nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Grog

== Description ==
Crushed and pulverized fired clay pieces (biscuit) that are mixed with fresh clay to make it less plastic. Grog also makes the clay thicker, reduces shrinkage on drying and increases firing strength. Materials crushed to make grog can include broken and burned unglazed ceramic pieces, fire brick and saggers, but standard grog is made from refractory fireclay that is relatively inert at most firing temperatures. Grog normally makes up 10% of the clay body and is graded according to its grain size; for example 30-60 means that the grains are smaller than a 30 mesh but larger than a 60 mesh. 
In general, grog sizing corresponds to the following (Fournier, 1996)
* Passing 50 mesh = clay dust
* Passing 30 mesh = fine grog
* Passing 14 mesh = medium grog
* Passing 8 mesh = coarse grog
Grog that is too fine may make the clay absorb water too quickly. Grog that coarse or colored can be used for special effects.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
grog (Ned.); chamota (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* R. Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Co., Radnor, PA, 1992, p. 137.
* R. Mayer, The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Viking Press, New York, 1981
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Gromwell root

== Description ==
A natural dye extract from the roots of the perennial Lithospermum plants, most common of which are L. erythrorhizon (Japan and China) and L. officinale (North America). The red-purple root of the Gromwell plant is extracted with water to produce a non-lightfast purple colorant composed primarily of the nathaquinone compound shikonin. Called waka or usu in Japan, this purple color was restricted to the Imperial family. 
Examples from Uemera Dye Archive:
* http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Shikon_-_center_(3_C)
* http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Shikon_-_left_(234_L)
* http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Shikon_-_right_(234_R)
* http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Shikon_-_top_(236_T)
* http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Shikon_-_bottom_(236_B)
* http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Shikon_-_right_(237_R)
* http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Shikon_-_center_(238_C)
See also puccoon.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
murasaki (Jap.); shikonin; waka; usu; redroot; bloodroot ; Lithospermum erythrorhizon; Lithospermum officinale (stoneseed)
== Risks ==
Poor lightfastness
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Boraginaceae." Accessed 30 Sept. 2004 .
* Website: http://www.reconstructinghistory.com/japanese/dyes.html
Category:Materials database
Groom Stick

== Description ==
[Picreator Enterprises Ltd., London, England] A tradename for a tacky, malleable, unvulcanized, natural rubber material that has been used as a dry cleaning agent to remove dust, dirt, oil, and grease from surfaces. Developed in the 1970s, GROOM/STICK is typically kneeded into a cigar then gently rolled across a surface to pick up foreign matter.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
GROOM/STICK
==Resources and Citations==
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Talas Online at http://apps.webcreate.com/ecom/catalog/product_specific.cfm?ClientID=15&ProductID=20666 (accessed Nov 2008)
Category:Materials database
Grosgrain

== Description ==
A tightly woven fabric or ribbon with narrow horizontal ridges. Grosgrain originated in France. The stiff, plain-weave, fabric is usually made from silk or rayon warp and heavier cotton weft threads thus creating the cross-grain ribs. Grosgrain has been used for ribbons, book covers, and trim on clothing.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gros(grain) = zijden stof met ribsstructuur (Ned);
== Images ==
File:44.186-SC15893.jpg|Beaver hatMFA# 44.186
File:MFA1988414 grosgrain.jpg|Grosgrain purseMFA# 1988.414
File:MFA531062 grosgrain.jpg|Pumps with grosgrain bows; MFA# 53.1062
File:MFA44652 grosgrain.jpg|Small lace capMFA# 44.652
File:MFA1978624 grosgrain.jpg|Man's boaterMFA# 1978.624
File:Grosgrain_ribbons.jpg|grosgrain ribbons; credit:Wikipedia
== Resources and Citations ==
* Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosgrain (Accessed October 21, 2020)
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 722
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Ground

== Description ==
A foundation layer used to prepare a support material for the application of media. Grounds provide a smooth, uniform, and nonporous surface. They can also act as a separating and stabilizing layer to minimize environmental distortions or support deterioration due to reactions with the paint.
For artist paintings, grounds typically fall into these categories.
* Gesso - a glue binder mixed with gypsum or chalk
* Emulsion -a glue medium emulsified with some oil, egg, or natural resin
* Oil ground- a drying oil, such as linseed oil, with lead white or other white pigment
* Synthetic - Acrylic or Alkyd based primer introduced in the late 20th century
For gilding, bole is used as a colored ground or priming layer. Bole is typically composed of a red or brown clay. Colored grounds have also been used for metal point drawings and paintings made with gouache, pastel, charcoal, and crayon. 
For printmaking, the ground layer is a dark, acid-resistant coating containing wax, tallow, asphalt, and/or natural resin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
primer; gesso; preparación (Esp.); aparejo (Esp.); préparation (Fr.); fond (Fr.); camada preparatória (Port.); preparação (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Stephenson, "Ground" The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc. New York, 1996.
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Ground glass

== Description ==
1) Fine particles of glass prepared by a grinding process. Ground glass particles are used as an abrasive in scouring compounds and in match-heads.
2) An opaque glass prepared by grinding, etching, or sand blasting the surface. The roughened surface of ground glass is used for privacy windows, glass mullers, stoppers in glass bottles and for diffusely reflective optical surfaces that evenly scatter light.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
vidro moído (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
Category:Materials database
Ground pearl

== Description ==
A subterranean scale insect (Margarodes spp.) that infests the roots of turf grasses in the warm sandy soils of coastal plains of Australia and the southern USA. Ground pearls excrete a waxy covering that completely surrounds their body, with the exception of their piercing-sucking mouthparts. The voided, waxy, spherical covering is the most likely structure to be encountered. It is pink to yellowish-brown in color about the diameter of a grain of sand. The insects are considered pests, but the clusters of shells have an iridescent covering that has been used for ornaments.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
earth pearls; pearl scale
==Resources and Citations==
* North Carolina State Extension: Ground Pearls in turf
* University of Florida: Ground Pearls
Category:Materials database
Groundnut protein fiber

== Description ==
In 1935, Astbury and Chibnall suggested that vegetable protein could be dissolved in urea then extruding the solution through spinnerets into coagulating baths (Cook 1984). Groundnuts, such as peanuts or Monkey nuts, were used for the protein. The process was developed by ICI and Ardil was commercially produced from 1951 to 1957. Groundnut protein fibers were very similar in characteristics to wool. See Ardil.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
groundnut protein fibre; proteïne vezel van aardnoot (Ned); Ardil [ICI];
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:II Man-made Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England
Category:Materials database
Groundwood-free paper

== Description ==
An indicative term that the paper contains no mechanically groundwood pulp. Paper made with only chemical pulp has longer fibers, is stronger and contains less lignin. In Britain, a woodfree paper may contain up to 10% mechanical pulp and 1% lignin. In the U.S., groundwood-free paper contains less that 5% mechanical pulp.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
woodfree; chemical pulp
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Silvie Turner, Which Paper?, Design Press, New York, 1991
Category:Materials database
Groundwood paper

== Description ==
Paper produced from pulp that has been mechanically ground rather than chemically treated. Groundwood paper is produced from coniferous trees. Because it is inexpensive with low strength but high opacity and bulk, it is commonly used for newsprint and other low cost printing papers. Groundwood paper is chemically unstable. It contains a relatively high proportion of lignin (17-30%) and other non-cellulosic materials which degrade with exposure to air and light. Tests used to determine the presence of mechanical wood pulp in a paper are: 1) iodine-zinc chloride test gives a positive yellow, 2) aniline sulfate turns yellow for positive, 3) paranitroaniline turns orange and 4) phloroglucinol turns red (Roberts and Etherington 1982).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
groundwood pulp; mechanical wood pulp; ground wood paper
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Silvie Turner, Which Paper?, Design Press, New York, 1991
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory:Sheet, Cellulose
Grout

