Antifascist Action

thumb|right|165px|Antifaschistische Aktion memorial in Adelsdorf, Germany
Antifascist Action (Antifa, AFA, or simply Anti-Fascism) is a global movement of left-wing activist groups that has the primary aim of "smashing fascism"Compare: Antifa: A New Political Resistance? (2017-03-23): "[...] Antifa groups in the Bay Area and Southern California share the common goal of ‘smashing fascism’ with groups from across the country, such as NYC Antifa." in all its forms. The claimed "fascism" the collective primarily opposes includes various forms of oppression (especially racism, but also sexism, homophobia, and in recent times, Islamophobia), along with government corruption, global capitalism, and war.
The contemporary American movement grew out of Anti-Racist Action, which began in the 1980s and confronted the Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazi skinhead groups. In Europe, it grew out of opposition to the original fascists in the 1920s and 1930s."Seven things you need to know about Antifa". BBC Radio 4.Stanislav Vysotsky (June 9, 2020). " What – or who – is antifa?". The Conversation. While the contemporary, organized (or not-so-organized) movement tends to be dominated by leftist elements like communists, anarchists, socialists, and some social democrats, throughout history anti-fascist fronts have included liberals, small-R republicans, and even some conservative or nationalist elements who were simply opposed to fascism. This was especially the case in situations where fascists held state power, which to put it politely, pissed some more people off than just commies.
The movement and its local cells (real or imagined) within it have been the subject of many hoaxes,Articles tagged "Antifa", Snopes.(July 5, 2020). "Gettysburg 'flag-burning hoax' sees armed far-right groups assemble". BBC News. often originating from about who you might expect,Erin Gallagher (October 9, 2020). "The Media Manipulation Casebook: Butterfly Attack: The Origins of Fake Antifa Social Media Accounts". The Technology and Social Change Project (Shronstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School).Ben Collins, Brandy Zadrozny and Emmanuelle Saliba (June 1, 2020). "White nationalist group posing as antifa called for violence on Twitter". NBC News.Graham Kates (June 2, 2020). "Twitter says fake 'Antifa' account was run by white supremacists". CBS News.(September 14, 2017). "Fake Boston Antifa group, which claimed credit for anti-racism banner at Red Sox game, is actually run by right wing trolls". MassLive. then gaining currency through social media or even outlets like Fox News. Although anti-fascist groups are rarely violent overall, often focusing on arts or fostering inclusive spaces instead of violent confrontations with fascists, some are more militant and violent. Militant groups are part of the black-clothed antifa known as " the typical subject of hoaxes and general media attention, made easier by their willingness to engage in extreme tactics, and by their decentralized nature (a lesson also faced by Anonymous).
==History==
Anti-fascist coalitions have generally existed wherever they had reason to. In the 1920s–1930s, broad anti-fascist fronts existed among Italians, for instance the (1921-1924) and the (Anti-Fascist Action Concentration, 1927-1934).
The name 'Antifascist Action' ( in German) appeared in Germany in 1932, and was a moniker used by the German Communist Party (KPD) of the German Weimar Republic. The purpose of AFA was to present a militant alternative to the brutality of the Nazi Party SA goon-squads against communists and leftists. The German AFA was short-lived, being shut down by the Nazis in 1933. There was also the which opposed both the Nazis and communists.
During World War II and the run-up to it, a number of groups labeled "anti-fascist" appeared all over the world to oppose fascist governments, for instance the that resisted the Japanese Empire, the in the Soviet Union, or the (a group of former Wehrmacht members).
In the United States, there have been several precedents to AFA, going back to the Americans in the who fought Franco in the Spanish Civil War. Mother Jones has a rather incomplete chronology of "Nazi Punching in America".Left Hook: A Brief History of Nazi Punching in America: Forty years of leftists fighting neo-Nazis, Klansmen, and assorted white supremacists by Wes Enzinna (May/June 2017) Mother Jones. The roots of modern antifa probably started in Britain in the mid-1970s with and the Socialist Workers Party's (later known as ).
In 1985, an AFA collective began in Britain which comprised numerous anarchist, Trotskyist, and other left-wing groups. AFA was active in brawls with Neo-Nazi organisations such as the National Front and had numerous violent confrontations, such as an attack on a Neo-Nazi in 1990 which resulted in lengthy prison sentences for several anti-fascist activists.Birchall, Sean, Beating The Fascists: The Untold Story of Anti-Fascist Action (London: Freedom Press, 2010) p. 195
==Present day==
AFA has continued to maintain a presence in Germany, and since the 1990s, collectives have developed in other countries, including Sweden,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRnaKisibYU Clearly labeled Antifascists in SwedenAntifacistisk Aktion (website in Swedish) Denmark,Antifacistisk Aktion (website in Danish) and Australia.Antifa Australia WordPress blog as well as that of the Sydney branch The Antifa movement also exists in Greece, where its supporters sometimes clash with police and with nationalists.http://greece.greekreporter.com/2014/02/02/greek-riot-police-clash-with-anti-fascists/http://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2013/09/25/teargas-and-molotov-in-athens-antifa-protest-picts-video/https://abcamsterdam.wordpress.com/2012/10/22/mkz-greek-antifa-benefit-2/
Australia's AFA collectives gained strong media exposure in 2015-16 following several rallies conducted in cities across the country by AFA activists, in response to the growth of the far-right white-nationalist Reclaim Australia and United Patriots Front movements. During some far-right rallies, as in Bendigo, Antifa activists arrived to confront nationalists, causing violent confrontations and numerous arrests. Antifa or Antifa supporters celebrated their confrontations with nationalists, posting some online.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KW6wBYH67rA Antifa's Sydney collective, Anti Fascist Action Sydney, got into additional violent clashes with nationalists at the now defunct far-right Party For Freedom's 10th anniversary commemorations of the 2005 Cronulla race-riots.http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/cronulla-riots-rally-outnumbered-on-anniversary-20151212-glm0ac.html In 2018 Antifa activists in Sydney established a community action group in response to the newly-established white-nationalist "Lads Society", the successor-organisation of the United Patriots Front. 
AFA protesters have a tendency to form a "black bloc", a tactic which involves masked participants dressing in black, largely for protection of identity.https://melbourneantifascists.wordpress.com/2015/09/08/why-masks/Which is illegal in several countries with such as in Germany. Protesters usually chant and carry banners advocating for the overcoming of the racist far-right.
Despite not being an organisation and having no official leadership or hierarchical structure in place, Antifa gained the distinction of U.S. President Donald "Some Neo-Nazis Are Very Fine People" Trump singling it out as a "domestic terrorist" movement. The New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness,Anarchist extremists: Antifa as well as the DHS and the FBI, associate Antifa with "domestic terrorist violence".Antifa: US security agencies label group 'domestic terrorists', Lucy Pasha-Robinson, 3 September 2017 In May 2020, during the U.S.-wide protests that took place after the extrajudicial killing in police custody of George Floyd, an African American man, Trump stated in a tweet that the US Government would be "designating Antifa as a terrorist organisation".Trump says he's naming antifa a 'Terrorist Organization.' Can he do that?
