nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Polkadot (DOT)

Polkadaot (DOT) is a protocol for interoperating blockchains. Polkadot was founded by the Web3 Foundation.
Gavin Wood, creator of Polkadot, wrote in a blog post on July 16, 2019, that an experimental, early version of Polkadot called Kusama would be launched in Summer 2019 to provide a test environment. Kusama has its own native token, the KSM, which is distributed along with the issuance of DOTs, Polkadot's native tokens. 
 
DOTs are the first tokens to be offered in an initial futures opening (IFO)by CoinFLEX. An IFO is a presale of tokens before they are issued where CoinFLEX organizes and publicizes both the primary and secondary trading of the tokens before they are issued on the blockchain. The DOT IFO was scheduled for July 17, the day after Wood's blog about Kusama. 
The first candidate, "CC1," for becoming the Polkadot mainnet launched in May 2020. “There could be more than one chain candidate before it officially transitions to mainnet,” said Peter Mauric, head of public affairs at Parity Technologies, a consortium of blockchain engineers led by Wood. 
In August 2020, Polkadot released a testnet of a "parachain" protocol called "Rococo," which was designed to allow for communication between multiple protocols. 
In December 2020 Tidal Finance, an insurance startup based on the Polkadot blockchain, raised $1.95 million in seed funding. Tidal's team said they chose Polkadot because the nature of its blockchain would eventually allow for greater sources of liquidity through other protocols, meaning more customers would be able to buy insurance using digital assets. 
In January 2021, Polkadot overtook XRP to become the third-largest non-stablecoin cryptocurrency by market cap. This was largely due to a massive XPR selloff triggered by a lawsuit against Ripple by the U.S. SEC. 
Exchange-traded product manager 21Shares announced in early February 2021 that it would list a single-asset ETP on SIX, the Swiss stock exchange, based on DOT. Like Polkadot, 21 Shares is located in Zug, Switzerland. It is a prominent cryptocurrency ETP sponsor, active on European stock exchanges.
== "Snowfork" and Interoperability with Ethereum ==
A software development team called "Snowfork" is working on a "bridge" that will allow the Ethereum and Polkadot protocols to function interoperably (allow the code of the two independent protocols to interact with each other). If successful, this project would allow developers to create features - such as exchange of value/currency - between Ethereum and Polkadot's core protocols.
In late August 2020, a developer from Snowfork said the project will likely launch in mid-September of 2020. 
 
== Project funding == 
Polkadot is funded through the sale of DOTs, $145 million worth in 2017 and $43 million worth in 2020 plus another 500,000 DOTs at an undisclosed price per token during 2019.
 
== References ==
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: trading platforms
Category: blockchain
Category: digital assets
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Polymarket

Polymarket is the world’s largest prediction market, according to the company. It allows participants to bet on future world events across various topics, including presidential (and other) elections, using cryptocurrency. On Polymarket, you can buy and sell shares representing the likelihood of future events occuring. The shares are always priced between $0.00 and $1.00 USDC, and every pair of event outcomes (i.e. each pair of "YES" + "NO" shares) is fully collateralized by $1.00 USDC. 
Polymarket is based in New York City, where it essentially operates as an offshore betting platform outside the purview of U.S. regulations, because betting on elections is illegal in the U.S. under federal law. Therefore wagers placed on the site on U.S. elections don’t reflect the intentions of American voters, according to Kaiko Research. In 2024, betting on the outcome of the 2024 presidential election became Polymarket’s most popular offering, with about $2.7 billion in trading volume on the main market, but open interest is only about $330 million, according to an analysis on the data platform Dune.
JPMorgan Chase & Co. has used the odds from the site to build long and short baskets of stocks that are expected to rise or fall depending on the outcome of the U.S. presidential election. 
According to an analysis by Chaos Labs, about one-third of the volume on Polymarket for the U.S. presidential election winner’s market appears likely to be wash trading. Fortune Magazine reported on October 30, 2024 that Polymarket was "rife with fake ‘wash’ trading," according to researchers. 
== History ==
Polymarket was founded by Shayne Coplan in 2020. Peter Thiel and Vitalik Buterin raised about $70 million in funding for Polymarket.
In January 2022, Polymarket was fined $1.4 million by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) for regulatory violations, including failing to register as a Swap Execution Facility. The CFTC also required the company to “wind down” U.S. markets that did not comply with the Commodity Exchange Act. Regulators found the company was operating an “illegal unregistered or non-designated facility for event-based binary options online trading contracts” since 2020. The CFTC said Polymarket offered “substantial cooperation” with regulators during the investigation, resulting in a lower fine than what it could have received.
In May 2022, Polymarket appointed former CFTC Commissioner J. Christopher Giancarlo as chairman of its advisory board.
== Products and Services ==
Polymarket offers betting on political events, sports, business, science, and pop culture.
== Key People ==
*Shayne Coplan, Chief Executive Officer
== References ==
Polymath (POLY)

Polymath (POLY) is a security token platform that seeks to provide the means for companies to raise money through blockchain-based, legally compliant security token offerings (STOs).
== Background ==
Polymath was founded in 2017 by Trevor Koverko and Chris Housser. Their STO was registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission SEC under SEC Rule 506(b). The STO raised $59 million.
== Overview ==
The creators of Polymath seek to create a financial system in which "token holders" replace shareholders. To do this, Polymath's creators built a platform that allows users to tokenize private equity, limited partner shares, stocks, bonds, vc capital, and other financial instruments. This enables them to benefit from the liquidity, security, and transparency of a blockchain network.
Polymath allows users to easily create blockchain-based ICOs that are legally compliant with the SEC, CFTC, or other legal bodies, depending on the type of business users are trying to create and where it will operate. While the Polymath Network itself doesn't offer legal advisory services, it helps users choose legal advisory services specializing in ICOs as part of launching their security token offering.
Polymath uses its native token, POLY, to regulate payments between users on their platform.
=== Security Token Offerings (STOs) ===
Polymath helps users create security tokens, which can be used to raise money through security token offerings (STOs), which are similar to ICOs. The creators of Polymath believe that STOs will become the dominant form of ICOs in the future.
=== Decentralized exchanges and ST-20 security tokens ===
Polymath announced in February 2019 that it had, in collaboration with blockchain platform Loopring, successfully completed a test of peer-to-peer security token trading on a decentralized (DEX) exchange. Polymath told Coindesk that the tests, which relied on smart contracts created for Loopring's "DEX" protocol, showed that only authorized transactions made on the platform were successful. The tests were conducted with a cryptocurrency called "wrapped ETH" with another digital token called Cammazol, an "ST-20" token developed by Polymath built on extensions to Ethereum's ERC-20 tokens. Polymath's vice president of marketing, Graeme Moore, said that these tests demonstrated that "decentralized exchanges and security token issuers have the ability to maintain compliance through the standardized protocols that Polymath and others have built. And, in fact, security tokens make it easier for issuers to follow regulations, when compared with the legacy capital markets system using paper share certificates."
== John Lothian News ==
Polymath was highlighted in a recap of Consensus 2018 by contributing editor Chuck Mackie. You can read the article here.
== References ==
 
Category: digital assets
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: regulation
Category: securities
Ponzi scheme

A Ponzi scheme is a type of illegal pyramid scheme named for Charles Ponzi who duped thousands of New England residents into investing in a postage stamp speculation scheme back in the 1920s. A Ponzi scheme works on a "rob-Peter-to-pay-Paul" principle, as money from new investors is used to pay off earlier investors until the whole scheme collapses. Two of the better-known examples that emerged following the recent financial crisis are Bernard Madoff's fraudulent investment scheme in the U.S. and a high-interest loan scam that fleeced tens of thousands in Colombia, both in 2008. 
 
== Examples of Ponzi Schemes ==
*In October of 2008, a federal judge sentenced 53-year-old Stephen Lee Turpin to five years in prison. Prosecutors say Turpin was linked to multiple Ponzi schemes blamed for more than $2 million in losses to several individuals. Turpin in May 2007 pleaded guilty to conspiring to commit wire fraud and mail fraud and his activities were said to include convincing a woman to open a bank account in Zurich, Switzerland, and to transfer $1 million in a "high-yield European bond trading opportunity." Turpin, who's been in custody since April 2007, had to pay more than $2.1 million in restitution, plus forfeit houses and a sportscar.
*In May of 2013, a U.S. Federal Court ordered Kevin and Keelan Harris of Ohio and Canada-based Karen Starr, and their Companies, Complete Developments, LLC and Investment International Inc., to Pay over $23 Million for Fraud in Foreign Currency Ponzi Scheme. They were charged with "fraudulently soliciting customers to trade forex and misappropriating customer funds. The Opinion further finds that, from about November 2006 until October 2008, CDL and I3 fraudulently solicited and accepted funds from customers seeking to open “professionally managed” forex trading accounts and that customers invested more than $23 million. Rather than trading forex on their customers’ behalf, the Opinion finds that CDL and I3 operated as a Ponzi scheme and used customers’ money to make payments to other customers and for Kevin Harris, Keelan Harris, and Starr’s own personal use."
== Tips To Avoid Ponzi Schemes == 
*Beware of claims that you will make money by recruiting new members rather than by sales you make yourself. 
*Beware of promises about high profits or claims about "miracle" products. 
*Beware of "shills" or people paid by the operator to make grandiose claims about the success of a plan.
*Refuse to make a financial commitment or sign a contract in a high-pressure situation. Take time to review and re-evaluate a plan. 
*Seek legal advice or consult relevant statutes if you are unsure what constitutes a pyramid scheme.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Types of Fraud
Category:Ponzi
Pork Bellies

In 1961, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange developed a futures contract on pork bellies (bacon), the first futures contract based on frozen, stored meats. 
Almost eight years after it was delisted, CME Group announced in May 2019 it would publish a new CME Fresh Bacon Index as a new price reference for pork bellies. The index provides a weekly price each Monday, and is based on a combination of negoiated and formula transactions from the USDA. It reflects the price of one load, or 40,000 pounds, of fresh skinless pork bellies in cents per pound. No futures contract was announced, however. 
Pork bellies traded primarily on the CME trading floor, but CME Group in August 2007 announced that when the CME and CBOT trading floors combined at the CBOT in 2008, pork bellies would only trade on the Globex electronic trading platform and would no longer have a pit presence. In early 2008, this decision was overturned; thus when CME Group moved its pit-traded commodities to the Chicago Board of Trade floor, pork bellies shared a section of a pit with futures on Lean hogs. 
On July 15, 2011, CME Group announced it had delisted pork belly futures.
== Resources ==
 CME Group Fresh Bacon Index Information
== References ==
Category:Market Terms
Category:Definitions
Category:CME Group
Portable alpha

Portable alpha is the strategy of managers separating alpha from beta by investing in securities that differ from the market index from which their beta is derived. In simple terms, this is a strategy that involves investing in areas that have little to no correlation with the market.
Alpha is the return achieved over and above the return that results from the correlation between the portfolio and the market (beta).
== Resources ==
*Portable Alpha, Philosophy, Process & Performance by Edward Kung and Larry Pohlman
*Implementation Guide for Portable Alpha and Efficient Beta Exposure by State Street Global Advisors
*Portable Alpha by UBS Global Asset Management
== References ==
Category:Market Terms
Category:Hedge Fund Terms
Portfolio margining

Portfolio margining is a way of determining margins/performance bonds based on the largest potential loss found by valuing the portfolio over a range of underlying prices and volatilities. The point is for margin requirements to more accurately reflect the actual risk of the positions in an account. 
It is now available for US stocks, OCC stock and index options, US single stock futures positions, US bonds, and Forex positions. Portfolio margining for most futures and futures options has been available since 1988, with great success. 
In July 2005, the SEC approved a pilot program for the portfolio margining of index options. This pilot was expanded in July 2006 to include equity options and single-stock futures. The early phases of the pilot were so successful that the SEC authorized an expanded program of portfolio margining for customer accounts. Prior to December 2006, when the SEC approved portfolio margining for qualified customer accounts (went into effect Apr. 2, 2007), strategy-based margin rules had been applied to option customers' positions for more than three decades.
On the surface, the changes implemented were simple. The new system would utilize a realistic analysis of risk exposure instead of relying on outdated formulas and set minimums to calculate margin requirements. The revised system would also take into account any offsetting positions that may exist in the account. 
Depending on the composition of an investor's/trader's trading account, portfolio margin, in securities, can require less margin than under Reg T rules, which translates to greater leverage. Trading with greater leverage involves greater risk of loss.
==History==
Portfolio margining has been available in futures trading since the introduction of SPAN margining by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in 1988, in response to the stock market crash of 1987. Since its implementation, SPAN has become the industry standard and is now the official performance bond mechanism of nearly every registered futures exchange and clearing organization in the United States, and many global entities.
Some of the regulatory changes subsequent to the financial crisis of 2008, such as the Dodd-Frank Act in the U.S. and EMIR in Europe, as well as Basel III, have called for greater capital an margin requirements among market participants. Portfolio margining has emerged as a way of making such requirements less onerous, or at least more efficient, by extending it to not only futures positions, but also cash securities and swaps. 
== Resources ==
*Portfolio Margining Gives Tech-Savvy Firms More Leverage, Securities Industry News, May 4, 2007 
*Requirement Examples for Sample Options-based Positions, CBOE 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Margins
Portware

Portware is a software company that specializes in trade execution systems. for algorithmic and high-frequency trading, for both the buy-side and sell-side. Its products are used in the global equities, futures, options and FX markets. 
== History ==
==Harrell Smith John Lothian News Interview==
Harrell Smith of Portware on FX Market Structure
Harrell Smith is the head of product strategy for Portware, a software company specializing in trade execution systems for equities, futures, options and foreign exchange markets. He spoke with former John Lothian News Editor-at-Large Doug Ashburn about several critical topics affecting FX, including the regulatory landscape, algorithmic and high-frequency trading, and transaction cost analysis. Published Nov. 6, 2012. Watch at JohnLothianNews.com
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Position