== Description ==
A thin, mortar used to seal thin cracks and joints. Grout is composed of cement, plaster, or lime, diluted with water and occasionally sand. Because of its thin consistency, grout can be forced into small confined spaces. In large scale projects, grout is used to seal geological faults and cracks in dams. It is also used to set the footings of steel columns in building construction. On a smaller scale, grout is used to consolidate crevices in masonry, to fill joints between floor tiles, and to finish walls and ceilings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
coulis (Fr.); calda de injecção (Port.); slurry
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Anne Grimmer, Glossary of Building Stone Terms, A Glossary of Historic Masonry Deterioration Problems and Preservation Treatments, National Park Service, Washington DC, 1984
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Growanstone

== Description ==
A fine-grain stone produced from the decomposition of feldspathic granite found in China, England and Wales. Growanstone, or petuntse, contains quartz, mica and fluorite and is considered an important addition to the kaolin for the production of porcelain. It is also used in glazes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
petuntse; China stone; Cornish stone; growan stone
==Resources and Citations==
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Growth ring

== Description ==
Concentric rings formed in wood that record a history of the periodic growing seasons for the plant. In temperate climates, growth rings are sometimes called annual rings because the two growing cycles each year are distinctly visible (springwood and summerwood). The springwood portion contains large cells due to the rapid rate of stem growth during this period. The summerwood region has smaller, denser cells due to the slower growth rate at the end of the growing season. Counting the annual rings from its bark to the center of the trunk can give an accurate tree age. The sequential combination of ring width and density produces patterns related to a trees environmental growing conditions. Wet growing seasons produce wider growth rings than dry growing seasons. In some tropical areas, tree growth continues with little interruption resulting in indistinct growth rings. The overall pattern of annual rings on trees have been used for dendrochronological dating. 
See also dendrochronology.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
annual ring; cerne (Fr.); anillo de crecimiento (Esp.); camada de crescimento anual (Port.); anello annuale (It.); growth increment; growth layer
==Resources and Citations==
* R. Bruce Hoadley, Identifying Wood, The Taunton Press, Newton, CT, 1990
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Mary-Lou Florian, Dale Paul Kronkright, Ruth E. Norton, The Conservation of Artifacts Made from Plant Materials, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1990
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Guaiac

== Description ==
A greenish-brown resin obtained from trees of the species Guaiacum santum and Guaiacum officinale native to Mexico and the West Indies. The pleasant smelling resin contains guaiac acid, vanillin, guaiac yellow, and guaiac saponin. Guaiac is used in flavorings, medicines and varnishes. It is also used to make Pagenstecher's paper for the detection of trace levels of hydrogen cyanide. While filter paper is impregnated with an alcoholic solution of guaiac, dried then coated with an aqueous solution of copper sulfate. The paper turns blue in the presence of hydrogen cyanide.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Guaiacum santum; Guaiacum officinale; goma de guayaco (Esp.); bois de guaiac (Fr.); guaiaco (It); guaiac gum; guaiac resin; guaiacum; gum guaiac
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, chloroform and alkali.Slightly soluble in benzene and carbon disulfide.
Category:Materials database
Guanaco

== Description ==
A wild South American mammal, Lama guanicoe, from the llama family. The guanaco have a long, shaggy overcoat and a soft, silky undercoat. Since these untamed animals are difficult to capture, they are most often killed for their pelts. Baby guanaco, called, guanaquito, have straight fur similar to a red fox. Llamas and vicuñas are the descendants of the wild guanaco.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Lama guanicoe; guanaco (Esp.); guanaco (een soort lama) (Ned); guanaquito;
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Guard hair is coarse. 
* Fur fiber is short and fine.
==Resources and Citations==
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "guanaco." Accessed 16 Dec. 2004.
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Guanchima

== Description ==
A long stem, spiny plant from the thistle family. Guanchima bast fibers are used to make paper in Brazil (LaBarre 1969)
==Resources and Citations==
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Guanine

