Sagittal Band Injuries

Sagittal band injuries (also known as Boxer's knuckle, not to be confused with Boxer's fracture) results from acute direct trauma or chronic, repetitive microtrauma, and typically occur in boxers. 
==Anatomy==
The extensor hood stabilises the extensor tendon at the MCPJ, whereas the dorsal extensor apparatus stabilises the PIPJ. The extensor hood holds the extensor tendons in place and allows the muscles of the finger to effect extension at the PIPJ and DIPJs. The extensor hoot is made up of the sagittal bands, oblique fibres, and transverse fibres. The sagittal bands are the main stabilisers of the extensor hoot and maintain the extensor tendons in the midline of the metacarpal head during flexion and extension of the fingers. The ulnar and radial sagittal bands exert tensile forces in opposite directions during flexion, which keeps the extensor tendon in apposition with the metacarpal bone.Lee SA, Kim BH, Kim SJ, Kim JN, Park SY, Choi K. Current status of ultrasonography of the finger. Ultrasonography. 2016 Apr;35(2):110-23. doi: 10.14366/usg.15051. Epub 2015 Nov 24. PMID: 26753604; PMCID: PMC4825212.
==Pathology==
Since the sagittal band prevents deviation of the extensor tendon during flexion and bowstringing during MCP joint hyperextension, injury to the sagittal band causes extensor tendon dislocation. 
The most frequent location of this injury is the third finger. The site of the tear may affect whether the extensor tendon is displaced towards the radial or ulnar side. Although the most frequent site of disruption is the radial sagittal band, such that the extensor tendon dislocates in an ulnar direction, radial subluxation can occur with forced valgus injury. Since the second and fifth fingers have two tendons per finger, they may displace in different directions, one to the radial side and the other to the ulnar side.
==Clinical Features==
thumb|right|Extensor tendon dislocation during flexionHistory is often of the patient punching an object with a clenched fist. Less often it can occur in non-traumatic situations such as in Rheumatoid Arthritis.
On examination the finger may lie in a ulnar or radial deviated position. Acutely there may be swelling. The sagittal band prevents deviation of the extensor tendon during MCPJ flexion and bowstringing during hyperextension. Therefore extensor tendon dislocation can be observed during flexion.
==Imaging==
Normal: US depicts the normal sagittal bands as thin hyperechoic bands that join the extensor tendons at the MCP joint level. The central slip can be seen up to its insertion into the middle phalangeal base in the dorsal aspect. More distally, US depicts the lateral slips as thin, flattened, hyperechoic structures close to the phalangeal cortex. Since it is difficult to accurately assess the dorsal aspect of the interphalangeal (IP) joints in the transverse plane, US of joints is mainly performed in the longitudinal plane. In longitudinal US, the central slip is seen as a hyperechoic structure running through the subcutaneous soft tissue over the echogenic bony cortex, whereas the two lateral slips are hardly visible.
Sagittal tears: In tears ultrasound demonstrates irregular thickening of the abnormal sagittal band with hypoechogenicity. The extensor tendon can appear normal or can become swollen with loss of the fibrillar pattern, suggestive of a partial tear. On dynamic examination, the extensor tendon can be subluxed or dislocated during finger flexion in the transverse plane.
==Treatment==
The ruptured sagittal band can often be repaired e.g. with mattress sutures.
==References==
Category:Hand and Wrist Conditions