nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
MFA 35.1969, Textile fragment with floral design, Japan (Nara period, 8th century)

== Artifact Information ==
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 35.1969. 11.43 x 8.89 cm (4 1/2 x 3 1/2 in.)
The textile fragment with floral design in blue and yellow silk on a green silk ground is a gift of Yamanaka & Co., Boston, to the MFA on December 5, 1935[1]. The textile is made of silk with supplementary weft patterning. 
center|frame|MFA 35.1969 Silk textile fragment with floral design. The samples were collected by textile curator Masumi Kataoka in 2010 © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 
== Summary of results ==
Frame| golden and green threads were collected for dye analysis, analyzed by Prof. Laursen at Boston University, 2010. 
== References ==
[1] https://www.mfa.org/collections/object/textile-fragment-65627
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Cultural Artifacts
Category:Textiles
MFA 35.1972, fragment of silk waving, Japan (Nara period, 8th century)

== Artifact Information ==
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 35.1972. 13 x 17 cm (5 1/8 x 6 11/16 in.) overall fragments
Fragment (only a few strands) olive, red, tan silk cord, basket weave.; small red silk fragment mounted with piece is a gift of Yamanaka & Co., Boston, to the MFA on December 5, 1935[1]. 
center|frame|MFA 35.1972 Silk textile fragment. The samples were collected by textile curator Masumi Kataoka in 2010 © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 
== Summary of results ==
Frame| golden and green threads were collected for dye analysis, analyzed by Prof. Laursen at Boston University, 2010. 
== References ==
[1]https://www.mfa.org/collections/object/fragment-of-silk-weaving-65635
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Cultural Artifacts
Category:Textiles
MFA 44.750, Embroidered picture by Katherine Greene, America (1745)

== Artifact Information ==
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 44.750. 43.7 x 56.7 cm. 
Linen plain weave embroidered with wool and silk.
 
This is a pictorial embroidery of seated piping shepherd and shepherdess possibly embroidered by Katherine Greene Amory, American (Boston, Massachusetts), 1731–1777. The piece has a plain weave linen ground embroidered with silk and wool in tent stitch.[1].
== Summary of results ==
The samples were taken from the objects for dye analysis on 2/24/2011 by textile conservator Masumi Kataoka. All of the samples were taken from the reverse side of the textiles, which were considered to have been little exposed to light. The brightness of the original colors was still seen there. Samples were sent to Prof. Richard Laursen for analysis at Boston University.
It was found that weld was used for yellow, cochineal for various shades of red, lichen for a bordeaux red and young fustic for a brown color. 
center|frame|Dyes Analysis of MFA 44.750, by Prof. Richard Laursen, Boston University 
== References ==
[1] https://www.mfa.org/collections/object/fragment-with-wrestling-lions-and-harpies-66254
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Cultural Artifacts
Category:Textiles
MFA 47.1097, wool poncho, Peru (1476–1534)

== Artifact Information ==
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 47.1097. 84.5 x 78 cm (33 1/4 x 30 11/16 in.) 
Wool interlocked tapestry; cross-knit loop-stitch embroidery (over hem); figure-8-stitch embroidery (over side seams); running-stitch embroidery (above hem)
 
The wool poncho was woven in tapestry technique; checkerboard design of black and white squares with deep stepped yoke of dark red; edges finished with embroidery in red, yellow, and black wool.[1].
center|frame|MFA 47.1097 Inca poncho © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 
center|frame|MFA 47.1097 Inca poncho, detail © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 
== Summary of results ==
Frame| red and brown threads were collected for dye analysis, analyzed by Dr. Xian Zhang at Boston University, 2009
== References ==
[1] https://www.mfa.org/collections/object/tunic-36614
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Cultural Artifacts
Category:Textiles
MFA 52.1690, pink yarns embroidered cotton bedcover, probably Peruvian Colonial (1661)

