nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Glass rot

== Description ==
Any of several processes that result in the decay of glass. Glass decay processes may be due to improper original glass composition or from deleterious environmental conditions. Symptoms can include weeping, delamination, crizzling, devitrification, and weathering crusts. Weeping, or the formation of liquid on the surface, is associated with excess alkali in the glass formulation. The glass matrix can change over time in moist environments with water and oxygen molecules penetrating into the glass or ions migrating to the surface. This can result in microscopic voids, shrinkage, and crizzling. Crizzling produces a hazy appearance due to the formation of fine, internal cracks. Devitrification, or sugaring, of the glass can also be a result of excess lime in the formulation.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sick glass; crizzling; devitrification; weeping glass; microfissuração do vidro (Port.)
== Risks ==
The moisture on weeping glass may cause potential damage to nearby adjacent materials, especially in a closed microenvironment.
==Resources and Citations==
* R.Newton, S.Davison, Conservation of Glass, Butterworth-Heineman, London.
* External source or communication: Laurent Sozzani, August 2004.
Category:Materials database
Glass sand

== Description ==
A sand used for making glass that primarily contains quartz. Glass sand may also have a natural mixture of other metallic oxides such as lime (calcium oxide) and an alkali. For example, the sand at Amarna in Egypt contained 19% calcium oxide and was used for making glass in the 14th century BCE. High quality deposits of sand glass are also found in southern Germany, and the U.S. (Virginia, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Maryland).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sable de verrerie (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Glass transition temperature

== Description ==
The midpoint in the temperature range for which a material reversibly changes from a rigid, solid material to a soft, elastic material. Along with the physical change from stiff to flexible, the material undergoes other changes in thermal expansion and heat capacity. These changes can be measured by thermal analysis methods (DSC, TMA, etc.) to determine the glass transition temperature of the material. A material that is flexible, viscous or rubbery above its glass transition temperature may be hard, inflexible or brittle at temperatures below this point. In general, adhesives perform better above their glass transition point while coatings perform better at temperatures below their glass transition point.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Tg; Glastemperatur (Deut.); température de transition de phase vitreuse (Fr.);
Category:Materials database
Glass wool

== Description ==
Finely spun glass fibers sold commercially as a white fluffy mass or a loose blanket. Glass wool was patented in the US in 1933 by a method made by Games Slayter at the Owens-Illinois Glass Co. The fibers are approximately one-thousandths of an inch in diameter (1 mil) and are held in a foam-like mesh that traps tiny air pockets. This results in lightweight material with very high thermal insulation. Glass wool is used for filtration, thermal insulation and as a decorative media. It is resistant to mold growth, even at high humidity.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
laine de verre (Fr.); glaswol (Ned.); lã de vidro (Port.); fiberglass; fibreglass; rock wool; mineral wool; batt insulation
== Risks ==
* Fine, friable glass fibers can cause skin, eye, throat and lung irritation. 
* Potential carcinogens.
* CD Fine Chemicals: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Insoluble in all solvents except hydrofluoric acid.
* Density = 2.55 g/ml
* Refractive index = 1.531
* Glass transition temperature = 551 C
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Wikipedia: Glass wool (Accessed Mar. 20, 2006 and Oct 2023)
Category:Materials database
Glassmaker's soap

== Description ==
A common name for pyrolusite, a manganese dioxide ore, used as a decolorizer in the manufacture of glass. Manganese dioxide has been used as a glass decolorizers since about the 2nd century BCE. Small amounts, 0.5 - 1.0%, were often used in Roman glass.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
manganese dioxide; pyrolusite
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 494
* Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
* CoOL DISTLIST entry by Stephen Koob 18 Sep 2002
Category:Materials database
Glauconite

