where the nuclear weapons were first created and, as often is said, a 'nuclear priesthood' maintains the weapon system designs and capabilities. The new trillion dollar "modernization" of the US nuclear weapon complex, systems and capabilities is, to a significant extent, going to be offered up by these physicists and engineers of the nuclear age.
At the same time, the nuclear age is changing from a US dominated nuclear world to a multi-polar world, even as the 'communist threat' ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union over 20 years ago.
Today nuclear weapons are again being improved, made smarter and more 'usable' with guidance systems and 'dial-up yields'. New delivery systems that cruise with the object of avoiding defense systems are far along in development and are soon to be deployed with next generation F-35s fighters, even as the nuclear triads of the US, Russia and China -- and delivery systems of other nuclear weapon holding countries are reconfiguring and developing new capabilites and counter defense and offensive systems.
The response of non-nuclear weapon countries has changed as this new nuclear era commences and, for the first time, there is to move to ban nuclear weapons outright. This coming week or soon thereafter there will be a vote at the UN General Assembly.
The goal -- “to cooperate with all relevant stakeholders … to stigmatise, prohibit and eliminate nuclear weapons in light of their unacceptable humanitarian consequences and associated risks”; and to “fill the legal gap for the prohibition and elimination of nuclear weapons”.
Read More:
http://strategicdemands.com/to-ban-or-not-to-ban/
Greg Mello of the Los Alamos Study Group reports on this history-making event:
Resources re: the BAN movement, via LASG
Resolution L41, “Taking forward multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations,” with 48 co-sponsors as of two days ago, is coming to vote sometime between this Thursday, 27 October, and the following Wednesday, 2 November. Citizen diplomats from around the world affiliated with ICAN who are gathered at the UN in New York), believe the most likely date and time for this vote is this Thursday, between 3:00 and 6:00 pm Eastern time.
It is a moment of high drama in disarmament affairs. For the UN to mandate negotiations to ban nuclear weapons – a process now happening, led by non-nuclear states – is unprecedented. It is the most significant development in nuclear disarmament since the end of the Cold War.
This resolution is all but certain to pass. Some 127 countries have pledged to support ban negotiations (or 139, counting the countries which voted for the same pledge in the form of an UNGA resolution last fall), about two-thirds of the 193 UN member states.
This negotiating mandate is a product of the rising multipolar world, as U.S. diplomats recognize to their horror and outrage. Much more than the legitimacy and status of nuclear weapons is in play. As we wrote last year, “…the ban process is not just about nuclear weapons. It’s also about power and initiative in world affairs – who has it, and who does not. The ban process, as opposed to other [purely] hypothetical disarmament paths (steps, building blocks, comprehensive binding disarmament treaties, and all other processes which nuclear weapon states can veto) is about who decides whether nuclear weapons are legitimate.
The Washington Post called the ban process an “uprising among civil society groups and the coalition of 107 [now 127] states, which are seeking to reframe the disarmament debate as an urgent matter of safety, morality and humanitarian law.”
A ban treaty would stigmatize and prohibit nuclear weapons, closing the “legal gap” stemming from nuclear weapon state practice and their associated assertion in diplomatic and legal fora that nuclear weapons are completely legitimate weapons – for them, and them only.
It has always been a stated UN goal to eliminate nuclear weapons, going back to the very first resolution of the UNGA in 1946. 
The political commitments being made in this process are already freshly stigmatizing nuclear weapons. They are bringing into diplomatic consciousness and state policy humanity’s inherent revulsion toward these most heinous weapons of mass destruction. In this process the prestige of nuclear weapons, their paralyzing mystique and their practical power in international relations, are already declining.
As of 21 October the 48 co-sponsors of L41 were:
* Angola, Austria, Bahamas, Belize, Brazil, Burundi, Chile, Costa Rica, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Indonesia, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Malaysia, Malawi, Malta, Mexico, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nigeria, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Samoa, San Marino, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia.
The resolution’s operative paragraphs mandate “a United Nations conference to negotiate a legally binding instrument to prohibit nuclear weapons, leading towards their total elimination,” to occur “from 27 to 31 March and from 15 June to 7 July 2017, with the participation and contribution of international organizations and civil society representatives.”
Crucially, treaty negotiations would occur under General Assembly rules – that is, without a consensus requirement or veto option for a privileged few, “unless otherwise agreed by the conference.” Creating a negotiating forum without a de facto veto rule has been a major goal of the resolution’s sponsors and this is therefore unlikely to change.
L41 requires the conference to “submit a report on its progress to the General Assembly at its seventy-second session [autumn 2017], which will assess the progress made in the negotiations and decide the way forward” – by majority rule, again.
“The resolution,” as ICAN notes, “acts on a recommendation made in August by a UN open-ended working group on nuclear disarmament in Geneva. More than 100 nations participated in the working group, with an overwhelming majority expressing their support for the prohibition of nuclear weapons as a first step towards elimination.”
The basic case for a nuclear ban treaty can be found here, with links to further information.
Many may find the recent UN press conference on 14 October discussing the ban with Beatrice Fihn, ICAN’s Executive Director, and Professor Matthew Bolton from Pace University, to be both interesting and accessible.
ICAN staff have been live-blogging highlights from the debate. Reaching Critical Will (RCW) has captured and posted many countries’ statements.
