nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
First Derivatives

First Derivatives (FD) provides consulting, support, and technology services to the capital markets. They have offices in London; Newry, Northern Ireland; New York; Philadelphia; Boston; Chicago; Toronto; Stockholm; Frankfurt, Germany; Shanghai; Singapore; Sydney and Adelaide, Australia. Their suite of products targets risk management, algorithmic strategic backtesting, complex event processing and the back office. 
== History ==
In September 2015, FD announced the founding of a new research and development arm of the company, FD Labs, based in Ottawa, Canada. FD brought in Dave Thomas and Brian Barry to help with FD Labs' development; Thomas as FD's chief scientist and Barry as head of FD Labs. 
== Products and Services ==
First Derivatives provides a range of consulting and support services that focus on managing performance, selecting vendors and supporting third party products as well as the support of in-house systems. They also provide technology integration and implementation services. Their products include:
*Delta Suite - The Delta Suite of products covers a range of trading and risk management systems to tools and utilities for Kdb+ users, traders and developers. 
*Delta CEP - The Delta CEP integrates with existing systems and technologies to provide scalable real-time performance.
*Delta Backtest and Delta Replay - These products work in conjunction with each other. Delta Backtest enables strategy validation and Delta Replay allows users to replay or multiply market data and publish the data to any messaging system or application. 
*Delta Limits - Delta Limits allows limits to be applied and monitored to any live and derived sources with high-frequency functionality, full logging and audit trails provided.
*Delta Market Data Manager - Delta Market Data manager provides end of period "Golden Copy" and intraday time series analysis performance. It addresses challenges due MiFID/RegNMS and fraud detection.
*Delta Backoffice - Delta Backoffice consists of Delta Accounting, a framework for generating accounting information and Delta Reconciliations which provides intra-day and real-time reconciliations.
*Delta Feedhandlers - Delta Feed Handlers connect users to exchange direct access to third party market data providers.
== Key People ==
*Seamus Keating, CEO
*Graham Ferguson, CFO
== References ==
First Enercast Financial

First Enercast Financial brings real-time news, analysis, proprietary market forecasts, and data to the weather & energy industry. The First Enercast Financial modeling technologies are powered by a team of world class climate scientists and financial analysts utilizing the latest supercomputing and research advancements. Information services range from daily informational services to raw data output that can be used to gain a market advantage. 
Customers include investment banks, hedge funds, exploration and production companies, utilities, commercial/industrial end-users, and insurance companies. 
==Key People==
== References ==
==Resources==
What is Enercast's Value-Add to the Weather & Energy Industries July 17, 2008
Category:Weather
First Futures

First Futures was a division of Refco.
 
Refco filed for bankruptcy on October 2005, one week after it was revealed that former chairman and CEO Phillip R. Bennett had covered up $430 million in customer losses impacting the company since the late 1990s. Bennett hid the losses from auditors and investors by arranging regular multiple transactions between related Refco companies.
Well-known investment company Thomas H. Lee Partners had bought a 38 percent stake in Refco in 2004 for $500 million as Refco was preparing for its IPO the following year. That offering, in August of 2005 just two months before the company collapsed, saw Refco shares rise 25 percent on the first day's trading.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Defunct Companies
First National Bank of Chicago

