nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Celent

Celent is a research and advisory company that focuses on the application of information technology in the global financial services industry. The firm provides research and consulting on the financial services industry for its clients. The company was founded in 1999 and is based in Boston, Massachusetts.
Celent's analyst team is organized into 3 different service areas: banking, securities & investments, and insurance.
== History ==
On February 21, 2008 Oliver Wyman, an international consultancy that is part of Marsh & McLennan Companies, acquired Celent.
== Products and Services ==
The company provides consulting services, including strategy consulting, competitive intelligence, market sizing and positioning, gap analysis, strategy review, new market entry, and vendor selection services to financial institutions, vendors, and consulting firms. 
It also offers reports in various categories, such as trends analysis, vendor evaluations, case studies, and market data.
== Key People ==
*CEO, Craig Weber
*Managing Director and Senior Vice President of Securities & Investments, Mayiz Habbal 
*Senior Vice President of Asia Research Group, Neil Katkov 
*Senior Vice President of Banking, Bart Narter
*Senior Vice President, Axel Pierron
*Senior Vice President of Insurance, Craig Weber
*Senior Analyst, David Easthope
== References ==
Category:Research Firms
Category:Celent
Celesta Jurkovich

__NOTOC__ 
Celesta Jurkovich is the former senior vice president of government relations for the Chicago Board of Trade.
In 2007, Jurkovich was inducted into the Futures Industry Association's Futures Hall of Fame, which was established in 2005 to commemorate outstanding contributions to the global futures and options community. 
== Biography ==
Celesta Jurkovich headed the Chicago Board of Trade’s Washington office from 1985 to 2001. In that role, she served as the CBOT’s envoy to the House and Senate and as the key liaison with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and other federal regulators. 
Jurkovich has been recognized for her expertise on user fees and transaction taxes and for her successful fight to keep the futures industry free of those additional costs. She shepherded the deregulation of the exchanges at the CFTC and cemented the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000.
Jurkovich's background in banking and knowledge of the futures industry made her a respected expert on Capitol Hill and in government agencies. She previously had worked for Chicago Mayor Michael Bilandic and CBOT’s former CEO Thomas Donovan. 
== References ==
Category:Futures Hall of Fame Members
Celoxica

Celoxica is a provider of ultra low latency market data, order entry and pre-trade risk technology for automated trading firms and brokers. It is headquartered in the UK with offices in Chicago and New York. Its clients are typically proprietary trading firms who co-locate their high frequency trading environments. They use Celoxica's service to execute strategies such as options and equity market making, liquidity provision, algorithmic trading and smart order routing.
== History ==
Celoxica is an Oxford University spin off company whose name means "rapid silicon" in Latin. It is backed by venture capital companies Advent, Cazenove and Questor and by industry investors Intel Capital, Xilinx, Wind River and Creative.
== Products and Services ==
 
== Key People ==
*Jean Marc Bouhelier, Chairman and CEO 
== References ==
Center for Integrated Risk Management and Corporate Governance

Loyola University Chicago's Center for Integrated Risk Management and Corporate Governance is a partnership between the School of Business Administration (SBA) and the School of Law. Housed in the SBA, the center provides an integrated approach to Risk Management, focusing on corporate governance and compliance, business ethics, financial and accounting risk, and operational risk.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
Donald Schwartz, Director
== References ==
Center for Responsible Lending