Needless to say, the U.S. strenuously opposes any ban treaty and indeed the whole process, which it has vowed to boycott. On Friday Foreign Policy ran a good article by Colum Lynch (“U.S. Seeks to Scupper Proposed Ban on Nuclear Arms”) on U.S. opposition, with this rather sad lede: “Almost eight years after President Barack Obama pledged in a landmark speech in Prague to seek “a world without nuclear weapons,” U.S. diplomats are mounting an aggressive campaign to head off a bid by non-nuclear states to ban such atomic arms.” One of Lynch’s anonymous informants spoke of threats: “Washington has warned states considering voting in favor of the resolution that a ban could jeopardize defense arrangements with allies around the globe.” The hostility and aura of threat in the statements of the U.S. and the U.K. in particular were hard to mistake.
What Lynch did not say was what Assistant Sec of State Thomas Countryman told me (Mello) in August: the U.S. fears the democratic “pressure” a ban will place on our allies, especially in Europe, to rid themselves of nuclear weapons, both physically and in terms of nuclear “umbrella” agreements, while little or no such “pressure” will appear in Russia or China.
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; Nuclear Weapons -- Proliferation v Nonproliferation
Re: the President’s Last Days as Commander-in-Chief
A key focus of GrnPolicy and Strategic Demands 'environmental security, national security' agenda -- nonproliferation, arms control, peace...
StratDem update / July 10, 2016. A month ago we wrote that the president's final day in office should include exec orders addressing nuclear proliferation issues. It looks like we are getting our wish. 
http://strategicdemands.com/re-presidents-last-days-commander-chief/
:https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/obama-plans-major-nuclear-policy-changes-in-his-final-months/2016/07/10/fef3d5ca-4521-11e6-88d0-6adee48be8bc_story.html 
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A New Nuclear Arsenal and Reflections on a President’s Last Days in Office 
June 19, 2016
http://strategicdemands.com/new-nuclear-arsenal/
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Review of Conference on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Arms Treaty
April 2015
Nonproliferation or Proliferation? Report from StrategicDemands.com 
*The nuclear threat environment is recharging to produce a new era. A multiple nation realignment and force modernization are producing elements of a new Cold War. Entangling alliances are developing. Next-generation nuclear weapons — ‘smarter’, more deliverable, and usable — are in development
The United Nations headquarters in New York is hosting the ninth five-year Review Conference (RevCon) of the Parties to the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Arms (NPT).
The occasion demands a strategic review of the current state of nuclear weapons, the status of nuclear agreements, the future of nuclear weapons development and deployment. The risks of catastrophic nuclear war, the use of nuclear weapons in a strategic or tactical exchange, remain all-too-real. The de-escalation of Cold War US-Soviet Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) policies, and accompanying series of nuclear weapons disarmament, control and monitoring agreements, is giving way to re-escalation.
A new era of ‘smart’ nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons modernization policies are carried-forward within a framework of “instant alert”, “fire on-warning” policies of the Cold War. The mix of billions in planned new nuclear spending and development will deliver a new and potentially more deadly nuclear order.
The entry of China as a major nuclear weapon player developing its own ‘triad’ of nuclear delivery systems, the mutual defense relations being pursued between nuclear weapon nations, the race to modernize and react to other nations nuclear modernization including Russia, China, India and Pakistan. The latest nuclear arsenal questions regarding North Korea bring warnings of an “arsenal” and Israel and Iran tensions in the Mideast continue as diplomatic negotiations are railed against by US political opponents. All this must give pause to any rationale discourse of security being a function of nuclear weapons modernization and proliferation.
The paucity of discussion/debate and even awareness of what is being funded, what is in the pipeline of many countries is another warning of a nuclear threat environment that is re-casting Cold War risks of flash point, mistakes, provocations, and nuclear exchange.
Let’s look at the RevCon meeting over the next month, beginning with an initial survey of several revealing pieces from the few sources who are tracking the increased nuclear threat.
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; The Nonproliferation Barrier, No Consensus Possible
http://fpif.org/nuclear-non-proliferation-treaty-review-conference-cant-win-for-losing/
The Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (more commonly known as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) has long been considered, along with the concept of deterrence, as the strongest bulwark we have against nuclear war. Briefly, the states that had developed nuclear weapons prior to the treaty were allowed to keep them as long as they promised (without being bound to a deadline) to work toward disarmament. Meanwhile, states without nuclear weapons were to refrain from developing them, but would be entitled to nuclear energy.
Like deterrence, the NPT’s reputation is over-rated. That said, at the UN headquarters in New York City from April 27 through May 22, the NPT Review Conference (RevCon) is being held for the ninth time since the treaty entered into force in 1975. This Review Conference marks the end of a five-year review cycle.
In a Los Alamos Study Group bulletin, Executive Director Greg Mello underscores the fundamental problem with RevCon. Any final document with commitments undertaken by the NPT Parties at this RevCon requires consensus of the Parties. This … means that the RevCon … like all eight preceding meetings over the past 40 years, will produce no binding disarmament measures.''
With regards to that consensus, Mello quotes Dominique Lalanne for the Armes nucléaires STOP and the French International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. At the end of each Review Conference a document is submitted for “consensus” approval... The opposition of a single State prevents a consensus and blocks adoption of the final document.
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; Nuclear Weapon Systems 'Modernization', a New Arms Race
http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/how-many-ways-does-the-air-force-need-to-deliver-a-nuclear-weapon/2015/04/20/c33eeb96-e5dc-11e4-81ea-0649268f729e_story.html Via the Washington Post] / by Walter Pincus 
At a time of tight defense budgets, why does the Air Force plan to spend billions of extra dollars so that a president 10 or more years from now can have two options if he or she wants to use bombers to attack an enemy with nuclear weapons?
... Think about that. That future president would have the option to employ the planned, manned or perhaps unmanned long-range strike bomber (LRSB) to drop B61-12 nuclear bombs, both of which are now in development.