__NOTOC__
First National Bank of Chicago (FNBC) was the city's premier bank for more than a century until it became First Chicago Bancorp, named for its parent in 1969. From there the bank merged into several more financial entities and names before eventually coming to rest at JPMorgan Chase & Co.. 
== History ==
FNBC began in Chicago in 1863 with $250,000 but grew to the city's largest bank by 1876 and the country's second-largest by 1902. In 1938, the bank passed $1 billion in assets and had over $3 billion when it re-merged with parent First Chicago Corp. in 1969. That soon rose to $8 billion and then to $30 billion by the end of the 1970s.
== First Chicago Brand Ends ==
First Chicago continued to grow into the 1990s when it acquired NBD of Detroit to become First Chicago NBD in 1995 and the nation's seventh-largest bank. It merged again three years later with Banc One Corp. to become Bank One, the nation's sixth-largest, and finally ending the First Chicago brand.
Bank One was itself swallowed by a much larger acquirer, JPMorgan Chase & Co., in 2004 for $58 billion. It also pushed JPMorgan Chase into second place behind Citigroup as the nation's largest banks by 2004 rankings. The top ranking has since been taken over by Bank of America.
== Key People ==
Bank One CEO Jamie Dimon negotiated a jump to the corner office of JPMorgan Chase effective 2006, two years after the Bank One merger. 
== References ==
Category:Companies Based in Chicago
First North

First North is the alternative growth market established by OMX designed for small and growing companies. It was bought by Nasdaq. 
In February 2009, Nasdaq OMX Group launched a new segment of First North called First North Premier. The new segment is for companies who want their shares to be traded on the First North growth market but also want to comply with the more rigorous disclosure and accounting rules of the main Nasdaq OMX Nordic market. Companies in First North Premier will, for example, have to use International Financial Reporting Standards for accounting and financial reports. 
So far, seven companies have been approved for trading on First North Premier: Aqueri Holding; Black Earth Farming; CellaVision; Entraction; Guava; Precio Systemutveckling and Tretti. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
First Options of Chicago

First Options of Chicago, Inc. (FOC), formerly a leading options broker, was owned for most of its existence by controversial securities brokerage Spear Leeds and Kellogg (SLK), since taken over by Wall Street investment bank Goldman Sachs. SLK briefly sold and then repurchased FOC at a huge profit following the 1987 stock market crash.
==History==
First Options of Chicago, known as First Op, was founded by Edmund O'Connor and his brother William O'Connor to act as a broker for the new listed options markets created when the CBOE launched in 1973.
First Options bought Brandt & Associates in 1986 and was at one time the largest clearer of options contracts in the U.S.
== Sold and bought ==
Owner Spear Leeds and Kellogg sold First Options of Chicago in 1986 to Continental Illinois Bank of Chicago for what observers considered the excessive sum of $125 million plus $35 million in subordianted debt. At the time FOC was the number one provider of clearing services for stock options trading. In January, 1990 Continental Bank (later acquired by Bank of America) put FOC back on the market and later that year sold it back to SLK for a mere $15 million and some future earnings. SLK later settled lawsuits accusing it of financial wrongdoing during and after the crashes of 1987 and 1989.
In 2004 First Options of Chicago became fully integrated into its original parent corporation and was renamed Spear Leeds & Kellogg, L.P. One year later SLK was renamed by it parent company, Goldman Sachs, as Goldman Sachs Execution and Clearing, L.P.
== References ==
Category:Options Brokers
Category:Options
Category:Companies Based in Chicago
First Republic Bank

First Republic Bank was the second-largest bank by assets to fail in U.S. history. It was a commercial bank that provided wealth management services to primarily high-net-worth individuals. On Monday, May 1, 2023, U.S. regulators seized the bank and sold it to JPMorgan Chase. First Republic's stock stopped trading as of May 1. Before it stopped trading, the bank had a market valuation of about $660 million, according to FactSet.
In the aftermath of the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, the troubled First Republic Bank was initially bailed out by the private sector, receiving $30 billion in deposits in March 2023 from 11 of the country’s largest banks, including JPMorgan, Morgan Stanley and Wells Fargo. However, First Republic had been deteriorating for weeks, with depositors pulling out their money to put it in what they viewed as safer banks. First Republic's shares sank after it released earnings results saying that it had borrowed heavily from the Federal Reserve and government-backed lending groups.
The California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation took over First Republic after determining that the bank was conducting its business in an "unsound manner." It then appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) as the bank's receiver. Like Silicon Valley Bank, a significant share of First Republic's deposits were uninsured because they exceeded the $250,000 insurance protection offered by the FDIC.
== History ==
First Republic was founded in 1985 by James Herbert with fewer than 10 employees and only one office. It was located at 201 Pine Street in San Francisco. It was one of the smallest banks in the U.S. out of about 14,000, with a value of $8.8 million. By July 2020, its 35th anniversary, First Republic had more than 5,000 employees and more than 80 offices in seven states. It eventually became the 14th largest U.S. bank with an enterprise value of more than $19 billion.
The bank went public toward the end of 2010, and shares were priced at about $27.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*James H. Herbert, II - Founder and Executive Chairman
*Michael J. Roffler - CEO, President and Board Member
*Susie Cranston - Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer
== References ==
First Trust-ISE Revere Natural Gas Index Index Fund

