nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
CSDMS 2015 annual meeting poster MargaretJones

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2015</font>
=Considering holistic coastline response to climate-change induced shifts in natural processes and anthropogenic modifications=
Margaret Jones, University of North Carolina, North Carolina, United States. mbj@live.unc.eduLaura Moore, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.Brad Murray, Duke University, North Carolina, United States.Dylan McNamara, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States.
Abstract:
While climate change and relative sea level rise can accelerate shoreline change rates, human modifications to the shoreline also have the ability affect large-scale patterns of change. Furthermore, there is a coupling between the natural shoreline dynamics and human response: increasing rates of shoreline change are likely to result in human modifications designed to protect shoreline investments and habitats, and these modifications, in turn, affect shoreline dynamics. Because management decisions affect not only those who implement them, but also neighboring stakeholders up and down the coast, it is beneficial to explore holistic coastline response within the coupled natural-human system. Coastal modeling is a powerful tool to help us understand these dynamics. As such, we are working to couple two previously described shoreline change models with the goal of exploring holistic shoreline change to management scenarios and climate change along a series of barrier islands on the Virginia coast where several different stakeholders have potentially competing coastal management goals. 
The Barrier Island Model (BIM) describes barrier island, inlet, and dune response to storms and sea level rise (McNamara and Werner 2008). However, BIM does not account for the ability of gradients in alongshore sediment flux to produce complex shoreline shapes under high angle wave climates. Because our Virginia coast case study includes a cape-like feature (Fishing Point at the southern end of Assateague Island), we intend to use the Coastline Evolution Model (CEM; Ashton and Murray 2006) to asses how this coastline may respond to different wave climate scenarios. By coupling these two models and representing the effects of human manipulations (e.g. a commitment to nourish a specific section of beach; the construction of a seawall) and climate change scenarios (e.g. an increase in relative sea level; a change in the proportion of hurricane-generated waves) we will be able to assess the effects of the coupled natural-human system on shoreline dynamics.
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CSDMS 2015 annual meeting poster MeganCaldwell

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2015</font>
=Changes in Southern Rocky Mountain Forests: Using Ecosystem Process Modelling to Project Critical Transitions=
Megan Caldwell, CU Boulder/ INSTAAR, USGS, Colorado, United States. mcaldwell@usgs.gov
Abstract:
High elevation spruce-fir and lodgepole forests are widely distributed across the Rocky Mountains in the US and Canada, and represent high to mixed fire severity regimes. These forests contribute substantial ecosystem services in each category (supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural) at multiple scales. Fire is a primary disturbance impacting these forests and subsequently, ecosystem services. Our research study area is the northern Colorado Rockies, dominated by high elevation forests. Colorado’s climate has become substantially warmer over the past 30 years, where average temperatures have increased by 2.0°F and projections show further warming and precipitation variability. These changes raise concern about how future fires and related vegetation recovery will change, and how system drivers will change. The overall research objective this study focuses on how climate has influenced fires past and regeneration rates in the recent across high elevation forests, characterized previously by high to mixed-severity fire regimes.
Greater predictive capacity and ecological understanding will come from dynamic ecosystem process modeling and systematic observations of past and present pattern. Critical transitions in regeneration patterns post-fire disturbance will be dependent upon the changes in biotic, abiotic and climatically drivers. This research both quantifies recent past and present heterogeneity in fire as well as fire recovery patterns. Recent conditions are quantified using the Burned Area Essential Climate Variable (BAECV) produced at USGS using an automated algorithm to detect burned areas from the Landsat archive. The BAECV product, Landsat NDVI, and high resolution temperature and precipitation data from the National Climate Data Center will be used to quantify heterogeneity in ecosystem response to higher temperatures. Using these data, a dynamic ecosystem process model (LANDIS) will be used to project future change to fire disturbances, recovery patterns and thresholds to critical transitions in ecosystem processes. Dynamic ecosystem modeling with new data provides insights complimentary to ecosystem recovery responses to increased temperatures and different precipitation regimes for adaptive land management to better manage forest ecosystems and ecosystem services.
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CSDMS 2015 annual meeting poster PatriciaWiberg