The proposed cost of 80 to 100 new LRSBs, at about $550 million each, could exceed $55 billion, although not all of it would be for the nuclear mission. The cost of development and production of a new B61 bomb is estimated at $10 billion, although some money would be allocated to fighter bombers attached to NATO…
Arms control treaties between Moscow and Washington brought those numbers down. But the move by both countries to modernize their nuclear-capable long-range cruise missiles and bombers actually lets them take advantage of a loophole in the 2010 New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty…
On April 5, 2009, in Prague, President Obama set a goal of “a world without nuclear weapons” and got great applause. But then Obama added, “I’m not naive. This goal will not be reached quickly — perhaps not in my lifetime.”
The Senate ratified the new arms treaty on Dec. 22, 2010, but to get Republican votes for the two-thirds majority needed, Obama had to promise to modernize the American nuclear weapons complex and the nuclear delivery systems.
The treaty may have been a step forward to Obama’s goal of a weapons-free world, but the price he paid has turned out to be two steps backward.
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; The Costs and Risks of Nuclear Weapon Systems Modernization
“The worldwide modernization craze scrambles the calculus of nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation efforts, challenging the aging underpinnings of the NPT itself,” writes John Mecklin for Foreign Policy. “Unless the United States, Russia, and other powers find a way to agree on reining in their modernization programs, the world’s non-nuclear countries will have increasingly legitimate reasons to ask how they benefit from being part of the NPT — and why they shouldn’t go their own way.”
 Via Foreign Policy / by John Mecklin 
DISARM (?) AND MODERNIZE
Massive weapons upgrades now underway challenge the entire disarmament regime
“In terms of warhead numbers, the nuclear arms race may be over. But massive weapons upgrades now underway challenge the entire disarmament regime.”
The early decades of the Cold War, NATO made arrangements to bury what were known as atomic demolition munitions (in essence, nuclear mines) at key points in West Germany, to be detonated if Warsaw Pact forces ever invaded. Although this plan, if enacted, might have slowed the enemy advance, it also almost certainly would have turned vast West German territories into radioactive wastelands littered with corpses and smoldering buildings—the stuff of hellish alternative- history scenarios. The West viewed such tactical nukes—NATO fielded 7,000 to 8,000 of these shorter- range, smaller-yield weapons for most of the Cold War—as tripwires in anticipation of the Soviet Union’s own Strangelovian plans for its thousands of tactical weapons. That is to say, the forward positioning of these nukes was a signal: If the Soviet Union invaded Europe, confrontation would escalate quickly to the nuclear realm, and the United States would intervene.
With the end of the Cold War and the reduced risk of a Russian invasion, NATO eliminated almost all its tactical nuclear weapons in Europe. Today, five NATO countries—Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and Turkey—are widely believed to host roughly 200 U.S.-owned nuclear bombs at their air bases. These weapons, variants of the B61 warhead, a stalwart of the American thermonuclear arsenal since the late 1960s, are viewed by some security experts as provocative anachronisms. The critics argue that strategic missiles and bombers posted in the United States and the United Kingdom, along with missiles on nuclear submarines, provide more than enough deterrence against any Russian aggression.
But in the wake of Russia’s annexation of Crimea and the destabilization of Ukraine, the controversy about B61s is being heightened and compounded. In addition to retaining tactical nukes in Europe, the United States plans to modernize the weapons, as well as its arsenal back home, in a remarkably expensive way. This decision has inflamed debate about the depth of the U.S. commitment to the Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which allows the United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, and France to have nuclear weapons if they promise to eventually disarm.
Today, weapons innovation threatens to become the new mode for arms competition. Washington’s upgrading of the B61-4 bomb, for example, would equip the device with a tail assembly, making it into a precision-guided standoff weapon. An irony is attached to this redesigned device, called the B61-12: It would be able to attack the same targets as previous gravity bombs in the U.S. arsenal, but would do so more accurately and efficiently, using smaller yields that would create less collateral damage and less radioactive fallout. This means the bombs might be seen as more conceivably usable in a limited or tactical conflict. And this is precisely why the U.S. Congress rejected the Air Force’s requests for low-yield, precision-guided nuclear weapons in the 1990s: Their very accuracy increases the temptation to use them.
Nonetheless, under current plans, approximately 480 B61-12s are set to be produced by the mid-2020s, and they would serve all U.S. gravity-bomb missions contemplated for five different aircraft. In addition to deployment in Europe, the U.S. Air Force also intends to use the B61-12 to arm heavy B-2 and B-52 bombers based in America. Even by the standards of defense budgets, the B61 modernization program is exorbitant: Estimates place its ultimate cost north of $10 billion, or  more than if the bombs were constructed of solid gold.
But the high cost and questionable utility of the B61 program are not anomalies—nor is the fact that the plan has received little publicity.
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; Public Interest Nonproliferation Groups Despair
Via Reaching Critical Will 
2015 NPT Review Conference Briefing Book http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/npt/revcon2015/2015-npt-briefing-book.pdf
The 2010 Action Plan is the latest in a series of agreements reached by NPT states parties over the past decades, including the 1995 principles and objectives, the 1995 resolution on the Middle East, and the 13 practical steps from 2000. None of these agreements have yet been fully implemented. Article VI of the NPT, requiring nuclear disarmament, remains unfulfilled, even as the Treaty’s non-proliferation requirements are met and strengthened. The 64 actions of the Action Plan contain provisions on nuclear disarmament (22 actions), nuclear non-proliferation (23 actions), and nuclear energy (18 actions)…
Differing views on the timeframe within which the implementation of the Action Plan should be completed have emerged. 
