nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Reinforced concrete

== Description ==
A concrete mixture strengthened by the incorporation of a support matrix such as steel bars. Reinforced concrete was patented in 1867 by Joseph Monier, a French gardener who used prepared flower pots and tubs using a thin layer of concrete reinforced with wire mesh. However, it was not generally used in the U.S. until the 1890s when Ernest Ransome promoted construction methods using reinforcing rods in girders, beams, and floor slabs in conjunction with concrete columns. This method allowed warehouses and factories to be built with more windows. By the 1920s, reinforced concrete was widely for buildings, bridges, dams, roads, sculptures and monuments. The encased steel can corrode when the alkaline cement fails to provide passivation. This can occur when chloride ions from sea water, deicing salts, or calcium chloride accelerators are present. Also, acid rain and sulfate can erode and crack the alkaline cement opening paths for moisture to corrode the metal and spall the surface through freeze-thaw action.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
béton armé (Fr.); betão armado (Port.); armored concrete; ferro-concrete; concrete steel; steel concrete; ferroconcrete; ferrocement; Mushroom system; Ransome unit system;
==Resources and Citations==
* A. Slaton, P. Gaudette, W. Hime, J. Connolly, "Reinforced Concrete", in Twentieth-Century Building Materials, T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 224
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Concrete"
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Reinforced plastic

== Description ==
A composite plastic that is stronger than the pure resin because it contains a reinforcing material. Examples of reinforcement are fibers, filaments, mats, or fabrics made of glass, metal, carbon, boron, or aluminum silicate. The types of plastics used for base resins are: polyester, epoxy, phenolic, polypropylene, polystyrene, nylon, polycarbonate, and polyphenylene oxide.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
plástico reforzado (Esp.); plastique renforcé (Fr.); plastica rinforzata (It.); plático reforçado (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Reinforced Plastics/Composites Institute of the SPI, 355 Lexington Ave., NY, NY 10017
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Reinforcement fabric

== Description ==
A type of geotextile fabric used to minimize soil movement. Reinforcement fabrics are often used to maintain the grade on steep slopes and to reduce stresses on load-bearing retaining walls.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
geotextile
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
Category:Materials database
Reinforcement fiber

== Description ==
Fibers, filaments or whiskers used in composite plastics to increase the strength and durability of the product. Reinforcement fibers can be made from: glass, metal, carbon, boron, aramid, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, or aluminum silicate.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
reinforcement fibre
== Resources and Citations ==
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
Category:Materials database
Relative humidity

== Description ==
A measure of the moisture content in the air. Relative humidity is calculated as the ratio of the actual pressure of existing water vapor to the maximum possible (saturated) pressure of water vapor in the atmosphere at the same temperature, expressed as a percentage (ASTM). Relative humidity can be measured using a psychrometer, hygrometer, hygrothermograph, or RH indicator cards.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
RH; humidité relative (Fr.); Relative Feuchte (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, G113, 1371-1373, Sep-94
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Relbun roots

== Description ==
A natural red dye extracted from relbun roots (Relbunium hypocarpium, R. bigeminum, R. tetragonum, R. hirsutum and R. richardianum). Relbun dye was used by the Paracas culture in Peru in 700 BCE for dyeing textiles. The principal colorants in relbun dyes are purpurin and pseudopurpurin.
==Resources and Citations==
* Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, Elisabeth West FitzHugh, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Vol. 3, 1997 Comment: H.Schweppe, J.Winter, "Madder and Alizarin",
Category:Materials database
Release agent

== Description ==
A liquid, paste, or wax used to prevent adhesion. Any surface, such as a mold, can be coated with a release agent to prevent the mold material from sticking. Examples of release agents are: Teflon®, silicone, dusting powders (talc, mica, etc.) carnauba wax, zinc stearate, soap, tallow, paraffin, amide waxes (stearamide, oleoamide), and fluorocarbon sprays.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
parting compounds; slip agent; abherent; amide wax; stearamide; oleoamide; mold release agent
== Resources and Citations ==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
Category:Materials database
Relief halftone

== Description ==
A reproductive process primarily used for photographs from the 1880s to the 1950s. A relief halftone block is prepared by printing a screened negative face down on a copperplate coated with fish glue. The unexposed areas remain soluble after development and are washed away, then the plate is acid etched.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
color relief halftone; block process
==Resources and Citations==
* Luis Nadeau, Encyclopedia of Printing, Photographic, and Photomechanical Processes, Atelier, New Brunswick, 1997
* B. Gascoigne, How to Identify Prints, Thames & Hudson, London, 2004
Category:Materials database
Rembrandt Picture Varnish

== Description ==
[Royal Talens, Netherlands] A brand name for a polycyclohexanone-based varnish.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Picture Varnish-Glossy; Picture Varnish-Mat; Retouching Varnish
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Talen s Retouching Varnish.TIF~FTIR(MFA)]]]
==Risks==
* Flammable
* Royal Talens: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Soluble in turpentine, petroleum distillate
* Insoluble and immiscible in water
* Boiling point = 154-193C
* Density = 0.87 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Royal Talens: Website
* S.Fisher "Proprietary Varnishes Based on Ketone Resins" AIC Painting Conservation Catalog, Varnishes and Surface Coatings, p.93, 1998.
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Remedial conservation

== Description ==
Definition: All actions directly applied to an item or a group of items aimed at arresting current damaging processes or reinforcing their structure. These actions are only carried out when the items are in such a fragile condition or deteriorating at such a rate, that they could be lost in a relatively short time. These actions sometimes modify the appearance of the items. Examples of remedial conservation are disinfestation of textiles, desalination of ceramics, de-acidification of paper, dehydration of wet archaeological materials, stabilization of corroded metals, consolidation of mural paintings, removing weeds from mosaics. 
(ref. ICOM-CC document 'Terminology to characterize the conservation of tangible cultural heritage', prepared for ICOM-CC meeting in New Delhi, 2008).
Category:Materials database
Renaissance Metal De-Corroder

== Description == 
[Picreator.co.uk] Renaissance Metal De-Corroder is an amine complex of hydro-oxycarboxilic acid in an aqueous solution. It has a slight acidic pH at 4.0. 
It was described by the manufacturer for treatment of iron; copper; copper alloys; brass; steel; zinc; and galvanized materials with corrosion.
The effect from De-Corroder was rupture bonds between a base metal and the corrosion layer that forms a sludge. This sludge can be cleared by wiping or brush, then rinsed with water. 
Manufacturer claims that the complex is safe for prolonged exposure and metals would be stable for up to 14 days, prior to a protective coating.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
amine complex of hydro-oxycarboxilic acid; citric acid;
== Risks ==
* The pH 4.0 suggests that proper personal protective equipment should be used for handling the acidic solution. 
* Non-flammable; Disposable in Water; Skin irritant; Avoid in eyes; Non-hazardous
* Talas: MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* pH = 4.0
* Specific Gravity = 1.05
== Working Properties ==
Manufacturer suggests that De-Corroder is most effective between 10-20C.
==Resources and Citations==
* Product Information: Renaissance Metal De-Corroder
* Ireland, C., Skipper, L., Elie, M. 2014. Cleaning of metals contaminated with historic pesticide residues that are hazardous to health. In: Journal of the Institute of Conservation. London: Institute of Conservation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19455224.2013.873725
Category:Materials database
Renaissance wax

== Description ==
[Picreator Renaissance Products] A brand name for a microcrystalline wax polish. Renaissance wax is composed of a mixture of Cosmolloid 80 hard and BASF A waxes. It has been used to clean and polish wood, metals, ceramics, ivory, marble, and leather.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
microcrystalline wax; cera del renacimiento (Esp.); cera microcristallina (It)
==Resources and Citations==
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Ceramics and Glass Conservation Section, List of Workshop Materials, The British Museum, London
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
* Website: www.hants.org.uk/museums/ofr/cmeth_t.html
* Website: www.gainsboroughproducts.com
Category:Materials database
Rennin

== Description ==
A protease type enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins. Rennin is a digestive enzyme that is secreted by the glands of the stomach. It curdles milk and is used to make casein and cheese. Pure rennin is a yellowish-white powder that is soluble in ethanol. Rennet, the dried extract of the stomach lining, is the major source of rennin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
rennase; chymosin; rennet
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in ethanol. Slightly soluble in water except at pH 4.5
CAS 	9001-98-3
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. about 31,000
Category:Materials database
ReoFlex

== Description ==
[Smooth-On, Easton PA] A series of elastomeric urethane rubbers most often used for casting flexible molds of wax, plasters, and resins. ReoFlex™ rubbers are composed of a 2-part liquid system: Part A contains polyurethane prepolymenr (95-99%), dioctyl phthalate (0-5%) and diisocyanates. ReoFlex™ urethanes are available in 20A, 30A, 40A, 50A and 60A Shore hardnesses and feature convenient one-to-one by volume mix ratios. Vacuum degassing is not necessary and ReoFlex™ rubbers cure with negligible shrinkage to a durable rubber that will last in production. ReoFlex™ “Wet” rubbers will shrink somewhat over time vs. “Dry” formulations.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ReoFlex™; ReoFlex 20; ReoFlex 30; ReoFlex 40; ReoFlex 50; ReoFlex 60
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Uncured rubber may be removed with acetone. 
* A release agent is recommended for a surfaces prior to casting. 
* Additionally porous materials must be sealed prior to application of the release agent.
* High humidities inhibit curing. 
* Shelf life of opened containers is limited.
== Risks ==
* Contains suspected carcinogens
* DickBlick: SDS 
==Resources and Citations==
* Smooth-On: ReoFlex
Category:Materials database
Repellent

== Description ==
A substance that repels or averts another. Hydrophobic materials, such as oils, fats, rubber, wax, Silicone, and Teflon®, are water-repellent. Some chemicals, because of their smell or taste, repel animals and insects. For example, mosquitos and ticks are repelled by citronella, dimethyl phthalate, DEET and 2-ethyl hexanediol-1,3. Rodents are repelled by actidione, thiuram disulfide and hexachlorophene. Traditional mothballs containing naphthalene have been replaced by other volatile repellents such as 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Moth larvae development can be inhibited by natural products such as permethrin or neem oil.
==Synonyms==
bug spray
==Risks==
* Permethrin is toxic to cats
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Pest (organism)
* Wikipedia: Insect repellent
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Reprosil

== Description ==
[Caulk Division of Dentsply Int.] A registered trademark for a hydrophilic vinyl polysiloxane mold material sold commercially for dental impressions. Reprosil® has been used for replicating picture frame elements. It has good detail reproduction and very little stretch. Reprosil® is sold in premixed dispenser cartridges to eliminate inconsistencies due to mixing. The formulation contains a hydrogen gas scavenger to minimize bubble formation.
== Risks ==
Dentsply: SDS
==Resources and Citations==
* Dentsply: Reprosil VPS
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Residual stress

== Description ==
The internal stress in a material at rest. Residual stress often result from nonuniform thermal changes, deformations, or other external forces applied during the forming or curing process.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Restspannung (Deut.); contrainte résiduelle (Fr.); internal stress; internal force
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Resin

== Description ==
A solid or semisolid amorphous organic material. Resins are usually high molecular weight materials that fracture conchoidally. Natural resins are clear to translucent brown exudates obtained from trees or insects, such as copal, rosin, sandarac, mastic, dammar, or shellac. Most natural resins are soluble in alcohols, ethers, and carbon disulfide, but insoluble in water. They are used in varnishes, inks and adhesives. Synthetic resins, or polymers, are formed by a chemical reaction between two or more substances. Examples are acrylics, alkyds, vinyls, epoxies, polyesters, polyolefins, phenolics, polystyrene, and cellulose acetate. Synthetic resins are used in plastics, paints, textiles, and adhesives.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
résine (Fr.); resina (Esp.; Port.; It.);
== Risks ==
Combustible with a strong yellow flame and sooty smoke.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Insoluble in water. Most natural resins are soluble in alcohols, ethers and carbon disulfide.
Density	1.018-1.186
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Resist-dyed textile

== Description ==
A traditional method to apply colors or patterns to textiles. A 'resist' is used to prevent the dye from accessing specific areas of the cloth. Resist methods include:
* Tie dye: One method involves pinching a portion of fabric then tying it tightly with a waxed thread or rubber bands. The fabric is dyed, then the ties are removed revealing circular areas of the original fabric. The process can be repeated with multiple colors. It has been used extensively in India where it is called 'bandhani'. An alternate method stitches or folds the cloth in a pattern, like a fan, then places the ties in intervals. 
* Ikat: A method that uses resist-techniques to dye the yarns prior to weaving. The resist can be done on individual yarns or on bundles that have been tightly wrapped and bound. The variable colored yarns produce a blurred design. Either the warp or weft or both yarns (double) can be dyed by this method.
* Applied resist: A method in which a resistant material such as rice paste (tsutsugaki), beeswax (batik), soot (pouncing), mud, etc. is applied in patterns to the fabric to prevent the dye from reaching sections. The resistant material is then removed leaving the original fabric. 
* Screen print: A method that uses a physical shield, such as a stencil, to protect the fabric as the dye is applied. Repeated printings with separate stencils are used to create multi-colored patterns.
Examples include bandu, batik, ikat, and shibori.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
resist dyed textile; resist dyeing;
== Images ==
File:MFA111296 batik.jpg|Wax resist batikMFA# 11.1296
File:MFA1993694 Dye resist.jpg|Cambodian weft ikat MFA# 1993.694
File:2002.10.SC28476.jpg|Ikat with panels sewn together; MFA# 2002.10
File:MFA211126 Shibori.jpg|Japanese shiboriMFA 21.1126
File:MFA591055 Ikat.jpg|Indian double IkatMFA 59.1055
File:11.1296_vein.resist-print.jpg|Expanded viewMFA 11.1296
File:1993.694_weft.Ikat_det.jpg|Expanded viewMFA 1993.694
File:2002.10_Ikat_det.jpg|Expanded viewMFA 2002.10
File:21.1126_Shibori_tied_det.jpg|Expanded viewMFA 21.1126
File:59.1055_Double_Ikat_det.jpg|Expanded viewMFA 59.1055
== Resources and Citations ==
* Victoria and Albert Museum: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/r/resist-dyed-textiles/ (Accessed October 20, 2020)
* Lovetoknow: https://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/fabrics-fibers/resist-dyeing (Accessed October 20, 2020)
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resist_dyeing (Accessed October 20, 2020)
Category:Materials database
Resistall paper

== Description ==
A brand name for several types of water resistant paper. Resistall paper is used in retains strength and dimensional stability in wet environments. It has been used to label specimens stored in alcohol and formaldehyde.
== Risks ==
Not acid-free
== Resources and Citations ==
* SPNHC: Supplies and Materials for Museum Collections (Canada) at www.spnhc.org/concom/supplies_cdn.htm (Accessed 3/17/04)
Category:Materials database
Resolving power

== Description ==
The ability to separate two points in an image.
The resolving power for a microscope is inversely proportional to numerical aperture of the object lens. Thus, optical lenses with low numerical apertures give better resolution than those with high values. The human eye can resolve to about 100 micrometers. Compound microscopes can resolve down to 1 micrometer while electron microscopes can resolve details as small as 0.01 micrometer. The resolving power of a microscope is much more important than its magnification.
The same term with the same meaning is used for photographic or radiographic films, or pixelized solid state photographic sensors or radiographic detectors.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pouvoir de résolution (Fr.); Auflösungsvermögen (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
Category:Materials database
Resorcinol

== Description ==
White crystalline phenol used as a developer and stabilizer for direct dyes. Resorcinol also reacts with formaldehyde, acetanilide, rubber, and other compounds to form polymers and azo dyes. Resorcinol formaldehyde resin cures at room temperature to form a very strong bond. It is commonly used as an adhesive for wood veneers and rubber-textile laminates.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiRESORCINOL.jpg~FTIR|resorcinol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
resorcine; resorcin; m-dihydroxybenzene; 3-hydroxyphenol; 1,3-benzenediol
== Risks ==
* Toxic by ingestion. 
* Contact and inhalation causes severe irritation to skin, eyes and lungs. 
* Combustible. Flash point = 127 C (261 F) 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water, ethanol, ether, glycerol, benzene, amyl alcohol. Slightly soluble in chloroform.
Composition 	C6H4(OH)2
CAS 	108-46-3
Melting Point 	110.7 C
Density 	1.2717 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt.=110.11
Boiling Point 	281 C
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 667
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8323
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Resorcinol blue

== Description ==
Dark violet, flaky crystals. Resorcinol blue is used as an acid-base indicator. As a 0.2% ethanol solution, it is red at pH 4.4 and blue at pH 6.4. Resorcinol blue is also used as an indicator stain for proteins. It has been used as a direct dye for wool and silk fibers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
resorcin blue; lacmoid; iris blue B; fluorescent blue; CI 51400
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, phenol, glacial acetic acid. Slightly soluble in water. Insoluble in chloroform, benzene, ligroin.
Composition	(OH)2C6H3N[C6H2(OH)3]2
Category:Materials database