Pfizer

Pfizer is one of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies. Based in the United States, it manufactures some of the most widely used prescription drugs in the world including Viagra.
==Background and objectives==
Pfizer was founded in 1849. It is in terms of revenue the largest pharmaceutical company in the world. In 2004 its revenues were over $50 billion. From the Pfizer website -
"Our basic role is to discover and develop medicines, help make medicines available, advance and share health information, and partner on public health programs." Pfizer Home Page Accessed 13th December 2007
==Overview==
===Market share/importance===
Quoting from The Guardian in 2001, Corporate Watch report that:
:There were times not long ago that drug companies were merely the size of nations. Now, after a frenzied two-year period of pharmaceutical mega-mergers, they are behemoths, which outweigh entire continents. The combined worth of the world’s top five drug companies is twice the combined GNP of all sub-Saharan Africa and their influence on the rules of world trade is many times stronger because they can bring their wealth to bear directly on the levers of western power. Corporate Watch Pfizer Inc Overview Accessed 13th December 2007
Quoting from ‘Pfizer..not just bigger, but better’, a message by Pfizer CEO Henry A. McKinnell, Corporate Watch continues:
:Pfizer is the largest and richest pharmaceutical enterprise in the world. Fortune® named Pfizer as the fifth-best ‘wealth-creator’ in America. The company is a global leader in human pharmaceuticals, and also has a large array of consumer health care, confectionery, and animal health care products. In 2000, its revenues equalled $29,6 billion (£20,14bn), eight of Pfizer’s pharmaceutical products attained sales of at least $1 billion (£680,4 million) each. Pfizer’s main competitors are Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb and AstraZeneca.
:In 2001, Pfizer has budgeted approximately $5 billion (£3,402 bn) for research and development - more than any other drug company in the world. However, the company is likely to spend even more money on marketing. Extensive marketing practices (e.g. huge TV advertising campaigns) have turned some drugs, like Claritin and Viagra, into household names. According to the Financial Times (26 April 2001), ‘Pfizer has powered its way up the global ranking list to its unassailable position thanks mainly to its marketing prowess.’
===History===
The company was incorporated as Charles Pfizer & Co in the US in 1942 but the original business dates back to a partnership founded in 1849. Until the turn of the century this partnership produced only citric acid but then began to expand into other chemicals and pharmaceutical products. A phase of rapid growth began with the production of penicillin in World War II (it was Pfizer penicillin that arrived with the Allied forces on the beaches of Normandy in 1944) and the development of the company’s most famous product, the antibiotic Terramycin in 1949. Based on this strength, Pfizer grew in the 40s and 50s through horizontal integration in the US as well as through internal development.
Under the methodical directive of John Powers, head of international operations and future president and chief executive officer, Pfizer’s foreign market expanded into 100 countries and accounted for $175 million (£199 million) in sales by 1965. It would be years before any competitor came close to commanding a similar share of the foreign market. Pfizer’s 1965 worldwide sales figures of $220 million (£149,7 million) indicated that the company might possibly be the largest pharmaceutical manufacturer in the US. By 1980 Pfizer was one of the two US companies among the top ten pharmaceutical companies in Europe, and the largest foreign health care and agricultural product manufacturer in Asia. Powers guided the company in a new direction with an emphasis on research and development.
By 1989, Pfizer operated in more than 140 countries. Pfizer entered the 90s facing controversy about heart valves produced by Shiley, a Pfizer subsidiary. In 1990, 38 fractures of implanted valves were reported (see also crime section). Pfizer became a household name in the late 90s with its development of the break-through male impotence drug Viagra, which became the world’s fastest-selling pharmaceutical product (until overtaken by another Pfizer brand).
It appears Viagra also had an effect on the company’s senior executives; in 1999 they began forcing their intentions on rival Warner-Lambert, finally harassing the smaller company into a shotgun marriage in the first ever-hostile take-over in the pharma sector. This take-over turned Pfizer into the largest and richest pharmaceutical enterprise in the world.
Pfizer has worked its way up the global ranking list by way of internal growth and development, acquisitions, the licensing of products from competitors (Pfizer generously borrowed research from its competitors and released variants of these drugs. While all companies participated in this process of ‘molecular manipulation’, whereby a slight variance is produced in a given molecule to develop greater potency and decreased side effects in a drug, Pfizer was particularly adept at developing these drugs and aggressively seizing a share of the market), research & development, and by way of comprehensive marketing efforts.