The First Trust ISE-Revere Natural Gas Index Fund is an exchange-traded fund offered on the International Securities Exchange (ISE). The Fund will normally invest at least 90% of total assets in common stocks that comprise the ISE-Revere Natural Gas Index. This index currently contains 30 companies that derive a substantial portion of their revenues from the exploration and production of natural gas. Index eligibility is limited to those companies that have a greater quantity of proven natural gas reserves compared to crude oil. Candidates are also screened against several stock performance metrics and by their correlation to natural gas futures prices.
== Resources ==
International Securities Exchange press release, Feb. 26, 2007 
Category:Definitions
Fiscal policy

Fiscal policy refers to the way governments attempt to influence their country's macroeconomic performance by taxing their citizens and spending that money on public programs, usually with the aim of stimulating economic growth. It is often thought of as the counterpart to monetary policy, which seeks to influence the country's money supply through setting interest rates.
== Taxing ==
Governments can use fiscal policy to exert more direct control over its national economy particularly through changes in taxation, which directly affect the amount of disposable income its citizens have available. Likewise, increased government spending can directly affect the economy by putting more money into circualtion, although this usually takes longer to affect the economy than changes in tax policy. Monetary policy, by contrast, can influence the economy mainly by lowering borrowing costs but as the recent credit crisis has demonstrated, this course of action has limited effectiveness.
== References ==
Fischer Black

Fischer S. Black, born on January 11, 1938, was an economist. He died August 30, 1995.
He was a student of Marvin Minsky, American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence, and worked on problems in artificial intelligence. In 1971, he began to work at the University of Chicago. He later left the University of Chicago to work at the MIT Sloan School of Management. In 1984, he joined Goldman Sachs. 
On March 12, 2009, Black was inducted into the Futures Industry Association's Futures Hall of Fame, which was established in 2005 to commemorate outstanding contributions to the global futures and options community.
The Black-Scholes Model, a tool for equity options pricing, was first discovered in 1973 by Black and Myron Scholes, and then further developed by Robert Merton. It was for the development of the Black-Scholes Model that Scholes and Merton received the Nobel Prize of Economics in 1997 (Black died two years earlier).
== Education ==
Black received a Ph.D. in applied math from Harvard University in 1964.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Economists
Category:Futures Hall of Fame Members
Category:Deceased
Category:Bios - Economists
Category:University of Chicago
FishEx ASA

FishEx ASA is a marketplace for trading in financial salmon fish derivatives contracts. It's located in Tromsø, Norway.
 
Clearing is carried out through Nord Pool Clearing ASA, a subsidiary of Nord Pool ASA and licensed as a commodity clearing house under the Securities Trading Act of 1997. Through Nord Pool's clearing service, clearing members are offered clearing of contracts traded over the exchange and financial contracts traded in the bilateral (over-the-counter) market.
== Key People ==
Per Trygve Kongsnes is the chairman of FishEx. He is also a partner in Bedriftskompetanse, one of the biggest business development companies in the Northern part of Norway which has offices in Hammerfest, Tromsø, Bodø, Mo i Rana, Trondheim, Bergen, Oslo and Murmansk (Russia). The company was established in 1981.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Futures Exchanges
Category:European Exchanges
Fish derivatives

