nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Shanghai massacre

412 Incident was a large-scale purge to Communists in the Chinese Nationalist Party in Shanghai, which was ordered by Chiang Kai-shek, occured on 12 April, 1927 during the Northern Expedition. In Chinese, the incident is called Purge to Communists in the party (清黨) by Kuomintang, while the Communist Party of China calls it 412 anti-revolutionary coup(四一二反革命政变) or 412 tragedy(四一二慘案). In the incident, many Communists were prisonized or executed. On the other hand, soon after the incident, an important leader of the Chinese Communist Party, Li Dazhao, who was active in Beijing and the surrounding area, was arrested and executed by Zhang Zuolin, the head of the Beiyang government for matching up the anti-Communist movements led by Chiang.
==
背景
1923年，孫中山認為蘇聯是中國革命最大的支持者。在共產國際和中國共產黨李大釗等人的幫助下，孫中山改組國民黨，在廣州成立國民政府，提出聯俄容共政策。次年成立黃埔軍校。大量共產黨人以個人身份加入國民黨，有些任要職。
1925年孫中山逝世後，汪精衛成為政治上的領袖，而黃埔軍校校長蔣介石則掌握軍權。1926年3月，蔣介石用武力平息中山艦事件，和共產黨人之間產生齟齬。7月，國民革命軍開始北伐，蔣介石時任總司令。11月，北伐軍已經控制了長江流域，國民政府決定遷都武漢。蔣介石則極力主張遷都他控制的南昌。12月9日，國民政府遷至武漢。一個月後，南昌國民黨中央政治會議議決，中央黨部駐南昌。
1927年3月，上海工人在共產黨周恩來等領導下，舉行第三次武裝起義，打敗北洋軍閥的直魯聯軍，佔領了除租界以外的上海市區，並建立起一支2700人的工人糾察隊，迎接北伐軍東路軍前敵總指揮白崇禧率軍開進上海。
蔣介石等國民黨右派認為共產黨人在國民黨內部勢力日益膨脹，「黨中有黨」，如不早日剪除今後會更難控制。再加上共產黨人在北伐軍攻克的地方搞「打土豪、分田地」的政策被大量國民黨右派所反對，於是蔣介石準備發動政變，暴力清黨。各國租界在蔣保證不以武力改變租界現狀後答應提供援助。
[編輯]
經過
1927年4月2日，蔣介石約李宗仁、白崇禧、黃紹竑、李濟深、張靜江、吳稚暉、李石曾等人，在上海召集中國國民黨中央監察委員會會議，會議中提出檢舉「共產黨連結容納於國民黨之共產黨員，同有謀叛證據」，廣州政治分會主席李濟深首先發言贊同。會議訂立「清黨原則」及組「清黨委員會」，進行反共清黨準備工作。