In the lead up to the 2015 Review Conference, some states parties stress that the 2010 Action Plan should be seen as a longterm roadmap. But most states parties do not agree with this retrogressive approach and still see it as a short-term plan that was intended to move states parties closer to full implementation of all Treaty provisions over a specified time frame. Failure to implement those actions within this time frame does not justify their indefinite extension, but rather, should serve as a catalyst for developing new approaches and initiatives to achieve the Treaty’s objectives. Current situation Implementation of actions across the three pillars varies greatly, therefore it cannot be considered adequately implemented. According to our 2015 NPT Action Plan Monitoring Report, only 28 out of the 64 actions can be considered fully implemented in 2015. 21 actions are being implemented to some degree and 15 actions cannot be considered implemented at all. Most progress has been achieved on the actions dealing with nuclear energy, while those on disarmament lag far behind.
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Assuring Destruction / 2015 edition http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/resources/publications-and-research/publications/9724-assuring-destruction-forever-2015-edition
This updated study explores the ongoing and planned nuclear weapon modernization programmes in China, France, India, Israel, Pakistan, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
As of April 2015, the nuclear-armed states are estimated to possess approximately 15,650 nuclear weapons. All of them have plans to modernise — upgrade and / or extend the lives of—their nuclear weapons. In Assuring destruction forever: 2015 edition, non-governmental researchers and analysts provide information on each country’s modernisation plans.
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US Nuclear Weapons Modernization: Trillion Plus Upgrade Plan 
* Reaching Critical Will, the Threats of Next Gen Nukes
The United States is conducting a complete overhaul of all components of its nuclear triad, requiring three full decades of investment. This will cost, including current operations, at least $1 trillion. The new weapons and factories placed into service will last, i.e. generate nuclear threats (their purpose), until late in this century. US nuclear modernisation is already producing significant new nuclear capabilities with unknowable consequences, and significant additional new capabilities are planned and budgeted. No warhead retirements are occurring under New START and none are committed. Future dismantlements have been made contingent on construction of new factories and deployment of new weapons. The modernisation programme-of-record has been dogged by delays, cancellations, downscaling, and cost overruns; its completion in an era of budgetary uncertainty and constraint is widely questioned. Modernisation competes with warhead dismantlement for scarce physical and financial resources in the production complex. There are deep concerns in government (including the military) and in civil society about nuclear weapons cost and relevance, but so far not one member of Congress publicly opposes maintaining a policy of “mutual assured destruction” (MAD) based on a triad of delivery systems with thousands of nuclear warheads.
Update: 2018
(Via the Los Alamos Study Group)
* http://www.lasg.org/press/2018/press_release_12Feb2018.html
The administration is proposing a $1.8 billion (B) increase in NNSA nuclear "Weapons Activities" (WA) spending for FY19, to $11.017 B, exclusive of about about $318 million (M) requested for NNSA warhead administration costs (out of NNSA's overall administrative request of $423 M).
This is a 18% increase in WA (before correcting for inflation) over this year's (FY18's) estimated WA spending of $9.325 B (again, not including warhead administrative costs, which will be about $290 M in FY18).
This is the largest increase in warhead spending, both percentage-wise and in absolute (inflation-corrected) dollars, since 1962, when the US had 25,540 warheads and bombs. In 1962, the US spent $7.16 B (in 2017 dollars) on nuclear weapons research, development, testing, evaluation, and administration...
"More spending on nuclear weapons, in a time of real crisis in our society and especially our environment, reflects heart-breaking, upside-down priorities. It also reflects the depth of corruption to which we are sinking. A cabal of bloated contractors, a small army of well-placed insiders in government, pork-barrel politicians, and captured federal bureaucrats have bullied the Office of Management and Budget into approving a request for far more money than has ever been spent before on warhead design and production, even during the height of the Cold War.
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Nuclear NPT Review Conference
News:
Opening day speakers
Non-Aligned Movement – Javad Zarif, Foreign Minister Iran, Full Text of Opening Statement http://theiranproject.com/blog/2015/04/27/full-text-of-zarifs-statement-on-behalf-of-nam-to-the-npt-review-conference/
Kerry says Iran, World Powers Closer than Ever to a Historic Nuclear Deal / Reuters http://news.yahoo.com/kerry-irans-zarif-meet-un-anti-nuclear-arms-051054375.html
Kerry: Closer Than Ever to Historic Iran Deal / Al Arabiya-Reuters http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/04/28/Kerry-Iran-world-powers-closer-than-ever-to-historic-deal.html
“Quotable Quotes” from the NPT Conference / China News http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-04/28/c_134189543.htm
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Putin: Russia Cuts Nuclear Arms Stockpiles to Minimal Level / Interfax http://rbth.co.uk/news/2015/04/28/russia_cuts_nuclear_arms_stockpiles_to_minimal_levels_-_putin_45598.html
New Technologies Complicate U.S.-Russia-China Arms Control http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/15635/new-technologies-complicate-u-s-russia-china-arms-control
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Press/Wire Service Reports:
Iran aims to use NPT conference to renew international pressure on Israel / Jerusalem to attend non-proliferation meet for first time in 20 years; Iran FM at opening of conference: ‘Israel is the single [worst] violator of this international regime [the NPT]’ / Haaretz http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.653836
After failing to preempt: Israel, Iran and nuclear war / Jerusalem Post http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/After-failing-to-preempt-Israel-Iran-and-nuclear-war-399373
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Nuke-armed states not eliminating stockpiles: Iran http://www.ptinews.com/news/5967850_Nuke-armed-states-not-eliminating-stockpiles--Iran-.html 
Nuclear disarmament NAM’s highest priority: Zarif http://en.mehrnews.com/detail/News/106889
NEW YORK, Apr. 28 (MNA) – Highlighting the nuclear disarmament, Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Jvad Zarif delivered a speech in 2015 NPT Review Conference and deemed nuclear weapons the greatest threat to humanity. 
