nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Bob Swarup

__NOTOC__ 
Bob Swarup is an author, investment advisor and fund manager. 
He serves as a principal at Camdor Global, a firm he founded in March 2012 to provide advisory services to financial institutions and institutional investors.
Swarup has been director of Aesir Capital Management's Aesir Credit Fund, a fixed income hedge fund, since March 2012.
He was appointed as an IEA Finance Fellow at the Institute of Economic Affairs in August 2012. At the London-based think-tank he conducts research focused on financial markets, macroeconomics, regulations, pensions and insurance.
In July 2013, Swarup joined the The Pensions Regulator, the regulator of work-based pension schemes in the UK, to provide advice on regulatory issues affecting investments by UK pension funds.
==Background==
From 2009 to 2012 Swarup was a visiting fellow at the London School of Economics and set up the Pensions Tomorrow research initiative.
From September 2007 to March 2012, Bob Swarup was a partner with Pension Corporation, a UK-based pension buyout firm, where he advised on portfolio construction, alternatives, macroeconomic views, asset-liability management, pensions and risk management.
Prior to his work at Pension, Swarup spent three years as an associate at a hedge fund, Altedge Capital.
Swarup is a Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst (CAIA) charter-holder and a member of the CAIA Examinations Council.
==Work as an Author==
Swarup has written for a range of media and academic publications on topics including alternatives, cosmology, macroeconomic issues, pensions, asset–liability management and risk management. From 2008 to 2012, he served as Consultant Editor for QFINANCE, a partnership comprising books and electronic media between Bloomsbury Information Publishing and the Qatar Financial Centre.
In December 2011, Swarup published the book "Asset-Liability Management for Financial Institutions: Balancing Financial Stability with Strategic Objectives" through Bloomsbury Publishing. His second book, "Money Mania: Booms, Panics, and Busts from Ancient Rome to the Great Meltdown," is expected in February 2014.
==John Lothian News Interview==
Author Bob Swarup Discusses the History of Financial Crises & His Outlook for Managed Futures
Author Bob Swarup has had financial crises on his mind for some time – about 2,500 years worth actually. Swarup discussed his new book on the history of financial crises and the outlook for managed funds while at the 2012 Emerging Managers Forum in London. Interview by JLN Managed Futures editor Jim Kharouf. Published August 15, 2012. Watch at JohnLothianNews.com
== Education ==
Swarup earned a PhD in Cosmology and MSc in Quantum Fields and Fundamental Forces from Imperial College of London. He holds a MSc in Physics Research from Royal Holloway, University of London. He has also earned a MA, MSci and BA in Physics from Trinity College, University of Cambridge.
== References ==	
Category:Hedge Funds
Category:Investors
Category:Quantitative Analysis
Bobby Cho

Bobby Cho is an American financial executive. He has worked for multiple blockchain and cryptocurrency-focused companies, including itBit and Cumberland DRW LLC.
==Background==
Cho was born and raised in Philadelphia, PA. After graduating from Villanova University, Cho moved to New York City and began working for SecondMarket, a startup that served as a marketplace for assets with low liquidity.
==Crypto Career==
Cho left SecondMarket in 2014 to work as a director for itBit. He left that company to work as Global Head of Trading for the Chicago-based Cumberland DRW in 2016.
Cho oversaw DRW's crypto trading operations for over three years, including the launch of Marea, Cumberland's electronic trading platform designed to interact with Cumberland's trading counter-parties. In May 2019, Cho announced that he was stepping away from the company. "It's bittersweet to announce that I will be stepping down from my role as COO at the end of May," he said. "There's never a right time to step away from something you've guided for the past 3-plus years." He said that he was proud of how he and his team had handled challenges in the crypto market aggressively, by "challenging the status quo." The announcement of Cho's departure came only a month after the departure of James Radecki, a former Goldman Sachs director who had been Cumberland's Global Head of Business Development since 2017.
==Education==
Bobby Cho has a bachelor's of science and business administration from Villanova University.
== References ==
Category: digital assets
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: People
Category: fintech
Category: mining
Boiler room