Pfizer’s successful marketing efforts impinged on other companies in the pharma sector. (Pfizer’s modern market campaigns broke tradition in the pharma industry. Pfizer’s Terramycin campaign turned the company –a relative newcomer to the industry—into the largest advertiser in the American Medical Association’s journal. Some companies did not appreciate Pfizer’s ‘hard sell’ tactics and attacked Pfizer. However, after Pfizer’s campaign proved to be highly effective, other companies took a similar lead) It is manifested in the "arms race" of escalating numbers of sales representatives, particularly in the US; the huge pre-launch marketing budgets when companies try to make as big a splash as possible; and aggressive TV advertising campaigns in which drugs are seemingly being treated and presented to the consumer audience as any other consumer product.
Pfizer recently announced a new mission: to become the world’s ‘most valued’ company. Pfizer CEO McKinnell declared that the new mission came about because the old mission set in the 1990s (to lead the pharmaceutical industry) had been achieved. He explains: ‘Becoming most values simply means that we emerge as the company recognised as the best by patients, customers, business partners, and the communities where we live and work. It’s a long term mission focused on making Pfizer’s success a winning proposition for everyone.’ Pfizer Pfizer’s first half year results 2001 Accessed 2006 The Directory of Multinationals (1998) 'The World’s Top 500 Companies’. 5th edition, volume 2, Waterlow, Specialist Information Publishing Ltd.
==Bjork-Shiley heart valve==
One of Pfizer's products, the Bjork-Shiley heart valve has been the subject of numerous lawsuits against the company. The heart valve was implanted in over 40,000 people between 1979 and 1986, however by the late 80's several cases of heart valve breakages began appearing. Worldwide around 600 breakages have been reported causing roughly 500 fatalities. The incident was all the more shocking as during testing in the 1970's several breakages were reported without the product ever being recalled, in fact several faulty valves were discovered by inspectors, superficially altered to make it appear they were safe and then implanted into patients. In 1994 Pfizer was found guilty of negligent practice and forced to pay around $200 million in damages over the incident. 
==Researchers infected with "AIDS-like" virus - whistleblower lawsuit succeeds==
In early 2010, in what was hailed as a major victory for workers in the biotech and nanotech fields, a former scientist with pharmaceutical firm Pfizer has been awarded $1.37 million for being fired after raising the alarm over researchers being infected with a genetically engineered "AIDS-like" virus.
Becky McClain, a molecular biologist from Deep River, Connecticut, filed a lawsuit against Pfizer in 2007, claiming she had been wrongly terminated for complaining about faulty safety equipment that allowed a "dangerous lentivirus" to infect her and some of her colleagues.
The Hartford Courant describes the virus as "similar to the one that can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS." Health experts testified that the virus has affected the way McClain's body processes potassium, which they say causes McClain to suffer complete paralysis as often as a dozen times per month, the Courant reports.
McClain's lawsuit (PDF) asserted that Pfizer had interfered with her right to free speech, and that she should have been protected from retaliation by whistleblower legislation.
Pfizer challenged her assertion, claiming McClain only started complaining about safety problems once her employment was terminated, the Associated Press reports. Pfizer also claimed to have investigated McClain's claims about safety violations and found them to be untrue, according to the New London Day.
On Thursday, a jury in a US District Court in Connecticut disagreed with Pfizer, granting McClain the $1.37 million, as well as punitive damages, meaning the total amount could be much greater.
The WorkersCompensation.com Web site says the ruling is being "considered the first successful employee claim in the biotech and nanotech industry."
Workers' rights advocates are pointing to the McClain lawsuit as "evidence that risks caused by cutting-edge genetic manipulation have outstripped more slowly evolving government regulation of laboratories," reports the Courant.
McClain's lawsuit says she was exposed to the experimental virus repeatedly between 2002 and 2004, and when she lodged complaints about it, her supervisor said he would "falsify her future performance reviews and he told her they would be negative, and he threatened her in an aggressive fashion following the plaintiff’s repeated complaints regarding safety. He forcibly backed the plaintiff into a wall during one encounter."Daniel Tencer, Pfizer ordered to pay up over ‘AIDS-like’ virus infections, The Raw Story, 2 April 2010, acc 1 May 2010
==Resources==
* Pfizer: Products
* Pfizer: Products/Projects
* Pfizer: Who, Where, How Much?
* Pfizer: Influence / Lobbying
* Pfizer: Corporate Crimes
* Pfizer: Links, contacts & resources
==People==
*Lynda Gauld
===Former staff===
*David Wilson (PR) - was head of communications for Pfizer before moving to PR firm Bell Pottinger
==Pfizer affiliations==
*Atlantic Bridge
*American Council on Science and Health
*Scottish Council Foundation
*Scottish Parliament Business Exchange
*Competitive Enterprise Institute
*Cato Institute
*CropLife International
*Institute of Ideas 
*Social Market Foundation 
*World Business Council for Sustainable Development
*Centre for the New Europe 
*Science Media Centre - Pfizer was a donor to the Science Media Centre from September 2002 to May 2009 according to the SMC.Data from Internet Archive holdings of the Science Media Centre website, 2002-2013. 
*Sep 2002 http://web.archive.org/web/20021224034413/http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/aboutus/fundingsystem.html
*Apr 2003 http://web.archive.org/web/20030625193943/http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/aboutus/fundingsystem.html
*Nov 2003 http://web.archive.org/web/20040214043237/http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/funding.htm
*Oct 2004 http://web.archive.org/web/20041205182639/http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/funding.htm ; and http://web.archive.org/web/20051029205959/http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/funding.htm
*Nov 2005 http://web.archive.org/web/20051227000834/http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/funding.htm
*Apr 2006 http://web.archive.org/web/20060910221525/http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/funding.htm
*Feb 2007 http://web.archive.org/web/20070829210611/http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/funding.htm
*Jul 2008 http://web.archive.org/web/20081202143334/http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/pages/about/funding.htm
*May 2009 http://web.archive.org/web/20090830202526/http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/pages/about/funding.htm
*Sense About Science 
*International Chamber of Commerce 
*Industry and Parliament Trust
*Edmund Burke Foundation
*Media Mentor 
*Friends of Europe 
*International Corporate Governance Network
*Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry
*International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations
*Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
*Atlantic Legal Foundation
*Transparency International 
*American Legislative Exchange Council
*SustainAbility
Pfizer provided generous support for the Expert Consensus Guideline Series: Treatment of Schizophrenia 1999 an initiative aiming at establishing uniform medication guidelines for schizophrenia Weibert, S. The Genesis of President Bush’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health Teenscreen Truth. Accessed 9th January 2008. It is reported that this was an initiative 'supported exclusively by 6 pharmaceutical companies: Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen Pharmaceutica Inc., Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Pfizer Inc. and Zeneca Pharmaceuticals' (now known as AstraZeneca). Michael Hogan and Laurie Flynn were also involved in this initiative.
==PR, Lobbying and Business Intelligence firms==
*Incisive Health Incisive Health Clients, accessed 25 June 2015.
*Burson-Marsteller - circa 2013 PRCA Public Affairs Register: Consultancies – March to May 2013 
*Edelman UK 1.12.03 - 31.05.04 
* GPC International UK 30.11.03 - 31.05.04 
*Fleishman-Hillard 2005
*Precise Public Affairs 
*Porter Novelli International 
*Weber Shandwick, UK 2004 
*Ogilvy Public Relations Worldwide, UK 2004 
*Ogilvy & Mather 
*APCO Worldwide 
*Cohn and Wolfe Ltd 2004
*Garnett Keeler PR, 2004
*Hill and Knowlton, 2004
*Ketchum 2004 
*Manning Selvage and Lee, 2004
*Shire Health PR, 2004 
*Chandler Chicco Agency
*Portland PR, 2013- Register 1st September 2014 - 30th November 2014 APPC, accessed 28 January 2015 
*Insight Public Affairs, 2014- Register 1st September 2014 - 30th November 2014 APPC, accessed 29 January 2015 
*JMC Partners LLP, 2014- Register 1st September 2014 - 30th November 2014 APPC, accessed 29 January 2015 
*MHP Communications Register 1st September 2014 - 30th November 2014 APPC, accessed 23 February 2015 
*Lexington Communications Register 1st December 2014 - 28th February 2015 APPC, accessed 8 April 2015 
Pfizer appears as a client for Rabin Strategic Partners Rabin Strategic Partners Our Clients Accessed 2nd January 2008 (a full-service consultancy, public relations and communications agency).
Pfizer is listed as a client for business intelligence firm Business Insights Business Insights Patient Power: The shift towards more informed, more powerful consumers of drugs Accessed 5th February 2008
In 2008, Pfizer is listed as a client of Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO LtdAMV BBDO Clients accessed 12th February 2008. They are also listed as a client of Innovex Innovex Our Customers Accessed 12th February 2008
Pfizer is also listed as a member of the American Benefits CouncilAmerican Benefits Council Memberships Accessed 26th February 2008 and the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and AssociationsInternational Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations Members Accessed 11th March 2008 in 2008
The Centre for Responsive Ethics report that Pfizer 'is one of the biggest players in what is widely considered the most influential industry in Washington: pharmaceutical manufacturers'. They go on to add that 'Pfizer and other drug makers have successfully fought efforts in Congress to attach a prescription drug benefit to Medicare. The industry also opposes efforts to make it easier for generic drugs to enter the market'The Centre for Responsive Ethics Pfizer Accessed 11th March 2008.
The following agencies are reported to have been contracted to assist Pfizer in their lobbying activities in 2007The Centre for Responsive Ethics Lobbying-Pfizer Accessed 11th March 2008...
* Foley Hoag LLP - $360,000
* Nickles Group - $300,000
* Patton Boggs LLP - $260,000
* Ogilvy Government Relations - $240,000
* Arnold and Porter - $240,000
* Williams and Jensen - $240,000
* Barbour Griffith and Rogers International - $200,000
* McManus Group - $180,000
* MWW Group - $140,000
* Davidson & Co -$120,000
* Glover Park Group - $100,000
* Gorlin Group - $80,000
* Parven Pomper and Schuyler - $80,000
* Lent Scrivner and Roth - $40,000
* Clark & Weinstock - $40,000
* Podesta Group - $40,000
* Bond & Co - $30,000
* Ryan, Phillips et al - $20,000
This is a total of $2,710,000 for 2007 which has been itemized. The reported expenditure total for lobbying in 2007 is $13,800,000.
Other agencies hired previous to 2007 (during the period 1999-2006) are reported as...
* Mayer, Brown et al	
* Kenneth Bowler, Marion
* Hogan & Hartson
* Ricchetti Inc
* Palmetto Group
* Akin, Gump et al
* Neumann, Joanne Snow
* PodestaMattoon
* Parry, Romani et al
* Canfield & Assoc
* Kessler & Assoc
* HC Assoc
* Capitol Health Group
* MWW Group
* Greenlee Partners
* Winning Strategies Washington
* Duberstein Group
* Mickey Ibarra & Assoc
* Ropes & Gray
* Duane Morris Government Affairs
* Ernst & Young
* Steelman Health Strategies
* Federalist Group
* Brownstein, Hyatt et al
* Bennett, Turner & Coleman
Acting on behalf of Pfizer subsidiary Pharmacia Corp...
* Moffet Global - 2003
* Ricchetti Inc - 2003
* Collier Shannon Scott - 2003
* Alpine Group - 2003
* Duberstein Group - 2003
* Parry, Romani et al - 2003
==Government and the Corporate Purse==
Pfizer is reported to have to have contributed a total of US$11,929,052 to political parties in America between 1990-2008The Centre for Responsive Ethics Donor Profiles-Pfizer Accessed 11th March 2008. 73% went to the Republicans and 27% to the Democrats. Since 1999 their contributions break down as follows...
* 1999-2000 $2,482,666 (85% Repubs, 15% Dems)
* 2001-2002 $1,981,972 (80% Repubs, 20% Dems) 
* 2003-2004 $1,768,206 (67% Repubs, 33% Dems)
* 2005-2006 $1,912,839 (67% Repubs, 33% Dems)
* 2007-2008 $763,583 (50% Repubs, 50% Dems) - note:info taken early in 2008, before the end of the cycle (thus is not a final figure).
