nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Investec

== History ==
Investec, comprised of Investec plc and Investec Limited, provides investment banking and asset management services internationally. Founded in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1974, the main banking branches of the company now exist as Investec Bank plc (IBP) and Investec Bank Limited (IBL).
In February 2010, the company acquired 75 percent interest in Leasedirect Finance Limited (LDF).
== Products and Services ==
Investec is divided into six divisions:
*Asset Management 
*Wealth and Investment 
*Property Activities 
*Private Banking 
*Investment Banking 
*Capital Markets
== Key People ==
*Stephen Koseff, Chief Executive Officer 
*Bernard Kantor, Managing Director 
*Glyn Burger, Group Risk and Finance Director 
*Hendrik du Toit, Chief Executive Officer 
== References ==
Category:Investment Banks
Category:Asset Managers
Investment

In financial terms, individuals and corporations make investments when they use capital to purchase securities, assets or property with the intention of profiting from them in future. Economists refer to all capital in an economy that stimulates new or increased production as investment. 
Historically, investment was solely the result of forgone consumption and that is still the case today in societies with closed economies, which rely for investment purely on the savings of individuals, private companies and governments. Societies with more open economies, however, can attract foreign investment and broaden their development opportunities.
== What's it worth? ==
Investors measure the productivity of their investment in several ways but probably the most popular is return on investment (ROI). It is calculated by dividing the investment's return by its cost and is experessed as either a ratio or a percentage, the higher the better. However, ROI can also be misleading depending on how the terms 'return' and 'cost' are defined.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Market Terms
Investment Adviser Association

The Investment Adviser Association is a not-for-profit organization that represents the interests of SEC-registered investment adviser firms. The Association was founded in 1937 as the Investment Counsel Association of America. Its name was changed to the Investment Adviser Association in 2005.
It consists of approximately 500 firms that manage assets for a wide variety of institutional and individual clients, including pension plans, trusts, investment companies, endowments, foundations, and corporations. 
The Investment Adviser Association works with policy makers on every legislative and regulatory issue that directly affects investment advisers. It represents the interests of investment advisers on Capitol Hill and works with members of Congress and their staffs to educate them about relevant issues. 
The IAA regularly comments on rule changes proposed by the SEC, Department of Labor, other federal and state agencies, and international regulators that directly affect the investment adviser industry and the IAA membership. 
== History ==
The Association played a major role in the enactment of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the federal law regulating the investment adviser industry. 
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
Category:Investments
Investment Company Act of 1940

The Investment Company Act of 1940 is an act of Congress that was passed as a set of laws which regulate the registration and activities of an investment company. This regulation is policed by the Securities and Exchange Commission. 
The passing of the act followed the creation of the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 which were put into play to regulate the securities industry in the interest of the public.
== References ==
Category:Legislation
Category:Securities Law
Investment Company Institute Education Foundation

The ICI Education Foundation is the 501(c)(3) educational affiliate of the Investment Company Institute. The foundation partners with government agencies and other nonprofit organizations to help promote or enhance investor awareness on behalf of the mutual fund industry.
== History ==
The ICIEF was formed in 1989. Since 2000, the foundation's primary focus has been the Investing for Success program and partnerships. This program is designed to strengthen investor awareness in the African-American and Hispanic communities. 
The foundation also participates in national educational partnerships and programs, including those of the American Savings Education Council, Alliance for Investor Education, Congressional Black Caucus Foundation and the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute.
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Alliance for Investor Education
Category:Educators
Category:Charitable Organizations
Investment Industry Association of Canada

The Investment Industry Association of Canada (IIAC) is a financial industry association that aims to advance the growth and development of the Canadian investment industry. It was formerly the industry association arm of the Investment Dealers Association of Canada. 
== History ==
In September of 2009, industry associations including Investment Industry Association of Canada called on G20 finance ministers to ensure reforms promote open markets. 
== Products and Services ==
IIAC represents the investment industry’s views and interests to federal and provincial governments and their agencies, and to self-regulatory organizations (SROs), in areas including securities and capital markets legislation and regulation, and fiscal and monetary policy. The association works to ensure legislation and regulatory policy implemented by SROs, securities commissions, government bodies and other industry entities recognize members' business realities and requirements. 
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
*President & CEO, Ian C.W. Russell, FCSI, 
*Vice President, Morag MacGougan, B.A., LL.B.
 
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
Investment company

An investment company generally is a corporation, business trust, partnership, or limited liability company that issues securities and is primarily engaged in the business of investing in securities. An investor shares in the profits and losses in proportion to their interest in the investment company.
Federal securities laws categorize investment companies into mutual funds, closed-end funds and unit investment trusts (UTIs). Investment companies are regulated primarily under the Investment Company Act of 1940.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Investor

Investors in the capital markets generally have a longer-term, buy-and-hold philosophy compared to the shorter-term outlook and strategy basis of traders. Most powerful are the institutional investors like pension funds but individual investors are generally more numerous and gaining clout.
== Big dogs ==
Institutional investors held increasingly more stocks in more corporations recently than in previous years, according to the latest figures from 2005. They increased their equity ownership on U.S. markets by 39 percent over a 3-year period, from $17.3 trillion in 2002 to $24.1 trillion in 2005. Institutional investors in 2005 also held 61.2 percent of all U.S. equities in 2005, up from 51.4 percent in 2000.
== Lone wolves ==
Individual investors, many home-based and often older, have been gaining increasing recognition in recent years as their numbers continue to grow with the impending baby-boomer retirement bubble. NYSE Euronext, like other established markets, now has a comprehensive page of information and updates on its website aimed at its individual-investor customers. One representative group, the American Association of Individual Investors (AAII), maintains a popular site that includes a 'shadow' stock portfolio based on AAII guidance that has returned an average 13.6 percent over 10 years.
== References ==
Category:Market Terms
Category:Definitions
Investor AB

Investor AB is an investment and holding company located in Stockholm, Sweden. Investor AB holds positions in companies such as Astra Zeneca, Nasdaq OMX and Saab. 
In 2006 the firm had a market value of $16 billion, making it one of the most capitalized companies in Sweden. The company operates under the concept of generating long-term attractive returns through owning and developing companies. Investor AB focuses growing companies still in the development stage by funding strategic initiatives and capturing investment opportunities by use of their cash flows. Investors realize returns through dividends paid out to shareholders on capital gains. The firm holds shares in predominantly European industrial companies. 
== History ==
Investor AB was established when new legislation made it considerably more difficult for Swedish banks to own stocks in industrial companies on along-term basis. The shareholdings of Stockholm's Enskilda Bank were then transferred to the industrial
holding company investor. 
After being listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1917, Jacob Wallenberg was elected chairman of the company. In 1992 the company merged with Providentia in what was perhaps the largest move since the firm's inception.
== Investing Strategies ==
The firm utilizes the investing strategies of significant ownership - holding a large enough stake in a company to impact key decisions on companies' boards aimed at long term growth; investing in high-quality companies, and keeping the flexibility to act, with a leverage target of 5% tp 10% the firm has available cash resources which grant it the ability to be maneuverable.
== Key People ==
*Jacob Wallenberg, Chairman
*Borje Ekholm, President and CEO
== References ==
Iowa Grain Company

Iowa Grain Company was a brokerage company that has a history of specialization in the agricultural area. 
The firm was an independent firm that provided brokerage services in agriculture futures and options as well as dairy and biodiesel markets for 40 years.
Iowa Grain Company was acquired by ADM Investor Services in June of 2008, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Archer Daniels Midland.The firm had announced an earlier merger agreement with R.J. O'Brien & Associates in July 2007, but that deal fell apart leaving both firms independent. 
== History ==
The firm was founded by professional grain brokers and traders 40 years ago. 
EHedger is an affiliate of Iowa Grain.
== Products and Services ==
== Resources == 
*Iowa Grain Company LinkedIn Page
== References ==
Category:Brokerages
Category:Futures Commission Merchants
Category:Brokerages
Category:ADM Investor Services
Category:Iowa Grain Company
Iownit

Iownit is a platform for digitizing securities issuance, lifecycle management and secondary trading. It issues private placement securities on a Hyperledger blockchain. Trading on the platform is available to institutional and accredited investors. Iownit capital and markets [sic], Inc. is the parent company of IOI Capital and Markets, LLC (IOI). IOI is a registered broker dealer which was approved by FINRA to act as a placement agent for private securities issued on the iownit platform.
The company announced in June 2019 that it had received $4.5 million in investments from private investors. Iownit said at the time that it would use the funding to complete the regulatory process. 
== References ==
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Category:cryptocurrency
Category:securities
Iqbal Brainch

__NOTOC__ 
Iqbal Brainch is a Chicago-based marketing professional with a focus on financial markets. He is Chief Marketing Officer at PreparedHealth. Previously, he was a vice president at OptionsCity Software, which has since been acquired by Vela Trading Technologies, for marketing and product strategy. Prior to that, he was the chief marketing officer of Advantage Futures, a Chicago-based futures commission merchant.
== Background ==
Brainch joined PreparedHealth in August of 2017.
Previously, Brainch joined OptionsCity, which has since been acquired by Vela Trading Technologies, in December of 2014 from Advantage. He had joined Advantage Futures in January 2008 as the chief marketing officer. His responsibilities inclcudee managing the company’s marketing, branding and public relations strategies, and successfully executing integrated marketing plans. 
Before Advantage, Brainch was associate director of marketing for Chicago Mercantile Exchange.
Before CME, Brainch was vice president, director of brand marketing for Van Kampen Investments, a subsidiary of Morgan Stanley. His career began in Brand Management at Procter & Gamble. 
== Education ==
Iqbal holds a bachelor of arts in economics and biology from Washington University, and a MBA from the Kellogg School of Management.
== References ==	
Category:Advantage Futures - Former Employees
Category:CME Group
Ira Bodenstein

__NOTOC__ 
Ira Bodenstein is a member of the law firm of Shaw Gussis Fishman Glantz Wolfson & Towbin LLC. He was appointed to be the Chapter 7 trustee for Peregrine Financial Group Inc.’s liquidation. 
 
In January of 2013 Bodenstein sought permission from the Chicago bankruptcy court to run Peregrine Financial Group's defunct brokerage until mid-March 2013, while trimming its staff to 15. In a court filing, he said he had closed all of Peregrine's Iowa-based operations but needed more time to shut down the firm's operations and sell off its assets. 
He is a member of the bar in Illinois and Florida. 
== Background ==
Bodenstein served as counsel for the receiver in the liquidation of commodity pool Lake Shore Asset Management in 2007. 
He was appointed by former U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno to serve as a United States Trustee for Region 11, comprising the Northern District of Illinois and the State of Wisconsin, from May 1998 through January 2006, when he joined Shaw Gussis. As a United States Trustee, he served as head of the Justice Department component with primary responsibility over all bankruptcy cases filed in Region 11.
== Education ==
*J.D., University of Miami School of Law, 1980
*B.A., Franklin and Marshall College, 1977
== References ==
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Ira Hammerman

__NOTOC__ 
In June 2004, Ira D. Hammerman was named senior managing director and general counsel of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association.
 
== Background ==
Prior to joining SIFMA, Hammerman was a partner at Clifford Chance US LLP, a global law firm, where his practice focused on securities regulation of U.S. and foreign financial institutions, including broker-dealers, investment advisers, banks and investment companies. 
He has over two dozen years of experience representing the financial services industry before the Securities and Exchange Commission, the National Association of Securities Dealers, the American Stock Exchange, the New York Stock Exchange and state regulators. He's also represented public companies in issues regarding trading, compliance and enforcement. 
== Education ==
In 1982, Hammerman received a BA (Phi Beta Kappa) in Political Science from Emory University. He received his law degree from Georgetown University Law Center in 1985 and was first licensed to practice law in New York in 1986. He is also a member of the District of Columbia bar.
== References ==
Category:SIFMA Staff
Category:Bios - Executives
Ira Polk

Ira Polk is a veteran futures industry executive. He retired as chief financial officer of Man Financial in 2006. He later served as chief administrative officer of MF Global, the derivatives brokerage formerly known as Man Financial. He was appointed as interim chief financial officer following the resignation of Amy Butte on January 4, 2008.
== Background ==
Ira Polk served as president of Man Group USA Inc. prior to Man Group spinning off Man Financial in an initial public offering.
Polk served as chief administrative officer of MF Global Ltd. (formerly, Man Financial Ltd.) until March 27, 2009 and its Interim Chief Financial Officer from January 2008 to 
Polk served as Chief Financial Officer of MF Global from 1999 to 2006.
He served on the board of directors of the Clearing Corporation, as well as on the executive committee of the Futures Industry Association.
Polk joined Man Financial in 1985, and served as vice-chairman and chief financial officer prior to its spin-off from Man Group in an initial public offering in July 2007.
A certified public accountant, Polk served on a number of industry bodies, and was treasurer and secretary of the Futures Industry Association. 
He was a board member of the US Futures Exchange, chairing its finance committee, The Clearing Corporation and the New York Clearing Corporation.
Prior to Man, Polk was with several specialty futures brokers – including Rudolf Wolf Johnson Matthey & Wallace - as CFO, and worked in public accounting with Ernst & Young for 10 years before leaving to join a client. 
Polk received total compensation of $4.81m from MF Global in fiscal 2007, including a salary of $322,438, a $2.4m bonus and share and option awards.
== Education ==
Polk graduated with an MA from Rutgers University.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:MF Global
Category:MF Global
Ira Y. Munn

__NOTOC__ 
Ira. Y. Munn was Chicago businessman, insurance executive, and warehouseman who was president of the Chicago Board of Trade in 1860 and 1861 and the Chicago Chamber of Commerce in 1868. He was the leader of an early corner of the wheat market in the spring of 1872.
He was a party to a famous U.S. Supreme Court case, Munn v. Illinois, which held that businesses that affected the public interest were subject to public regulation.
== Background ==
Munn was originally from New Jersey and came to Chicago before the Civil War. He built an elevator in 1856 as a partner in Munn, Gill & Company. Munn built additional elevators in 1864, all of which survived the Chicago Fire of 1871.
He was the designer of improvements in grain elevator design, including the idea of emptying grain into upside-down pyramid-shaped pits in the ground lined with concrete or wood. He also devised a grain grading system.
Munn was a supporter of the Civil War regiment raised by the Chicago Board of Trade members. 
He was involved in the insurance business and newspaperman. He was a vice president of the Equitable Life Insurance Company of Chicago, a vice president of the Northwestern Mutual Life Company of Chicago and one of the founder of the Chicago Republican, a daily newspaper.
In 1870, the new Illinois Constitution established to incorporate post-Civil War laws put railroads and elevators under the control of a Railroad and Warehouse Commission. The powers of the commission included the right to regulate rail and storage rates and to inspect public grain elevators. Munn, who was a Chicago elevator operator, challenged the legality of the commission in Munn v. Illinois. Ultimately, the U.S. Supreme Court in 1877 affirmed the commission's power as being in “the public interest.”
In the aftermath of the 1871 wheat market corner attempt, Munn sold his elevators he owned to George Armour for $10. Munn was later declared bankrupt and had over 150 creditors. Munn was represented by John Jewett, a prominent Chicago lawyer who later co-founded the Chicago Bar Association and served as its first president. Jewett also served as the dean of the John Marshall Law School, where he lectured on constitutional law.
During an investigation into missing grain from his elevators, it was discovered that a floor had been established near the top of the elevator, which made it appear more grain was present that was really there.
As a result of the controversy over the corner, fraud and bankruptcy, Munn and his partner George L. Scott were expelled from the membership of the CBOT. Munn fled the city, never to return.
== References ==	
Category:Presidents of the Chicago Board of Trade
Category:Former CBOT Officials
Category:Deceased Members of the Chicago Board of Trade
Iraq Stock Exchange

The Iraq Stock Exchange introduced electronic trading in April of 2009 with a platform powered by NASDAQ OMX. {{
== History ==
The ISX is a non-profit entity that was established on April 18, 2004 according and began trading on June 24, 2004. It says it is committed to developing a transparent, open, and competitive trading environment.
The headquarters for ISX is in Baghdad, but it has the right to open branches in other Iraqi cities. It has its own set of operating rules and recently completed a draft of new by-laws.
The ISX is a separate entity from the Baghdad Stock Exchange, which no longer exists.
The ISX is independent from the Iraqi government, including the Ministry of Finance. It is owned by its members, who are brokers. It is regulated by the Securities Commission of Iraq.
== Products and Services ==
The ISX offers trading in individual equities and has a main ISX index, as well as sector indices in 
*Banks
*Insurance
*Investment
*Services
*Industry
*Tourism & Hotels
*Agriculture
*Telecom
*Money Transfer
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Stock Exchanges
Irene Tse

__NOTOC__ 
Irene Tse is the founder of Tse Capital Advisors GP L.L.C., a New York-based hedge fund.
Previously, she was the chief investment officer for JPMorgan Chase & Co. in North America. She also is a member of J.P. Morgan Chase’s executive committee, the firm’s senior leadership group. Tse succeeded Althea Duersten, who retired.
She left her post at JP Morgan to start a hedge fund in early 2013.
 
== Background ==
Prior to joining J.P. Morgan Chase, Tse was a managing director and portfolio manager at Duquesne Capital Management, focusing on global macro investing. During her three years at Duquesne, she worked closely with founder Stanley Druckenmiller. Prior to joining Duquesne in 2008, she was a partner and co-head of U.S. rates at Goldman Sachs.
Tse was also a member of the Treasury Borrowing Advisory Committee, which is a government-appointed panel of economic advisors that has counseled lawmakers for almost half a century. 
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:JP Morgan
Category:JP Morgan
Category:Goldman Sachs
Category:Goldman Sachs
Irfan Hussain

__NOTOC__ 
Irfan Hussain joined the London Stock Exchange Group as chief information officer in January of 2024. In this role, he leads LSE Group's technology team. 
Hussain came to LSE Group from Goldman Sachs, where he was chief operating & strategy officer for engineering. He was also co-chair of Goldman's Firmwide New Activity Committee and a member of the Global Diversity and Inclusion and Firmwide Technology Risk Committees.
He currently serves on the Board of Trustees of the Horace Mann School in New York and is a member of the Computer Science Advisory Council of the University of Texas at Austin. 
== Background ==
Previously, Hussain was the chief information officer for Consumer and Wealth Management at Goldman, and has held other positions at the firm in the Global Banking and Markets and Asset and Wealth Management divisions in New York, Tokyo and Hong Kong. 
Hussain joined Goldman in 1995 as an analyst in Foreign Exchange Technology, was promoted to managing director in 2006 and partner in 2014. 
== Education ==
Hussain received his Bachelor of Science in computer science from the University of Texas at Austin. 
== References ==	
Category:Goldman Sachs - Former Employees