== Description ==
A dull green mica mineral composed of hydrated potassium iron silicate. Glauconite, unlike other micas, usually occurs as pelletlike grains in marine environments and, hence, is sometimes called green sand. It is formed from the alteration of iron-bearing silicates by ocean water and organisms. Glauconite is found along the Atlantic coast of the North and South America and on the ocean floors. Powdered glauconite has been used as a green earth pigment for paints.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
green earth; Glaukonit (Deut.); glauconite (Fr., It., Port.); glaykofanis (Gr.); groene aarde (Ned.); glaukonit (Pol., Sven.); green sand; greensand
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Glauconite, Harvard Mineralogical Museum.PNG~FTIR (MFA)|f367sem.jpg~SEM|f367edsbw.jpg~EDS]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Crystals = monoclinic No apparent cleavage.
Composition 	(K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2
Mohs Hardness 	2
Density 	2.5-2.7 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.62
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Glauconite
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glauconite (Accessed Sept. 7, 2005)density = 2.2-2.8
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "glauconite" [Accessed December 11, 2001].
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: density 2.5-2.7 and ref.index.1.62
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
Category:Materials database
Glaucophane

== Description ==
A double chain silicate (amphibole) type mineral that typically occurs as blue-gray sheets. Glaucophane is found in dense metamorphic rocks, such as basalts. Significant deposits have been discovered in Greece (Cyclades Islands, Syra Island), Italy (St. Marcel, Val d'Aosta, Piollore), Wales (Anglesey), Australia, Japan, and the US (Kodiak Islands, California). The pleochroic mineral changes colors from yellow to violet to blue when a thin section is viewed in plane polarized light.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
blue schist; blueschist
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|GLAUCOPHANE PMA.TIF~FTIR (PMA)]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Crystal system=monoclinic (fibrous, granular, or massive) 
* Cleavage=good in two directions (56 and 124 degrees). 
* Fracture=brittle, conchoidal 
* Luster=vitreous to pearly 
* Streak=grayish blue 
* Nonfluorescent 
* Pleochroic=from yellow to violet to blue-green
* Composition = Na2(Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2
* Mohs Hardness = 6.0-6.5
* Density = 3.00-3.15
==Resources and Citations==
* WebMinerals at http://webmineral.com/data/Glaucophane.shtml (Accessed Jan. 6, 2006) hardness=6.0-6.5, density =3-3.15
* McGraw-Hill Access Science at http://www.accessscience.com/Encyclopedia/2/29/Est_291100_frameset.html?doi (Accessed Jan. 6, 2006)
* Geology.about.com at http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/blglaucophane.htm (Accessed Jan. 6, 2006)
* Mineral Galleries at http://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/glaucoph/glaucoph.htm (Accessed Jan. 6, 2006) hardness=5-6, density = 3-3.2
Category:Materials database
Glaze

== Description ==
A thin, glassy coating or finish. 
* Paintings: Glaze is a thin film of transparent to semitransparent color added to change tonality. Glazes may be composed of diluted oil or oil/resin paint. A glaze usually refers to a darker color (e.g., Vandyke brown) applied over a lighter underlayer. 
* Ceramics: Glaze is a thin, vitreous, often opaque coating fired on the surface of a ceramic body to add color, texture, and water resistance. Ceramic glazes are usually mixtures of silicates, lead compounds, and boric acid flux. 
* Textiles and paper: Glaze is a highly polished finish obtained by treating the fabric or paper with starch, glue, wax, or synthetic resins, then heat-pressing. Chintz fabric, leathers, and many decorative papers are glazed.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
glazing; glaçure (Fr.); veladura (Esp., Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* R. Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Co., Radnor, PA, 1992
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Glazed brick

== Description ==
A brick or concrete block with a fired enamel finish on one side. The finished surfaces, available in many colors, were popular for interior and exterior finish construction in the mid-20th century. Glazed brick and blocks were an alternative to applying an additional layer of ceramic tile to the wall.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
brique vernissée (Fr.); tijolo vidrado (Port.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Ivan Myjer, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Glazing

== Description ==
1) A transparent material placed in a window or frame. Glazing provides protection from the outside environment while permitting light to pass. Glazing is typically glass but may also be acrylic or polystyrene sheets. For more information, see Glazing types, generic.
2) The surface decoration process for ceramics. See glaze.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* R. Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Co., Radnor, PA, 1996
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* AMOL reCollections Glossary at http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/g/htm - glass or Perspex
Category:Materials database
Glazing compound

== Description ==
A doughy material used to secure a window pane to the frame while forming an air and water tight seal. The glazing compound may be a specially formulated putty or caulk that is weather-resistant and does not harden or crack. Some currently marketed glazing compounds are based on polysulfide rubbers which may introduce sulfur to interior environments. Early glazing mixtures, called window putty, were a thick paste composed of powdered calcium carbonate mixed with linseed oil.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
putty; caulk
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
Category:Materials database
Glazing films

==Description== 
Clear film added to the surface of glass. Glazing films, or laminates, can provide scratch resistance, UV blocking, a printable surface and/or change transparency.
Examples of some laminate films include:
Tradenames 	Composition 	Thickness (micron)	Adhesion 	Texture 	Comments
Lintec 	Polyester 	25, 238, 50, 100 	PSA 	Gloss 	Hard coat
Lintec 	ETFE fluoropolymer	50 	PSA 	Gloss 	Excellent outdoor durability
Lintec 	Acrylic 	50 	PSA 	Gloss or matte 	Excellent transparency; flat or curved surfaces
Lintec 	Polyolefin 	70 	 	Gloss 	Provides UV protection
Envision by 3M 	Polyolefin 	2 mils 	Heat (50 to 100 F) 	Gloss or matte 	Provides UV protection
Gallery Guard by Quality media	Polyolefin 	2 mils 	PSA acrylic (ultraclear); no heat is recommended.	Eliminates glare	
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
laminate film; window film
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
==Resources and Citations==
* Lintec: Films
* Lintec: Spec sheets
Category:Materials database Category:MWG Category: LaminatesCategory:GlazingCategory: Sheet/Film, Composite
Gloss

== Description ==
A subjective measure of the shine or luster of a surface based on the amount of specular, or mirror-like, reflection of light. A material that reflects light well has a high gloss surface. Unwanted light reflection is usually called glare.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
glossy; glossiness; shine; sheen; glare
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Gluconic acid

== Description ==
Brown liquid with a vinegar odor and a slightly acidic taste.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
dextronic acid; maltonic acid; glyconic acid; glycogenic acid; pentahydroxycaproic acid; 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|gluconic acid.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Risks ==
* Non-flammable. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water forming solution with pH = 2.2. Slightly soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in ether and most organic solvents.
Composition 	C6H12O7
CAS 	526-95-4
Melting Point 	131 C
Density 	1.24 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt.=196.16
== Resources and Citations ==
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4464
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Glucose

== Description ==
A naturally occurring sugar found in plants and animals. Glucose is a clear, crystalline water-soluble carbohydrate most often used for flavoring foods and for fermentation. In art, aqueous solutions of glucose (corn syrup) have been used as a glycerol substitute to plasticize glue and starch pastes. Glucose can attract insects and is susceptible to biological growth.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sugar; dextrose, d-glucose; grape sugar; corn sugar; blood sugar; corn syrup
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Glucose.TIF~FTIR (MFA)|glucose.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Risks ==
* Combustible. 
* Incompatible with strong bases. 
* Decomposition may produce toxic fumes.
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water. Slightly soluble in ethanol.
Composition 	C6H12O6
CAS 	50-99-7
Melting Point 	146-152 C
Density 	1.544 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 180.2
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "glucose." Accessed: 9 Nov. 2004.
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Glucose-glycol paste

== Description ==
A water-based adhesive paste containing of corn syrup and diethylene glycol that has been used on solvent sensitive book covers such as pyroxylin coated cloth. One composition (Roberts and Etherington 1982) for the paste is: start with 35% water and add 10% diethylene glycol, 20% glucose, 0.1% beta naphthol (preservative), 0.3% alum and 19.6% flour. Fifteen percent of water in the form of condensed steam is then added.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
glucose glycol paste
== Resources and Citations ==
* M.Roberts, D.Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1982.
Category:Materials database
Glucuronic acid

== Description ==
A naturally occurring carboxylic acid found in plant gums, such as gum arabic.
==Risks==
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water and alcohol
Composition 	COOH(CH2O)4CHO
CAS 	6556-12-1
Melting Point	165 C
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucuronic_acid (Accessed Mar. 20, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Glue

== Description ==
A strong, liquid adhesive originally made from animal protein. Now the term 'glue' is generally used for any type of adhesive, especially water-based formulations. Animal glue has been made from ancient times by boiling animal hides, tendons, bones, and hooves in water. The collagen is hydrolyzed to form a semitransparent gelatin. Animal glues are applied hot and bind on cooling to form a strong, flexible and water-resistant join. Often glycerin or sorbitol is added as a plasticizer and phenols are added as preservatives to minimize biological growth. Top-quality animal glues are made from rabbitskin, sturgeon bladders, and parchment clippings. Hide glues are used in the manufacture of wood joinery, book binding, abrasive papers, gummed paper and matches. Bone glues are used as carton and box adhesives. See also vegetable glue.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cola (Esp., Port.); colle (Fr.); colla (It.); adhesive; 
Examples include: animal glue; gum; mucilage; gelatin; size; isinglass; fish glue; bone glue; parchment glue; Cologne glue; calfskin glue; nikawa; hide glue; rabbitskin glue; sturgeon glue;
== Risks ==
* Dried material may be combustible.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water. Insoluble in oils, waxes organic solvents and ethanol.
Density	1.27 (dry) g/ml
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Irving Skeist, Handbook of Adhesives, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1977
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=1.27 (dry)
Category:Materials database
Glue laminated wood

== Description ==
A wood core with wood veneers adhered to the front and back. In glue laminated wood, the grains run parallel in each ply, while for plywood, the grains are generally bonded at right angles. Glue laminated timber, or glulam, was first made in 1893 in Switzerland as arch beams. Glulams were produced commercially starting in 1934 by Unit Structures in Wisconsin. The layers in glue laminated wood are typically 1 or 2 inches thick. Softwoods, such as Douglas fir and southern pine, are commonly used. Glue laminated timber can be made straight or curved. They are often used to make arches that are longer than solid timber for buildings such as churches, schools, hangars, supermarkets, auditoriums, factories, and warehouses.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tablero laminado (Esp.); madeira lamelada colada (Port.); legno lamellare incollato (It.); wood laminate; glulam; laminated wood; plywood
== Resources and Citations ==
* A. McNall, D. Fischetti, "Glued Laminated Timber", in Twentieth-Century Building Materials, T. Jester (ed.), McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Glue tempera

== Description ==
A water thinned protein-based paint that dries to a water resistant film. Glue temperas use casein or gelatin often as an emulsion mixed with oil. These paints dry to a semi-matt appearance by the evaporation of water. Glycerin or other humectants were often added to reduce cracking. Formalin was sometimes added to produce a hard insoluble film.
== Resources and Citations ==
* D. van der Reyden "Identifying the Real Thing" www.scmre.org/analysis.htm
Category:Materials database
Glutamic acid

== Description ==
A naturally occurring, non-essential amino acid found in wheat gluten, vegetable products, and animals. Glutamic acid was first isolated in 1865. The body synthesizes glutamic acid during carbohydrate metabolism. Glutamic acid also occurs in many plants. It is a very polar molecule that plays the role of an excitatory amino acid (EAA) in neurotransmission.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
GLU: glutamininc acid; alpha-aminoglutaric acid; 2-amino pentanedioic acid; glutaminol; glutaton; glutamate (anionic form); Glutaminsäure (Deut.); glutamato (Esp.); ácido glutámico (Esp.); acide glutamique (Fr.); acido glutammico (It.); glutamaat (Ned.); kwas glutaminowy (Pol.); glutaminsyra (Sven.)
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|glutamic acid.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
==Risks==
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in water. Insoluble in ether, ethanol, acetone and acetic acid.
Composition 	C5H9NO4
CAS 	56-86-0
Melting Point 	160-249 C
Density 	1.538 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 147.13
Refractive Index	1.538
== Resources and Citations ==
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4477 has melting point=160C
* MSDS Sheet Comment: Mallinckrodt Baker: - has melting point = 205C
* Olympus Microscopy Resource Center at http://www.olympusmicro.com/galleries/polarizedlight/pages/glutamicacidsmall.html
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005) - has melting point=247-249 C
Category:Materials database