nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Edwin Hubble

Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American boxer, a member of the Kentucky bar association and an astronomer. He is best known for his discovery that the universe is expanding. This discovery, in giving the Big Bang theory a factual base, permanently eliminated God's theory on the origins of the universe, Genesis, from the competition.It was later discovered that God had plagiarized Genesis from an ancient Babylonian book of fairy tales. In a plea deal with authorities he was released under the condition that he never communicate or make his presence known to any person, or thing, that might "believe" in him or be a "follower" of him, ever. The deal was seen as an injustice by many. Many of God's ex-lovers had been in the court room when the deal was struck, one of them, a Mr. Gabriel, was incredulous..."He has never communicated with or made his presence known to any of his "followers" before..I mean..Why would he start now?...fuck...He is always bitching about them and calling them a bunch of wacko sheep....he could give a shit. So...I mean...How does this even qualify as a slap on the wrist for fuck's sake ?...Not even a slap on the wrist...sad.". Hubble made no public comment on God's concession speech. (It was rumored that he climbed atop Griffith Observatory, looked up into stars and yelled "Gotcha! Fucker!" then had a smoke and danced til the sun came up.) Hubble, simply put, set down the observational foundations upon which modern Cosmology rests.
==Sources==
Edwin Hubble 1889-1953, The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol.83, No.6 December 1989 Whole No. 621
==References==
category:Astronomers
Edwin Mellen Press

Edwin Mellen Press is an exceedingly dubious academic press, famous amongst university librarians for publishing works of second-class scholarship.Chronicle forum thread, in which multiple posters suggest that being published by them will hurt your academic record for tenure. It made itself even more famous as a dubious publisher when, in late 2012, it brought a defamation suit for $3 million against a university librarian who criticised it on their blog.The original blog post.The suit.Jake New. "Librarians Rally Behind Blogger Sued by Publisher Over Critical Comments." The Chronicle of Higher Education. 2013 February 14.
Another thing they were upset about was a commenter on the blog post who said they were Scientologists. This claim is indeed absolutely false. They're actually Moonies.Rebecca Moore. "The Strange Case of Garry Scarff." The Jonestown Report. Volume 5, November 2007.
Their business model is to sell books of mediocre scholarship at stupendous markups to a perceived captive market of librarians, which is why they are quite so upset at a librarian calling them out.
"We do not know why the criticism persists," says the publisher in their newsletter, "but this problem has gone on for some time and has done a great deal of damage." Indeed.
== External links ==
* Confessions of a Science Librarian: A substantial list of links detailing the whole tale (which would be nice to extend this article).
==References==
Category:Publishers
Category:Unification Church
Edzard Ernst

Professor Edzard Ernst is the Emeritus Professor of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) at the Peninsula School of Medicine. When appointed to the Laing chair in Complementary Medicine at the University of Exeter in 2002, he was the first professor of complementary medicine in the world. Don't let the "CAM" in his titles fool you, he is a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, a member of the medical board of the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency, and a founding board member of the Institute for Science in Medicine.
He is regularly the subject of ad hominem attacks from CAM practitioners who have difficulty dealing with his deconstruction of the anecdotes that they present in lieu of evidence for the 'efficacy' of their activities.
Since retiring from full-time academic work in 2012 he has devoted himself to being a thorn in the flesh of quacks and charlatans for as long as he is able. He is very active on Twitter and on his blog.
==Background==
Ernst gained M.D. and Ph.D. degrees in Germany in the late 1970s, and received training in a number of alternative therapies including acupuncture and massage therapies. He later moved to become Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at the universities of Hanover (1988) and Vienna (1990). Unlike many in the alternative medicine world, Ernst focused his research on actual efficacy of the practices involved — driven by a genuine curiosity to see if the treatments worked, rather than an urge to confirm and sell them. He therefore became a strong critic of homeopathy, describing it as "among the worst examples of faith-based medicine" in the American Journal of Medicine.Should We Maintain an Open Mind about Homeopathy? American Journal of Medicine, November 2009
==Publications==
He was editor-in-chief of two journals: Perfusion and Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies (FACT). He also writes on evidence based medicine for The Guardian and on the doctors' website Pulse.
He is the author of a number of books, notably, with Simon Singh, Trick Or Treatment, a review of many popular alternative therapies and the evidence (or lack of it) behind them. He is a trenchant critic of woo and withdrew his name from the into CAM because he said Smallwood had "written the conclusions before looking at the evidence"; the report did not address whether CAM treatments were actually effective and Ernst described it as "complete misleading rubbish."Edzard Ernst: The ‘Smallwood report’: method or madness?, British Journal of General Practice 2006 January 1; 56(522): 64–65.
Ernst also wrote a systematic review of Bach flower remedies.Ernst E (2010). "Bach flower remedies: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials". Swiss Medical Weekly 140 (w13079). PMID 20734279
==Ernst's Law==
Ernst's Law, attributed to Andy Lewis of The Quackometer, states: 
==See also==
*Britt Marie Hermes — a naturopath who later publicly rejected naturopathy
==External links==
*Twitter
*Blog
==References==
Category:Living people
Category:Physicians
Category:Skeptics
Category:Scientists
Egalitarianism

Egalitarianism is, technically speaking, a trend of thought that favours equality for all people.Egalitarian | Define Egalitarian at Dictionary.com According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the term has two distinct definitions in modern English:Egalitarianism - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary either as a political doctrine that all people should be treated as equals and have the same political, economic, social, and civil rights; or as a social philosophy advocating the removal of economic inequalities among people, economic egalitarianism, or the decentralization of power.Erdal, D. & Whiten, A. (1996) "Egalitarianism and Machiavellian Intelligence in Human Evolution" in Mellars, P. & Gibson, K. (eds) Modeling the Early Human Mind. Cambridge MacDonald Monograph Series However, in recent years it has been used by anti-feminists to justify their opposition to feminism and female quotas being on the basis of equality.David Cameron justifies his feminism on the grounds of being an "equalist".
==Relation to feminism==
In reality, claiming to be an egalitarian but not a feminist is a distinction without a difference. Feminists and egalitarians both agree that men and women deserve equal opportunities and rights.However, this doesn't always go both ways, as there are some transphobes in the feminist movement. Most feminists will argue that the reason "feminism" is used instead of "egalitarianism" when discussing gender inequality is that it focuses on women's issues – as they are the most affected by gender discrepancies – but at the same time not detracting from men's issues, often making analogies to the African-American civil rights movement and the LGBT rights movement.Caroline Dorey-Stein. "Feminism: Why Not 'Egalitarianism' or 'Humanism'?" Progressive Women's Leadership. 24 September 2015. In short, feminism is a form of egalitarianism with a focus on gender issues.
However, more often than not, MRAs use "egalitarianism" as a way of promoting pro-MRA beliefs under the guise of equality,Melanie Mallon. "Bad Chart Thursday: Egalitarianism vs. Feminism" Skepchick.org. 29 October 2015. in the same way "Dr." David Duke promotes his racist garbage under the guise of civil rights for white people."You are a racist" – David Duke 
==See also==
*Humanism
*Equality
==Notes==
==References==
Egotheism

Egotheism (Latin: ego — "I", Greek: theos — "god") is the deification of the self, or the belief that "you are God". Elizabeth Palmer Peabody allegedly coined the term in 1858.
But compare Robert Alfred Vaughan's "ego-theism" from 1856.
It is common for people with egotheistic views to assert claims such as "we are all our own gods."
==In religion==
This belief is perhaps most prevalent in LaVeyan Satanism, which posits that each individual is essentially their own God, meaning they are the master of their own reality. However, Satanists rarely use the term egotheism, instead preferring "apotheosis".
In Hinduism, practitioners identify themselves with God through their atman ("soul"). It might seem to some that this is a form of egotheism, as they believe God is within themselves. However, the way the practitioner attempts to accomplish this is through a complete submission of ego, so it's doubtful if the term is appropriate.
==God complex==
The belief that one is infallible and therefore a god, is known as the "". It exists among some cult leaders and other delusional people but does not appear in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders because the DSM explicitly excludes religion-related diagnoses.
==See also (but not to be confused with)==
*Self projection as god
*Solipsism
*Ethical egoism
*Transhumanism
*Jerusalem syndrome
*Caligula
==External links==
*Those Who Are Jesus, a 2001 documentary by Steven Eastwood.
*15 Living People Who Say They Are God, at least according to BuzzFeed.
==References==
Category:Theism
Category:New Age
Eileen Garrett

Eileen J. Garrett was an Irish parapsychologist, medium, and pseudoscience promoter. 
As a child and into her youth, Garrett showed symptoms of a dissociative identity disorder and she reported to have heard voices that were not real.Jenny Hazelgrove. (2000). Spiritualism and British Society Between the Wars. Manchester University Press. pp. 127-128 She also experienced delusional fantasies and hallucinations.John Booth. (1986). Psychic Paradoxes. Prometheus Books. p. 193
Garrett did not believe in life after death and attributed her supposed spirit controls in her séances to the product of her own subconscious.Rosemary Guiley. (1994). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits. Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 132-133
==The R101 airship and séances==
Garrett was most famous for the alleged R101 séances that took place in 1930. In these séances, it was claimed by spiritualists that Garrett had channeled secret information from the spirit of Lieutenant Herbert Carmichael Irwin who had died in the R101 airship crash a few days before the séance and have claimed there was no possible naturalistic explanation for knowing such information. Skeptics have debunked the absurd paranormal or spiritualist claims regarding the R101 séances. The entire thing had been fabricated by spiritualists. 
Her notes and writings show she followed the building of the R101 and that she had friends in high places. The magician John Booth speculated that aircraft blueprints could have easily been passed to her by a technician from the airdrome.John Booth. (1986). Psychic Paradoxes. Prometheus Books. p. 164-165 However, whilst skeptics are in agreement with Booth that Garrett was a fraud, he did not personally examine the séance material regarding R101, no secret accomplice was needed.
Paranormal debunker Melvin Harris went back to the primary sources and read over the R101 séance material and discovered that the whole thing was a hoax, the entire thing had been fabricated by spiritualists, as the alleged communications themselves contained no secret information about the R101 airship. Archie Jarman also researched the R101 airship and compared the information to Garrett's and wrote an 80,000-word report on the topic concluding that the séance information was valueless and that we should "best forget the psychic side of R-101; it's a dead duck — absolutely!"Melvin Harris. (2003). Investigating the Unexplained: Psychic Detectives, the Amityville Horror-mongers, Jack the Ripper, and Other Mysteries of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. pp. 171-182
Unfortunately spiritualists such as Michael Prescott and Michael E. Tymn who have not researched the topic in depth continue to spread the myth that Garrett communicated with spirits from the R101 airship.Michael E. Tymn's nonsensical beliefs about Eileen Garrett and R101
Garrett founded the Parapsychology Foundation in New York City in 1951 which has been known to promote pseudoscience.
==References== 
Category:Paranormal
Category:Pseudoscience promoters
Category:Psychics
Elasticity (economics)

