nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Filmoplast P

== Description ==
[PEL] A brand name for a transparent tissue tape. Filmoplast P is advertised as an acid-free mending tape suitable for invisible dry mending of tears in documents, pages, and maps. For additional products, see Filmoplast tapes.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
pH = 8.8 (unaged tape) and 8.1 (aged tape)
==Resources and Citations==
* Archival Accessories: [https://www.archivalmethods.com/product/filmoplast-tapes Filmoplast tapes
* www.preservationequipment.com
Category:Materials database
Filmoplast P90

== Description ==
[PEL] A brand name for a gummed adhesive paper tape. Filmoplast P-90 is advertised as an acid-free mending tape suitable for repairing joints of book sections and mending damaged edges of documents. The adhesive on Filmoplast P-90 is a water activated acrylic dispersion. For additional products, see Filmoplast tapes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Filmoplast P-90
== Other Properties ==
pH = 9.1 (unaged tape) and 7.8 (aged tape)
== Hazards and Safety ==
Adhesive may yellow and become insoluble with time.
== Additional Information ==
www.preservationequipment.com
Links to Oddy Test results posted on AIC Wiki Materials Database Pages for individual materials below
° Filmoplast P90 tested in 2013
° Filmoplast P90 tested in 1997
== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
Category:Materials database
Filmoplast R

== Description ==
[PEL] A brand name for a transparent tissue tape. Filmoplast R is made with Japanese mulberry paper coated with an acrylic adhesive. The paper support is buffered with magnesium carbonate. Filmoplast R is advertised as a colorless, nonplasticized mending tape suitable for invisible dry mending of tears in documents, pages and maps. For additional products, see Filmoplast tapes.
== Other Properties ==
pH = 8.9 (unaged tape)
== Additional Information ==
www.preservationequipment.com
Category:Materials database
Filmoplast tapes

== Description ==
[Neschen AG] A registered trademark for a series of transparent adhesive tapes. The Filmoplast tapes use either clear tissue or white paper carriers and a pH-neutral to alkaline, non-yellowing, water-based acrylic dispersion adhesive (Arenstein et al. 2019). 
* Filmoplast P: tissue carrier acid-free mending tape
* Filmoplast P1: translucent paper carrier
* Filmoplast P90: paper carrier with gummed adhesive that is a water activated acrylic dispersion
* Filmoplast R: Japanese mulberry paper carrier buffered with magnesium carbonate. It has an acrylic adhesive.
== Applications ==
* Invisible dry mending of paper documents
* Acid-free mending tape for reparing joints or damaged edges
== Personal Risks ==
== Collection Risks ==
Some adhesives may yellow and become insoluble with time.
Links to Oddy Test results posted on AIC Wiki Materials Database Pages for individual materials below
* Filmoplast P90 tested in 2013
* Filmoplast P90 tested in 1997
== Environmental Risks ==
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Filmoplast P: pH = 8.8 (unaged tape) and 8.1 (aged tape)
* Filmoplast P90: pH = 9.1 (unaged tape) and 7.8 (aged tape)
* Filmoplast R: pH = 8.9 (unaged tape)
== Resources and Citations ==
* www.preservationequipment.com
* Rachael Perkins Arenstein, Lisa Goldberg, and Eugenie Milroy, ‘Support and Rehousing for Collection Storage’ In ‘Preventive Conservation: Collection Storage’ Lisa Elkin and Christopher A. Norris (eds.), Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, New York. 2019. 
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory:TapesCategory: Tape, single sided
Filter

== Description ==
A material used to separate components based on their physical properties, such as size or wavelength. Particle beds (sand, diatomaceous earth, charcoal) or membranes (cheesecloth, paper, nylon) are used to remove large particles or impurities from solutions. Light or color filters are used to absorb, minimize, or block specific wavelengths. See records for: barrier filter, filter cloth, filter paper, membrane filter, neutral density filter, and dichroic glass filter.
Category:Materials database
Filter cloth

== Description ==
Any cloth used for filtering. The weave of the cloth controls the porosity and filtering ability. Plain weave is used to capture fine particulates while the more porous satin weave is used for dust collection. Synthetic cloths, such as Dacron®, polypropylene, nylon, polyester, Teflon®, vinyon and glass fibers meet the usual requirements of heat and chemical resistance. Natural fibers, such as cotton gauze in cheesecloth, have been used for centuries to filter varnishes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tejido para filtro (Esp.); weefsel van vilt (Ned);
Category:Materials database
Filter paper

