nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Cross Trading (China B-Shares)

Cross trading is a transaction between a designated buyer and designated seller who negotiate a price for particular securities at particular prices and quantities through a securities company. Cross trading is generally used as a block trade of China B-Shares. The basic rules for cross trading on the SSE are as follows.
1. The quantity of cross trading is generally more than 50,000 shares.
2. Pricing of cross trading is generally between the highest and lowest price of the day. If there is just one price on a day, the cross price interval is between this price and the previous closing price. If there is no concluded transaction that day, the previous closing price is used as the cross price.
3. Cross trading orders must be placed by floor traders and can only be concluded after confirmation made by SSE floor supervisors. Cross trade could take place only 15 minutes after the opening and before the closing of trading.
== References ==
Category:China
Cross margining

Cross margining is a procedure for margining related securities, options and futures contracts together when different clearing organizations clear each side of the position. 
The CME (CME) and London Clearing House (LCH) initiated the world’s first cross-margining program across international borders. The cross-margining program enables CME and LCH to provide risk-based cost savings to clearing member firms and their affiliates who have positions in the CME Eurodollar contract and the LIFFE/NYSE Euronext Euribor or Euro LIBOR contracts.
== Agreements ==
CME Group also has an agreement with the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation for cross margining.
The Clearing Corporation announced a cross-margining agreement with Fixed Income Clearing Corporation on February 18, 2005 that allowed trades in 2, 5, 10 and 30-year Treasury futures on the then Eurex US exchange to be cross margined.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Margins
Crossland LLC

Crossland LLC is a futures commission merchant (FCM) registered with the National Futures Association. It is headquartered in the Chicago Board of Trade building. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
Crossland provides trading and clearing services for professional traders in the futures and options markets. Their trading technology aids market participants with network solutions for algorithmic software, institutional brokers, professional trade groups, market makers and individual traders. Crossland also provides 24 hour/ 6 days a week technical support for professional traders. 
 
==Direct Connections ==
Crossland provides direct connections to the following exchanges:
*CME Group (including the Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange)
*Eurex
*NYSE Euronext (including NYSE Liffe and NYSE Euronext Paris Exchange)
*Intercontinental Exchange (including the New York Board of Trade and the International Petroleum Exchange)
*Minneapolis Grain Exchange
*Kansas City Board of Trade
== Key People ==
*CEO, William N. Goodwin 
*Managing Member, Kim Swahlstedt
== References ==
Category:Futures Commission Merchants
Category:Futures Brokers
Crowdfunding

Crowdfunding is a method of raising capital through the collective effort of a large number of individuals, typically via the internet and social media. It allows project creators, entrepreneurs, and businesses to fund their ventures by receiving small amounts of money from a large number of people, rather than seeking substantial sums from a small group of investors.
== History ==
The concept of crowdfunding has existed for centuries, with historical examples including subscription-based book printing in the 17th century. However, the modern form of crowdfunding emerged in the late 1990s and early 2000s with the advent of the internet, gaining significant popularity in the 2010s.
== Types of Crowdfunding==
There are four main types of crowdfunding:
# Reward-based crowdfunding: Backers receive non-financial rewards, often in the form of the product being developed.
# Equity-based crowdfunding: Investors receive shares or a stake in the company in exchange for their contributions.
# Debt-based crowdfunding: Also known as peer-to-peer lending, where backers lend money to be repaid with interest.
#Donation-based crowdfunding: Contributors donate to causes or projects without expecting any return.
== Platforms ==
Numerous online platforms facilitate crowdfunding campaigns, including:
* Kickstarter (primarily reward-based)
* Indiegogo (reward-based and equity)
* GoFundMe (donation-based)
* WeFunder (equity-based)
== Regulations ==
Regulations surrounding crowdfunding vary by country. In the United States, the JOBS Act of 2012 and subsequent SEC rules have provided a framework for equity crowdfunding.
==SEC Rulings==
On October 23, 2013, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) formally proposed rules to authorize companies to widely sell securities through online portals. As of 2013, firms can only offer equity crowdfunding deals to accredited investors. The concern is that the requirement will deter smaller companies from using crowdfunding to raise capital.
== Benefits ==
Crowdfunding offers several advantages:
* Access to capital for early-stage ventures
* Market validation and feedback
* Building a community of supporters
* Marketing and publicity opportunities
== Impact ==
Crowdfunding has significantly impacted various sectors, including technology, creative arts, real estate, and charitable causes. It has democratized access to capital and allowed for the realization of numerous projects that might not have found traditional funding.
== Criticism ==
Critics of crowdfunding point to risks such as fraud, project failures, and unrealistic expectations. There are also concerns about the long-term viability of some crowdfunded businesses.
== References ==
Category:Investing
Category:Capital Raising
Crude oil

