Southern Strategy

The Southern Strategy was Richard Nixon's strategy to whiteify the electorate so that Republicans could hold onto power in light of demographic changes. It began as a grab for southern states during the 1968 and 1972 elections: a combination of dog-whistle politics as well as a deliberately racist agenda, effectively throwing any social/moral clout that the GOP had a right to out the window.
It resulted in a total party realignment over issues of civil rights and racism. Democrats went from being the party who opposed civil rights to being the party that passed them, and Southerners who were formerly Democrats voted Republican instead, because Republicans opposed progress in those areas to various extents. This was the most significant political realignment in the US since the "New Deal Coalition," and one that still continues to this day.
==It's a myth!==
Pat Buchanan and were both advisers to Nixon, and have either released material or given interviews in which they made the Southern Strategy plain. Both were advisers to Nixon during his 1968 presidential campaign, and Buchanan went on to serve Nixon in the White House. Buchanan released a 1971 Nixon White House memo, addressed to Attorney General H. R. Haldeman, to The New Yorker in 2008,The Fall of Conservatism: Have the Republicans run out of ideas? by George Packer (May 26, 2008) The New Yorker. the highlights of which are:Dividing the Democrats, memorandum to the Attorney General H. R. Haldeman (October 5, 1971) The White House, via The New Yorker (archived from July 15, 2008).
*"From Day One, Nixon and I talked about creating a new majority… Northern Catholic ethnics and Southern Protestant conservatives — what we called the Rizzo Democrats in the North and, frankly, the Wallace Democrats in the South.”
*"nominate for the Supreme Court a Southern strict constructionist who would divide Democrats regionally"
*"elicit white working-class support with tax relief and denunciations of welfare"
*"Bumper stickers calling for black Presidential and especially Vice-Presidential candidates should be spread out in the ghettoes of the country … We should do what is within our power to have a black nominated for Number Two, at least at the Democratic National Convention."
The Nixon White House even predicted in the memo that it would divide the country along north-south lines and eventually cause the media to turn against them.
Phillips for his part, wrote the book The Emerging Republican Majority that described the Southern Strategy,The Emerging Republican Majority by Kevin P. Phillips (1969) Arlington House. and is sometimes attributed as the Southern Strategy mastermind.The GOP’s ‘southern strategy’ mastermind just died. Here’s his legacy. by Greg Sargent (October 12, 2023 at 7:30 a.m. EDT) The Washington Post.
Nixon's adoption of the strategy is often credited to two Southern Republicans, Harry Dent (a former aide to Strom Thurmond, perhaps the most iconic Dixiecrat to turn Republican over racial issues) and Fred Cheney LaRue (a Mississippi oil tycoon and future Watergate conspirator, otherwise known for accidentally shooting his father while hunting).A Mysterious Power Frederick Cheney LaRue by Christopher Special (June 28, 1973) The New York Times. Dent in particular played a major role in securing Southern support for Nixon during the 1968 campaign; he later wrote a memoir, The Prodigal South Turns to Power,The Prodigal South Turns to Power by Harry S. Dent (1978) John Wiley and Sons. . in which he lovingly details the development of the Southern Strategy and his own role in it.Harry Dent, an Architect of Nixon ‘Southern Strategy’, Dies at 77 by David Stout (October 2, 2007) The New York Times.
===It's about states' rights!===
Lee Atwater, a political strategist for Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, described the Southern Strategy in a 1981 interview:Exclusive: Lee Atwater’s Infamous 1981 Interview on the Southern Strategy: The forty-two-minute recording, acquired by James Carter IV, confirms Atwater’s incendiary remarks and places them in context. by Rick Perlstein (November 13, 2012) The Nation.Lee Atwater (1981): Interview with Alexander P. Lamis: Rough Transcript: Weekend Reading (March 17, 2017 at 09:57) Grasping Reality by Brad DeLong.
==History==
The Southern Strategy was not a single fixed strategy, but one that evolved over many years.The Long Southern Strategy: How Chasing White Voters in the South Changed American Politics by Angie Maxwell & Todd Shields (2019) Oxford University Press. .
===1936 — The early seeds===
In 1936, Vance Muse, a Republican operative and racist anti-semite who also founded the modern "right to work" movement, organized with Georgia's brutal white supremacist Governor Eugene Talmadge a "Southern Committee to Uphold the Constitution," funded by both Northern Republican-leaning industrialists who owned DuPont, Sun Oil and General Motors, and wealthy Confederates like Texan cotton broker Will Clayton,The Nazi Hydra in America: Suppressed History of a Century, Wall Street and the Rise of the Fourth Reich by Glen Yeadon & John Hawkins (2008) Progressive Press. so that they could exploit anti-New Deal and anti-FDR hatred in the South.As "Right To Work" becomes law in Wisconsin, a reminder of its inventor's racist past by Mark Ames (March 13, 2015) Pando (archived from September 24, 2015).You Hate "Right To Work" Laws More Than You Know. Here's Why by Mark Ames (10:41 a.m. December 12, 2012) NSFWCORP (archived from May 3, 2016).
The "Southern Committee to Uphold the Constitution," whose leaders found a temporary bizarre alliance with Huey Long,Michael Phillips, George Green, Sean Cunningham, Nancy Baker, Michael Lind, The Texas Right: The Radical Roots of Lone Star Conservatism. Texas A&M University Press, 2014. .Roger Biles, The South and the New Deal. University Press of Kentucky, 1994. Robert Mickey, Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944-1972. Princeton University Press, 2015. dubbed themselves "Jeffersonian Democrats," frivolously branding national Democrats as communists.Harnett T. Kane, Huey Long's Louisiana Hayride: The American Rehearsal for Dictatorship 1928-1940. Pelican Publishing, 1971. .Dewey W. Grantham, The South in Modern America: A Region at Odds. Harpercollins, 1994. .
===1940s===
:See Dixiecrat
===1950s===
Stung from losing 5 presidential elections in a row (4 for Roosevelt and 1 for Truman), a few Republicans began actively courting Dixiecrats starting in the early 1950s, particularly Senator Karl Mundt of South Dakota and Republican National Chair Guy Gabrielson.
In a post-presidential interview, Nixon argued that Goldwater had not originated the Southern Strategy, but that it had originated it in the 1950s with Eisenhower's campaigns in 1952 and 1956.} This is something Nixon would have been privy to since he ran as Eisenhower's Vice President in both campaigns.
===1964 — The inspiration===
The 1964 GOP convention was the whitest it had ever been, with no African American delegates from any Southern State. Nelson Rockefeller, who supported civil rights, had offered an amendment to improve the "weak and weasel-worded" civil rights plank by denouncing the KKK and the John Birch Society, but was shouted down by delegates. "The few Black Republicans who attended were verbally abused and physically assaulted. One had his suit set on fire. His attacker screamed, 'Keep your own place!'"The Loneliness of the Black Republican: Pragmatic Politics and the Pursuit of Power by Leah Wright Rigueur (2016) Princeton University Press. . African American baseball hero and longtime Republican Jackie Robinson said of his experience at the convention:When Jackie Robinson Confronted a Trump-Like Candidate: At its core, Barry Goldwater’s campaign threatened blacks’ ability to fully engage in a two-party system. by Matthew Delmont (Mar 19, 2016) The Atlantic.
Barry Goldwater accomplished a task that, until 1964, had been seen as physically impossible — he won five states in the Deep South for the Republican Party, which had been seen for the past hundred years as the party of Abraham Lincoln and the past ten years as "The War of Northern Aggression". Even more incredibly, those five states were, apart from Goldwater's home state of Arizona (which he only won by about 1%), the only states that he won in what was otherwise a Democratic landslide, turning established political battle lines on their heads. He was able to do this because of his voting record against anti-racism legislation versus the incumbent, Lyndon Johnson, who was in favor of civil rights. The South had, until that point, been a solidly Democratic voting bloc, often called the "Solid South". Nixon, taking note of this, campaigned on subtle states' rights themes in 1968 and 1972 in an attempt to keep the Deep South in the Republican column. It doesn't matter whether Goldwater or Nixon were actually racists or wanted racist outcomes (for the record they were — though not as rabidly or overtly as the voters they courted). All they wanted was racist votes, and Nixon campaigned on "states' rights" within the context of this issue so as to favor the legal outcome that the racists wanted, without having to actually be openly racist.
That Southerners could be persuaded to vote Republican in presidential races by the 1960s is attributable to the greater power of race than class by that time. For the first half of the 20th century, white Protestant voters in the South tended to be quite populist on economic issues, forming an important part of the New Deal Coalition and supporting government infrastructure projects like the Tennessee Valley Authority. However, they were rabidly reactionary on race and other social issues, often preventing Franklin D. Roosevelt and the northern liberal wing of the Democratic Party from taking action on lynching and segregation.
