nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000

The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 (CFMA) was an overhaul of the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) -- the first substantive revision in more than 20 years. Signed into law by President Bill Clinton on December 21, it was intended to update the regulatory structure and to clarify the legal status of derivative products. It authorized futures trading on single stocks and narrow-based stock indices and provided legal certainty for swaps and hybrid instruments. It also gave the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) limited jurisdiction over retail OTC foreign currency transactions.
In the process, the 280+ pages of text also amended some securities, banking and bankruptcy laws.
 
The law kept a general prohibition against trading a futures contract in the U.S. other than on a CFTC-regulated market. It also retained the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission's (CFTC) authority to make exemptions from all of the parts of the CEA. In addition, it created specific exclusions and exemptions for over-the-counter (OTC) products and transactions executed on electronic trading platforms between certain parties.
The CFMA repealed the prohibition of the trading of futures contracts on nonexempt individual securities and narrow-based indexes of securities and established a complex framework for trading security futures products on futures or securities exchanges. Trading so-called single stock futures products wasn't allowed to start until a year later, however, with the intention of giving the CFTC and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission time to make the necessary regulatory changes.
== References ==
 
==See Also==
Text of HR 5660, the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000
Category:Legislation
Category:Futures Regulation
Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act of 1974

In October 1974, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Act was signed into law by President Gerald Ford. The CFTC Act overhauled the Commodity Exchange Act and created the CFTC as an independent agency with powers greater than those of its predecessor agency, the Commodity Exchange Authority. While the Commodity Exchange Authority was responsible for regulating only those agricultural commodities enumerated in the Commodity Exchange Act, the 1974 Act granted the CFTC exclusive jurisdiction over futures trading in all commodities.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Legislation
Category:CFTC
Commodity Futures Trading Commission Agricultural Advisory Committee

The Commodity Futures Trading Commission's Agricultural Advisory Committee (AAC) was created in 1985 to advise the Commission on issues involving the trading of agricultural commodity futures and options, and to facilitate communications between the CFTC, the agricultural community, and agriculture-related organizations.
Swati Shah currently serves as the Designated Federal Officer for the committee. The Members listed and organizations represented are as of February 2025. 
== Membership ==
*Buddy Allen, American Cotton Shippers Association
*Joe Barker, National Council of Farmer Cooperatives
*Chris Betz, Michigan Agri-Business Association
*Robbie Boone, Farm Credit Council
*Layne Carlson, Minneapolis Grain Exchange
*Robert Chester, United Dairymen of Arizona
*Gerald Corcoran, Futures Industry Association
*Patrick Coyle, National Grain and Feed Association
*Ed Elfmann, American Bankers Association
*Edward Gallagher, National Milk Producers Federation
*H. Thomas Hayden Jr., Commodity Markets Council
*Thomas Hoffman, Citadel
*Thomas Hogan, Cocoa Merchants Association of America
*Bryan Humphreys, National Pork Producers Council
*Jeff Lloyd, Archer-Daniels-Midland
*Michele Mapes, Green Plains Inc.
*Mark McHargue, American Farm Bureau Federation
*Erin Morris, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Marketing Service 
*Cynthia Nickerson, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Office of the Chief Economist
*Edward Prosser, The Scoular Company
*Michael L. Ricks, Cargill
*Bella Rozenberg, International Swaps and Derivatives Association
*Derek Sammann, CME Group, Inc.
*Troy Sander, National Cattleman's Beef Association
*Liam Smith, FIA Principal Traders Group
*Stephen Strong, North American Export Grain Association
*Curt Strubhar, Grain and Feed Association of Illinois
*Justin Tupper, United States Cattlemen's Association
*Wes Uhlmeyer, Greenfield Holdings
*Hayden Wands, American Bakers Association
*Ryan Weston, American Sugar Alliance
*Jason Wheeler, USA Rice Federation
*Brandon Wipf, American Soybean Association
*Harold Wolle, National Corn Growers Association
== References ==
Category:U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Category:CFTC Committees
Commodity News Services, Inc.