Nord Pool Clearing (NPC) on March 2, 2007 signed an agreement with FishEx ASA offering clearing services to the international fish derivatives market. The Norwegian Ministry of Finance granted NPC a commodity clearing license. NPC became the first clearinghouse in Europe to enter the international fish derivatives market. 
The granted commodity derivatives license supports NPC in order to expand in further commodity markets in the future. The agreement means that NPC assumes the counterparty risk and guarantees correct settlement for the members. 
== Uses ==
== Notes ==
== References ==
Fitch Ratings

Fitch Ratings is one of the leading global credit rating agencies. The company is dual-headquartered in New York and London, with offices and joint ventures in more than 49 locations and covering entities in more than 90 countries, including more than 2,000 insurance companies.
Fitch Ratings is a majority-owned subsidiary of Fimalac, S.A., an international business support services group headquartered in Paris, France.
== History ==
Fitch Ratings was founded as the Fitch Publishing Company on December 24, 1913 by John Knowles Fitch. Located in the heart of the Financial District in New York City, the Fitch Publishing Company began as a publisher of financial statistics whose consumers included the New York Stock Exchange. Fitch Publishing Company provided critical financial statistics to the investment community through such publications as the “Fitch Bond Book” and the “Fitch Stock and Bond Manual”.
In 1924, the Fitch Publishing Company introduced the now familiar “AAA” to “D” ratings scale.
In 1989, Fitch Ratings was recapitalized under a new management team. Throughout the 1990s, Fitch Ratings grew in all areas including the new area of structured finance.
In 1997, Fitch Ratings merged with IBCA Limited, headquartered in London. Through that merger, Fitch Ratings became owned by Fimalac S.A., a holding company which acquired IBCA in 1992.
Fitch Ratings acquired Duff & Phelps Credit Rating Co., headquartered in Chicago, in April, 2000. This was followed by the acquisition later that year of the rating business of Thomson BankWatch. These acquisitions strengthened Fitch Ratings’ coverage in the corporate, financial institution, insurance and structured finance sectors, as well as adding a significant number of international offices and affiliates.
Fitch built a risk practice as an extension of its core business in credit ratings, and in 2004, the Fitch Group acquired Algorithmics, a leader in enterprise risk management.
== Recent News ==
In January of 2008, Fitch Group developed Fitch Solutions, a provider of data, analytics and related services.
In June of 2010, Fitch made headlines when it said that a breakup of the euro zone was unlikely, and would not be to any country's benefit.
In late October 2010, Fitch downgraded Chicago's debt rating for the second time in three months. They downgraded $7 billion of Chicago's outstanding general oblingation bonds to 'AA-' from 'AA'. 
== Key People ==
* Stephen Joynt, CEO
* Paul Taylor, President
== References ==
Category:Credit Rating Agencies
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Five Minutes With James P. Marzano