Elasticity is an economic concept used to measure how sensitive supply and demand are to changes in price. A very elastic product would see small changes in price result in large changes in demand or supply. The elasticity curve of an individual or society may change for any number or reasons."Price elasticity of demand and price elasticity of supply". Khan Academy. Retrieved 2020-01-26.Kenton, Will. "Price Elasticity of Demand". Investopedia. Retrieved 2020-01-26. Changes in taste, preferences, substitutes, or how much someone needs something can alter the elasticity demanded of a good.
==Demand==
The elasticity of demand refers to how responsive the quantity demanded is to changes in the price of a good. To formula to calculate the elasticity of demand is as follows:
(ΔQ/Q)/(ΔP/P)
Where ΔQ is the change in quantity demanded. Q represents the average of the two quantities demanded. ΔP is the change in price and P is the average price.
Example: Suppose the price of a dozen eggs rises from $2 to $2.50. Quantity demanded falls from 20 to 15.
(20-15)/[(20-15)/2]=2
(2-2.50)/[(2-2.50)/2]=2
2/2=1
The elasticity of demand for a dozen eggs is 1. So a 5% increase in price will result in a 5% decrease in quantity demanded (5×1=5). Note that in most instances the answer will come up as a negative number, but you always take its absolute value.
==Supply==
The elasticity of supply refers to how responsive producers are to changes in price. To calculate the elasticity of supply, simply substitute quantity demanded with the quantity supplied.
==Types of elasticity==
*Perfectly elastic: =∞ A situation in which quantity drops to 0. People immediately stop buying.
*Elastic: >1 Relatively high elasticity, consumers have plenty of options to substitute out.
*Unit elastic: =1 Equivalent or proportional responsiveness to changes in price.
*Inelastic: <1 A fairly low level of elasticity. People have a difficult time giving up the item and few options.
*Perfectly inelastic: =0 A situation in which there is no change in quantity at all when price changes. People cannot stop buying the item.
==Analysis==
Elasticity is a key concept in economics. It is useful for businesses to understand how changes in the prices of their products can impact sales. Elasticity is also used in tax analysis. The more elastic a good is, the more of the incidence of a sales or excise tax will fall on the producer. Conversely, something with an inelastic demand curve will see that most of the tax incidence will fall on the consumer.Tax incidence EconomicsOnline.
==References==
Category:Economics
Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental forces. It is responsible for most of what happens in daily life, being responsible for chemistry and indeed the existence of atoms, wherein the quarks that group as baryons, such as protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons then group as nuclei and electrically attract a pile of electrons.
Electromagnetism manifests as electric fields and magnetic fields. These were thought of as separate until James Clerk Maxwell set out in 1873 precisely how and why one always implies the other. In the process, he discovered that light is electromagnetic radiation.https://www.biography.com/people/james-c-maxwell-9403463
Physicists used to assume electromagnetism travelled in a medium they called "aether", because how could you have a wave without a medium. That's just silly. Except it turned out to be the case. The Michelson-Morley experiment established that there was such a thing as a speed of light and that it was apparently constant. This was enough to start Einstein on the path to special relativity.http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Michelson-MorleyExperiment.html
Richard Feynman got a Nobel for working out the quantum mechanics of electromagnetism, quantum electrodynamics.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Feynman
==Woo==
*Magnets have been regarded as magical since they were popularly available: magnetic water treatment, magnetic field therapy. engineering, was a fount of electromagnetic crankery.
*Dewey Larson's Reciprocal Theory
*Scalar waves should leave you gibbering into the sunset.
*Precision Herbs which builds quack electronic zappers that they claim kills parasites
* Some folks believe that even ridiculously small levels of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation are hurting them, thanks to electromagnetic hypersensitivity.
==References==
==See also==
*Physics
*Gravity
Category:Physics
Electron

An electron is a negatively (-) charged subatomic particle. In a neutral atom they exactly balance the positive charge(s) of the proton(s).
==In chemistry==
Electrons are arranged into "shells" of increasing energy around the nucleus, and within each shell they are arranged into orbitals. The highest energy electrons in the outermost shell of an atom are known as the "valence" electrons, and these are the basis of all chemistry. When atoms exchange or share valence electrons, and thus rearrange themselves, a molecule is formed. The formation of molecules, and changes in them, are called chemical reactions. To particle physicists, the electron is too large to bother with, so they like to smash them against positrons to see what happens.
The term "particle" is unfortunately a misleading misnomer, for in fact the electron does not on its tiny level resemble a spheroid. Indeed, it doesn't "look" like anything, for visible light consists of waves of electromagnetic radiation whose wavelengths are considerably larger than the packet of negatively charged mass whose behavior in exchange with counterparts surrounding other atoms constitute what are termed chemical bonds.
==Duality==
An electron is an example of "particle-wave duality". Originally, the electron was thought to orbit the atom's nucleus like a planet would orbit a star. This fails, however, since the electron's orbit would decay, and it would eventually crash into the nucleus rather than stay stable. After it was shown that an electron fired through a fine grating would diffract like a wave, it was re-described as a wave. At the same time a good boffin showed conclusively that the electron was a particle, as exhibited by the photoelectric effect. As a result, an electron is sometimes (quite informally) referred to as a "wavicle".
It's important to note that this doesn't mean that it is a particle and a wave, it's something else entirely, that we cannot fully comprehend in our macroscopic environment, that has the properties of both particles and waves. This is the basis of most quantum mechanics.
category:Chemistry
Category:Physics
Category:Fundamental particles
Electronic Frontier Foundation

The Electronic Frontier Foundation (or EFF) is an international non-governmental organization dedicated to the defense of free speech and protection of privacy and consumer rights for internet users. It was established in 1990 and is headquartered in San Francisco, California, and has been involved in a number of legal cases. In a lot of ways, they're essentially the online equivalent to the American Civil Liberties Union and its relatives.
==Deep Crack==
In 1998, they published a book titled Cracking DES.Electronic Frontier Foundation, Cracking DES: Secrets of Encryption Research, Wiretap Politics & Chip Design. O'Reilly Media, 11 July 1998. . In this book, they not only laid out a case for the United States for not being secure, but also came to the conclusion that the was very likely on its third or fourth generation of DES cracking devices at the time. In order to do this, they created their own The bulk of the book's text is the code used to generate the code-cracking chips that did the actual work, and it's not only recommended reading for cryppies, but also for anyone interested in computer hardware design. 
==Criticism==
The EFF has been criticized by The Baffler magazine as a highly successful astroturf group created by Silicon Valley to defend their business models especially regarding copyright and privacy, as well as having a major role into making the Internet what it is today.Yasha Levine, All EFF’d Up. The Baffler, July 2018. This is nonsensical, as the EFF is strongly pro-privacy, which runs directly counter to the business models employed by Silicon Valley companies.
==External links==
*Official website
==References==
Category:California
Category:Copyright
Category:Organizations
Element

Elements are the different varieties of atoms that exist. They are the basic components of matter, which cannot be broken down into smaller parts (except by much higher energy nuclear reactions). The twenty or so heaviest are so unstable they only ever occur in intentional lab experiments, and even then not for very long. Elements are distinguished from each other by their numbers of protons. For instance, any atom with 26 protons is iron. Protons and neutrons congregate in the nucleus, and electrons zip around far away from the nucleus. Chemical reactions result from the addition or subtraction of electrons. Removing an electron creates a positive charge, and adding an electron creates a negative charge to an atom. 
The elements have different chemical properties, and so do their compounds. 
==Overview==
Each element has distinct chemical properties in its pure form, and some (like carbon, phosphorus, and tin) have very different pure forms. or allotropes. Diamonds and graphite as both carbon, although they look very different. The allotropes of phosphorus are known by their colors and act very differently. Tin has a metallic form and a non-metallic form. The various elements are related due to the rather repetitious and simplistic structures that recur as they get larger, probably due to our creator's laziness. These similarities allow the elements to be grouped in the Bible of Chemistry, known as the Periodic Table. 
Well, even without a Creator, elements with completed outer shells of electrons (the "noble" elements helium, argon, neon, krypton, and xenon; radon is likely much the same except that its radioactivity makes its chemistry "messy") refuse to accept electrons and (except for krypton and xenon) hold on so tightly to their outer electrons that they remain distinct atoms. It is possible to make compounds out of krypton and xenon with great difficulty, and these compounds are usually quite unstable. The elements with one or two more electrons than a noble gas typically cast off their outermost electrons much as a stripper removes her clothes, but to form positive ions instead of showing some shocking anatomy; elements with two or one fewer electrons than a noble gas tend to grab enough electrons to create a negative ion. The difference between negative and positive ions is shocking, and positive and negative ions tend to form salt-like ionic compounds like salt (sodium chloride) or calcium oxide. Chemistry is much more complicated for elements more than two electrons away from having an inert-gas structure.
==See Also==
*List of elements in the periodic table
==References==
Category:Chemistry
Category:Physics