nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Ljubljana Stock Exchange

The Ljubljana Stock Exchange (LJSE) was established on 26 December 1989, after two new federal laws enabled such a move in the centrally-planned economy in the former Yugoslavia. The Ljubljana stock market was the first stock exchange to be set up in any socialist country, a move that came only a day before Belgrade got its own stock exchange and six months before the stock markets were set up in Hungary and China. 
== History ==
Upon the opening of the Exchange, 27 securities were traded, the majority of which were state securities, and the rest were securities of Slovenian financial institutions and industrial enterprises. Many of them were the predecessors of todays well known Slovenian companies: Pivovarna Union (the Ljubljana brewery), Union - Hotelska in stavbinska d. d., Ljubljana (hotel and real estate co.), Tekstilna Kocevje (textile industry), Sesir Skofja Loka (hat manufacturers), Tovarna dusika Ruse (nitrogen producers), Zdruzene papirnice (the Ljubljana paper mill), Kranjska industrijska druzba Jesenice, Trboveljska premogokopna druzba Ljubljana (colliery). 
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Stock Exchanges
Category:European Exchanges
Lloyds Banking Group Plc

Lloyds Banking Group plc Britain's largest mortgage lender. As of April 2010, the government held a 41 percent stake in the company. 
Lloyds TSB Group plc was renamed Lloyds Banking Group plc on Jan. 19, 2009 following the acquisition of HBOS plc.
In April 2010, Lloyds said it had returned to profit in the first three months of 2010, thanks largely to falling bad-debt charges on its corporate and commercial lending. 
In August 2011, Lloyds reported a £2.3 billion ($3.78 billion) net loss. This was attributed to Irish bad loans, increased funding costs and $3.2 billion in compensation paid to customers who were sold faulty payment-protection insurance.
Lloyds was one of several big banks whose employees were accused by regulators in 2014 of conspiring to manipulate the London Interbank Offered Rate LIBOR interest rate benchmark. The bank served on several panels of banks that helped set LIBOR rates tied to the dollar, the yen and other currencies. 
In July 2014 the CFTC charged Lloyds with false reporting and attempted manipulation of the LIBOR for Sterling, U.S. Dollar, and Yen committed by employees of Lloyds TSB and HBOS. The CFTC also brought and settled charges that Lloyds TSB, at times, aided and abetted the attempts of derivatives traders at Rabobank to manipulate Yen LIBOR. The Order required Lloyds Banking Group and Lloyds Bank to pay a $105 million civil monetary penalty.
== Key People ==
*António Horta-Osório, Group Chief Executive 
*G. Truett Tate, Group Executive Director, Wholesale
*Tim Tookey, Group Finance Director
== References ==
Category:Banks
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Loan

A loan is the end product of a lending agreement between a lender and a borrower; in financial markets it's usually in the form of a bond, bill or note. Private and retail loans, like large-scale credit, have become more difficult to obtain since the credit crisis began worsening in 2008, since banks and loan companies can no longer securitize them.
== Drying up ==
Companies and individuals that can't get loans by issuing bonds and other debt instruments to the capital markets must approach private loan providers like banks and retail finance companies, which lend generally lend at a fixed interest rate and lending period, or amortization, unless pre-determined otherwise. However, since the meltdown in mortgage-backed securities began in 2007, usual sources of such loans have been increasingly reluctant to offer them on favorable terms to either businesses or individuals. Some retail-lending websites allow potential borrowers to calculate the impact of different interest rates and amortization schedules on monthly payments, and vice versa.
As well as private lenders like banks, whose retail lending has been curtailed by the recent freeze in credit markets, borrowers can also apply to U.S. government loan programs, which generally carry a more competitive interest rate. Federal loans are available for business, agriculture and education as well as disaster relief, housing and veterans' needs.
== References ==
Category:Interest Rates
Loh Boon Chye

__NOTOC__ 
Loh Boon Chye is a Singapore based financial services and exchange executive who serves as the CEO of the Singapore Exchange (SGX). He officially started in the top role in July 2015.
He was previously deputy president and head of global markets for Asia-Pacific for Bank of America-Merrill Lynch, beginning in December 2012.
He also serves on the board of directors of GIC. 
In September of 2023 he was named as chairman of the World Federation of Exchanges (WFE) in a unanimous vote of the WFE board. Jos Dijsselhof, the chief executive of SIX, was named vice chair.
== Background ==
Loh's career in the financial industry spans 26 years. He began as an investment officer with the Monetary Authority of Singapore in 1989 and joined the Singapore branch of Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of New York in 1992. From 1995 to 2012, he was with Deutsche Bank AG, Singapore, where he held the posts of chief executive of the Global Markets Division in Singapore, and head of global markets – Asia, and was head of corporate and investment banking for Asia-Pacific. 
He was a director on the Board of SGX from October 2003 to September 2012. He replaced the prior SGX CEO Magnus Böcker, who departed in June 2015.
== John Lothian News Interviews==
2020 Exchange Leader Series
2016 Exchange CEO Series: SGX's Boon Chye Expanding With New Products, New Platform in 2016 
Loh Boon Chye took over the Singapore Exchange CEO post in July 2015 with a focus on growing the overall business in derivatives, clearing and equities. But he faces headwinds across the asset classes as China's economy slows. Boon Chye, however, believes the exchange is well positioned to move forward in 2016.
SGX has made a name for itself by introducing equity index futures with the Nikkei 225 futures, among others. The exchange now is broadening its China product suite with the introduction of a series of equity derivatives based on MSCI indexes including the MSCI China Free Index. The new product follows the FTSE China A50 futures contract, which ranks 18th among global futures exchange in 2015, and traded 95.8 million contracts last year, up 131 percent from 41.3 million contracts a year earlier, according to the Futures Industry Association annual survey.
==Interview: New Captain: SGX's Boon Chye Navigates Tough Asian Markets - John Lothian News, July 2015==
Loh Boon Chye took the reins as CEO of Singapore Exchange (SGX) in July 2015. A former SGX board member and Bank of America Merrill Lynch’s deputy president and head of global markets in Asia Pacific, he said there is much opportunity for the exchange to grow, and perhaps even benefit from the competition that has moved in around him from ICE and others. Boon Chye spoke at SGX’s headquarters with JLN Editor-in-Chief Jim Kharouf about his management style, the game plan for the exchange going forward and just where SGX fits in the global market landscape. Read the Interview
== Education ==
Loh graduated from the National University of Singapore with a Bachelor's degree in Engineering.
== References ==	
Category:Exchange CEOs
Category:Exchange Executives
Category:Singapore
Category:Deutsche Bank - Former Employees
Lombard Risk

Lombard Risk is a global provider of regulatory reporting and collateral management services to the financial services industry. Founded in 1989, the company counts 30 of the world’s ‘Top 50’ financial institutions among its clients. Lombard is owned by Vermeg Group.
== History ==
Lombard was acquired by Vermeg Group in 2018.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Alastair Brown, Chief Executive Officer
*Nigel Gurney, Chief Financial Officer
*Mike Payne, Chief Technology Officer
== References ==
Lona Mozumder

__NOTOC__ 
Lona Mozumder is head of Sales, Americas - Trading Solutions at Refinitiv, an LSEG business.
Mozumder is vice president of the board of Women in Financial Markets, formerly Women in Derivatives, a position she has held since 2018.
== Background ==
Currently serving as the head of sales, Americas - Trading Solutions at Refinitiv, an LSEG business, Mozumber oversees customer success and go-to-market strategy in the trading solutions domain. She has been with Refinitiv since October 2022.
Before joining Refinitiv, Mozumber held the position of head of sales and relationship management, Americas at OSTTRA. Prior to her tenure at OSTTRA, Mozumber spent 13 years at TriOptima, where she served as the head of sales, Americas. In this role, she managed portfolio risk reduction and compression for derivatives, overseeing initiatives aimed at mitigating leverage, credit, market, and operational risks for clients across North and South America.
Mozumber's career also includes notable roles at financial institutions such as Citigroup and BNP Paribas, where she gained experience in structured credit derivatives, trade support, and client relationship management.
== Education ==
Mozumder earned a bachelor's degree from the University at Buffalo and a master's degree from the NYU Stern School of Business. She also earned a Financial Risk Management Certificate from New York University.
== References ==	
Category: Women in Financial Markets Board
London Derivatives Exchange

London Derivatives Exchange is the operator of an order matching platform and creates new products. The goal of the company is to create hybrid products that help bridge the gap between listed and OTC contracts.
LDX came out of the restructured GMEX Group in October 2016 and technically it is the revised brand name for GMEX Limited. Led by former GMEX co-founder VJ Angelo, LDX operates an order matching platform (LDX) and product development company (GDI). Its initial product was the Euro denominated Interest Rate Swap Constant Maturity Future (IRS CMF).
The company's shareholders include Deutsche Boerse and Societe Generale's Corporate and Investment Banking division. Contracts are traded on the Eurex platform and cleared through Eurex Clearing.
== Products and Services ==
LDX Interest Rate Swap Constant Maturity Future (IRS CMF): These contracts: never expire, have no time decay and do not mature, 
trade as a rate, buyer pays fixed/seller receives fixed, notional size of contract varies by tenor and is listed and traded on Eurex Exchange. 
== Key People ==
*VJ Angelo, CEO
*Sandy Broderick, Non-Executive Chairman
*James Davies, COO
== References ==
London Energy Brokers' Association

The London Energy Brokers' Association (LEBA), founded in 2003, represents the top energy and emissions brokers on the OTC and exchange traded markets. The association has created benchmark indexes in the power and carbon markets.
The association is comprised of 10 large brokers including: APX Power UK (formerly known as UKPX, Aspen Oil Broking, CantorCO2e, Evolution Markets, GFI Group, ICAP Energy, PVM Oil Associates, Spectron Group, Tradition Financial Services, Tullet Prebon Energy. 
In the European emissions market, these brokers represent most of the trading volume that occurs on the OTC emissions market. The OTC European emissions market, where Certified Emission Reductions and European Union Allowance contracts are traded, accounts for about 70 percent of the total emissions traded in the OTC and on exchanges.
== Products and Services ==
LEBA has produced a number of indexes including the LEBA TTF Pricing Index, which calculates month-ahead natural gas trades executed by London brokers. It also produces the LEBA EGT Pricing Index, which is a volume-based, weighted average of all day-ahead trades executed in London by participating brokers.
It also lists indexes on CERs, EUAs, power and natural gas prices. 
 
== Key People ==
*Alexander McDonald - Chief Executive
*David Clark - Chairman
*Alban Brindle - Chief Operating Officer
== References ==
Category:Energy
Category:Brokers
London Investment Banking Association

The London Investment Banking Association (LIBA) is the principal trade association in the United Kingdom for firms active in the investment banking and securities industry and the association represents the major international investment banks which base their European operations in London.
On May 5, 2009, Liba and the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA) announced their intention to merge their London operations into a single, independent European organization. It will work under the leadership of Jonathan Taylor, Liba's director general. Liba and SIFMA expect the new association to be a unified, influential voice in issues affecting the international, European, and UK capital markets. 
== History ==
 
Liba traces its roots to a grouping of banks formed after the first world war.
== Products and Services ==
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
*Director General, Jonathan Taylor
*Director & Secretary, Peter Beales
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
London Platinum & Palladium Fixing Company Ltd.

The London Platinum & Palladium Fixing Company runs platinum and palladium fixings in London.
Platinum and palladium fixings started in 1989 after the expansion of so-called quotations, forerunners of the benchmarks, which were first introduced in 1973. Fixings are used by miners and consumers to trade and value metals. The gold fix began in 1919 and the silver fix began in 1897. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
London School of Economics

The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) is an international center for the teaching and research of social, political and economic sciences. The school was founded in 1895 by Beatrice Webb and Sidney Webb.
== History ==
LSE held its first classes in October 1895 in rooms on John Street, moving a year later to 10 Adelphi Terrace. In 1900 LSE was recognized as a faculty of economics in the newly-constituted University of London and in 1901 the Faculty degrees were announced as the BSc (Econ) and DSc (Econ) - the first university degrees principally dedicated to the social sciences.
In 1902 the School moved formally to its present site, in Clare Market and Houghton Street, off the Aldwych. In May 1920 King George V laid the foundation stone of the Old Building. 
Michael Philip (Mick) Jagger dropped out of the London School of Economics to be a rock star.
== Key People ==
Board Governor of the Federal Reserve System, Randall Kroszner, serves as one of the visiting scholars at the school.
== References ==
Category:Universities
Long-Term Stock Exchange

The Long-Term Stock Exchange (LTSE) is a stock exchange nine years in the making that began full trading operations Wednesday, September 9, 2020. 
LTSE was approved by the SEC on May 10, 2019. It was founded by Eric Ries, a Silicon Valley entrepreneur. Its mission is to give high-growth technology companies more options to list their shares outside of the traditional New York exchanges and reduce short-term pressures on public companies. According to Ries, creating ecosystem reform is a fundamental part of its mission. 
It is backed by several prominent Silicon Valley figures, including the venture capitalist Marc Andreessen.
The exchange is looking for issuers committed to ESG. It is also designed to appeal in particular to "hot" startups, particularly those that are losing money and want to focus on long-term innovation.
Companies that list on the LTSE do so as a secondary listing. They write their own long-term themed commitments, such as aligning executive and board compensation with performance, and the commitments are monitored by the exchange.
The technology companies Twilio and Asana were the first two companies to dual list their shares on the LTSE.
According to the exchange's web site, LTSE is the only U.S. stock exchange with diversity and inclusion requirements, approved by the SEC in 2019. 
The Long-Term Stock Exchange said it raised $100 million in June 2022 from James Walton, part of the family associated with Walmart Inc.
== History ==
The Long-Term Stock Exchange was born out of concern from the nation’s tech elite who were frustrated about the public market’s focus on near-term profit. Ries, an author and startup adviser, first floated the idea of the exchange in 2011 and helped raise funds for the venture. Ries proposed the exchange to the SEC in November 2018. 
Before the launch, the exchange raised about $90 million, with backing from venture capital firms including Founders Fund, Collaborative Fund and Andreessen Horowitz.
The company faced criticism in 2018 by SEC Commissioner Robert Jackson Jr., who said the structure of the exchange could grant founders and early investors in startups too much power at the expense of other shareholders. 
== Products and Services ==
* LTSE Equity - equity management software for companies at all stages
* LTSE Capital Markets - Tools and services for the transition into the public markets and beyond
* Knowledge Base - Resources and advice for company builders
== Key People ==
*Eric Ries, Founder, Chairman of the Board, and Executive Chair
*Maliz Beams, Chief Executive Officer
*Martin Alvarez, Global Head of Public Capital Markets
*Tiho Bajic, CEO, LTSE Software
== References ==
Long Blockchain

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Long Blockchain (LBCC), formerly known as the Long Island Iced Tea Corp., was a company that it said was seeking to explore the benefits of blockchain technology.
== Background ==
The company was originally known as the non-alcoholic beverage producer Long Island Iced Tea Corp. In December 2017, the company announced that its business model would shift towards exploring blockchain and cryptocurrency-related services, rebranding as "Long Blockchain." After the rebrand, the company's stock price exploded, increasing more than 300 percent. The company announced it would be ordering equipment to start a bitcoin mining operation, but later announced that it had canceled the order. In April 2018, Long Blockchain was delisted from the Nasdaq stock exchange, which caused its stock to drop.
In July 2018, the company created a subsidiary called the Stran Loyalty Group (SLG), which would focus on creating loyalty and gift card programs to various companies. It formed a partnership with Stran Promotional Solutions (SPS), a promotional services company. Stran Loyalty Group's newly-appointed CEO Andy Shape said that it planned on using distributed ledger technology.
Long Blockchain was subpoenaed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on July 10, 2018. According to Long Blockchain, this was because the SEC believed the company "made a series of public statements designed to mislead investors and to take advantage of general investor interest in bitcoin and blockchain technology." Long Blockchain said in a press release that it was "fully cooperating with the SEC's investigation."
Claiming that the company had failed to file required annual and quarterly financial reports, the SEC revoked the registration of Long Blockchain's securities on February 22, 2021. Long Blockchain agreed to the revocation without affirming or denying the agency's charges.
On July 9, 2021 the defunct company was back in the news as the SEC charged three persons with insider trading in connection with the December 2017 rebranding. The agency charged one person associated with the name change at the company, Eric Watson, Watson's broker, Oliver Barret-Lindsay, and Gannon Giguiere, a friend of Barret-Lindsay. Giguiere allegedly made 160,000 from purchasing shares ahead of the announced name change. 
== References ==
Category: blockchain
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: regulation
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Long option position

A long option position is a financial strategy in which an investor acquires an options contract that grants them the right, but not the obligation, to buy (call option) or sell (put option) an underlying asset at a predetermined price, known as the strike price, on or before a specified expiration date. 
==Characteristics of a Long Option Position==
Rights, Not Obligations: Holding a long option position provides the investor with the right to exercise the option but does not impose an obligation to do so. The choice to exercise or not depends on market conditions and the investor's objectives.
Call vs. Put Options: A long call option allows the investor to buy the underlying asset at the strike price, while a long put option grants the right to sell the underlying asset at the strike price.
Expiration Date: Every options contract has a specific expiration date. A long option position must be exercised or closed (sold) before or on this date, as options typically expire worthless after expiration.
Strike Price: The strike price, also known as the exercise price, is the price at which the underlying asset will be bought (for calls) or sold (for puts) when the option is exercised.
Premium: To establish a long option position, the investor pays a premium to the option seller. This premium is the cost of obtaining the option and varies based on factors like the underlying asset, strike price, time to expiration, and market volatility.
==Uses of a Long Option Position==
Investors and traders employ long option positions for various purposes:
Speculation: Traders may take a long call or put position with the expectation that the underlying asset's price will move in a favorable direction, allowing them to profit from the option's price movement.
Hedging: Long put options can act as insurance, providing protection against potential losses in a portfolio when the underlying asset's price declines. Investors may use long put options to hedge their existing positions.
Leverage: Long call options offer a way to control a larger position in the underlying asset with a relatively smaller upfront investment. This leverage amplifies potential gains but also increases potential losses.
Income Generation: Some investors sell covered calls, combining a long stock position with a short call option. This strategy allows them to generate income from the option premium while retaining stock ownership.
==Benefits and Risks==
Benefits: Long option positions offer the potential for substantial gains with limited risk (the premium paid). They provide flexibility, allowing investors to adapt to changing market conditions. Additionally, they can serve as strategic tools for portfolio management.
Risks: The primary risk of a long option position is the possibility of losing the entire premium paid if the option expires out of the money (i.e., the underlying asset's price doesn't move favorably). Time decay, market volatility, and adverse price movements can erode the option's value.
== References ==
Category:Options
Category:Calls