James P. Marzano has been around the interest rate product scene for some time. By Marzano's account, he made the first bond futures trade on the Chicago Board of Trade bond floor on Aug. 15, 1977. Now he's trying to get a new product for his trading application company - Applied 360 - off the ground. Marzano recently sat down with MarketsWiki Editor/Producer Christine Nielsen to talk about his current areas of focus.
This month, Marzano is launching Metrixx360, a product which Marzano describes as a real-time trading decision and support application that provides professional traders, hedge fund managers and portfolio risk managers with the calculation tools and market analysis necessary to support trading strategies and complex algorithmic trading applications. Metrixx360 is being launched this month to a select group of large traders that will act as beta test users. The full release of the product is slated for January of 2011.
"Our team has been putting the finishing touches on Metrixx360 as we roll it out with CQG, and in early next year with Trading Technologies," Marzano says.
According to Marzano, Metrixx360 calculates all the critical relationships in the derivative markets which are usually rooted in the cash - futures basis in the spreads and intermarket spreads. The philosophy is that a trader needs to understand the impact of interest rates in any market that he or she trades.
"The people who seem to live the longest in the derivatives markets are the spreaders." To be able to do that, you need to understand the cost of money, Marzano says.
Marzano spent over 24 years as a member of the Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Along the way, he was chair of the municipal futures contract, financial instruments executive committee and business conduct committee.
He founded First LaSalle Services, Inc., a clearing member firm of the Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. In the mid 1980s Marzano got more involved in system development. He was responsible for the founding and development of the Applied Municipal Network, an early contributor of data and synthetic price algorithms to Bloomberg; the Allport Portfolio System, which was in operation at CNA Insurance for over 20 years; and the development of Insignis, an investment management service in production for over a decade at large institutional investors including the General Motors Investment Management Company, the California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS), JPMorgan Chase, and Indosuez Carr (which is now Newedge).
Marzano calls Metrixx360 a "culmination of what I've done in clearing, financing, arbitrage" of the experiences in these markets. Metrixx360 is available to subscribers of CQG and is expected to be available through other trading service providers in the future. Further, the company's "endgame is to use this technology to price OTC swaps," Marzano says.
Category:Five-Minute Interviews
Fixed Income Clearing Corporation

Fixed Income Clearing Corp. (FICC) is a subsidiary of the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC). It facilitates fixed income transaction processing by integrating the Government Securities Clearing Corporation and the Mortgage-Backed Securities Clearing Corporation. 
The Government Securities Division (GSD) of FICC provides real-time trade matching, clearing, risk management and netting for trades in US Government debt issues, including repurchase agreements or repos. 
 
In July 2012, the Financial Stability Oversight Council designated FICC as a systemically important nonbank financial company or financial market utility (SIFMU). The designation means FICC is subject to heightened risk management, financial resource, and other standards, but also gains access to the Federal Reserve's emergency lending facilities. 
In November of 2018 the FICC became the number one counterparty for repo trades backed by US Treasury securities for the first time, hitting $85.3 billion for the month - which accounted for 13.3% of the market, according to data from the Office of Financial Research. 
On April 1, 2019, the DTCC announced that it had received SEC approval to expand the range of buy-side firms that can join the FICC as sponsored members.
 
== Key People ==
*Michael Bodson, CEO
*Murray Pozmanter, DTCC Managing Director and Head of Clearing Agency Services
*Jim Hraska, DTCC Managing Director and General Manager, FICC Services
== References ==
Category:DTCC
Category:Clearing Houses
Fixed income

__NOTOC__
Fixed income (FI) securities, such as government bonds or notes, pay investors a set amount of interest at a specified time. Unlike variable-income securities, where payments change based on an underlying measure such as short-term interest rates, the payments of a fixed-income security are known in advance. 
In addition to government-issued and corporate bonds, fixed income securities can also be bond funds or even bank certificates of deposit (CDs).
==Background==
Fixed-income investments are typically viewed as less risky than stocks but offering higher returns than cash. Most also offer a predictable income stream as well as appreciated value over the life of the security, while many others offer tax advantages.
==Advantages==
Most investors hold some of their portfolio in fixed-income securities, and the more conservative the investor the more they tend to hold. That's because FI investments act as a hedge against exposure to equities and other higher growth securities. 
Consequently, investors tend to rebalance their portfolios towards FI as they grow older, both to protect value and to generate a stable income.
Other investors looking to reduce their tax burden often add tax-favored FI securities like munis and treasuries to their portfolios.
==Disadvantages==
Fixed-income securities are considered a safe and conservative investment but generally offer much less growth potential than stocks. And although less volatile than equities, the bond market is at the mercy of interest rates and can be unpredictable.
Plus some apparently secure fixed-income securities can still be hammered by a falling market. The market for mortgage-backed fixed-income securities like CDOs, for example, has recently all but disappeared as liquidity dried up following the subprime mortgage meltdown.
== References ==
Category: definitions
Category: financial instruments