A boiler room is a term widely used in the financial industry to describe a type of high-pressure and often fraudulent sales environment. The term "boiler room" or "boiler room operation" refers to the use of high pressure sales tactics to sell stocks to clients who are called randomly ("cold called") sometimes simply from out of a phone directory.
A boiler room describes an operation characterized by high-pressure sales, cold calling, unregistered securities, misrepresentation and a short-term focus. 
Boiler rooms are often set up in inexpensive office spaces, where telemarketers make calls from their desks. The stock they sell may be real--usually unknown micro-cap stocks--but the salespeople hype them up with misleading or false information. They are paid on commission, so they generally only make money when they sell a stock. Boiler room operations often prioritize short-term gains, aiming to maximize their commissions and profits quickly. Long-term investment strategies and due diligence are typically disregarded. They often push stocks that trade on the Pink Sheets or the over-the-counter bulletin board, which means the stocks are largely unregulated. 
Besides the fact that these operations are based on deception and coercion, many of these salespeople are not actually registered to trade securities. 
==Historical Context==
Boiler rooms have a long history, dating back to the early 20th century. They gained notoriety in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly during the dot-com bubble, when many fraudulent operations exploited the booming stock market to defraud investors.
==Contemporary Relevance==
Although boiler rooms have diminished in prominence due to regulatory efforts and increased investor awareness, they continue to exist in various forms. Some may operate from foreign countries to avoid strict regulations, while others have transitioned to online platforms, reaching potential victims through email and social media.
Boiler rooms often offer unsolicited investment offers promising quick and guaranteed returns and should be viewed with skepticism.
==Misc==
A movie called "Boiler Room" was released in 2000.
== References ==
Category:Fraud
Bollinger Band

A Bollinger band is a technical analysis indicator that compares volatility and relative price levels over a specific period of time. Three bands are plotted: a simple moving average, an upper band of the simple moving average, plus two standard deviations and a lower band of the simple moving average, minus two standard devations. As markets become more volatile, the bands typically widen, or move farther from the average. As markets become less volatile, the bands typically contract, or move closer to the average.
Developed by John Bollinger, Bollinger Bands are an indicator consists of three bands designed to encompass the majority of a security's or contract's price action.
Bollinger used two standard deviations of closing prices and plotted the values above and below a simple moving average. The standard parameters for Bollinger Bands use a 20-bar simple moving average.
== Resources ==
*www.bollingerbands.com
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Technical Analysis
Bolsa de Productos de Chile

The Bolsa de Productos de Chile is an electronic exchange listing contracts in wheat, corn and bulk wine. Icap, the UK-based interdealer broker, acquired a 15 percent stake in the business in January 2008.
== History ==
The exchange was created with support from the Inter-American Development bank in 2005 to provide alternative funding sources for small and medium-sized businesses through derivatives and other contracts types.
== References ==
==External Links ==
*Icap
category:Exchanges
category:Latin American Exchanges
Bolsa de Valores de Caracas

The Bolsa de Valores de Caracas, formerly the Caracas Stock Exchange, was formed by the merger of the Bolsa de Comercio de Caracas and Bolsa de Comercio del Estado Miranda in 1974.
== History ==
In 1989, the Caracas Stock Exchange experienced expanded trading volumes following liberalization of the economy. To handle the volume, and Automated Exchange Trading System (SATB) developed by the Vancouver Stock Exchange was acquired. In 1992 the exchange implemented two new systems; the Remote Connection System (SISTECOR) and the Electronic Compensation and Liquidation System (SECOMLI).
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Stock Exchanges
Category:South American Exchanges
Bolsa de Valores de Panama

Bolsa de Valores de Panama is Panama's stock exchange. It was a private sector initiative created during the political and economic crisis in Panama in 1989. The exchange held its first trading session on June 26th, 1990. 
The BVP created the Central Latinoamericana de Valores, S.A. (aka Latin Clear) in 1997 to provide clearing and liquidation for stock exchange operations through its electronic system. On August 14, 2009, BVP and securities depository Central Latinoamericana de Valores SA, announced that they would seek shareholder approval for a corporate restructuring to form a holding company for both entities.
== History ==
 
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Stock Exchanges
Bolsas y Mercados Espanoles

Bolsas y Mercados Españoles (BME) is the parent of the Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao and Valencia stock exchanges, the MEFF derivatives platform and clearing operations for Spain's capital markets system.
BME, which went public in 2006, was the world’s eighth largest cash-equities platform in 2007.
In October 2013 it was reported that BME plans to establish its first equities clearing house by 2015, as part of ongoing reforms to Spain’s post-trade infrastructure. The launch would mean that Spanish equity trades are processed through a dedicated clearing house, rather than the central securities depository Iberclear, which is owned by BME. 
== History and Ownership==
The BME floated via an initial public offering on June 13, 2006, which the controlling stakes held by a group of domestic and French financial groups, as well as the Bank of Spain, whose 9.6 percent stake fell to 5.3 percent, though it retains a golden share giving it a veto over future ownership changes. The current structure, which includes a 33 percent free float, is headed by Santander (8.6 percent), the central bank and BBVA (5.4 percent).
The exchange listed in June 2006, and has a free float of 33 per cent. Banco Santander was the largest single shareholder, while the Spanish government retains a golden share.
Swiss exchange operator SIX Group acqquired the Spanish exchange operator in June 2020, winning out over exchange group Euronext. Announcing the acquisition, SIX said the combination of BME and SIX would "create a more diversified group with a strong presence across Europe," becoming the 3rd largest European financial market infrastructure group and the 10th largest globally by revenue. 
== Structure and Regulation ==
The exchange is supervised by the Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores (CNMV).
== Products and Services ==
In October 2020, BME unveiled a new data platform to boost its transaction cost analysis and best execution service. Launched through its subsidiary BME Inntech, the big data platform was designed to improve processes around best execution reporting and TCA for broker, broker-dealer and fund manager clients to comply with MiFID II requirements.
== References ==
== External Links ==
*MEFF
*Barcelona Stock Exchange
*CNMV
category:Exchanges
category:European Exchanges
category:Stock Exchanges
category:Futures Exchanges
category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
BondCliQ

BondCliQ is a market data system that provides pricing information on the corporate bond market. The company is focused on improving pre- and post-trade data, and is designed to improve institutional liquidity in the market. The firm was founded by CEO Chris White with a goal to bring better transparency to the bond market. BondCliQ is Wall Street’s first consolidated corporate bond quote system.
The firm’s feed includes live pricing from 40 dealers, but the five largest dealers on Wall Street have yet to sign on, BondCliQ's CEO told the Wall Street Journal in January 2022. 
The asset-management giant Vanguard Group said its bond traders and data scientists are using BondCliQ data in their models in a partnership with the startup, The Wall Street Journal reported.
 
== Background==
The firm was founded by Chris White, with the help of industry professionals Don Devine, Steve Duncker, Paul Faust, ValueStream, a fintech venture capital firm and others. In 2017, the firm raised $700,000 to start and worked toward another $2 million investment in a second round. The firm was launched in 2017 with five funds as customers and a goal of 75 buy-side users by Q4 2017. It also aimed for dealers.
In November 2018, the firm signed a deal with the London Stock Exchange Group's MTS Markets business, providing a mapping tool for US corporate bond liquidity. The deal combined MTS BondsPro's real-time pricing with BondCliQ's data visualization technology, BondTIQ and TRACE data - aimed at providing a holistic view of the pre- and post-trade liquidity.
In September 2019, the firm partnered with Charles River Development to provide traders and portfolio managers with pre-trade price quotes in US corporate fixed income securities and post-trade TRACE data. The data will be provided over the Charles River IMS, which offers combined order and execution.
== Products and Services ==
The firm offers several services in pre- and post-trade information:
* TIQ-File: static flat files of pre- and post-trade pricing information
* BondTIQ: application for viewing realtime pre- and post-trade pricing
* TIQ-API: a feed for viewing realtime pre- and post-trade pricing
== Key People ==
* Chris White, CEO
* Renaud Pelletier, CFO, Head of Corporate Development
* Laks Narayan, CTO
== References ==
BondDesk Group LLC