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Analysis/Opinion/Social Media:
Speakers List at the 2015 NPT Review Conference
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US State Department Statements/Positions re: NPT Review Conference
Rough Seas Ahead: Issues for the 2015 NPT Review Conference
Armes Nucleaires – Review and Proposals
International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
ICAN 424 NGOs 95 countries – NPT RevCon Briefing Materials – Nuclear Weapons by Country
Review of 2010 Final Document of NPT RevCon and Challenges to 2015 Conference
Review of 2010 and Obama/US NPT initiatives / India perspective
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ian bremmer ‏@ianbremmer
Geopolitics in 3 Steps
Cold War: Stable, Dangerous
Post-Cold War: Unstable...
G-Zero: Unstable, Dangerous
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Nuclear Weapon System Modernization, New Multilateral Era
New Technologies Complicate U.S.-Russia-China Arms Control 
:http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/15635/new-technologies-complicate-u-s-russia-china-arms-control 
Is China Preparing MIRVed Ballistic Missiles?
China’s Nuclear Weapons Modernization
China Moving to Assured Retaliation
No longer a No “First Strike” Policy? China’s Defense Policy? 
http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/china/
Russia and America Stumbling to War / May-June 2015
Most dangerous are disagreements over the international system and the prerogatives of major powers in their immediate neighborhoods—disputes of the sort that have historically produced the greatest conflicts. And these are at the core of U.S. and Western tensions with Russia and, even more ominously, with China.
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US Gears Up for Potential War in Space / April 2015
Air Force Space Command Commander Gen. John Hyten said during a press conference, “We have a responsibility to defend against all threats. That’s what our job is. … There is no doubt we have seen threats appear in the last decade, and we have to be prepared to respond to those threats. It’s that simple.”
US Military Satellites Vulnerable in Future War: Ability to See Nuclear Missile Launches at Risk / January 2014 quoted in Russia Today
China’s anti-satellite capabilities, tested and demonstrated. According to Gen. William Shelton, Commander of the US Air Force Space Command, US early warning satellites are at risk, most critical are satellites providing the US Army with survivable communications and missile (launch) warning.
Decapitation: Command and Control
A New Arms Race: A Rare Look Inside U.S. Air Force Space Command Tasked With Defending Military Satellites / April 26, 2015, 60 Minutes
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Nuclear Weapons, Announced Stockpile, 2015-16
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 link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsY1AZc1K7w
April 28, 2015 — Kerry says Iran, world powers “closer than ever” to historic nuclear deal / Voice of America (VOA) news report
Transcript / Secretary Kerry's speech, April 2015
UNITED NATIONS – The United States and five other major powers are closer than ever to a deal with Iran that would end a 12-year-old standoff over Tehran’s nuclear program, though more tough negotiations lie ahead, Secretary of State John Kerry said on Monday.
Kerry spoke at the United Nations on the opening day of a month-long conference taking stock of the 1970 nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and ahead of a meeting in New York with Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif, their first face-to-face encounter since recent marathon talks in Lausanne, Switzerland.
Video — John Kerry Delivers Remarks at the 2015 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conference, United Nations
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Note: GreenPolicy360 continues its association with Strategic Demands online
Visit Strategic Demands for more information about Nuclear Weapons, Proliferation and Nonproliferation
http://strategicdemands.com/nuclear-issues-cold-war-2-0/
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Recalling the Origins of the Atomic Age
Los Alamos Scientists Initiate then Question the Future of Nuclear Weapons
A First Attempt to Control the Danger of Nuclear Weapons Disaster: a Letter to the Secretary of War
* http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/correspondence/oppenheimer-robert/corr_oppenheimer_1945-08-17.htm
Letter on Future of Atomic Energy 
From: J R Oppenheimer 
To: Henry Stimson, Secretary of War 
August 17, 1945
Dear Mr. Secretary:
The Interim Committee has asked us to report in some detail on the scope and program of future work in the field of atomic energy. One important phase of this work is the development of weapons; and since this is the problem which has dominated our war time activities, it is natural that in this field our ideas should be most definite and clear, and that we should be most confident of answering adequately the questions put to us by the coinmittee. In examining these questions we have, however, come on certain quite general conclusions, whose implications for national policy would seem to be both more immediate and more profound than those of the detailed technical recommendations to be submitted. We, therefore, think it appropriate to present them to you at this time.
1. We are convinced that weapons quantitatively and qualitatively far more effective than now available will result from further work on these problems. This conviction is motivated not alone by analogy with past developments, but by specific projects to improve and multiply the existing weapons, and by the quite favorable technical prospects of the realization of the super bomb.
2. We have been unable to devise or propose effective military counter-measures for atomic weapons. Although we realize that future work may reveal possibilities at present obscure to us, it is our firm opinion that no military countermeasures will be found which will be adequately effective in preventing the delivery of atomic weapons.
The detailed technical report in preparation will document these conclusions, but hardly alter them.
3. We are not only unable to outline a program that would assure to this nation for the next decades hegemony in the field of atomic weapons; we are equally unable to insure that such hegemony, if achieved, could protect us from the most terrible destruction.
