nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Ethan Kahn

__NOTOC__ 
Ethan Kahn is a principal at Wolverine Trading, and a co-manager of the liquidity group. He is responsible for risk management and exchange relationships, and helps develop new trading strategies for ETFs, futures and equities. 
Kahn was a co-founder of STAT Trading, LLC, which merged with Wolverine in 2006. He also co-founded Castlebridge Partners, LLC, an independent capital markets and insurance trading and consulting firm. He focused on hedging strategies using equity OTC derivatives, as well as energy-related financial structures, including forward transactions and options on fuels, power and weather.
He is also financial services division chair at the Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Chicago.
== Background ==
Kahn was previously a market-maker at the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) and general partner of an index arbitrage hedge fund for which he developed and executed trading strategies using index and futures products. He was a longtime a member of the product development committee at the CBOE.
Before that, he was with the corporate finance insurance group at Kidder, Peabody & Co., where he completed financing and strategic alternatives such as public equity and convertible debenture offerings, private placements and merger and acquisition transactions for a variety of insurance companies.
== Education ==
Kahn has a BSE degree in finance from the University of Pennsylvania - The Wharton School.
He is also Series 7, 24, 27 and 28 licensed and is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA).
==MarketsWiki Education Videos==
== References ==	
Category:CBOE Members
Category:Kidder, Peabody & Co.
Category:MarketsWiki Education
Ethanol

ALSO SEE: Ethanol Derivatives
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is also referred to as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol. It is a clear, colorless liquid made up of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, -OH, bonded to a carbon atom. Fuel-grade ethanol is blended with a percentage of gasoline to form motor oil. 
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 mandated the sale of oxygenated fuels in areas with unhealthy levels of carbon monoxide. This led to a strong demand for ethanol as an oxygenated blend with gasoline.
About 2 billion gallons are added to gasoline to increase octane and improve the emission quality of gasoline in the United States each year. 
== References ==
EtherDelta

EtherDelta is a decentralized cryptocurrency exchange founded by Zachary Coburn. It is primarily a market for ERC-20 Tokens, which are based on the Ethereum blockchain.
EtherDelta is a decentralized exchange, a type of exchange that is sometimes referred to as a "DEX" exchange. This means that it is not based in a single location or on a single server. Instead, it relies on smart contracts to automatically execute trades between users on a distributed ledger. In theory, this eliminates the possibility of a targeted hacking attack because there is no single point in the exchange that manages trades (though this does not necessarily mean that it is impossible for a DEX exchange to get hacked). This can also make it difficult for regulatory bodies to enforce trading and tax laws on funds earned through trading on a DEX exchange. 
== Background ==
=== 2017 hacking attack ===
In December 2017, EtherDelta was the victim of a hacking attack. The hacker (or hackers) accessed the exchange's DNS server and replaced its web domain with a convincing fake - in other words, the hacker hijacked EtherDelta's web address so that users attempting to access the exchange were instead taken to a fake website. Then, when the users attempted to trade their digital tokens, the tokens went into the wallet of the hacker, from which they were never returned.
EtherDelta confirmed the attack on its official Twitter account, advising users not to use the exchange until further notice. The stolen tokens were allegedly traced to this wallet address on the Ethereum blockchain.
=== SEC litigation ===
In November 2018, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) announced that it had settled with Zachary Coburn regarding a lawsuit the commission had brought against him and EtherDelta for "operating an unregistered exchange." The settlement followed the publication of the SEC's 2017 "DAO Report," which concluded that certain digital assets, such as ERC-20 tokens, are securities, making them regulatable by the SEC. The SEC said that all platforms trading such assets are required to register as securities exchanges with the SEC, which EtherDelta did not do. Although Coburn did not officially confirm or deny the SEC's accusations, he agreed to settle with the regulator by paying $300,000 in disgorgement, as well as a $75,000 penalty and $13,000 in prejudgement interest.
== References ==
 
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: digital assets
Category: exchanges
Category: decentralized exchanges
Category: trading
Ethiopia Commodity Exchange

The Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX) is the first commodity exchange market system for Ethiopia and the first exchange of its kind in Africa. It is jointly governed by a private-public board of directors and managed professionally by an internationally recruited team. It is a partnership of market actors, the exchange members, and its main promoter, the Government of Ethiopia.
The ECX trading system has a physical trading floor located in Addis Ababa and plans to transition to an electronic trading platform over time. Open outcry trading hours are from 8 to 12 am. Only ECX members or their authorized representatives can use the ECX trading system on behalf of themselves or clients. ECX will have warehouses in Addis Ababa, Bure, Humera, Nazreth, Nekemte and Shashemene, the main centers of the market.
By government decree, almost all buying and selling of coffee, sesame seeds, and navy beans for export must take place on the exchange.
Initially, ECX contracts will be for spot trading (immediate delivery of physical commodities). Over time, ECX plans to introduce futures contracts.
== History ==
The exchange was founded in 2008 by Eleni Zaude Gabre-Madhin, an economist who was also its first CEO. It received funding from the U.S. and the United Nations, and is one of at least eight commodity exchanges started in sub-Saharan Africa since the mid 1990s with the aim of improving food security for local populations.
== Products and Services ==
ECX's initial phase offered 25 spot contracts for the following four commodities:
*Maize (White Maize, Mixed Maize)
*Wheat (Hard Wheat- , Soft Wheat)
*Sesame Seed (Humera, Gondar, Wollega)
*Beans (White Pea Bean, Red Kidney Bean)
In addition, the exchange trades a number of coffee contracts. Coffee and sesame seeds account for about 90 percent of exchange volume.
== Key People ==
*Ermias Eshetu, Chief Executive Officer 
*Abenet Bekele, Chief Strategy Officer
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:African Exchanges
Category:Commodities
Category:Coffee
Eugen Haltiner

__NOTOC__ 
Eugen Haltine is chairman of the Swiss Federal Banking Commission (SFBC), a position he assumed in February 2006 . 
== Background ==
Prior to becoming SFBC chairman, Haltiner worked for Union Bank of Swtzerland in several capacities and for UBS AG. He is a colonel in the general staff (retired from service). He serves as a member of the board of directors of the Federal Auditor Oversight Authority.
== Education ==
Haltiner received his doctorate in Economics and Social Science from the University of Geneva in 1979.
== References ==
Category:Regulators
Bios - Executives
Eugene C. Cashman

__NOTOC__ 
Eugene "Gene" C. Cashman was a Chicago Park District policeman, commodities trader, exchange member and thoroughbred racehorse owner. He was a member of a prominent Chicago Board of Trade family, of which he was the most famous. 
Cashman made a fortune trading grains and oilseed futures at the CBOT in the 1970s, often cited as one of the most significant fortunes made at the CBOT prior to the introduction of financial futures. Cashman was known as a humble and generous man.
He died in 2000 at the age of 78.
== Background ==
Cashman was one of nine children of an Irish captain of the Chicago Fire Department who grew up on the west side of Chicago. The family home was bought by the City of Chicago for the Eisenhower Expressway, which gave the family the money to give to the oldest brother George to buy a membership at the CBOT. George then brought Gene and two other brothers who were policemen to the exchange, lending them money to buy memberships. 
After making his fortune in the early 1970s markets, Cashman turned his attention to horse racing. In 1974, he bought a colt named Elocutionist, who two years later won the Preakness after finishing third in the Kentucky Derby. Cashman, with the help of his trainer Paul Adwell, would spend $1 million in 1974 buying 60 yearlings. 
Cashman also ventured into the oil and gas business.
Cashman was known for trading large positions which sometimes exceeded limits set by the CFTC.
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category:Deceased
Category:Former CBOT Members
Eugene Kunda

__NOTOC__ 
Eugene Kunda is a agricultural market oversight and surveillance specialist with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission in Chicago.
Formerly, he was the visiting assistant director and research associate with the Office for Futures and Options Research (OFOR) in the department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics at the University of Illinois. Kunda was a former senior economist at the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT).
== Background ==
Prior to joining the University of Illinois faculty in November of 2007, Kunda worked at John Deere Agri Services in marketing development from 2006 to 2007. He also served as senior economist in business development at the CBOT for fourteen years - from 1990 to 2004.
==John Lothian News Interview==
*Five Minutes with Eugene Kunda - April 2009
== Education ==
Kunda attended classes at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Educators
Category:Former CBOT Employees
Category:Regulators
Eugene Ludwig

__NOTOC__ 
Eugene A. Ludwig is the founder and CEO of Promontory Financial Group. 
== Background ==
Before founding Promontory, Ludwig was vice chairman and senior control officer of Bankers Trust New York Corp, where he steered the firm through its merger with Deutsche Bank. He was U.S. comptroller of the currency from 1993 to 1998, where he served as the Clinton administration’s point person on the policy response to the credit crunch of the early 1990s.
While he was comptroller, Ludwig served as chairman of the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, a member of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, a director of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and chairman of the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation.
Before becoming comptroller, he was a partner in the law firm of Covington & Burling, specializing in banking law.
== Education ==
He graduated magna cum laude from Haverford College and received a scholarship to Oxford University, where he earned a Master of Arts degree as a Keasbey Fellow. He holds a Juris Doctor from Yale University, where he was editor of the Yale Law Journal and chairman of Yale Legislative Services.
== References ==
Eurekahedge

Eurekahedge is an independent data provider and alternative research firm that specializes in hedge fund databases covering North America, Europe, Asia and Latin America. Its clients include family offices, endowments & trusts, pension funds, funds of hedge funds, sovereign wealth funds, private banks, advisors and service providers to the industry. It is a subsidiary of Mizuho Bank. 
Eurekahedge is headquartered in Singapore with offices in New York and Cebu. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
Eurekahedge's flagship product is a global database of hedge funds, long only absolute return funds, commodity trading advisors, managed futures funds and other skill based offshore funds.
Eurekahedge's operational due diligence service offers a comprehensive report on hedge funds, private equity funds or funds of funds. Eurekahedge has agreements in place with a network of consultants and analysts who are industry specialists, with experience in covering alternative funds. 
Risk Shell is a hedge fund analytical tool aimed at hedge fund investors who want to build and monitor portfolios, perform stress tests and what-if scenario analysis, run portfolio optimisation and holdings analysis. The tool can also produce reports and graphs covering peer groups, correlations, VaR, factor analysis, correlation stress tests, etc.
The Eurekahedge Global Fund of Hedge Funds database is a database of multi-manager funds that allocate to hedge funds, commodity trading advisors (CTAs), and long-only absolute returns funds. The database contains 2,500 funds that are managed by 1,000 management companies from around the globe. 
Every month, Eurekahedge releases The Eurekahedge Report containing performance analysis, asset flows, key macroeconomic trends in hedge funds, industry insights, top 10 tables and index return matrices by region and strategy. In addition, Eurekahedge offers customised reports, data analysis and surveys on a case by case basis.
The company also provides hedge funds with tools to help them raise capital, and offers custom indices for companies to use as benchmarks.
== Key People ==
== References ==
Eurex CONF

CONF Futures are based on notional short-, medium- or long-term debt instruments with a term of 1.75 to 13 years, and a notional coupon rate of 6 percent, based on debt instruments issued by Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Italy, the Republic of France or the Swiss Confederation. 
CONF Futures have a contract value of CHF 100,000 or EUR 100,000.
== References ==
Category:Eurex
Eurex DJ Global Titans 50 Index

The Dow Jones Global Titans 50 Index was created to reflect the globalization of international blue chip securities in the wake of mergers and the creation of mega-corporations. The index is made up of large and well-known companies with at least some of their operations outside of their domestic markets. It includes companies trading on major exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Nasdaq, Euronext, American Stock Exchange and Tokyo Stock Exchange. Eurex trades futures and options on the Euro-dominated index.
Dow Jones also offers the Dow Jones Sector Titans Indexes, which are global indexes covering large-cap stocks in sectors such as financial services, chemicals, industrial goods and services, energy, consumer goods, and noncyclical goods and services.
== Notes ==
DJ Global Titans 50 Index Futures Home Page at Eurex:
http://www.eurexchange.com/trading/products/IDX/DJS/FGTI_en.html
DJ Global Titans 50 Index Options Home Page at Eurex:
http://www.eurexchange.com/trading/products/IDX/DJS/OGTI_en.html
Eurex Euro-Bobl

BOBL is an acronym for Bundesobligationen (federal government securities), and is a medium-term debt instrument issued by the Federal Republic of Germany with a term of 4.5 to 5.5 years.
== References ==
Eurex Euro-Bobl Futures Home Page:
http://www.eurexchange.com/trading/products/INT/FIX/FGBM_en.html
Eurex Euro-Bobl Options Home Page:
http://www.eurexchange.com/trading/products/INT/FIX/OGBM_en.html
Category:Eurex
Eurex Euro-Bund

A Bund is a bond issued by the German federal government. The Eurex Euro-Bund futures contract is the exchange's most popular contract, with total volume in 2011 of 236 million contracts. It is based on long-term debt with a term of 8.5 to 10.5 years, and is considered the benchmark for long-term euro-denominated government debt.
== References ==
Category:Eurex
Category:Eurex Interest Rate Products
Category:Interest Rate Products
Eurex MDAX

MDAX is the international mid cap index of Deutsche Boerse AG
== Notes ==
DAX Home Page at Deutsche Boerse:
http://deutsche-boerse.com/dbag/dispatch/en/isg/gdb_navigation/private_investors/20_Equities/20_Indices/10_DAX?module=InOverview_Index&wp=DE0008469008&wplist=DE0008469008&foldertype=_Index
DAX Home Page at Eurex:
http://www.eurexchange.com/trading/products/IDX/DAX/products_en.html
Eurex US

Eurex US was a derivatives exchange that was started by Eurex in February of 2004. Its trades were cleared by The Clearing Corporation, the former clearinghouse of the Chicago Board of Trade. 
Eurex US was created to compete against the CBOT after the CBOT exited its technology agreement with Eurex called the a/c/e alliance. As part of the U.S. venture, Eurex bought an equity stake in the Clearing Corporation, which had previously cleared trades for the CBOT.
== History ==
As Eurex US, the exchange bought the BrokerTec Futures Exchange for $1 and secured volume guarantees from some of the leading banks and firms that had invested in the BrokerTec Futures Exchange.
Eurex US eventually became known as the US Futures Exchange (USFE), which ceased operations in 2008.
== Products and Services ==
Eurex US launched U.S. Treasury futures and options in early 2004 with look alike contracts of those of the Chicago Board of Trade. Later, Eurex US launched foreign currency futures against competing contracts listed on the International Monetary Market of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.
== Key People ==
Satish Nandapurkar was the first CEO of Eurex US. He had left the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, where he was head of products and services, to become the inaugural CEO.
== References ==
category: North American Exchanges
category:Defunct Futures Exchanges
Category:Eurex
Euribor

Euribor (Euro Interbank Offered Rate) is a daily reference rate, published by the European Money Markets Institute (EMMI), based on the averaged interest rates at which Eurozone banks offer to lend unsecured funds to other banks in the euro wholesale money market (or interbank market).
== Overview ==
Euribor rates are considered to be the most important reference rates in the European money market. They are used as the basis for the pricing of many financial products, including mortgages, savings accounts, and derivatives.
== History ==
Euribor was first published on 30 December 1998, following the introduction of the euro. It was established by the European Banking Federation and ACI - The Financial Markets Association.
European banks considered that the introduction, in 1999, of a single European currency, the euro, made it necessary to establish a new interbank reference rate within the Economic and Monetary Union: Euribor.
Euribor was first published on December 30, 1998 for value January 4, 1999.
== Calculation ==
Euribor is calculated for various maturities:
* 1 week
* 1 month
* 3 months
* 6 months
* 12 months
The rate is calculated using data from a panel of around 20 large banks operating in Europe. Each bank provides its quote, and after excluding the highest and lowest 15% of quotes, the remaining rates are averaged to produce the Euribor rate.
== Significance ==
Euribor plays a crucial role in the European financial system:
* It serves as a benchmark for trillions of euros in financial contracts.
* It is used in the pricing of many financial derivatives, particularly interest rate swaps.
* Many variable-rate mortgages and other consumer loans are priced based on Euribor.
== Controversies and Reforms ==
Like its counterpart LIBOR, Euribor has been subject to manipulation scandals. In response, several reforms have been implemented:
The number of Euribor tenors was reduced from 15 to 5 in 2013.
The calculation methodology was changed to be more transaction-based.
Increased regulatory oversight was introduced.
== References ==
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:European Interest Rates
Category:Short Term Interest Rates
Category:LIBOR
Euro

