nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
U.S. Department of Justice

U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) is the primary federal law enforcement agency in the United States, responsible for enforcing federal laws, including those related to financial and derivatives markets.
== History ==
The DOJ was established in 1870 by the U.S. Congress. Since its inception, it has played a crucial role in enforcing laws and regulations across various sectors, including the financial industry.
== Role in Financial and Derivatives Markets ==
=== Antitrust Enforcement ===
The DOJ's Antitrust Division is responsible for enforcing antitrust laws in the financial sector. This includes investigating and prosecuting cases of price-fixing, bid-rigging, and other anti-competitive practices in financial and derivatives markets..
=== Fraud Prevention and Prosecution ===
The DOJ's Criminal Division, particularly its Fraud Section, investigates and prosecutes complex financial crimes, including securities fraud, commodities fraud, and manipulation of financial markets.
=== Money Laundering and Asset Recovery ===
The Money Laundering and Asset Recovery Section (MLARS) leads the Department's efforts in combating money laundering and recovering assets related to financial crimes, including those in the derivatives markets.
== Collaboration with Other Agencies ==
The DOJ works closely with other federal agencies to regulate and enforce laws in the financial and derivatives markets:
* Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
* Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)
* Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)
* Federal Reserve
This collaboration ensures comprehensive oversight and enforcement in complex financial cases.
== References ==
Category:Regulation
Category:U.S. Government Agencies
Category:Law Enforcement
Category:Financial Crime
U.S. National Market System

The National Market System is a trading system for over-the-counter (OTC) stocks created under the sponsorship of the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) and Nasdaq. Congress established its framework in 1975. The National Market System is meant to insure that every trader gets the best price available at any moment on any exchange in the country.
The Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC) requires that each participant in an effective National Market System Plan ensure that a current and complete version of the NMS Plan is posted on a central Web site.
== References ==
Category:Trade Engines
U.S. Office of Financial Research

The Office of Financial Research (OFR) was established by Title I of the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010, in order to "improve the quality of financial data available to policymakers and facilitate more robust and sophisticated analysis of the financial system." The OFR, which is housed within the U.S. Department of the Treasury, works in conjunction with the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) and regulators such as the SEC and CFTC to standardize data and identify systemic vulnerabilities. 
The OFR also includes the Research and Analysis Center, which leads, monitors, and disseminates research to support the regulation of financial sector.
In January 2013, the OFR appointed Richard Berner as its first director. Berner left the agency at the end of 2017, to be replaced by Acting Director Ken Phelan, who took over on Jan. 1, 2018. 
The office has been a target of congressional Republicans since it was created, and some Republican lawmakers have sought to disband it. President Donald Trump’s administration proposed in June of 2017 that Congress move the agency fully inside the Treasury, which would essentially undo the political buffers that Congress put in place in the Dodd-Frank legislation. That followed shortly after the Treasury in May suggested cutting the OFR's workforce about 38% in its annual budget proposal. The OFR director has final say over the agency’s budget but must consult with the Treasury.
On August 8, 2018, the Trump administration notified about 40 staff members that they would be laid off. Staff at the OFR were told in January that jobs would be eliminated as the administration sought to cut the OFR’s budget by 25 percent to around $76 million. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:U.S. Department of the Treasury
U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry

On December 9, 1825, the Senate, by a vote of 22-14, approved a resolution creating a standing Committee on Agriculture. That body is now known as the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. Since its creation, the committee has helped to establish, guide, and examine agricultural policies here and abroad. It contributed to the research and teaching of the 1860s, the price and income support controls of the 1930s, and the international trade policies of the 1990s. 
Present Committee members address issues including commodity price and income supports, trade, research, food safety, nutrition, and soil conservation. The Great Depression, for example, redirected the thinking of agricultural leaders toward price supports and production controls to limit mounting commodity surpluses. Members of the Committee have formulated over time a rural safety net that undergirds an agricultural system.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
*Senator Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) is the Committee Chairwoman.
== Resources ==
S.Doc. 105-24: The United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry 1825-1998
== References ==
Category:U.S. Government Committees
U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs

The U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs has jurisdiction over the operation of U.S. financial institutions, housing and mass transit programs. It also studies and reviews matters relating to international economic policy as it affects United States monetary affairs, credit, and financial institutions; economic growth and urban affairs.
In September of 2008, the Committee conducted a hearing to examine turmoil in the U.S. credit markets, focusing on government-sponsored entities, investment banks and other financial institutions. Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson Jr. received an angry and skeptical reception when he appeared before the Committee to ask Congress to give him wide authority to rescue the U.S. financial system.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
*Mike Crapo (R-ID), Chairman
*Sherrod Brown, (D-OH), Ranking Member
== Resources == 
* Legislation That Has Been Referred To The Committee On Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs
== References ==
Category:U.S. Government Committees
U.S. Treasuries

