nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Paris white

== Description ==
A very fine grade of whiting that was imported from Paris.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 181
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Parkesine

== Description ==
A brand name for the first synthetic plastic composed of cellulose nitrate plasticized with camphor. Parkesine was patented in England in 1855 by Alexander Parkes and marketed as a substitute for ivory. It was used for small objects, such as jewelry, buttons, fountain pens, and brush handles. The Parkesine Company failed after a few years and was acquired by the British Xylonite company in 1875, which produced pyroxylin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
parquesina (Esp.); cellulose nitrate; pyroxylin; Xylonite; Zylonite; Ivoride
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 172
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Website: www.me.umist.ac.uk/historyp/history.htm -- 1865
* History of Plastics at www.nswpmith.com.au/historyofplastics.html - by 1855
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Plastic"
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkesine (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006) - invented in 1862; company formed in 1866
Category:Materials database
Particle Induced Gamma-ray Emission

== Description ==
Belonging to the group of Ion beam Analysis, Particle Induced Gamma-ray Emission (PIGE) is a non-destructive analysis method, isotopically sensitive, with excellent mass resolution, which is mostly used for light elements analysis such as H, D, Li, B, C, O and F. Accelerated charged particles with a suitable (high) energy to excite the target nucleus and form a compound nucleus. The compound nucleus subsequently decays and from the detection and spectrometry of the characteristic emitted prompt gamma rays, an absolute impurity concentration can be determined.
== Synonyms and related terms ==
PIGE
==Resources and Citations==
* https://fys.kuleuven.be/iks/nvsf/experimental-facilities/nuclear-reaction-analysis-nra-particle-induced-gamma-emission-pige
Category:Materials database
Particulate

== Description ==
Tiny solid airborne particles. Particulates are a type of pollution composed of soil, soot, proteins, and salts. They range in size from below 1 micrometer to about 10 micrometers. Particles above 10 micrometers tend to settle out quickly. Suspended particles smaller than 1 micrometer are called aerosols. They can provide a nucleus for condensation.
Sources of particulates include: Combustion residues (soot, smog, smoke, flyash), construction (roads, buildings, vehicles), humans (proteins), fibers (lint), biological specimens (spores, pollen), soil (dust, salt)
* See Pollutant record for a comparison table of aerosols and collection risks.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
particulate matter; aerosol particles; Feinstaub (Deut.); particule (Fr.)
==Personal Risks==
* Particulates smaller than about 10 micrometers can settle in the bronchi and lungs
==Collection Risks==
* Dust can cause disfiguration of objects, attract pests, and scratch soft surfaces by friction.
* Some objects can be difficult to clean (feathers, minerals, microcracks, sticky objects, etc.);
* Magnetic tapes (audio, video, data) and grooved recordings (78's, 45's, 33's and cylinders) are very susceptible to damage 
==Resources and Citations==
* Jean Tétreault, Agent of Deterioration: Pollutants, Airborne Pollutants
* Wikipedia: Particulates Accessed July 2023 
* P.Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002.
Category:Materials databaseCategory: MWGCategory: Climate/Environment
Partridgewood

== Description ==
A heavy, black, ebony-like wood from the tree Voucapopoua americana. Partridgewood, or acapau, is native to the Amazon valley. It is used for furniture, inlays and decorative work. Like ebony, partridgewood is highly resistant to insect attack.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Voucapopoua americana; acapau; bois perdrix (Fr.); acapú (Port.)
Category:Materials database
Parylene

== Description ==
The generic name for a series of polymers based on paraxylylenes. Parylene is unique in that it can be vapor polymerized to form a thin continuous coating on a surface. Parylene adds mechanical strength and flexibility to the coated material. Parylene coating is irreversible and not lightfast. It cracks, flakes and discolors with age.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
paraxylylene; parileno (Esp.); Parylene C; Parylene N
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiPARYLEN.jpg~FTIR|aaiPARYLENEC.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in hot orthodichlorobenzene or hot choronaphthalene. Insoluble in most other chemicals.
== Risks ==
Deteriorates in ultraviolet light.
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* D.Grattan, M.Bilz "The Thermal Aging of Parylene and the Effect of Antioxidant" Studies in Conservation, 36:44-52 1991. 
* B.Humphrey "The Application of Parylene Conformal Coating Technology to Archival and Artifact Conservation" Studies in Conservation, 29(2), 1984.
Category:Materials database
Passive iron

== Description ==
Iron that has been acid treated to make it corrosion resistant. A strong oxidizing agent, such as nitric acid, forms a protective oxide coating on the surface.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fer passivé (Fr.); passief ijzer (Ned.); aço passivo (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Passive sampling devices

== Description ==
Absorbent and colorimetric badges originally designed to monitor human exposure levels to pollutants. Some of the passive sampling devices (PSDs) approach the sensitivity required to monitor pollutants in museum environments.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
PSD
==Resources and Citations==
* Grzywacz "Using Passive Sampling Devices to Detect Pollutants in Museum Environments" ICOM Preprints, Washington DC, 1993 pp. 610-615.
Category:Materials database
Paste

== Description ==
A semisolid adhesive mixture usually composed of a water dispersion of starch or dextrin with possible additives such as gums, animal glue, or latex. Paste is commonly used as an adhesive for paper and cardboard. Dried paste adhesives are used for postage stamps and envelopes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
adhesive; pasta (Port.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water.
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 823
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Paste diamond

== Description ==
An inexpensive, imitation diamond gemstone. Paste diamonds are composed of a hard, highly refractive, lead glass. They lack the double refraction and regular molecular arrangement of true gem crystals (Brady 1971). 
See imitation diamond for other types of simulated diamonds.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
strass; rhinestone; lead glass; imitatie-diamant (Ned.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Dispersion >0.02; low thermal conductivity
Mohs Hardness 	5.0 - 6.0
Density 	2.4-4.2 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.67
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 364
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_simulant (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Paste paper

== Description ==
A decorative paper used for endsheets and book covers. The pattern on the papers prepared by first covering the paper with a starch/pigment mixture then sliding or pressing various objects across the wet mixture.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
starch paper; stijfsel papier (Ned.); papier-reliure (Fr.); papier marbré (Fr.); Kleisterpapier (Deut.); Buntpapier (Deut.); Bezugspapier (Deut.); carta a colla (It.); papel de pasta (Esp.); monteringspapper (Sven.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Multilingual Glossary for Art Librarians at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/pub/mgl.htm
Category:Materials database
Pasteboard

== Description ==
A thick paper formed from multiple sheets adhered with an adhesive then pressed to produce a hard, stiff board. Pasteboard was used for book boards and playing cards in Europe from the early 16th to the late 18th centuries. It is now primarily used for making boxes and cartons. See Bristol board and cardboard.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Bristol board; London board; ivory paper; cardboard; carton board
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 582
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials databaseCategory: MWGCategory: Board/Box/Tube, Cellulose
Pastel

== Description ==
A soft, blendable, pigmented drawing stick. Pastel chalks or crayons were first documented by Da Vinci in 1495 with a reference to their use by Jean Perreal in France (Shelley 1999). They became very popular for portraiture in the mid-18th century and were revived in the late 19th century. Pastel crayons are made with a finely ground pigments mixed with a small amount of a water-based binder, such as gum tragacanth or, from the mid-20th century, methyl cellulose. Many pastels contain pure pigments producing intense, deep colors; lighter colors are diluted with an inert filler (chalk, gypsum, talc, kaolin, etc.). Pastels produce a powdery, easily smudged drawing. To minimize smudging, some pastels are 'fixed' or secured with an aerosol-sprayed, thin layer of varnish called a fixative. Fixatives, however, tend change the optical appearance of the pastels. 
See also oil pastel.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pastels (pl.); pastel (Esp., Fr., Port.); colored chalk; French chalk; pastel crayon
== Risks ==
* Some organic colorants used from the 19th c. on may not be lightfast.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Binder is water soluble.
== Comparisons ==
== Additional Images ==
File:Sennelier pastels2.jpg|Sennelier pastels
File:Rembrant_pastels.jpg|Rembrandt pastels
File:pastel pencil.jpg|Pastel pencil
File:pastel pencil2 100X.jpg|Pastel pencil at 100x
== Resources and Citations ==
* M.Shelley, "Pastel" in Media and Techniques of Works of Art on Paper, New York University Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York, 1999. 
* G.Monnier, "Pastel", The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996.
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: p. 47
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Pastel paper

==Description==
Textured paper designed to capture and hold layers of pastel pigment. Pastel paper is available in a wide variety of textures raging from coarse grit (sanded) to the softness of tiny polyester fibers (velour). Many of the paper are coated to produce bolder, stronger coverage of the pastels. The coatings maybe applied by screen printing or by electrostatic applications over a over a layer of glue to ensure an even coverage. If glue is present, wetting the paper may cause the coating to separate from the paper. Non-coated papers may be imprinted during the production process, with regular lines, a grid, or a honeycomb texture. See Jackson art link below for specifics on several types of pastel papers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
papier à pastel (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Jackson Art: Everything you need to know about pastel paper
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Patent leather

== Description ==
Leather with a very hard, shiny enamel finish. While patent leather was recorded as used in the 18th century, commercial manuafacturing first began in 1819 using a process developed by Seth Boyden. The high gloss surface is made by coating the leather with several thin layers of colored varnish. The finish is polished between each coat with pumice. The varnish may contain shellac, linseed oil, cellulose nitrate, and/or polyurethane. Patent leather is used for shoes, purses, belts, carriage covers, and helmets. Imitation materials, such as poromerics, are entirely made of plastic.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
charol (Esp.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.448
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Marjory L. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Fort Worth, TX, 1986
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* American Leather Chemists Association Glossary at www.leatherchemists.org
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_leather (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Patina

== Description ==
Originally described as a thin weathered surface. Natural patinas are usually desirable and are considered an indication of age. They occur on stone, wood, ivory, varnished paintings, and metals due to years of use, handling, cleaning, polishing, oxidation, and/or exposure to the environment. A uniform patina, such as a green copper carbonate layer on copper or bronze, can protect the metal from deleterious corrosion. Patinas can also be synthetically induced with chemicals, but this results in a different microchemical structure of the surface layers (see synthetic patina).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aerugo; patine (Fr.); Patina (Deut.); pátina (Esp.); patina (Ned.); pátina (Port.)
== Additional Images ==
File:Oxalate.patina_ICOMOS.jpg|thumb|Oxalate patina on limestone; Photo credit: J.M. Vallet
File:Iron.rich.patina2_ICOMOS.jpg|Iron-rich patina on sandstone; Photo credit: V. Vergès-Belmin
File:Iron.rich.patina_ICOMOS.jpg|Iron-rich patina on sandstone; Photo credit: V. Vergès-Belmin
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
* P.T.Craddock, 'Patina" The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries, Inc. New York, 1996.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 231
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
Category:Materials database
Patina, synthetic

== Description ==
Chemicals and pigments have been used to synthetically induce a thin, uniform patina on a metal surfaces. Bronze, in particular, was often patinated to accentuate the red colors or to simulate aged surfaces. As early as the third millenium BCE, Anatolian metalwork used arsenic and antimony salts on bronze to give a silvery tone. Many patination techniques use heat to form an oxidation layer on the surface of the metal. For example, annealing copper can produce, red, brown, and black oxides. 
In the recipes given by Proctor (1905), new bronze items were polished, cleaned with benzine, then plated in a cyanide bath typically containing copper cyanide, sodium carbonate, sodium bisulfite, and copper carbonate. The pieces were rinsed then dipped in an acid bath containing copper sulfate in sulfuric acid. This produced a thin soft, red copper deposit on the surface of the piece. From this point, several color options were available: 
* a red to dark brown color was obtained by dipping the piece quickly in a potassium sulfide bath, followed by washing, buffing and varnishing with a clear lacquer. 
* a black surface with dark green recesses (Egyptian green or ancient verde) was obtained by dipping the piece in a turpentine solution containing zinc white, chrome green, lampblack, and chrome yellow, followed by washing, drying and varnishing with a black lacquer. 
* a whitish, green variegated surface (Roman bronze) was obtained by dipping the piece in a turpentine solution of zinc white, light chrome green and copal, followed by washing, drying, buffing and varnishing with a dilute lacquer.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bronzing; Egyptian green; ancient verde; Roman bronze; patine artificielle (Fr.); künstliche Patina (Deut.); synthetisch Patina; pátina, artificial (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* C. Proctor, "The Modern Way of Producing Verde Antique, Roman Bronze and Patinas on the Soft Metal Alloys by the Aid of Pigments" reprinted in Conservation & Technology, 2/85 from The Metal Industry, January 1905. 
* R. Hughes, M.Rowe, The Colouring, Bronzing and Patination of Metal, Crafts Council, London, 1982.
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Metals'
Category:Materials database
Paulownia wood

== Description ==
A lightweight wood obtained from several species of Paulownia trees native to Asia. Paulownia trees produce a soft, coarse-grain wood that is similar to balsa. Even though the wood is lightweight, it is strong and warp resistant. Paulownia wood is used as a lightweight crating lumber and for floats. Wood from the Paulownia tomentosa tree, native to Japan, is used for scroll boxes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Paulownia; kiri wood (Jap.); paulownia (Fr.); empress tree; princess tree; palownia (sp)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Trees grow 30-65 ft (10-20m) tall with 2-4ft (0.6-1.2m) trunk diameter
* Heartwood is a pale grayish brown with whitish sapwood
* Grain is usually straight with a coarse uneven texture
* Resistant to decay and weathering but not to insects
* Density = 14-19 ppcf
==Working Properties==
* Easy to work
* High silica in some trees can have a strong blunting effect on cutting edges
* Takes a wide variety of glues, stains, and finishes well
==Resources and Citations==
* The Wood Database: Paulownia
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 83
* Marjorie Shelley, The Care and Handling of Art Objects, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Museum of Japanese Traditional Art Crafts at http://www.nihon-kogeikai.com/ (Jap. term)
Category:Materials database
Pavement

== Description ==
A hard, smooth surface used for traveling. Pavement is made from cut stones, asphalt, concrete, brick, and cobblestone.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pavage (Fr.); pavimento (Port.); paving stone; paving brick; paving sand; road base
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 118
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000 Comment: paving sand
Category:Materials database
Paver

== Description ==
Any thin block of stone, brick, concrete, or asphalt used for pavement. Pavers made from brick are hard fired to increase their strength and water resistance.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
paving brick; pavers (pl.); pavier; pavior; paviour
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 118
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
PeCap

== Description ==
[Sefar America, NY] A registered trademark for a series of nonwoven 100% polyester materials. PeCap® is flexible with a very smooth, slippery surface. It is permeable to water and is available in different weaves and textures. PeCap® is used for lining and support.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pe Cap; Pe-Cap; Pe Cap 76-T ; Petex
==Resources and Citations==
* Sefar: Website 
* C.Baker, "Polyester Screen Material: Uses in the Paper Conservation Lab"
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Peach

== Description ==
A small Chinese tree, Prunus persica, cultivated for its fruit throughout temperate regions. Peach wood has a fine uniform texture and a reddish shade. It is occasionally used for small items such as inlay and marquetry. Like other fruit trees from the rose family, peach trees exudes a water soluble gum from damaged locations on its truck and branches.
* See also [Uemera Dye Archive (Momo)]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Prunus persica; pêcher (Fr.); pesco (It.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Height = up to 7 m
* Leaves are lanceolate 7-16 cm long, 2-3 cm wide
* Wood density = 45 pcf
== Resources and Citations ==
* Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:Wood anatomy of central European Species: Stone Fruit: Peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch
Category:Materials database