nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Cotton swab

== Description ==
Any of several brands of prepared sticks with cotton wrapped ends used for cleaning small or difficult to reach areas. Most applicator sticks, with either plastic or wooden handles, use a drop of adhesive, such as polyvinyl acetate, to adhere the base of the cotton fibers. Solvents may soften or dissolve the adhesive, causing it to transfer to the object being cleaned.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Q-Tip®; cotton bud (Br.); cotton tipped applicator stick
Category:Materials database
Cotton twill tape

== Description ==
A strong, twill-woven 100% cotton fabric tape used for edging fabrics and tying boxes. Cotton twill tape is strong and inert and available in bleached or natural (unbleached) versions. It has also been used for labeling objects and specimens.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
labeling tape
== Applications ==
* Edging fabrics
* Tying or strapping
* Labeling
== Forms/sizes ==
Available in assorted widths and weights.
* Lightweight (1/8" to 1.5")
* Heavyweight (3/8" to 3")
== Resources and Citations ==
* Rachael Perkins Arenstein, Lisa Goldberg, and Eugenie Milroy, ‘Support and Rehousing for Collection Storage’ In ‘Preventive Conservation: Collection Storage’ Lisa Elkin and Christopher A. Norris (eds.), Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, New York. 2019. 
* Safe Plastics and Fabrics for Exhibit and Storage, Conserve O Gram 18/2, National Park Service, September 2010.
* SPNHC at www.spnch.org/concom/supplies_cdn.htm (Accessed 3/17/04)
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory: Physical FastenerCategory:Straps
Cotton wax

== Description ==
A soft, white vegetable wax obtained from cotton plants, such as Gossypium herbaceum. Cotton wax occurs in concentrations of about 0.6% on the cotton fibers and is not produced commercially. Another waxy product, cotton seed stearin, is obtained when cottonseed oil is cooled and a solid layer, cotton wax, separates from the liquid. Cotton seed stearin is primarily composed of palmitin. Cotton seed stearin is used in food products, soaps and for sizing textiles.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cottonseed wax; cotton seed stearin
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Iodine value = 24.5
* Acid value = 32
* Saponification value = 70.6
* Melting Point = 68-71 C
* Density = 0.959 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: melting point=68-71C, density=00.959, iodine value=24.5, acid value=32, saponification value=70.6
Category:Materials database
Cotton wool

== Description ==
1) A wad or roll of absorbent cotton used for padding, binding, and as an absorbent. 
2) A boll of unprocessed cotton fibers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cotton batting; absorbent cotton; bambagia; cotton roll; rolled cotton; guata, algodón en rama(Esp.); watten;ruwe katoen, katoenpluis (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 296
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Conservation termlist at www.hants.org.uk/museums
Category:Materials database
Cottonseed oil

== Description ==
A pale yellow, semidrying oil expressed from seeds of cotton plants, such as Gossypium herbaceum. Cottonseed oil primarily contains glycerides of palmitic (23.4%), oleic 22.9%), linoleic (47.8%), stearic (1.1%), and myristic (1.4%) acids. It is odorless. Cottonseed oil is used for food, leather dressing, soap, lubricants, cosmetics, and in waterproofing treatments.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiCOTNSEED.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Risks==
* Combustible. Flash point = 228 C (442 F) 
* thermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in ether, benzene, chloroform, carbon disulfide. Slightly soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in water. Saponification number = 190-198. Iodine value = 105-116.
CAS 	8001-29-4
Melting Point 	-1.0 C
Density 	0.915-0.921 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.4645-1.4655
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry #2622
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 249
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: melting point = -1.0, density=0.917, ref. index = 1.4735, iodine value=165.7, saponification value = 194.3
Category:Materials database
Cottonwood

== Description ==
Any of several deciduous North American poplar trees, such as Populus deltoides. Cottonwood trees grow fast and produce a fine-grain, uniform texture wood that works easily and stains well. However, the soft, pale color wood has a tendency to warp. Cottonwood is used for millwork, musical instruments, paneling, packing boxes, paper pulp, and excelsior.
* For cottonwood fiber identification, see http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Category:FRIL:_Eastern_Cottonwood
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Populus deltoides; choupo do Missuri (Port.); eastern cottonwood; necklace poplar
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Height: Large tree (20-60 m) with trunk diameter (2.8 m)
* Bark: silvery white and smoothi with light fissures
* Leaves large, deltoid with flattened base and elongated tip (3-12 cm) with coarse teeth. The leaves have a shiny top and darker bottom along with a flat stem that allow them to shake and shimmer in the wind.
* Flowers: Long catkins (8-10 cm: purple:male, green:female) that produce numerous small seeds covered with a surround of cotton-like strands.
* Density = 25-35 ppcf
==Resources and Citations==
* The wood database: Cottonwood
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Hardwood Manufacturers Institute, Memphis Tenn.: air-dry weight = 24 pcf
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_deltoides (Accessed Oct. 2020)
Category:Materials database
Cottonwood granite

== Description ==
A snow white granite with flakes of black biotite quarried in Utah (Lent 1925). Cottonwood granite was used for monuments and buildings.
==Resources and Citations==
* F.Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries, Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925.
Category:Materials database
Count

== Description ==
A numbering system for yarn or fabric to provide an indication of the weight of a yarn or fabric. A higher number indicates a finer grade of yarn. For yarn, the count is called the yarn number. The base count of cotton is 840 yard to the pound. Thus, a No. 10 cotton has 10 times the base count or 8400 yards to the pounds. For fabric, the count indicates the number of warp and filling threads per inch of fabric, such as 80 x 96.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cotton count; yarn number; fabric count; número (Esp.); título (Esp.); garennummer (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
Category:Materials database
Courtauld Institute of Art

"The Courtauld Institute of Art is the oldest and leading centre for the study of the history and conservation of art in the United Kingdom."
Postal Address	The Courtauld Institute of Art 
Somerset House
Strand 
London WC2R 0RN
United Kingdom
Phone 	+44 (0) 20 7872 0220
Searchable 	No
Category:Directory
Covellite

== Description ==
Dark blue hexagonal crystals or black powder composed of copper sulfide. Covellite was named for Niccolo Covelli after he discovered the mineral at Vesuvius in the early 19th century. Copper sulfide was probably used as a black pigment in antiquity (Orna et al 1980). It is currently used in antifouling paints and in textile dying with aniline black.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
copper sulfide; covelliet (Ned.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|covelliteRS.jpg~Raman]]]
== Risks ==
* Unstable in air.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Hexagonal crystals. 
* Cleavage is perfect in one direction. 
* Fracture = uneven. 
* Luster = submetallic. 
* Streak = gray to black
Composition 	CuS
Mohs Hardness	1.5 - 2.0
Density 	4.6-4.8 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* M.V.Orna, M.J.D.Low, N.S.Baer, "Synthetic Blue Pigments: Ninth to Sixteenth Centuries. I. Literature" Studies in Conservation, 25:53-63, 1980.
* Mineralogy Database: Covellite
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covellite (Accessed Sept. 7, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Coving

== Description ==
A type of masonry deterioration where geologically weaker blocks in a stone wall disaggregate. Additionally, when too hard or more durable cementitious mortars are used to repoint the joints and beds, a honeycomb pattern can be formed with the selective losses of soft stone material.
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
Category:Materials database
Cowhide

== Description ==
A durable leather made from the unsplit or grainsplit hide of any bovine, such as Bos taurus. Cowhide produces a tough, strong leather with a coarse grain. Vegetable tanned cowhide is used for sole leather. The grainsplit portion of cowhides are used for luggage, upholstery, handbags, harnesses, saddles, and belts.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cattle hide; cow hide; Bos taurus; ox hide
== Additional Images ==
File:cowwp2.jpg|Dairy cow
File:Hereford_Bull.jpg|Hereford bull
File:cow1large.jpg|Cowhide
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* American Leather Chemists Association Glossary at www.leatherchemists.org
Category:Materials database
Cowrie shell

== Description ==
A smooth egg-shaped mollusk shell obtained of several marine snails of the subclass Prosobranchia (class Gastropoda). Cowrie shells are often shiny and brightly colored with speckles. The first whorl in the shell is inrolled and may be fine-toothed. Cowries occur in warm coastal waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They have been used for ornaments, in necklaces, and as money.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
porcelaine (Fr.); cypreé (Fr.)
== Additional Images ==
File:Cowrie.part.mantle.NOAA.jpg|Cowrie Cypraea chinensis
File:Cowrie.mantle.NOAA.jpg|Cowrie Cypraea chinensis
Category:Materials database
Coyote