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2015</font>
=Quantifying the spatial distribution of bed properties in shallow coastal bays=
Patricia Wiberg, University of Virginia, Virginia, United States. pw3c@virginia.eduJoel Carr, University of Virginia, Virginia, United States.Ilgar Safak, University of Virginia, Virginia, United States.
Abstract:
Sediment resuspension and related increases in turbidity in shallow coastal bays are strongly controlled by local bed properties. However, knowledge of bed properties in coastal bays is typically sparse at best. In this study we developed a method to estimate the spatial distribution of bed properties in shallow coastal bays using a combination of bed sediment measurements and residence time calculations that requires neither extensive dedicated modeling nor extensive sampling. We found a strong relationship between water residence times derived from a coastal hydrodynamic model and observed bed grain size fractions in a system of coastal bays and used that relationship to transform maps of residence time to maps of grain size fractions throughout the bays. Because grain-size fractions are related to other bed properties such as organic fraction, permeability and cohesion, these maps provide valuable information for habitat studies as well as morphodynamic modeling.
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CSDMS 2015 annual meeting poster PeishiJiang

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2015</font>
=Semantics-Enabled Paradigm for Model Integration=
Peishi Jiang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States. pjiang6@illinoise.eduMostafa Elag, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States.Praveen Kumar, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States.
Abstract:
Semantic Web technologies provide a networked-based information system and interface for publishing and discovering shared data, models, and services. Semantic Web technologies provide a better discovery method by exploiting the semantics attached to the shared objects. In this research, we develop a semantics-enabled approach to allow the integration and re-use of hydrology models across various related disciplines. The semantics-enabled approach requires that each model define a web service interface that allows it to be integrated with client, i.e. another model, and provide a descriptive information about the model operation condition and attributes. This information is stored in a RDF graph database to allow the automatic reasoning on the dependencies between models. In this poster, we present an interface design to couple hydrology models as web services, ensure their semantic consistency, and demonstrate how it can correct the semantic mismatch in the attributes between hydrology models.
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CSDMS 2015 annual meeting poster QiLi

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2015</font>
=Exploring the imprint of tectonics on sediment output from a small mountain watershed=
Qi Li, Tulane University, Louisiana, United States. qli1@tulane.eduNicole Gasparini, Tulane University, Louisiana, United States.Kyle Straub, Tulane University, Louisiana, United States.
Abstract:
Changes in tectonics can affect erosion rates across a mountain belt, leading to non-steady sediment flux delivery to fluvial transport systems. This sediment flux record may eventually be recorded in a depositional basin. However, deciphering a tectonic signal from a sedimentary deposit may not be straightforward. Even at the outlet of an erosional watershed the sediment signal produced from time-varying tectonics can already be distorted. In this study, we use the Channel-Hillslope Integrated Landscape Development (CHILD) model to explore how the sediment flux delivered from a mountain watershed responds to non-steady uplift. The modeled uplift rate in each experiment varies between a high and low value. Between experiments we vary the duration of the high and low uplift intervals, but not the magnitude of the uplift rates. We observe that (1) sediment flux does not respond to a change in uplift rate immediately unless the erosional system has reached steady state, and in some cases the sediment flux is out of phase with the uplift rate; (2) the duration of the high or low uplift rate influences the amount of time it takes for the sediment flux to begin increasing (decreasing) after an increase (decrease) in uplift rate; (3) there are cases in which the sediment flux does not record changes in the uplift rate. All of these observations highlight the difficulty in accurately reconstructing the tectonic history from the sediment flux history, let alone from a sedimentary deposit. Results from this study will help to constrain what tectonic signals may be evident in the sediment flux delivered from an erosional system and therefore have the potential to be recorded in stratigraphy, ultimately improving our ability to interpret stratigraphy.
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CSDMS 2015 annual meeting poster ReggieWalters

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2015</font>
=Soil carbon in the Critical Zone: spinning up an ecohydrologic model using spatiotemporally distributed data records=
Reggie Walters, Boise State University, Idaho, United States. reggiewalters@u.boisestate.eduAlejandro Flores, Boise State University, Idaho, United States.
Abstract:
The Critical Zone is the region of the earth comprising all materials and processes from the top of the vegetative canopy to the top of the water table. Here, the fate of carbon (C) stored in soils is subject to appreciable uncertainty due to incomplete process understanding and representation in biogeochemical and earth system models. Since the size of the global soil C pool exceeds that of the atmospheric reservoir, this resource has considerable potential to act as either a source or a sink of CO2 under future scenarios, lending positive or negative feedbacks to climate change. This study applies a terrestrial water, C, and nitrogen model (Biome-BGC) across the Reynolds Creek Critical Zone Observatory (CZO), an experimental watershed (238 km^2) located in southwest Idaho, USA. Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed (RCEW) is maintained by the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) offering spatially and temporally extensive datasets that are invaluable for model forcing and parameterization. Model spin-up is performed using a 26-year distributed meteorological dataset in conjunction with site-specific soil and vegetation information. Methods and results for meteorological station spatial distribution are discussed along with preliminary equilibrium soil C state estimates for comparison with point field observations. Model parameter sensitivities are also explored with the goal of informing ongoing CZO field research and offering insight into the processes controlling soil C storage and turnover within this semi-arid region.
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CSDMS 2015 annual meeting poster SagyCohen

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2015</font>
=Spatially explicit modeling of particulate nutrient flux in global rivers=
Sagy Cohen, University of Alabama, Alabama, United States. sagy.cohen@ua.eduAlbert Kettner, University of Colorado, INSTAAR, Colorado, United States.Emilio Mayorga, University of Washington, Washington, United States.John Harrison, Washington State University, Washington, United States.
Abstract:
Water, sediment, nutrient and carbon fluxes along river networks have undergone considerable alterations in response to anthropogenic and climatic changes, with significant consequences to infrastructure, agriculture, water security, ecology and geomorphology worldwide. However, in a global setting, these changes in fluvial fluxes and their spatial and temporal characteristics are poorly constrained, due to the limited availability of continuous and long-term observations. We present initial results from a new global-scale particulate modeling framework (WBMsedNEWS) that combines the Global NEWS watershed nutrient export model with the spatially distributed WBMsed water and sediment model. We compare the model predictions against multiple observational datasets. Early trials indicate that the model is able to accurately predict particulate nutrient (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Organic Carbon) fluxes on an annual time scale. However, the model doesn’t capture particulate flux dynamics at a higher temporal resolution (seasonal, monthly, weekly or daily). We show that discrepancies between measurements and model output can be attributed to temporal-scale incompatibility between the model and observations, the Global NEWS governing equations, and the WBMsed sediment predictions.
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CSDMS 2015 annual meeting poster SalikAndersRosing

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2015</font>
=Sediment Deposition in the Cretaceous North Sea – a Modelling Approach=
Salik Anders Rosing, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. salik@ign.ku.dkKresten Anderskouv, Centre for Cross-disciplinary Chalk Research and Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.Christian J. Bjerrum, Centre for Cross-disciplinary Chalk Research and Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.Courtney K. Harris, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Virginia, United States.
Abstract:
The Upper Cretaceous (~100-66 Ma) of Northwest Europe is characterized by thick successions of chalk, a biogenic pelagic sediment consisting of shell fragments of coccolithophores, a group of haptophyte primary producers. These deposits serve as important reservoirs for hydrocarbons and ground water. In recent decades, it has become clear that these deposits were shaped by depth contour following currents and gravity flows, and not simply a result of uniformly vertical settling of coccoliths (Surlyk and Lykke-Andersen, 2006), leading to spatial variability in reservoir properties 
It has been conjectured, that the warm Cretaceous Greenhouse climate and high sea level resulted in the breakdown of the oceanographic front at the continental shelf edge, as we know it today in mid-latitude areas (Hay, 2008)). Furthermore, the deep shelf conditions and very warm seasons most likely resulted in the continental shelf seas having a stratified structure similar to that of the open oceans, leading to a thinning of the surface Ekman layer. With warmer climate, evaporation on stratified continental shelf seas may have resulted in preconditioning of the waters where winter cooling may have caused cascading of dense, higher-salinity coastal waters. Such cascading may have resulted in significant oxygenation of deeper shelf waters and lead to depth contour following currents in the intermediate waters in and below the pycnocline. 
Here we explore a modelling approach to assessing the quantitative physical basis for these conjectures. The 3D Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) is coupled to a sediment transport module permitting assessment of the oceanographic processes influencing the chalk thickness variation as a function of idealized shelf bathymetry configurations. The numerical modeling grid is configured to represent the overall geometry of the paleo-North Sea during the Late Cretaceous. Model forcing for seasonal variations in winds, freshwater fluxes and temperature is informed by results from global climate models of the late Cretaceous, while the critical shear stress and settling velocity of chalk ooze is derived from experimental values.
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CSDMS 2015 annual meeting poster SamuelRoy

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2015</font>
=Quantifying topographic anisotropy at multiple scales=
Samuel Roy, University of Maine, Maine, United States. samuel.g.roy@umit.maine.eduPeter Koons, University of Maine, Maine, United States.Bipush Osti, University of Maine, Maine, United States.Phaedra Upton, GNS, New Zealand.Gregory Tucker, CIRES, University of Colorado, Colorado, United States.
Abstract:
We present a method for quantifying orientation and scale dependence of topographic anisotropy to aid in differentiation of the fluvial and tectonic contributions to surface evolution. Using multi-directional variogram statistics to track the spatial persistence of elevation values across a landscape, we calculate anisotropy as a multiscale, direction-sensitive variance in elevation between two points on a surface. Tectonically derived topographic anisotropy is associated with the three-dimensional kinematic field, which contributes 1) differential surface displacement and 2) crustal weakening along shear zones, both of which amplify processes of surface erosion. Based on our analysis, tectonic displacements dominate the topographic field at the scale of mountain ranges, while a combination of the local displacement and strength fields are well represented at the ridge and valley scale. Drainage network patterns tend to reflect the geometry of underlying active or inactive tectonic structures due to the rapid erosion of faults and differential displacement across the fault. The persistence and complexity of correlated anisotropic signals depends on how the strain field evolves with time: new tectonic regimes can overprint the original topographic signal, or the signal can slowly recede as tectonism halts. Regions that have been largely devoid of strain, such as passive coastal margins, have predominantly isotropic topography with typically dendritic drainage network patterns. These methods can be used successfully to infer the settings of past or present tectonic regimes, and can be particularly useful in predicting the location and orientation of structural features that would otherwise be impossible to interpret in the field.
Multiscale measurements of topographic anisotropy magnitude,South Island, New Zealand
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CSDMS 2015 annual meeting poster SarahHarbert

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<FONT style="FONT-SIZE:10pt" color="#ffffff">Presentation provided during CSDMS annual meeting 2015</font>
=Modeling Stream Capture in Strike-Slip Systems=
Sarah Harbert, University of Washington, Washington, United States. harbert1@uw.edu
Abstract:
Rivers respond to tectonics and climate through both gradual and abrupt changes in slope, hydraulic geometry, and planform. At the fast end of the fluvial response spectrum is stream capture, a process by which drainage area, and therefore water and sediment, is rapidly diverted from one catchment into another. Stream capture modifies the topology of drainage networks and has implications for fluvial incision and deposition in sedimentary basins. Although stream capture is recognized as an important process in landscape evolution, the factors controlling its occurrence are not well understood. We use the Channel-Hillslope Integrated Landscape Development model (CHILD) to investigate the effects of stream size, sediment supply, drainage divide geometry, and rock uplift on stream capture. We model a scenario in which a strike-slip fault forces frequent stream captures by juxtaposing adjacent streams. In a simple scenario, stream captures should occur whenever two streams are juxtaposed, a frequency that depends on the drainage spacing and the fault slip rate. However, our models did not show such regularity. We found that river size and sediment supply both affect the likelihood of stream capture. In more than 90% of stream captures in our model runs, the capturing stream was larger (i.e. had more drainage area) than the captured stream. In model runs in which all of the streams were larger where they cross the fault, stream capture occurred almost twice as often. Finally, fewer stream captures happened when the fluvial system was detachment-limited; nearly twice as many stream captures occurred when fluvial sediment deposition was allowed in the system. Divide geometry also affected the occurrence of stream capture. We found that when the difference in elevations between the streams involved in a capture event is greater, the capture can occur from a greater horizontal distance. We interpret this relationship to mean that stream capture is “easier” when one stream is “perched” high above another. Finally, we test the role of differential uplift across a strike-slip fault by adding vertical motion to our models. These results indicate that stream capture is affected by many variables other than stream proximity. Comparing these results to field sites will help us to understand the prevalence of stream capture in real-world strike-slip systems and the resulting landscape signature of lateral faulting.
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