nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Impact strength

== Description ==
The maximum impact from a hard blow that a material can withstand before breaking. The standard testing methods for impact strength are the Charpy method and the Izod method. Both methods place a notch in the material on the side opposite the striking position. This localizes the stress and induces a brittle fracture that is independent of the effects of velocity. Both tests provide the impact strength in foot-pounds of energy required for breakage. A high impact strength indicates that a material is tough and not brittle. Impact strength tests are often done on metals, hard rubber, plastics, portland cement and glass.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
impact resistance; Stossfestigkeit (Deut.); résistance à l'impact (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
Category:Materials database
In the crust

== Description ==
Hides or skins cured by dry salting. (Roberts and Etherington 1982).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
precurtido (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Incandescent lamp

== Description ==
A light produced when an electric current flows through a wire contained in an glass bulb. The resistance of the filament causes it to heat up and glow, thus producing the bright illumination. Thomas Edison made the first commercially viable incandescent bulb in 1879 with a carbon filament in an evacuated glass bulb. Tungsten filaments were introduced in 1907 and widely used due to their high melting point. They are placed in a glass bulb filled with inert gases, such as argon, to prevent combustion and minimize evaporation of the wire. Tungsten produces a warm yellowish light with a color temperature in the range of 2700-2900 K (standard) or 2900-3100K (low voltage). Incandescent lights have a fairly good color rendering index although they are stronger in the yellow and weaker in the blue regions. They emit little ultraviolet light, but produce high levels of infrared radiation (heat). Incandescent lights are energy inefficient and have a short lifespan (750-1000 hours). Thus, more energy efficient technologies, such as fluorescent, then LED lamps are now used. 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
lightbulb; light bulb; incandescent lighting; Glühlampe (Deut.); lampe à incandescence (Fr.); lâmpada incandescente (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* T.Brill, Light: Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities. Plenum Press, New York, 1980. 
* M.Cook, M.Ferro, "Electric Lighting and Wiring in Historic American Buildings" Technology & Conservation, 1/83, p. 28-48.
* Marjorie Shelley, The Care and Handling of Art Objects, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/htm
Category:Materials database
Incense

== Description ==
Any plant exudation (gum, oil, or resin) that produces a pleasant smell when burned. In general, incense resins are obtained from incense trees like Boswellia carteri (frankincense), Commiphora myrrha (myrrh), or any of the genus Protium. Other examples include: gum benzoin, camphor, cedar, copal, cypress, juniper, labdanum, nutmeg, sage, sandalwood, and storax. See also essential oil.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Weihrauch (Deut.); incienso (Esp.); encens (Fr.); wierook (Ned.); kadzidùo (Pol.); rökelse (Sven.); incenso (It)
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "incense" [Accessed 25 Jan. 2006].
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Incense cedar

== Description ==
Any of several aromatic coniferous trees from the genera Libocedrus or Calocedrus. Incense cedars are native to high altitudes in California and Oregon. These evergreen trees have flattened branches with scalelike leaves that produce a strong smell when broken. The close-grain, smooth wood of the incence cedar is lightweight and soft, but durable. The wood is used for pencils, storage chests, trellises, and closet linings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
white cedar; Librocedrus decurrens; Calocedrus decurrens; cèdre à encens (Fr.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Large tree growing to 60 m with trunk diameter of 3 m.
* Density = 26 pcf
* Heartwood is light to medium reddish brown; sapwood is light tan
* Grain is straight and medium uniform texture
* Pockets of fungal decay may exist (called pecky cedar)
* Dried wood is durable to weathering
* Odor is spicy
==Working Properties==
* Easy to work with both hand and machine tools. 
* Holds paint very well. 
* Stains, glues, and finishes well. 
* Excellent dimensional stability.
== Resources and Citations ==
* The Wood Database: Incense cedar
* Western Pine Association, Portland, Oregon: air-dry weight = 26 pcf
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "incense cedar." 21 Oct. 2004 .
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense_cedar (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Inclusion