As the South grew in affluence after World War II, class tension began to fade. At the same time, the civil rights movement that began in the 1950s and gained momentum in the 1960s put race into sharper perspective, while other cultural changes in the 1960s (the sexual revolution, the counterculture, the New Left) also drove white religious conservatives in both the North and the South away from the Democrats. The latter in particular placed another once-solidly Democratic voting bloc, the working-class Catholic voters of the northern industrial cities, into play, something that Nixon and future Republicans would also take notice of.
===1968 — Failure and success===
In 1968, this strategy failed to win over most of the South, although Nixon did win the election after carrying a few, but enough, southern states. The reason was Alabama's Democratic governor, George Wallace, running on a third party ticket — the American Independent Party, or AIP, which staunchly opposed civil rights and won over a lot of disaffected white Southerners who still couldn't bring themselves to vote for "the party of Lincoln."The 'angry man’s candidate': George Wallace and the roots of the American Independent Party by Christine Mai-Duc (April 17, 2016) Los Angeles Times. Wallace won five Southern states in 1968, then returned to the Democratic Party and sought their nomination unsuccessfully in 1972 and 1976, while the AIP became an increasingly fringy hangout for John Birchers and washed-up segregationists in subsequent presidential elections.
The organized conservative movement was split during that time as to their electoral strategy. One faction wanted to build the American Independent Party, while the other sought to take over the Republican Party; the latter eventually won out. In 1972, the American Independent Party nominated Bircher John G. Schmitz of California, who did poorly and carried no states at all, with his highest vote percentage of 9.3% in Idaho, then split into two factions (southern segregationists in the American Independent Party, Birchers in the American Party) for the 1976 and 1980 elections and faded off into history. The American Independent Party is now only active in California (and likely only survives there because of independents accidentally signing up for the party), and gave Alan Keyes their ballot line in 2008.
===1972 — Success and sadness===
With the AIP nomination of Schmitz, any hope conservatives had of the AIP as a viable electoral vehicle in the South faded, and Nixon played his Southern strategy well in 1972, sweeping all of the Bible Belt and most of the rest of the country. Among the bones Nixon threw out to the South was his nomination of two anti-civil rights judges to the Supreme Court, George Harrold Carswell and Clement Haynesworth. Neither of them won confirmation by the Senate; Carswell was later busted in a public restroom soliciting an undercover policeman for sex.Did we already have a gay justice? by Josh Gerstein (05/05/2009 12:30 PM EDT) Politico. The more things change…
Tricky Dick also played to ignorant rubes in northern cities, such as the (at the time) thuggish AFL-CIO trade union leadership who had organized pro-Vietnam War riots in the wake of the Kent State shootings, and popularized "Silent Majority" as a neologism — which included playing the racism card in the south and the patriotism card in the north. Both the formerly-solid South and longtime union/Democratic strongholds in the Rust Belt went heavily for Nixon. Since that time, the conservative movement's strategy has been to use the Republican Party as their electoral vehicle.
===1976 — Scandals will have their way===
Nixon, of course, was pwned in 1974 by Watergate bunglers Chuck Colson and G. Gordon Liddy and turned the reins over to Gerald Ford. The Democratic nomination of the Governor of Georgia, Jimmy Carter, running as the anti-Watergate candidate, temporarily halted the Southern strategy, as Carter won every Southern state except for Virginia. Carter might well have won Virginia too if not for those spoilers, the Socialist Workers Party, the Libertarian Party, and Lyndon LaRouche's U.S. Labor Party. Drat you Ralph Nader!
As the 1968 and 1976 elections showed, the South was still reluctant to move into the Republican column, especially if a Southerner was on the Democratic ticket. However, the conservative movement had gotten fully behind Ronald Reagan, who gave the incumbent Ford a strong challenge for the Republican nomination, and the Southern strategy was resurrected during the late 1970s in a more organized form involving the rise of the Religious Right and groups like the Moral Majority, all intended to change the political landscape in the South for good. Part of this strategy also involved wooing ultraconservative Southern Democratic politicians to switch parties, and some did.
===1980 and 1984===
In 1980, Reagan launched his campaign in Philadelphia, Mississippi,Ronald Reagan's 1980 Neshoba County Fair speech (April 8, 2021 2:53 pm) The Neshoba Democrat Philadelphia was symbolic, showing the Southern strategy was alive and well.Seven Things About Ronald Reagan You Won’t Hear At The Reagan Library GOP Debate by Jon Schwarz (September 16 2015, 6:23 a.m.) The Intercept. Philadelphia is the town infamous for the murder of three civil rights workers by the Ku Klux Klan in 1964.Murder in Mississippi American Experience, PBS. There really was no other reason at all for Reagan to launch his campaign there or even visit the area. Philadelphia was a backwater rural part of Mississippi, with a population of less than 7000 at the time; the state itself possessed only seven electoral votes. Throughout his speech, Reagan never once mentioned those three murdered civil rights advocates.