The euro is the single currency of 16 of the 27 member states of the European Union (EU) - those 16 are also called the euro area - and was first launched in 1999 with 11 members. The original members were Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Spain, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria , Portugal and Finland. Countries that joined later were Greece, Slovenia, Cyprus, Malta and Slovakia. 
The euro is monetarily administered by the European Central Bank (ECB), which recently announced that the wider euro-area economy is officially in recession although the ECB raised interest rates in mid-2008.
== History ==
The euro was introduced in January 1999 as a kind of virtual currency for cashless payments, eventually replacing the cash currencies of its 12 member states in 2002. Most recently, Cyprus and Malta replaced their currencies with the euro in 2008 while Slovenia did so in 2007. The ECB can only influence the euro's value through monetary policy like adjusting interest rates - fiscal policies like taxation and government spending are still left to the euro's member nations. 
The euro-area economy suffered its first recession since the single currency with gross domestic product (GDP) sinking by 0.2 percent for a third straight quarter in Q3 2008. Critics said the ECB had been inflexible on monetary policy over the euro, exacerbating the downturn. The euro recently traded at US$1.26 after hitting $US1.60 in mid-2008 and continues to decline steadily in value vs. the greenback. 
In May of 2010, the European Union spearheaded a $1 trillion plan to contain Europe's spreading debt crisis and keep it from tearing the euro currency apart and derailing the global economic recovery. The European Central Bank used what analysts called its "nuclear option" - buying public and private debt to shore up liquidity in "dysfunctional" markets and lower borrowing costs. The U.S. Federal Reserve separately reopened a currency swap program to ship billions of dollars overseas, pumping more short-term cash into the financial system.
==VIDEO: Is This the End of the Euro?==
Video from OnlineMBA.com
== Resources ==
* HM Treasury Euro Web Site
== References ==
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Euro-OAT Futures

== Background ==
The Euro-OAT Futures contract is a long-term fixed income futures contract based on notional long-term bonds issued by the French Government. OAT stands for Obligations Assimilables du Trésor. Eurex, the exchange this contract is offered on, anticipates customers may use the instrument as a hedging device against price fluctuations in the actual bonds. 
The product was introduced in April of 2012 amid fears over France's debt issue and thoughts subsequent demand for a risk-mitigating products has increased.
== References ==
Euro Stoxx 50 Index

The Euro Stoxx 50 Index was launched on February 28, 1998. It represents 50 supersector leaders in the 12 euro zone countries Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain.
The Index is weighted by float-adjusted market capitalization, and each component's weight is capped at 10 percent of the index's total free-float market capitalization. The index captures approximately 60% of the free-float market capitalization of the Euro Stoxx TMI Index. Daily historical data are available back to December 31, 1986.
On January 27, 2010, the Euro Stoxx 50 Index was licensed to Credit Suisse AG to serve as the basis for an exchange-traded fund. 
== References ==
Category:STOXX
Category:Indexes
Eurobond

A Eurobond is a bond issued in a currency other than the currency of the country in which it is issued. They are usually issued in more than one country of issue and traded across international financial centers. Supranational organizations (such as the World Bank or the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development) often use the the bonds for financing the development of emerging markets or to support developing countries. Corporations, including banks and multinational entities, issue Eurobonds for a number of purposes including financing for capital and other projects.
One example of a Eurobond is a eurodollar bond denominated in U.S. dollars and issued in Japan by an Australian company. The Australian company in this example could issue the eurodollar bond in any country other than the U.S.
Eurobonds give issuers the flexibility to choose the country in which to offer their bond according to the country's regulatory constraints. Eurobonds are attractive to investors because they have small par values are highly liquid.
== References ==
Category:Market Terms