Ankle Joint Injection

==Anatomy==
The ankle joint, or tibiotalar joint, is a hinged synovial joint. It is created by the articulation of the distal end of the tibia, fibula, and the superior aspect of the talus. It provides dorsiflexion and plantarflexion. The classic mnemonic "Tom, Dick, and Harry" is used to remember the muscles that cross the anterior ankle joint in the medial plane - tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus. These structures are held by the superior and inferior extensor retinacula. The lateral muscles are peroneus longus and brevis. These are supported by the superior and inferior peroneal retinaculum. The medial ligaments are the deltoid ligaments, and the lateral ligaments are the talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and the posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). The deep peroneal nerve and anterior tibial artery (anterior neurovascular
bundle) cross the ankle joint between the extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus, and then descend into the dorsal aspect of the foot. The anterior tibial artery becomes the dorsalis pedis artery. The superficial peroneal nerve is found anterolaterally to the ankle joint.
==Indications and Efficacy==
Pain secondary to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute traumatic arthritis, crystalloid deposition disease, mixed connective tissue disease, and synovitis.
==Contraindications==
==Pre-procedural Evaluation==
In the setting of significant joint space narrowing, the anteromedial approach may be difficult. The lateral approach may be more successful here.Manchikanti, Laxmaiah, et al. Essentials of interventional techniques in managing chronic pain. Cham: Springer, 2018.
==Equipment==
*High frequency linear ultrasound probe
*20 to 25 gauge 1.5 inch needle
*1% lidocaine
*corticosteroid
*5-mL syringe
*sterile ultrasound gel and cover
*dressing pack with sterile drape, gauze pad
*Sterile cleansing solution
*Adhesive bandage
==Technique==
===Ultrasound Guided===
*Patient supine, knee flexed about 90 degrees, with foot flat on the examination table in 30-45 degrees of plantar flexion
*Position the probe long-axis to the plantar flexed foot anteriorly just medial to the tibialis anterior tendon
*Confirm location of the anterior neurovascular bundle
*Localise the anterior recess of the tibiotalar joint
*Insert needle into the anteromedial joint space, long axis, distal to proximal at about a 30-degree angle, passing just over the talar dome, aiming towards the underside of the tibia.
*Position needle tip just past the joint capsule in the anterior recess of the joint
Tibiotalar joint injection ultrasound long axis.png|Probe position and needle placement. © Springer 2017
Tibiotalar joint injection ultrasound long axis2.png|Ultrasound image
===Fluoroscopy Guided===
===Landmark Guided===
====Medial Approach (tibiotalar)====
*Position: Supine with foot perpendicular to leg
*Identify and mark sulcus, between the tibia and talus, lateral to the medial malleolus and medial to the tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus tendons
*Plantarflex the foot with needle entering the skin overlying the sulcus
*Angle the needle slightly cranially as it passes between the medial malleolus and tibialis anterior tendon
Ankle anatomy injection.png|Medial approach: enter space between anterior border of the medial malleolus and the tibialis anterior tendon
Ankle injection positioning.png|Medial approach: have patient lie supine, and plantar flex the ankle so the angle is close to 90 degrees.
====Lateral Approach (subtalar)====
*Keep foot perpendicular to leg
*Enter subtalar joint just below tip of lateral malleolus
*Direct needle medially toward joint space
==Complications==
Injury to the neurovascular bundle.
==Aftercare==
==Videos==
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkEuZklbJ9I</youtube>
==See Also==
==External Links==
==References==
Category:Foot and Ankle Procedures