nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Infrasound

Infrasound includes all sounds below roughly 20 Hertz. Such frequencies are too low to be heard directly by the human ear except at volumes much louder than frequencies above 20 Hz, 70-100 dB(G) depending on frequency. They are produced during extreme weather, earthquakes, explosive detonations, meteor impacts, turbulent airflow over mountains, the collision of oceanic waves, and other large scale releases of energy, but they are also produced by waves on beaches, the wind and air conditioners in low sound pressures, and by elephants and giraffes.Infrasound, BBC GCSE Bitesize
People cannot consciously hear it, but it has been shown to cause strange and uneasy feelings when played to a crowd at very high decibel levels, which may explain certain paranormal activities. For this reason, it has been occasionally advocated as a non-lethal weapon for riot control.The Acoustics of War, Daria Vaisman, Cabinet Magazine, Winter 2001/02You Can’t Blow Somebody’s Brain Up With Sound, Smithsonian Magazine, Nov 21, 2012 It can be felt directly through the chest and stomach and may affect heart and digestive function, leading to the myth of a and the potential for sonic weapons that could kill or injure. This potential was explored by Nazi engineers but never actually utilized. QI
The ability of certain animals to hear this type of sound explains why they go crazy and flee inland as a tsunami approaches, scaring the others and causing them to follow.Can Animals Predict Disaster? Listening to Infrasound, PBS, June 3, 2008 This is good to know, because the less-learned of creationist types will use this anecdote as proof that animals can be guided by the hand of God, which is why some Babylonian myth about a boat is true, and why the geological column is sorted the way it is, and other such nonsense. Some animals, especially birds, might also be able to detect the electromagnetic disturbance caused by the shifting of underwater rock that creates the tsunami.
It is said Infrasound also makes people spiritual.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3087674.stm Additionally, it may account for some ghost sightings, reports that a place feels "haunted", or that someone unseen is watching them.
==Wind Turbine Syndrome==
Some people who live near man-made sources of infrasound, including older wind turbines and industrial ventilation fans, have claimed to suffer ongoing headaches, tachycardia, and unexplained fear and emotional distress. This has become known as wind turbine syndrome. There is no physiological basis for this claim, or for Wind Turbine Syndrome.http://www.quora.com/Wind-Power/Is-the-infrasound-emitted-by-wind-turbines-harmful-to-humans-or-animals
==Nuclear detonations==
Infrasound is released by nuclear explosions and monitored by international authorities in order to enforce the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty.Infrasound Monitoring, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Organization, accessed 22 Nov 2016
==See also==
*Dyatlov Pass, where Russian hikers mysterious died, blamed by some on panic caused by infrasound.
==References==
Category:Physics
Category:Sound
Instapundit

Instapundit is a blog by Glenn Reynolds, professor at the University of Tennessee College of Law. It became popular immediately after 9/11 due to his hawkish stance on the War on Terror. For a couple of years his was the most popular blog on the internet. He claims to be a libertarian but his point of view is much closer to that of Neal Boortz or Eric S. Raymond: libertarian only when convenient (he supports same sex marriage and the legalization of drugs), but otherwise strictly a conservative Republican who is short on public policy analysis, long on war cheerleading, and with a sizable hate-on for liberals.
==Original content? Original schmontent!==
Instapundit has very little original content. Much like the Drudge Report, it is less a weblog than a news aggregator site sending traffic to real articles on other sites. Original content appears to be limited to a few words:
* Heh
* Indeed
* Read the whole thing
Instapundit was a big booster of Glenn Beck's 2009 campaign against Obama, the Going Galt nonsense, and some "Tea Party" protests apparently cut from the same stuff.
On the plus side, he does have good taste in music. But since when was that an excuse?
==Stopped Clock==
Aside from the aforementioned pro-drug legalization stance, he is strongly opposed to the abuse of eminent domain, and he supports reforming the criminal justice system as well. He rarely talks about this on Instapundit, though. He also mocked the controversy surrounding Janet Jackson's nipples at the 2004 Superbowl Halftime show.
==External links==
*Heh, indeed. Read the whole thing.
*Glenn Greenwald trashes Reynolds. Heh, indeed.
*Heh. Indeed.
*One of his stopped clock moments. Read the whole thing.]
Category:Blogs
Category:Libertarianism
Institute for Historical Review

The Institute for Historical Review (IHR) is an American publisher with a misleading name, controversial for its associations with holocaust denial and holocaust revisionism. The Southern Poverty Law Center regards the IHR as a hate group, and a "pseudo-academic organisation" whose purpose is to "promote Holocaust denial and defend Nazism". 
==History==
The IHR was founded in 1978 by David McCalden of the National Front and Willis Carto of the Liberty Lobby, and served as an outlet for antisemitism, publishing texts on Holocaust denial and Judeo–Bolshevism. In 1979, the IHR offered a $50,000 reward for proof that gas chambers existed in Auschwitz and for the purpose of killing people. Mel Mermelstein, a survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau, wrote to the IHR but his account of captivity was ruled not to be sufficient evidence. This led to a lawsuit with Mermelstein in 1981, represented by lawyer William John Cox. After four years and two courts, it was ruled that the Holocaust was an established fact that did not require additional evidence to prove, and the IHR was ordered to pay $90,000 to Mermelstein, publicly humiliating Carto in the process. During the trial, the IHR's office was subject to firebombing, which destroyed most of its text and audio archive. In the early 1990s, Carto was forced out of the IHR, and was sued for $5 million dollars for embezzling funds.
Since then the IHR has had a change in its focus. With holocaust denial no longer being legally defensible, it became a publisher of negationism. With negationism, authors and publishers can drive a "teach the controversy"-type narrative that basic facts are heavily disputed among historians. Its current director, Mark Weber, has been quoted as accepting the deaths of millions of Jews, but insists that the figures of 10, 6 and 2 million is an on-going debate among historians,Independent — "California public transportation company allows adverts from Holocaust denial group". though his claims the Holocaust is a hoax religion and his continued support for Neo-Nazis suggests that he is not being honest.SPLC Center - "Mark Weber".
==References==
Category:Antisemites
Category:Denialist organizations
Category:Holocaust denialists
Category:Misnomers
Category:Neo-Nazis
Category:Pseudohistory promoters
Insurgency

An insurgency is any kind of armed rebellion against an established authority by a group not recognized as a legitimate belligerent, regardless of the form of violence or the nature of the regime being fought. Some insurgents acquire a reputation as good, freedom-loving heroes, while others are nothing but bandits and terrorists trying to destroy all that is good. Most end up as both, depending on the timing or audience. 
One particularly well-known and successful insurgency started in the 1770s in North America.
==Theory of insurgency==
The best known theorist of insurgency is Mao Zedong, who wrote On Guerrilla Warfare.On Guerrilla Warfare. Mao Tse-tung Reference Archive. He laid out the best blueprint ever written for the practical insurgent. Specifically, Mao laid out the importance of winning the "hearts and minds" of the population, a crucial move because the population provides the support and cover for the insurgency. 
Mao laid out three "phases" of insurgency:
# Political work: Working among the peasantry to win them over, and build a base from which to operate.
# Guerrilla warfare: This is where the insurgents fight the state, but in harassing actions or against communications and logistics. The objective is not to win territory, but to weaken the enemy while consolidating one's own power.
# Conventional war: Once the enemy is weak enough, and the insurgent has enough control to fight large-scale battles, the insurgent must take control of the ground. 
This is not the only theory of insurgency, however. was a popular theory in the 1960s and 70s that focused on the ability of violence to create its own logic and win its own support, bypassing step one. While it seemed to work in Cuba under Che Guevera,Che Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare (Latin American Silhouettes). Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. . it has not enjoyed any success since then.
==Terrorism==
Many insurgent groups use terrorism as a tactic to weaken the opposing state or to cow the population into submission. This has not produced many tangible victories as of yet, if only because it tends to harden the opponents against any form of reconciliation rather than promote it. 
However, many have theorized that terrorism can be an effective tactic for the first phase of an insurgency, as a way of establishing control of a small region and of building support before moving on to stage 2. However, few terrorist groups have put this into practice, and it explicitly violates Mao's precepts for building support. 
==See also==
*Direct action
==Notes==
==References==
Category:War
Intellectual disability

Intellectual disability (ID), formerly called mental retardation (often abbreviated MR in clinical settings that still use the term), refers to various physiological conditions that slow or limit cognitive development.
==The R word==
Since mental retardation generally results in what we could call stupidity, it is used as a derogatory insult against people and concepts considered to be extremely, irredeemably bad.
Using the word "retarded" as an insult is now viewed by many to be offensive to people with mental disabilities for 2 reasons:
* It degrades disability.
* It's often insulting by comparison. For example, some people consider the saying, "anti-vaxxers are retarded" as insulting to people with genuine intellectual disabilities, since they might be falsely attributed to belonging to idiot anti-vaccine groups.
===Spread the word to end the word===
Most prominent is the United States social campaign Spread the Word to End the Word,Spread the Word to End the Word which requests that people refrain from using the word altogether and compares it to racial epithets like the N word.
The campaign, while well-meaning, has met with a mixed reaction. Pragmatists argue that simply banning a particular word doesn't automatically remove the stigmatization of and discrimination against the social group attached to it. This can be directly observed even with the term "retard" itself, which is a middle word in what's known as a "euphemism treadmill" that started with "idiot", "imbecile", or "moron" and has since added "mentally challenged" and "special" as terms that turned derogatory.The Euphemism Treadmill - replacing the "R-Word"The R Word and the Euphemism Treadmill Of course, simply choosing not to say a certain word isn't exactly difficult, and it respects the feelings and dignity of people with disabilities.
Regardless of the campaign's effectiveness, the word is still evocative of childish catch-all name-calling (similar to "gay" as an insult) and if nothing else, should be avoided for that reason. As it is also quite frequently utilized against disabled or mentally ill people by certain awful groups, especially often in targeting 'SJWs', use of this word should additionally be avoided for that reason.
==References==
Category:Discrimination
Category:Euphemisms
Category:Language
Category:Medicine
Category:Political correctness
Category:Psychology
Category:Disability
Intelligence (journal)

Intelligence is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal devoted to the psychological study of intelligence. It is published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Society for Intelligence Research. It is known for publishing pseudoscience and scientific racism.
The editor-in-chief is Richard Haier, who was a signatory on the 1994 Wall Street Journal editorial Perhaps Haier's most controversial decision as editor has been to allow racialist pseudoscientists to serve on the journal's editorial board, including Richard Lynn and Gerhard Meisenberg (though neither of them do anymore"Intelligence - Editorial board". ScienceDirect.), both editors-in-chief (Lynn former, Meisenberg current) of Mankind Quarterly.It might be a pseudo science, but students take the threat of eugenics very seriously The journal has also been criticized for publishing some fishy research by Davide Piffer of the racist OpenPsych journal, who also researched pseudoscientific topics like ESP.Wikipedia wars: inside the fight against far-right editors, vandals and sock puppets Piffer's research has been cited by the white nationalist American Renaissance magazine as evidence for racial differences in intelligence.
==Editorial board==
Advocates of hereditarianism and HBD pseudoscience that are on the editorial board includeEditorial board. sciencedirect.com.:
*Richard Haier
*Heiner Rindermann
*Russell T. Warne
In 2024, the journal is calling for a new Editor in Chief.Call for Editor in Chief - Intelligence. sciencedirect.com.
==Papers==
Intelligence has most controversially published papers by far-right individuals and white supremacists:
==External links==
*Official website
==References==
Category:Journals
Category:Psychology-related stubs
Category:Racism
Category:Racialism
Category:Pseudoscience promoting organizations
Category:Psychology
Intelligent Design vs. Evolution - Letters to an Atheist

Intelligent Design vs. Evolution - Letters to an Atheist () is a book authored by Ray Comfort, published in 2006. The book contains an email conversation with Comfort and "prominent" American atheist James D. Franz; however there is some dispute as to whether this James D. Franz even exists. Any record of this man seems nonexistent, and some have challenged Comfort to produce any evidence for this man.http://raytractors.blogspot.com/2008/07/james-d-franz-challenge.html
==Ratings==
On his website Living Waters, Comfort posts a review from Amazon about the book: 
However, that was the ONLY 5 star vote! Only one 2 star vote, and seven 1 star votes. The first one star comment said this: 
==Contents==
In this book, Comfort shares his conversation with an atheist regarding religion and science. He lines up each conversation in order, although there seems to be some of the emails cut off, because Comfort claims they were "getting off topic" that may be addressed elsewhere. On the side, Comfort includes references and comments about certain sections of Franz's email. They mainly include clarifications, Bible verses, and long-debunked creationist propaganda. Some do not even address Franz's statements; they are cited to sources created by Comfort or a particular creationist source.
Comfort claims there is no evidence for evolution, just "monkey skulls," and it is easier to prove the Earth is flat. Comfort only addresses skulls, but he ignores many scientific fields other than paleontology that not only support evolution but also confirm evolution, in great detail. Mountains of evidence support evolution, such as genetics, and the fact that we have documented and observed, and continue to observe, speciation. Ray also says evolution cannot happen due to entropy, basing it on the second law of thermodynamics. However, the Second Law only applies to closed systems, and the earth is not a closed system, so the Second Law doesn't even apply. For evolution to occur, only the following are required: reproduction, heritable variation, and selection. All of these are seen to happen all the time, so, obviously, no physical laws are preventing them.
==External links==
*Google review
==References==
Category:Books
Category:Reviews
Category:Creationism
Category:Ray Comfort
Intelligent falling

239px|right|thumb|Jesus could crush the universe in his fist if he felt like it, Mr. Chick!
Intelligent falling (or IF) is a parody of intelligent design (ID) that holds that gravity is actually the hand(s) of God pushing objects down toward each other.
==Creation==
Intelligent falling was created on Usenet in 2002 as a parody of intelligent design.https://groups.google.com/forum/#!original/alt.atheism/NNW8exUOu7Y/EoBKW2xuw5IJ
In its original version, intelligent falling also stated that the rate of change in the horizontal component with time is equal to .
==Comparison with intelligent design==
In some senses, the idea of intelligent falling has more substance than the idea of intelligent design (granted, that's not hard, and it doesn't say the nicest things about ID). Although biologists know very well how life developed, gravity still lacks a coherent and totally reliable explanation. And yet, no one's pushing to have intelligent falling put on the curriculum. (Hmm... perhaps there is a lesson there about gaps in scientific knowledge.) Or maybe they should, given that intelligent design creationism sometimes requires intelligent falling to be coherent.
==Acceptance by fundamentalists==
Although it was originally intended to be satire, some fundamentalist Christians, such as Jack Chick,"Who is He?" Jack Chick have actually taken up the idea.
==See also==
*Intelligent design
*Flying Spaghetti Monster
*Poe's Law
*Scientific storkism
==External links==
*Intelligent Falling article on The Onion
==References==
__NOTOC__
Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics
Category:Culture wars
Category:Intelligent alternatives
Category:Parody religions
Category:Science and religion
Internal Revenue Service

The Internal Revenue Service is the main federal tax collection agency in the United States.
Everybody hates the IRS, but most would probably hate it a lot worse if there were no IRS. It's a Catch 22 and you can't win. 
The IRS has been notoriously labeled as a force to be reckoned with as it has served a role in imprisoning Wesley Snipes (only to be released by the Expendableshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPSTZzs66P8) and taking down the most untouchable criminals like Al Capone.https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/al-capone 
The IRS is a bogeyman in most tax protester arguments, who claim the IRS is not really a legitimate agency or that IRS regulations make payment of taxes optional. The IRS considers these arguments frivolous and the courts agree.
The IRS's notoriety even allowed the professional wrestler Mike Rotunda to elicit major heel heat as "Irwin R. Schyster", a taxman gimmick in the early to mid 1990s. 
Though there is one man who seems to appreciate the IRS for what it is.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nn_Zln_4pA8 And hey, at least they nailed this guy.
==See also==
*Section 501(c)
*Sean David Morton
==References==
Category:Tax
Category:United States government
International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology

The International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology (IAOMT) is a quack organization based in Canada that promotes dental woo.IAOMT flagged at DentalWatch They were responsible for the "smoking tooth" video that frequently gets passed around in altie circles. Their name sounds official to lure people into their belief system. Their main issue is mercury amalgam fillings, which they claim can cause all sorts of neurological conditions such as Parkinson's and autism. They sell filling removal kits for "dentists" along with various other nature woo, mostly vitamin supplements. The organization also opposes water fluoridation, claims to put out peer-reviewed "research," and supports "health freedom."
==External links==
*Official web site
*Smoking tooth video and debunking.
==References==
Category:Alternative medicine promoters
Category:Dentists
Category:Pseudoscience promoting organizations
International Democrat Union

The International Democrat Union is an international organization for friendship and cooperation among mainstream conservative parties around the world.
It was founded on June 24, 1983 by prominent figures around the world, including Margaret Thatcher, then British Prime Minister; George H.W. Bush, then Vice President of the United States; then Chancellor of Germany; and , then mayor of Paris.
The IDU comprises 73 full and associate members from 63 different countries.
== Key member parties==
* Conservative Party of Canada
* European People's Party
** Austrian People's Party
** Christian Democratic Union of Germany
** Christian Social Union in Bavaria
** The Republicans (France)
** Fidesz (no longer in this group starting from 2021)
* Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe
** Conservative Party (UK)
* U.S. Republican Party
* Likud (Israel)
* Liberal Party of Australia
* Kuomintang (Taiwan)
* United Future Party
* Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) — it is a founding member and does not appear to be a member at present.
* Bharatiya Janata Party
==See also==
* Conservatism
* Neoconservatism
* Socialist International
Category:Conservatism
Category:Organizations
Category:International organisations
Category:Political parties
International Fact-Checking Network

The International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN) is an umbrella organization of news-checking organizations.Rapidly expanding fact-checking movement faces growing pains by Glenn Kessler (June 25, 2018 at 3:00 AM) The Washington Post. IFCN is part of The Poynter Institute. IFCN has held 5 international conferences as of 2018. The IFCN has adopted a code of principles, which the European Commission regards as a model that should be followed.Tackling online disinformation: a European Approach (26.4.2018) European Commission The code of principles are:The commitments of the code of principles International Fact-Checking Network, The Poynter Institute.
#A commitment to nonpartisanship and fairness
#A commitment to transparency of sources
#A commitment to transparency of funding & organization
#A commitment to transparency of methodology
#A commitment to open and honest corrections
==Signatories==
As of December 2019, there are 80 verified signatories from around the world (including 7 under renewal).Verified signatories of the IFCN code of principles International Fact-Checking Network, The Poynter Institute.
==References==
Category:Media