BondDesk Group LLC, now part of Tradeweb Markets LLC, was a fixed-income technology firm and trading platform. The firm's alternative trading system (ATS), BondDesk Trading, was among the largest retail fixed income trading platforms in the U.S. The company was founded in 1995 as the BondExchange and is based in Mill Valley, California with additional offices in California, Michigan, and New York. The company was acquired by Tradeweb LLC in 2013, and Tradeweb integrated the BondDesk business with Tradeweb retail to form Tradeweb Direct. BondDesk was previously owned by Advent International, a Boston-based private equity firm, beginning in 2006.
 
== History ==
In October 1995, BondDesk Trading began as Bond Exchange LLC. In October 1999, the current BondDesk entity was founded with investments from Goldman Sachs, UBS PaineWebber and Spear, Leeds & Kellogg. In February 2000, Bear Stearns and Susquehanna International Group became partners. The firm again took on equity partners in July 2000, adding A.G. Edwards, ABN Amro, Bank of America, RBC Dain Rauscher, Raymond James, TD Waterhouse and Wachovia.
BondDesk ATS began operations in October 2000 and grew by way of company acquisitions, such as TIPS LLC in August 2001. , BondNexus in October 2001. , MPA Technologies in September 2002 and TechHackers LLC in January 2005. 
In July 2006, Advent International acquired a majority interest in BondDesk. In August 2013, Advent reportedly initiated the process to sell BondDesk. The firm's value was estimated at around $200 million. In addition to Tradeweb, MarketAxess reportedly bid on the firm. 
== References ==
Category:Independent Software Vendors
BondPoint

BondPoint is a corporate bond trading platform owned by Virtu Financial.
== History ==
BondPoint was started in 1999 as ValuBond at the height of the internet bubble, when stock trading firms such as E*TRADE were being valued in the multi-billions. It was based in Atlanta, Georgia, and backed by a group of FinTech venture capitalists. After raising $25 million it was acquired by Knight Capital in 2006 for $18 million.
GETCO bailed out Knight in 2013 after a trading glitch cost Knight $440 million in 45 minutes, and formed Knight Capital Group (KCG). The company had planned to integrate BondPoint with its newer technology but that move never took place. 
BondPoint was acquired along with KCG by Virtu in an April 2017 merger.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Bond Connect

Bond Connect is a mutual market access scheme that allows investors from Mainland China and overseas to trade in each other's bond markets through connection between the related Mainland and Hong Kong financial infrastructure institutions. It is a joint venture of Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing (HKEx) and the China Foreign Exchange Trade System, launched July 3, 2017.
Northbound Trading began on July 3, 2017, allowing overseas investors from Hong Kong and other regions to invest in the China interbank bond market (CIBM) through mutual access arrangements in respect of trading, custody and settlement. 
In June of 2019 Tradeweb became the first firm to provide offshore investors with access to the Bond Connect trading link.
== References ==
Bond Market Association

The former Bond Market Association, with offices in New York, Washington, D.C. and London, representing securities firms and banks that underwrite, trade and sell debt securities and other financial products globally, merged with the Securities Industry Association in 2005 to become the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA).
SIFMA brings together the shared interests of more than 650 securities firms, banks, and asset managers. SIFMA’s mission is to promote policies and practices that work to expand and perfect markets, foster the development of new products and services, and create efficiencies for member firms, while preserving and enhancing the public’s trust and confidence in the markets and the industry. 
SIFMA works to represent its members’ interests locally and globally. It has offices in New York, Washington D.C., and London, and its associated firm, the Asia Securities Industry and Financial Market Association, is based in Hong Kong. 
== References ==
See also, Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association.
Category:Industry Associations
Bond yield

A bond's yield is the figure that shows the return an investor gets on a bond. The yield is calculated using the following formula: yield = coupon amount/price. When an investor buys a bond at par, the yield is equal to the interest rate. When the price of a bond goes up, the yield goes down, and vice versa.
As U.S. Treasury note and bond yields increase, so do the interest rates on fixed-rate mortgages, making it more expensive to buy a home. This can have a negative effect on the economy and slow GDP growth. Higher Treasury note and bond yields mean that the Treasury Department will be forced to pay a higher interest rate to attract buyers. Over time, these higher rates can start to increase demand for Treasury notes and bonds, thereby increasing the value of the dollar. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Trading Terms
Bondcube, Ltd.