*See also Treasury Yield curve MarketsWiki entry.
U.S. Treasuries is the collective term for all debt securities of varying maturities issued by the U.S. Treasury Department. 
The investment heft of the securities is such that they typically serve as a broad benchmark for the performance of comparable bonds and debt securities in global credit markets.
U.S. Treasuries vary in maturity from 4-week Treasury bills (T-bills) to 5-year Treasury notes (T-notes) to 30-year Treasury bonds (T-bonds). All U.S. Treasuries have recently been in strong demand from global investors as stock and currency markets rise and fall. The 10-year U.S. T-note yield recently fell to its lowest level in more than fifty years as investors bought Treasuries as a safe haven from global market turmoil.
==U.S. Treasury Clearing==
U.S. Treasury securities are cleared in the secondary market in different ways depending on who were party to the trade. The secondary market is composed of purchase and sales through dealer to dealer transactions, as well as dealer to customer transactions.
Since 2000, there has been much change to the dealer to dealer segment of the market as increased computer technology, trading platform innovations and automated execution strategies has attracted principal trading firms to the market.
In the case of a dealer to customer trade, the dealers act as market makers, buying and selling for their own account from their customers. These trade are bilaterally cleared, which means the dealer and the customer managed any counterparty risks. 
In the case of a dealer to dealer trade, dealers trade with another dealer through an interdealer broker (IDB). 
Interdealerbrokers and other firms are members of the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation (FICC), which is a financial utility owned by DTCC that acts as a central counterparty for trades made between two members.
Since the introduction of principal trading firms to Treasuries trading, a hybrid approach to clearing has developed whereby the IDB side of a trade is cleared and the non-member side of the trade is cleared bilaterally.
== Resources ==
TreasuryDirect Home Page
== References ==
Category:Definitions
U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control

The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is a financial intelligence and enforcement agency of the United States Department of the Treasury. It administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions in support of U.S. national security and foreign policy objectives.
== History ==
The Office of Foreign Assets Control has its roots in the Office of Foreign Funds Control, which was established in 1940. OFAC itself was formally created in December 1950, following the entry of China into the Korean War, when President Truman declared a national emergency and blocked all Chinese and North Korean assets subject to U.S. jurisdiction.
== Functions and Responsibilities ==
OFAC is responsible for:
# Administering a variety of sanctions programs, both comprehensive and selective.
# Blocking assets and implementing trade restrictions to accomplish foreign policy and national security goals.
# Issuing general licenses authorizing certain categories of transactions.
# Granting specific licenses on a case-by-case basis under certain limited situations and conditions.
== Sanctions Programs ==
OFAC administers numerous sanctions programs targeting various countries, regimes, and entities. Some of the notable programs include:
# Russia-related Sanctions
# Iran Sanctions
# North Korea Sanctions
# Cuba Sanctions
# Counter Narcotics Sanctions
# Cyber-related Sanctions
# Venezuela-related Sanctions
== Key People ==
As of September 2024, the key leadership of OFAC includes:
* Andrea Gacki - Former Director of OFAC (until July 2023)
* Wally Adeyemo - Deputy Secretary of the Treasury, overseeing OFAC operations
== Recent Actions ==
In September 2024, OFAC, in collaboration with Dutch authorities, took action against several Russian cryptocurrency exchanges accused of laundering cybercrime proceeds. This included sanctioning the exchange Cryptex and Russian national Sergey Sergeevich Ivanov.
== References ==
Category:Cryptocurrency
Category:Exchanges
Category:Regulation
Category:Cybersecurity
Category:Crime
Category:Sanctions
U.S. Treasury bonds

Treasury bonds (T-bonds) are 30-year debt securities issued regularly by the federal government that pay a fixed interest rate (coupon) every six months until maturity and are considered among the world's safest securities. Because they are used as collateral by large financial institutions, Treasury bonds have become harder to trade and borrow since the beginning of the 2007-2009 credit crisis.
 
The U.S. Treasury auctions off Treasury bonds four times per year in February, May, August and November, usually in minimum denominations of $1,000, although investors can purchase a minimum of $100-worth in multiples of $100 up to a maximum of $5 million through Treasury Direct. They pay interest every six months until maturity, when investors are paid their face (par) value, or they can sell before the bonds mature. The interest income is subject to federal income tax but exempt from state and local income taxes. T-bonds maturing in May 2038 with a coupon of 4.5% were recently trading at a price of 103.26 and yield of 4.27.
== Locking up quality ==
In October of 2008, the U.S. Treasury decided to release an extra $20 billion in Treasury bonds to unclog bottlenecks in the troubled short-term interbank lending and corporate debt markets, where they are borrowed for use as collateral. But as credit markets froze and T-bond prices went up, banks and other institutions became increasingly unwilling to lend T-bonds, while borrowers took to refusing to give them back, prompting Treasury to boost supply.
 