== Description ==
A solid, liquid, or gaseous compound trapped within the matrix of another material, such as a crystal, mineral, ceramic, metal, paper, or plastic. Inclusions, especially a large one or multiple small ones, may weaken the surrounding matrix.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sonim; inclusion (Fr.); inclusão (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Submitted information Comment: José Delgado Rodrigues, LNEC, 2009.
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
Category:Materials database
Incralac

== Description ==
A brand name for a lacquer specifically formulated for the protection of outdoor bronze sculptures. Incralac was developed as part of a research program by the International Copper Research Association (INCRA). It contains Paraloid B-44 mixed with benzotriazole (BTA) corrosion inhibitor. Both solvent-based and water-based formulations are available.
== Risks ==
Talas: Incralac - solvent based MSDS
== Resources and Citations ==
* Conservation Materials Ltd., Catalog
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
* Website: conservation termlist - www.hants.org.uk/museums
Category:Materials database
Indamine

This is a work in progress... stay tuned
== Description ==
A type of basic aniline compound whose salts form blue and green dyes. Indamine compounds were used as fabric dyes in the later 19th and early 20th century. The are not lightfast. 
Compare quinonimine. 
Origin: 
1885–90; ind- + amine 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|pig441.jpg~XRD|f441sem.jpg~SEM|f441edsbw.jpg~EDS|indigo.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
(include all available properties for the characterization or stability of the material including solubility, absorption wavelengths, lightfastness classification, microscopic appearance. If available, fill out the wikitable. Delete lines for unavailable information)
Composition 	C12H11N3 (simplest form)
CAS 	482-89-3
Melting Point 	390-392
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 262.26
Refractive Index	>1.662
== Risks ==
(Include all Hazards, Health and Safety information, and links to MSDS sheets)
Fisher Scientific: MSDS
== Comparisons and related information ==
(Include pdf files of tables or related information; new line for each file)
== Additional Images ==
(The gallery is a repository for all additional images; new line for each image)
==Resources and Citations==
(Provide a list of all sources used to generate this record. Make notations if any source provides different values than included in this record. Separate each entry with bullets)
* 
* 
* 
(This bottom line will be created by the program)
Category:Materials database
Indanthrone blue

== Description ==
A synthetic blue anthraquinone dye. Indanthrone blue was first prepared as an anthraquinone derivative of indigo by Rene Bohn in 1901. He named the colorant indanthrene, but the name was changed to indanthrone when Indanthrene® became a brand name [I.G.Farbenindustrie A.G.] for the colorant. Indanthrone is rarely used as a colorant because it is similar in hue to phthalocyanine blue but is more expensive.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Indanthrene® blue [I.G.Farbenindustrie A.G.]; Pigment Blue 60; CI 69800; Vat Blue 4; indanthrene blue R; indanthrene brilliant blue FF; anthraquinone blue; faience blue
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|PB60 kremer23100.TIF~FTIR (MFA)|indanthroneblue632.jpg~Raman]]]
== Risks ==
* Closely related to cancer causing anthraquinones.
* TCI Chemicals: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Turns orange then dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid. Insoluble in organic solvents. 
* UV max = 278 nm
Composition 	C28H14N2O4
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 442.43
== Resources and Citations ==
* M.de Keijzer, "Microchemical Analysis on Synthetic Organic Artists Pigments Discovered in the Twentieth Century" in ICOM Preprints, Dresden 1990, p. 221-225.
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* Website: www.straw.com/sig/dyehist
* Website: http://www.coloria.net/variti.htm - gives as C34H16O2 for PB65, vat blue 20, CI 59800 and as C28H14N2O4Cl3 for PB21, CI 69835
* A.Scharff, 'Synthetic dyestuffs for textiles and their fastness to washing', ICOM-CC Preprints Lyon, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1999
* Monona Rossol, The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide, Allworth Press, New York, 1994
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
India ink

== Description ==
A black writing and painting media used for several hundred years. Originally, India ink referred to a brown-black liquid prepared from ink bag secretions of cuttlefish. The dried colorant, also called sepia, was mixed with gum arabic then made into watercolor cakes. Later, as trade developed between Europe and Asia, the terms India ink and China ink (Chinese ink) became synonymous for a black, opaque, indelible ink prepared by mixing fine lampblack with glue or gum. A soft pliable paste was formed into sticks or cakes for transport and sale. Currently, the term India ink is used for a waterproof, black drawing ink. It has a shellac binder, borax emulsifier, and is soluble in alcohol.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
China ink; tinta china (Esp.); encre de Chin (Fr.); tinta da China (Port.); Indian ink; sepia; Chinese ink; carbon ink
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: p. 105
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "India Ink." Accessed 15 Apr. 2004 .
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
India paper

== Description ==
A very thin, opaque paper. India paper was made in China and imported to Europe by the Dutch East India Company from about 1768 to 1875 when Oxford India, an imitation paper, was developed in England using processed rags and hemp (Roberts and Etherington 1982). India paper is thin and has a basis weight of 20 pounds with approximately 1000 pages to an inch. It is used for printing thin paper editions such as bibles and reference books.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Bible paper; Oxford India paper; India proof; India transfer paper; China paper; encre de Chine (Fr.); encre à dessin (Fr.)
== Additional Images ==
File:indian paper_burnished.jpg|Burnished India paper
File:indian paper_burnished_100X.jpg|Burnished India paper at 100x
File:indian paper laminate.jpg|India paper laminate
File:indian paper laminant_100X.jpg|India paper laminate at 100x
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
India rubber

== Description ==
A name used prior to the nineteenth century for raw rubber. India rubber is currently called caoutchouc. Caoutchouc is a yellowish elastic material obtained from the latex of various tropical plants of the genera Hevae and Ficus. The term India rubber now refers to a soft, crumbly rubber eraser.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
elastic gum; elastic bitumen; caoutchouc; gutta percha
Category:Materials database
Indian cucumber

== Description ==
A natural purple dye obtained from the berries of the Indian cucumber root plant, Medeola virginian. The berries of the Indian cucumber ripen to a deep purple color. They can be used to dye cloth to varying shades of purple and brown depending on the mordants.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Medeola virginian
==Resources and Citations== ==
* R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
Category:Materials database
Indian hemp

== Description ==
A bast fiber obtained from retting the stalks of cannabis plants. Indian hemp Cannabis sativa, also called true hemp, is an ancient crop cultivated in central Asia for its fibers as early as 2800 BCE. Its use spread to the Mediterranean region during the first millenia CE and seeds were taken to Chille in the 1500s. Hemp fibers range from 1-2 meters long and are yellow to brown to gray in color. They have a high cellulose content with little lignin. Hemp is lustrous, strong, and durable with good resistance to water, salts, light, and insects. Hemp is used for cordage, fish lines, sailcloth, canvas, and burlap.
* For Indian hemp fiber identification, see http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Category:FRIL:_Indian_Hemp
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Cannabis sativa; true hemp; cáñamo indio (Esp.) ; hennep (Ned);
== Risks ==
* Combustible, may ignite spontaneously when wet.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Resistant to water and alkalis. 
* Damaged by weak acids and bleaches. 
* Fiber length = 1-2 m. 
* Fibers have a smooth cell wall with horizontal striations that are often packed close together.
==Resources and Citations==
* T.Collings, D. Miller, 'The Identification of Oriental Paper Fibers' The Paper Conservator, vol 3, 1978.
Category:Materials database
Indian kapok

== Description ==
Short, lightweight cellulosic fibers obtained from the seeds of the Indian kapok tree, Bombax malabaricum. Both Indian kapok and Java kapok are commonly known as kapok. Despite their different botanical sources, it is difficult to tell the fibers apart. Kapok fibers are soft, smooth and transparent. They are buoyant and will support up to 30 times their own weight. The fluffy fibers are too brittle to spin and are used for filling mattresses, upholstery and life jackets. 
See also bombax, and kapok.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Bombax cotton; vegetable down; kapok (Esp.)
== Risks ==
* Combustible.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Fiber length = 20 - 32 mm (0.75-1.25 inches)
* Diameter = 20 micrometers
* Cross section is oval or circular.
==Resources and Citations==
* M. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt Reinhold & Winston, Fort Worth, 1986.
Category:Materials database
Indian lake

== Description ==
A deep red lake color made from lac dye precipitated with alum. Indian lake was once an important colorant used since ancient times. It has since been replaced by synthetic colors. Lac dye colorant is obtained from the exudations of the insect Laccifer (Tachardia) lacca (formerly Coccus lacca). The extracted color was used as a dye and prepared as Indian lake pigment.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
laca india (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens and G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966.
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database
Indian red

== Description ==
The name used for a synthetically produced brick red color iron oxide artists' pigment. Originally, the name Indian red was used for red earth pigments imported from the Persian Gulf and India. In the early 18th century, a synthetic Indian red composed of pure ferric oxide was made from steel mill wastes. It is a dense, opaque, permanent pigment. In the late 20th century, Crayola began using the name 'chestnut' for the crayon color previously name 'Indian red'.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pigment Red 101; Indischrot (Deut.); rouge indien (Fr.); rojo indio (Esp.); indiko kokkino (Gr.); rosso indiano (It.); rode oker (Ned.); India red; Venetian red; red iron oxide; colcothar; Pompeian red; light red; roofers red; iron saffron; chestnut (Crayola name)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|PIG057.jpg~XRD|f57sem.jpg~SEM|f57edsbw.jpg~EDS|Slide7 FC57.PNG~XRF]]]
== Risks ==
No known hazards.
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Monona Rossol, The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide, Allworth Press, New York, 1994
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "hematite." Accessed 7 Apr. 2005 .
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_red (Accessed Sept. 7, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Indiana limestone

== Description ==
A general name for many limestones quarried in Lawrence, Owen, and Monroe Counties of Indiana. Indiana limestone is a fine-grain, uniform oolitic limestone that is soft and easy to carve. It is widely used by American sculptors and considered one of the best American limestones for building. Indiana limestone ranges in color from a gray or buff to a variegated that is white with buff and gray clouds. Some of the brand names for Indiana limestones are: Bedford stone; Indiana Buff Statuary; Dark Hollow; Peerless; Sanders; Bloomington; Wellington Cream; Old Blue Hole; Hoosier Silver Gray; Doyles Quarry; Ellettsville stone. In Washington DC, Indiana limestone was used for the exterior of all the buildings on the north side of Constitution Avenue from the Department of Labor to the Federal Trade Commission Building. The durable stone was also used for Chicago's City Hall and Tribune Tower along with New York's Empire State Building.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Salem limestone (geological name); Bedford stone; Indiana Buff Statuary; Dark Hollow; Peerless; Sanders; Bloomington; Wellington Cream; Old Blue Hole; Hoosier Silver Gray; Doyles Quarry; Ellettsville stone
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Density = 2.163-2.403 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Indiana Limestone Institute of America: Website
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
* Weber Stone Company, Anamosa Iowa: website
Category:Materials database
Indicator dye

== Description ==
An organic colorant that exhibits different colors in acidic and alkaline solutions. Indicator dyes are used to determine pH values. Examples are natural indicators are archil, litmus, turnsole, and logwood. Some synthetic indicator dyes are phenolphthalein, dinitrophenol, bromcresol green and chlorophenol red.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Farbindikator (Deut.); indicador ácido-base (Esp., Port.); indicateur coloré (Fr.); acid-base indicator
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Category:Materials database