Source 2/Docs/Level Design/Basic Construction/Mesh Editing 2

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The previous article covered the basics of manipulating faces, edges, and vertices, which are the building blocks of any shape in Hammer. This article will cover building something structurally recognizable using some additional important tools.
A simple arched bridge, while a complex set of operations in the previous iteration of Hammer, using the tools provided here it is fairly straightforward but uses a workflow that is somewhat different.
== Blocking Out the Shape ==
300px|thumb|right|Create the base component meshes.
Start a new map. Either File -> New or .
Create a mesh object with the Block tool to create the top of the bridge. See the image for an example.
Next create the cylinder block to act as the curve of the arch:
# Go into Meshes mode, then create a block the rough size of your bridge.
# First switch the block type to a cylinder (Block Tool > Geometry Type: cylinder)
# Set the Number of sides: to 32.
# Drag in the 3D view to create the block and press .
300px|thumb|right|Move and resize the cylinder to fit.
More than likely, rotating and resizing the cylinder will be required to match the mesh object for the top of the bridge. Set things up so the ends of the cylinder are flush with the sides of the cuboid as shown.
* To easily move around the entire cylinder, make sure you are in Meshes mode, and use Translate and Rotate on the mesh. Use Scale to match the faces of the two meshes.
* You can also use Translate while in Faces mode to align the faces precisely with the two mesh objects.
Hammer does not have a boolean operator so instead of carving the cylinder from the cuboid the task can be accomplished by flipping some of the faces and sewing the remaining arch into the bridge mesh.
When it's lined up, it's now ready for the next step.
== Sewing the Arch ==
300px|thumb|right|Selecting the bridge sides to delete.
Switch to Faces mode, then select then delete the three faces on the cuboid which are intersected by the cylinder: The front, the back, and the bottom faces. While we could potentially slice them up to match the cylinder (covered later), it is easier to delete them and use the remaining three faces as a scaffold for creating new ones.
300px|thumb|right|Using -double-click to select a set of connected faces.
Some useful additions in Hammer are the many ways of selecting multiple faces. Double-clicking on a mesh in Faces mode selects all faces, for example. Try that on the cylinder object to see how it works.
* Double click to select all faces on a mesh.
* +Double click selects all faces on a similar plane
* Selecting one face then +Double click on another face further down will select the last face in addition to the faces in between.
For example, selecting one face then +Double clicking on another face will select that last face and all faces in-between:
# Select the first face on the cylinder that's "inside" the bridge volume.
# Hold down and double-click the last face inside the arch (as in the screen shot).
# Use Invert selection to invert the selection faces.
# Press to get rid of the non-arch faces (not ).
The arch is setup but the faces look incorrect, the faces are inverse of what they should be.
An important concept in 3D editing software is the face normal. The faces are generally one-sided polygons - the normal indicates the side on which the polygon has solidity. So flipping a face's normal has the effect of turning it inside-out - flipping the normals on a cube, for example, would turn it into a hollow box which you can see into from the outside. While not something that would exist in reality, it can be paired with an un-flipped, slightly larger cube to give a conventionally hollow cube.
To flip the faces so that the normal is facing down, thusly completing the arch, the following is required:
# In Faces mode, double-click on the curved faces to select them all.
# Use Flip normals . This will invert the normal and should look like the image.
300px|thumb|right|Selecting edges to connect.
To sew the arch mesh into the upper bridge mesh click on Edges mode (or ), then select one of the edges on the bottom of the cuboid, then one at the end of the arch as in the provided image.
Using the Bridge tool will bridge the gap between two unconnected edges with a new face. Press to bridge the two edges that were selected.
With the face created, stay in Edges mode and select the opposite two edges and press again to create a second face. The result should be a continuous loop of faces going around the top, end, underside and other end of the bridge, with two big "n"-shaped gaps either side.
300px|thumb|right|Double-click to select the open edge loop.
While still in Edges mode, double-click on one of the edges leading around one of the gaps to select the entire loop as shown. To create a new face, use Polygon . This will fill in the gap. Do the same on the other side and the end result is a simple bridge shaped arched solid.
== Adding Detail ==
300px|thumb|right|Use the Cut tool on the end of the bridge to add edges.
One way to add some detail to this bridge is to create walls along side the road surface at the top. One method would be to create some new meshes and either place them on top, similar to previous methods of construction, or sew them in. Instead of either of those, it is quick to simply add some edges to the existing face and then work from those.
It's worth noting that there are multiple ways to accomplish this action, this method exercises the Cut tool specifically.
# In Faces mode, angle the view so you can see the top and one end of the bridge.
# Enable the Cut tool mode.
# Move the mouse over the edge connecting the top and end of the bridge. This shows where it will add a new vertex.
# Click with around 8 units from the side of the bridge, then 8 units down on the back of the face.
# Continue across to near the other side of the bridge. The aim here is to create a shallow "U" shape, with the walls of the bridge and the new road surface (see screenshot).
#: 
# Once you're back at the main edge, rotate the view to the other end of the bridge. Create the same cuts on that side.
# After making the second "U" shape, connect it back to the first end of the bridge again, making a complete connection. After making the final point, press . This should cut the top face into three faces: two narrow at the sides for the tops of the walls, and one wide for the road surface. See the second screenshot for a visual description.
#:
300px|thumb|right|Selecting the end edges in preparation to Bridge.
The Bridge tool will complete the new detailed bridge.
# In Faces mode, select and delete the large top face and the two small ones at either end.
# Then in Edges mode, select the three edges at either end. See the screenshot for details.
# Now use Bridge . The Bridge tool will work between multiple groups of edges, so long as there's the same number on each side of the gap. You should now have walls and a flat road surface.
== Further Exploration ==
300px|thumb|right|Select and Translate the top Face to adjust the road height.
For practice, try refining the model further using the tools taught so far.
* Go to Faces mode, select the road surfaces and adjust the height with Translate .
* Try using the Cut tool to add additional details. Cut faces into smaller ones, either adding new vertices on faces or edges, or by connecting vertices together with new edges.
* To remove an edge and merge any connected faces, select the edge and press . This keeps will keep a face intact.
* After adding a few extra edges through cutting and then extruding the faces (with ), the edges and faces can be moved around with Translate to rapidly add realistic details to the mesh.
600px|thumb|center|The bridge mesh with some additional edges inserted.
Next: Mesh Editing 3