Commodity News Services, Inc. is a defunct news and quotation company that was owned by Knight Ridder. At one time it was a major competitohr for commodity futures quotations and news with over 7500 customers.
== History ==
CNS was created through the foresight of Eric Ridder, a member of a prominent newspaper family and publisher of the Journal of Commerce. Ridder saw the need for faster information about the maritime industry that could be provided by the Journal of Commerce and helped develop Commodity News Service, which became a worldwide news organization. It was later renamed Knight Ridder Financial Services.
Amid fierce competition from Dow Jones, Reuters, Telerate and Bloomberg in 1997 the operation was sold and wold become Bridge News. Later Bridge News failed and was liquidated.
== Products and Services ==
CNS offered quotes and new over a wire service, reporting to customers over a dedicated telephone line connected to a thermal printer. They also offered quotes over a dumb terminal, named a DQ&, that had only could be used for CNS news and quote.
== Key People ==
Bob Bogda was the bureau chief in Chicago during the 1980s, until the firm was bought by Knight Ridder and rebranded Knight Ridder Financial News. 
== References ==
Category:News Organizations
Category:Quote Providers
Commodity Pool Operator

A Commodity Pool Operator is an individual or organization that operates or solicits funds for a commodity pool; that is, an enterprise in which funds contributed by a number of persons are combined for the purpose of trading futures contracts or commodity options, or to invest in another commodity pool. 
In general, NFA registration is required unless the CPO qualifies for one of the exemptions from registration outlined in CFTC Regulations 4.5 or 4.13. A CPO does not need to register with the NFA if the pool contributions are less than $400,000 and have no more than 15 pool participants (members of a CPO's immediate family do not count toward the 15 member limit. Each pool participant must be either an "accredited investor," "qualified eligible person," or be a "knowledgable employee" of the pool. For each exemption, the operator is required to file with the NFA explaining the nature of the exemption and send those documents to the pool participants.
==CPOs and the Dodd-Frank Act==
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is proposing rules to specify the reporting requirements applicable to advisers to private funds that are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as investment advisers and with the CFTC as commodity pool operators (CPOs) or commodity trading advisors (CTAs). This is a joint rulemaking with the SEC. The CFTC is separately proposing amendments to the compliance obligations of CPOs and CTAs that include a requirement for CPOs and CTAs that are registered solely with the CFTC to file similar reports, as well as several other changes. Specifically, all CPOs that are "dual registrants"" -- those that file with both the CFTC and SEC --will be required to file a new form, Form PF. CPOs managing more than $150 million will be required to file Section 1 of Form PF; for CPOs managing more than $1 billion, an extended Section 2 will also be required to be filed quarterly. Reports would include material such as the amount of assets under management, use of leverage, counterparty credit risk exposure, and trading and investment positions for each fund receiving advice. 
Additionally, the CFTC has proposed a rule that would require CPOs not "dual filers" to submit Form CPO-PQR. 
Both proposals were unanimously approved at the CFTC Open Meeting, January 26, 2011. 
== References ==
Commodity Research Bureau

Commodity Research Bureau (CRB), established in 1934 and acquired by Barchart.com in 2001, specializes in research, data and analysis for commodities and futures. CRB provides futures market information through a variety of data products, publications, printed charts, newsletters, fundamental data services, historical data and B-to-B products. 
In addition, CRB established the CRB Index, which has served as a widely recognized measure of global commodity markets for 50+ years. The CRB Index is a product of Reuters and Jefferies Financial Products, LLC, and was renamed in 2005 as the Reuters/Jefferies CRB Index.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Data Vendors
Commodity Trading Advisor

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A Commodity Trading Advisor (CTA) is an individual or organization that, for compensation or profit, advises others as to the value or advisability of buying or selling futures contracts or commodity options. 
Providing advice indirectly includes exercising trading authority over a customer's account, as well as giving advice through written publications or other media.
In general, NFA registration is required unless the CTA qualifies for one of the exemptions from registration outlined in CFTC Regulations 4.5 or 4.14, chiefly:
*That the offering of commodity trading advice is merely "incidental" to the advisor's business
*The person is not "otherwise holding itself out" as a commodity trading advisor. 
 
==CTAs and the Dodd-Frank Act==
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) proposed and finalized rules specifying the reporting requirements applicable to advisers to private funds that are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as investment advisers and with the CFTC as commodity pool operators (CPOs) or commodity trading advisors (CTAs). This is a joint rulemaking with the SEC. The CFTC also approved changes to the compliance obligations of CPOs and CTAs that include a requirement for CPOs and CTAs that are registered solely with the CFTC to file similar reports, as well as several other changes. Specifically, all CTAs that are "dual registrants" -- those that file with both the CFTC and SEC --will be required to file a new form, Form PF. CTAs managing more than $150 million will be required to file Section 1 of Form PF; for CTAs managing more than $1 billion, an extended Section 2 will also be required. Reports would include material such as the amount of assets under management, use of leverage, counterparty credit risk exposure, and trading and investment positions for each fund receiving advice.
Additionally, the CFTC approved a final rulemaking that amends Part 4 of its regulations to reflect changes made to the CEA by the Dodd-Frank Act. Dodd-Frank redefined the terms “commodity pool” “commodity pool operator” and“commodity trading advisor” to include involvement with swaps activities and transactions. The rule passed by a vote of 5-0. The rule appeared in the Federal Register on September 5, 2012.
== Resources ==
*CFTC Part 4 Exemption Easy Reference Guide - NFA
*Commodity Trading Advisors - NFA
*Disclosure Documents: A Guide for CTAs - NFA
*User's Guide to NFA's Electronic Disclosure Document System - NFA
== References ==
Category:Types of Money Managers
Category:Registration Categories
Category:National Futures Association (NFA)
Commodity fund

A commodity fund is a fund that has direct holdings in commodities. 
the funds are often seen as a way to diversify an investment portfolio beyond stocks and bonds. This is because commodities are often viewed as a hedge against inflation. The prices of commodities tend to rise in step with inflation. This movement trends to run counter to stock prices.
The National Futures Association (NFA) proposed in June of 2010 that mutual funds investing in futures contracts register not only with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - as they've been doing for decades - but with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) as well. Industry insiders believe that dual registration would increase disclosure to investors about what the funds own, making fees and costs more readily apparent. It would not change what the funds could buy, nor the recourse investors would have if things would go wrong.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Commodities
Category:Funds
Commodity futures

Commodity futures generally have referred to physical commodities -- grains, livestock, lumber, coffee, sugar, and the like. During the early history of "commodity exchanges," to which all futures exchanges were referred, this made perfect sense; most futures contracts were, indeed, physical commodities. However, many market participants, by habit, term all futures products as "commodity futures" -- in other words, as a class of "investment."
In recent years, many exchanges have made a clear distinction between their product offerings, differentiating between physical "commodity futures" and their dominant "financial futures," which include futures and options on foreign currencies, interest rate (Eurodollar, Treasuries, swaps, etc.) and stock index products (S&P 500, Russell and Dow indexes, etc.).
In addition, "energy futures" comprising such products as crude oil and heating oil, and "metals futures" (the metals)," like silver and gold, have become additional futures classifications.
== References ==
Category:Futures
Category:Commodities
Commodity pool

In a commodity pool, a group of investors pool their money to trade in futures contracts as one entity to gain leverage they would not have trading individually. Unlike mutual funds, commodity pools are private. They are regulated by the CFTC and the NFA. Many hedge funds are commodity pools. 
Benefits also include bypassing margin requirements and limiting risk to the amount invested in the pool. Additionally, the commodity pool operator may be exempt from registration requirements, depending on the number of participants, capital contributions, and whether participants are accredited investors or qualified purchasers.
== References ==
Category:Futures Trading
Common Clearing Link

The Common Clearing Link established between the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade in 2004 has provided both evidence of the economies of scale from shared clearing services and a centerpiece for the evolution of competition policy in the exchange industry.
The deal, first agreed in April 2003 - and operational from January 2004 - saw the CBOT outsource clearing and related services for all its products to the CME. The move saw the CBOT sever its long-standing links with the Board of Trade Clearing Corporation.
== References ==
Category:Clearing
Category:CME Group
Category:CBOT
Community Independent Transaction Log

The Community Independent Transaction Log (CITL) is one of two major carbon registries which tracks European Union Allowances (EUAs) for all 27 EU countries as part of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme EU ETS.
The CITL linked with the United Nations' carbon registry called International Transaction Log (ITL) on October 16, 2008 which allows EU ETS participants to import UN program offsets such as CERs. 
== References ==
Community Reinvestment Act

The Community Reinvestment Act is a bill enacted by congress in 1977 that intended to encourage depository institutions to help meet the credit needs of the communities in which they operate, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with safe and sound operations. The regulation was substantially revised in May 1995 and updated again in August 2005. It has been blamed for being a major contributing factor to the 2008 housing collapse by lowing acceptable lending standards. 
The Fed, together with the other financial regulatory agencies, is currently considering what can be done to make CRA a more effective regulatory incentive going forward to address an unprecedented set of community needs in the wake of the foreclosure crisis. As part of this regulatory initiative, the agencies held CRA hearings and invited written comments on how to improve CRA in June 2010. In December, 2010, the agencies published amendments to the rule to encourage financial institutions to participate in activities aimed at revitalizing areas designated by the Department of Housing and Urban Development for funds under the Neighborhood Stabilization Program.
== References ==
Category: U.S Legislation
Compagnie Financière Tradition

Compagnie Financière Tradition (CFT) is an interdealer broker in over-the-counter financial and commodity related products. CFT acts as an intermediary in financial and commodity transactions in 28 countries spanning five continents. It is majority-owned by VIEL & Cie. TSH SA and TFS SA are the two subsidiaries operated by CFT.
Tradition is the North American interdealer broking arm of Compagnie Financière Tradition and one of the world's largest interdealer brokers in over-the-counter financial and commodity related products. Compagnie Financière Tradition is listed on the Swiss stock exchange. It only operates as a broker, taking no positions or dealing risks in the financial markets.
Tradition is also one of the five founding firms of the Wholesale Markets Brokers' Association Americas Inc. (WMBAA). The industry advocacy group, which also includes BGC Partners, ICAP, Tullett Prebon and GFI Group, was formed in 2009 to "promote the quality and standards of the industry and a better understanding of the critical role played by wholesale brokers in the efficient functioning of financial markets." One of the WMBAA's events is SEFCON, an annual conference on issues related to the regulation of swap execution facilities.
== History ==
On 15 January 2014, Compagnie Financière Tradition announced that Lloyds Bank plc joined Tradition’s Trad-X platform as a founder. Trad-X is Tradition's new hybrid trading platform for OTC derivatives and other financial instruments, which operated as an FCA-regulated Multilateral Trading Facility(MTF) and enables clients to trade interest rate swaps and has been conceived with the ability to cover all currencies and products across the rates spectrum.
At SEFCON III, held in November 2012, John Lothian News interviewed Tradition's Julian Harding, one of the founding members of the WMBAA board and the 2012 vice-chairman of the organization. 
OTC Brokers vs. Exchanges and the Futurization of Swaps from Julian Harding of Tradition
== Key People ==
*Patrick Combes - Chairman of the Board of Directors/ Chief Executive Officer
*Emil Assentato - Managing Director TSH Americas
*Adrian Bell - COO Asia-Pacific
*Donald P. Fewer - Senior Managing Director of Standard Credit Group, New York
*François Brisebois - Group CFO
*Michael Leibowitz - COO Americas and EMEA
*Larry Rosenshein - Managing Director of TFS Americas
*Dominique Velter - Strategic Marketing Director
*Scott Fitzpatrick - CEO, Tradition SEF
*William Wostyn - Corporate Chief Legal Officer, Secretary of the Executive Board
== References ==
Category:Interdealer Brokers
Category:Tradition
Complete clearing

Complete clearing is one of three styles of clearing used before the launching of the Board of Trade Clearing Corporation in 1925. It interposes the clearinghouse as a counterparty to each side of every
exchange-traded contract. The Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce Clearing Association was the U.S.'s first "complete clearing" clearinghouse.
Contracts traded on the exchange and accepted for clearing require the clearinghouse to take the buy side of every contract to sell and the sell side of every contract to buy. This role substitutes the credit risk of the clearinghouse for the credit risk of individual counterparties. Thus, contracts exchanged in a complete clearing system are completely fungible.
==See Also==
*Direct settlement
*Clearing through Rings
== References ==
Category:Clearing
Complex Event Processing

Complex Event Processing (CEP) is a technology for low latency filtering, correlating, aggregating and computing on real world event data.
CEP's have the ability to manage real time data on the fly, manage numerous data streams, enable an immediate response to changing conditions and aggregates low level data to produce high level trends as well as averages and positions in real time.
CEP Providers:
*Aleri
*Apama
*StreamBase Systems
Complex Order Auction

The CBOE's Complex Order Book (COB) and Complex Order Auction (COA) automate the order handling and execution process for complex orders while continuing to provide the potential for price improvement through a brief auction process. With COA, eligible complex orders will initiate a brief auction for price improvement. An order exposed to COA will, after COA, be sent to COB where it will execute or "book."
== When COA is Enabled ==
*Eligible complex orders will initiate an electronic auction for price improvement.
*At the expiration of the auction period, the order will either trade at an improved price, the current price or book to the COB.
*If booked, the order will electronically execute if COB conditions are met.
== COB Conditions ==
Once in the COB, the order will automatically execute if:
*The quotes for the individual legs line up to make the resting order marketable;
*An opposing order is booked that touches the resting order;
*A CBOE Hybrid quoter submits a strategy order that touches the resting order. 
== References ==
Category:Options Exchanges
Category:Options
Complex Order Book

In options trading, complex orders involve more than one options series. They typically have two legs, but they can involved three, four or more series. They come in a number of types, such as spreads, straddles, and combinations. A package could include two calls, two puts, or a put and a call. Complex orders can also be made up of an option and shares of the underlying stock.
Multi-leg trades have been around as long as options have been traded, but in the past ten years they have moved from the floors to electronic trading systems. Traders post complex orders on the books as a package, quoting a single net price. The prices are typically better than would be obtained by trading the component legs separately.
Brokers use complex order books (COBs) primarily for small orders of no more than 20 or 30 contracts, while sending the larger orders to market makers or to exchange floors. 
== References ==
Category:Options
Category:Electronic Trading