==Criticism==
Criticism of the AFA movement has come mainly from the right wing.Noam Chomsky: Antifa is a 'major gift to the right', Maya Oppenheim, Tuesday 22 August 2017The Daily Show: Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Antagonists of the Alt-RightCurrent Affairs: Thinking Strategically About Free Speech And Violence, August 20, 2017Vox: The case against antifa, German Lopez on August 29, 2017 Although criticism of modern European Antifascist movements is often based on the violent action they take to advance their position, including carrying illegal weapons to combat opponents and breaking into houses of suspected Neo-Nazis,http://www.vice.com/video/the-rise-of-swedens-far-left-militants shootings of Golden Dawn members,http://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-poll-idUSBRE9AF0BX20131116 as well as chasing protestors,http://video.news.com.au/v/433685/IRELAND-Pegida-Demonstrators-Chased-Through-Dublin-by-Protesters-February-06-PROFANITYhttps://www.facebook.com/Channel4News/videos/10153502393856939 Many condemn violence by Antifascists violent disturbances with nationalists and police,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FDyr3jGLRM Projectiles fly in Britainhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s2t4O0CDR50 Scuffles in Dover, Englandhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9l5bSl6dxUUhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvbIBg5wGvA Antifascists vs Water Cannonshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iE8rIbz3D0 Riot Police vs Antifa in Frankfurt, Germanyhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuKMREabaQg Antifa goes wild in Berlin plus "patrols" against,http://insurrectionnewsworldwide.com/2016/02/11/greece-anti-fascist-patrol-in-athens-video/ causing serious injury to,https://www.facebook.com/Antifaukupdates/photos/pb.646983938751308.-2207520000.1456044139./903384933111206/?type=3&theaterhttps://www.oregonlive.com/crime/2019/07/portland-man-indicted-in-connection-with-violent-june-29-protest.html and generally aggressively opposing nationalists.http://www.theladbible.com/articles/scousers-corner-neo-nazis-at-white-man-march-in-liverpoolhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KapgdLhnuaw 
However, there are legitimate criticisms from other leftists who are somewhat sympathetic to the fight against fascism but are not in the group nor see violence as an acceptable solution to the mission. The main criticism and claim is that when Antifa initiates violence, it is counter-productive because it makes the fascists and racists look like victims — which is what such people are actually counting on. Some Antifa Facebook pages advocate and depict violence, destruction, and theft of property against fascists,https://www.facebook.com/ANTIFA.CZhttps://www.facebook.com/Antifaukupdateshttps://www.facebook.com/AntiFascistActionSydney/photos/pcb.1216716771689670/1216716531689694/?type=3&theater while others publicly identify fascists from demonstrations, many of whom attempt to conceal their identity.https://www.facebook.com/NEantifascistsUK/photos/a.776463099116390.1073741828.776459395783427/933787036717328/?type=3&theater The Swedish Antifascist organization Revolutionary Front accepts violence in its declaration of principles, stating it recognizes all struggle methods and sees peaceful resistance and revolutionary violence as equal.https://revfrontorg.wordpress.com/information/ 
Elements of Antifa have at times initiated violence, known as in the UK, and the decentralized nature of Antifa means that it's difficult to interpret who is Antifa and who has just showed up to start fighting. The groups that Antifa has protested against, however, have a long and brutal history (e.g., Nazi Germany and the KKK) associated with their ideologies that continues to this day (e.g., Aryan Circle, Operation Red Dog, Anders Behring Breivik, and Varg Vikernes). Consequently, it is unsurprising that most Antifa-aligned groups argue that violence is necessary to combat the influence of fascism and believe that purely peaceful methods simply do not work against fascist groups.
However, antifascist activism has also been linked to a reduction of open fascist activity. One notable case is Richard Spencer canceling university trips because of antifascist opposition.https://archive.is/neFjG Antifascist activism has been linked to a reduction of open Neo-Nazism in the punk scene during the 1980s,https://archive.is/oJQW4 and militant Jewish antifascist activism led to decreasing support for Oswald Mosley's fascist movement during the 1940s.https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csv25d
===Internal divisions===
Antifascist groups usually agree on very few things and there is no such thing as "national headquarters", and even local groups are often best understood as a coalition of disparate groups allied for a common goal or even a single demonstration that don't see eye to eye on other issues. Groups that are subsumed under the "Antifa" label can be as diverse as unreformed Stalinist tankies, green-leftist ecological activists in the vein of Greenpeace, or hedonistic leftists who consider the former two buzzkills. While conflicts are usually ignored during common demonstrations against fascism or "fascism", they sometimes break out into the open even then. Some specific Antifa groups may only be anarchist or communist, or can include a mixture of individuals with different persuasions across the left. Problems include tactical considerations such as which form(s) of violence — if any — should be considered, as well as ideological differences and the uneasiness of some libertarian leftists to march next to someone holding a hammer and sickle banner. As per the usual, the stance on Israel is also a hot button issue, especially if someone brings an Israeli flag or wears a The oddity comes from a left-wing German anti-nationalist group, the (Anti-Germans), which argues that modern leftism is too critical of Israel and thus too antisemitic, and that Germans did not do enough to renounce their Nazi pasts. This led to some unorthodox and seemingly contradictory positions, such as opposing Pan-Arabism and Iran due to their hostility towards Israel, but supporting Slobodan Milošević and Serbia during the Yugoslav Wars, which they view as victims of Nazism.
==Conspiracy theories==
A common conspiracy theory in parts of the right is that "the" Antifa is financed or works in the employ of "them": the government, globalists, elites, George Soros, or — even more tellingly — "teh Jooz". The idea that Antifa is supported by any of these entities is preposterous because receiving financial support from these particular entities would be anathema to Antifa's anti-capitalist politics.Five myths about antifa by Mark Bray (September 11, 2020 at 6:28 a.m. PDT) The Washington Post. Despite the patent ridiculousness of those claims, various non-right wing people frequently allude to this and "leak" ridiculously fake "evidence" for the government financing "the" Antifa and "ordering" violence or property damage.
Liberal commentator Robert Reich — normally a strident critic of conspiracy theories — has promoted the claim that Antifa are financed by the far right. Urging readers to "Connect these dots," he laid out alleged parallel goals of Antifa at UC Berkeley and Breitbart news.Robert Reich, "Who Sent the Thugs to Berkeley?" Newsweek, 2/14/17 Some on the left, particularly in Berkeley, have criticized him for this.Aleah Jennings-Newhouse, "Robert Reich publishes controversial theory regarding Yiannopoulos demonstration" The Daily Cal, February 9, 2017Hart Eagleburger and Jack Rusk "Disappointing Reactions to the Anti-Milo Berkeley Antifa Action" Left Voice, February 16, 2017
Most interestingly, when people started to realize there was no way to back their ridiculous conspiracy theories, the far right started making their own "Antifas" on the internet"Kekistan Antifa" Twitter account @KekistanANTIFA as seen on Sep. 10, 2017. Accessed Sep. 18, 2019. and raiding antifascist rallies. The most notable example is a group of right wingers who showed up to a protest and unfurled a banner that promoted pedophilia (they must have an interesting relationship with the Pizzagate pushers) right in front of a cameraman, who immediately forwarded the picture to Mike Cernovich, who they were protesting against. Today, that image is a gospel truth of the right."Did Antifa Bring a Pro-Pedophilia Poster to a Rally?". The Daily Dot. 31 October 2017. Retrieved on 23 October 2018.Weill, Kelly (31 October 2017). "Alt-Right Frames Protesters as Pedophiles With Fake NAMBLA Sign". The Daily Beast. Retrieved on 23 October 2018Singal, Jesse. "This Might Be the Most Insane and Depressing Fake-News Story Yet". nymag.com. Retrieved on 23 October 2018.
==See also==
*Andy Ngo, one of antifa's biggest haters
*Black Lives Matter, a (usually) nonviolent alternative (but sometimes supportive of the Antifa movement)
*Direct action
*No platform
*November 4th Antifa Civil War
==External links==
*The Philosophy of Antifa, Philosophy Tube
*Antifa O P T I C S, Thought Slime
*"The Long History of Antifa", interview with a historian who studied the movement
==Notes==
==References==
Category:Anarchism
Category:Civil rights
Category:Communism
Category:Conspiracy theories
Category:Conspiracy theorist scapegoats
Category:Fascism
Category:Left-wing activists
Category:Political activists
Category:Social justice