Funding for lobbying between 1999-2008 is reported to be US$54,090,000 which breaks down as followsThe Centre for Responsive Ethics Lobbying-Pfizer Accessed 11th March 2008...
* 1999 - $2,240,000 
* 2000 - $3,540,000 
* 2001 - $1,840,000 
* 2002 - $4,700,000 
* 2003 - $4,020,000 
* 2004 - $5,660,000 
* 2005 - $6,490,000 
* 2006 - $11,800,000 
* 2007 - $13,800,000 (full figures for 2007 are not yet available, thus this unlikely to be the final figure for the year)
==Patient Groups==
In 2006 Pfizer report that they gave funding to patient groups totalling £1,109,997.29 Pfizer Our Partnership With Patient Organisations Accessed 13th December 2007
The organisations receiving funding were...
* Action on Pain - £6,300
* Addington Afro-Ethnic Health Promotion Group (AAEGRO) - £400
* African HIV Policy Network (AHPN) - £5000
* Age Concern - £510
* Alzheimer's Society - £15,825
* Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Alliance (ARMA) - £15,000
* BackCare - £1000
* Beating Bowel Cancer - £21,460
* Blood Pressure Association (BPA) - £30,000
* Bournemouth Heart Club - £100
* Bowel Cancer UK - £23,000
* Breakthrough Breast Cancer £10,000
* Breast Cancer Care - £9,000
* British Lung Foundation (BLF) - £44,943.29
* Cancerbackup - £44,750
* Cancer Campaigning Group - £10,000
* Child Growth Foundation - £21,540
* Continence Foundation - £10,300
* Diabetes UK - £172,000
* Epilepsy Action - £25,000
* Equilibrium the Bipolar Foundation - £10,000
* EUROPA DONNA - £1,500
* H.E.A.R.T UK - £63,675
* Herpes Viruses Association (aka Shingles Support Society) - £1000
* HIV i-base - £20,000
* Incontact - £34,000
* International Glaucoma Association (IGA) - £13,293
* James Whale Fund for Kidney Cancer - £11,175
* Joint Epilepsy Council (JEC) - £13,250
* Kidney Cancer UK - £2,200
* Long-Term Conditions Alliance (LTCA) - £57,000
* Macular Disease Society (for the Age-related Macular Degeneration Alliance) - £17,000
* Men's Health Forum (MHF) - (for England & Wales) £48,000 - (for Scotland) £2,000
* NAM Publications - £20,000
* National AIDS Trust (NAT) - £15,000
* [[National Society for Epilepsy) (NSE) - £15,000
* The Neuropathy Trust - £29,411
* Pain Relief Foundation - £12,600
* The Patients Association - £7,500
* Pituitary Foundation - £15,000
* Positive Nation (UK Coalition) - £165
* Pulmonary Hypertension Association UK - £49,600
* QUIT - £25,000
* Rarer Cancers Forum - £2,000
* Raynaud's and Scleroderma Association (RSA) - £500
* Royal National Institute of the Blind (RNIB) - £85,000
* Sarcoma UK - £5,000
* Sexual Dysfunction Association (SDA) - £40,000
* Specialised Healthcare Alliance (SHCA) - £11,000
* Spinal Injuries Association (SIA) - £1,000
* Trigeminal Neuralgia Association UK (TNA) - £1,000
* Turners Syndrome Society - £10,000
In addition to the above patient group donations, Pfizer also financed the following organisations (December 2005 to November 2006) through its Pfizer UK Foundation ibid. The amount of grants given to all Pfizer UK Foundation projects in 2006 totalling £1,038,209:
* Age Concern - £43,383
* Association for Real Change (ARC) - £26,203
* Asthma UK - £72, 830
* The Cancer Counselling Trust - £17,500
* Diabetes UK - £26,390
* Down's Syndrome Association - £20,000
* Maggie's Cancer Caring Centre Trust - £30,450
* QUIT - £38,788
* Terrence Higgins Trust - £48,500
==External Links==
* http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/main.jsp
* http://www.gregpalast.com/printerfriendly.cfm?artid=68
==References==
Category:Pharmaceutical Industry
Category:Big PharmaCategory:GMCategory:BiotechnologyCategory:Science Media Centre