nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Spruce

== Description ==
Any of evergreen several trees from the Picea family native to northern temperate regions. Spruce trees, in general, have light weight, soft wood with a straight, even grain. The strong wood is easily worked. It is used for musical instrument sounding boards, ladders, cabinets, boxes, paper pulp, and rayon. Spruce wood has no natural resistance to insects, and thus can decay rapidly when allowed to set after logging or when left outside. Even so, spruce trees, have been used to manufacture pitch thick dark sealant.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
épicea (Fr.); Schwartztanne (Deut.); picea (Esp.); espruce (Port.); black spruce (Picea mariana); blue spruce (Picea pungens); Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii); red spruce (Picea rubens); Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis); white spruce (Picea glauca)
Note: Commercially the term 'whitewood' is collectively used for spruce wood as well as some pine and firs. The term 'SPF' is accurately used for spruce, fir, or pine.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Height = large (20-60m) with whorled branches and conical form
* Leaves = unique four-sided needles, shedding every 4-10 years
* Density = 23-44 ppcf; wood has thin-walls and is easily bleached
Paper fiber type: Softwood. Using transmitted light microscopy, fibers are identified by the presence of very small, oval, piceoid ray parenchyma pits, 2-4 across. May show cupressiod or taxodiod features. Ray tracheids are non-dentate. Appearance with Graff "C" stain: varies with pulping method . Average dimensions of fibers: length, 3.4mm width 3.1 μm. Common pulping method: kraft and sulfite. It is difficult to distinguish spruce fibers from hemlock fibers in pulp.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Spruce resin.TIF~FTIR(MFA)]]]
== Additional Images ==
File:8_Spruce.jpg|Spruce (Picea spp)
File:Spruce 10x.jpg| Spruce paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Spruce 40x.jpg| Spruce paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
File:Spruce 40x 4.jpg| Spruce paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce (accessed October 12, 2020)
* Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:Wood anatomy of central European Species: Common Spruce,Norway Spruce, Picea abies Karsten
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 758
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965 Comment: Picea glauca density = 23-33 ppcf
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Northern Pine Manufacturers: air-dry weight = 27pcf
* Marja-Sisko Ilvessalo-Pfäffli. Fiber Atlas: Identification of Papermaking Fibers (Springer Series in Wood Science). Springer, 1995. 
* Walter Rantanen. "Fiber ID Course." Integrated Paper Services. June 2013. Lecture.
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=30-44 ppcf (0.48-0.70 g/cm3)
Category:Materials database
Spun silk

== Description ==
A yarn spun from short, broken silk threads and silk waste.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
schappe; reeled silk
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Spunbonded fabric

== Description ==
A nonwoven fabric made with one or more synthetic fibers. The fibers are laid on a continuous bed, then bonded by heat or adhesives. Examples are Reemay® (polyester), Tyvek® (polypropylene) and Typar® (polypropylene).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
spun-bonded fabric; 
Brand names: Typar®; Tyvek®; Reemay®
==Resources and Citations==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
Category:Materials database
Squirrel

== Description ==
Any of several small, thick-tailed rodents of the family Sciuridae (such as Sciurus vulgaris). Squirrels are found worldwide, in both urban and natural settings. Their soft, thick fur has been used for coat trims, capes, and mufflers. Additionally, the long, coarse guard hairs from their bushy tails are used for artist and household brushes. These form soft absorbent brushes that form a good point. Brushes are made from the following squirrels (Z. Pinney 1999):
* Talahutky: gray, rare, most expensive, thick, strong, coarser than kazan, used in quill ferrules for lettering brushes; from the Pyrenees mountains and Russia. 
* Kazan: brown, thinner and softer than talahutky; used in watercolor brushes and mops; from Russia.
* Saccamina: blue-black, long, soft hair; used in watercolor wash brushes; from Russia
* Canadian (or golden) squirrel: variegated yellow and black, slightly thicker, less resilient, shorter with more belly
* Chinese pine squirrel: used in mixtures
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
European red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris); North American gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis or Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) ; Talahutky (); Kazan (); Saccamina (, sacamena, blue squirrel); Canadian squirrel (Sciurus hudsonius, golden squirrel); écureuil (Fr.); egern (Dan.); Eichhörnchen (Deut.); ardilla (Esp.); scoiattolo (It.); esquilo (Port.); eekhoorn (Ned.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Guard hairs: Cross section of butt end is circular changing to dumbbell shape further up the hair.
Fur fibers are short.
==Resources and Citations==
* Zora Sweet Pinney, "Artist Brushes' WAAC Newsletter 14(3), Sept 1992. Link
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "squirrel." Accessed 12 Dec. 2004 .
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* F. Kidd, Brushmaking Materials, Bristish Brush Manufacturers, London, 1957
* Zora Sweet Pinney, 'A Handle on the Terms used for Artists' Brushes', unpublished glossary, 1999
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
Category:Materials database
St. Cloud granite

== Description ==
A fine-grain gray and a medium-grain pink granite that is mined near St. Cloud in Stearns and Sherburne Counties, Minnesota. St. Cloud granite is composed of red potassium feldspar crystals mixed with quartz hornblende and biotite. Mined since 1860, it has been used for monuments and a few buildings. St. Cloud granite was used for the exterior of the Civil Service Building in Washington, DC.
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
St. George granite

== Description ==
A pink, coarse-grain granite with variable red-color crystals quarried near St. George, Charlotte County, New Brunswick (Lent 1925). St. George granite was used for sculptures, buildings and monuments. It was used in the 1897 addition to the Museum of Natural History in New York City (Bucher 1996).
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
St. John's blood

== Description ==
A red dyestuff, similar to kermes, obtained from the dried bodies of the insect Porphyrophorus polonicus (formerly Margarodes polonicus). These insects live on the roots of the Scleranthus penennis found in the sandy areas of northeastern Europe.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Saint John's blood; Polish cochenille; Polish grains; Polish red
==Resources and Citations==
* Judith Hofenk-de Graaff, Natural Dyestuffs: Origin, Chemical Constitution, Identification, Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, 1969
* J. Thornton, 'The Use of Dyes and Colored Varnishes in Wood Polychromy', Painted Wood: History and Conservation, The Getty Conservation Insitute, Los Angeles, 1998
Category:Materials database
St. Lawrence marble

== Description ==
A coarse-grain, granite-like marble quarried in St. Lawrence county, New York. St. Lawrence marble ranges in color from white to pale gray to a dark blue. It has been used for buildings and monuments (Lent 1925).
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
St. Remy marble

== Description ==
A medium red marble with white clouds and blue veins (Lent 1925). St. Remy marble is quarried in Belgium and is used for decorative work.
==Resources and Citations==
* F.Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries, Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925.
Category:Materials database
Stabilizer

== Description ==
An additive that keeps a compound or solution from changing. For example, an emulsifiers keeps particles in a suspension from settling; an antioxidant scavenges oxygen radicals prior to their reaction with the substrate; an ultraviolet stabilizer absorbs high energy ultraviolet rays before they can initiate degradation; and inhibitors interfere with the chemical reactions that cause corrosion. Some stabilizers that were used in oil paints are beeswax, aluminum stearate, zinc stearate, aluminum palmitate, and zinc palmitate.
==Resources and Citations==
* R.de la Rie, "Polymer Stabilizers. A Survey with Reference to Possible Applications in the Conservation Field" Studies in Conservation, 33:9-22,1988.
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 66, 289
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Stabiltex

== Description ==
[Swiss Silk Bolting Cloth Manufacturing Co, Zurich] A trademark for a sheer, lightweight, open weave, polyester fabric. Stabiltex was used as a support backing for covering fragile textiles and as an alternative to silk crepeline. As of 2004, the production of Stabiltex has been discontinued. An alternate product, Tetex TR, was supplied as a replacement, but it was discontinued in 2009.
== Applications ==
== Personal Risks ==
* Sickening fumes may be released when the fabric is melted.
==Resources and Citations==
* F.Thomsen "Hotmelting Cutting of Stabiltex" JAIC, 27:32-37, 1988. 
* I. Karsten, N. Kerr, "The Properties and light stability of silk adhered to sheer silk and polyester support fabrics with poly(vinyl acetate) copolymer adhesives" Studies in Conservation, 47(3), 195-210, 2002.
* Rachael Perkins Arenstein, Lisa Goldberg, and Eugenie Milroy, ‘Support and Rehousing for Collection Storage’ In ‘Preventive Conservation: Collection Storage’ Lisa Elkin and Christopher A. Norris (eds.), Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, New York. 2019. 
* I. Karsten, "Factors affecting bond strength of textile artifact/adhesion/support fabric laminates. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta, Ednomton, Alberta, Canada, 2003. Table 2.10
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Meredith Montague, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Stable isotope analysis

== Description ==
A rarely found analytical method that compares the isotopic ratios of elements. Stable isotopic fractionation measures the ratios of the isotopes of oxygen (16 and 18), carbon (12 and 13) or sulfur (32 and 34). The technique has been used to characterize carbonate and sulfate type stones (Aston et al 2000).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Isotopenanalyse (Deut.); analyse isotopique (Fr.); stable isotope fractionation
==Resources and Citations==
* B.Aston, J.Harrell, I.Shaw, "Stone" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 68.
Category:Materials database
Stachybotrys

==Description== 
A genus of molds; the most commonly seen is a common greenish-black mold often found in indoor environments. Stachybotrys likes to grow on material with a high cellulose content, such as fiberboard, gypsum board, and paper. Growth occurs when there is moisture from water damage, water leaks, condensation, water infiltration, or flooding. Constant moisture is required for its growth. 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
black mold; toxic mold
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: link
Category:Materials database
Stain

== Description ==
A coloration, produced by foreign matter, that penetrates into the fabric, wood, or coating. Typically, the transparency and fluidity of a stain will allow the base texture of the object to remain visible. Examples are fluorescent stain, gelatin stain, glaze stain, iron stain, metallic stain, oil stain, salt stain, sap stain, silver stain, water stain, wood stain.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
stains; teinture (Fr.); mancha (Port.); nódoa (Port.)
== Additional Images ==
File:01-Iron stain C2.jpg|Iron stain
File:Staining-01_ICOMOS.jpg|Iron stains; Photo credit: V. Vergès-Belmin
File:Staining-02_ICOMOS.jpg|Water stains: Photo credit: K. Normandin, M. Petermann
== Resources and Citations ==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stain (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Stained glass

== Description ==
Colored or painted glass used for decorative patterns in windows. Stained glass windows were thought to have begun from the glass mosaics used in Roman times. Over the years the colorful patterns have developed into two forms. In one method, colored glass is cut into patterns and fastened together with lead strips. For the second method, the glass is painted or enameled (see flash glass).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
enameled glass; mosaic windows; leaded glass; flash glass; colored glass; vitráž (Ces.); Glasmalerei (Deut.); vitral (Esp., Port.); vitraux (Esp.); vidriera de colores (Esp.); vitrail (Fr.); gebrandschilderd glas (Ned.); glassmaleri (Nor.); witra¿ (Pol.)
==Resources and Citations==
* McGrath, Frost, Beckett, Glass in Architecture, Architectural Press, London
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "stained glass" [Accessed May 5, 2004].
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Glass"
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Stainless steel