The Center for Responsible Lending (CRL) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research and policy organization that aims to protect home ownership and family wealth by working to eliminate abusive financial practices. CRL is affiliated with Self-Help, one of the nation's largest community development financial institutions.
In 1999, Self-Help worked with a state coalition to help pass the North Carolina Predatory Lending Law, the first such law in the country. In 2002, Self-Help established the Center for Responsible Lending to build on initial successes and expand its focus to include practices outside of mortgage lending, such as payday lending. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
The Center For Responsible Lending's staff includes attorneys, researchers, and policy analysts in North Carolina, Washington DC, and California who study and report on predatory lending matters and monitor legislative and regulatory activity in state capitols and in the U.S. Congress. the organizations work centers on the following: 
*Policy and Technical Assistance: sharing market and legal knowledge with advocates and policymakers across the country interested in reforming lending practices. 
*Research: producing research on predatory lending to inform policymakers, regulators, and others on its extent and impact. 
*Coalition-Building: supporting national and state organizations concerned about predatory lending. 
*Litigation: partnering with other advocates to advance predatory lending litigation and submitting legal briefs on key legal issues. 
*Communications: promoting public awareness and providing a web-based archive of information for local legislators and advocates. 
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Educators
Central Bank & Financial Services Authority of Ireland

__NOTOC__
The Central Bank & Financial Services Authority of Ireland acts as agent for, and banker to, the government of Ireland. 
== History ==
In 1943, the Central Bank of Ireland came into being.
In 1999, the Central Bank became part of the Economic and Monetary Union in Europe and a member of the Eurosystem. 
In 2003, the bank was restructured and renamed the Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland (CBFSAI). The CBFSAI has two components.
*The Central Bank, which is responsible for monetary policy functions, financial stability, economic analysis, currency and payment systems, investment of foreign and domestic assets and the provision of central services.
*The Irish Financial Regulatory Authority (Financial Regulator), which is responsible for financial sector regulation and consumer protection.
== Products and Services ==
The Central Bank's responsibilities include:
*Contributing to the maintenance of price stability and a stable financial system
*Ensuring safe and reliable payment and settlement systems 
*Producing and distributing euro banknotes and coins and ensuring the security and integrity of the euro currency
*Managing foreign exchange assets on behalf of the European Central Bank
*Providing advice and guidance on Irish economic policies
*Serving the public interest
== Key People ==
*John Hurley, governor
*Tony Grimes, director general
== References ==
Category:International Regulatory Organizations
Category:Ireland
Category:Central Banks
Central Bank Gold Agreement

The original Central Bank Gold Agreement was signed in 1999 by the central banks of Germany, Great Britain, France, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Ireland, Sweden, Finland, Luxembourg, Spain, Portugal, Italy and the European Central Bank. The agreement was intended to stabilize gold prices by limiting the bullion sales by central banks. There were two further agreements, in 2004 and 2009. Those two five year agreements reduced the sales limit to 400 tonnes per year from 500 tonnes per year.
The European Central Bank and 20 other European central banks signed the fourth Central Bank Gold Agreement on 19th May 2014. The agreement, which applied as of September 27, 2014, is set to last until 2019. The signatories stated at the time that they did not have any plans to sell significant amounts of gold.
Collectively, at the end of 2015, central banks held around 31,400 tonnes of gold, approximately one-fifth of all the gold ever mined.
Current signatories include:
* European Central Bank
* Nationale Bank van België/Banque Nationale de Belgique
* Deutsche Bundesbank
* Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland
* Bank of Greece
* Banco de España
* Banque de France
* Banca d’Italia
* Central Bank of Cyprus
* Banque centrale du Luxembourg
* Bank Centrali ta’ Malta/Central Bank of Malta
* De Nederlandsche Bank
* Oesterreichische Nationalbank
* Banco de Portugal
* Banka Slovenije
* Národná banka Slovenska
* Suomen Pankki – Finlands Bank
* Sveriges Riksbank
* Swiss National Bank
== References ==
Category:Gold
Central Bank of Colombia

