nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Peer-reviewed research

Bitcoin has been a research topic since the beginning. Here are some peer-reviewed papers, grouped by subject:
==BIP 0032: HD Wallets==
Douglas Stebila (January 26, 2015). "Hierarchical Deterministic Bitcoin wallets that tolerate key leakage". Financial Cryptography and Data Security (2015).
The paper explains how BIP-32 allows for key leakage if used incorrectly, and proposes an alternate scheme.
==Covenants==
* Möser, Malte; Eyal, Ittay; Gün Sirer, Emin (February 2016). "Bitcoin Covenants". Financial Cryptography and Data Security (2016): 126–141.
* Russell O'Connor, Marta Piekarska. "Enhancing Bitcoin Transactions with Covenants". Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2017. November 17, 2017.
The authors explain covenants, what they are, and what they enable.
The work by O'Connor et al was integrated into Elements Alpha according to section 1.2 of Bitcoin Covenants: Three Ways to Control the Future by Swambo, Hommel, McElrath, Bishop.
==BIP 0156: More anonymous transaction propagation (Dandelion)==
Brad Denby, Andrew Miller, Giulia Fanti, Surya Bakshi, Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan, Pramod Viswanath (June 2017). "Dandelion: Redesigning the Bitcoin Network for Anonymity". Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems.
Dandelion allows for more anonymous transaction propagation. Unfortunately, it is difficult to implement without enabling DoS attacks, so it hasn't been merged into Bitcoin Core.
==BIP 0330: Erlay (efficient transaction relay)==
Naumenko, Gleb; Wuille, Pieter (November 2019). "Erlay: Efficient Transaction Relay for Bitcoin". CCS: Proceedings of the ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (2019): 817–831. doi:10.1145/3319535.3354237.
Erlay not only reduces the bandwidth consumption by 40% assuming current connectivity, but also keeps the bandwidth use almost constant as the connectivity increases. In contrast, the existing protocol increases the bandwidth consumption linearly with the number of connections. By allowing more connections at a small cost, Erlay improves the security of the Bitcoin network.
==Atomic cross-chain swaps==
Maurice Herlihy (18 May 2018). "Atomic Cross-Chain Swaps" (PDF). Proceedings of the Twenty-second Annual Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing 2018.
'Cross-chain' means that the swap happens between two different blockchains, e.g. testnet and mainnet. 'Atomic' means that the swap either happens in full, or no swap happens.
==Formal model of Bitcoin transactions==
Nicola Atzei, Massimo Bartoletti, Stefano Lande, Roberto Zunino (August 29, 2019). "A formal Model of Bitcoin Transactions". Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2018.
The paper defines a transaction as a tuple, and time-locks implemented in opcodes are abstracted over. The result is a model that resembles bitcoin but avoids thinking about details like script interpretation. By simplifying the model like this, it can be easier to analyse.
Perfect Money

Prefect Money is a Panama based service which provides financial services of various kinds. According to recent news May 30 article at Tech Week Europe: http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/internet-underground-perfect-money-liberty-reserve-117635 they are seeing an increase in business after the shutdown of Liberty Reserve, however with the recent increase in regulatory pressures being applied to such businesses, the futures of such business are the subject of frequent speculation.
== External Links ==
* Main Website
* Buy Bitcoins using Perfect Money on LocalBitcoins
* Buy Bitcoins using Perfect Money on LocalBitcoins
== References ==
Peter Todd

Bitcoin developer. Involved with Bitcoin related startup Coinkite and DarkWallet.
He has also been involved with OpenTimestamps, which features Merkle Mountain Ranges.https://github.com/opentimestamps/opentimestamps-server/blob/master/doc/merkle-mountain-range.md This invention is broadly applicable.
He has also been involved with a Zcash (an altcoin featuring zkSNARKS) key signing ceremony, and some drama regarding its security.https://twitter.com/peterktodd/status/1062847331949699072
==References==
Category:People
Petition against illegal use

Please note: This is still a draft, and signatures are subject to removal if the signer no longer agrees with the petition text. If the text has changed since someone signed their name, assume the signature's validity to be dubious at best.
== Definitions ==
"Illegal activity" is defined as infringement of civil or criminal law in the jurisdiction of the person acting. For example, if it is legal to use/abuse marijuana in JurisdictionX, then it is NOT considered to be illegal activity for someone in JurisdictionX. On the other hand, if it is illegal in JurisdictionY, it IS considered illegal activity to anyone under that jurisdiction.
== Text ==
We, the undersigned, are opposed to the use of Bitcoin for any kind of illegal activity.
We encourage Bitcoin users to follow the laws in their jurisdiction and pay any applicable taxes.
=== Signatures ===
* Luke Dashjr, Florida
* Jimi Hendrix
* Nathan Fish
==See Also==
* Tax compliance
* Bitcoin Court
* Bitcoin Police
Category:Legal
Petition for illegal use