== Description ==
A medium-sized member of the canine family (Canis latrans) that is native to North America. Coyotes have a pale-gray to tan coat with a reddish legs and a bushy black-tipped tail. Their dense, soft, fine underfur is covered with bristly guard hairs down the center of the back and long silky hairs on the side. The coyotes have been extensively hunted for their furs and as pests. Coyote furs have been used for trim on capes and coats.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Canis latrans; prairie wolf; brush wolf; little wolf; coyotl; prærieulven (Dan.); kojote (Deut.); kojot (Pol.); coiote (Port.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Durable furs
== Additional Images ==
File:Coyotekes.jpg|Coyote
File:coyotepelts2.jpg|Coyote pelts
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "coyote." Accessed 21 Jan. 2005 .
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote (Accessed Sept. 2, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Crack

== Description ==
A visible separation on a surface that extends through one or more layers. Cracks may be due to stress, pressure, temperatures, or humidity variations or mechanical defects. Cracks are described by the size (hairline, wide) and direction (parallel, radial, spiral, etc.). See for example crackle and crazing. Geologic terms for cracks include fault, gap, fracture, and fissure. A crack in a textile is mechanical defect due to a missing filling thread.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
crevice; chink; gap; cleft; fissure; fracture; cleavage; separation
== Additional Images ==
File:Star.crack_ICOMOS.jpg|Star crack<BR>Photo credit: E. Hyslop
File:Hair.crack_ICOMOS.jpg|Hair crack<BR>Photo credit: KDC Olching / S. Simon
File:Craquele_ICOMOS.jpg|Craquelure
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns 
* For information on cracks caused by humidity and temperature see: M.F. Mecklenburg, Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute, "Determining the Acceptable Ranges of Relative Humidity And Temperature in Museums and Galleries" Part 1, Structural Response to Relative Humidity and Part 2, Structural Response to Temperature
Category:Materials database
Crackle

== Description ==
A term used to describe network of fine cracks that may occur on paintings, ceramics, glazes, glass, and lacquer. The crackle pattern sometimes provides an indication of the points of stress. For example, a radiating pattern (bull's eye or spider web) may indicate a central point of impact, while linear damage may be due to creasing, bending, or stretching. The direction, regularity, size, and shape of the islands between the cracks have been studied and related to painting styles and materials used during different time periods by Bucklow (1997).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
reticulation; craquelure (Fr.); crazing
== Resources and Citations ==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
* S.Bucklow, "The description of craquelure patterns", Studies in Conservation, 42: 129-140, 1997. 
* For information on cracks caused by humidity and temperature see: M.F. Mecklenburg, Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute, "Determining the Acceptable Ranges of Relative Humidity And Temperature in Museums and Galleries" Part 1, Structural Response to Relative Humidity and Part 2, Structural Response to Temperature
* Richard Buck, Inspecting and Describing the Condition of Art Objects, Museum Registration Methods, AAM, Washington DC, 1979
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Crackle glass

== Description ==
A type of glass whose surface is covered with a pattern of fine cracks. Crackle glass, or ice glass, was first produced in Venice in the 16th century. There are two methods for production. The first involves dipping the hot glass into cold water to produce the cracks then reheating just enough for working. For the second method, small broken pieces of glass are picked up with the molten ball, then worked into the final form. Ceramics with a crackle pattern in the glaze are called crackleware.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
verre craquelé (Fr.); vidro estalado (Port.); ice glass; craquelle; overshot; crackleware
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Richard Buck, Inspecting and Describing the Condition of Art Objects, Museum Registration Methods, AAM, Washington DC, 1979
Category:Materials database
Cranberry

== Description ==
A creeping plant with bright red edible berries of the genus Vaccinium, such as the American cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon. Cranberry plants are native to cool, marshy regions in North America, Asia, and Europe. A deep red dye has been made from the extracted color of cranberry fruits.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Vaccinium macrocarpon (American cranberry); craneberry; tranebær (Dan.); Moosbeeren (Deut.); arádanos (Esp.); arielle (Fr.); veenbessen (Ned.); tranbär (Sven.); mirtillo rosso (It.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Creeping shrub grows to 1.5 m tall. 
* Fruit = Edible round berry (1 cm) ripens to red in early fall.
==Resources and Citations==
* R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "cranberry." Accessed 8 Dec. 2004 .
* Virginia Tech Dendrology website at www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm (accessed Oct. 6, 2005)
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry (accessed Dec. 8, 2004)
Category:Materials database
Craquelure

== Description ==
French term for a network of fine cracks on the surface of a painting or ceramic. The direction, regularity, size, and shape of the islands between the cracks have been studied and related to painting styles and materials used during different time periods (Bucklow, 1997).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
crackle; reticulation
==Resources and Citations==
* S.Bucklow, "The description of craquelure patterns", Studies in Conservation, 42: 129-140, 1997.
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Crash

== Description ==
1) A coarse, loosely woven cotton or linen fabric. Crash is made with thick, uneven yarns that have not been bleached. It is used for towels, upholstery and curtains. 
2) A loosely woven, tabby weave textile that is starched and used as a groundcloth in embroidery or as a reinforcing fabric in bookbinding.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gordijnlinnen/stof bijv.kaasdoek, handdoeklinnen; boekbinderslinnen (calicot) (Ned);
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 247
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Cratering

== Description ==
A bowl shaped depression that occurs on painted surfaces. Cratering is caused when a coating poorly adheres to unclean or oily areas on the substrate. Some glazes on ceramics are specifically designed to produce small craters for visual effect.
== Risks ==
* For crater glazes: R. Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Co., Radnor, PA, 1996.
Category:Materials database
Crayon

== Description ==
A general name for a stick of chalk, charcoal, grease, or wax used for drawing. 
See also charcoal crayon, Conte crayon, pastel, wax crayon, grease pencil, colored pencil, and lithograph crayon.
== Comparisons ==
== Additional Images ==
File:OldCrayolabox.jpg|Rubens Crayola Artists' Crayon
File:crayolacrayon1.jpg|Crayola crayons
File:crayola crayon3 100X.jpg|Crayola crayon
== Resources and Citations ==
* M.Holben Ellis, M.Brigitte Yeh,"Categories of Wax-based Drawing Media" WAAC Newsletter, Vol 19(3), 1997.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 794
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Crayon"
Category:Materials database
Crayon sauce

== Description ==
A soft lump or dish of pigment bound with a water soluble binder such as gum tragacanth. The pastel-type media is applied using a stump or stumping chalk. Crayon sauce was common as a 19th century art material (Mayer 1969). It is still made by a Russian manufacturer,Yarka.
==Resources and Citations==
* Yarka: Crayon sauce 
* Dick Blick: Crayon sauce
* Portrait Artist Forum: Discussion of Crayon Sauce
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Joshua Cohen, March 2005, Submitted information on current availability:
Category:Materials database
Crazing

== Description ==
Numerous, irregular, hairline cracks that may occur in ceramic glaze, paint, adhesive, concrete, parchment, or lacquer. Crazing may be due to nonuniform shrinkage on drying or cooling. It may also occur due to stress or inherent defects in the material. In varnishes, crazing may occur as the film becomes brittle. Crazed surfaces may have microscopic size cracks that produce a white hazy appearance.
==Resources and Citations==
* For information on cracks caused by humidity and temperature see: M.F. Mecklenburg, Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute, "Determining the Acceptable Ranges of Relative Humidity And Temperature in Museums and Galleries" Part 1, Structural Response to Relative Humidity and Part 2, Structural Response to Temperature
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Cream of tartar

== Description ==
Common name for potassium bitartrate. Cream of tartar is a byproduct of wine making. It is used as a flavorant in cooking, as a mordant in dyeing fibers and as a reducing agent in glass making. Cream of tartar, in combination with salt and alum, is also used for soldering and tinning of metals. Mixed with water or vinegar, it has been used as a cleanser for encrusted metal objects, such as coins and kitchenware.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
potassium bitartrate; supertartrate of potass; potassium acid tartrate; potassium hydrogen tartrate; beeswing; Weinstein (Deut.); crème de tartre (Fr.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Flame test gives purple color
Composition 	KC4H5O6
CAS 	868-14-4
Molecular Weight	188.177
==Resources and Citations==
* R. Mayer, The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Viking Press, New York, 1981
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* John and Margaret Cannon, Dye Plants and Dyeing, Herbert Press, London, 1994
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_of_tartar (Accessed Mar. 1, 2006)
Category:Materials database