__NOTOC__
The Central Bank of Colombia (CBC), or Banco de la República Colombia, co-ordinates the nation's monetary policy through its decisions on interest rates and issues its currency, the Colombian peso. As with the central banks of most other frontier markets, the CBC has recently been cutting official interest rates successively following a recession generated by the 2008 financial crisis after previously raising rates to cool the economy down.
== Background ==
The CBC was first created in June, 1880 as the government's official banker and went through several incarnations before being revived as the Banco de la República on July 25, 1923. Since that time, the central bank has been run by a board of 10 directors drawn from the public and private sectors. The CBC's board has set a target for inflation in Colombia for 2009 of 4.5%-5.5%.
In the midst of last year's financial crisis, the CBC removed its controls over some foreign borrowing shortly after the Colombian government lifted similar controls over fixed income investments. The CBC had previously required some overseas trade financing to be held with the central bank for six months but lifted it as supplies of foreign capital began run dry after the global credit crunch struck in September 2008. 
== Key people ==
CBC Governor José Darío Uribe has held the post since January 2005 after first joining the CBC as chief economist in 1993. Prior to that he gained both a doctorate (1992) and a masters (1989) in economics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign after a previous career spent mostly in academia.
== Latest news ==
The CBC Is likely to continue its easing of interest rates throughout 2009, according to recent comments from key CBC officials. Uribe told a Colombian radio audience in late March that the CBC would likely continue lowering interest rates to support a slumping economy while another board member favored easing since Colombia's economy held more excess supply than first thought.
== References ==
Central Bank of Kenya

__NOTOC__
The Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) is charged with ensuring price stability and an efficient national payments system through the Kenyan shilling but has some autonomy in setting Kenya's monetary policy. The CBK must consult with the national government on "important" issues of fiscal and monetary policy. The CBK recently continued cutting interest rates and lowering commercial banks' capital requirements and predicted Kenya's double-digit inflation rate will fall in 2009.
 
== History ==
The CBK was established in 1966 by the Central Bank of Kenya Act and amended in 1997 to allow the central bank greater autonomy in setting monetary policy such as interest rates. However, under the same amendment the CBK must also advise the national government on fiscal and monetary matters with possible "important ramifications" on monetary policy. 
The CBK is governed by a board of eight directors including the governor and deputy governor, who sit as chairman and deputy, plus the Permanent Secretary to the Treasury in a non-voting role and five other non-executive directors appointed by the president. 
== Products ==
Sells 91-day and 182-day Treasury bills (T-bills), Treasury bonds (T-bonds) with yearly maturities from one year to 12 years, plus 15-year and 20-year maturity T-bonds. CBK also issues repo bills with maturities of three days, one weeks, two weeks, one month, two months and three months. Also issues and ensures efficient circulation of the national currency, the Kenyan shilling. 
== Key People ==
CBK Governor Njuguna Ndung’u was appointed in March 2007 from his previous position as Director of Training at the African Economic Research Consortium (AERC). Ndung'u is also an associate professor of economics at the University of Nairobi and has worked at the Southern Africa Regional Office of Canada's International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
== Latest news == 
The CBK will have greater flexibility to cut interest rates even further once it reduces the weighting of food and energy prices on the measurement of Kenya's consumer price index, which will likely cause inflation to fall, according to recent press reports. The CBK most recently cut interest rates by 50 basis points to 8.5% on December 1, 2008 and lowered cash reserve requirements for commercial banks from 6% to 5% of total liabilities. Other reports note that the CBK also recently reported a significant annual fall in Kenya's forex reserves to January 15, 2009, underscoring the country's vulnerability to further global financial shocks. 
== References ==
Central Electricity Regulatory Committee

CERC was initially founded under India's Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act on July 24, 1998. Its stated objective was to promote competition, efficiency and economy in bulk power markets, improve the quality of supply, promote investments and advise the government on the removal of institutional barriers to bridge the demand/supply gap.
== History ==
Under India's Electricity Act of 2003, the commission was given responsibility to discharge the following functions:
-to regulate the tariff of generating companies owned or controlled by the central government;
-to regulate the tariff of generating companies other than those owned or controlled by the Central Government specified in clause (a), if such generating companies enter into or otherwise have a composite scheme for generation and sale of electricity in more than one state;
-to regulate the interstate transmission of electricity;
-to determine tariff for interstate transmission of electricity;
-to issue licences to persons to function as transmission licensee and electricity trader with respect to their interstate operations;
-Improve access to information for all stakeholders;
-to adjudicate upon disputes involving generating companies or transmission licensee in regard to matters connected with clauses (a) to (d) above and to refer any dispute for arbitration;
-to levy fees for the purposes of the Act;
-to specify grid code having regard to grid standards;
-to specify and enforce the standards with respect to quality, continuity and reliability of service by licensees;
-to fix the trading margin in the interstate trading of electricity, if considered, necessary;
-to discharge such other functions as may be assigned under the Act.
== Products and Services ==
In addition to its mandatory functions above, the commission also advises the government on the formulation of National Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy; promotion of competition, efficiency and economy in the activities of the electricity industry, as well as the promotion of investment in the electric industry.
== Key People ==
Shri P.K. Pujari was appointed chairman of the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission in February 2018. He is a post graduate in economics from Delhi School of Economics. Pujari joined the Indian Administrative Service, the civil service of India, in 1981. During his career, he handled assignments in various departments and ministries in Gujarat as well as in the central government, such as power, commercial taxes, finance and industries. He was secretary to the government of India, Ministry of Power, for more than two years before retiring in 2017, after serving for 36 years.
== References ==
Central Japan Commodity Exchange

__NOTOC__
The Central Japan Commodity Exchange (C-Com), founded in 1996, offered trading in futures on energy, eggs, metals, stock indexes and rubber. It ceased operations in January 2011 because of declining revenue amid slumping volume. The exchange suspended trading of contracts for gold, gasoline and kerosene over the course of the following year; it stopped trading rubber futures in April of 2010. 
The loss in volume resulted from increased competition from overseas exchanges and a change in Japanese law in 2005 that limited small investors' access to trading. 
C-Com was ranked as the world's 51st-largest derivatives exchange by volume in 2010 according to the annual volume survey published by the Futures Industry Association (FIA). The FIA report, published in March of 2011, notes that C-Com's total volume for 2010 dropped by 59.4% from the previous year, falling to 719,276 contracts.
== History ==
The exchange was formed by the merger of the Toyohashi Dry Cocoon Exchange, the Nagoya Grain and Sugar Exchange and the Nagoya Textile Exchange.
C-Com merged with the the Osaka Mercantile Exchange (OME) in January 2007.
In September 2007, the exchange launched a computer trading system called Trinity-X which supports trading on all C-Com products.
== Structure and Regulation ==
C-Com is the only exchange in Japan that is licensed by both by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF).
The exchange offers several types of membership: Market Members who have direct access to trading, and General Members who trade through Broker Members. Foreign investors may purhcase Associate Memberships. There are 30 Broker Members and 61 Associate Members from nine countries.
The exchange's clearing operations are done through the Japan Commodity Clearing House. 
== Products and Services ==
* C-COM Gasoline
* C-COM Kerosene
* C-COM Gas Oil
* C-COM Eggs
* C-COM Ferrous Scrap
* C-COM Rubber RSS3
* C-COM Rubber TSR20
* C-COM Rubber Index
* C-COM Aluminum
* C-COM Nickel
== Key People ==
*Susumu Kuroiwa, chairman and CEO
==Annual Volumes==
===2009===
C-com ranked number 46 in 2009 in the Futures Industry Association's global list of top 53 derivatives exchanges measured by volume, down 45.8% on 2008's volume figure. The FIA list, published in early April 2010, reports that that total volume for 2009 fell to 1.77 million from 2008's figure of 3.27 million.
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Futures Exchanges
Category:Asian Exchanges
Central bank

