nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
CSDMS 2016 annual meeting poster LaurenWheeler

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during SEN - CSDMS annual meeting 2016</font>
=The influence of elevation on the isotopic composition of orographically enhanced precipitation=
Lauren Wheeler, University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico, United States. <Small>laurenwheeler@unm.edu</small>Joseph Galewsky, University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico, United States. 
Abstract:
Windward isotope proxies of precipitation preserved in the geologic record are commonly used to determine the uplift history of a mountain range. In a 2D model of orographic precipitation, the incoming air is lifted and cooled, and the heavier isotopes are preferentially condensed and rained out along the windward path. Windward isotope-based paleoaltimetry assumes that changes in elevation do not significantly alter the distribution of the precipitation and the isotopic composition of that precipitation. Studies have shown that increased elevation acts to shift orographic precipitation upstream of the mountain range and that the isotopic composition of that precipitation diverges from Rayleigh condensation models. Pure orographic precipitation is rare though; more common is orographically enhanced precipitation. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model V3.5.1 we test how changes in elevation and topographic configuration can affect the distribution of orographically enhanced precipitation and isotopic composition on the windward face of mountain ranges. We use the Baroclinic Wave model in WRF, an idealized model that establishes a storm system that dominates weather in the mid-latitudes. The model includes two modifications: the addition of topography to the model setup and an isotope physics calculation included into the full microphysics scheme. The isotope physics are incorporated in the pre-existing Kessler microphysics scheme within WRF, which is altered to include a Perfect Precipitation model (PPM). Precipitation is generated in the PPM when a gridpoint reaches saturation, the water vapor is condensed and falls out as precipitation. Isotope tracers for the initial water vapor mixing ratio and δ18O are added to the PPM and advected and modified within the full microphysics scheme. The isotopic fractionation takes place upon condensation according to temperature-dependent equilibrium factors.
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CSDMS 2016 annual meeting poster LeslieHsu

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during SEN - CSDMS annual meeting 2016</font>
=Solving data and model integration challenges with Communities of Practice: The Sediment Experimentalist Network (SEN) and the USGS Community for Data Integration (CDI)=
Leslie Hsu, U.S. Geological Survey Denver Colorado, United States. lhsu@usgs.gov
Abstract:
Active research in Earth surface dynamics is increasingly interdisciplinary and collaborative, making it necessary to find and integrate data and models from many different sources. Discovering and integrating data and models from disparate sources is often a time-consuming and near-impossible process. Scientific communities of practice such as the Sediment Experimentalist Network (SEN) and the USGS Community for Data Integration (CDI) help users to make collaborative connections and solve data and model integration challenges. These communities accelerate the discovery of existing data and tools, expose common questions and answers to a wide audience, and collectively tackle shared community challenges such as standards for description and integration. This poster presents outcomes from SEN and CDI that may be useful for the Community Surface Dynamics Modeling System (CSDMS).
Sediment Experimentalist Network: http://earthcube.org/group/sen
USGS Community for Data Integration: http://www.usgs.gov/cdi/
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CSDMS 2016 annual meeting poster MahdadTalebpour

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during SEN - CSDMS annual meeting 2016</font>
=Numerical Modelling of Secondary Currents of Second Type Caused by Bed Roughness Variations=
Mahdad Talebpour, Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania, United States. mahdad@psu.eduXiaofeng Liu, Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania, United States. 
Abstract:
Secondary current in open channels have been long recognized as an important mechanism to alter the path of sediment particle motion and consequently change the river and land surface evolution. Researchers have identified two different kinds of secondary current: the first kind due to curvature in a river bend and the second kind due to turbulence anisotropy. This study demonstrates numerical investigations of the second kind in straight open channels, induced by bed roughness variations. The study incorporates a non-linear fourth-order k − ω model able to capture anisotropy of turbulence. The k − ω formulation of the model enables implementation of roughness and resolving the near wall flow. This study benefited from an experimental case study to calibrate the roughness parameter implemented in the model. Based on these calibrations, a new range of roughness parameter was introduced enable the model to simulate 3-D flow structure of open channels with rough and smooth strips. For the validation purpose, the model and the new roughness parameter were tested on different case studies. Not only the patterns and mean flow and turbulence statistics were predicted, but also the model was capable of producing almost similar velocity profile for both transverse and vertical directions, along the vertical lines, which have been never shown in previous numerical studies. The results suggest that the arbitrary proposed values in literature are not suitable for simulating open channel flows with different roughness strips on the walls. The calibrated simulation results are further used for more detailed analysis on the momentum and vorticity budget. These analyses would help investigating hypotheses on mechanism of initiation of secondary currents. Furthermore, the data provided by the model will be utilized to model the sediment transport caused by this kind of secondary current in open channels.
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CSDMS 2016 annual meeting poster MariaStoica

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during SEN - CSDMS annual meeting 2016</font>
=Extending the CSDMS Standard Names template to include aquatic chemistry terms=
Maria Stoica, CU Boulder, INSTAAR Boulder CO Colorado, United States. maria.stoica@colorado.eduScott Peckham, CU Boulder Boulder CO Colorado, United States. scott.peckham@colorado.edu
Abstract:
The CSDMS standard names support component coupling within the CSDMS modeling framework by supplying a common language bridge, or lingua franca, for input and output semantic variable matching. In this work we extend the rules for constructing CSDMS standard names to include the aquatic chemistry terms used by the Water Quality Portal, a collaborative database that brings together water quality data collected by the USGS, EPA, and USDA. This effort will result in the addition of at least 5,000 new unique standard names, providing a wider breadth of model discovery and coupling capabilities.
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CSDMS 2016 annual meeting poster MaxDaniller-Varghese

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during SEN - CSDMS annual meeting 2016</font>
=An experimental investigation of mouth bar formation with vegetation=
Max Daniller-Varghese, The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas, United States. maxdv@utexas.eduWonsuck Kim, The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas, United States. delta@jsg.utexas.edu
Abstract:
Delta networks are systems of interconnected channel-island nodes, their size and organization dictating delta morphology. When a sediment-laden channel enters slack water, it loses momentum and carrying capacity, dropping its sediment. As sediment accumulates, flow moves around it and a mouth bar island forms. While this process has been numerically modeled, physical experiments of this process have proven challenging. We present an experimental investigation using the Sediment Transport and Earth-surface Processes (STEP) basin. We made mouth bar deposits with a jet flow at a range of discharges (0.1-0.5 l/s) over intermittent flood-interflood cycles. The experiment has a flat, 5 cm thick sediment layer confined on three sides and open on the downstream end, a 5 cm flow depth above the sediment, and a backing berm at angle of repose so the opening angle can self-organize. Over the course of high and low discharge events, the deposit reworks from a parabolic to a barchanoid mouth bar.
In natural systems, vegetation plays an important role in generating and damping sediment transport, but these effects have not yet been applied to mouth bar formation and their consequences for delta island evolution. More work will be conducted on the effects vegetation has in turbulent production and the effect on sediment routing and island evolution.
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CSDMS 2016 annual meeting poster MichaelTurzewski

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during SEN - CSDMS annual meeting 2016</font>
=Reconciling geomorphic observations with simulations of a modern landslide-dam outburst flood using GeoClaw software, eastern Himalaya=
Michael Turzewski, University of Washington Seattle Washington, United States. zewski@uw.eduKatharine Huntington, University of Washington Seattle Washington, United States. kate1@uw.eduRandall LeVeque, University of Washington Seattle Washington, United States. rjl@uw.edu
Abstract:
High-magnitude (>10^5 m^3/s) outburst floods have the potential to dramatically alter landscapes and greatly impact human lives and infrastructure. Numerical modeling can help us understand the hydraulics of these infrequent and difficult to observe floods, but their scale makes simulation challenging and computationally expensive, particularly where rugged mountain topography produces complex flow hydraulics. Here we simulate the second largest historical outburst flood on record using GeoClaw open source software for modeling geophysical flows, and ground-truth the results of these simulations using observations and geomorphic evidence of the event. This landslide-dam outburst flood was sourced in Tibet on the Yigong River in June 2000, scouring vegetation, triggering landslides and depositing flood sands in hydraulically sheltered areas downstream. We mapped these features in the field and remotely using Google Earth and Landsat-7 imagery, and simulated the flood with a reconstructed 2 km^3 impounded lake using instantaneous dam failure. Our simulations overestimate the reported peak discharge just downstream of the outburst, but produce flow depths that match reported flood stage at locations up to 450 km downstream. Key flood characteristics for hazard prediction like downstream patterns of inundation and flow depth are relatively insensitive to the chosen roughness parameter in GeoClaw. While the magnitudes of simulated velocities and momentum fluxes can vary greatly as a function of the chosen Manning coefficient, the spatial patterns of velocity and momentum flux are robust over a range of chosen values. GeoClaw simulations (1) produce peak velocities and momentum fluxes in locations that correlate with landslides that were observed directly after the event and (2) produce inundation patterns and flow depths consistent with the style of deposition observed in locations far downstream, displaying a clear link between flood hydraulics and geomorphic change due to erosion and deposition. Results suggest that GeoClaw can accurately simulate high-magnitude outburst flood events through mountainous topography, showing the potential of this modeling approach to improve both hazard predictions and our understanding of the geomorphic impact of outburst floods.
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CSDMS 2016 annual meeting poster MistyPorter

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during SEN - CSDMS annual meeting 2016</font>
=Methods for Visualizing Landscape Desiccation as a Result of Over-pumping with Application to the High Plains Aquifer in Western Kansas=
Misty Porter, University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas, United States.Mary Hill, University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas, United States. 
Abstract:
Resource scarcity is becoming ever-more pertinent as environmental assets like arable land and water have been developed extensively. For example, major agricultural centers in western Kansas have seen the saturated thickness of the High Plains Aquifer (HPA) decline rapidly, which has resulted in landscape desiccation. Yet even in such a dramatically affected area, many people are still unaware of the consequences of large-scale groundwater depletion. Combining open data sources with modern computer technology will enable the development a visual representation of data that will aid in understanding the impacts of historical, current, and future decisions of pumping. An online, time-evolving, interactive map correlating climatic conditions and pumping the HPA with the timing of the conversion of perennial streams to ephemeral will be an effective platform for portraying receding streams as groundwater is depleted without the recharge necessary to replenish it. Interactive aspects will include control of the spatial and temporal display, along with selection of point-specific series plots, which will allow the evolution of this resource to be more visceral than has previously been possible. The methods developed for this work will result in a fluid interface to improve community education and an effective tool to assist in policy-making as stakeholders are enabled to clearly see the relations between data and landscape.
* Please acknowledge the original contributors when you are using this material. If there are any copyright issues, please let us know and we will respond as soon as possible.
CSDMS 2016 annual meeting poster MitchellDonovan

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during SEN - CSDMS annual meeting 2016</font>
=Temporal changes in channel migration and the influence of temporal measurement-scale=
Mitchell Donovan, Utah State University Logan Utah, United States, Belgium. mdonovan@aggiemail.usu.eduPatrick Belmont, Utah State University Logan Utah, United States.Bastiaan Notebaert, University of Leuven - KU Leuven Leuven , Belgium.
Abstract:
Increased availability of landscape-scale aerial photography and high-resolution topography (HRT) have enabled scientists to document landscape and riverine change over broad spatial and temporal scales. Contemporary geomorphic research has focused on fluvial changes and their connection to anthropogenic land-use shifts using aerial photographs and HRT. However, the community has overlooked the impact of temporal and spatial measurement scales in results, and thus, inferences on measured geomorphic change. Biases resulting from different temporal measurement scales have resulted in false conclusions for research on sedimentation rates (Sadler, 1981; Gardner et al., 1987). As the uprising of historical and contemporary datasets aid our attempts to understand landscape-scale changes over the past century, we must discern new obstacles in our haste to utilize such unique datasets. As researchers increasingly utilize the combination of historical and contemporary datasets, we must discern biases arising from differing measurement scales in order to avoid widespread fallacies in studies relating anthropogenic and fluvial change. Analyzing 11 sets of aerial photographs for measurements of lateral migration over space and time indicates that migration rates do not exhibit a systematic shift over time, but specific river zones are relatively more active. Furthermore, measurement-scale biases indeed arise from the time elapsed between measurements. Future work will combines these results with previously published datasets of lateral migration (based on aerial photographs) to answer whether such scaling effects are similar for all datasets, and if a universal scaling principle may be adopted for such measurements of channel change.
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CSDMS 2016 annual meeting poster MorganeHoussais

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during SEN - CSDMS annual meeting 2016</font>
=Toward a unifying constitutive relation for sediment transport across environments=
Morgane Houssais, Lavish Institute - City College of New York New York New York, United States. houssais.morgane@gmail.comDouglas Jerolmack, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania, United States. sediment@sas.upenn.edu
Abstract:
Landscape evolution models typically parse the environment into different process domains, each with its own sediment transport law: e.g., soil creep, landslides and debris flows, and river bed-load and suspended-sediment transport. Sediment transport in all environments, however, contains many of the same physical ingredients, albeit in varying proportions: grain entrainment due to a shear force, that is a combination of fluid flow, particle-particle friction and gravity. We present a new take on the perspective originally advanced by Bagnold, that views the long profile of a hillsope-river-shelf system as a continuous gradient of decreasing granular friction dominance and increasing fluid drag dominance on transport capacity. Recent advances in understanding the behavior and regime transitions of dense granular systems suggest that the entire span of granular-to-fluid regimes may be accommodated by a single-phase rheology. This model predicts a material-flow effective friction (or viscosity) that changes with the degree of shear rate and confining pressure. We present experimental results confirming that fluid-driven sediment transport follows this same rheology, for bed and suspended load. Surprisingly, below the apparent threshold of motion we observe that sediment particles creep, in a manner characteristic of glassy systems. We argue that this mechanism is relevant for both hillslopes and rivers. We discuss the possibilities of unifying sediment transport across environments and disciplines, and the potential consequences for modeling landscape evolution.
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CSDMS 2016 annual meeting poster NickRichmond

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during SEN - CSDMS annual meeting 2016</font>
=Investigating Sediment Mobilization in Dammed Fluvial Systems Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics=
Nick Richmond, University of Maine Orono Maine, United States. Nicholas.richmond@maine.eduLynn Kaluzienski, University of Maine Orono Maine, United States. Lynn.kaluzienski@maine.eduSamuel Roy, University of Maine Orono Maine, United States. Sgroy27@gmail.comPeter Koons, University of Maine Orono Maine, United States. Peter.koons@maine.edu
Abstract:
When dams are removed, the resulting sediment mobilization alters downstream fluvial dynamics and disrupts critical zone processes. Most methods used to model fluvial hydrodynamics are restricted to one or two dimensions, which limits description of small-scale motion and nuanced flow regimes that contribute to sediment advection. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) provides solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations and allows interactions between weakly-compressible fluids and solid structures to be resolved in three-dimensional space. By adapting smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations to fluvial systems, the sediment mobilization potential associated with dam removal can be investigated for dammed fluvial systems in Maine’s Penobscot River. By rendering natural environments as boundary conditions using LiDAR coupled with bathymetric data, SPH simulations can be calibrated with observed fluvial hydrodynamics in the Penobscot River. Incorporating sediment advection, periodic boundary conditions, and buoyant incompressible solids into the SPH framework provides detailed solutions which will be used to simulate the acute impacts of dam removal on the Penobscot River’s hydrodynamics and biological habitats.
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CSDMS 2016 annual meeting poster PhilipSchoettle-Greene

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during SEN - CSDMS annual meeting 2016</font>
=Lithologic and tectonic controls on the influence of exhuming paleo-relief in landscape evolution=
Philip Schoettle-Greene, University of Washington Seattle Washington, United States. schoep@uw.eduAlison Duvall, University of Washington Seattle Washington, United States.
Abstract:
The susceptibility of a landscape to denudation is known to vary widely with lithology.
In eroding landscapes, where exhumation brings a variety of bedrock types to the surface, this can play a first-order role in the development of drainage patterns. No more spectacularly is the influence of lithology on landscape evolution displayed than in regions of inverted relief. In these cases, indurated valley fill is 'inverted' by subsequent erosion of less competent ridges, leaving a landscape where former channel bottoms occupy significantly higher topography than currently active channels. We describe these features as the product of topographic inheritance. While inverted relief is observed on Earth as well as Mars, the mechanisms that promote relief inversion are only intuitively understood. We hypothesize that the ratio of erodability between preserved and active landscape lithologies, present-to-paleo drainage orientation, and fluvial incision rate interact, with varying levels of importance, to drive relief inversion. To explore this hypothesis, a series of numerical experiments are designed to exhume a buried landscape of preexisting topography. The erodablity of the buried landscape as well as the rate and style of uplift in the model domain will be varied systematically to determine the conditions that promote topographic inheritance in eroding landscapes.
* Please acknowledge the original contributors when you are using this material. If there are any copyright issues, please let us know and we will respond as soon as possible.