== Definitions ==
See: Petition against illegal use
== Rationale ==
None of us have consented to being taxed. At no point were we given an opt-out. Taxes are taken from us under the threat of violence (since you will be taken away and locked up in a cage if you dissent in the vast majority of countries). Many of us pay for things which we emphatically disagree with because we have no control over where our contributions go.
Thus, not paying tax is a valid form of dissent.
== Text ==
We, the undersigned, are in support of dissent in regards to governments' claims to the resources we work hard for.
We encourage people to read, learn about the history of societies, think and come to their own conclusions.
== Signatures ==
Since our position is fringe and may have serious repercussions, please limit these signatures to just your first name and last initial, unless you live in international waters or do not care for your safety.
* George A
Phoenix miner

A miner that can work with memory underclocked to 300MHz and scans whole 32bit nonce space.
This free, open-source software is available under the X11 license and was released by Bitcoin community members Jedi95 and CFSworks on April 25, 2011Phoenix - New efficient, fast, modular miner **BFI_INT support!**. In addition to connecting via RPC and RPC (long polling), this miner will connect via MultiMiner Protocol (MMP) which is used by the MultiMiner Server.
Phoenix2 superceded the original Phoenix minerPhoenix 2 Miner.
==External Links==
* Phoenix project on GitHub
* Bitcoin Mining Software
==References==
Category:Miners
Category:Open Source
Category:Defunct products or services
Physical bitcoin

A type of Bitcoin wallet that works as a bearer instrument that can be used to store bitcoins in a physical novelty item.
A physical bitcoin holds the coin's public address and a hidden private key. The intention with a physical bitcoin is that the value of the coin has not and cannot be spent as long as the private key remains hidden.
The security of physical bitcoins depends on the tamper-evident seal, and is usually not very strong. At hackathons and bitcoin meetups it has been demonstrated that the tamper-evident seal can be carefully replaced after obtaining the private key.
==See Also==
* List of Physical bitcoin sources.
Category:Digital currencies
Pingit

Pingit is an e-commerce business from Barclays allowing payments and money transfers to be made by those in the UK through the use of mobile phones.
A Pingit account is used to receive money from another Pingit customer. If the recipient also banks at Barclays, the funds can be spent using Pingit or immediately spent using the customer's Barclays bank account. If the recipient is not a Barclays customer, then funds are forwarded to a the UK bank account that the Pingit customer has linked.
The recipient isn't required to use a mobile app and may administer the account using the service's web interface.
==Fees==
There are no fees for sending or receiving using Pingit.
==History==
On February 16, 2012 Barclays announced Pingit UK bank Barclays targets PayPal with new mobile number money transfer service Pingit.
==See Also==
* Buying bitcoins
* Selling bitcoins
* Secure Trading
* PayPal
==External Links==
* Pingit from Barclays website
==References==
Category:Money transmitters
Pirate My Film

A crowdfunding platform primarily for film projects. 
Projects can be funded using bitcoins. Projects that are meant to be dividend-paying to the shareholders pay out dividends in the form of bitcoins.
Pirate My Film is operated by Max Keiser.
The first project to accept Bitcoin as a payment method was Screw Banks, Use BitcoinsMax Keiser's website PirateMyFilm.com now accepts Bitcoins!.
==External Links==
* Pirate My Film web site
==References==
Category:Crowdfunding
Poclbm-gui

A GUI frontend based on poclbm. This program is also referred to as GUIMiner. For Windows & MacOS X only.
The project was announced on February 25, 2011[GUI frontend for poclbm released - looking for testers
==External Links==
* poclbm-gui project on GitHub
* guiminer-poclbm-macosx.dmg MacOS X binary package
==References==
* Bitcoin Mining Software
Category:Miners
Category:Free Software
Category:License/GPLv3
Category:Open Source
PolMine