Central banks' main role in modern economies is controlling inflation through adjustments in short-term interest rates to contol the money supply as sole official issuer of government bonds and printer of national currency. Central banks also usually regulate the banking and finance sector of national economies and are often considered the 'lenders of last resort' in a banking crisis.
== Losing independence? ==
The U.S. Federal Reserve (the Fed) and the E.U.'s European Central Bank (ECB) are the largest of the world's 151 central banks and amongst the most independent. Independent central banks have become increasingly important to national economies since they now (in theory) make crucial decisions on key issues like interest rates and inflation free of political intereference or concerns. However, some commentators have pointed out that recent actions by the Fed, particularly over the Bear Stearns bailout, have undermined its own political independence and may have encouraged some U.S. politicians to emulate French President Nicholas Sarkozy's efforts seize back some of the ECB's independence.
== Latest News ==
The Swiss National Bank in July 2008 joined the Fed and the ECB in extending access to emergency loans and other 'expanded liquidity programs' to investment banks hit by credit market meltdowns like the U.S. mortgage-backed securities collapse. The Fed extended its Primary Dealer Credit Facility for investment banks from September 2008 until January 2009, while the ECB and SNB added U.S. dollar auctions with 84-day terms to alternate bi-weekly with those banks' 84-day term auctions.
It was suggested in March 2011 that some central banks, particularly the U.S. Federal Reserve, were at risk of keeping interest rates too low for too long. The European Central Bank President Jean-Claude Trichet said in response that the global central banks were ready to do whatever it takes to avert a sustained increase in inflation expectations. 
== References ==
Category:Central Banks
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:Banks
Central counterparty clearing

Also see: clearing house
Central counterparty clearing is the process by which financial transactions are cleared by a single counterparty, generally a well capitalized financial institution such as an exchange. The central counterparty (the exchange's clearing house) becomes a party to every trade, acting as a buyer to every seller and a seller to every buyer. That way, if one trader or firm defaults, other traders and customers are protected.
Central counterparty clearing is a feature of exchange listed products as opposed to the bilateral agreements common in OTC trading, where each party to a trade is at risk that the other party may default.
The central counterparty (CCP) clearing model prevalent in the U.S. futures world is a "vertical" model in which an exchange owns its own clearing house, while the U.S. options industry uses a "horizontal" model (the Options Clearing Corporation (OCC)) in which one clearing utility clears the contracts traded at a number of exchanges. 
There are a number of these independent central counterparties; in addition to the OCC, there is LCH in London. 
== Advantages of Central Clearing, According To The IDCG ==
Reduces counterparty credit risk
* Provides Guaranty Fund with financial resources, rules and procedures comparable to existing Clearinghouses
* Eliminates the need for multiple bilateral credit relationships
* Eliminates the need for ISDA agreements and ongoing credit risk management of bilateral contracts
Provides transparency not present in the current OTC market structure
* Includes real-time, normalized pricing data
* Interest rate curve construction and methodology shared with all participants
* Potential opportunity for tighter bid/ask spreads
Reduces transaction costs through streamlined back office processes
Creates more efficient markets enabling greater liquidity
* Operates on fast and efficient electronic platform
* Facilitates the ability to anonymously trade
* Attracts new participants
Provides significant benefits due to cleared futures treatment
* 60/40 tax treatment available where appropriate
* Bankruptcy protection accorded to segregated funds
* Regulatory capital requirements mandated by Basel I/II may be reduced or eliminated
== References ==
Centre

Centre is a consortium created by Circle and Coinbase for the issuance and management of a U.S. dollar-linked stablecoin, USD Coin (USDC).
USDC were first issued by Circle in September 2018. Coinbase joined with Circle to form the consortium Centre a month later. In June 2019, Centre announced in a blog post that it would open its membership to additional participants. It said new participants could issue USDC on the Centre network. Members of the consortium would need to be licensed money services, locally regulated as appropriate, comply with anti-money laundering rules, and meet operational requirements among other things.
The USD Coin was originally issued as an ERC-20 token on the Ethereum blockchain. It opened up issuance of USDC to other blockchains when it launched its multi-chain framework on June 24, 2020. After a major network upgrade that was released on August 27, 2020, Algorand became the first other official chain for USDC on September 9, followed by Stellar on October 15, and Solana on October 21, 2020. 
 
== References ==
Category:cryptocurrency
Category:stablecoin
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki