Research

Publications including research and analysis of Bitcoin or related areas. There is a separate page for peer-reviewed research.
The list below is now just a subset of a comprehensive list compiled by Brett Scott.
Title 	Author 	Type 	Date 	Links 	
Cyberlaundering: Anonymous Digital Cash and Money Laundering 	R. Mark Bortner 	Research paper 	1996 	Download 	
Triple Entry Accounting 	Ian Grigg 	Research paper 	2005-12-25	Download 	
Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System 	Satoshi Nakamoto 	Research paper 	2008-10-31	Download 	
An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System 	Fergal Reid, Martin Harrigan 	Research paper 	2011-07-22	Download, discussion 	
Shadowy Figures: Tracking Illicit Financial Transactions in the Murky World of Digital Currencies, Peer–to–Peer Networks, and Mobile Device Payments 	John Villasenor, Cody Monk, Christopher Bronk 	Research paper 	2011-08-29	Download 	
Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency 	Reuben Grinberg 	Research paper 	2011-12-09	Download, discussion 	
Bitcoin NFC 	David Allen Bronleewe 	Master's report 	2011-08 	Download, source code 	
Optimal pool abuse strategy 	Raulo 	Research paper 	2011-02-04	Download, discussion 	
Abusing Bitcoin cooperative mining pools: strategies for egoistical but honest miners 	Nakamoto Ryo 	Research paper 	2011 	Download, discussion 	
Analysis of Bitcoin Pooled Mining Reward Systems 	Meni Rosenfeld 	Research paper 	2011-11-07	Download, discussion 	
Bitcoin Exchange system 	Tomáš Jiříček 	Research paper 	2012 	Download 	
On Bitcoin and Red Balloons 	Moshe Babaioff, Shahar Dobzinski, Sigal Oren, Aviv Zohar 	Publication article 	2012 	Download 	
2011 Observations on the Digital Currency Industry 	Mark Herpel 	Publication article 	2011 	Download 	
MAVE, New Lightweight Digital Signature Protocols for Massive Verifications 	Sergio Demian Lerner 	Research paper (preliminary) 	2012 	Download 	
MAVEPAY, a New Lightweight Payment Scheme for Peer to Peer Currency Networks 	Sergio Demian Lerner 	Research paper (preliminary) 	2012 	Download 	
Bitcoin: Eine erste Einordnung (an initial classification) 	Christoph Sorge, Artus Krohn-Grimberghe 	Research paper 	2012 	Download, discussion 	
Bitcoin - an introduction to the workings and a preliminary analysis and understanding of potential legal issues 	Jean-Daniel Schmid, Alexander Schmid 	Article 	2012 	Download 	
Secure multiparty Bitcoin anonymization 	Edward Z. Yang 	Article 	2012 	Download, discussion 	
Bitcoin & Gresham's Law - the economic inevitability of Collapse 	Philipp Güring, Ian Grigg 	Article 	2011 	Download 	
Today Techies, Tomorrow the World? Bitcoin. 	Reuben Grinberg 	Article 	2012 	Download 	
Traveling the Silk Road: A measurement analysis of a large anonymous online marketplace 	Nicolas Christin 	Research paper 	2012 	Download 	
CommitCoin: Carbon Dating Commitments with Bitcoin 	Jeremy Clark and Aleksander Essex 	Research paper 	2012 	Download extended abstractDownload technical report	
Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph 	Dorit Ron and Adi Shamir 	Research paper 	2012 	Download 	
Bitcoin Security 	Robert Pallas 	Master's thesis 	2012 	Download 	
Design and security analysis of Bitcoin infrastructure using application deployed on Google Apps Engine 	Piotr "ThePiachu" Piasecki 	Master's thesis 	2012 	Download, discussion 	
The Production of Freedom: Value Production in the US- dominated Financial System, and Possible Alternatives 	Jeremy Kirshbaum 	Master's thesis (preliminary)	2012 	Download, discussion 	
COIN: a distributed accounting system for peer to peer networks 	Fabio Varesano 	Bachelor's thesis 	2012 	Download 	
BITCOIN CLIENTS 	Rostislav Skudnov 	Bachelor's thesis 	2012 	Download 	
Bitter to Better—How to Make Bitcoin a Better Currency 	Simon Barber, Xavier Boyen, Elaine Shi, Ersin Uzun 	Research paper 	2012 	Download 	
NooShare: A decentralized ledger of shared computational resources 	Alex Coventry 	Research paper 	2012 	Download 	
Bits and Bets. Information, Price Volatility, and Demand for Bitcoin 	Martis Buchholz, Jess Delaney, Joseph Warren 	Final project 	2012 	Download, discussion, discussion 	
Two Bitcoins at the Price of One? Double Spending attacks on Fast Payments in Bitcoin 	Ghassan O. Karame, Elli Androulaki, Srdjan Cap-kun 	Research paper 	2012 	Download 	
Nerdy Money: Bitcoin, the Private Digital Currency, and the Case Against Its Regulation 	Nikolei M. Kaplanov 	Research paper 	2012 	Abstract 	
Analysis of hashrate-based double-spending 	Meni Rosenfeld 	Research paper 	2012 	Download 	
Homomorphic Payment Addresses and the Pay-to-Contract Protocol 	Ilja Gerhardt, Timo Hanke 	Research Paper 	2012 	Download (via web viewer) 	
Quasi-Commodity Money (February 6, 2012). "This paper considers reform possibilities posed by a type of base money that has heretofore been overlooked in the literature on monetary economics."	George Selgin 	Working Papers Series 	2012 	Download 	
Virtual currency schemes - "This report is a first attempt to provide the basis for a discussion on virtual currency schemes." 	European Central Bank 	Paper 	2012 	Download 	
Evaluating User Privacy in Bitcoin 	Elli Androulaki, Ghassan Karame, Marc Roeschlin, Tobias Scherer and Srdjan Capkun 	Paper 	2013 	Download (Slides) 	
Beware the Middleman: Empirical Analysis of Bitcoin-Exchange Risk 	Tyler Moore and Nicolas Christin 	Short Paper 	2013 	Download (Slides) 	
Bitcoin, Regulating Fraud In The E-Conomy Of Hacker-Cash 	Derek A. Dion 	Paper 	2013 	Download 	
The practical materiality of Bitcoin 	Bill Maurera, Taylor C. Nelmsa & Lana Swartz 	Paper 	2013 	Download 	
Regulating Digital Currencies: Bringing Bitcoin within the Reach of the IMF 	Nicholas Plassaras 	Paper 	2013 	Download 	
Bitcoin is Memory 	William J. Luther, Josiah Olson 	Paper 	2013 	Download 	
The Economics of Bitcoin Mining or, Bitcoin in the Presence of Adversaries 	Joshua A. Kroll, Ian C. Davey, and Edward W. Felten 	Paper 	2013 	Download 	
Bitcoin: A Primer for Policymakers 	Jerry Brito, Andrea Castillo 	Research paper 	2013 	Abstract Download 	
Whack-a-Mole: Prosecuting Digital Currency Exchanges 	Catherine Martin Christopher 	Research paper 	2013 	Abstract
Download 	
Are Cryptocurrencies 'Super' Tax Havens? 	Omri Y. Marian 	Research paper 	2013 	Abstract
Download 	
Collective Emergent Institutional Entrepreneurship Through Bitcoin 	Robin Teigland, Zeynep Yetis and Tomas Olov Larsson 	Research paper 	2013 	Abstract
Download 	
Anonymity of Bitcoin Transactions 	Malte Möser 	Research paper 	2013 	Download 	
On the origins of Bitcoin: Stages of monetary evolution 	Konrad S. Graf 	Research paper 	2013 	Abstract
Download 	
Majority is not Enough: Bitcoin Mining is Vulnerable 	Ittay Eyal and Emin Gun Sirer 	Research paper 	2013 	Abstract
Download 	
Bitcoin, the end of the Taboo on Money 	Denis Roio aka Jaromil 	Humanities article 	2013 	Abstract
Download 	
Secure Multiparty Computations on BitCoin 	Marcin Andrychowicz, Stefan Dziembowski, Daniel Malinowski and Łukasz Mazurek University of Warsaw 	Research paper 	2013 	Abstract
BibTeX
Download 	
A Fistful of Bitcoins: Characterizing Payments Among Men with No Names 	Sarah Meiklejohn, Marjori Pomarole, Grant Jordan, Kirill Levchenko, Damon McCoy, Geoffrey M. Voelker, Stefan Savage	Research paper 	2013 	
Download 	
Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network 	Christian Decker (ETH Zurich, Switzerland), Roger Wattenhofer (Microsoft Research) 	Research paper 	2013 	
Download 	
Have a Snack, Pay with Bitcoins 	Tobias Bamert, Christian Decker, Lennart Elsen, Roger Wattenhofer, Samuel Welten 	Research paper 	2013 	
Download 	
The Economics of Private Digital Currency 	Gerald P Dwyer 	Research paper 	2014 	Abstract
Download 	
The Origin, Classification and Utility of Bitcoin 	Peter Šurda 	Research Paper 	2014 	Abstract 	
Deanonymisation of clients in Bitcoin P2P network 	Alex Biryukov, Dmitry Khovratovich and Ivan Pustogarov 	Research Paper 	2014 	Abstract Download 	
Bitcoin Financial Regulation: Securities, Derivatives, Prediction Markets, & Gambling 	Jerry Brito, Houman B. Shadab, Andrea Castillo 	Research Paper 	2014 	Abstract Download 	
What are the main drivers of the Bitcoin price? 	Ladislav Kristoufek 	Research Paper 	2014 	Download 	
The Economics of Bitcoin 	Andre Herman 	Bachelor's thesis 	2014 	Download 	
Near Zero Bitcoin Transaction Fees Cannot Last Forever 	Kerem Kaşkaloğlu 	Research Paper 	2014 	Abstract Download 	
Is Bitcoin Money? 	Ísak Andri Ólafsson 	Thesis Paper 	2014 	Abstract Download 	
The (A)Political Economy of Bitcoin 	Vasilis Kostakis and Chris Giotitsas 	Essay 	2014 	HTML Download 	
When your sensor earns money: exchanging data for cash with Bitcoin 	Dominic Wörner and Thomas von Bomhard 	Research 	2014 	Abstract Download 	
Bitcoin Transaction Malleability and MtGox 	Christian Decker, Roger Wattenhofer 	Research 	2014 	Download 	
BlueWallet: The Secure Bitcoin Wallet 	Tobias Bamert, Christian Decker, Roger Wattenhofer and Samuel Welten 	Research 	2014 	Download 	
Bitcoin over Tor isn’t a good idea 	Alex Biryukov and Ivan Pustogarov 	Research 	2014 	Download 	
Sidechained Bitcoin Substitutes, A Monetary Commentary 	Konrad S. Graf 	Essay 	2014 	Download 	
Taxation of virtual currency 	Aleksandra Bal 	PhD thesis 	2014 	Abstract Download 	
A First Look at the Usability of Bitcoin Key Management 	Shayan Eskandari, David Barrera, Elizabeth Stobert, and Jeremy Clark 	Research Paper 	2015 	Download 	
Privacy in Bitcoin through decentralized mixers 	Olivier Coutu 	Master's thesis 	2015 	Abstract Download 	
Value Creation in Cryptocurrency Networks: Towards A Taxonomy of Digital Business Models for Bitcoin Companies 	Erol Kazan, Chee-Wee Tan, Eric T.K. Lim 	Research Paper 	2015 	Abstract Download 	
Authenticated Key Exchange over Bitcoin 	Patrick McCorry, Siamak F. Shahandashti, Dylan Clarke, Feng Hao 	Research Paper 	2015 	Download 	
Bitcoin and Beyond: A Technical Survey on Decentralized Digital Currencies 	Florian Tschorsch and Björn Scheuermann 	Research Paper 	2015 	Download 	
Bitcoin Duplex Micropayment Channels 	Christian Decker and Roger Wattenhofer 	Research Paper 	2015 	Download 	
The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments 	Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja 	Research Paper 	2015 	Download 	
Bitcoin and the Uniform Commercial Code 	Jeanne L. Schroeder 	Research Paper 	2015 	Abstract Download 	
Economics beyond Financial Intermediation 	Saifedean Ammous 	Research Paper 	2015 	Download 	
Bitcoin and the Future of Digital Payments 	William J. Luther 	Research Paper 	2015 	Abstract Download 	
Profitability from Mining Bitcoins: Should You Still Enter the Bitcoin Mining Competition? Long-Term Simulation Analysis of the Profitability for a Single Miner 	Kärt Viilup 	Master's thesis 	2015 	Download 	
Secure Bitcoin Wallet 	Sevil Guler 	Master's thesis 	2015 	Download 	
Development of Universal Cryptocurrency Wallet Services: A Case Study of Bitplexus 	Priidu Neemre 	Master's thesis 	2016 	Download 	
Inverse Futures in Bitcoin Economy 	Aleksey Bragin 	SSRN Research Paper 	2015 	Download 	
==See Also==
* Encryptopedia - Scientific research and white papers on bitcoin, blockchain technology, cryptography, algorithms and cryptocurrencies
* Peer-to-Peer Review: The State of Academic Bitcoin Research 2014 by Brett Scott (@Suitpossum) (Full List)
* OpenCryptocurrencyReview - A repository of Bitcoin and related research
* Jeremy Clark's Bitcoin Bibliography
* Economic
* Technical
* Press
Category:Research