nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Historical contingency

Historical contingency is an important idea in biology and evolutionhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9287070/. It is the theory that the paths that life can evolve on are constrained by historical events that are often random. This was perhaps most succinctly described by Stephen Jay Gould, when he proposed the thought experiment of rewinding the tape of evolution backwards and replaying it. The question is: "would life evolve in the same way or in some very different manner?" This idea cuts to the heart of many issues surrounding the inevitability of humanity and determinism. 
Historical events that can constrain evolutionary pathways are varied. They can include things that work at the genetic level such as genetic drift, population bottlenecks, neutral selection, exaptation, and potentiating mutations, but also external phenomena in the environment, such as climate cycles and meteorites. 
Recent work by biologist Richard Lenski has looked at the role of potentiating mutations in historical contingency. The ability for multiple neutral mutations to add up and eventually allow for a beneficial mutation provides a vivid counter-example to the intelligent design propaganda of Michael Behe's book The Edge of Evolution.
==See also==
*Lenski affair
*Predestination
==References==
Category:Science
Category:biology
category:evolution
Category: Lenski affair
Category:Thought experiment
History of homosexuality

The history of homosexuality entails discussions of two explicitly different topics: 1) The history of the word itself, underscoring that "homosexual" is a social construct, and 2) a more popular understanding of the concept "homosexuality", through the history of homosexual orientation in general, and how societies have treated people who are attracted to same-sex sexual or romantic partners.
The majority of this article is about the second aspect.
== Modern revisionism addressed ==
PeopleRightwingwatch.org - A Pat Robertson rant and religions that hold anti-homosexual (or anti-LGBT in general) positions tend to present the idea that the so-called "acceptance" of homosexuality is very new, and that homosexuals have been either denigrated throughout the world and history, or have been the downfall of the few societies (namely Greek and Roman)The downfall of Rome actually occurred long after Christianity (which did not accept homosexuality) became its official religion. who allowed forms of open homosexuality — obviously, this wouldn't explain the downfall of other major society groups such as that incredibly gay British Empire, so is really no better than intentional cherry picking. To make it simpler — did "gay" societies meet their doom? Yes. Did closeted "not-gay" societies meet their doom? Yes. Whether a society accepts homosexuality or not has no evident influence on its durability.
Frequently, the anti-homosexual position has argued that the "perversion" simply didn't exist. In fact, this view was the single "compelling argument" offered by the Proponents of California's Proposition 8 in the trial and appeal of the constitutionality of Prop 8. Not surprisingly, that argument failed miserably, as it simply isn't true. Since homosexuality is a natural variation of human sexuality, every single culture throughout the world's history has had to deal with the issue, and many have been open and accepting of it.
== History ==
As addressed before, popular belief among modern not-so-well-informed homophobes is that homosexuality was never widely present in human civilizations until the twentieth century. Ignoring the fact that it wouldn't matter if it was true, the argument is simply erroneous, as societies which accepted homosexuality existed worldwide throughout history, as this chapter will show.
=== Pre-historical or stone age ===
There is no way of knowing if or how homosexual people were understood by, or accepted into the framework of prehistorical people. Since the homosexual orientation is a natural, normal part of human variety, it is without doubt that some individuals felt attraction for the same sex. Whether that attraction would need to be repressed or expressed — we will never know. There are some curious drawings from the Mesolithic culture found in Sicily that show two men with erect phallus, engaged in some activity. Depending on the scholar and the agendas of that scholar, they have been identified as homosexual male lovers, as hunters, or as religious initiates.The image itself
==Notes==
==References==
Category:History
Category:Homosexuality
Hive mind