4. The development, in the years to come, of more effective atomic weapons, would appear to be a most natural element in any national policy of maintaining our military forces at great strength; nevertheless we have grave doubts that this further development can contribute essentially or permanently to the prevention of war. We believe that the safety of this nation - as opposed to its ability to inflict damage on an enemy power - cannot lie wholly or even primarily in its scientific or technical prowess. It can be based only on making future wars impossible. It is our unanimous and urgent recommendation to you that, despite the present incomplete exploitation of technical possibilities in this field, all steps be taken, all necessary international arrangements be made, to this one end.
5. We should be most happy to have you bring these views to the attention of other members of the Government, or of the American people, should you wish to do so.
Very sincerely, 
J. R. Oppenheimer 
:Source: Alice Kimball Smith and Charles Weiner, eds., Robert J. Oppenheimer. Letters and Recollections (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980).
○
:The Nuclear Weapons Era Is Born / July 16 
::https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Trinity_monument_m.jpg
:::http://strategicdemands.com/nuclear-weapons-treaty-adopted-historic-moment
:: Watch J. Robert Oppenheimer: 
:"I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds."
:
 
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:::
GreenPolcy360 Siterunner:
A Nuclear Life Chronology
(Or How Not to Want the Bomb and How to Become a Lifelong Nonproliferation Activist)
1963 was not a good year. I am remembering the sirens and then the teacher's voice ordering us to get under our desks in the duck and cover position we were taught when we were told the nuclear attack could come any minute.
At first we joked 'it's a tuckin duckin' and some kids quacked quietly and snickered, but it didn't take long for most of us kids there in our East LA school to realize the adults were deadly serious and, as time passed, the snickering stopped. We waited. Under the desks. Quietly then, counting the minutes, hoping for an all clear, you can get up signal.
* https://www.history.com/news/cuban-missile-crisis-timeline-jfk-khrushchev
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_and_cover
◊
SJS / Siterunner: My father in World War 2 was a bomber pilot trained to fly "secret missions."
He spoke to me, on rare occasions, about his training and B-17/29 "special" assignments near war's end.
One day and one story stands out in my memory. Posterity tells me to share his story as my dad has passed away.
War secrets have long faded into history. Marfa/Roswell/Ardmore/Clovis/Alamogordo -- B-17s to B-29s -- missions to the Pacific...
It was in July 1945. At that time my lieutenant father was based in New Mexico at Clovis Army Air Field flying training missions. He was scheduled, as I look today at his yellowing papers with orders in his air force trunk, to transfer to Alamogordo on July 23rd. Curiously, I see a number of destinations on his orders are blank. I'm remembering how he told me that he knew and his crew knew, in their own way, about the first test of a nuclear weapon. They knew it had happened not far from their base and on July 17th newspapers in New Mexico had reported that a "munitions storage depot" had exploded. This was the official line to explain the bright flash in the sky at dawn, 5:30 AM on July 16th, south of Albuquerque.
The initial testing of the first nuclear weapon was at Trinity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test) in a barren area of New Mexico known as Jornada del Muerto ("Journey of the Dead Man"). The desolation made it the choice of the Army and scientists who had secretly developed the bomb at the isolated nuclear physics laboratory at Los Alamos.
The B-17 crew that flew that week from Clovis decided (in a departure from the official planned flight path) to veer "off course" and to take a look at the area where the bomb went off... not a good decision, but in those days many of the pilots and crews were strong willed to put it mildly. This crew chose to go where they thought the site of the blast was... They scanned the horizon and in the distance they saw a bright glistening spot in the desert.
They flew over it. He told me it was both frightening and beautiful. It was a crater scattering radiating beams of light up.
The crater from the blast shocked them into silence he remembered. The sand had turned liquid then fused and fallen back to earth. The crater was coated with a 'glass' that would be called "Trinitite".
They flew on without talking, he said. The power of the weapon all too evident. No more fly-boys on a run.
Now they knew what their bomber group, their B-29s, and their special runs with unusual maneuvers were being equipped to do. The military covered over the crater and evidence of the blast.
Then they heard the news, August 6th and 9th, 1945, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.
Looking Back: At Trinity, the First Nuclear Bomb Test - 1945
1965:
Newly elected Congressman George E. Brown and high school sophomore student Steve Schmidt meet. Steve asks for his Congressman's assist in understanding the year's California high school debate topic -- 'Nth Countries and Nuclear Weapons Proliferation'. They agree to work together on this and on politics in the larger picture, the U.S. nuclear weapons and security issues. This begins an over 40 years working relationship that carried thru the peace, environment, science, earth science from space missions... the work was a steady mission.
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Day_Memories_on_the_50th_Anniversary
1968-70
"Earthrise" to the First "Earth Day"
: Environmental Movement, Global Security, Pro Peace 
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/images/1969_beginnings_of_the_modern_environmental_movement.pdf
 
:: 
:: * https://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/images/US_Role_in_the_World%2C_Feb_1969_George_E_Brown_1.pdf
:: 
::* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/images/US_Role_George_E_Brown_2.pdf
:: 
::* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/mw/images/US_Role_George_E_Brown_3.pdf
 
The 70s and 80s
"My friend George" - https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/George_E._Brown_Jr
GreenPolicy360 Siterunner / SJS: I met George Brown in the mid-1960s and we began to work to make environmental protection a political reality. He changed the direction of my life and was integral to my becoming an environmental activist. George was looking forward to the 21st century and especially to the challenges of environmental earth science programs he led in Congress for decades (George E. Brown - Wikipedia.) 