== Description ==
A purine type nucleic acid extracted from guano and fish scales. Guanine crystals are rhombic platelets composed of multiple layers. They are transparent but have a high index of refraction that produces a pearly luster. Guanine is used as a nacreous pigment called pearl color.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|guanine.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
2-amino-6-oxypurine; Natural White 1; CI 75170; gaunina (Esp., Port.); pearl essence; imitation pearl; nacreous pigment; guanin; guanine enol; dew pearl; 2-amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one; 2-aminohypoxanthine; 2-amino hypoxanthine
== Risks ==
* Skin contact may cause irritation. 
* Possible carcinogen. Teratogen and mutagen (animals) 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Soluble in ammonia water, dilute bases, dilute acids. Slightly soluble in ethanol, ether. Insoluble in water.
Composition 	C5H5H5O
CAS 	73-40-5
Melting Point 	360 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 151.13
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 379
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4593
* Coloria: http://www.coloria.net/varita.htm - NW1, CI75170, used as pigment by Francois Jaquin in 1656
Category:Materials database
Guano

== Description ==
The excrement from fish-eating birds and bats that typically accumulates along coastal rocks and in caves. Guano is high in nitrogen and phosphorus and is collected commercially as fertilizer and for the production of saltpeter. In public locations and historic sites, guano can be a significant problem by causing extensive damage and staining to stone, metal, and wood. Small amounts of guanine, a nucleic acid, are extracted from guano and used as a nacreous pigment called pearl essence.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bird droppings; bat droppings
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Guano contains urea and is alkaline.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p.323
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4594
Category:Materials database
Guar gum

== Description ==
Gum guar is obtained from the seed of the guar plant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba grown commercially in India and the United States. Guar is a yellowish-white powder which is dispersible in hot or cold water. The water-soluble portion (approx. 85% by wt.) is called guaran and consists of polysaccharides of mannose (63%) and galactose (35%) and about 5-7% wt. of protein. While guar gum has been locally used for centuries in India and Pakistan, it has only been marketed commercially in the past 30 years. It has eight times the thickening power of starch. Aqueous solutions of guar have a neutral pH and may be turn into a gel by the addition of small amounts of borax. Guar gum is used as dye solution thickeners in textile printing, for texture and stabilization in food products and as a strengthener in paper.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba; goma guar (Esp.); guar flour; gum guar; gum cyamopsis; guaran; cyamopsis gum; Burtonite V-7; Jaguar; Guarem; Indalca AG
== Risks ==
* Nontoxic.
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in water (pH of 1.0% solution = 5.5-6.2). 
* Insoluble in oils, greases, hydrocarbons, ketones, esters.
* CAS = 9000-30-0
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4602
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
* I.W. Cottrell, J.K. Baird, gums chapter
Category:Materials database
Guard hair

== Description ==
A long, stiff outer hair that protects the soft, underfur of some mammals. The guard hair is stick out though the underfur and provide the visible coloring for the animal. The guard hairs also may provide waterproofing and protection from cold temperatures.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Guarea

== Description ==
A light red color, mahogany type wood obtained from two species of Guarea trees (Guarea cedreta and Guarea thompsonii) native to western Africa. Guarea wood is heavy with a fine texture and little figuring. The wood is used for cabinetry, furniture, veneers and turned pieces. Guarea is resistant to dry rot but may be susceptible to some wood boring insects.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Guarea cedreta; Guarea thompsonii; undianuno branco (Port.); bosse; Nigerian Pearwood; Nigerian Cedar
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Color: Heartwood is pale pinkish brown and darkens with age; Sapwood is pale yellow producing highly figured wood
* Grain/Texture: Grain varies from straight to waavy; texture is medium fine with good natural luster
* Durability: Good resistance to decay, insects and weather
* Odor: Distinctly cedar-like when worked
* Density = 39 ppcf
==Working Properties== 
* Results may vary depending upon the grain of the wood: interlocked and/or quartersawn pieces can pose a difficulty planing, with tearout being common. 
* Silica is present in this wood, causing cutting edges to blunt and dull at an increased rate. 
* Glues, turns, and finishes well. 
 
==Resources and Citations==
* The Wood Database: Guarea sp.
Category:Materials database