== Description ==
Any of several iron alloys (i.e., steels) made corrosion-resistant by the addition of chromium. Austenitic stainless steels, developed by E. Maurer of Germany in 1909, contain about 12-18% chromium and 5-8% nickel. These alloys harden by cold working and are most often used for structural work. In 1911, C. Dantsizen of Germany developed ferritic stainless steel. This low carbon chrome alloy was used for turbine blades. It contains about 10.5-27% chromium with small amounts of molybdenum, aluminum, titanium, or nickel. In 1913, martensitic stainless steels were discovered by H. Brearley of England. Containing 11-18% chromium with about 0.35% carbon, they are used for cutlery and munitions. Stainless steel can be polished to a high shine either mechanically or by an electrolytic process. It is hardened by cold working and is resistant to heat. From 1930s to 50s, stainless steel was popularly used for exterior and interior construction and decoration (dome of the Chrysler building, countertops, soda fountains, automobiles, stoves). Later, it was commonly used for framing, hardware, roofing, gutters, screws and nails. Various stainless steels may contain small amounts or other additives such as nickel, columbium, molybdenum, phosphorus, selenium, silicon, sulfur, titanium, and zirconium.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
inox; Allegheny metal; Ascoloy; Enduro; Nirostametal; Rigid-Tex; chromium steel; rustfrit stål (Dan.); Edelstahl (Deut.); acero inoxidable (Esp.); acier inoxydable (Fr.); acciaio inox (It.); roestvast staal (Ned.); stal nierdzewna (Pol.); aço inoxidável (Port.); aço inox (Port.); rostfritt stål (Sven.)
== Risks ==
* Welding can cause the depletion of chromium in heated areas (blue halo) leaving them susceptible to corrosion. 
* Galvanic corrosion can occur in contact with lead, nickel, copper and graphite.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Attacked by hydrochloric acid. 
* Forms a transparent protective layer of chromium oxide in air.
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. Score, I. Cohen, "Stainless Steel", in Twentieth-Century Building Materials, T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.670
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel (Accessed Mar. 1, 2006)
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Website: Stainless steel at www.answers.com
Category:Materials database
Stainless steel fiber

==Description== 
Drawn mono-filament steel fibers used to add strength, durability, and damage resistance. These applications include fiber-reinforced concrete, smart fabrics, thermal resistant fabrics, and protective fabrics. 
==Resources and Citations==
* Nycon: Steel fibers
* DSW Inc.: Steel fibers
* Koolon: Stainless steel fiber
* Precision Drawell: steel fibre
Category:Materials database
Stand Off Liquid Marble Cleaner

== Description ==
[Prosoco, Inc, Kansas City, KS] A registered trademark for a blue-color semi-gel with a sweet, soapy odor. Stand Off® Marble Cleaner is sold for cleaning polished stonework and glazed masonry. The cleaner contains 2-butxyethanol and isopropyl alcohol in an alkaline gel matrix.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Stand Off Marble Cleaner
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Rinses with water.
* pH = 9.7
* Flash point = 52C (126F)
Melting Point	-6 C
Density 	1.117 g/ml
== Risks ==
* Skin and eye contact will cause irritation and burns. 
* Do not use on black marble. 
* May remove wax coatings.
* Prosoco: SDS
==Resources and Citations==
* Prosoco: Data Sheet
Category:Materials database
Stand oil

== Description ==
A pale, thick, concentrated form of linseed oil. Stand oil is prepared by anaerobically heating linseed oil to about 300C. This allows the oil to partially polymerize without any oxidation occurring. Aneorobic conditions are obtained using a vacuum or carbon dioxide atmosphere. Stand oil was likely developed by the Dutch in the 19th century. Stand oil dries more slowly and yellows less than untreated linseed oil. It forms a tough, flexible film that is resistant to weathering. Stand oils have been used in varnishes, glazes, and as a high viscosity additive to other paint media. Half oil is 50% stand oil and 50% turpentine.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Standöle (Deut.); standoil (It); olio standolizzato (It); half oil; standoil; polymerized oil; lithographic oil; English oil varnish;
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Iodine number is lower than linseed oil. 
* Produces a greenish iridescent fluorescence.
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 458
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database