Black brute

The black brute is a racist stereotype that is most known for its use in the post-bellum South of the United States. It survives to this day in something of a muted and less overt form, though it's still readily apparent when employed.From "brute" to "thug:" the demonization and criminalization of unarmed Black male victims in America
==History==
===Pre-Civil War===
Prior to the Civil War, black stereotypes in the media often portrayed them as dumb and docile, perpetually childlike, willing, or happy-go-lucky servants. Think Uncle Remus in Song of the South or Aunt Jemima, which were based on these earlier stereotypes (these are now generally referred to as the "Tom" and "Mammy" stereotypes respectively, and are something of a spin on the noble savage, although people had initially viewed the publication of Uncle Remus stories as an effort to help the black community). While the black brute stereotype, which portrayed black men as ape-like savages ruled by base instincts, was common as well, it became much more dominant over the other stereotypes after the Civil War.
===Reconstruction===
During Reconstruction, the white supremacists in the South developed a gargantuan persecution complex that fruited into various rumors and conspiracy theories. These rumors postulated a variety of paranoid possibilities, including black people stealing all the whites' jobs, loss of white franchise, race war, forced mixing of the races, and the total control of the American government by black people. These were all variations on the persistent theme of a slave or black uprising updated for the Reconstruction era.
The black brute stereotype relied on the two central themes of violence and sexuality. In regard to the former, white supremacists generally believed that black men were inherently physically powerful (an image that was a product of many such men at the time having physiques reflective of grueling manual labor) with a savage and violent nature and that the institution of slavery was necessary to "tame" them. They feared that abolition would cause them to return to their "primitive" state and would lead to mass violence against whites in a race war. Stories of criminal acts by blacks were often exaggerated or outright fabricated by newspapers, which helped perpetuate this fear. New tensions between lower-class whites and freedmen also grew as the two groups now competed for employment. This resulted in a number of racial riots that came on the tail end of the Civil War.See, for example, the New Orleans and Memphis Riots of 1866.
===Miscegenation===
The forced racial mixing narrative became central to the sexual aspect of the black brute mythology. This theory horseshit first appeared in a pamphlet published in 1863 called Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, which posited that Republicans ought to bring about some kind of master race through interbreeding blacks and whites.The "Miscegenation" pamphlet at the Internet Archive The pamphlet was later revealed to be a hoax.The Miscegenation Hoax, Museum of Hoaxes Anti-miscegenation laws had been in place in many states dating back to pre-Revolution days. While mixed-race marriages were technically legal in some northern states, they were still considered taboo. In the belief that miscegenation was inevitable, many southern states made the penalty for mixed-race marriages or any relationship at all much harsher.
===Voodoo===
The black brute mythos managed to pack a monumental amount of bigotry into one stereotype. Not only did it rely on racism, but also religious intolerance and sexism. Before emancipation, slaves were indoctrinated into Christianity. This resulted in hoodoo, voodoo, and other folkloric religious practices that fused Christianity with traditional African religions.Note that hoodoo generally refers to a collection of superstitious magical practices while voodoo is a complete (syncretic) religion mixing the West African religion of Vodun with Catholicism. These practices were, of course, considered Satanic, immoral, and a perversion of Christianity by whites. Whites feared that they would be the victims of curses through this "black magic": this is not the origin of that term, though, since it dates back to at least 1200.Witchcraft and Black Magic, Montague Summers, 1946
===Rape and lynchings===
As the stereotype portrayed blacks as virile young men, they were believed not only to have sizable endowments but to be extremely skilled in the art of procreation as well. Even if a black man didn't fit this description, it was believed by many of the more superstitious types that they could always increase their strength or virility through magic spells anyway. It was also believed that black people were hyper-sexual due to their "savage" nature and that ages of slavery had repressed this sexual desire, which they would inevitably seek an outlet for. Thus, it was thought that they would immediately target white women and rape them. This was sometimes known as the "Mandingo theory."Kofi Piesie, Mandingo Theory: Castration of Africans & Sex-crazed Conceptualization. Lulu.com, 2021. This also played on sexist stereotypes of the time. As the "weaker sex," women were considered to be easily tempted and possibly unable to resist the sexual advances of virile black men. White supremacists feared that the mixed race would come about through widespread rape and intermarriage of their easily seduced wives and daughters with black people (in reality, white-on-white and white-on-black rape, which was only rarely prosecuted, were far more common). Women were thus idealized as the keepers of white racial purity but simultaneously objectified as helpless pieces of property to be protected. Folk psychology has frequently speculated that fear of retribution for the common sexual exploitation of female slaves by their masters also was involved even among people who did not see such as rape.
The accusation of rape was often the easiest way to stir up a lynch mob, and moral panics over fabricated cases of rape were common. Even the nature of the lynchings themselves was exaggerated in the public perception, which was that almost all lynchings were of rapists: a 1919 study of 2,500 lynchings found that only one-sixth of victims had actually been accused of rape or sexual misconduct.Dyer Anti-lynching Bill. The Walter White Project, University of Southern California, 2012. During lynchings, castration was often employed to symbolize the destruction of the black man's sexual powers. The black brute stereotype was a motivating force behind Southern opposition to anti-lynching laws (some 200 of which were rejected in the period between 1882 and 1968) and the persistence of segregation and Jim Crow laws. These laws were thought to be necessary to mitigate criminal violence by black people as well as to keep the maximum distance between them and white women. The rise of the Ku Klux Klan helped this ideology spread and it was exemplified in D.W. Griffith's Birth of a Nation (1915), which was the first film to feature this stereotype, though other stereotypes about African Americans were featured in earlier films.Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films by Donald Bogle (1994) Continuum, 3rd edition. ISBN 0826405789.
==World War II==
During the middle of the war, the US government realized that there was a continued need to draft recruits into the armed forces. Illiterates had initially been excluded from the draft, and in the South, this had disproportionately affected black men: two-thirds of the illiterate population in the South were black at the time. There was also growing concern among white leaders that white women were being left in towns with few white men and a larger proportion of black men. Senator Theodore Bilbo of Mississippi, one of the most openly racist people in Congress at the time, insisted that illiteracy no longer be used an exclusion from the draft to remedy this situation. The unintended consequence of this change was that the armed forces established crash courses in literacy and drafted illiterate men into service, giving Southern black men in particular an opportunity for literacy that they might never have received.When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America by Ira Katznelson (2005) W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393052133.
Italian artist Gino Boccasile created propaganda posters for Benito Mussolini's fascist regime that depicted brutish black American soldiers as plunderers who posed a threat to civilized Europe's cultural heritage."Gino Boccasile" on Spartacus Educational
==Broader context==
The "black brute" stereotype is part of a larger context of using propaganda that exploits sexual anxiety to perpetuate fascism in the form of unequal treatment under the law of politically disempowered groups.How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them by Jason Stanley (2018) Random House. ISBN 9780525511830. Examples including widespread lynchings of (mostly) African Americans in the United States (as previously mentioned, the majority of victims had not not even been accused of rape), the "Black Horror on the Rhine" moral panic in which German propagandists falsely claimed that French soldiers of African descent committed mass rape on women in the Rhineland following World War I,"The 'Black Horror on the Rhine': Race as a Factor in Post-World War I Diplomacy" by Keith L. Nelson (1970) The Journal of Modern History (42)4:606-627. the Rohingya genocide and ethnic cleansing in Myanmar was instigated by paranoid conspiracy theories that Muslim Rohingya men were preying on Buddhist women, BJP-affiliated people propagating the love jihad conspiracy theory that Muslim men are deceiving Hindu women into marrying them, various unsubstantiated allegations that immigrants are rapists, and various "bathroom bills" that make the unsubstantiated allegations that trans women somehow endanger cis women in public restrooms.
==Modern incarnations==
===Racialism===
While racial theories had existed long prior, the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of the pseudoscientific field of "raciology" or "scientific racism." This attempted to give a scientific veneer to racism by "proving" the inferiority of blacks and rationalizing their oppression, largely through comparisons claiming that blacks were more "ape-like" than whites. This pseudoscience simply reiterated the brute stereotype.
The brute stereotype is specific to men: in common with typical patriarchal mythology, black women were instead depicted as lascivious seducers (the "Jezebel" stereotype).
===Other uses===
The stereotype was often invoked by those who demanded the criminalization of drugs starting with the 1930s "reefer madness" panic. 
Popular culture reinforces the black brute stereotype in a celebratory fashion. The blaxploitation genre that came about in the 1970s played heavily on this stereotype. While movies like Superfly, The Mack, and Sweet Sweetback's Badass Song portrayed blacks as empowered, they also continued to cast their characters as thugs involved in illegal activities like pimping and pushing drugs. Gangsta rap and interracial pornography have also been accused of perpetuating this stereotype (Though when it comes to porn, one wonders what stereotype it doesn't perpetuate, and, per Rule 34, the answer may well be "none at all").
 in 1989 and in 1996 capitalized on the black brute stereotype as a foil for the murders they committed.
Donald Trump used the stereotype for his first foray into politics in 1989 by taking out a full-page advertisement in The New York Times calling for the death penalty for the Central Park Five, five black and brown adolescent males, accused of a brutal rape in Central Park. The five were later exonerated after conviction and imprisonment, but Trump never apologized.Saintly Victim(s), Savage Assailants: Race, Rape and, Media Portrayals of the Central Park Jogger Case by Thomas Palacios Beddall (2016) Senior Projects Spring, Bard College 194.The “Big Black Man” and Other Stories: George Floyd, Stereotypes, and the Shape of Fear by D. Marvin Jones (2021) University of Miami Law Review Caveat 75:97-115.
==See also==
*Lost Cause of the South
*Sexual objectification
*Uncle Tom
*Willie Horton
==External links==
*The Brute Caricature, Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, Ferris State University
*Lisa Cardyn. Sexualized Racism/Gendered Violence: Outraging the Body Politic in the Reconstruction South. Michigan Law Review, Vol. 100, No. 4. (Feb., 2002), pp. 675-867.
*Scary Black Man entry at TV Tropes
==Sources==
*Black Scare: The Racist Response to Emancipation and Reconstruction by Forrest G. Wood 
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Conspiracy theories
Category:Discrimination
Category:Moral panics
Category:Racism
Category:Sexism
Category:Sexuality
Category:Stereotypes