A "hive mind" is a concept popular in some science fiction-in which life-forms whose minds are telepathically linked share a common consciousness and memories. Hive mind entities are usually presented as insect-like and hostile to humanity. 
This cliche is often interpreted as a metaphor for either or both communism or the Yellow Peril. The logical fallacies of wanting such a hivemind is obvious regardless of politics: a collective becomes so extreme that it becomes inhospitable to the reality in which it lives. Considering its choices, it then attempts to a) create its own reality, dooming it to failure; b) diplomatically engage with groups that still have a sense of diversity and free will (for mutual benefit); or c) attempt to assimilate those same groups into the collective (with all the negative connotations of "assimilate").
There also exists in fiction another version of a hivemind depicted simply as a single individual inhabiting multiple bodies, though usually with identical behavior patterns. These various bodies may or may not also have their own subordinate individual minds.
Some examples from unpopular culture include:
*The "Slugs" in Heinlein's novel The Puppet Masters
*The "Arachnids" in Heinlein's novel Starship Troopers (and derivatively the Buggers in Ender's Game) 
*The "Borg" in the Star Trek universe (see Anders Sandberg's article on Borganisms)
*The creepy kids from the 1960 film Village of the Damned and its 1995 remake Village of the Damned
*The superintelligent emergent/evil transhumans in Edward M. Lerner's 2009 novel Small Miracles
*Phil Foglio's "PSmith" (Unusual, in that PSmith was a population of genetically-engineered humans, and friendly to normal humans.)
*The "Tyranids" in Warhammer 40,000
*The "Flood" in Halo, with the personification/leader of this mind being the Gravemind (who speaks in iambic and trohaic heptameter).
*The "Geth" and "Reapers" in Mass Effect, though the latter's interesting origin story was purged for "artistic integrity" purposes.Though we would have been okay with cuttlefish. (Again, groupthink.)
*The "Cybermen" in the Doctor Who universe. Sometimes.
*"Skynet" in the Terminator film series.
*The "Zerg" from the Starcraft series.
*The "C-Consciousness" in the Ukrainian S.T.A.L.K.E.R. series (and, subsequently, select "prophets" within the fanatic Monolith faction).
* The "Iris", "Woodcrawlers", "Gardeners", "Fake People", "Roots", "Vessels", and the "Wretch" from Gemini Home Entertainment.The Iris - Gemini Home Entertainment Wiki
It has also come into use by some critical of the Internet and especially the "Web 2.0" version of it (blogs, wikis, web based forums, user generated content, and instant text messaging), in the sense that rapid instant exchange of information on a large scale is seen as stifling to diverse and dissenting opinions - generally those of the person making the claim - and leads to social conformity - generally that of kicking out the person making the claim.
==See also==
*Reddit
*Cult
==References==
Hoax-Slayer

Hoax-Slayer was a website dedicated to debunking fake emails, either of the "your distant relative died in Africa" variety, or the political "look what these evil muslims do to their children" sort. 
Hoax-Slayer began in August 2003 after Brett Christiansen started a Yahoo! group about email scams — the website was inspired by the group, which he closed in 2004 to concentrate on the site and its newsletter.
==Coverage==
Hoax-slayer dealt with virus hoaxes, giveaway hoaxes, charity hoaxes, bogus warnings, petitions and protests, chain letters, celebrity hoaxes, pranks, bad advice, funny hoaxes, unsubstantiated emails, missing child hoaxes, phishing and pharming scams, Nigerian scams, payment transfer scams, lottery scams, and dating scams. It also provided information about internet security and viruses.
The website was closed down by the owner in May 2021.
==External links==
*Site archives
==See also==
*Snopes
*MythBusters
Category:Internet
Category:Websites
Hojatoleslam Kazem Sedighi