== References ==
Category:Bonds
U.S. dollar

The U.S. dollar is the currency of the United States of America and the world's reserve currency. The standard abbreviation is "USD" and the symbol is "$."
U.S. dollars are created by the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, which is operated by the U.S. Department of Treasury.
Treasury began issuing paper currency in 1861 and on August 29, 21862 the process was mechanized and moved to the basement of Treasury. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing, BEP, is the sole producer of legitimate U.S. dollar bills. BEP also produces stamps, U.S. government obligations and other security documents.
Who is featured in the portraits on U.S. paper currency?
* $1 Note (Face) - George Washington (1st U.S. President) (Back) - The Great Seal of the United States
* $2 Note (Face) - Thomas Jefferson (3rd U.S. President) (Back) - Signing of the Declaration of Independence
* $5 Note (Face) - Abraham Lincoln (16th U.S. President) (Back) - Lincoln Memorial
* $10 Note (Face) - Alexander Hamilton (1st Secretary of the Treasury) (Back) - U.S. Treasury Building
* $20 Note (Face) - Andrew Jackson (7th U.S. President) (Back) - White House
* $50 Note (Face) - Ulysses Grant (18th U.S. President) (Back) - U.S. Capitol
* $100 Note (Face) - Ben Franklin (Statesman) (Back) - Independence Hall
* $500 Note* (Face) - William McKinley (25th U.S. President) (Back) - Numeral 500 and the ornamental phrase "Five Hundred Dollars"
* $1000 Note* (Face) - Grover Cleveland (22nd & 24th U.S. President) (Back) - Numeral 1000 and the ornamental phrase "One Thousand Dollars"
* $5000 Note* (Face) - James Madison (4th U.S. President) (Back) - Numeral 5000 and the ornamental phrase "Five Thousand Dollars"
* $10,000 Note* (Face) - Salmon Chase (U.S. Treasury Secretary under Lincoln) (Back) - Numeral 10,000 and the ornamental phrase "Ten Thousand Dollars"
* $100,000 Note* (Face) - Woodrow Wilson (28th U.S. President) (Back) - Numeral 100,000 and the ornamental phrase "One Hundred Thousand Dollars". This note never appeared in general circulation, and was only used in transactions between Federal Reserve Banks
(*) = Notes no longer in print or circulation
== Coins and Medals ==
Coins and medals are produced by The United States Mint, which is also operated by the U.S. Department of Treasury. The U.S. Mint was created on April 2, 1792. A variety of one dollar coins are in circulation as of August 2010, including the Statue of Liberty, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison obverse coins.
== References ==
UBS Americas, Inc.

__NOTOC__
UBS Americas, Inc. operates through its subsidiary, UBS Global Asset Management (US) Inc., which provides wealth management, asset management, and investment banking services. The company was founded in 2000 and is based in Stamford, Connecticut.
== History ==
In July of 2012, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), the conservator of the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, filed a lawsuit in the federal district court for the Southern District of New York against UBS Americas Inc., and related defendants, alleging violations of federal securities laws in the sale of residential private label mortgage-backed securities (MBS) to the GSEs. FHFA seeks to recover losses and damages sustained by the GSEs as a result of their investments in UBS Securities.
== John Savercool John Lothian News Interview ==
How the Presidential Election Impacts Dodd-Frank: UBS Lobbyist John Savercool Interview
John Savercool, senior lobbyist and managing director of UBS Americas knows his politics. A 23-year veteran of Capitol Hill, Savercool recently spoke at the CTA EXPO in Chicago about the presidential election and prospects for Mitt Romney and President Obama next month. Savercool sat down with JLN editor-in-chief Jim Kharouf and spoke about the impact the presidential election will have on financial markets and Dodd-Frank, his expectations for coming Dodd-Frank rules, and what legislation is on his radar for next year. 
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
UBS PIN ATS

The UBS PIN ATS is a dark pool, also known as a crossing pool or crossing network, operated by UBS
. It is a component of the UBS Price Improvement Network (PIN).
UBS PIN ATS enables UBS client orders, through direct market access (DMA) and algorithmic trading orders, to interact with UBS's U.S. equity order flow, which totals 690 million shares per day including client agency flow and UBS trading desks. 
== References ==
Category:Dark Pools
Category:Alternative Trading Systems
Category:UBS
UBS Price Improvement Network (PIN)