4月6日，蔣介石派軍樂隊把親題「共同奮鬥」的錦旗，送給上海總工會工人糾察隊，以起到麻痹作用。與此同時，蔣介石指使青幫、洪門頭目黃金榮、張嘯林、杜月笙等出面，組織右派團體「中華共進會」和「上海工界聯合會」，以對抗上海總工會。
4月9日，蔣介石命令成立「淞滬戒嚴司令部」，由白崇禧、周鳳歧分任正副司令，並頒發「戰時戒嚴條例」12條。同日，中央監察委員鄧澤如、吳稚輝、黃紹竑、張靜江、陳果夫等聯名發表《護黨救國通電》(即「青電」)，指責武漢國民政府的「容共」政策。4月11日，蔣介石密令各省「一致實行清黨」。
4月12日凌晨，受蔣介石指揮的「中華共進會」和「上海工界聯合會」幫派分子從上海租界衝出，向上海總工會糾察隊的駐地閘北、南市、浦東、吳淞等處，發起攻擊。之後蔣介石下令淞滬戒嚴司令部所屬國民革命軍第26軍藉口「工人內訌」對工人糾察隊強行繳械，殺傷300多人。
4月13日，上海總工會召開工人大會，聲討蔣介石。會後，10萬多工人、學生到寶山路國民黨26軍第二師周風歧司令部請願。士兵向人群掃射，當場打死100多人，傷者不計其數，釀成大血案。接著，蔣介石下令解散上海特別市臨時政府、上海總工會，和一切共產黨組織，搜捕共產黨員及支持者，逮捕千餘人，並將首要份子槍決。至15日，有300多人被殺，500多人被捕，5000多人失蹤。著名共產黨人汪壽華、陳延年、趙世炎等遇害。
之後其他地方也開始清黨。4月14日，李濟深主持廣州陸海空將領開會議決「清共」，第二天，廣州全城大搜捕。在廈門、福州、寧波、南京、杭州、長沙（馬日事變）等地，一大批共產黨員也遭殺害。共產黨稱之為「白色恐怖」。在北京，張作霖趁機於4月28日殺害了李大釗等20名共產黨人。
事變之後中共和國民黨左派在武漢聯合發動了討蔣運動。4月20日，中共中央發表宣言：「蔣介石業已變為國民革命公開的敵人」，號召人民群眾為「推翻新軍閥」、「打倒軍事專政」而奮鬥。4月22日，宋慶齡、鄧演達、何香凝、譚平山、吳玉章、林祖涵、毛澤東等39人，以國民黨中央執監委員、候補執監委員名義聯名通電討蔣，號召全國民眾及革命同志，起來推翻蔣介石這個「總理之叛徒、本黨之敗類，民眾之蟊賊」。
[編輯]
後果
4月18日，蔣介石在南京成立了國民政府，和容共的武漢汪精衛政府對立，是為「寧漢分裂」。之後武漢方面也由於事態的發展而在7月15日開始清黨，國民黨與共產黨的合作在7月中旬開始全面破裂。蔣介石通過此事成為了被國民黨內反共的多數派支持，成了最高領袖。雖然不久由於北伐軍在徐州失利而下野，但很快重掌大權，完成北伐，開始了在中國數十年的統治。
四·一二事件使共產黨的發展嚴重受挫。共產黨認為，這標志著「大革命」（即第一次國共合作）的失敗。國民黨主流右派則認為共產黨破壞北伐，清黨使掃除軍閥統一全國的事業得以繼續進行並最終成功。四·一二事件之後，共產黨內主張和國民黨合作的陳獨秀等人受到排擠，甚至被認為是造成共產黨對蔣介石的暴力清黨毫無準備的原因。數月後共產黨聯合國民黨左派在南昌發動八一南昌起義（又稱「南昌暴動」），開始了組建自己的軍隊，進而武裝割據，直到掌握在中國大陸的政權。
幫助蔣介石發動四一二事件的杜月笙則事業順利發展。中國抗日戰爭結束後一度持此功謀求上海市長一職未遂。1949年在國共內戰中，國民政府失敗退往台灣之際，杜月笙害怕自己當年參與四一二事件的經歷令共產黨不會放過他，便逃到香港。
Shift