Planet Citizens, Planet Scientists, Preserving & Protecting the Home Planet Earth
GreenPolicy360 Siterunner / SJS: The original Mission Statement of the newly launched U.S. space program spoke of our planet and our responsibilities. GreenPolicy360's founder was fortunate, beginning in the 1960s, to listen to Congressman Brown Congressman George E. Brown point to the NASA plan and explain how he saw Congress put into action the reality of a multi-year, coordinated, multi-agency program to achieve mission goals. Earth science, measuring and monitoring Earth's life-enabling systems was given highest priority. Landsat's program was set in motion as a decades long, first-ever digital scanning remote satellites data collecting study. An array of satellites began to launch, creating and combining the expanding resources of NASA, USGS, NOAA, and an array of educational and scientific institutions and aeronautics business.
The overall goal, Representative Brown would continue to explain in his Congressional Science, Space & Technology leadership roles over the decades, was to understand, preserve and protect our planet as we, humanity, develop the science to look beyond the Earth and study 'the heavens'.
Here's to George Brown and the many visionaries, thinkers and doers who have carried on preserving and protecting our home planet.
The 'Existential' Questions
George, as chairman of the House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, over the years until his sudden death in 1999 played a key role in nuclear weapons oversight. As with the National Climate Act he drafted in the 1970s identifying global warming as a serious, even existential threat, his focus on the threat from his first year in office in the early 1960s saw him leading efforts to reduce the nuclear stockpile and reducing the imminent threat of global destruction. The Congressman's work on non-proliferation stands out. George's letter to the head of the Department of Energy in February 1992 remains a testimony to the need for a new "strategic plan" for the Department of Energy (DOE) nuclear weapons labs. 
Congressman Brown singled out nuclear weapons as the Cold War came to an end and alternatives were envisioned. Your GreenPolicy360 editor, at that time, was often in communication with the Congressman on this issue, as I also worked alongside Governor Jerry Brown in formulating the presidential campaign platform of our campaign in 1992. Nuclear issues were top of mind, as were nuclear reduction efforts, non-proliferation and treaties to reduce nuclear stockpiles and build monitoring conventions. George assisted many public interest groups in nuclear oversight work, such as the Los Alamos Study Group. The Congressman's quest to promote peace was steady. 
George Brown / Speaks On Nuclear Weapons
In the mid 1980s and early 1990s George believed that, as the Cold War was ending with the fall of the Berlin Wall and soon thereafter the collapse of the Soviet Union, his strong advocacy for nuclear non-proliferation, his concern for decades, was realizable. Nuclear weapons controls and international nuclear agreements were doable, he thought. George was a visionary, an engineer who had the skills to turn visionary ideas into reality. In the years after your GreenPolicy360 founder first met George and we began decades of our association, I learned he was a World War 2 military veteran who courageously stood up to oppose the disastrous Vietnam war. 
As I worked with him over many years we both grew in our politics as we worked together for peace and environmental protection. Big science was at the center of much of George's future-looking agenda. He believed in green politics and was a mentor to me and many. He became a leader in Congress from California who helped shape the modern environmental movement. 
* Environmental Laws, Models Going Forward
* US National Environmental Policy Act, a "Magna Carta"
Today many of the actions of George Brown continue as models for citizens, cities and nations of the world. California and a green political/environmental protection movement that George helped to begin continue to be out in front with ideas to improve quality of life. 
In our GreenPolicy360 work, George's work continues. Even as political opposition to environmental work, anti-nuclear work, anti-war work is at risk, as we look out at a strategic horizon with pressing demands, the foundations put in place by an earlier generation remain strong.
Planet Citizens | Planet Citizens, Planet Scientists
George Brown's work remains with us in his legacy of accomplishment. I miss him often but know he is still around. I feel him when I write of green ideas and look to our kids and education and our shared future...
Let's look at some of what George accomplished before his untimely passing in 1999:
George was instrumental in proposing and establishing the Presidential Office of Science and Technology Policy in 1976. He was working with the National Academy of Sciences as they released a first-ever climate report.
In 1977 he and the new office sent a first government warning of "climatic fluctuation" and "catastrophic" change to President Carter:
::
  
  
Congressman Brown Out in Front of Climate Action
Climate Change - Global Warming Keyword-Terms
First National Climate Act, Historic Work, 1978
GreenPolicy360 Siterunner / SJS: The beginnings of modern environmental and climate science can be traced to the 1960s and 1970s. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences played a key role in laying a foundation of scientific reports and data.'''
Energy and Climate Report, 1977, National Academy of Sciences / 175 pp. / PDF via GreenPolicy360
George Brown, taking the 1977 Energy and Climate Report from the Academy and made it actionable. In a historic moment, he proposed and drafted the legislation of the first U.S. National Climate Program and shepherded its passage in 1978.
 
The National Climate Program Act, Public Law 95-367
:National Climate Program Act, 1978 / PDF
: This first federal program established to study and assess scientifically the issues and risks of human-caused climate change became a foundation for comprehensive initiatives, with an array of new Earth Science missions led by NASA and NOAA, the EPA and USGS. 
:
At the Beginning of U.S. Science on Global Warming, Strategies & Planning
1978, the First Climate Actions
National Climate Program Act, Public Law 95-367
National Climate Program Act of September 1978
In 1979 came the first follow-on National Science Academy report. This study and report of national scientists was prescient and accurate in its global warming predictions.
○
In his rumpled suits and quiet way George E. Brown moved to form coalitions few thought could be formed and garnered support for the first set of U.S. Congressional acts that served as foundation legislation for decades of green progress. 
The First Earth Day: Personal Memories by Steven Schmidt of George's Role
Congressman Brown's work advanced environmental air quality and clean air legislation. He introduced the nation's first bill to ban lead in gasoline and was at the forefront of the Clean Air Act. He attacked Los Angeles smog, some of the worst air quality of any city in the world at the time and the air standards that came out of California became models worldwide. He succeeded in clean air and water efforts, though rarely given credit given his quiet approach to accomplishing big picture goals. 
  
EPA History
George was a key player in legislation founding the Environmental Protection Agency. 
As the LA Times noted (without pomp or circumstance) in George's obituary in 1999: "He championed the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency". The creation of the EPA was in many ways Congressman George Brown's vision achieved..." 
The founding of the EPA was based on new realizations of science and the environment. The vision of the "Whole Earth" that began with unprecedented Apollo photos on the cover of Life magazine in January 1969 led to a coming together of education, students 'teach-ins', scientific space missions studying earth systems for the first time, and popular demands for environmental protections.
A leader and a chairperson on the House science committee for over 30 years, George legislatively engineered an array of science efforts, including one that greens look to as prescient -- climate science.
When Congressman Brown drafted originating legislation establishing a national climate change research program via the National Climate Program Act of 1978, the scientific community and nation were just beginning to awaken to a new national security threat. I remember his concern, our concern. He was trained as a scientist, an engineer, with an ability to see facts and data sets in a way others could not. 
Representative Brown was out in front of "Big Science". In his decades on the House Science, Space & Technology Committee, he worked to expand the reach of science. He knew that good data enabled good policy decisions. He pressed for first-generation earth science satellites and ongoing earth monitoring missions and data sharing.
Among his many initiatives, George Brown was a key figure in proposing, establishing, and then saving the Landsat program and its unique 'open-access' database of Earth Science imaging when President Reagan attempted to shut Landsat down. Landsat was a model for all the following earth science research missions from space and is now moving into its fifth decade with Landsat 9. 
Earth Science Research from Space
: Landsat and Virginia Tower Norwood
The 90s
1992 Presidential Campaign
Governor Edmund (Jerry) Brown Brings Forward a Policy Platform of Nuclear Nonproliferation
SJS / Advancing a presidential campaign, your GreenPolicy360 siterunner worked with the Governor to draft the 'We the People' campaign platform, taking new ideas into the U.S. presidential debate to press the Democratic Party in a 21st Century direction...
At the Democratic Party Platform Hearings
Advancing a new nuclear foreign policy for a post Cold War world
GreenPolicy360 siterunner Steve Schmidt w/ Calif Gov. Brown
1992 Presidential Campaign Platform
: of Governor Edmund G. 'Jerry' Brown Jr. 
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Brown
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Governor_Jerry_Brown
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War
: 
"Platform in Progress"
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Jerry_Brown_92_Presidential_Platform_We_the_People.jpg
IV. Foreign Relations
In his farewell address, President Dwight Eisenhower said, "In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought of unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic process. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals so that security and liberty may prosper together."
Like George Washington's farewell address, this sage advice was promptly ignored.
With the Cold War over, it is imperative that we now act on Eisenhower's sound counsel. We must rid ourselves of the residue of the Cold War: bloated defense budgets, thousands of unneeded nuclear weapons and major overseas troop deployments.
The United States must assume a greater responsibility for building a world order that aims for human rights, self-determination of peoples, just trading and economic relationships and broad respect for environmental standards.
B. NUCLEAR WEAPONS
The end of the Cold War call for the United States to make its boldest proposals in the area of nuclear weapons, which were developed almost totally with an eye toward containing the former Soviet Union. The June 16 U.S.-Russian nuclear weapons accord must be only the beginning of our efforts to eradicate the threat of nuclear war -- by intent or accident -- from the earth. The United States should next take the following steps:
* Enact an immediate moratorium on nuclear testing and negotiate a Comprehensive Test Ban treaty. The United States should join Russia in adopting a policy of no first use of nuclear weapons.
* Zero out and destroy all tactical nuclear weapons.
* Meet the weapons reductions specified in the June 16 accord within three years -- not the eleven years specified in the treaty or the eight discussed as a target by the Bush administration and Boris Yeltsin.
* Forego the land-based leg of the nuclear triad and put the excess warheads on bombers. This step, along with cancellation of the D-5 missile production, the remaining B-2 bombers and the last Trident submarines would save over $32 billion.
1993 - 2001 / Green Parties with new policies for international environmental protection, security and nuclear weapons agreement) in Formation 
GreenPolicy360's founder-siterunner goes independent to advance political positions carried forward from the 60's thru 1992... drafts strategic plan to organizing a national U.S. Green Party, drafts what becomes a founding U.S. Green Party Platform, travels to Europe with a 'Common Ground' Platform for U.S.-European Green Parties... welcomes in a New European Green Party in Rome and Global Green Charter ... 
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Green_Party
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Green_Party
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/User_talk:Siterunner
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Green_Platform
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Green_Politics
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Green_Politics
2001 and Beyond
Establishing the Green Institute
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/File:Surviving_Victory.png
Establishing Strategic Demands and GreenPolicy360
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* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Environmental_Security,_National_Security
* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Category:Green_Politics
Strategic Demands
* https://strategicdemands.com/
* https://strategicdemands.com/about/
* https://strategicdemands.com/nuclear-issues-cold-war-2-0/
* https://strategicdemands.com/costsofwar/
* https://strategicdemands.com/new-definitions-of-security/
* https://strategicdemands.com/stewards-of-the-apocalypse/
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GreenPolicy360 (eOS)
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Planet Citizens
:* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Planet_Citizens
Nuclear Weapons
:* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Nuclear_Weapons
Green Party
:* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Green_Party
Earth Science Vital Signs
:* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Earth_Science_Vital_Signs
Nuclear Nonproliferation
:* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Nuclear_Nonproliferation
New Definitions of National Security
:* https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/New_Definitions_of_National_Security
 
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