The Price Improvement Network (PIN) is a dark pool trading platform operated by UBS. UBS has been operating the PIN platform in the U.S., Europe, Japan and Australia, and in May 2009 announced it will launch the platform in Hong Kong next. 
The PIN is aimed at minimizing trading costs for its clients by anonymously matching large stock orders without signaling big orders to the broad market.
UBS is one of a growing list of dark pool operators in Asia. 
== References ==
Category:Dark Pools
UK Financial Investments Limited

UK Financial Investments Limited (UKFI) is a company set up to manage the U.K. government’s stakes in banks including Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) and Northern Rock. It was announced in November of 2008 by HM Treasury. 
== History ==
UKFI's original mandate is that it would work to ensure management incentives for banks in which it has shareholdings based on maximizing long-term value and restricting the potential for rewarding failure. It would also oversee the conditions of the recapitalization fund, including maintaining, over its next three years, the availability and active marketing of competitively-priced lending to home owners and small businesses at 2007 levels.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
Membership of the UKFI board includes a private sector chair, three non-executive private sector members, a chief executive and two senior government officials from HM Treasury and a shareholder executive.
In July of 2009, it was announced that Sir David Cooksey had been appointed chairman of UKFI.
== References ==
Category:Investment Companies -Government Owned
ULLINK

Ullink is a global provider of multi-asset trading technology and infrastructure for buy-side and sell-side market participants. It enables its customers to build their own custom trading environments. The combined company manages over 450 trading platforms daily, is connected to more than 100 exchanges and offers over 700 different FIX and API adapters. Ullink has offices in New York, Toronto, London, Paris, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Singapore, Manila, São Paulo, Cluj and Sydney. 
In November 2017, it was announced that Ullink would combine with Itiviti to form a full service provider of technology for capital markets. The merger was completed on March 14, 2018.
== History ==
Ullink was created in 2001 by a team of electronic trading professionals. It serves 100+ clients in 20 countries, across continents and time zones (24/5 support).
In 2014 Ullink acquired NYFIX and Metabit from the New York Stock Exchange, further expanding its product offering by creating one of the industry’s largest FIX-based trading communities. 
The NYFIX addition gives Ullink further access to the buy side, and the addition of Tokyo-based Metabit gives it access to the pan-Asian markets. The combined company operates under the ULLINK brand. Scott Fitzpatrick, COO of NYFIX, is managing director of the NYFIX Services business line and Daniel Burgin, CEO of Metabit, is COO-Asia for the enlarged group.
== Products and Services ==
ULLINK provides direct market access (DMA), order management, best execution and algorithmic trading. It supports all asset classes. 
 
Among the products ULLINK offers are:
* Connectivity and order routing (UL BRIDGE)
* FIX engine (UL FIX)
* Order execution engine (UL SMART)
* Direct Market Access gateways (DMA)
* Pre-trade risk management (UL IRIS)
== Key People ==
*Didier Bouillard - CEO
== References ==
UNICEF

UNICEF is an international charity and advocacy group that works with the United Nations. It was founded in 1946. The organization works to promote gender equality, access to education, nutrition, health and immunization, clean water access, emergency relief, and other humanitarian services for underprivileged children around the world.
== Blockchain ==
In December 2018, UNICEF announced it would split £100,000 from its Innovation Fund among several fintech and healthcare technology firms based in Argentina and India that were experimenting with blockchain technology. 
== Cryptocurrency ==
In October 2019, UNICEF said that it had become the first United Nations organization to "use cryptocurrencies to fund open source technology benefiting children and young people around the world." The first contribution to the fund will come from the Ethereum Foundation towards the UNICEF Innovation Fund, as well a project by the GIGA initiative "to connect schools across the world to the internet." The Ethereum Foundation will make its donation through the French National Committee for UNICEF. According to the press release, UNICEF's national committees for the United States, Australia, and New Zealand would also begin accepting cryptocurrency payments. At the time of the announcement, only donations of bitcoin (BTC) and Ether (ETH) were planned to be accepted. Although UNICEF did not disclose the amount donated by the Ethereum Foundation, the Foundation reportedly sent 100 ETH (roughly $18,000) to UNICEF's new fund.
The UNICEF Cryptocurrency Fund announced on June 19, 2020 that it had made grants to eight businesses from seven countries – Afinidata, Avyantra, Cireha, Ideasis, OS City, StaTwig, Somleng and Utopic. The purpose of the 125 Ether investments was to help them solve local as well as global problems including some associated with the outbreak of the novel coronavirus. Each of the companies had earlier received grants of at least $100,000 from the UNICEF Innovation Fund.
 
== Key People ==
*Henrietta H. Fore - Executive Director 
*Omar Abdi - Deputy Executive Director 
== References ==
Category:cryptocurrency
Category:blockchain
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki