nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
White vitriol

== Description ==
An archaic name for zinc sulfate. In ancient times, white vitriol may also have referred to dehydrated green vitriol (ferrous sulfate).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
white copperas; zinc sulfate
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 786
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
White wax

== Description ==
An unstandardized name for several white waxes such as bleached beeswax, spermaceti, and Chinese insect wax.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cera blanca (Esp.); cire blanche (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
White wood

== Description ==
Any of several trees with light-color, fine-grain wood. Examples are: tulip tree, linden, white birch, basswood, and poplar
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
white-wood
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 250
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Whitening agent

== Description ==
A solution or additive used to lighten or whiten another material. Examples are: bleaching agents, white pigments, and optical brighteners. See also brightening agent and fluorescent whitening agent.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
whitener
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Whitewash

== Description ==
An inexpensive white paint that contains lime suspended in water. Whitewash may contain other additives such as: glue, whiting, salt, or sugar. The non-permanent, water-soluble paint was used on walls, fences and ceilings. A similar lime based paint, called limewash, was usually composed of lime mixed with tallow or linseed oil as a water resistant exterior coating.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
água de cal (Port.); white lime; limewash; white washing
== Resources and Citations ==
* Bob Bennett "Awash with Colour: The Use of Limewash as a Decorative and Protective Coating" Building Conservation Directory, 1997: Link
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.570
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Lime article - http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/limebasic/limebasic.htm
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Whiting

== Description ==
A fine powder of white chalk (native calcium carbonate). Whiting has been used as an inert pigment in paints, inks, and puttys and also as a flux in low temperature ceramic glazes. Synthetically prepared calcium carbonate, called precipitated chalk, is much whiter and finer than whiting.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chalk; whitening; Spanish white; limestone whiting; Paris white; English white; gilder's whiting; Pigment White 18; CI 77220
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Whiting (Forbes MFA no number), collodion slide, 785 nm copy.tif~Raman (MFA)|PIGWHIT.jpg~XRD|fwhitingsem.jpg~SEM|fwhitingedsbw.jpg~EDS]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Small irregular shaped particles (0.1-10 microns); 
* High birefringence with strong interference colors
* May fluoresce a medium purple color. 
* Reacts with acids to evolve carbon dioxide.
Density 	2.70 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.486; 1.645
== Comparisons ==
== Additional Images ==
File:5_Whiting_200X.jpg|Whiting
File:5_Whiting_200X_pol.jpg|Whiting
== Resources and Citations ==
* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Pigment Compendium, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 181
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Paint in America, Robert Moss (ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994 Comment: Ian Bristow "House Painting in Britain"
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Wicking

== Description ==
The flow of a liquid along the surface of a solid due to capillary action. Capillary action is caused by the attraction of the liquid molecules to each other and to the solid surface.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
capillarity (AAT); capillary action; capillary attraction
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Wild madder

== Description ==
A plant, Rubia peregrina L., from the same family as madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) that produces a red dye of similar color. Wild madder grows all over the Mediterranean area and other parts of Europe, including the southern half of the British Isles and parts of the Middle East. It was also sometimes cultivated and was occasionally used with (or in place of) madder when there was insufficient amounts of this plant available. The principal colorant in wild madder is pseudopurpurin (present in the plant as the glycoside galiosin), and also purpurin (also formed from pseudopurpurin by decarboxylation), with rubiadin and a little munjistin; very little alizarin is present.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Rubia peregrina L.; granza silvestre (Esp.); garance sauvage (Fr.); garança silvestre (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* H.Schweppe, J.Winter, "Madder and Alizarin", Artists Pigments, Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
* Jo Kirby, Submitted information, November 2007
* D. Cardon, Natural Dyes: Sources, Tradition, Technology and Science (original edition Le Monde des teintures naturelles), Archetype Publications, Ltd., London, 2007
* J. Wouters, "The dye of Rubia peregrina. I. Preliminary investigations", Dyes in History and Archaeology, 16/7, p. 145-57, 2001
* J.H. Hofenk de Graaff, The Colourful Past: Origins, Chemistry, and identification of Natural Dyestuffs, Archetype Publications, Ltd., London, Abegg-Stiftung, Riggisberg;, 2004 Comment: pp. 107-10
* R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
Record content reviewed by EU-Artech, November 2007.
Category:Materials database
Wild silk