Bondcube was a trade matching platform for fixed income markets. The platform was launched in April 2015 but filed for liquidation three months later. 
== History ==
The company was founded in 2012 by two industry veterans, Paul Reynolds and Mark Germain, and was designed to bring an "all to all" to the fixed income market, attracting buy side and sell side participants. 
In February 2014, Deutsche Boerse purchased a minority stake in Bondcube. Though the exact terms were not disclosed, the investment was reported to be "a low sum in the single-digit millions sterling." Bondcube received a second round of funding from Deutsche Boerse later in 2014, raising its ownership stake in the startup to 30 percent. 
Bondcube's platform was approved by the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority in December 2014, allowing the firm to operate in 31 European jurisdictions.
=="Sufficient Business Prospects Failed to Materialize"==
In a statement following the liquidation, Deutsche Boerse said, "Although Bondcube succeeded to launch its platform, over recent months sufficient business prospects failed to materialize and as a result the long-term financial viability of the business deteriorated. In these circumstances, the shareholders decided not to provide further funding to Bondcube."
== Products and Services ==
Bondcube allowed institutional investors and banks to search and match orders for bonds in the market via a trading screen. Bondcube's platform is set up as an "all-to-all" structure, meaning both dealers and clients can provide and access the same liquidity. The rationale is that, under new regulations such as Basel III, which requires additional capital reserves at dealing banks, new sources of liquidity are needed. According to Bondcube CEO Paul Reynolds, "Bondcube would trade "anything, from government bonds, high yield and emerging market debt, to corporate bonds."
Bondcube's business model included free connectivity for users, and would charge an annual license fee to sell side banks rather than charge trading fees. It would be free to institutional investors.
== Key People ==
*Paul Reynolds, CEO
*Mark Germain, chief technology officer
== References ==
Bong-Soo Kim

Bong-Soo Kim is a former chairman and CEO of the Korea Exchange. He was appointed to the position in late 2009 after an eight-month stint by his predecessor, Lee Jung-Hwan. Kim, a securities dealer and entrepreneur, was the first head of the Korea Exchange to emerge from the private sector.
Kim serves on the board of directors of the World Federation of Exchanges (WFE).
==Background==
Kim began his career in the investment industry at Ssangyong Securities Co. in 1976 and later founded online brokerage Kiwoom Securities Co., one of KRX's member firms, in 2000. Kim served as the firm's CEO and president from March 2001 until late 2009. 
 
Kim has also served as non-standing director of the Korea Financial Investment Association from 2005 to 2009 and the KOSDAQ Listed Companies Association from 2007 to 2009.
== References ==
Category:Exchange CEOs
Category:Korea Exchange
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:World Federation of Exchanges Board Member
Bonnie Litt

Bonnie Litt is a New York-based lawyer and banking executive, who, from 2018 to 2021, served as the general counsel of Success Academy Charter Schools.
In 2019, Litt was inducted into the Futures Industry Association's Futures Hall of Fame, which was established in 2005 to commemorate outstanding contributions to the global futures and options community. 
==Background==
Before, she was a managing director and associate general counsel of Goldman Sachs & Co. from 1989 to 2018. 
She is a former member of the National Futures Association Futures Commission Merchant Advisory Committee and served on the CFTC Global Markets Advisory Committee. Litt also served as president of the Law & Compliance Division of the Futures Industry Association.
==Registration Information==
*
==References==	
Category:NFA FCM Advisory Committee - Former Members
Category:CFTC Global Markets Advisory Committee - Former Members
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Goldman Sachs
Category:Goldman Sachs - Former Employees
Category:Lawyers
Category:General Counsels
Category:Futures Hall of Fame Members