The Shift key is either of 2 keys on the QWERTY computer keyboard, located on the edges of the row below the home row, used to type the top character shown on a key when there are 2 characters. Examples:
Use the left shift key to make a question mark. Hold down the left shift key with the little finger of the left hand. Then, with the little finger of the right hand, press the / key and you will get a question mark.
Use the right shift key to make an exclamation point. Hold down the right shift key with the little finger of the right hand. Then, with the little finger of the left hand, press the 1 key and you will get an exclamation point.
Shopping mall

A shopping mall is a building or set of buildings that contain stores and have interconnecting walkways that make it easy for people to walk from store to store. The walkways may or may not be enclosed.
A strip mall is a type of shopping mall where the stores are arranged in a row, with a sidewalk in front. The design is similar to many Main Streets in the USA, except that strip malls generally have large parking lots in front.
The first enclosed shopping mall ever built is Rosedale, located in the Twin Cities suburb of Roseville, Minnesota.
The two largest enclosed shopping malls are the West Edmonton Mall in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and the Mall of America in another Twin Cities suburb, Bloomington, Minnesota.
Signal

A signal is an abstract element of information, or more exactly usually a flow of information (in either one or several dimensions). The signal can be either analog or digital. The former is a continuous flow of information in some framework (the signal value does not need to be continuous), while digital signals are constant within some constant temporal (or spatial) intervals.
A typical signal is sound, for example, speech sound whereby the signal carries the information of the spoken words, the identity of the speaker and for example, emotional cues. Another typical signal is a radio transmission which, in turn, can carry the speech sound-signal. Both sound and radio signals are analog signals.
Digital signals are most usually either representations of analog signals within a digital framework (i.e., a computer), or computer generated signals.
The frequency spectrum of a signal can be evaluated with the Fourier transform, which is, in itself a signal.
Signal (software)

Signal is a free and open-source encrypted voice calling application for iOS. It uses end-to-end encryption to secure all voice calls to other Signal users. Signal voice calls are encrypted with ZRTP and AES 128 and are compatible with RedPhone calls on Android. An update will be released providing TextSecure instant mesaging capabilities.
Signal is developed by Open Whisper Systems and is released under the GPLv3 license.
==History==
Signal was first launched in July 2014. It was the first iOS app to enable easy, strongly encrypted voice calls for free.
==Features==
Signal calls are compatible with RedPhone calls on Android.
==Architecture==
===Protocol===
Signal voice calls are encrypted with ZRTP and AES 128.
===Servers===
Open Whisper Systems has set up dozens of servers to handle the encrypted calls in more than 10 countries around the world to minimize latency.
===Licensing===
The complete source code of Signal is available on GitHub under a free software license. This enables interested parties to examine the code and help the developers verify that everything is behaving as expected. It also allows advanced users to compile their own copy of the application and compare it with the version that is distributed by Open Whisper Systems.
==Developers==
Signal is developed by Open Whisper Systems, a collaborative open source project that consists of "a large community of open source contributors, as well as a small team of dedicated developers". Their mission is to "make private communication simple". The project was established in 2013 and is funded by a combination of donations and government grants.
The project has received financial support from, among others, the Freedom of the Press Foundation, the Knight Foundation, the Shuttleworth Foundation, and the Open Technology Fund, a U.S. government program that has also funded other privacy projects like the anonymity software Tor and the encrypted instant messaging website Cryptocat.
== See also ==
* Comparison of VoIP software
* Internet privacy
* Secure communication
==References==
==External links==
* 
* Signal-iOS on GitHub
* Open Whisper Systems. The developers' homepage.
Silent Hill

Silent Hill' is the title of a survival horror video game franchise, produced by Konami. As of 2003 there are three games available, all of which were released to strong sales and critical acclaim. The Silent Hill games are distinguished from other games in the same genre, such as Resident Evil, in that the focus is far more on character, story, and atmosphere rather than action and violence. The games' storylines unfold like that of a film, and multiple resolutions are possible depending upon what decisions the player makes during gameplay.
Silent Hill is the town in which the story is set. It has become deserted and cursed, shifting between this world and another populated by fearsome monsters. The second game in the series also suggests that the town may be a metaphorical incarnation of a person's troubled psyche. The protagonist of the game is trapped in the town and can only escape by resolving a personal issue that has been tormenting him.
The games' visual design has come in for strong praise, depicting dark, fog-enshrouded, decaying environments enhanced by chilling sound effects.
Perhaps to provide respite from the overall bleakness of the scenario, the first game in the series includes a humorous ending involving UFOs, that can only be unlocked after completing the game a number of times at various difficulty levels.
Many fans and reviewers have referred to the Silent Hill games as the most frightening ever made.
The available games are:
* Silent Hill (1999) for PlayStation
* Silent Hill 2 (2001) for PlayStation 2
** Silent Hill 2: Restless Dreams (2001) for XBox
* Silent Hill 3 (2002) for PlayStation 2
In 2003 a film based on Silent Hill was announced, with French director Christophe Gans (The Brotherhood of the Wolf) attached.
Silkie

Silkies
 It is believed that they originated in eastern Asia, where explorer Marco Polo wrote about a frizzy-looking bird.
 There are six colors that are accepted in the American Bantam Association standards, they are.... Black, Blue,Buff,White, Partridge and Gray.
 There are also two other colors, Splash and Red.
 Silkies come in two types, bearded and non-bearded.
 The first Silkie was a black silkie.
 Silkie hens are very broody hens and are very good mothers.
 Silkie's are a very calm bird and make great pets.
Silkie (Teen Titans)

Silkie is a fictional character from the animated series Teen Titans. it does not have counterparts in the comic book version.
Silike was at first one of the many mutant worms created by Killer Moth who planned to take over the city with them.When the Teen Titans put an end to his schemes, Beast Boy bonded with one of the mutant worms. Unknown to his friends, Beast Boy kept the worm as a pet at Titans Tower.Beast Boy hid this secret for a very long time until one day after battling Johnny Rancid , The Titans returned home to find most the their furniture eaten.Beast Boy knew who was behind it but didn't tell anyone expect for Starfire who decided to keep his secret and become attacted to the little worm.Suddenly Silike begain crying and Star fed it some alien food from Tamaran.Silike then had monstrous growth spurt in seconds.Silike disappeared and attacked Cyborg.Robin told Star to get rid of Silike.Starfire decided to leave Silkie of a remote island home which was a sad moment for both of them.Silkie was hurt and his "father" Killer Moth found him and transformed into into a monster. The monstered Silkie battled the Titans but was confused on who to turn to when both Killer Moth and Starfire tried to get their worm to them.Silkie blew up and returned to his worm form and Robin allowed Starfire to keep him as a pet.
Silkie has appeared in
*Date With Destiny(cameo appearance)
*X (cameo appearance)
*Betrothed (cameo appearance) 
*Haunted (cameo appearance)
*Can I Keep Him?
*Episode 257-494 (cameo appearance)
*The Quest (cameo appearance)
*For Real
Sir Horace Lamb Chair

The Sir Horace Lamb Chair is a named professorial position in the School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, England. The chair was founded in 2013 and named in memory of Sir Horace Lamb . The chair was inaugurated in May 2013 with the appointment of Professor Oliver Jensen, who already held a personal chair in the school.
 
The School of Mathematics has four named chairs, the others being the Beyer Chair, the Fielden Chair of Pure Mathematics and the Richardson Chair of Applied Mathematics.
==References==
Category:Professorships in mathematics
Category:Professorships at the University of Manchester
Category:Mathematics education in the United Kingdom
Category:2013 establishments in England
Sixth generation of video game consoles

The 128-bit era is a video game era when the Sony Playstation 2 dominated the console market. It is the current era of video gaming. The Gameboy Advance, Nintendo GameCube, Microsoft Xbox, and Nuon have also been part of this era. The Sega Dreamcast launched during the 32-bit era, the predecessor of the 128-bit era, and lived onto the 128-bit era. Sega Dreamcast suffered the same fate in the United States as its ancestor the Sega Master System did, suffering early discontinuation in the United States. The 128-bit era is also an era when NES and SNES ROMs became easier to find. 
== See Also ==
*8-bit era
*16-bit era
*32-bit era
Skyway

In the general sense, a skyway can be considered to be a path between two points that is traversed without touching the ground. There are a few more specific meanings.
In an urban setting, a skyway is an enclosed bridge between two buildings. This protects members of the public from inclement weather in cooler climates. Additionally, these skyways are usually owned by businesses, and are therefore not public spaces (compare with sidewalk). Skyways usually connect on the second or third floor, though they are sometimes much higher, like in the Petronas Towers (though this skyway is often referred to as a sky bridge).
In air travel, a skyway is a "highway in the sky"—the path that airliners take through the atmosphere.
In local transportation, a skyway can be a ski lift or other suspended-carriage system.
Skyway (Metro Manila)

The Metro Manila Skyway is an elevated highway crossing over much of the already-existing South Luzon Expressway. It is located within the Metro Manila portion of the SLEX and crosses through Makati City, Pasay City and Parañaque City. The Skyway begins in Barangay Bangkal, Makati City, and ends in Bicutan, Parañaque City.
==History==
This expressway was constructed since August 24, 1995. Buendia, Makati, Magallanes, Skyway Toll Plazas A and B and Bicutan exits were completed on September 26, 1996. Don Bosco exit was constructed in July 17, 2001 and completed on January 2, 2002. Sales exit has been in construction since September 5, 2004.
==Technical specifications==
* Name: Metro Manila Skyway
* Concession Holder: Philippine National Construction Corporation
* Operator: Philippine National Construction Corporation South Luzon Tollways Group
* Length: 42 km
* Concession starting date: August 24, 1995
* Concession ending date: July 12, 2007
* Highway exits: 7 (including Sales)
* Toll plazas: 2
* Height: 11 meters (San Martin De Porres-Bicutan, Don Bosco-Buendia, and Makati Exit), 35 meters (Bicutan-Toll A, and Sales-Don Bosco), normal (Toll A-B), 19 meters (Bicutan Exit)
==Lists of Exits==
Buendia Exit - San Isidro, Makati City - Senator Gil Puyat Ave.
Makati Exit - Makati City - Pasay Road to Amorsolo
Don Bosco Exit - Bangkal, Makati City - Don Bosco Street
Magallanes Exit - Magallanes, Makati City - EDSA
Skyway Toll Plaza A - Pasay City (northbound)
Skyway Toll Plaza B - Pasay City (southbound)
Bicutan Exit - Parañaque City - Doña Soledad Avenue to General Santos Avenue
San Martin de Porres Exit - Parañaque City - Sta. Maria Avenue
==Toll Fees==
Class 	Prize
Class 1(Cars, Motorcycles, SUVs, Jeepneys)	PhP 88
Class 2(Buses, Light Trucks) 	PhP 192
Class 3(Heavy Trucks) 	PhP 241
==Future Exits==
Sales Exit - Villamor Airbase and Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Pasay City
==See Also==
*South Luzon Expressway
*North Luzon Expressway
Category:Roads in the Philippines
Category:Toll roads
Skyway (disambiguation)

Skyway can have the following meanings:
* A skyway in air travel is a flight path common to many airline flights.
* Skyway Airlines based in Missouri, USA.
* A skyway, like an aerial tram or other suspended-carriage system.
** The Skyway Express in Jacksonville, Florida, a tram (people mover).
** Disney skyways in major Disney theme parks, closed in the 1990s.
* A skyway, a high road bridge; examples include the James N. Allan Skyway, the Pulaski Skyway, and the SLEX Skyway Bridge] (under construction).
Category:Bridges
Skyways
==See also==
* Jetway, a small movable bridge connecting an arriving aircraft to an airport terminal.
Snapdragon

Snapdragon
Pronunciation: 'snap-"dra-g&n
Function: noun
Etymology: from the fancied resemblance of the flowers to the face of a dragon
: any of a genus (Antirrhinum and especially the widely cultivated A. majus of the family Scrophulariaceae, the snapdragon family) of herbs having showy white, crimson, or yellow bilabiate flowers
Snapdragon (disambiguation)

Snapdragon is a genus of plants.
Snapdragon or Snap-dragon may also refer to:
* Snap-dragon (game), a parlour game
* Snapdragon (comics), a Japanese supervillain in the Marvel Comics Universe
* Snapdragon (film), an American thriller film
* Snapdragon (Transformers), a fictional Decepticon character from the Generation 1 Transformers series
==See also==
* Snapdragon double
* The Snapdragons
Socialist Revolutionary Party

The Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SRs) were a Russian political party active in the early Twentieth Century.
Their programme was in the democratic socialist mould and garnered much support amongst Russia's rural Peasantry who in particular supported their programme of land-socialisation as opposed to the Bolshevik programme of land-nationalisation. Their policy platform could be broadly described as left-wing, although more moderate than that of the Bolsheviks.
The Russian Revolution of February, 1917 brought the SRs a more prolific political role, with one of their members Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky joining the liberal government, eventually becoming the head of government.
The SRs faded after the Bolshevik takeover in October, 1917, although in the elections to the Constiuent Assembly they proved to be the most popular party across the country, gaining some 40% of the popular vote as opposed to the Bolsheviks 25%. However, the Bolsheviks disbanded the Assembly and thereafter the SRs become of less political significance, although some left-SRs did join the Communist Party.
Many SRs fought for the Greens in the Russian Civil War alongside Mensheviks and other banned moderate socialist elements.
Solon

Athenian sage of the 5th? century bc. According to the the historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus, he was once asked by Creosus, the hugely rich despot from Asia minor 'who is the the happiest man in the world'. Creosus expected to be told 'you are' but was given the names of several men he had never heard of. He asked Solon why they were happier than him. Solon's famous reply was:
"Call no man happy, who is not dead."
It was recalling this story which, again according to Herodotus saved Creosus from execution when his kingdom was overcome by invading Persians.
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are an overseas territory of the UK, also claimed by Argentina. They are administered from the Falkland Islands by UK civil commissioner Donald A. LAMONT, representing Queen ELIZABETH II.
Grytviken, formerly a whaling station on South Georgia, is the garrison town.
From the CIA World Factbook 2000. Not Wikified.
* History
* Geography
* People
* Government
* Economy
* Communications
* Transportation
* Military
* Transnational issues
Spanish flu

The Spanish Flu was the common name of an an unusually severe and deadly strain of Influenza spread world wide in 1918 and 1919, also known as the Great Influenza Pandemic. It is estimated to have been the most deadly Pandemic in human history, killing more people than the Black Plague or AIDS. 
The nations of the Allied side of World War I called it the "Spanish Flu" from mistaken early reports that it originated in Spain; in Spain it was called "The French Flu". 
According to some sources, the disease was first doccumented as appearing in However many infections with similar but milder symptoms began were recorded in spring of that year, with sore throat, headaches, dizzyness, and loss of appetite. The earliest know case Fort Riley, Kansas]] on March 11, 1918. In the summer infections became much more severe. The more deadly version was observed in August 1918 in three disparate locations - Brest, Boston and Freetown. The "Flu" often requiring hospitalization and even with the best of care often killing one third of those infected. The strain was unual in commonly killing many young and healthy victims, as opposed to more common influenzas which caused the bulk of their mortality amoung the old and infirm. People without symptoms could be stuck suddenly and be rendered too feeble to walk within hours; many would die the next day. Symptoms included a blue tint to the face and coughing up blood. 
The disease spread across the world killing twenty-five million in the course of six months; some estimates put the total of those kiiled worldwide at over twice that number, possibly as high as 70 million. An estimated 17 million died in India alone. About 28% of the population of the USA suffered from the disease, and some 500,000 died from it. 200,000 were killed in England. 
The Spanish Flu vanished within eighteen months, and the actual strain was never determined. The influenza virus was not understood by medical science at the time, and most contemporary effort was spent in an unsuccessful quest to find a germ borne cause of the disease. 
== External Links ==
* Influenza Pandemic on stanford.edu
* Influenza 1918 in the United States on pbs.org
Spawn: The Eternal

Spawn: The Eternal is a video game developed and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the Sony Playstation, based on the Spawn comic book series created by Todd McFarlane and produced by Image Comics. It was released on December 1, 1997 in North America, and recieved poor reviews from many notable game critics .
==Screenshots==
Image:Spawntheeternal2.jpg
Image:Spawntheeternal3.jpg
Category:1997 computer and video games
Category:PlayStation games
Category: Computer and video games based on licensed properties
Category:Computer and video games based on Image Comics
Spawn (comics)

(in first person shooters)
The spawn is the area where players appear at the beginning of the round (if the game is round-based) or immediately after being killed (if it is not round-based.) "Spawn" is used in this sense almost exclusively in team-based games; most other games have "spawn points" scattered throughout the map.
"to spawn" (or to "respawn" in non-round-based games) refers to the act of appearing at the spawn or spawn point.