Koch (boat)

Koch' , a special type of small two-mast wooden sailing ships designed and used in Russia for Polar voyages in ice conditions of the Arctic seas.
Because of its additional skin-planking (called kotsa) and Arctic design of the body and the rudder, it could sail without being damaged in the waters full of blocks of ice and ice-floes. Koch was the unique ship of this class and it remained as such for several centuries. 
This type of ships was in wide use during the heydays of Russian Polar navigation of 15th and 16th centuries. There is documental proof that in those days the private Russian civil fleet in the Arctic seas numbered up to 7,400 small ships in a single year. In 1715, during the Great Northern war, the Russian Arctic shipbuilding and navigation were doomed to ruin by the ukaz (decree) of czar Peter the Great. According to the ukaz, it was permitted to build only the "novomanerniye" ("newly-mannered") vessels, that is the civil ships which, at the same time, could be used for military purposes. The koch with its special anti-icebound features did not suit this aim.
The keel length of koch was about 21.6 meters (about 70.5 feet). Koch had 13 combination ribs, each consisting of several details . The keel was also a combination of several parts. Bulk-heads divided the body into several cross-section compartments. Each compartment (cherdak) served for a specific purpose. There invariably were the for-part compartment used as the crew's quarters, the stern cabin for the captain, and the cargo hold amidships. Koch had the flat deck. A typical koch carried one square sail on each of its two masts, and, usually, two triangular sails on the bowsprit. A distinctive peculiarity of koch was the relatively big size of its square rudder fin which compensated for the special extra-slim design of the upper part of the rudder. This type of ships had two 70-pound main anchors and, very often, light anchors. Naval historians think that the light anchors could had been used for mooring kochis to the edge of the ice fields. 
Special Arctic design included the rounded lines of the ship's body below the water-line, additional belt of ice-floe resistant flush skin-planking (made of oak or larch) along the variable water-line, false keel for on-ice portage (and for damage prevention from running aground in low waters), shaft-like upper part and wide lower part (below water-line) of the rudder. Another Arctic feature was the invariable presence aboard any koch of two or more iceboats and of a windlass with anchor rope. Each iceboat had the cargo capacity of 1.5-2.0 tons (3,300-4,400 lbs) and was equipped with long runners (5-7 meters/16.4-23 feet) for portage on ice.
If a koch became jammed amidst the ice, its rounded bodylines below the water-line would allow for the ship, squeezed by the ice-fields, to be pushed up out of the water and onto the ice. Then the crew will use one of the iceboats in order to move the windlass as far in the direction of the open water as the length of the anchor rope would allow. After that the windlass would be secured by an anchor placed in an ice hole, and the crew would use the crank to pull the koch towards the windlass. This operation would be repeated as many times as needed be for the koch to reach the open water.
Besides the anti-icebound equipment, the captains of the kochis had the traditional set of navigation instruments including, beside some other, a magnetic compass, a sun-dial, and a vetromet (a 32-point wind-dial with 16 major winds). Other tools and means of navigation were the detailed charts and sailing directions, the stars, and the pilot's marks on the familiar shores.
There are two main classifications of koch subtypes. The first, a mixed classification, distinguishes between three subtypes of kochis depending on both their place of origin (Siberian and Mangazeyan) and their sea-worthyness (morskiye, that is "seafaring"). The second classification does not pay any attention to minor shipbuilding differences and devides all kochis into two categories according to the main spheres of their maritime operations: river-sea, and morskiye (seafaring) for long-range sea voyages.