== Artifact Information ==
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 52.1690. 229 x 325cm (90 3/16 x 127 15/16in.) 
52.1690 is a bedcover with bright pink yarns embroidered on undyed cotton ground and Lace border on three sides. Design copied from European engravings of personifications of seasons, virtues and other subjects. Embroidered border probably copied from lace pattern books. Embroidered in white on undyed ground at lower right corner: 1° MAYO 1661.[1].
center|frame|MFA 52.1690 cotton Bedcover © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 
center|frame|MFA 52.1690 cotton Bedcover, detail © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 
== Summary of results ==
Frame|by Dr. Xian Zhang at Boston University, 2009
== References ==
[1] https://www.mfa.org/collections/object/bedcover-124619
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Cultural Artifacts
Category:Textiles
MFA 59.22, Embroidered picture by Ann Peartree, America (1739)

== Artifact Information ==
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 59.22. 27.7 x 23 cm. 
Linen plain weave, embroidered with wool and silk (brown, blue and white silk in tent stitch). 
Grassy, hilly landscape with seated figure of a woman holding a bouquet of flowers in left hand and a sickle in her right; oak trees left and right. In foreground, Cupid, dogs, lamb, bird and flowers. Narrow strip of finer linen sewn across bottom, embroidered with blue silk in cross stitch "Ann Peartree 1739." Faded, true colors on back, some crewels gone in small areas [1].
center|frame|MFA 59.22 Embroidered picture. © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 
== Summary of results ==
The samples were taken from the objects for dye analysis on 2/24/2011 by textile conservator Masumi Kataoka. All of the samples were taken from the reverse side of the textiles, which were considered to have been little exposed to light. The brightness of the original colors was still seen there. Samples were sent to Prof. Richard Laursen for analysis at Boston University.
It was found that weld and weld with young fustic was used for yellow, cochineal for scarlet red and lichen for a bordeaux red. 
center|frame|Dyes Analysis of MFA 59.22, by Prof. Richard Laursen, Boston University 
== References ==
[1] https://collections.mfa.org/objects/114007
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Cultural Artifacts
Category:Textiles
MI2

== Description ==
A solvent mixture proposed in the 1930s for removing varnish. MI2 is composed of toluene (70%), ethyl alcohol (10%), ethylene dichloride (10%), Cellosolve® (5%) and Cellosolve® Acetate (5%).
== Resources and Citations ==
* R.J.Gettens, "Polymerized vinyl acetate and related compounds in the restoration of objects of art" Technical Studies in the Field of Fine Arts 4(1):15-27, 1935.
* Recipe confirmed in Worcester Art Museum files
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998 Comment: Provided citation and recipe
Category:Materials database
MS2

== Description ==
[Linden Nazareth] A brand name for a polycyclohexanone resin prepared as the condensation product of methylcyclohexanone. Howards of Ilford first polymerized cyclohexanone resin in 1939. It was marketed as 'Resin MS2' and 'MS2 Resin' in 1941. MS2A resin, introduced in 1961, was prepared by treating MS2 resin with sodium borohydride to reduce the carbonyls to hydroxyl groups thus forming a polycyclohexanol resin. MS2B was introduced in 1963; it was made by the same reduction process but used AW-2, another polycyclohexanone resin, as a starting material. MS2B was discontinued in 1967. In the late 1960s, Howards of Ilford was acquired by Laporte Industries which discontinued the manufacturing of MS2A. The rights to MS2A were purchased by Linden Chemicals in 1993 and production has resumed. 
See MS2A.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ketone resin
== Risks ==
* Ingestion may be harmful. 
* Skin contact may cause irritation.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in turpentine and mineral spirits.
* Tg = 54.1 C
* Refractive Index = 1.518
==Resources and Citations==
* V. Routledge (Linden Nazareth) "MS2A Resin - The History of its Development" Conservation News, No. 70, November 1999. 
* R.de La Rie, A.Shedrinsky, "The Chemistry of Ketone Resins and the Synthesis of a Derivative with Increased Stability and Flexibility" Studies in Conservation, 34:9-19, 1989.
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Paintings Specialty Group, Painting Conservation Catalog, Wendy Samet (ed.), AIC, Washington, DC, 1998
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
MS2A

== Description ==
[Linden Nazareth] A brand name for a polycyclohexanol resin made from MS2 polycyclohexanone resin. MS2A was first developed in the late 1950s at the suggestion of Garry Thomson (The National Gallery, London) and sold by Howards of Ilford in England in 1961. It was prepared by treating MS2 resin with sodium borohydride to reduce the carbonyls to hydroxyl groups. The polycyclohexanol resin (MS2A) exhibited less brittleness, yellowing and oxidation than the polycyclohexanone resin (MS2). MS2A was used as a varnish for paintings. In 1962 the process for making MS2 was changed to incorporate formaldehyde, thus making it unsuitable for conservation. MS2B was introduced in 1963; it was made by the same reduction process but used AW-2 [BASF] as a starting material. MS2B was discontinued in 1967 when BASF drop AW-2 as a product. In 1967 Howard's once again started producing MS2A from its original process. However, in 1973, Howards was acquired by Laporte Industries the manufacturing of MS2A was discontinued. Stockpiled MS2A was used as a varnish for about 10 years, then in 1984 Laporte resumed production. In 1993, the processing plant and production rights of MS2A were purchased by Linden Chemicals.
== Risks ==
* Ingestion may be harmful. 
* Skin contact may cause irritation.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in petroleum hydrocarbons, turpentine, isopropanol. 
* Insoluble in water, acetone.
* Tg = 57 C
* Refractive Index = 1.505
==Resources and Citations==
* V. Routledge (Linden Nazareth) "MS2A Resin - The History of its Development" Conservation News, No. 70, November 1999. 
* S.Fisher, "Ketone Resin Varnishes: MS2A", AIC Painting Conservation Catalog: Varnishes and Surface Coatings, p.81, 1998. 
* R.de La Rie, A.Shedrinsky,"The Chemistry of Ketone Resins and the Synthesis of a Derivative with Increased Stability and Flexibility" Studies in Conservation 34:9-19, 1989.
* Kurt Wehlte, The Materials and Techniques of Painting, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975
* Paintings Specialty Group, Painting Conservation Catalog, Wendy Samet (ed.), AIC, Washington, DC, 1998
Category:Materials database
Macadam

== Description ==
Pavement made with layers of crushed granite or greenstone. Macadam is usually sealed with tar or asphalt to produce a hard, smooth water-resistant roadway called tarmac. Macadam pavement was invented by John L. McAdam in 1815, a Scottish civil engineer.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "macadam" [Accessed 28 Sept. 2005].
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadam (Accessed Sept. 28, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Macadamia wood

== Description ==
A tree in the family Proteaceae (Macadamia integrifolia) that is indigenous to Australia and also cultivated in Hawaii and other tropical areas. Macadamias are commercially important for their fruit, the macadamia nut (or simply macadamia). The wood has an appearance much like lacewood/leopardwood. 
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Wood color ranges from pink to darker reddish brown and tends to darken with age
* Texture is coarse
==Working Properties== 
* Can be difficult to work with machine tools, causing tear-out during planing
* Difficult to dry, with turned pieces developing numerous checks unless dry wood is used
* Glues, turns, and finishes well
==Resources and Citations==
* The Wood Database: Macadamia nut
* Wikipedia: Macadamia Accessed Sept. 2022
Category:Materials database
Macawood

== Description ==
A waxy red to brown color wood with black streaks obtained from Platymiscium pinnatum trees native to Central and South America. Macawood produces a smooth, highly polished finish. It has been used for furniture, cabinetry, veneers, and musical instruments.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Platymiscium pinnatum; macacauba; Mexican tulipwood; Hormigo; Orange agate
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Sapwood is white to yellow and clearly demarcated
* Heartwood color can be highly variable, ranging from a bright red to a darker reddish or purplish brown, frequently with darker stripes
* Grain is interlocked and texture is medium to fine
* Resistant to insects and decay.
* Density = 55-73 pcf
==Working Properties==
* Good working characteristics for both hand and machine tools, though areas of interlocked grain should be approached with care to avoid tear-out
* Able to take a very high natural polish
* Turns and glues well
==Resources and Citations==
* The Wood Database: Macabauba
* Website: agroforester.com/futfor/multispecies.html
* Wood Anatomy Research at http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/Chudnoff/TropAmerican/html_files/platym1new.html
Category:Materials database
Mack's cement

== Description ==
A type of gypsum cement. Mack's cement is made with finely powdered gypsum mixed with sodium sulfate or potassium sulfate to accelerate cure. It is a white, hard finish plaster.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gypsum cement
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Madder (Rubia akane) LC

== Description ==
Rubia akane, also known as Rubia argyi, is a perennial climber growing to 1 m. The flowers are hermaphrodite. It can grow in semi-shade and prefers dry or moist soil.
== Historical importance ==
R. akana was used for centuries as a red dyestuff in Japan.
== Summary of results ==
== Analytical instrumentation and procedures == 
[1]
Extraction of plant material
Samples of plant specimens were extracted by heating about 10 mg of the ground or chopped, dry plant with 1.0 mL of methanol/water (1:1) at 65 °C for 1 h. The supernatant liquid was removed by pipet and was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for about 5 min, after which the clear supernatant was subjected to analysis. This solution was diluted with methanol/water (1:1) if necessary.
Extraction of dyed textiles or fibers
Dyed textile or yarn specimens were extracted using a “soft” procedure, namely, by heating approximately 0.1–1 mg of fibers in 200 μL of a solution of pyridine/water/1.0 M oxalic acid in water (95:95:10) at 100 °C for 15 min.
HCl treated
The plant extracts were heated in 2 M HCl at 95 °C for 60 min to hydrolyze O-glycosides or to promote decarboxylation.
Analysis of dye components
Extracts of plant material or of dyed silk or wool were analyzed by HPLC with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection using an Agilent 1100 high performance liquid chromatography system consisting of an automatic injector, a gradient pump, a Hewlett-Packard series 1100 photodiode array detector, and an Agilent series 1100 VL on-line atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. Operation of the system and data analysis were done using ChemStation software, and detection was generally done in the negative ion [M-H]– mode. Separation of dye components was made, in the majority of cases, on a Vydac C18 reversed phase column (2.1 µm dia.×250 µm long; 5-µm particle size). Columns were eluted with acetonitrile-water gradients containing 0.1 % formic acid in both solvents.
== Chromatograms ==
HPLC profiles for Rubia akane. Elution was monitored at 450 nm. The numbers over the peaks are the molecule masses of the principal of otherwise significant components [1].
center|frame|Absorbance at 450nm (mAU)
== Sample information ==
center|frame|compounds found in extracts of various species of Rubia or Rubia-dyes textiles. By R. A. Laursen, Boston University 
== Identified compounds ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|~HPLC-DAD|.JPG~ UV-Vis|.jpg~ UV-Vis]]]
== References ==
[1] Chika Mouri and Richard Laursen "Identification of anthraquinone markers for distinguishing Rubia species in madder-dyed textiles by HPLC" Microchimica Acta October 2012, Volume 179, Issue 1–2, pp 105–113
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Reference Materials
Category:Natural Dyes
Madder (Rubia tinctorum) LC

== Description ==
== Historical importance ==
Examples:
XIA 95BYYM15:3&4
== Summary of results ==
Extracts of textiles dyed with R. tinctorum are characterized by the presence of a large alizarin (table 1, compound # 14) peak and a generally smaller (or sometimes practically non-existent) purpurin (12) peak. However, it is well known that the roots of R. tinctorum contain an alizarin precursor, ruberythric acid (alizarin primeveroside, 13) as well as the primeveroside of lucidin (15), which appear here as peaks with respective masses of 534 Da and 564 Da.[1]
== Analytical instrumentation and procedures ==
Extraction of plant material
Samples of plant specimens were extracted by heating about 10 mg of the ground or chopped, dry plant with 1.0 mL of methanol/water (1:1) at 65 °C for 1 h. The supernatant liquid was removed by pipet and was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for about 5 min, after which the clear supernatant was subjected to analysis. This solution was diluted with methanol/water (1:1) if necessary.
Extraction of dyed textiles or fibers
Dyed textile or yarn specimens were extracted using a “soft” procedure, namely, by heating approximately 0.1–1 mg of fibers in 200 μL of a solution of pyridine/water/1.0 M oxalic acid in water (95:95:10) at 100 °C for 15 min.
HCl treated
The plant extracts were heated in 2 M HCl at 95 °C for 60 min to hydrolyze O-glycosides or to promote decarboxylation.
Analysis of dye components
Extracts of plant material or of dyed silk or wool were analyzed by HPLC with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection using an Agilent 1100 high performance liquid chromatography system consisting of an automatic injector, a gradient pump, a Hewlett-Packard series 1100 photodiode array detector, and an Agilent series 1100 VL on-line atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. Operation of the system and data analysis were done using ChemStation software, and detection was generally done in the negative ion [M-H]– mode. Separation of dye components was made, in the majority of cases, on a Vydac C18 reversed phase column (2.1 µm dia.×250 µm long; 5-µm particle size). Columns were eluted with acetonitrile-water gradients containing 0.1 % formic acid in both solvents.
== Chromatograms ==
HPLC profiles for Rubia tinctoria. Elution was monitored at 450 nm. The numbers over the peaks are the molecule masses of the principal of otherwise significant components [1].
center|frame|Absorbance at 450nm (mAU)
== Sample information ==
center|frame|compounds found in extracts of various species of Rubia or Rubia-dyes textiles. By R. A. Laursen, Boston University 
== Identified compounds ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|~HPLC-DAD|.JPG~ UV-Vis|.jpg~ UV-Vis]]]
== References ==
[1] Chika Mouri and Richard Laursen "Identification of anthraquinone markers for distinguishing Rubia species in madder-dyed textiles by HPLC" Microchimica Acta October 2012, Volume 179, Issue 1–2, pp 105–113
Category:Dye Analysis
Category:Reference Materials
Category:Natural Dyes
Madder brown

== Description ==
A permanent brown alizarin lake made from charred madder or alizarin. The transparent pigment was formerly made from madder but now made with synthetic alizarin (Mayer 1969).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
brown madder; rubens madder; Reubens madder
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: p. 100
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Madder yellow

== Description ==
A transparent yellow lake pigment that probably contains quercitron as a colorant. Early attempts to produce a yellow lake from the yellow xanthine dye found in madder resulted in a color that was not lightfast and its production was discontinued (Harley 1982).
==Resources and Citations==
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
Category:Materials database
Mafic minerals

== Description ==
A class of dense, dark-color silicaceous minerals that are high in iron, magnesium, calcium, and sodium. The high iron content of mafic clays are responsible for the surface crystalline formations produced in oil spot ceramic glazes. Examples of mafic rocks are basalt and gabbro. They may include olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, augite, and calcium-rich feldspars.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
mafic clay; minerais máficos (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, Submitted information, 2009.
* Fred Gamble, Submitted information, October 2007.
* Wikipedia: 'Mafic' (accessed October 5, 2007)
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Magdala red

== Description ==
An orange-red fluorochrome an orange-red obtained from naphthylamine.
==Synonyms and Related terms==
Phloxin B; C30H20N3+; CID 4456175
==Risks==
* NIH: Magdala Red Compound summary
== Properties ==
* Maximum absorption wavelength = 540 nm
* Maximum emission wavelength = 570 nm
* The fluorescence of magdala red changes with pH. It is a non-fluorescent purple below pH=3.0 and above 4.0, it fluoresces.
* Refractive Index = 1.90
* Molecular weight = 422.5
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: ref. index= 2.20; The fluorescence of magdala red changes with pH. It is a non-fluorescent purple below pH=3.0 and above 4.0, it fluoresces.
Category:Materials database