Hojatoleslam Kazem Sedighi is a senior Iranian cleric and seismologist. 
Among his contributions to seismology is his theorization about a little known cause of earthquakes. On April 16, 2010 he instructed worshipers in Tehran that they should adhere to strict codes of modesty to protect themselves from untoward seismic disturbances: "Many women who do not dress modestly lead young men astray and spread adultery in society which increases earthquakes...What can we do to avoid being buried under the rubble? There is no other solution but to take refuge in religion and to adapt our lives to Islam's moral codes."BBC News: Iranian cleric 'blames quakes on promiscuous women'
Sedighi's claim has been the subject of a fascinating natural experiment proposed by Jey McCreight.Boobquake Their tongue-in-cheek experiment requires that women demonstrate the amazing power of their immodesty in the same timezone,http://travel.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978200249 which would mean they and their sisters not responsible for an earthquake in Taiwan.Taiwan Earthquake, Unrelated Landslide Causing Difficulties However, repeating the same experiment would increase confidence in research findings. 
This is not the first time that Islamic preachers have blamed women for natural disasters. It seems they were also responsible for the Asian tsunami.Women caused Asian tsunami
==See also==
*Fatwa
==References==
Category:Iranians
Category:Living people
Category:Muslims
Category:Purity culture
Category:Rape culture
Category:Sexists
Holiness movement

The holiness movement is a Christian movement dating from the 19th century with its roots in John Wesley's Methodism and in the German Pietist movement. Several of today's denominations are historically Holiness denominations.
==Distinguishing features==
They are distinguishable by two things:
# A strict legalistic personal morality: Holiness denominations are opposed to their members playing cards, attending movies, wearing shorts or jeans, going to public swimming pools, tobacco or alcohol use, or dancing. Holiness churches also tend to take literally parts of the Bible that mainline churches might find embarrassing, and so practice foot washing before taking Communion.
# Holiness churches teach sanctification is a second act of grace after being born again. Being born again brings about salvation and forgiveness of one's sins. A second, later act of grace is sanctification, in which God takes away the believer's sinful nature so their sins are not only forgiven, but they stop sinning at all from then on.
==Arminian==
Holiness churches also tend to hold a strongly Arminian theology and teach that salvation can be easily lost by sinning (in contrast to, for example Baptists and Calvinists, who teach that once saved, always saved).
==Examples==
* Salvation Army
* Wesleyan Church
* Church of the Nazarene
* Christian and Missionary Alliance
* Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)
* Brethren In Christ (which has Mennonite roots and later adopted Wesleyan beliefs)
* Church of the Brethren (which is also a pacifist church with roots in both Anabaptism and German Pietism)
==Less holy than thou==
In recent decades some of these churches have de-emphasized or abandoned some of the more hardcore, holier-than-thouholier than thou aspects of their moral teaching such as no movies, swimming, or shorts, and sanctification as a second act of grace may not get the emphasis it once did either. The Wesleyan, Nazarene, Brethren In Christ, and C&MA churches are nowadays pretty much like any other modern evangelical church, while the Salvation Army has become better known for its charity programs, and the Church of the Brethren for its emphasis on peace and social justice.
Some of the Pentecostal movement has its roots in the Holiness movement. Holiness Pentecostals are distinguishable by their teaching that the "baptism of the Holy Spirit with the initial evidence of speaking in tongues" is the third act of grace (after salvation and sanctification). Other Pentecostals teach that the baptism of the Holy Spirit is the second act of grace. Examples of Holiness Pentecostals:
* Pentecostal Holiness Church (duh)
* Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee): The second largest mostly-white Pentecostal denomination
* Church of God of the Mountain Assembly
* Church of God in Christ: The largest mostly-black Pentecostal denomination
==See also==
*Protestantism
==References==
Category:Christianity
Holocaust envy

"Holocaust envy" is a neologism that describes envy towards the Jews, due to the perception that the international community has endorsed the Jewish people since the Holocaust.
The Holocaust has been a political factor up to present day, as there are Jews and non-Jews who use it to support the claims that Israel is needed as a Jewish homeland (see Zionism). Those who use the term Holocaust envy associate it with Arabs, due to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Holocaust denial can be traced to Holocaust envy. By denying that the Holocaust has happened, one can try to deprive the Jewish people of international support.
Holocaust envy could be compared to fatwa envy, though they are fundamentally different. While Holocaust envy is a desire to receive compassion or compensation, fatwa envy is a desire to use force. In other words, Muslims are envied since a few Muslims kill, while Jews are envied since many of them were killed. One aspect of the latter is the emphasis some Christians put on the (supposed) persecution of Christians during the Third Reich. The problem with this argument, however, is that Christians were not persecuted merely for being Christians,Even the systematic persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses was not due to their religious beliefs, but because these beliefs led them to refuse to comply with conscription, i.e. they were persecuted due to their actions, not simply because of who they were. whereas Jews were persecuted merely for who they were.
==See also==
* Holocaust profit controversy
* Genocide conspiracy
* Martyr
* Palestine
*Nazis
*Holodomor
==Further reading==
* http://www.jsantisemitism.org/articles/BrahmJSA227.pdf
* http://adamash.blogspot.se/2006/10/weird-thing-called-holocaust-envy.html
==Notes==
Category:Antisemitism
Category:Holocaust
Category:Neologisms
Category:Racism
Category:World War II
Holy

Holy or sacred are religious terms which strictly mean "designated for spiritual use". More informally, these terms are used to describe a person, place, or thing that conveys "supernatural" feelings.
Holy things are held in veneration by followers of the relevant religion, and followers of other religions (or none) are usually expected to respect this. In dualistic terms, what is "holy" is the opposite of that which is "profane".
The Hebrew word קָדוֹשׁ (transliterated as "qadosh" or "kadosh") is typically translated in the Bible as "holy", but literally means "set aside for a purpose".
==Religious use==
*Holy places can be churches, temples, mountains, places a religious leader came from or went to (e.g. Mecca, or the Holy Land), or places that seem to convey something "other worldly", such as the caves of Lascaux or the wind tunnels in Southern Colorado.
*Holy books or holy words are generally writings and sayings which are ascribed to the supernatural leader or the god(s) of that religion.
*Holy artifacts can be relics associated with religious leaders, animal skulls found in odd places, rocks that are oddly colored, or human-made tools of the trade, like the Ark of the Covenant.
*Holy days, found in most religions, are days in which instead of doing ordinary tasks such as working, people get to sit on their rears adoring God or doing whatever else it is their religion considers holy. These holy days have evolved into our "holidays".
==Secular use==
The term "holy" is often applied in the secular world to things which a group has deemed "off limits" to criticism. Players or coaches of a sports team might be considered "holy" to the locals. Political leaders will speak of a particular tax plan or omnibus bill as "holy" if they are chastised by another for challenging it. Texts, particular to non-religious groups, might be called "holy" if it is discouraged or disallowed for members of the group to question them.
==See also==
*Holy Blood, Holy Grail — a conspiracy book about the Holy Grail
*Holy Grail — a hypothetical Christian relic
*Holy Foreskin — the "fishes and loaves" of circumcision
*Holy Koolaid — a freethought blog
*Holy Lance — another relic
*Holy Land — land of endless war
*Holy Land Experience — a method for Trinity Broadcasting Network to extract more money from sheeple
*Holy Spirit — part of the Trinity
*Holy water
*The Sacred and the Profane
Category:Religious terms
Holy Koolaid

Holy Koolaid is a blog and YouTube channel created by Thomas Westbrook in 2015 in hopes of promoting curiosity and spreading freethought. According to the about page, it's "a movement to promote scientific skepticism, freedom of speech, thought, and assembly, and encourage freedom of (as well as freedom from) religion."http://www.holykoolaid.com/about/ The show generally has a friendly approach, attempting to tear down walls and build bridges, in hopes of removing the stigma that surrounds atheism in much of the world. In an interview on the Naked Diner Podcast, Thomas stated, "I want Holy Koolaid to be about more than just religion… atheism just answers one question. I want it to be about freedom."http://www.stitcher.com/podcast/naked-diner/e/50088791
==YouTube channel==
Holy Koolaid releases videos (usually cartoons) every Saturday, covering a wide range of topics ranging from philosophy to religion to science in a series called Sapient Saturdays. Occasionally, Holy Koolaid also does live streams and interviews, and has had Hemant Mehta (The Friendly Atheist) and the street epistemologist Anthony Magnabosco on the show.https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCTNr4WPOQ96eiXblpZNlEEkrLhwaBN2o Within six months of Thomas becoming a full-time YouTube activist, Holy Koolaid went from a few hundred to over 22,000 subscribers, with almost 1.5 million total views.
===Most popular video===
In late 2016, David Smalley, of the Dogma Debate podcast, had a debate with Pastor Matt Slick about morality.http://www.thebibleandbeerconsortium.com/event/bbc-debate-matt-slick-david-smalley-is-the-god-of-the-old-testament-a-moral-monster When they opened the debate up for questions, Thomas Westbrook asked Pastor Slick the same exact question that led Slick's daughter away from her faith:
"If God was absolutely moral, because morality was absolute, and if the nature of 'right' and 'wrong' surpassed space, time, and existence, and if it was as much a fundamental property of reality as math, then why were some things a sin in the Old Testament but not a sin in the New Testament?"http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2013/07/15/the-atheist-daughter-of-a-notable-christian-apologist-shares-her-story/
Thomas then made a response video on Holy Koolaid refuting Slick's reply. The video was picked up on Patheos by Hemant Mehta,http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2016/10/06/can-a-christian-apologist-answer-the-question-that-turned-his-daughter-into-an-atheist/ and has received over 400,000 views.
==Blog==
The transcripts to each video are usually added to the site in blog format, and the host, Thomas, also enjoys engaging in meme warfare by making funny memes about religion and atheism. Thomas expressed via live stream that he wants to create a variety of useful resources for the secular community.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFd81Esl1z8 Shortly afterward, he created a page on his blog with a list of atheist communities to help non-believers get connected with local secular groups.
==External links==
*Website
*YouTube channel
*Twitter
==References==
Category:Skeptics
Category:YouTube
Category:Atheists
Category:Blogs
Category:Living people
Holy book

A holy book is a text sacred to a particular religion. Not to be confused with a holey book, a book that has been eaten by worms, though there is some overlap between the two categories.
==Notable holy books==
:In order of approximate publication dates:
* The Vedas (~1500 BCE)Internet Sacred Text Archives: Hindusim — The Vedas
* The (primary texts written during 8th-6th Century BCE, but several minor texts produced as late as the 1500s.)Internet Sacred Text Archive: The Upanishads
* The Avesta (Zoroastrianism)
* The Torah (compiled between 600-400 BCE from scrolls dating back to 1200 BCE)The Hebrew Bible in English Or maybe a much later date…This discusses some of the issues.
* The Tao Te Ching (6th century BCE)Encyclopedia Britannica: Lao-tzu
* The Mozi (Mohism, c. 5th century BC)
* The Bible (compiled from books written between 1200 BCE and 150-200 CE)BibleGateway.com (Incorporates the Torah, q.v. above.)
* The Qur'an (roughly 650 CE)Mr. Mohammed, Esq.
* Bardo Thodol/Tibetan Book of the Dead (14th century/1927)
* The of Sikhism
* Calculus textbooks (17th century)See Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, as in "simultaneously and independently", as they say in College Bowls.
* The Book of Mormon (19th century)Joseph Smith
* The Aqdas (19th century)
* The Canonical Codes (Cao Dai, 1920s)
* Dianetics (20th century)L. Ron Hubbard
* The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (20th century)The honourable Douglas Adams
* The Principia Discordia (20th century)The Wholey Booque of Discordians Everywhere
* The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster (21st Century)
==See also==
* Holy
* The Sacred and the Profane
==References==
Category:Lists
Category:Religious terms