Crude oil is the world's most actively traded commodity. It is divided into two types, "sweet" and "sour". "Sweet" crude oil contains less than 0.5 percent sulfur. "Light sweet crude oil" is the most sought-after version because it can be most easily processed into gasoline. The term "sweet" originated because the low level of sulfur gives the oil a slightly sweet taste. Nineteenth century prospectors tasted small quantities of the oil to determine its quality.
Sour crude oil is crude oil containing sulfur, an impurity which makes it a lower quality crude. When the total sulfur level in the oil is less than 1 percent the oil is called "sour." The heavier and more sour the crude, the more difficult and expensive it is to turn into usable refined products. Sour crude is therefore usually processed into heavy oil such as diesel and fuel oil. 
== Futures Trading in Crude Oil ==
Until the 1970s, the price of oil was relatively stable with production largely controlled by the biggest oil companies. Two oil price shocks in the '70s, however, brought price volatility in as a a fundamental feature of the market. At the same time, short-term physical markets rapidly evolved, and the need to hedge emerged. 
Consequently, a group of interested parties founded the International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) in 1980 and the first contract, for Gas Oil futures, was launched the following year. The Brent Crude futures contract was launched in June 1988 and volumes grew rapidly and incremental, year-on-year growth has been evident since. In 2005 the IPE was acquired by ICE and its name changed to ICE Futures U.S..
Initially, oil futures and options were traded in pits on the market floor using the open outcry system. In 1997, the IPE began trading its first non-oil contract with the launch of IPE Natural Gas Futures. This contract was launched on the bespoke Electronic Trading Platform (ETS). This platform has been further enhanced since its launch and in 2005 all ICE energy contracts started trading exclusively on this electronic platform.
The New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) developed energy futures and options contracts around the same time period as means of bringing price transparency and risk management to the market. The NYMEX WTI contract launched in 1983.
The two most heavily traded futures contracts on crude oil are the Brent Crude Oil contract and West Texas Intermediate Light Sweet Crude Oil. WTI crude was the flagship contract of the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), which was bought by the CME Group in 2008. The contract is now traded on CME Globex, CME Clearport and via open outcry on Nymex in New York. Its product symbol is "CL" and its contract size is 1,000 barrels 
The CME also offers a Brent futures contract. The Intercontinental Exchange offers both Brent and WTI futures. 
NYMEX trades the WTI for both physical delivery and financial settlement, but its Brent contract is cash-settled only.
== References ==
Cryptex

Cryptex was a cryptocurrency exchange that was shut down by U.S. and Dutch authorities in September 2024 due to its alleged involvement in money laundering and facilitating transactions for cybercriminals. The U.S. and Dutch authorities were assisted by the Netherlands Police, the Dutch Fiscal Intelligence and Investigation Service (FIOD), and the German Federal Criminal Police (BKA), as part of Operation Endgame.
File:Cryptexwebsiteseized.png|This domain for Cryptex has been seized by the United States Secret Service.
== History ==
Cryptex was launched in early 2018 by individuals associated with UAPS, another cryptocurrency exchange. 
Cryptex was registered in St. Vincent and the Grenadines but primarily operated within Russia. The exchange was designed to offer complete anonymity to its users, primarily targeting those who sought to bypass know-your-customer (KYC) regulations..
== Products and Services ==
Cryptex offered cryptocurrency exchange services, allowing users to trade various digital assets. The platform was known for its high liquidity and ability to handle large transaction volumes.
== Illegal Activities ==
According to blockchain analysis, approximately 31% of the $1.4 billion transacted through Cryptex came from illicit sources, including ransomware payments and fraud proceeds. The exchange was associated with several high-profile ransomware transactions.
== Shutdown and Sanctions ==
In September 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice, in collaboration with Dutch authorities and other international partners, seized several domain names linked to Cryptex, effectively shutting down its operations. Simultaneously, the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctioned Cryptex and its alleged operator, Sergey Sergeevich Ivanov.
== Impact ==
The shutdown of Cryptex was part of a broader crackdown on cybercrime and money laundering activities associated with Russian actors. The sanctions are expected to have an immediate impact on Cryptex and its customers, as other exchanges are likely to avoid transactions with sanctioned entities.
== Key People ==
*Sergey Sergeevich Ivanov
== References ==
Category:Cryptocurrency Exchanges
Category:Money Laundering
Category:Cybercrime
Category:Sanctioned Firms
Category:U.S. Department of Justice
Crypto-Asset Trading Platform

In its May 2019 request for public comment titled Issues, Risks and Regulatory Considerations Relating to Crypto-Asset Trading Platforms, the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) christened a new three letter acronym, CTP. CTPs are often referred to as cryptocurrency exchanges, although use of the term "exchange" might imply formal recognition under regulation that in 2019 does not exist.
== References ==
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Crypto-asset trading platform

In its May 2019 request for public comment titled Issues, Risks and Regulatory Considerations Relating to Crypto-Asset Trading Platforms, the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) christened a new term, crypto-asset trading platforms (CTPs). CTPs are often referred to as cryptocurrency exchanges, although use of the term "exchange" might imply formal recognition under regulation that in 2019 generally did not exist. In addition, most CTPs that custody customers' crypto-assets conduct business as dealers, being the actual counterparty to customer transactions. 
Cryptocurrencies are types of crypto-assets. 
== References ==
Crypto.com

Crypto.com is a Hong Kong-based cryptocurrency trading platform and trading app with more than 10 million accounts. Founded in 2016, it is the world's fastest-growing cryptocurrency and financial services platform.
Crypto.com is a regulated business in every market where the company operates. It is the first cryptocurrency company in the world to have SOC 2 Type 1 compliance, ISO/IEC 27701:2019, CCSS Level 3, ISO27001:2013 and PCI:DSS 3.2.1, Level 1 compliance, and it is independently assessed at Tier 4, the highest level for both NIST Cybersecurity and Privacy Frameworks. Crypto.com also holds the industry's largest insurance policy of $750M.
It is a global company with over 3,000 people in offices across the Americas, Europe and Asia. 
== History ==
Crypto.com gained attention in November 2021 by paying $700 million to rename the Staples Center, the Los Angeles home of the NBA's Lakers and Clippers. Starting on Christmas Day 2021, its name was changed to Crypto.com Arena. It was believed to be the biggest naming rights deal in sports history.
On December 1, 2021 Crypto.com announced it had agreed to acquire the North American Derivatives Exchange (Nadex) and The Small Exchange from IG Group. The proposed acquisition would enable Crypto.com to provide its U.S.-based customers with the opportunity to trade certain derivatives and futures products. The groups said they expect the deal to close in the first half of 2022, subject to regulatory approval. Both companies will be brought under the Crypto.com brand, the exchange said, but their chief executives will remain in place.
In January of 2025 Bloomberg reported that the Commodity Futures Trading Commission was voting on whether to subject Crypto.com's futures contracts that let investors bet on who will win major football games, including the Super Bowl, to a 90-day review. The CFTC cannot halt trading immediately, and the review would extend until past the Super Bowl’s Feb. 9, 2025 game day, but the commission could ban this type of contract after completing its review, if they decide the contracts violate laws on gaming. The contracts are listed on Crypto.com’s Chicago-based derivatives exchange.
== Products and Services ==
Crypto.com offers buying and selling of cryptocurrencies, a Crypto.com NFT, Metal Visa Cards, Crypto.com Pay, and a Crypto Earn rewards program. It also provides a DEFI wallet, the ability to earn interest from DeFi protocols and farm popular DeFi tokens, and a Crypto.org Chain public blockchain.
== Key People ==
*Kris Marszalek, CEO
*Rafael Melo, CFO
*Bobby Bao, Head of Crypto.com Capital
*Gary Or, Co-Founder
== References ==
CryptoCompare

CryptoCompare.com is a website that offers a number of services related to cryptocurrency trading, mining, and storage for both institutional and retail investors.
== Products and Services ==
=== Market Data ===
CryptoCompare offers market and pricing data for the cryptocurrency markets which are updated in real-time. These data are aggregated from numerous cryptocurrency trading platforms (CTPs) around the world and vetted by the company's data analysts. Beginning in August 2018 CryptoCompare provides order book and trade data for 50 cryptocurrencies sourced into Thomson Reuters financial desktop platform, Eikon.
=== Guides ===
CryptoCompare features guides and reviews for products and services related to cryptocurrency, including mining equipment, wallets, and CTPs.
=== Portfolios ===
CryptoCompare allows a user to create a profile on the website in order to manage crypto portfolios. These portfolios include information about the user's investments and data related to them, such as which digital assets an investor paid for, what the best times to trade are based on the user's past trading behavior and outcomes, net profit/loss trackers, and other information.
===Trading Platform Quality Ranking===
On June 12, 2019, CryptoCompare announced the launch of its exchange quality ranking data for investors and traders. In addition to showing exchanges' 24-hour reported volumes, CryptoCompare began providing its quality scores in the display. The company also published Exchange Benchmarking, a 113-slide Powerpoint report on its methodology. CryptoCompare's ranking is based on largely qualitative scoring across the following criteria: geography, legal, investment, company quality, data provision, surveillance and market quality. Coinbase was ranked first in the inaugural report. 
== Key People ==
*Charles Hayter - CEO and co-founder 
*Vlad Cealicu - CTO and co-founder 
*Alex Presto - Chairman
== References ==
Category: fintech
Category: blockchain
Category: trading
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: bitcoin
Category: United Kingdom
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
CryptoKitties

CryptoKitties is a dApp platform for trading digital collectibles - specifically, cartoon cats. These collectibles can be used in a video game based on the Ethereum blockchain.
== Company Overview ==
CryptoKitties' underlying philosophy, according to its website, is to find innovative ways to use blockchain technology. "We're not trying to build the future," the website says, "we're trying to have fun with it." The company also appears to be trying to drive wider adoption of blockchain tech; on its LinkedIn page, the company says that it wants to "make blockchain technology accessible to everyday consumers by putting a furry face on the concept of digital collectibles."
== Background ==
CryptoKitties was founded in 2017 in Vancouver. On March 21, 2018, the company closed its Series A fundraising round, which was led by venture capital firm Union Square Ventures and Silicon Valley venture firm Andreesen Horowitz. The company raised $12 million.
== Products and Services ==
CryptoKitties are digital collectibles, like digital baseball cards, that are based on the Ethereum blockchain. They can only be purchased using Ether, the native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum network. Once a user purchases a CryptoKitty, a smart contract "creates" the unique digital cat by adding a record of it to the blockchain, including the address of the user's wallet in order to ensure that wallet owner's ownership of the CryptoKitty. These virtual felines can be traded with other users, and over time their monetary value may change due to various factors, including the market price of Ether. Another factor that can affect the price of a collectible kitty is whether or not that kitty has rare "traits" - these are physical qualities (eye color, ear shape, funny hats and similar accouterments, etc.), or even personality traits. CryptoKitties can also be given to players as gifts.
=== Breeding ===
When a player has a male and female cat (a "Sire" and a "Dame"), they can choose to "breed" those two cats. This means exactly what it sounds like.
Once both cats have bred, the "Dame" cat undergoes a gestation period, during which time this CryptoKitty gains the "preggers" condition, which means they are unable to breed additional cats until they produce an egg. Once this egg hatches, the player receives a brand new CryptoKitty. This new CryptoKitty may have traits primarily inherited from its parent cats. It may also have a "Mewtation," or a totally new, rare, unique trait that adds to the cat's market value.
== Key People ==
*Bryce Bladon - founder, communications manager 
*Dieter Shirley - founder, developer 
*Fabiano Soriani - founder, developer 
*Guile Gaspar - founder, lead artist 
*Mack Flavelle - founder, product designer 
*Benny Giang - founder 
*Mik Naayem - founder 
*Roham Gharegozlou - founder
== References ==
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: fintech
Category: distributed ledgers
Category: decentralized applications
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
CryptoMarketsWiki

CryptoMarketsWiki was a micro-wiki produced by John Lothian News to create a global knowledge base about the people, company, products, terms and other information pertaining to the digital asset markets.
It was a companion wiki to MarketsWiki. It was a closed wiki and edited by the John Lothian News team, including former JLN team member Thom Thompson.
CryptoMarketsWiki was launched in May of 2018. In 2021, the contents of CryptoMarketsWiki.com were migrated and integrated into MarketsWiki.com and CryptoMarketsWiki was decommissioned. As the world of cryptocurrencies became more mainstream in 2020, JLN no longer needed a separate site for crypto related information. 
Former JLN team member Matt Raebel was the host of a podcast series for CryptoMarketsWiki. He left the company in May of 2021.
== References ==
Category:John J. Lothian & Company, Inc.
Category:John Lothian News
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Crypto Capital

Crypto Capital is a Panama-based non-bank entity at the center of the Tether/Bitfinex scandal in which $850 million went missing and undisclosed, according an injunction sought by the New York Attorney General in April 2019. 
Crypto Capital is owned by Global Trade Solutions AG ("GTS"). Crypto Capital's website says that GTS is a member of and regulated by the Swiss "SRO ARIFF [sic]" (ARIF is the abbreviation for the Association Romande des Intermediares Financiers), which is recognized by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority as a self regulatory authority for asset managers. ARIF "is open to any non-banking financial intermediary acting in Switzerland." 
The Crypto Capital website also indicated in May 2019 that it still provided services for the by then defunct Canadian cryptocurrency exchange QuadrigaCX that had been put into bankruptcy by the Nova Scotia Supreme Court. 
According to an April 30, 2019 announcement, Ravid Yozef, an Israeli national, and Reginald Fowler, an Arizona resident, were charged by the Department of Justice for making fraudulent representations in relation to banking transactions with Crypto Capital.
According to reports by Polish news services in late October 2019, police in that country arrested Molina Lee, president of Crypto Capital, on accusations of illegally laundering about $390 million worth of Polish zloty. He was turned over to Polish police by Greek authorities who had detained him. According to CoinDesk, Polish authorities said that Molina Lee had engaged in “laundering dirty money for Columbian drug cartels using a cryptocurrency exchange.” 
 
==References==
Crypto Rating Council

The Crypto Rating Council is a group of cryptocurrency companies that seek to create standards for other companies to follow to help ensure compliance with regulatory agencies like the SEC.
Coinbase announced in its own blog post that it had been joined by Anchorage, Bittrex, Circle, Cumberland DRW, Genesis Trading, Grayscale Investments, and Kraken to form the Crypto Rating Council. 
The Council created a system that rates cryptocurrencies on a scale of one to five, with one indicating that a cryptocurrency is most likely a security, and five meaning it is likely not a security. Coinbase has said the ratings are conducted independently, and further noted that they are not endorsed by the SEC, CFTC, or any government agency, developer team, or another third party, and that theirs is not legal advice.
On its first day, September 30, 2019, the Council revealed on its website that it had rated 20 cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin, Dai, Litecoin and Monero were all rated 1. Ethereum was rated 2.
In a blogpost in January 2020, the group announced that it had added OKCoin, RADAR and eToro USA as members. The Crypto Rating Council also announced its ratings for Cosmos (ATOM), Livepeer (LPT), Dash (DASH), Ethereum Classic (ETC), and Horizen (ZEN) at the same time. 
In May 2021, the Crypto Rating Council published its rubric for evaluating whether a digital asset is a security or not. 
 
== References ==	
Category:regulation
Category:exchanges
Category:cryptocurrency
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki