nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Sharding

Sharding in cryptocurrencies is the idea of splitting a given blockchain into smaller blockchains as a means to increase the transaction speed of the entire network.
== Overview ==
Sharding was originally a technique used to optimize large databases. A given database would be partitioned horizontally based on a chosen criterion as a means to improve overall performance. Sharding in cryptocurrencies is similar in concept.
Due to the distributed, trustless nature of most blockchains, they are limited in the number of transactions per second they can process. Since every node on the network participates in verifying valid blocks, there is a limit to the number of transactions the network can process in a given time-frame. Not all cryptocurrency implementations are equal in this regard. Some are faster than others (e.g. Bitcoin can manage around seven transaction per second, while Litecoin can handle 56 transactions per second). There are a few ways to increase the transaction speed of a given implementation, such as increasing the size of each block processed, but these can only go so far in improving transaction speed. 
Sharding can address the transaction speed limitations by dividing the blockchain into separate, smaller blockchain networks. So, as an example, if your blockchain has a maximum of 20 transactions per second and you are at that limit you can divide it into two smaller implementations that now are running at 10 transactions per second. You now have two "shards" of the original. This division can be done using any number of criteria such as geography (e.g. transactions originating in Europe, North America, Asia, etc) or product lines (e.g. transactions involving electronics, food, automobiles, etc).
The drawback to sharding a given blockchain is that the smaller implementations cannot talk to each other. A transaction done on one cannot be used on a different shard. So, if you have a Bitcoin on shard "A" you cannot use that same Bitcoin on shard "B". Some kind of middleman would be needed to move something from one network to another, and one might possibly lose the trustless nature that is a crucial feature of cryptocurrencies.
== References ==
Category:Blockchain
Category:Cryptocurrency
Category:Bitcoin
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Shareholder

A shareholder is an investor of any size who buys company stocks, either directly or indirectly, and holds them as a longer-term investment.
Shareholders have traditionally been synonymous with larger investment institutions like public pension funds but with the expansion of online trading and and the rise of mutual funds and ETFs, 50% of U.S. households are now considered shareholders. These include workers contributing to 401(k) plans and IRAs as well as those investing on their own account.
== References ==
Category:Stocks
Category:Public Companies
Sharon Johnson

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Sharon Johnson is a senior cotton specialist at Knight Futures, a futures commission merchant. Johnson generates research on the fundamentals driving the U.S. and international cotton markets, and works with a number of commercial clients to develop hedging programs using U.S.futures and options. 
She is active in distributing information about cotton and its price direction through magazine articles, speeches, and webinars. She has addressed a number of organizations including the USDA Outlook Conference, the American Farm Bureau, the National Cotton Council's Beltwide Meeting, and the Intercontinental Exchange.
== Background ==
Johnson was previously with Cargill Investor Services, where she conducted similar research starting in the mid 1980s. Before that she was employed by Clayton Brokerage Co of St Louis Inc, first as a grains and soybean futures broker, and then later promoted to trading manager. 
She received the Cargill Investor Services Quality Award in 1991 for her work in developing a cotton research service for use by the various branch offices of this Cargill division. 
== Education ==
Johnson is a graduate of Georgia State University located in Atlanta, Ga with concentrations in economics and psychology. 
== References ==
Sharon Pendleton

Sharon Pendleton is diector of Audits at National Futures Association. 
== Background ==
Pendleton joined the NFA in 1986. She has served as a primary liaison between NFA and the CFTC in the development of rules for futures commission merchants and introducing brokers. Her job responsibilities include overseeing staff who conduct audits, investigations, and financial surveillance; working on enforcement cases; advising members on compliance issues; assisting NFA member committees; participating in industry conferences; and developing and monitoring Compliance Department goals.
She is NFA's representative on the Joint Audit Committee and Intermarket Financial Surveillance Group.
== Education ==
Pendleton holds a bachelor of science degree in accounting from Roosevelt University. She is also a certified public accountant.
== References ==	
Category:NFA Staff
Category:CPAs
Category:Regulators
Sharpe Ratio

A Sharpe Ratio, developed by Prof. William Sharpe of Stanford University, is a risk measure that evaluates the relationship of return and volatility. It gives investors the ability to determine how much excess return a manager can produce for the increase in risk that the investor assumes. 
By dividing the portfolio’s excess return (defined as the return above the risk-free rate received by US Treasury bills), by the standard deviation of the portfolio, investors can determine the additional return per unit of risk. A Sharpe ratio of 1:1 indicates that the rate of return is proportional to the risk assumed in seeking that reward. 
The higher the Sharpe Ratio, the greater return per unit of risk taken.. 
== References ==
Category:Portfolio Performance Metrics
Shatkin Arbor, Inc.

Shatkin Arbor, Inc. is a Chicago-based clearing firm that was founded by Henry Shatkin and Patrick Arbor and registered as a futures commission merchant (FCM) on Feb. 26, 1990. 
Its business and assets were acquired by Australian financial-services firm Macquarie Group (Macquarie) in August of 2008. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.
Shatkin Arbor's employees - including its senior management - became employees of Macquarie Futures, an arm of Macquarie Group that executes and clears futures contracts on major exchanges around the world. 
Shatkin Arbor's clients ran the gamut from novice traders to hedge funds, although it was known mostly as a local proprietary trading firm. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
*Order desk locations on the CBOT agricultural floor and the CBOT financial floor
*24-hour order desk also available during non-market hours
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Brokerages
Category:Futures Commission Merchants
Shaun D. Lynn

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Shaun D. Lynn is president of BGC Partners. He sparked the idea of creating BGC as a separate business from Cantor Fitzgerald and became one of BGC’s co-founders in October 2004. He spearheaded the broking operations of the company globally and played an integral role in BGC's 2008 merger with eSpeed, Inc. 
== Background ==
Prior to his position with BGC, Lynn was executive managing director of Cantor Fitzgerald International, where he held management positions including leading its Eurobond desk after joining that firm in 1989 as a Bund broker. Earlier roles in the capital markets included serving as a UK equity dealer with Paul E Schweder Miller & Co. and as Associate Director in charge of broking at Purcell Graham Incorporated.
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:BGC Partners
Category:Interdealer Broker Executives
Category:Cantor Fitzgerald - Former Employees
Shawn Bernardo

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Shawn Bernardo is a senior managing director with Tullett Prebon, an inter-dealer broker. He was a founding board member of Wholesale Markets Brokers' Association Americas Inc.. 
== Background ==
Bernardo has been with Tullet Prebon since 2006. Prior to joining Tullett Prebon, Bernardo was a senior vice president at ICAP. At ICAP he worked in product and relationship management for Brokertec in securities, agencies, mortgages, repos and credit default swaps and credit default swap indices.
He was a vice president with Cantor Fitzgerald and Espeed from 1996 to 2002.
== John Lothian News Interview ==
Evolution of OTC Products and Regulations Across Jurisdictions from Shawn Bernardo of Tullett Prebon
As an early developer of electronic market systems, including both Cantor Fitzgerald’s eSpeed and ICAP’s BrokerTec, Bernardo has a unique perspective on the transition to electronic markets and the need for voice services in some markets. In an interview with former John Lothian News Editor-at-Large Doug Ashburn at 2012 SEFCON III, Bernardo also discusses the dangers of regulatory arbitrage if final rules favor foreign jurisdictions, as well as the importance of properly managing the costs of new regulation amid declining volumes across asset classes.
== Education ==
Bernardo holds a bachelor of arts degree in political science degree from St. Johns University.
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Tullett Prebon
Category:Cantor Fitzgerald - Former Employees
Category:Espeed - Former Employees
Category:CFTC Global Markets Advisory Committee Members
Shawn Kravetz

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Shawn Kravetz is founder and president of Esplanade Capital.
== Background ==
Before founding Esplanade Capital, Kravetz was a Principal at the Parthenon Group, a leading strategy consulting firm. Prior to that, Mr. Kravetz was Director of Strategic Planning and Corporate Development for CML Group, a New York Stock Exchange company.
Kravetz has also worked at Monitor Company and the Sara Lee Corporation. 
== Education ==
Kravetz holds an MBA with High Distinction from Harvard Business School, where he received the following honors: Baker Scholar; The Thomas M. and Edna E. Wolfe Award for "Scholastic Excellence and Attainment"; the Henry Ford II Scholar Award for "The Student with the Best First Year Record". He also holds an A.B. in Economics from Harvard College, where he graduated magna cum laude.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Shawn LaMaster

Shawn LaMaster is a founding member and Senior Systems Analyst at Prime Analytics, LLC, makers of the option valuation, execution, and risk management application, ProOpticus.
== Background ==
Shawn LaMaster was a founding board member of Cybernomics, Inc., an independent economic consulting corporation. Cybernomics provided consulting in the areas of software development for research and teaching in economics and finance around the world. 
As Senior Systems Analyst of Prime Analytics, Shawn leads the Tucson team in the development of ProOpticus, using object-oriented and client/server software development techniques.
== Education ==
BS Economics (Computer Science/Math minor), University of Arizona, 1985
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Prime Analytics
Shawn McGinnis

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Shawn McGinnis is the chief clearing officer for Jump Trading.
== Background ==
Prior to joining Jump Trading, McGinnis was a vice president at JP Morgan Chase and JP Morgan Securities. He was also the global head of clearing at Cargill Investor Services.
== Education ==
McGinnis graduated from DePaul University's Charles H. Kellstadt Graduate School of Business.
== Resources ==
* Shawn McGinnis LinkedIn Page
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Jump Trading
Category:Jump Trading
Category:Proprietary Trading Firm Executives
Shawn Ng

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Shawn Ng brings more than 20 years of experience across market infrastructure and fintech M&A advising financial technology clients to his current role as managing director and founding team member with 7RIDGE, a specialized growth equity and private markets asset management firm based in London. 
== Background ==
Ng began his career in 2002 with the Singapore Exchange where over time he became senior manager in technology, operations and M&A. In 2011, he transitioned to Evercore in fintech investment banking until his move to 7RIDGE in April 2020.
== Education ==
Ng earned a BA in mathematics from the University of California, Berkeley in 2005, and a BSc in mathematics with first-class honors from the National University of Singapore in 2006. He also earned an MBA, with honors in finance, accounting and general management, from The University of Chicago Booth School of Business in 2012.
== References ==	
Category:Evercore - Former Employees
Category:Singapore Exchange - Former Employees
Shawn Sullivan

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Shawn Sullivan is a managing director of Credit Suisse in the prime services group within the investment banking division, based in New York. He is the head of prime services trading with global responsibility for the Credit Suisse securities lending and swaps platforms.
In 2009, he served as a panelist in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's Securities Lending and Short Sale Roundtable.
* Irving J. Klubeck statement at September 2009 Securities Lending and Short Sale Roundtable
== Background ==
Sullivan joined Credit Suisse in April 2001 from UBS Warburg where he was an executive director in U.S. repo trading and equity lending. Prior to that, Sullivan worked at Lehman Brothers for nine years in the prime brokerage group.
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Credit Suisse
Shayne Coplan

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Shayne Coplan is the CEO of Polymarket, the prediction market that brought in more than $3.6 billion from bets placed on the 2024 U.S. presidential election. Coplan founded Polymarket in 2020.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation raided Coplan's New York City apartment on November 13, 2024, and seized his phone and electronics, according to "a person familiar with the matter" as reported in a Bloomberg story. The search was part of an investigation of Polymarket by the U.S. Justice Department for allegedly accepting trades from U.S.-based users, which is not allowed. Coplan blamed the Biden administration and the Democratic loss as reasoning for the raid. He has maintained his statement that the site is nonpartisan. 
== Background ==
Coplan was part of a new wave of founders attempting to make prediction markets profitable. As a 26 year-old, he raised tens of millions in funding for the platform from investors that included Peter Thiel’s Founders Fund.
== Education ==
Coplan earned a Bachelor of Science in computer science from New York University.
== References ==
Shearson American Express

Shearson American Express was a subsidiary of American Express after it acquired Shearson Loeb Rhoades, then the second largest brokerage house on Wall Street in April of 1981. Sanford Weil, who had built up Shearson through 40 acquisitions, became the chairman of Shearson/American Express.
In 1984, Shearson/American Express bought Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb, Inc. for $360 million and the firm becomes Shearson Lehman Brothers.
In 1988, the firm becomes Shearson Lehman Hutton Inc. after it buys E.F. Hutton & Company, an 83-year old brokerage firm, for $1 billion. The firm again became the second largest on Wall Street.
Then, in 1993, American Express sold the retail brokerage business of Shearson to what was then Travelers Corp. The next year, American Express CEO Harvey Golub spun off the Lehman Brothers investment banking unit into an independent company owned by American Express shareholders and Lehman employees.
== References ==
Category:Brokerage Firms
Category:Shearson
Category:Lehman Brothers
Sheet trading

Sheet trading refers to the use of printed pricing tables derived from a software program as a guide to gauging fair value of options, spreads, delta, gamma, vega, and other information. Tables are generated at varying prices of an underlying commodity, and may also be run at varying volatility levels. Such tables are commonly used in delta neutral trading strategies.
Most sheet traders use the Black-Scholes option pricing model, or a variation of it, as a model for the pricing.
Technological improvements in valuation software and the migration of trading from the open outcry to electronic trading has rendered most sheet trading obsolete. Newer options software applications combine dynamic valuation, trade execution, and risk management into a single screen, eliminating the need for printed pricing tables. By 2011, very sheet traders were few in number.
Sheldon Langer

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Sheldon Langer is a longtime member of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange who was a member of the Equity Owners Association in the 1990s at the CME and in 2014 sued the CME Group as part of a class action lawsuit.
Langer and fellow CME member Ronald Yermack, along with CBOT member Lance Goldberg, sued the CME in 2014 alleging breach of their core trading rights related to charges CME Group implements for colocation access to the Aurora Trading Center.
== Background ==
He is a native Chicagoan who bought his membership in 1974.
== Education ==
Langer graduated from Roosevelt University in Chicago in 1969
== References ==	
Category:CME Group
Category:CME Members
Shelia A. Summers

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Shelia Summers is a corporate and marketing communications professional. She is the director of marketing communications for the Washburn University School of Law
She is a former executive with the Kansas City Board of Trade and was elected in 2000 as a vice president of marketing. 
== Background ==
Summers served as Assistant Vice President at the KCBT beginning in January 1999 after joining the KCBT in 1996 as a markets reporter. She has handled marketing, public relations, corporate communications, website marketing, website development, event planning and membership communications at the KCBT. 
She previously worked for Vance Publishing as senior markets editor. 
== Education ==
She holds a bachelor of science degree in journalism from the University of Kansas.
== References ==	
Category:CME Group - Former Employees
Category:KCBT - Former Employees
Category:Marketing Professionals
Category:Corporate Communications Professionals
Shelly Brown

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Shelly Brown is executive vice president, strategic planning and operations at Miami International Holdings, Inc., the holding company of the MIAX Options Exchange. He was appointed to that position in April of 2016. He remains responsible for business strategy and functionality requirements as well as establishing and maintaining client relationships for MIAX Options and MIAX PEARL, MIH's second options exchange, following its launch in late 2016. He also continues in his role as a senior vice president of MIH. He was previously senior vice president, strategic planning and operations.
== Background ==
Brown is a veteran of the financial markets and has worked for exchanges and proprietary trading firms and founded a financially focused technology company.
He has served as director of business development for proprietary trading firm PEAK6 Investments, LP, vice president and NASDAQ OMX PHLX, vice president of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange and a manager of derivative trading systems at Susquehanna International Group.
Brown founded and served as CEO of RISC, a Chicago-based software and consulting firm providing trading solutions for options exchanges and trading firms. He was also a market-maker on the Chicago Board Options Exchange.
== References ==	
Category:Miami International Holdings
Category:Miami Options Exchange
Shenzhen Carbon Exchange

The Shenzhen Carbon Exchange is China's first market for compulsory carbon emissions trading. Participants include 635 industrial companies and some public buildings that account for about 40 percent of the city's carbon emissions. Under the trading program, the companies that emit less than their quotas of carbon can sell their excess limits to other emitters and investors for profit. The participants have been allotted permits for total emissions of 100 million tonnes between 2013 and 2015. They are set to reduce their carbon intensity by close to 7 per cent over the next two years.
The trading scheme is the first among seven regional trading platforms to start operating in 2013 or 2014 to help the government decide in 2015 whether to set up a nationwide carbon market.
== History ==
China has pledged to reduce carbon dioxide emissions 40 to 45 percent per unit of GDP by 2020, in comparison with 2005. 
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Sherry S. Barrat

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Sherry S. Barrat has been the executive vice president of Northern Trust Corp. since January 2006. She also serves as the president of Personal Financial Services at the corporation. 
== Background ==
Barrat joined Northern Trust in 1990 in the Miami branch of the bank. In 1999, she joined the California branch where she was responsible for delivery of the bank's investment management, trust and private banking services. 
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Shimelis Habtewold

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Shimelis Habtewold is interim CEO and chief compliance officer of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange. He was appointed to that position on March 21, 2014. As CEO, he is responsible for the overall management of the exchange. His chief compliance officer responsibilities include: formulating and amending the rules of the exchange, ensuring member and exchange compliance, and liaising with regulatory bodies. 
He became acting CEO after the surprise resignation of Anteneh Assefa, the previous CEO, who left after only 20 months. 
Anteneh was chosen to run the exchange by the founder and first CEO, Eleni Gabre-Medhin (PhD). 
Shimelis has more than 17 years of experience in law enforcement, drafting legal documents and compliance matters in Ethiopia. 
== Background ==
Prior positions include public prosecutor, deputy assistant attorney general and head of the civil affairs department at the Federal Ministry of Justice, and manager of the rules & regulations unit at the ECX. 
== Education ==
LLB from Law Faculty of Addis Ababa University (July 1995) and LLM in Administrative & Constitutional Law from Amsterdam Law School of Amsterdam University (January 2005).
== References ==
Shinnecock Partners

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Shinnecock Partners is a Los Angeles-based alternative investment management firm founded in 1988. They specialize in portfolios of third-party futures managers.
Shinnecock is registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission as a Commodity Pool Operator (CPO) and Commodity Trading Advisor (CTA). They are a member of the National Futures Association.
They were awarded Best Managed Futures CTA Fund by World Finance magazine in 2011.
== John Lothian News Interview ==
Alan Snyder of Shinnecock Partners Discusses the Potential for Managed Futures
Alan Snyder is managing partner of Shinnecock Partners, a Los Angeles-based alternative investment firm that specializes in third-party futures managers. Snyder spoke about his firm, the managed futures space and his opinion of managed futures mutual funds at the 2012 Emerging Managers Forum in London. Interview by JLN Managed Futures editor Jim Kharouf. Published August 1, 2012.
== References ==