nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Multi-Agency Task Force on Internet Finance of China

The People's Bank of China, Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, Public Security Bureau, Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, and the State Administration for Market Regulation, all organs of the People's Republic of China, make up a multi-agency task force on internet finance that first became active in September 2017. 
Early that month, the task force made it known that all cryptocurrency exchanges in China would be closed and that existing ones had until September 15, 2017 to post a notice to their customers announcing their closing dates. On September 24, 2017 the members of the task force declared initial coin offerings to be illegal, and by November 1, 2017 all cryptocurrency exchanges in China were officially out of business.
In January 2018, the task force instructed the provinces in China to direct local companies to exit the cryptocurrency mining industry. 
Despite the government actions, trading and investing in cryptocurrencies continued surreptitiously. The China National Fintech Risk Rectification Office, an agency not usually mentioned as part of the task force, reported on August 23, 2018 that it had found 124 offshore cryptocurrency exchanges that were accessible from China. On August 24, the task force provided a warning to the public to be alert to illegal trading and Ponzi schemes. 
== References ==
Category: China
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: regulation
Category: CryptomarketsWiki
MultiBroker

MultiBroker is a global trading network from Trading Technologies that allows buy-side firms to route orders to multiple brokers from a single X_TRADER screen or application programming interface (API). MultiBroker provides direct market access (DMA)through TTNET, TT’s fully managed global hosting solution. TT software routes orders through TTNET’s end-to-end architecture, never through a third-party network, providing superior speed, stability, and accuracy.
Other key benefits of TT’s MultiBroker solution include:
*Enables buy-side firms to mitigate risk by enabling access to multiple brokers
*Enhances the privacy of the buy side with respect to their intentions and total positions by executing with multiple brokers
*Allows the buy side to manage risk across brokers from a single interface
*Allows sell-side firms to differentiate themselves by way of rates/margins, research, asset classes, regional expertise, trading support, and capital introduction, which in turn better meets the varying needs of the buy side
MultiBroker was named "Best New Technology Product - Trading and Execution” at the 2013 FOW International Awards and "Best New Product, Connectivity” at the 2013 FOW Asia Awards. 
MultiBroker beta testing began in January 2013 with participation from many global brokers, including BofA Merrill Lynch, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, J.P. Morgan, Jefferies, Macquarie Bank Limited, Mizuho Securities USA, Morgan Stanley, RBC Capital Markets and UBS. MultiBroker officially launched to production in July 2013.
==Supported Exchanges==
MultiBroker connects buy-side traders with the industry's leading international derivatives exchanges and electronic fixed income trading platforms, offering connectivity to:
*Australian Securities Exchange (ASX)
*BM&FBOVESPA
*BrokerTec
*Bursa Malaysia (BMD)
*CBOE Futures Exchange (CFE)
*Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT)
*Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME)
*CME Europe
*COMEX
*Dubai Mercantile Exchange (DME)
*Eris Exchange 
*Eurex
*European Climate Exchange (ECX)
*European Energy Exchange (EEX)
*GovEx
*ICE Futures Canada
*ICE Futures Europe
*ICE Futures U.S.
*IDEM
*Kansas City Board of Trade (KCBT)
*London Metal Exchange (LME)
*London Stock Exchange Derivatives Market
*Mercado Español de Futuros Financieros (MEFF)
*Mexican Derivatives Exchange (MexDer)
*Minneapolis Grain Exchange (MGEX)
*Montréal Exchange (MX)
*NASDAQ OMX eSpeed (eSpeed)
*NASDAQ OMX NLX (NLX)
*NASDAQ OMX Nordic
*New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX)
*NYSE Liffe
*NYSE Liffe Amsterdam
*NYSE Liffe Brussels
*NYSE Liffe Lisbon
*NYSE Liffe Paris
*NYSE Liffe U.S.
*Osaka Securities Exchange (OSE)
*Oslo Børs
*Singapore Exchange (SGX)
*Tokyo Commodity Exchange (TOCOM)
*Tokyo Financial Exchange (TFX)
*Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE)
== Promotional Video: MultiBroker from Trading Technologies ==
<videoflash>oPrPr9AwA7Y&feature</videoflash>
An overview of MultiBroker featuring Tom Haldes, group product manager, buy-side technology at Trading Technologies.
Produced by John Lothian Productions.
== References ==
Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board

The Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB) is a market regulator that writes investor protection rules and other rules regulating broker-dealers and banks in the United States municipal securities market, including tax-exempt and taxable municipal bonds, municipal notes, and other securities issued by states, cities, and counties or their agencies to help finance public projects or for other public policy purposes. 
== History ==
The MSRB was originally established in 1975 by Congress to develop rules regulating security firms and banks involved in underwriting, trading, and selling municipal securities. The MSRB is composed of members from regulated broker-dealers and banks as well as from the public. Like the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), the MSRB is a self-regulatory organization that is subject to oversight by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Under the Dodd-Frank Act the MSRB's rulemaking authority was broadened to also regulate so-called municipal advisors, which include financial advisors, swap advisors, brokers of guaranteed investment contracts and other market participants that advise on the issuance of municipal securities and provide certain other types of advice to state and local governments, public pension funds and other municipal entities on municipal derivatives, investment strategies and other financial matters.
In January of 2013, MSRB published its 2012 Annual Report, which highlighted the organization’s activities and provided financial highlights for the fiscal year that ended Sept. 30, 2012. The report provided updates on MSRB initiatives, including the protection of investors and state and local governments, and improvements in municipal market transparency. 
== Key People ==
Alan Polsky, Chair
Robert Lamb, Vice Chair
== References ==
Category:Municipal Bonds
Category:Regulators
Category:Securities Regulators
Category:Industry Associations
Municipal bond

Municipal bonds, also called "munis", have until recently been viewed as a safe haven for conservative fixed income investors because they offer significant taxation benefits. Lately the market for munis, like other credit market instruments, has been frozen by the spreading global credit crisis.
Municipal bonds are long-term debt instruments issued by state and local governments to fund public-works projects - debt that matures in one year or less is generally called notes. For muni holders, the interest they earn on the bonds is exempt from federal income taxes while in most states they are also exempt from state and local taxes.
== History ==
The U.S. muni market began seizing up in September 2008, when only a handful of deals were made in periods when a hundred would be expected, putting financing pressure on local governments across the country. Borrowing using munis is expected to drop while more deals are being done with floating rather than fixed interest rates.
In early October 2008 fixed-rate muni sales dropped to around $800 million per week compared to an average weekly rate for 2008 for $6 billion. Yields on AAA-rated, 30-year munis recently rose to 5.35%, up 53 basis points (bp) from mid-September and 140 bp above the yield on 30-year treasury bonds, following similar routs amongst commercial paper and corporate debt markets. 
Reports surfacing at the beginning of 2011 have a mixed outlook on municipal bonds. Rising interest rates including a peak on Dec.15 at 4.85% for the 30-year triple A rated bonds have brought uncertainty to this market. Those levels on yields have not been seen since March 2009. The yield on 10-year bonds hit 3.27%, the highest since June 2009 and closed out the year at 3.16%. The 30 year municipal bonds closed out at 4.68%. 
Another factor impacting the municipal bond market is the Build America Bonds program, in which state and local governments issued federally subsidized taxable bonds in an effort to reinvigorate the economy. The lower borrowing cost of these bonds made the instrument a big hit and more than $165 billion was borrowed since the program began in April 2009. At the end of the year, the fate of the program was unknown so local governments who were eager to lock in the subsidy hit the market at the end of 2010. However, the program was not extended into 2011. This program and the rise in Treasury rates drove down bond prices but increased yields. 
== References ==
Category: Definitions
Category: MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Murabaha

Murabaha is a type of sales contract used in Islamic finance in which a bank buys a product on behalf of a client, clearly mentioning the cost incurred in buying the product, and resells the product to the same client with an agreed mark-up at a later date. The bank usually pays for the product in full and allows the client to pay the bank back in installments. 
Murabaha is a very popular contract in Islamic finance. It is Shariah-compliant because there is no interest rate on the payment the financial institution gives to the client.
== References ==
Muriel Siebert

__NOTOC__ 
Muriel "Mickie" Siebert was the founder and president of Siebert Financial Corp., a New-York-based brokerage firm specializing in retail discount services in the U.S. equities market. Known as the "First Woman of Finance," Siebert was the first woman to purchase a seat on the New York Stock Exchange in 1967. She passed away at age 80 on August 24, 2013, after complications from cancer.
== Background ==
Siebert began her career as a $65-a-week research trainee at Bache & Company and worked her way up through various brokerages. In 1967, she established her own firm, Muriel Siebert & Company, Inc. When she paid $445,000 for her NYSE seat in 1967, she was the only woman among 1,365 men. She was turned down by nine prospective sponsors before finding the required two sponsors to endorse her application for a seat on the NYSE. In 1975, on the first day that Big Board members were allowed to negotiate commissions, Siebert transformed her firm into the nation’s first discount brokerage. 
Siebert became the first female Superintendent of Banks for New York State in 1977, overseeing all of the New York banks, which had assets of approximately $500 billion. Not a single bank failed during her 5-year tenure. She resigned in 1982 in order to mount an unsuccessful bid for a U.S. Senate seat. She then returned to run her company and, in 1996, she took the firm public under the name Siebert Financial.
An outspoken analyst and philanthropist, she frequently provided analysis and commentary on Wall Street to the media. She was also involved in charitable work, particularly in projects that advocate for women and minorities in the financial industry and that teach financial literacy. In 1990, she created the Siebert Entrepreneurial Philanthropic Program. Through the program, half the firm's profits from new securities underwriting is shared with charities of the issuer's choice. 
== Education ==
Siebert attended Western Reserve University (now Case Western Reserve University), but dropped out after two years when her father got cancer. She arrived in New York in 1954 with no college degree and only $500 in her pocket. She was turned down by Merrill Lynch because she never graduated from college but, when she interviewed at Bache, she lied about having a degree.
== References ==
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Murlas Commodities, Inc.

Murlas Commodities, Inc. is a defunct Illinois-based futures commission merchant shut down by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission in the 1980s for defrauding customers. The firm and its top three executives were fined nearly $1 million and their registrations were revoked.
The CFTC revoked the registrations of Murlas, Murlas Chairman Rodger Mitchell and Murlas President Leroy Gordon on the actions of William G. Spruill, the CFTC administrative law judge, who sits in Washington.
== History ==
At the time Murlas was shut down by the regulators, it had 1,000 customer accounts and in excess of $4 million in customer funds.
The owners of Murlas were Leroy H. Gordon, president; Rodger Mitchell, vice president and Paul Kvistad, also a vice president, with each owning 33 percent of the company's stock. 
An earlier company, with the name Murlas Brothers Commodities, had run afoul of the regulators before, including charges of manipulating the potato market in the 1950s.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Leroy Gordon, President
*Rodger Mitchell, Vice President
*Paul Kvistad, Vice President
== References ==
Category:Defunct Brokerage Firms
Murray Borowitz

__NOTOC__ 
Murray Borowitz (1920-1973) was a trader who has been credited by some as the true creator of financial futures contracts because of his role in introducing foreign exchange (FOREX) futures contracts at the New York-based International Commercial Exchange on April 23, 1970. That was two years before foreign currency futures were launched and successfully developed at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME).
Borowitz is also said to have suggested the creation of a futures contract on a stock market index such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). Despite his contributions to the industry, Borowitz was never given a title of honor as the “founder” of financial futures, like Leo Melamed, or the “father” of financial futures like Dr. Richard Sandor. The contracts with which he was directly involved initially saw only limited success.
Borowitz traced his roots back to the trucking business. He'd become a member of the New York Produce Exchange and approached the exchange with the idea of financial futures. He was made the non-executive chairman of the exchange - eventually renamed the International Commercial Exchange -to help make the contract happen. In 1970, he was listed by the New York Times as president of the exchange in an article about the trading of money futures.
In his book "Escape To the Futures," Melamed characterized the exchange as an "old gasping" exchange that had "managed to turn itself into a glorified currency exchange." Melamed had toured the exchange with concern over potential competition with contracts that were under development in Chicago. Melamed wrote, however, that when he arrived at the exchange he saw that "on one wall was a listing of the currency contracts" but that the place was "as quiet as a library reading room - it was deserted." He characterized the New York exchange's product as "tiny," as well as "rudimentary" with the size of the contracts too small for commercial use.
It's also believed that with the Bretton Woods agreement still in effect, the exchange's attempt at listing currency futures may have been a bit premature. 
In the book "A Sesquicentennial Look at the Chicago Board of Trade," William D. Falloon wrote that Borowitz, who "originally developed the concept of a futures contract on a basket of stocks" and led the New York Produce Exchange's effort to petition the Securities and Exchange Commission to trade it, didn't stand a chance with his proposal to regulators for that product. The contract idea was presented in 1968 - just a short time after the Great Salad Oil Scandal set off by Tino DeAngelis cost the banks and companies involved upwards of $100 million.
== Education ==
== Resources ==
*Market Maker: A Sesquicentennial Look at the Chicago Board of Trade. By William D. Falloon. Chicago: Chicago Board of Trade, 1998.
*Leo Melamed: Escape to the Futures. By Leo Melamed with Bob Tamarkin. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996.
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Exchange Presidents
Category:International Commercial Exchange
Murray Pozmanter

__NOTOC__ 
Murray Pozmanter is managing director and general manager in charge of all SIFMU (Systemically Important Financial Market Utility) businesses at the post-trade services utility DTCC. In this role, he is in charge of DTCC's two subsidiaries, National Securities Clearing Corp. (NSCC) and Fixed Income Clearing Corporation, which have been designated as SIFMUs by the Financial Stability Oversight Council. 
He also serves as head of DTCC's Clearing Agency Services and Global Operations and Client Services teams.
He is also a member of the CFTC Global Markets Advisory Committee.
== Background ==
Before joining DTCC in 2007, Pozmanter spent 18 years at Nomura Securities as a managing director of operations, eventually becoming head of all U.S. operations. Earlier in his career he worked in mortgage-backed securities, first at EF Hutton, followed by six years at Salomon Brothers.
He is a member of the Treasury Market Practices Group, as well as the SIFMA Funding Division Executive Committee. He has also been a member of the DTCC’s Operations Advisory Committee.
== Education ==
In 2013, Pozmanter earned an Accredited Mortgage Professional (AMP) certification from Wharton Executive Education.
== References ==	
Category:CFTC Global Markets Advisory Committee Members
Category:Nomura Securities - Former Employees
Category:E.F. Hutton - Former Employees
Category:Salomon Brothers - Former Employees
Murray Roos

__NOTOC__ 
Murray Roos is the former group head, capital markets at the London Stock Exchange. He joined the exchange in that role, as well as joining its executive committee, on April 1, 2020. He reported to chief executive David Schwimmer. Roos was responsible for LSEG’s global capital markets business across primary and secondary markets. He succeeded Raffaele Jerusalmi, who stepped down as group director, capital markets.
== Background ==
Roos was previously Citigroup’s global co-head of equities and securities services, along with Dan Keegan, taking over the role in 2016. Before that, he led global equity sales and trading at Citigroup. He also led the multi-asset structuring group.
Prior to joining Citigroup in 2015, Roos spent a decade at Deutsche Bank, holding a number of senior roles including EMEA head of equities, head of emerging markets equities and global head of prime finance. He began his career as a derivatives trader in South Africa.
Before working in equities trading, Roos was a chemical engineer. During his previous career, he was known for falling into a vat of anti-foaming agent and having to be pulled out.
== Education ==
Roos holds a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Cape Town in chemical engineering.
== References ==	
Category:Citigroup - Former Employees
Category:Deutsche Bank - Former Employees
Muscat Securities Market

__NOTOC__
The Muscat Securities Market, in gulf-state Oman, is one of the Middle East's smaller securities exchanges and its market capitalization of almost $17 billion is dwarfed by regional exchange giants in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar, despite growing steadily in recent years. The exchange's benchmark share index, the MSM 30, rebounded in 2009 after a disastrous 2008 that snapped several years of strong growth in both market cap and listed securities. 
==Background==
The Muscat Securities Market was established in 1988 as a govenment entity, initially charged with both establishing and regulating the Omani markets. Ten years later its functions were separated into an exchange called the Muscat Securities Market (MSM), and a regulator, the Oman Capital Market Authority (CMA). At mid-2009 the MSM's market capitalization stood at $16.9 billion, well below the Saudi Stock Exchange at $287.5 billion, the Kuwait Stock Exchange at $122.3 billion and the Qatar Exchange at $74.7 billion.
MSM's benchmark index, the free-float, value-weighted MSM 30, began in 1992 with its base date of January 1, 1990 and consists of the 30 most liquid stocks on the market with provisions to admit smaller companies. The MSM later added a Banks and Investment Index, an Industry Index and a Service and Insurance Index, which are also made up of the top 30 value-weighted companies in each sector.
After losing half its value in 2008 in the aftermath of that year's global financial meltdown, the Muscat Securities Market bounced back in 2009 with a 17% growth in total market capitalization, well above last year's regional average of just under 12%. 
== Key people ==
MSM Chairman Hassan Ali Jawad has an extensive background in the Omani securities industry as a trader, broker and former managing partner of the country's dominant brokerage, Muscat-based United Securities. Under his leadership United was named best brokerage service in the Middle East by global investment-industry magazine World Finance. He also serves on the board of several listed Omani companies.
== Latest news ==
MSM has shown signs of continuing that recovery with a strong performace in January 2010 on the back of increased 2009 profits at the exchange's largest member by market cap, cellular-telephone provider Omantel. In late 2009 an analyst at United Securities, where MSM Chairman Hassan Ali Jawad is still a director, told Reuters that the firm expected the Omani markets to perform "much better" in 2010.
== References ==
Category:Exchanges
Category:Mid-Eastern Exchanges
Category:Stock Exchanges
Category:Oman
Museum of American Finance

The Museum of American Finance, located in the Wall Street area of New York City, is an affiliate of the Smithsonian and the nation’s only public museum of finance. Its mission is to promote financial literacy and empower people to understand risk and reward in order to make more effective financial decisions. 
The museum offers panels, speakers and exhibits about the world of finance and its markets, current practices and issues.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
Panels, speakers, and exhibits on such subjects as American entrepreneurship, money, banking and the financial markets.
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
Lee Kjelleren, President/CEO
== References ==
Category:Museums
Mustafa Baltaci

__NOTOC__ 
Mustafa Baltaci is the general secretary of the Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges (FEAS). Baltaci is also an executive vice chairman at the Istanbul Stock Exchange, a position he was appointed on June 11th, 2010.
He is also a member of the board of the Montenegro Stock Exchange.
== Background ==
Baltaci was born in Ankara, Turkey. He began his career working for the Turkish Prime Ministry Board as an assistant inspector, inspector, chief inspector and ultimately the head of the Inspection Board of the Turkish Prime Ministry.
From 2005 to 2005, Baltaci worked for the World Bank as analyst in the Governance Department.
He headed the Turkish Prime Ministry Regulatory Reform Group between 2006 and 2009, worked as advisor to the Deputy Prime Minister in charge of the Economy in 2008 and 2009, and as Audit Board member of Ziraat Bank between 2007 and 2009. 
== Education ==
Baltaci graduated from Ankara University Faculty of Political Sciences in 1994. He earned an masters of arts degree in public administration and a diploma in financial management from University of Pennsylvania in 2004.
== References ==	
Category:Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges
Category:Istanbul Stock Exchanges
Category:Montenegro Stock Exchange