nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Global Positioning System (GPS)

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based radio navigation system. Anyone on the surface of the earth (or in space around the earth) with a GPS receiver can determine their geographic position in latitude, longitude, and elevation. Latitude and longitude are usually given in units of degrees (sometimes delineated to degrees, minutes, and seconds); elevation is usually given in distance units above a reference such as mean sea level or the geoid, which is a model of the shape of the earth. 
Because these positions are based on an earth-referenced coordinate system, the positions are universal and repeatable, which means you can identify a location with latitude, longitude, and elevation, and anyone should be able to go to that location or find it on any map. 
GPS was originally designed by the U.S. Department of Defense for military use, to help locate troops and equipment and guide tactical weapons. It consists of 24 satellites (plus a few spares) orbiting the earth, with an orbital period of about 12 hours. Each satellite transmits radio signals that can be used to compute a position or location. 
GPS is used to improve safety and security, develop more efficient transportation systems, and improve agricultural production, among other things. It is a cornerstone of precision agriculture.
== References ==
Global Reporting Initiative

GRI is a provider of widely used sustainability disclosure standards for organizations. GRI sets standards for impact reporting. Following an independent, multi-stakeholder process, GRI
maintains the sustainability reporting standards and makes them available as a free public good. 
== History ==
In 1997, GRI was founded in Boston as the organization charged with creating the first accountability mechanism to ensure companies adhere to responsible environmental conduct principles. The impetus was public outcry over the environmental damage caused by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. In 2001, GRI was established as an independent, non-profit institution. In 2002, the GRI's Secretariat relocated to Amsterdam, The Netherlands. GRI has grown since. Its current network has locations in Brazil (2007), China (2009), India (2010), USA (2011), South Africa (2013), Colombia (2014) and Singapore (2019). GRI has a two-tier board structure that includes a management board and a supervisory board. The updated governance structure was announced in October 2021.
== Products and Services ==
At its inception, GRI developed a global framework for sustainability reporting known as the GRI guidelines.
* GRI Guidelines, G1, were published in 2001.
* GRI Guidelines update G2 in 2002. 
* GRI Guidelines update G3 in 2006. 
* GRI Guidelines update G4 in 2013.
In 2016, GRI developed global standards for sustainability reporting. The GRI Standards are tools that allow an organization to understand and report on its impacts on the economy, environment and people in a comparable and credible way. The Standards are relevant to reporting companies and other stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, capital markets, and civil society. ​Designed as a modular set, the Standards deliver a picture of an organization's material topics, their related impacts, and how they are managed.
 
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
.
Global warming index

Investment bank UBS is trying to change weather investing by launching the first Global Warming Index (GWI). The first Global Warming index allows businesses most affected by the uncertainty of climate change – from ice-cream salesmen to makers of winter coats – to hedge their profits against it in a simple and transparent fashion . Retail and institutional investors will also be able to buy exposure to, or short sell, the index in much the same way they would with the FTSE or Dow Jones stock indices. If temperatures rise, so will the value of the index.
The UBS index will initially be based on 15 US cities, including New York, Chicago, Atlanta and Las Vegas, because these are the ones most actively traded on the CME. However, as the market continued to grow, cities in other regions such as London, Tokyo and Paris were likely to be added.
UBS hopes the index will turn the complex business of investing in the world’s weather into a popular asset class, one that is entirely uncorrelated with returns in other assets such as stocks or bonds .
==Methodology==
The UBS-GWI is initially composed of weather monthly futures contracts (HDD, CDD) of 15 U.S cities, which are traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) and grouped in four U.S. regions:
*Northeast (New York, Boston, Cincinnati, Philadelphia)
*Midwest (Chicago, Des Moines, Kansas City, Minneapolis)
*West (Las Vegas, Portland, Sacramento, Tucson)
*South (Atlanta, Dallas, Houston). .
 
== References ==
==Resources==
UBS Greenhouse Index
Category:Weather
Category:Climate
GoTenna

GoTenna produces antennae that are useable with smartphones to communicate by text with other smartphones using goTenna devices. 
In May 2018 the company announced that it was launching a bitcoin wallet in cooperation with Samourai Wallet that can function without the user being connected to the internet. "You need to be able to spend your bitcoin even in disaster areas," according to goTenna engineer Richard Myers. Using goTenna's txTenna, the signal looks for another goTenna user which if enmeshed with other users looks for one connected to the internet in order to spend or collect bitcoin in the wallet. 
Below is a picture of a goTenna mesh device. Keys sold separately. 
Image:GoTenna on keychain.png200px
== John Lothian News ==
goTenna was highlighted in a recap of Consensus 2018 by contributing editor Chuck Mackie. You can read the article here.
== References ==
Category:Bitcoin
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Gold Bullion International

__NOTOC__
Gold Bullion International (GBI) is an institutional precious metals provider that merges its technology with existing systems at wealth management firms. GBI partners with dealers and refiners for purchasing, and then with commercial vaulting providers for storage and insurance.
== History ==
GBI was founded in 2009. The company has four physical storage locations: New York, Salt Lake City, London and Zurich.
In March 2012, GBI's Sunil Annapareddy talked to John Lothian News about physical buying and how technology plays a critical role in the process. (See Five Minutes With Sunil Annapareddy)
== Products and Services ==
GBI offers gold, silver, palladium and platinum on an "allocated" whole bar basis.
== Key People ==
*Savneet Singh, CEO
*Sunil Annapareddy, Vice President, Marketing & Business Development
== References ==
Category:Metals
Gold Fields Limited

Gold Fields Limited engages in the acquisition, exploration, development, and production of gold properties, and it also explores for copper. The company holds interests in mines located in South Africa, Ghana, Australia, and Peru. It has total attributable gold equivalent mineral reserves of 78 million ounces and mineral resources of 281 million ounces.
Alamos Gold Inc. is a member of the World Gold Council.
== History ==
The company was founded in 1968 and is based in Sandton, South Africa.
== Products and Services ==
Gold Fields is primarily involved in underground and surface gold and copper mining and related activities, including exploration, extraction, processing and smelting. Gold Fields also has an interest in a platinum group metal exploration project in Finland.
The majority of Gold Fields’ operations, based on gold production, are located in South Africa. Its South African operations are Driefontein, Kloof, Beatrix and South Deep. Gold Fields also owns the St. Ives and Agnew gold mining operations in Australia and has a 71.1% interest in each of the Tarkwa gold mine and the Damang gold mine in Ghana. Gold Fields also owns an 80.72 percent economic interest in the Cerro Corona mine. 
In addition, Gold Fields has gold and other precious metal exploration activities and interests in Africa, Eurasia, Australasia and the Americas. As of June 30, 2010, Gold Fields had reserves of approximately 78 million ounces, including copper expressed as gold equivalent ounces. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2010 (fiscal 2010), Gold Fields processed 56.7 million tons of ore and produced 3.84 million ounces of gold.
== Key People ==
*Chief Executive Officer, Nicholas J Holland 
*Senior Vice President, Sustainable Development, Naseem Chohan 
*Senior Vice President: Corporate Development, Jimmy WD Dowsley 
== References ==
Category:Gold
Category:Metals
Category:Gold Mining Companies
Category:World Gold Council Member
Goldcorp Inc.

Goldcorp Inc. (Goldcorp) is a gold producer engaged in the operating, exploration, development and acquisition of precious metal properties in Canada, the United States, Mexico and Central and South America. 
The company’s producing mining properties are comprised of the Red Lake, Porcupine and Musselwhite gold mines in Canada; the San Dimas gold/silver and Los Filos and El Sauzal gold mines in Mexico; the Marlin gold/silver mine in Guatemala; the Alumbrera gold/copper mine in Argentina; and the Marigold and Wharf gold mines in the United States.
Goldcorp Inc. is a member of the World Gold Council.
== History ==
The company's predecessor was incorporated in Ontario as Goldcorp Investments Limited on Nov. 29, 1954, and its name was changed to Goldcorp Inc. on Aug. 30, 1991.
On Feb. 24, 2010, Goldcorp sold 21.2% interest in the Morelos gold project in Mexico.
On Feb. 16, 2010, Goldcorp acquired the New Gold subsidiary.
On Feb. 4, 2010, Goldcorp acquired Canplats Resources Corporation (Canplats). Goldcorp holds a 100 percent interest in the Camino Rojo gold/silver project in Mexico (the Camino Rojo project). 
On Oct. 13, 2009, the company disposed of its 7 percent investment in New Gold Inc. (New Gold).
In October 2010, the company announced the completion of the sale of its investment in Terrane Metals Corp. to Thompson Creek Metals Inc.
== Products and Services ==
Goldcorp's development projects include the Penasquito gold/silver/zinc/lead and Noche Buena gold/silver projects in Mexico; the Cochenour, Eleonore and Hollinger gold projects in Canada; the Cerro Blanco gold/silver project in Guatemala; and the Pueblo Viejo gold project in the Dominican Republic.
== Key People ==
*President and Chief Executive Officer, Charles A. Jeannes 
*Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Lindsay Hall
*Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, Steve Reid
*Executive Vice President, Corporate Affairs and General Counsel,David Deisley
== References ==
Category:Gold
Category:Metals
Category:Gold Mining Companies
Category:World Gold Council Member
Goldenberg, Hehmeyer & Co.

Goldenberg, Hehmeyer & Co. was a futures commission merchant acquired by Penson Worldwide, Inc. in 2007 to form Penson GHCO. Penson GHCO was later renamed Penson Futures.
The firm was founded by Christopher Hehmeyer and Ralph I. Goldenberg.
== Registration Information == 
*
== References ==
Category:Futures Commission Merchants
Category:Clearing Firms
Category:Acquired Companies
Gordana Dostanic

Gordana Dostanic was initially appointed mananging director of the Belgrade Stock Exchange (Belex) on August 28, 2002, and continues to hold the position. A prolific author of industry analysis, she first joined Belex in 1992, three years after it was founded following the fall of communism, after earlier jobs in the Serbian banking and finance industry.
==Background==
Dostanic worked for Serbian banks Drvni Kombinat Sremska Mitrovica, Interna banka Vojvodina and Savezna direkcija za robne rezerve after graduating. She joined Belex in 1992 as assistant trading director and following her promotion to MD in 2002 she began writing and editing on a wide range of topics covering local and international securities markets, including a groundbreaking Serbian textbook entitled "The Capital Market". She was also awarded "Manager of the Year in Banking and Finance 2005" by Serbian business journalists.
==Education==
Dostanic graduated from the Belgrade University of Economics in 1978 with a degree in Finance and Accounting. She is also a licensed acccountant and broker.
== References ==
Gordon Bennett

__NOTOC__ 
Gordon Bennett is British business executive and environmental finance leader, currently serving as the managing director of utility markets and global head of environmental markets at Intercontinental Exchange (ICE). He is recognized for his significant contributions to the finance and utility sectors and has been pivotal in driving initiatives that intersect market operations with environmental sustainability.
Beyond his primary role at ICE, Bennett is a non-executive Director of ICE Futures Abu Dhabi and ICE Endex, where he also serves on the audit committee. He became a strategic advisory board member of BeZero Carbon in November 2022 and has been a non-executive director at Spark Commodities since December 2021.
In 2022, Gordon Bennett was honored as Environmental Finance’s Sustainability Business Leader of the Year. He also co-founded the ICE Sustainable Finance Working Group and serves on several boards and committees:
*Member of the steering committee of the City of London VCM Forum
*Member of the Nature Based Solutions Working Group of the Sustainable Markets Initiative
*Member of the Climate Financial Risk Forum’s Transition to Net Zero Working Group
*Advisory board member of the Energy Policy Research Group at the University of Cambridge
== Background ==
Bennett’s career spans over two decades in the financial sector, beginning in audit and financial control. He worked at Arthur Andersen & Co. and Smith & Williamson in London before moving into more senior roles in the energy sector.
Bennett served as CEO and later as chief financial officer and managing director of North America for Sprectron. Later, at Marex her served as managing director and global head of energy, where he was a member of the executive committee.
He joined ICE in February 2015, helping to expand the company's utility and environmental markets. He has helped develop trading platforms that facilitate the trading of carbon credits and renewable energy certificates, helping companies manage environmental risks and compliance.
== Education ==
Bennett was educated at the University of Edinburgh, where he earned a Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Chemistry.
==Video==
== References ==	
Category:Marex - Former Employees
Category:Spectron - Former Employees
Category:Arthur Anderson - Former Employees
Gordon D. Linn

__NOTOC__ 
Gordon Linn is the President of the Linn Group, a Futures Commission Merchant, and is a member of the Chicago Board of Trade.
== Background == 
He spent his early years on a grain and cattle farm in Central Iowa. After college, he launched a career in grain merchandising with Cargill in Minneapolis, subsequently moving to Chicago where he became a member of the CBOT. As president of Lincoln Commodities and Linnco, Gordon focused on corporate hedging services and worldwide Introducing Broker clearing activities.
Linn launched the first PC-based order entry system (LEO) in 1989 after creating the leading private satellite digitized voice network for clients just a year earlier. He served as chairman of the technology committee of the CBOT for two years, and twice served as chairman of special order flow and Floor Design Task Forces for the exchange.
He was a candidate for a two-year term as Second Vice Chairman of the Board of the CBOT in 1998. Linn served on the board of the CBOT for six years and served on the executive committee of the exchange. He also served five years as chairman of the CBOT's FCM committee, and five years as a member of the Finance Committee. 
Linn twice served as Chairman of the International Futures Exposition, held in Chicago each year.
He and his wife Judith reside in Hinsdale, Illinois where they are active foster parents for the State of Illinois.
== References ==	
Category:Futures Brokers
Category:CBOT Members
Category:Linn Group
Category:Linn Group
Category:FCM Executives
Gordon M. Nixon

__NOTOC__ 
Gordon Nixon is the president and chief executive officer of RBC, the brand name for Royal Bank of Canada and its subsidiaries. He is also a director of Royal Bank of Canada and chairman of RBC's Group Executive.
== Background ==
Nixon took over as RBC president and CEO on August 1, 2001. He first joined RBC Dominion Securities Inc. in 1979. He later served as CEO of the firm.
Nixon is chairman and a director of MaRS and is a director of the Canadian Council of Chief Executives, Catalyst Canada and Chairman of the Queen’s University Capital Campaign.
He is a director of the International Monetary Conference and co-chairs the Toronto Region Immigrant Employment Council. 
== Education ==
Nixon earned a bachelor of commerce (Honours) degree from Queen’s University and holds honorary doctorates of laws from Queen’s University and Dalhousie University. He is a member of the Order of Canada and the Order of Ontario.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Royal Bank of Canada
Gordon Shu Chen

Gordon Shuh Chen is Chairman of Taiwan's OTC GreTai Securities Market (GTSM) and is a former Taiwan finance minister and Taiwan Stock Exchange (TSE) chairman. Under his leadership the GTSM has pushed further into international markets and trading and formed partnerships with several south-east Asian exchanges.
==Background==
Gordon Shu Chen took over from Lu Tung-ying as chairman of the GTSM on August 11, 2009 and since then the GTSM has announced technology and listing partnerships with regional investment powerhouses Bursa Malaysia and the Singapore Exchange. Chen was appointed chairman of the Taiwan Stock Exchange in August 2006 when he was serving as a deputy finance minister, replacing Wu Nai-jen. He served for 17 years on the Taiwanese Ministry of Finance's securities and futures committee but was removed as chairman of that committee in 1996 after a series of disputes.
==Education==
Chen graduated from Taiwan's National Chengchi University with a master's degree in public finance. He also gained a doctorate in business from the National Taiwan University. 
== References ==
Gosbank

Gosbank was the controlling institution in the Soviet Union’s banking system. It would issue currency and the sums to be allocated to enterprises to pay wages and salaries. Political developments in 1991 made Russia's central bank practically independent of the Gosbank.
Gosbank carried out a variety of lending activities using the funds deposited in savings accounts. To a greater degree than in other European countries, the state bank was used as an instrument to direct economic growth. Gosbank provided loans to the railroad and manufacturing industries under risky terms that were similar to state subsidies and occasionally waived repayment of loans for industries that were considered vital to the nation's economy.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Central Banks
Category:Russia
Government bonds

Government bonds are tradable bonds issued by national or regional governments used to fund public spending or works projects. In many countries they are called Treasury bonds, although that term in the U.S. refers only to bonds of 30-year maturity while government bonds of shorter duration are called Treasury notes (T-notes) and those with maturities of less than one year are called Treasury bills or T-bills. Bonds issued by smaller regional public entities are usually called municipal bonds, or munis.
Category:Bonds
Category:Debt
Government securities

Government securities are securities issued by a country with very little risk of default in an effort raise funds necessary to pay for the country's expenses.
U.S. government securities include Treasury bills, notes, and bonds. Treasury bills are short-term obligations (mostly with 13-, 26-, and 52-week maturities) sold by the federal government through competitive bidding. 
Bills are generally issued in $10,000 minimum denominations, then in $5,000 increments above $10,000. Treasury notes may run up to seven years, while Treasury bonds typically have maturities ranging from five years to 30 years. Interest income on debt obligations of the federal government is typically exempt from state and local income taxes, but is subject to federal taxes. The relatively low credit risk of government securities, plus their favorable tax treatment, causes them to generally provide a lower pretax yield than that of corporate fixed-income securities with similar maturities.
U.S. Treasury bond and note futures can be used to control risk and enhance the returns of non-U.S. government securities.
Government bills, notes and bonds are considered a safe financial product because they have a guaranteed rate of return, based on faith in future U.S. tax revenues. The government has been partially funding operations via Treasury securities for decades. This borrowing adds to the national debt.
CME Group has some of the most highly traded futures products in the world, listing CME Group interest rate products that focus on the entire U.S. dollar-denominated yield curve. Challengers to Chicago's foothold on the Treasury futures market, such as Eurex have so far been unable to win over significant market share in this area. 
The U.S. Futures Exchange will launch fixed income products in the 2008, with futures based on four indexes licensed from Lehman Brothers.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Government sponsored enterprise

A Government sponsored enterprise, also known as a GSE, is a publicly held corporation with public purposes. The U.S. Congress creates GSEs to reduce the cost of capital for certain borrowing sectors of the economy such as students, farmers and homeowners. 
These entities carry a backing from the U.S. Government but it is important to note they are not direct obligations from the U.S. Government. Because of this, these securities will offer a yield premium over Treasuries. 
Government sponsored enterprises usually have common characteristics such as; private sector ownership, limited competition, activities limited by congressional charter and chartered privledges that create inferred federal guarantee of obligations. 
Examples of GSE's include; the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation, also known as Farmer Mac, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, also known as Freddie Mac and the Federal National Mortgage Association, also known as Fannie Mae, the Federal Home Loan Bank System, the Federal Farm Credit Bank and the Resolution Funding Corporation. 
== References ==
Graeme Neilly

Graeme Neilly is a London-based financial technology executive who served as the head of DMA sales for Phillip Capital UK from 2020 until 2022.
From 2012 to 2020, he was a sales manager for Trading Technologies.
== Background ==
Neilly also served as director of global account management at Patsystems where he had overall responsibility for managing growth. He started at Patsystems in 2000 and progressed to more responsibility. When he resigned his position in 2012 to take the job at Trading Technologies, he became entangled in a legal dispute over his employment agreement and a section about working for competing companies within 12 months of leaving Patsystems. He prevailed in the lawsuit against Patsystems.
His experience centers around equity options and exchange-traded derivatives. 
 
Before joining Patsystems, Neilly spent six years at the London Stock Exchange and eight years trading financial options on LIFFE. 
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Patsystems - Former Employees
Category:London Stock Exchange - Former Employees
Category:LIFFE - Former Employees
Category:Trading Technologies - Former Employees