== Description ==
A sturdy, unsized paper composed of cellulose, glass or quartz fibers. Filter paper is designed with a controlled porosity to filter fine particulates from gases or liquids. Filter paper is chemically pure, free from additives and has a neutral pH. Cellulosic filter paper is usually made from chemical pulp or cotton fibers. Whatman filter paper is a common brand.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
papier filtre (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Fine-grain

== Description ==
A descriptive term used for wood, leather, or photographs to imply that the grain or texture is imperceptible or indistinct. Examples of fine-grain minerals include dust and powder.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fine-grain (adj.); fine grain (when grain is the noun); fine-grained; close grain; dense grain; à grain fin (Fr.); grão fino (Port.); tessitura fine (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996 Comment: fine-grained
* R. Bruce Hoadley, Identifying Wood, The Taunton Press, Newton, CT, 1990 Comment: fine grain
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000 Comment: fine-grain = preferred term
Category:Materials database
Fine red

== Description ==
An organic color prepared by boiling Brazilwood dust, nut galls, alum, ammonium chloride and hydrochloric acid in water. Fine red was used to marble book covers (Roberts and Etherington 1982).
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Roberts, D.Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1982.
Category:Materials database
Fine stuff

== Description ==
A lime paste finish coat for plaster walls. Fine stuff is typically composed of a lime putty and is sometimes mixed with gypsum plaster. It has little to no aggregate or fiber. Fine stuff is applied over a dry plaster base coats and dried to form a smooth white surface finish.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
barramento (Port.); plaster putty; setting stuff; plaster finish coat
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* NPS briefs at www2.cr.nps/tps/briefs/brief21.htm
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Fines

== Description ==
Very small particles or fibers. In plastics, fines produced by cutting and sawing may be hazardous if inhaled. In paper production, fines are very short, undesirable fibers that do not add to the strength of the paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
flour; dust
== Risks ==
Inhalation of dust may be hazardous.
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Fingerprints

== Description ==
An impression made by the sweat pores in the ridges on the ends of the human fingers and thumbs. Fingerprints contain naturally produced oils and salts from the human skin that leave residue on contact surfaces. Fingerprint residues can etch metals and stain organic materials such as leather and paper (Shelley 1987). Fingerprints for each human produce a unique pattern of ridges. Images of fingerprint patterns found on works of art have been compared as a potential authentication source (Sigel 2002).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
skin oils and salts; Fingerabdruck (Deut.); empreinte digitale (Fr.); vingerafdrukken (Ned.); impressão digital (Port.); fingeravtryck (Sven.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiFINGERPR.jpg~FTIR]]]
==Resources and Citations==
* Tony Sigel, "Bernini Terracottas: Technical Analysis, Modeling Technique, Authorship", presented at the conference Earth and Fire: Contributions to the Study of Italian Terracotta Sculpture, held at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, April 2002.
* Marjorie Shelley, The Care and Handling of Art Objects, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "fingerprint." Accessed 8 Sept. 2005 .
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint (Accessed Sept. 7, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Finish

== Description ==
1) The final coat of paint or varnish. 
2) The final, hard, dense, smooth layer of plaster. 
3) The appearance, texture, color and smoothness of a surface. 
4) A textile or paper treatment to add desired properties such as luster, water repellency, soil resistance, antistatic, softness, wear resistance, crease resistance or smoothness.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
4) acabado (Esp.); apresto (solo papel o tela) (Esp.); fini (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* S.R.Trotman, E.R. Trotman, Textile Analysis, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1932
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Finishing wax

== Description ==
A wax paste used to dull a glossy varnish. Finishing wax is composed of 100 gm Cosmoloid 80H microscrystalline wax mixed with 20 gm Polythene A wax in 215 cc Stoddard solvent.
==Resources and Citations==
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Fique

== Description ==
Strong, coarse fibers obtained from the leaves of Furcraea macrophylla plants native to South America. Fique fibers are similar to sisal but have more flexibility. They are used for sacks, brushes, coffee bags, and sack cloth.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cabuya; aloes vert; Furcraea macrophylla; Furcraea gigantea (Mauritius hemp)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Good resistance to water.
* Fiber length = 3-5 feet (0.9-1.5 m)
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I Natural Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England, 1984
* Identification of Textile Materials, The Textile Institute, Manchester, England, 1985
Category:Materials database
Fir

== Description ==
Over 50 species from the genus Abies with the exception of the Douglas fir which is of the genus Pseudotsuga. Fir trees are found in North America, Europe and Asia, primarily occurring in mountain ranges. These are large trees reaching heights of 80 m with trunk diameters up to 4 m. Wood from fir trees is soft, light color, straight grain and has a coarse texture. The timber is resistant to insect attack and has been used for ship building and general construction, usually for interior framing. Fir trees are popular Christmas trees due to their aromatic foliage and their tendency to retain dried leaves. The Canada balsam fir (A. balsamea) produces an oleoresin used to mount samples on glass slides for microscopic analysis. Burgundy pitch is obtained from the silver fir (A. alba) found in the Alps, Caucasian and Ural mountains. Other common firs are the white fir (A. concolor) , noble fir (A. procera), and grand fir (A. grandis).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Abies; sapin (Fr.); abeto (Esp., Port.); abete (It.); White Deal; Norway spruce; Douglas fir; balsam fir; noble fir; silver fir; grand fir
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Color: light color
* Grain: straight with coarse texture
* Density = 28-33 ppcf
== Working Properties ==
Fir tree studs typically have a high grading for appearance and strength. The soft wood readily accepts plastic or metal fasteners with a high retention. The wood is less rot resistant than pine and can be used for exterior applications when painted or sealed.
== Resources and Citations ==
* The Wood Database: Abies species
* Alden Identification Services, Microscopic Wood Identification: Link
* H. A. Alden, A.C. Wiedenhoeft, "Qualified Determination of Provenance of Wood of the Firs (Abies spp. Mill) Using Microscopic Features of Rays: An Aid to Conservators, Curators and Art Historians" AIC Poster, reprinted online at http://www.si.edu/scmre/abies.html
* Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:Wood anatomy of central European Species: Silver Fir, Abies alba Mill.
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir (accessed April 2020)
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: Firs include two species: Abies (true firs) and Picea (spruce)
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "fir" [Accessed October 17, 2001].
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory: Wood
Fire brick

== Description ==
A brick made from an infusible material, such as fireclay, that can withstand high temperatures without melting or cracking. The ability of a fire brick to resist heat degradation is directly related to its alumina content. In the United States, fire brick are given pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) ratings: 
* Grade 1- super duty (PCE 33), 
* Grade 2 -high duty (PCE 31.5), 
* Grade 3-medium heat duty (PCE 29) and 
* Grade 4 -low heat duty (PCE 15). 
Fire brick are used for lining furnaces, kilns, and chimneys.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
brique réfractaire (Fr.); tijolo refractário (Port.);magnesia brick; 
Brand names: Alamo brick; Varnon brick; Kaosil firebrick; Korundal; Chromite brick; Firecrete; Insuline; Insulbrix
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Fire extinguisher

== Description ==
A portable device used to put out fires. Fire extinguishers are specific to the combustion material in the fire. 
* Class A - combustible materials such as wood and textiles require a coolant extinguisher, such as or carbon dioxide.
* Class B - flammable liquids, oils and grease require a smothering extinguisher, such as carbon dioxide, foam or dry chemical. Do not use water.
* Class C - electrical fires require carbon dioxide gas or dry chemical extinguishers. Do not use water.
* Class D - burning metals require a dry powder formulation such as graphite or trimethoxy boroxine. Do not use water.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
extincteur (Fr.); extintor (Port.);
== Images ==
File:Image3_802519.jpg|thumb|Class A-D fire extinguisher
File:Image3_802517.jpg|thumb|Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher
File:Image3_802518.jpg|Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher
Category:Materials database
Fire gilding

== Description ==
A gold gilding technique in which an amalgam of gold with mercury is applied to a metal, such as copper or silver, then the metal is heated to flash volatilize the mercury and deposit a thin layer of gold. Fire gilding has been used since at least 300 CE in China. In most regions, it was replaced in the mid-19th century by electrogilding.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fire gilding; amalgam gilding; mercury gilding; dorure au feu (Fr.); Feuervergoldung (Deut.); vuurvergulden (Ned.)
==Resources and Citations==
* P.T.Craddock, "Gilding", The Dictionary of Art Grove's Dictionaries, New York, 1996.
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Fire opal

== Description ==
A brilliant red and orange opal. Fire opals have been mined in Mexico for over 500 years. Current mines in Mexico are at Queretaro and Magdalena.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
girasol; Mexican opal; water opal; jelly opal; opala de fogo (Port.); Feueropal (Deut.)
== Risks ==
Highly hydrated; may be subject to dehydration and surface cracking.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Mineral system=amorphous 
* Cleavage=none 
* Fracture=conchoidal 
* Luster=vitreous to resinous 
* Streak=white 
* Fluoresce=usually white or pale green, some samples phosphoresce
Composition 	SiO2·nH2O
Mohs Hardness 	5.5-6.0
Density 	2.1-2.3 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.44-1.46
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineral Galleries at http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/mineralo/opal/opal.htm Mohs hardness=5.5-6.0
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opal (accessed Oct. 12, 2005) specific gravity=2.1=2.3; RI=1.44 -1.46; Mohs hardness=5.5-6.6
* Yasukazu Suwa, Gemstones: Quality and Value, Volume 1, Sekai Bunka Publishing Inc., Tokyo, 1999 Comment: RI=1.450; Specific gravity=2.15
* Michael O'Donoghue and Louise Joyner, Identification of Gemstones, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2003 Comment: RI=1.45; Specific gravity=2.10
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Fire red

== Description ==
A printing ink hue that is the color of fire engines. Fire red is generally obtained from toluidine red which is not considered permanent as a artist pigment (Mayer 1969).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
rojo fuego (Esp.); vermelho fogo (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* R. Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row, New York, 1969.
Category:Materials database
Fire silvering

== Description ==
1) A silver gilding technique in which an amalgam of silver with mercury is applied to a metal such as copper or brass then the metal is heated to flash volatilize the mercury and deposit a thin layer of silver. 
2) A silver gilding technique in which a metal is coated with silver powder then heated to melt the silver into a continuous film.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
amalgam silvering; argenture au feu (Fr.); Feuerversilberung (Deut.); vuurverzilveren (Ned.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Fire suppression system

== Description ==
A combination of alarms, detectors and extinguishers that can automatically sense and put out a fire. This can include smoke and flame detectors along with a sprinkler system. Many types of sprinkler systems are available: wet pipe, dry pipe, water mist, and gas flooding.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sytème de lutte contre l'incendie(Fr.);
==Images ==
File:Water - SC125382.jpg|thumb|Water mist fire protection system
File:Water2-SC125381.jpg|thumb|Water mist fire protection system
File:Fire.supr.system-SC125380.jpg|Fire suppression system
==Resources and Citations==
* Wellheiser and Scott, An Ounce of Prevention : Integrated Disaster Recovery Planning for Archives, Libraries and Records Centres, see Chapter 4, Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Category:Materials database
Firebrat

== Description ==
A small, silver gray, wingless insect, Thermobia domestica, that lives in dark, warm interior regions, such as around furnaces, boilers and steampipes. The firebrats life cycle is 12 to 14 weeks and adult insects can reach 10 millimeters in length. Firebrats target starchy food such as paper, textiles, and wall paper sizing.
==Resources and Citations==
* MuseumPests.net: Firebrat
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* J. Dawson, CCI Technical Bulletin, 'Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control' , Canadian Conservation Institute, Ottawa, No. 15
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, A Guide to Museum Pest Control, FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988
Category:Materials database
Fireclay

== Description ==
An infusible material that can withstand high temperatures without melting or cracking. Fireclays are most refractory when they contain a high proportion of alumina (at least 45%) in silica with less than 5% impurities such as iron, lime, and magnesia. This high duty grade fireclay can generally withstand temperatures to at least 1600C and it is used for making firebrick, kiln linings, muffle furnaces, and crucibles. Common fireclays have 35-37% alumina.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fire-clay (Br.); argile réfractaire (Fr.); argila refractária (Port.); refractory clay;
Brand names: Klingenberg clay
== Resources and Citations ==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database