== Description ==
Silk fibers produced by wild silk worms. The most common wild silk is called Tussah silk. The filaments of Tussah are coarser than cultivated silk fibers. Wild silk is brownish and more difficult to bleach so it is usually dyed in dark colors. Other types of caterpillars also spin silky cocoons that are collected and used for cloth. Some of them are: 
* Antheraea yama-mai (Japan), A. peryni (China, Europe): feeds on oak leaves
* Antheraea mylitta (India), A. assama (India): feeds on bher trees 
* Antheraea assamensis (Muga silk moth, found in Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, Bengal and Indonesia): polyphagous 
* Attacus ricini (Americas, Asia): feeds on castor oil plants 
* Attacus atlas (Atlas silk moth): 
* Callosamia promethea (Spicebush silk moth): 
* Hyalophora cecropia (Robin silk moth)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Tussah silk; seda salvaje (Esp.); Hyalophora cecropia; Callosamia promethea; Attacus atlas; Attacus ricini; Antheraea assamensis; Antheraea mylitta; Antheraea yama-mai; Antheraea assama; Antheraea peryni; 
== Additional Images ==
File:Anth.mylitta_grp.det_Irene.jpg|thumb|Indian tasar silk mothAntheraea mylitta
File:Anth.pernyi_2up_Irene.jpg|Chinese oak silk mothAntheraea pernyi
File:Anth.yamamai_grp_Irene.jpg|Japanese oak silk mothAntheraea yamamai
File:wildsilkfiberslarge.jpg|Wild silk
== Resources and Citations ==
* M.Brooks, S.O'Conner, J.McDonnell "The Application of Low-energy X-radiography in the Examination and Investigation of Degraded Historic Silk Textiles" ICOM Preprints, Edinburgh, Vol. II, p.670-79, 1996.
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: p. 231
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 722
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I Natural Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England, 1984 Comment: p. 152
* External source or communication: Irene Good, Jan. 14, 2006.
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk (Accessed Nov. 29, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Wild spikenard

== Description ==
A dull red dye obtained from the berries of the wild spikenard bushes, Smilacina racemosa or Vagnera racemosa.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Smilacina racemosa (false Solomon seal); Vagnera racemosa (Solomon's zig-zag)
==Resources and Citations==
* R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "spikenard." Accessed 8 Dec. 2004 .
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spikenard (Accessed Dec. 4, 2004)
Category:Materials database
Wilkeson sandstone

== Description ==
A medium-grain, pale gray sandstone quarried near Wilkeson in Pierce County, Washington. Wilkeson sandstone is hard but easily worked. It was used for buildings and paving.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Wilkerson sandstone (sp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996 Comment: Wilkerson
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925 Comment: Wilkerson
* National Geographic Atlas lists name as Wilkeson
Category:Materials database
Willemite

== Description ==
A strongly fluorescent mineral composed of zinc silicate that has been used as a gemstone. Willemite was named after Willem I (1772-1843) king of the Netherlands. It is transparent or translucent in shades of yellow, green, red, brown, blue, black or white. Willemite occurs in the U.S. (New Jersey, New Mexico), Belgium, Zaire, Algeria, Namibia, and Greenland.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
troostite; willemita (Esp.); willémite (Fr.); willemiet (Ned.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Hexagonal system with short prismatic or rhombohedral crystals; may be fibrous massive. 
* Cleavage is good in three directions. 
* Fracture = uneven to conchoidal. 
* Luster = resinous to vitreous. 
* Streak = white 
* Strongly fluorescent
Composition 	Zn2SiO4
Mohs Hardness 	5.5
Density 	3.9-4.2 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.70; 1.72
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Willemite
Category:Materials database
Willow

== Description ==
Any deciduous tree or shrub of the genus Salix native to northern temperate areas preferentially grown near water sources. Many willow species have drooping branches that supply thin, flexible branches, often called withies, often used for basketry and fishing nets. Willow wood is lightweight but hard with a straight grain and fine texture. The tough wood bends easily without splitting. In ancient Egypt, willow was used for handles, poles, bowls, boats, and domestic items. Willow has been used for Italian panel paintings and Gothic sculptures in southern Germany. Since willow wood has a low mineral content, it was favored for the production of charcoal. Other uses have included small turned pieces, hoops, crates, excelsior, as well as musical and agricultural implements. 
See also willow bark for dyes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
white willow (Salix alba); yellow willow (Salix vitellina); black willow (Salix nigra); weeping will (Salix babylonica); vrba (Ces.); pile-slægten (Dan.); Weiden (Deut.); sauce (Esp.); saule (Fr.); salice (It.); wilg (Ned.); wierzba (Pol.); salgueiro (Port.); viden (Sven.); willower; willy; withies; sallow; osier
* For willow fiber identification, see https://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Category:FRIL:_Black_Willow
* For willow dyes, see [Uemera Dye Archive (Nekoyanagi)]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* A fast growing tree with sizes ranging from small shrubs to 20 m trees.
* Leaves are elongated, narrow and alternate.
* Seeds have long, silky hairs, called woolly catkins
* Density = 24-38 ppcf
== Resources and Citations ==
* Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:Wood anatomy of central European Species: Common Osier,Basket Willow, Salix viminalis L.
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "willow" [Accessed March 14, 2003].
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 872
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Hardwood Manufacturers Institute, Memphis, Tenn.: air-dry weight = 26 pcf
* Wikipedia: Willow (Accessed Mar. 20, 2006 and October 2024) 
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965 Comment: 28-38 pcf
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* R.Gale, P.Gasson, N.Hepper, G.Killen, "Wood" , Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 334-371., 2000
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=24-37 ppcf (0.40-0.60 g/cm3)
Category:Materials database
Willow bark

== Description ==
Bark from willow trees (Salix) found throughout the world. The bark and watery sap from willow trees has been used for medicinal purposes by the Greeks since the 5th century since extracts produce salicylic acid, the presursor of aspirin. Additionally the flexible shoots and bark were used for weaving and musical instruments. Extracts of the bark produce a pale brown to rose-tan color on wool using an alum mordant. Willow bark dye has good washfastness and fair lightfastness. Willow bark also contains a natural catechol tanning agent used to prepared leather.
* For willow dyes, see [Uemera Dye Archive (Yanagi and Nekoyanagi)]
== Resources and Citations ==
* R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow (accessed August 2020)
Category:Materials database
Willow oak

== Description ==
A type of red oak tree, Quercus phellos, native to the southeastern areas of the U.S. The willow oak has heavy, reddish-brown, coarse-grain wood. It is widely used commercially for flooring, furniture, cabinets, paneling, and millwork.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Quercus phellos
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Medium tree growing to 25 m. 
* Bark=gray developing rough ridges with age. 
* Leaf=linear shape (5-10cm in length) 
* Fruit=small round acorns (1 cm) with thin caps
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Wood Database: Willow oak
Category:Materials database
Wind

== Description ==
Air moving across the earth's surface. Wind direction and speed are determined by the relative atmospheric pressures in various locations. Small particles (particulates) of dirt and pollutants can be carried long distances by the wind. The force of the wind can also cause erosion.
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "wind." Accessed 2 June 2005.
Category:Materials database
Winsor blue

== Description ==
[Winsor & Newton] British brand name for phthalocyanine blue. Correspondingly, Winsor green is the brand name for phthalocyanine green (Mayer 1969).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Winsor blue [Winsor & Newton]; phthalocyanine blue
==Resources and Citations==
* R. Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row, New York, 1969.
Category:Materials database
Winton Picture Varnish

== Description ==
[Winsor & Newton] The brand name for a varnish originally formulated with AW-2, a polycyclohexanone resin. Following the formulation changes at BASF, Winton was switched to Ketone Resin N in 1967. In 1994, Winton Picture Varnish was renamed as Artists' Gloss Varnish.
==Resources and Citations==
* M.McGinn, "Proprietary Varnishes Based on Ketone Resins" AIC Painting Conservation Catalog, Varnishes and Surface Coatings, p.93, 1998.
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Wire cloth

== Description ==
Any type of fabric fromed by weaving or lacing metal wires. Fine mesh cloth is used for filtering and screening. Larger meshes are used for construction (stucco mesh), restraining and protective fencing (chicken wire).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hardware cloth; metal screen; stucco mesh; chicken wire
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
Category:Materials database
Wire glass

== Description ==
A protective window glass invented in 1892 by Frank Shuman. Wired glass windows have a fine mesh of metal (usually nickel-steel) wire rolled into the molten glass in order to reduce its shattering and breaking. Wire mesh glass is highly rated for fire-resistance, as it keeps the glass in position even under thermal stress and cracking. In the U.S., it was required for use on service elevators the prevent fire ingress to the shaft. Even with this advantage, the use of wire glass has been decreasing because its room temperature strength is lower than a same size glass sheet without the wire. Instead, laminated glass is generally chosen for impact protection.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
wired glass; wire mesh glass; armored glass; safety glass; vidro aramado (Port.); Georgian Wired glass
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Safety Glass Accessed Nov. 2024
Category:Materials database
Wisconsin granite

== Description ==
A general name for any granite quarried in Wisconsin (Lent 1925). They are used for decoration and monuments.
Examples are: 
* Mahogany: medium-grain dark red quarried at Lohrville 
* Wisconsin Ruby: coarse-grain deep red quarried at Wausau 
* Marinette: fine-grain red with white crystals formerly quarried at Red Granite 
* Montello: fine-grain, hard, maroon red quarried at Montello 
* Montrose: coarse-grain pink and gray quarried at Middle Inlet 
* Pike River Gray: fine-grain, dark gray with white feldspar quarried at Amberg 
* Parcher Green: coarse-grain green with white or black quarried at Wausau 
* Berlin Rhyolite: fine-grain, purplish-black with pink feldspar quarried at Berlin
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Mahogany; Ruby Red; Marinette; Montello; Montrose; Pike River Gray; Parcher Green; Berlin Rhyolite
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Wite-Out

== Description ==
[BIC] A registered trademark for a series of opaque white correction liquids that are used to cover unwanted letters and smudges on paper. Wite-Out® correction fluids were developed in 1966 through the collaboration of George Kloosterhouse and Edwin Johanknecht. The early formulations were water-based; they dried slowly and were removable with a drop of water. In 1981, the company added a line of faster-drying, solvent-based fluids as well as a white adhesive film called Wite-Oout correction tape.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Wite-Out® Correction Fluid; Wite-Out Correction tape; Wite Out (sp); White Out (sp); white-out (generic); whiteout (generic)
==Resources and Citations==
* BIC Wite-Out: Website
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wite-Out (Accessed Mar. 20, 2006)
Category:Materials database