Polmine is the first Polish mining pool.
The coinbase signature for this pool is: "by polmine.pl" Example of decoded coinbase.
‎
Why dig on this pool ?
* because we do not require payments / we do not tax your findings
* because we are most lucky pool all over the World :)
* because we are sexiest pool all over the Word !
* we have even some additional rewards, which its very nice :P
We have free servers ! so we do not charge You !
==External Links==
* Official website
==References==
Category:Pool Operators
PolishPool

PolishPool.pl mining pool.
==Reward distribution==
* Pay-per-share (PPS) with 0% fee, current rates are displayed on the website
* Minimum payout is 0.001 BTC
* Paid stale shares
* Handy payouts: BTC 
==Features ==
* 2-step verification with Google Authenticator
* Full statistics (Real-time)
* Currency converter
* Reward calculator
* IP white list
* SSL encrypted user interface
* API in JSON format
* Long Polling 
* Teams
* Currency charts (Live)
* Multilingual user interface: Polish ,English, German and Russian
* Fast and responsible support
* Email payout notifications
* Stratum
* Vardiff
* Port 3333 mining
* ASIC Accepted
* Sms notifitacion
==Actions==
* 04.18.2014 - 05.17.2014
“Note Competnion Win 1 BTC for Mining.
==Hosts ==
Hosts:
*185.5.98.234:3333 - Stratum mining serwer 
*185.5.98.234:8332 - Getwork Serwer 
*185.5.98.234:8882 - GBT Serwer 
If you want to specify a pull-server to connect to, you can choose from:
All pool-servers, except pool 3333, have Stratum protocol support. All suitable miners would be automatically redirected to port 3333 on connection.
==See Also==
* Comparison of mining pools
* Pooled Mining
==External Links==
* 50btc.com Web site
* bitcointalk.org Topic on bitcointalk.org
Category:Pool Operators
Poloniex

Poloniex is a US-based digital asset exchange offering maximum security and advanced trading features.=
The vast majority of customer deposits are stored offline in air-gapped cold storage. We only keep enough online to facilitate active trading, which greatly minimizes risk and exposure.
Their auditing programs monitor exchange activity 24/7/365. Their job is to report and block any suspicious activity before it becomes a problem.
Any funds you put into the exchange are only used to facilitate trading through your account. Unlike banks, we do not operate on fractional reserves.
==External links==
*Poloniex website
==References==
Category:Exchanges
Pool.itzod.ru

A mining pool.
Itzod mining pool was founded July 01, 2011 [100 GH/s pool.itzod.ru - 0.00002959745558 BTC per share (0% fee)] pool.itzod.ru - Новый пул совместной генерации.
This pool started out using a proportional reward system (your shares / total shares for the round) x (50BTC + transaction fees included in block)= % share of the rewards. 
* On August 07 2011 the Score-Based reward distribution system was introduced.
* On September 03 2011 switched to SMPPS reward system.
* On January 20 2012 switched to RSMPPS reward system.
==Reward distribution==
* The statistics update and reward distribution script runs automatically when received a new network block.
* Fee free
* Pays for invalid blocks
* Minimum payout is 0.1 BTC
* Payout after 120 confirmations.
* RSMPPS: not "hoppable" and low-variance reward distribution system
* 8-digit payout calculation precision
==Extra Features==
* Charts of hashrate, user shares in round and more
* Detailed real-time statistics
* Email notification of workers shutdown
* English and Russian interface with automatic locale detection
* JSON over HTTP and JSON over WebSocket statistics export
* Lightweight and fast user interface
* Password generator
* Reward calculator
* SSL
==See Also==
* Comparison of mining pools
* Pooled Mining
==External Links==
* pool.itzod.ru web interface
* official thread
* english thread
==References==
Category:Pool Operators
PoolServerJ

PoolServerJ is a pure java implementation of a Bitcoin mining pool server. It’s functionally very similar to pushpoold. Although there are some differences it is capable of being swapped over with pushpoold without any config changes.
====Features====
* Native merged mining support. Will work with standard bitcoind 0.5
* SCrypt blockchain support
* Customisable coinbase transaction (pay block rewards to any wallet perhaps an offline secure wallet)
* Internal work generation (more than 10x faster than rpc getwork)
* Work caching - caches work from bitcoind or internal WorkMaker to handle short term spikes in requests
* Database resilience. Server can keep running if database goes down and shares will be sent to database when connection is reestablished
* DoS resilience with QoS support to ensure workers who've submitted valid work are serviced with priority
* Capable of pulling work from multiple bitcoin daemons to get around the getwork bottleneck and also to provide some redundancy
* Notify of block change via HTTP to a user configurable URL to support event triggered share processing
* Cached database handling (optional) to reduce round trips.
* Supports Mysql, Postgresql, sqlite3 (JDBC based so others can be added easily - currently only tested on mysql)
* Runs as a Windows service
* Longpolling support
* Integrated block monitoring using all available bitcoin daemon work sources
* Dump shares to Database, log file or stdout
* Safe restart - shares issued to client are dumped to file on shutdown and reloaded on startup so your miners won't get stale shares if you restart a live server
* Only dependency is a Java 6+ JDK.
====Links====
* PoolServerJ Homepage
* Forum Thread
* Tech Support Thread
Category:Mining
Category:Pool_Operators
Pool vs. solo mining

Although most miners prefer to mine in pools, there are still merits to solo mining.
==Why You Are Here==
An article addressing the pros and cons of solo and pooled mining can often answer questions easier than simply asking in: #bitcoin-mining.
Additionally, this page can serve as a reference for members of #bitcoin-mining to direct those with questions.
==What this topic discusses==
The purpose of this page is to explain what the differences between pooled mining and solo mining. This Topic will give pros and cons of each to aid in the decision of a mining approach.
==What is Pooled Mining?==
Pooled mining "pools" all of the resources of the clients in that pool to generate the solution to a given block. When the pool solves a block, the 6.25 BTC generated by that block's solution is split and distributed between the pools participants.
==What is Solo Mining?==
Solo mining is when a miner performs the mining operations alone without joining a pool. All mined blocks are generated to the miner's credit.
==Pros/Cons==
;Pool Mining Pros:
* Pooled mining generates a steadier income.
* Pooled mining can generate a 1-2% higher income (before fees, if any) due to long polling provided by the pools.
;Pool Mining Cons:
* Pool mining can suffer interruptions from outages at the pool provider.
*: Pools are subject to DOS attacks and have other downtimes, too. Backup pools and solo mining can be configured for these cases.
* Pooled mining tends to generate a smaller income due to fees being charged and transaction fees not being cashed out.
*: There are zero fee pools. Until now, transaction fees are not cashed out by any pool.
* Pools might be part of attack scenarios.
;Solo Mining Pros:
* Solo mining is less prone to outages resulting in higher uptime.
* Solo mining doesn't incur any fees. For each discovered block, 6.25 BTC and the transaction fees are paid to the miner.
;Solo Mining Cons:
* Solo mining tends to generate more erratic income.
* Solo mining wastes time due to only supporting getwork pull.
==See Also==
* Why pooled mining An article in favor of pooled mining.
Category:Mining
Poold

Poold was a component for an open source mining pool software. 
The software was first released by Jeff Garzik on February 2, 2011Re: New mining pool for testing | GPL'd source code released.. 
It was tested in an experimental mining pool, which was shut down on February 7, 2011. Only one block was ever generated by the pool.Re: New mining pool for testing | The pool has been shut down.
Jeff's website with the Poold source code is no longer accessible online. Some parts of the software were last captured by archive.org in November 2018 and are still available for download.archive.org: Index of /bitcoin on Jeff's website
==External Links==
* Poold source code
==References==
Category:Free Software
Category:License/GPL
Category:Open Source
Category:Mining
Poolin

Poolin.com is a Bitcoin & multi-cryptocurrency mining pool. Started by the founders of BTC.com. They also provide a custodial wallet https://poolinwallet.com/ and a block explorer https://explorer.poolin.com. (discountinued)
==External Links==
* Website: https://www.poolin.com/
* Official English thread: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=700411.0
Category:Services
Category:Pool Operators
Poolin Wallet

Poolin Wallet is a blockchain-based wallet that supports multi-cryptocurrency custody and provides various types of financial investment products, available for Android, iOS.
 
==Security==
* Based on the high-performance, distributed decentralized blockchain network Mixin Network.
* Double transport layer encryption to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks such as CDN and cloud service providers.
* Encryption mechanism of FIPS140-2 Level3 or CC EAL 4+ above.
 
==Financial Resources==
* The professional investment research team:
** Core members from expert fund management institutions, securities companies, and investment banks.
** With an average working experience of more than 10 years, possessed profound industry experience in crypto assets investment.
** Own industry-leading research capabilities and the global vision. 
* Backed by global financial institutions:
** Genesis
** BlockFi
** Cyber<x>
** THREE ARROWS CAPITAL
 
==Features==
* Wallet: Dozens of crypto custody and multiple address creation are supported.
* Basic Functions: Deposit, Send and Transfer
* Loan: Flexi-term loan and fixed-term loan with adjustable LTV.
* Saving: Flexi Earn, Fixed Earn, structured earn, and DeFi.
* Leverage: Flexible leverage from 1x-3x for the long and short positions available with up to 90% liquidation risk rate.
* Put Options: Obtain rights to hedge against BTC/ETH downside risk with multiple maturity and strike price available.
* Mutual Wallet: Convenient for multiple people to co-manage the same account assets. 
* Standardized Mining: Provide mining service from mining rigs purchasing, hosting to the operation of a mining pool with one click. 
* MARS Project: Purchase and stake the decentralized and standardized hashrate certificates pBTC35A/pETH18C to earn BTC/ETH PoW mining yields and governance token MARS rewards.
 
==History==
The Poolin Wallet was launched in December 2019 by the POOLIN TECHNOLOGY PTE. LTD. which is headquartered in Singapore with offices worldwide. 
 
==External Links==
* Poolin Wallet Official Website
* Poolin Wallet Download Link
* Poolin Wallet Help Center
* Social Media of Poolin Wallet：
** Telegram
** Twitter
** Reddit
** Medium
** Quora
** LinkedIn
* Write Reviews for Poolin Wallet:
** Google Play 
** Apple Store
** G2.com
** Revain
Popmoney

Popmoney is an e-commerce business allowing payments and money transfers to be made through the Internet.
A Popmoney account is used to receive money from another Popmoney customer. After funds are received in a Popmoney account the funds can be held until they are withdrawn to a U.S. bank account. The Popmoney account may instead be configured to automatically have all funds received automatically sent to the account holder's bank.
Anyone can receive Popmoney, however the funds received are accessible only to those who have a bank account in the U.S. The website for the account holder's bank is the method used to transfer money to a Popmoney customer. The banks that offer the ability to send Popmoney include Citibank, US Bank, PNC Bank, Ally and many others.
The Popmoney recipient is notified immediately when funds are sent. Withdrawn funds are sent as ACH transactions and will take two to three days, or more, before the funds to appear in the recipient's bank account.
==Fees==
There are no fees for sending or receiving using Popmoney.
==History==
On June 29, 2011 FiServ announced that it is acquiring CashEdge, which is the company that provides the PopMoney service.
==See Also==
* Buying bitcoins
* Selling bitcoins
* Secure Trading
* Payment methods
* PayPal
* Dwolla
==External Links==
* Popmoney web site
* List of banks offering Popmoney service
Category:Money transmitters
Power Calc

A site that will show the cost for electrical power to generate a 50 BTC block given a hash rate, power usage and cost of electricity as inputs.
* Difficulty field: BlockExplorer provides the current difficulty.
* Hash rate field: the value can determined from your miner client, or from the mining hardware comparison.
* Power usage field: the value for a GPU card itself can be determined from the mining hardware comparison. More accurate values would come from a measurement such as that provided by a Kill-A-Watt device, for example.
* Cost of electricity: Because mining adds to your existing electrical consumption, the rate for mining is the cost of the next kWh, not necessarily your average cost per kWh. Your utility bill will provide the most accurate picture of what rate you'll be charged for additional consumption (your marginal electrical consumption rate).
** U.S. power costs per state
** EU: domestic industrial
==Example==
A typical mining rig with a single ATI HD 5970 with the minimum components (PSU, mobo, HD, graphics card) will consume about 380W. At the difficulty level on April 9, 2011 (82347) using a modern miner that hash about 600MHash/S with that hardware, the cost of electricity to generate a block is $6.84 USD, using the typical U.S. residential rate (about $0.11/kWh). 
Given that a block is 50 BTC and the BTC/USD market rate on that date was about $0.75 USD, then over 18% of the proceeds from mining went to pay the cost of electricity required to mine that block.
==See Also==
* TP's Bitcoin Calculator
* Generation Calculator
* Profitability Calculator
* Global electricity price comparison on Wikipedia
* Where To Mine - Prices of Electricity
* Time-of-use electric pricing irrelevant — Mining is 24x7
==External Links==
* TP's Bitcoin Calculator
* Power Calc
* Vnbitcoin.org Bitcoin Mining Calculator
Category:Mining
Category:Calculators