Position refers to the market commitment, or exposure, an investor or trader has made to a commodity or security, and is referred to as either a long (owned or bought) or a short (borrowed or sold) position. Such exposure is called an open position and becomes closed when the trader makes a transaction that removes the security/commodity.
In derivatives markets a naked (uncovered) position refers to an open long or short position the trader holds in a futures or options contract that doesn't have a opposite position in either the derivatives or the equity market. For example, a trader with call (sell) options in a stock is in a naked position if s/he doesn't have, for example, a long position in the underlying equity on the stock market. Naked positions are also called uncovered or unhedged positions.
== References ==
Category:Market Terms
Power Clearing and Settlement

APCS GmbH (Abwicklungsstelle für Energielieferungen und Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen, or Settlement Center for Energy Deliveries and Energy Efficiency Measures) is an Austrian company that operates the clearing and settlement system for the liberalized electricity and gas markets in Austria. It was founded in 2000 as part of the liberalization of the Austrian energy market.
== History ==
Prior to the liberalization of the Austrian electricity market in the late 1990s, the electricity sector was dominated by vertically integrated regional utilities. As part of the liberalization process mandated by the European Union, Austria passed the Energy Liberalization Act in 2000, which aimed to introduce competition in electricity generation and supply.
To facilitate the new liberalized market, APCS was established in 2000 as a joint venture between Austrian electricity companies and grid operators. Its main purpose was to provide a centralized clearing and settlement platform for electricity trading and delivery between market participants.
== Role and Operations ==
APCS operates the data hub and clearing system for the Austrian electricity and gas markets. Its key responsibilities include:
*Metering data collection and validation for all supply points
*Allocation of consumption data to suppliers and grid operators
*Clearing and settlement of energy deliveries and grid usage fees
*Management of supplier switching processes
*Coordination of green energy balancing and disclosure
APCS handles over 6 million metering points and processes around 200 million meter readings annually. It settles transactions worth over €5 billion per year in the Austrian energy market.
The company is jointly owned by major Austrian energy companies like Verbund, EVN, Wien Energie, and grid operators like Austrian Power Grid (APG) and distribution system operators.
== Key People ==
=== Board ===
File:Aubrunner 2019@2x.jpeg|Wolfgang Aubrunner
File:Keuschnig 2019@2x.jpeg|Dipl.-Ing. Franz Keuschnig, MBA
File:Holzer 2019@2x.jpeg|MMag. Joseph Holzer
== References ==
Category:Europex Member
[[Category:European Energy Companies
[[Category:
Power Exchange Central Europe

Power Exchange Central Europe (PXE) offers power trading for Czech, Slovak and Hungarian power, using anonymous trading with standardized products with secured settlement.
== History ==
PXE was founded on January 8, 2007. It is a subsidiary of the Prague Stock Exchange and part of the CEE Stock Exchange Group (CEESEG). PXE began trading with Czech electricity in July 2007. It began trading Slovak and Hungarian electricity in 2008 and 2009 respectively.
PXE launched Czech Financial Futures in 2010, and Slovak and Hungarian Financial Futures launched in 2012.
== Products and Services ==
On December 9, 2013, PXE and the Austrian Central European Gas Hub AG (CEGH) launched the CEGH Czech Gas Futures Market, offering derivatives products with delivery to the Czech Virtual Trading Point. European Commodity Clearing, part of European Energy Exchange, provides clearing.
== Key People ==
== References ==
Power Exchange India

__NOTOC__
Power Exchange India Ltd. (PXIL) was launched in late 2008, several months after direct competitor the Indian Energy Exchange (IEX), by two of India's largest securities exchanges. Like the IEX, it provides an electronic trading platform to trade Indian electricity futures contracts but faces a possible threat to its revenue from an energy price cap proposed by the regulator. 
==Backgound==
PXIL commenced operations on October 22, 2008 following guidelines for power trading laid down by the regulator, India's Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) in February 2007. Its major stakeholders and promoters are two of India's major trading exchanges: the National Stock Exchange of India (NSEI), the country's largest securities exchange, and the National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX). 
In February 2010 PXIL conducted a major training program for India's electricity traders and power sector stakeholders that was taught by leading academics and exchange executives. Topics included sector regulation, global markets, risk management and forecasting.
==Key people==
Mrs. Rupa Devi Singh is chief executive officer (CEO) of Power Exchange India Ltd.
==Latest news==
The CERC recently dealt a blow to PXIL and its main competitor, the Indian Energy Exchange (IEX) by deciding to cap the price of electricity sold by India's coal-fired power plants on the short-term power market, the Hindu Business Line reported.The regulator claimed that investors can still generate profit from the existing margin and covers all transactions of less than three months' duration, and includes both private and on-exchange transactions. Around eight percent of Indian power transactions are on the short-term market, and about half of those are conducted on PXIL and IEX.
== References ==
Category:India
Category:Indian Exchanges
Category:Exchanges
Category:Power Exchanges