nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Ginzy

Ginzy is a trading technique that was used in open outcry markets, particularly in futures and options exchanges. This practice involves a broker selling part of an order at the offer price and then selling the remainder to the same trader(s) at the lower bid price, or buying part of the order at the bid price and then selling the remainder of the order to the same trader(s). 
The CFTC futures glossary defines a ginzy trade as "A non-competitive trade practice in which a floor broker, in executing an order—particularly a large order—will fill a portion of the order at one price and the remainder of the order at another price to avoid an exchange's rule against trading at fractional increments or 'split ticks.'"
== History ==
Ginzy trading was most prevalent during the era of open outcry trading, which dominated financial markets from the 19th century until the early 2000s. The practice was particularly common in the 1980s and 1990s when tick sizes were quoted in fractions, allowing for wider bid-ask spreads.
== Regulatory Concerns ==
=== 1986 CFTC Investigation into Ginzy Trading ===
In 1986, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) launched an investigation into 22 traders at the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) for allegedly engaging in ginzy trading practices in the Treasury Bond futures pit. This investigation was part of a broader effort by federal regulators to crack down on unethical trading practices in the futures markets.
Ginzy trading was under scrutiny for potentially violating fair trading practices and the Commodity Exchange Act. The CFTC's investigation focused on whether these traders were using ginzy trading to defraud customers and manipulate prices in the T-Bond pit.
The investigation was part of a larger trend of increased regulatory oversight in the commodities markets during the 1980s. It highlighted the challenges of monitoring and enforcing rules in the open outcry trading system, where verbal and hand signal communications were the primary means of executing trades.
This CFTC action was a precursor to more extensive investigations and regulatory changes that would occur in the following years, including the major FBI undercover operation revealed in 1989 that targeted fraudulent practices in Chicago's commodity markets. The CFTC brought charges against the 22 CBOT members 3 months after the 1989 FBI sting became public. 
On March 24, 1993, the CFTC under the leadership of Acting Chairman William P. Albrecht, unanimously agreed that the 22 members charged by the CFTC in 1990 had not engaged in illegal prearranged trades.
== Decline in Use ==
The use of Ginzy trading has significantly decreased due to several factors:
* Regulatory restrictions
* The shift from fractional to decimal pricing, which narrowed bid-ask spreads
* The widespread adoption of electronic trading systems, which improved price discovery and market efficiency
Today, Ginzy trading is largely obsolete and is prohibited on most exchanges.
== References ==
Category:Trading
Category:Futures
Category:Options
Category:Open Outcry
Category:Market Structure
Category:Trading Techniques
Girls Who Code

Girls Who Code is an organization that works to educate, inspire and equip 13- to 17-year-old girls with the skills and resources to pursue opportunities in technology and engineering.
Girls Who Code completed its first program in fall of 2012 with 100 percent of the participants stating that they are definitely or more likely to major in computer science.
On Oct. 22, 2012, NYSE Euronext sponsored the group's inaugural gala on the trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange. 
== History ==
The organization was founded in 2012 by Reshma Saujani, who serves as the CEO.
== Membership ==
Membership is open to young women from age 13 to 17.
== Key People ==
=== Board Of Directors ===
*Reshma Saujani, Founder and Chair of the Board
*Marissa Shorenstein, New York State President, AT&T
*Adam Messinger, Chief Technology Officer, Twitter
*Alexis Maybank, Board Chair, Founder and Chief Strategy Officer, Gilt Group
*Jane Chwick, Retired Partner & Co-COO of Technology, Goldman Sachs
*Evan Korth, Professor, Computer Science, NYU Co-Founder, hackNY
*Jamie Miller, SVP & CIO, GE
*Trina DasGupta, CEO, Single Palm Tree Productions
== References ==
Category:NYSE Euronext
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Give-up

A give-up is a trade executed through one broker to be cleared through another. 
==Futures==
During the years of open outcry trading, give-ups were executed by a floor broker on behalf of a client. The client might be a commodity trading advisor with accounts at several futures commission merchants. The brokerage firm who sent the order would then give up the trades as instructed by the CTA before the order was placed to other futures commission merchants. At those FCMs, there may be clients at the FCM or at various Introducing Brokers.
Similarly, in electronic trading, a broker executes a trade on an electronic trading platform of an exchange and then gives up trades to clients at his own FCM and/or at other FCMs, similarly to the open outcry example above.
===FIA===
The Futures Industry Association developed the "uniform brokerage execution services (give-up) agreement" in 1995 in order to spell out the responsibilities of each party in a give-up transaction. The standard agreement saves legal fees and speeds up the process, although it still takes days, and sometimes even months, to get the documents in place. The FIA Law and Compliance Division publishes and periodically updates the standard agreements governing the futures give-up process.
FIA estimated in 2009 that the average cost of executing a give-up agreement frequently exceeds $100 per agreement and customers must wait a long time for give-up agreements to be executed, meaning lost commission revenue to firms.
In 2007 FIA launched FIA Tech to help member firms manage common technology issues, including the reconciliation, settlement and payments for give-ups. In 20176, FIA Tech introduced the Accelerate platform, which updated the EGUS system.
==Equities==
In the equity world, a give up involves three brokers, a floor broker, a member firm broker and a broker on the other side of the trade. The floor broker executes a trade on behalf of the member firm broker, but gives up the name of the member firm broker for the trade.
==FX==
In the foreign exchange world, prime brokers will often use an FX dealer who executes the trades that are "given-up" to the prime broker. This process is outlined in the Foreign Exchange Committee's 2005 Master FX Give-Up Agreement.
== References ==
Category:Trading Terms
GlenStar Properties LLC

GlenStar Properties LLC is a Chicago-based commercial real estate investment and development firm engaged in new development as well as in property investment, leasing and management services. Glenstar was founded by three of Chicago's leading real estate executives.
One of its most well-known properties is the historic Chicago Board of Trade building, which it acquired in 2012. After buying the property, Glenstar initiated a $40 milion redevelopment that included renovating the South building elevators, main entrance and ground-floor lobby, installing a 10,000 square foot fitness center, an outdoor roofdeck and a 24/7 video conference facility and more than 200,000 square feet of tenant improvements. 
 
== History ==
CME Group sold two of the buildings that comprise the Chicago Board of Trade building complex, located at 141 W. Jackson Blvd. in Chicago, to a joint venture between GlenStar Properties and USAA Real Estate Co in 2012 for $151.5 million. 
== Representative Properties ==
*Chicago Board of Trade Building — 141 W. Jackson, Chicago, IL
*55 East Monroe and 65 East Monroe — Chicago, IL
*President’s Plaza — Chicago, IL
*Willow-Sanders Property — Cook County, IL
*263 Shuman Boulevard — Naperville, IL
*Cumberland Centre – 5440 N. Cumberland Ave, Chicago, IL
*120 East Liberty Drive, Wheaton, IL
*2350 Ravine Drive, Glenview, IL
== Leadership ==
*Lawrence A. Debb
*Rand A. Diamond
*Michael A. Klein
*Christian A. Domin
== References ==
Category:MarketsWiki Sponsors
Category:GlenStarr Properties
Category:CBOT Building
Glen Badach

__NOTOC__ 
Glen Badach is the chief financial officer at Direct Edge. He oversees all the financial planning, reporting, and operations for the firm and has been with the company since 2007. 
== Background ==
Prior to joining Direct Edge, Badach was the chief financial officer at The Brut ECN. While at The Brut ECN, he played an instrumental role in the sale of the company to SunGard. He also held the role of division controller at Morgan Stanley Dean Witter for ten years. 
== Education ==
Badach earned a B.S. in Accounting from Fairleigh Dickinson University and holds a CPA license from the New Jersey State Board of Accounting.
== References ==
Glen Chalkley

__NOTOC__ 
Glen Chalkley is a London-based derivatives and metals executive. He currently serves as deputy head of business development for the London Metal Exchange.
He also serves as a member of the trust committee for the LME pension scheme.
== Background ==
Chalkley started at the LME in 1991 as a market clerk. He left the LME in 1993 to work for Sharps Pixley on the LME, but returned to work for the exchange in 1994 as a trading floor manager. 
He also served the LME in compliance and head of electronic operations. He later moved to electronic market development and ultimately business development.
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category:Sharps Pixley
Glen M. Johnson

__NOTOC__ 
Glen Johnson is the chief financial officer of Spectrum Global Fund Administration, an independent and privately owned fund administrator. Previously, Johnson was a senior vice president and CFO of the Chicago Board of Trade. He left the CBOT after it was acquired by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.
== Background ==
Before joining the Chicago Board of Trade in 1978, Johnson held several financial positions with Litton Industries.
Johnson served as the CBOT's vice president and treasurer from December 1982 to February 1995. He was senior vice president and chief financial officer at the CBOT from February 1995 until his departure from the exchange.when the CME Group formed its post-merger management team.
== Education ==
Johnson is a graduate of Luther College and received his master's degree in business administration from Roosevelt University. He became a CPA in 1979.
He currently serves as Chairman of the Board of the Chicago Metro History Education Center and is a member of the Finance Committee of Advocate Health Care and the Investment Committee of Luther College. He also established the Glen M. and Kathy L. Johnson scholarship at Luther College to aid students in need of financial assistance.
== References ==
Category:Former CBOT Officials
Category:Fund Administration Executives
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Spectrum Global Fund Administration
Category:Former CBOT Staff
Glenn Goucher

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Glenn Goucher is the president and chief clearing officer at the Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation (CDCC). He has been with the Montreal Exchange since November 2001, and is the director for the Montreal Climate Exchange and Candeal, an alternative trading system (ATS) for fixed income and money market products in Canada.
== Background ==
Goucher was previously the senior vice president of financial markets at the Montreal Exchange. Before that, he worked for a Canadian investment dealer as the director of equity derivative marketing and the manager of exchange-traded derivatives. He was also a portfolio manager for a Canadian pension fund. Goucher is a part-time lecturer on finance and business policy.
== Education ==
Goucher is a chartered financial analyst (1997), and earned an MBA and a BSc Eng. from the University of New Brunswick.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Montreal Exchange
Glenn Lesko

__NOTOC__ 
Glenn Lesko is CEO and President of Bloomberg Tradebook LLC.
Previously, he was the CEO of Instinet's Asian business units, which included Instinet Japan Limited, Instinet Pacific Limited, Instinet Singapore Services Pte. Limited and Instinet Australia Pty Limited. He was appointed to this position on July 20, 2009. 
== Background ==
Lesko is a CFA charterholder with nearly 20 years of industry experience. Before becoming CEO in Asia, he headed Instinet's U.S.-based International Trading Group. Lesko joined Instinet in 2006 from CF Global Trading, where he had served as a partner since 2003. Before that, he served two years as a managing director at Deutsche Bank, directing the firm’s international trading desk. Prior to that, Lesko spent 10 years at ABN AMRO and its affiliates, first heading its Asian trading desk in Hong Kong and later its international trading desk in New York.
== John Lothian Newsletter Articles ==
* Dash Financial Technologies Eyes Equities and Buy-Side Growth (February 2019)	
==References==
Category:Instinet - Former Employees
Category:Instinet
Category:ABN AMRO
Glenn Stevens

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Glenn Stevens is a founding partner and CEO of GAIN Capital Group. He was named CEO in June of 2007.
Prior to joining Gain, Stevens was Managing Director, Head of North American Sales and Trading at Natwest Bank. 
 
== Background ==
From 1990 to 1997, Stevens was with Merrill Lynch and Co., first as a forex trader and eventually promoted to the bank's management team as Managing Director and Chief Dealer, Spot and Forward FX. While at Merrill Lynch, Stevens developed the investment bank's emerging markets currency trading desk and increased profitability threefold in two years.
Stevens also served as the Federal Reserve Bank's FX representative for investment banks. Stevens' Wall Street career began in 1984 at Bankers Trust Company.
== Education ==
Stevens holds a Bachelor of Science degree in finance from Bucknell University and an MBA in Finance from Columbia University.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Forex Executives
Category:Gain Capital Management
Glenn Wasserman

__NOTOC__ 
Glenn Wasserman is a senior vice president of NYSE Technologies.
== Background ==
Before joining NYSE Technologies, Wasserman was with Reuters in various roles for two decades, including at chief technology officer of Thomson-Reuters markets enterprise division. While CTO, Wasserman was the chief designer of Reuters Messaging, an instant messaging service. 
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:NYSE Technologies
Category:NYSE Technologies
GlobalRisk Corporation

GlobalRisk provides option analytics software to derivatives traders and risk management software to FCMs, IBs, trading groups and hedge funds.
== History ==
GlobalRisk Corporation was founded by Steven Probst in May, 1992.
== Products and Services ==
* OptionTrader is a Windows based program that calculates implied volatility, option theoretical prices and option metrics known as Greeks. This information is printed in tabular form in a way that a trader can cross reference option theoretical price and Delta at a given underlying price.
* OptionTrader Pro is a Windows based program that calculates implied volatility, option theoretical prices and option metrics known as Greeks. This information is displayed on screen in a tabular view and uses market data feed to provide "live" updates to option pricing and position valuation.
* FirmRisk is a Windows based program that calculates implied volatility, option theoretical prices and option metrics known as Greeks. FirmRisk is used by futures and options industry clearing firms to monitor firm-wide customer activity by quantifying and identifying excessive risk.
== Key People ==
*Steven Probst, CEO, Founder and President
== References ==
GlobalView Software

__NOTOC__
GlobalView is a Chicago-based company that provides commodity data management services, focused on energy and agriculture markets.
== History ==
The company was originally known as MarketView Software, Inc. and changed its name in 1995.
== Products and Services ==
GlobalView products include:
*MarketView Desktop - Allows users to access and manipulate real-time and historical market data.
*MarketView ExcelTools - Delivers energy and commodity market data into Excel spreadsheets.
*MarketView Mobile - Displays price quotes, news stories, and historical charts on mobile devices.
*Data Management Solutions - Market data access via APIs and FTP.
== Key People ==
*Anthony M. Lagona, Chief Executive Officer
*Jeff Vendeveer, Chief Financial Officer
*Chris Harrison, Chief Product Officer
*Bruce Weis, Executive Vice President, Product Development and Data Integration
*Tom Mallon, Vice President, Strategy & Alliances
*Susan Abbott Gidel, Vice President, Marketing
*Mike McSpedon, Head of Sales, Americas
*Paul A. Bhatt, Head of Sales, EMEA
*Eddie Tan, Head of Sales, APAC
== References ==
Category:Data Vendors‏‎
Category:Software Companies
Category:GlobalView
Global Digital Finance

Global Digital Finance (GDF) is an industry membership body that promotes the adoption of best practices for digital assets and the maturation of the digital finance industry. It aims to drive the acceleration of digital finance through the development of conduct standards, in a shared engagement forum with leading firms, policymakers, and regulators.
== Mission ==
GDF's mission is to promote and underpin the greater adoption of market standards for the use of crypto and digital assets, through the development of best practices and governance standards in a shared engagement forum with industry, policymakers, and regulators.
== Activities ==
GDF works to establish a comprehensive institutional-grade blockchain ecosystem by bringing together the firms, policymakers, and regulators from across the digital finance and cryptocurrency sectors. Its activities include:
*Developing codes of conduct and best practice guidelines for digital finance
*Facilitating public-private cooperation to drive the adoption of appropriate regulations and standards
*Promoting open and inclusive dialogue between industry leaders and public sector stakeholders
*Providing thought leadership on the future of digital finance and its real-world use cases
The organization hosts regular summits and events that convene global regulators, policymakers, financial institutions, and industry leaders to share insights and drive the adoption of digital assets.
== Membership ==
GDF has a diverse membership base spanning various sectors, including banks, investors, asset managers, financial services providers, regulatory bodies, and technology firms. Its members collaborate to establish best practices and engage with public sector stakeholders to shape the future of digital finance.
While details about its specific membership are limited, GDF positions itself as a leading voice in promoting the responsible adoption of digital assets and fostering collaboration between industry and regulators in this rapidly evolving space.
==Key People==
File:LawrenceWintermeyer.png|Lawrence Wintermeyer, Executive Co-Chair
File:GregMedcraft.png|Greg Medcraft, Co-Chair & Board Member
File:SimonTaylor.png|Simon Taylor, Board Member
File:AbdulHaseebBasit.png|Abdul Haseeb Basit, Chief Financial Officer and Board Member
File:Dawn Stump.jpg|Dawn Stump, Board Member & GDF Reg Forum Co-Chair
File:LavanThasarathakumar.png|Lavan Thasarathakumar, Board Member
File:EliseSoucie.png|Elise Soucie, Director of Global Policy and Regulatory Affairs
File:MelissaCorthorn.png|Melissa Corthorn, Director of Member Services and Events
File:MadeleineBoys.png|Madeleine Boys, Head of Programmes and Innovation
File:MalcolmWright.png|Malcolm Wright, MENA and APAC Policy Advisor
>
File:AndrewSmith.png|Andrew Smith, US Policy Advisor
File:NataliaNeuber.png|Natalia Neuber, Analyst
File:EvelynnLaw.png|Evelynn Law, Analyst
== References ==
Category:Digital Assets
Category:Industry Organizations
Global Electronic Trading Company (GETCO)

__NOTOC__
GETCO is a privately-held, electronic trading firm founded in 1999 by former floor traders Stephen Schuler and Dan Tierney. The firm is a proprietary trading firm, registered market maker on a number of different equity, fixed income, foreign exchange and commodities markets, owner of an Alternative Trading System called GETCO Execution Services, which operates a dark pool that was registered in February 2008.
The company acquired Knight Capital Group Inc. for $1.4 billion in 2013 and renamed the merged entity KCG Holdings. The name of GETCO was retired and the new company is headquartered in Jersey City, N.J. 
GETCO was previously headquartered in Chicago, with offices in New York, London, and Singapore. The company closed its Hong Kong office in March of 2013 due to Hong Kong's slow adoption of high frequency trading. Also in March 2013, GETCO received regulatory approval to start operations in Mumbai, India, becoming the first western trading firm to tap into the country’s fast-growing electronic derivatives markets. It uses automated algorithms to trade a variety of asset classes on more than 50 the world's major electronic exchanges and alternative trading systems (ATSs). In addition to actively trading, GETCO has partnered with many exchanges and their regulators with the goal of increasing transparency throughout the industry and to create more efficient means for the transference of financial risk. The firm has ownership stakes in Chi-X, BATS, Eris Exchange, ELX and NYSE Liffe U.S.
GETCO is a member of the Principal Traders Group, an affiliate of the Futures Industry Association.
== History ==
In 2012, GETCO issued a takeover proposal to Knight Capital Group Inc. GETCO’s cash and stock bid valued Knight at $3.50 a share and retained its public listing, according to a filing from the firm. 
In February of 2012, GETCO disclosed full-year financial records dating back to 2007, which showed that profitability peaked at $430.4m in 2008 and has steadily declined in each year subsequently. GETCO's profits for the first nine months of 2012 dropped 82%.
GETCO was founded in 1999 as Global Electronic Trading Company, at a time that electronic trading was in its infancy. 
GETCO partnered with other entities to launch The Electronic Liquidity Exchange, or ELX, which had been on track for approval by the CFTC in February, but was taken off the "fast track," giving the CFTC until May 27 to review the proposal.
GETCO, on June 25, 2010, launched a type of "dark pool" share trading platform in Europe.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Stephen Schuler, Co-founder 
*Dan Tierney, Co-founder
*Daniel Coleman, CEO
*Elizabeth King, regulatory team
*Jennifer Boneham
*Todd Abrahall, oversees GETCO's market-making operation on NYSE Euronext
*Randall Kroszner, advisor, professor of economics at University of Chicago and former governor of the Federal Reserve System.
*Arthur Levitt, advisor and former chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
== References ==
Category:proprietary trading firms
Category:Algorithmic Trading
Category:GETCO