The Reagan campaign also repeatedly used racially-coded language during its quest for the White House. Historian Dan Carter noted that "Reagan showed that he could use coded language with the best of them, lambasting welfare queens, busing, and affirmative action as the need arose".From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963-1994 by Dan T. Carter (1999) Louisiana State University Press. Revised edition. .
Reagan won with a combination of the Southern Strategy and figuring out how to get the working poor angry at the welfare poor and vote Republican. From that point onward, the GOP's pro-Southern transition would be known as the "Age of Reagan" or the "Reagan Era".
===So it goes…===
While the southern United States has been viewed since 1980 as the most solid Republican voting bloc, recent elections have shown a number of cracks starting to develop in this strategy. Bill Clinton won much of the South (although mostly the border states rather than the Deep South) in 1992 and 1996, and Barack Obama carried Virginia and Florida in 2008 and 2012. North Carolina, too, also went for Obama in 2008, and while it went for Mitt Romney in 2012, it was by a margin of just two points. Joe Biden carried Georgia in 2020, as well as Virginia which by that point was a solid blue state. Due to Sun Belt migration patterns, some political observers are predicting a split in the South as a unified political bloc, with the eastern Atlantic states (most notably the ones that Obama carried in 2008, along with the Atlanta area in Georgia) becoming liberal and Democratic-leaning and the Deep South remaining a conservative stronghold. Interestingly enough, Texas has also been shifting leftward due to the growth of minority populations in the state, but of course the Republican party is aware of the possibility of it flipping and has passed a number of voter suppression laws under the guise of "anti-voter fraud laws" in the state.5 Ways Texas Suppresses The Vote — And How To Make Your Vote Count by Ashley Harris (January 17, 2022 - 6:00am) ACLU Texas.
That part of the strategy was genius. The Republican Party apparently realized that they could dump a bunch of money into state elections, and from there rig the Congressional districts to their favor. Then, with the Congress in perpetual gridlock, the power to pass effective laws falls to the state governments that Republicans happen to mostly control (again, due to gerrymandering). Icing on the cake: they can then blame all their state's problems on the White House.
==Denialism==
Despite the extensive evidence of the existence of the Southern Strategy, including from its primary architects, there are still people who deny its reality, including those who should know better. a retired professor of political science and law at Vanderbilt University, argued in a PragerU video that the Southern Strategy was "fabricated by left-leaning academic elites and journalists…".Why Did the Democratic South Become Republican? by Carol Swain (Jul 24, 2017) PragerU."The Southern Strategy" by Kevin M. Kruse. In: Myth America: Historians Take On the Biggest Legends and Lies About Our Past, edited by Kevin M. Kruse & Julian E. Zelizer (2022) Basic Books. . Pages 169-196. Swain had acknowledged the existence of the strategy in an earlier book that she had written.The New White Nationalism in America: Its Challenge to Integration by Carol M. Swain (2002) Cambridge University Press. . Who are you going to believe, the Dr. Swain who writes for a mostly-respectable, peer-reviewed publisher in 2002 (Cambridge University Press), or the Dr. Swain who writes for a conspiracy theorist outfit that pretends to be academic but is just a far-right advocacy group (PragerU) in 2017?
Ann Coulter has also claimed that the Southern Strategy is liberal "folklore".Mugged: Racial Demagoguery from the Seventies to Obama by Ann Coulter (2012) Sentinel. . She claimed that "The single most important piece of evidence for the Republicans' alleged southern strategy is President Lyndon B. Johnson's statement, after signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, that 'we just delivered the South to the Republican Party for a long time to come." This is simply not the case since the was made public in the same year that Coulter's book came out in 2012, and the was made public in 2008.
, Buchanan later denied the existence of the strategy.Pat Buchanan Whitewashing Racist Southern Strategy He Helped Devise. Pat Buchanan: Richard Nixon Was Not Racist by Oliver Willis (07/07/14 5:10 PM EDT) Media Matters for America.The Greatest Comeback: How Richard Nixon Rose From Defeat to Create the New Majority by Patrick J. Buchanan (2014) Crown. .
==See also==
*Dixiecrat
*Jim Crow
*New Right
*States' rights
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Conservative deceit
Category:Political strategery
Category:Racism
Category:United States politics