nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Actinolite

== Description ==
Green to black acicular to bladed crystals composed of calcium-magnesium silicate. Actinolite mixed with tremolite forms nephrite, a translucent green mineral that is one of the forms of jade. Actinolite deposits occur in Great Britain, Russia, Japan, China, Australia, Brazil, Canada (British Columbia), and the U.S. (Alaska, California, Wyoming and Vermont). It is often found in association with talc and chlorite. The transparent to opaque stone is used as a filler in paints and ceramics.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
nephrite
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Monoclinic system with fibrous crystalline masses 
* Luster = vitreous to silky 
* Streak = colorless 
* Cleavage = perfect in two directions
* Fracture = splintery to granular
* Fluorescence = inert
Composition 	Ca2(MgFe)5Si8O22(OH)2
Mohs Hardness 	5.0-6.0
Density 	3.0-3.2 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.60-1.64
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: actinolite
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinolite (accessed Sept. 2007)
* MinDat.org: actinolite (accessed Sept. 2007); sp. grav.=3.03-3.24; streak=white; cleavage=good in one direction
Category:Materials database
Activated alumina

== Description ==
Originally a brand name, but now a general name, for a highly porous and granular form of aluminum oxide. Activated alumina is composed of partially dehydrated alumina trihydrate. Because it has a strong affinity for moisture and volatile compounds, alumina is primarily used to remove water and odors from gases and liquids. The physical adsorption of materials is reversible and alumina can be reactivated by heat (176-315 C) several times. It is also used as a desiccant (dryer), as a media in chromatographic columns and as a sorbent in water purification systems. One commercial form of activated alumina, F-6, is impregnated with cobaltous chloride as a moisture indicator. The anhydrous form of cobaltous chloride is blue while the hydrated form is pink. Activated alumina is also used as a carrier for potassium permanganate for the irreversible chemisorption of gases.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Brand names: Activated Alumina F-1 [Aluminum]; Activated Alumina F-6 [Aluminum];
== Risks ==
* Dust may cause irritation with skin contact or inhalation. 
* Micrometrics: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Composition 	Al2O3
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 101.96
Pore size 	30-1000 angstroms
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 35
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "alumina" [Accessed May 8, 2003].
* Wikipedia: Activated alumina (Accessed Dec. 9, 2005 and July 2023)
Category:Materials database
Activated carbon

== Description ==
An inert, amorphous, black powder of carbon. Activated carbon has tiny particles with very high surface areas due to their fine, honeycomb pore structure. Activated carbon is obtained by the carbonizing of coal, peach pits, hardwood, animal bones, coconuts, and other carbonaceous material. It is activated by heating to a high temperature (800-900 C) with steam or carbon dioxide to produce its rigid, sponge-like internal structure. The void spaces, which may occupy up to 75% of its volume, provide sites for molecular adsorption. Activated carbon is primarily used as an adsorbent to remove pollutants and other impurities in both gases and liquids. Activated carbon is available in the form of pellets, powder, or fabric. Commercial uses of the sorbent include gas masks, filter systems, decolorizing sugar, solvent recovery, and purification of water and air.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
active carbon; decolorizing carbon; activated charcoal; activated carbon cloth; aktivní uhlí (Ces.); Aktivkohle (Deut.); A-Kohle (Deut.); carbón activado (Esp.); actieve kool (Ned.); wêgiel aktywny (Pol.); (ACC); black pearsl, charcoal black, natural graphite
Brand names:Carbomix; Carboraffin; Medicoal; Ultracarbon; Norit; Carbofine
== Risks ==
* Dust may cause irritation with skin contact or inhalation. 
* ThermoFisher: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Composition 	C
Density 	0.08 - 0.5 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 12.01
Pore size 	10-70 angstroms
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: Activated carbon Accessed July 2023
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 13
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
Category:Materials database
Activation

== Description ==
The chemical or physical modification of a substance to make it more efficient or reactive. This may be done by heat, radiation or adding another material. Examples: 
a) regeneration of a catalyst to make it more efficient,
b) modification of an enzyme to turn it into an active form, 
c) heat treatment of finely divided carbon black particles to produce activated carbon,
d) addition of energy (heat, radiation, etc.) to a system to produce an active state.
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Activation energy

== Description ==
The amount of energy required by an atomic or molecular system to raise it from a ground state to a higher energy level. The excited state permits reactions that are not possible from the ground state, such as electron transfers between shells, emission of fluorescence, or production of a radioactive material through bombardment with nuclear particles.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
excitation energy; Aktivierungsenergie (Deut.); energía de activación (Esp.); énergie d'activation (Fr.); energia di attivazione (It.); activeringsenergie (Ned.); energia aktywacji (Pol.); aktiveringsenergi (Sven.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation_energy (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Activator

== Description ==
1) A compound required to begin a reaction or process, such as a catalyst or initiator. Enzymes are unique in that they may require an activator as well as be one themselves. For example, trace ions are often necessary for an enzyme to function, but once working, the enzyme itself becomes a catalyst for the primary reaction. 
2) A compound that assists in a reaction to maximize its potential. This may be a catalyst or accelerator. 
3) Any impurity that induces or increases luminescence in a mineral. Trace amounts of copper acts as an activator in zinc sulfide, while thallium activates potassium chloride.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
catalyst; initiator; accelerator
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Active site

== Description ==
Specific points of attachment in the structure of enzymes that are keyed to the geometry and chemistry of the functional group required for a given reaction. For example, for ester hydrolysis, an enzyme will specifically trap ester groups at its active sites and after the reaction steps occur, the enzyme will release the modified molecule. The activity of enzymes can be diminished by attaching inhibitors to the active sites.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
site actif (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_site (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Adansonia fiber

==Description==
Fibers from a genus of medium to large deciduous trees known as baobabs native to Madagascar, mainland Africa, SW Asia and Australia. Fibers are obtained primarily from the roots, but sometin=mes from the flowers and fruits.
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
Category:Materials database
Addition polymerization

== Description ==
Formation of a polymer by the combination of two or more monomer units without the release of any byproducts, such as water. Polystyrene is formed by addition polymerization of styrene monomers.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
polimerización por adición (Esp.); polimerização por adição (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition_polymerization (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Additive color process

== Description ==
A system of color production used in color televisions, film, and monitors. Color synthesis is obtained by the addition of colors in the form of light rather than as reflected colorants on paper. For a typical three color process, an original image is separated into three monochrome images, or primaries, composed varying shades of red, green and blue; the combination of which can be used to produce all colors. A reproduced color image may be done by overlapping projection of the three monochrome images or by the viewing monochrome images printed as finely divided and slightly juxtaposed dots. The colors are mixed as a person's visual perception integrates the dots. Color televisions and color monitors use the additive color process. When 100% of all the three primaries, red, green and blue, are added together, the resultant image is white. If no light is present, the result is black. Combining 100% of two primaries results in a subtractive primary color: 
- red and green = yellow 
- red and blue = magenta 
- green and blue = cyan 
See also subtractive color process.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
additive primary (red, green and blue); RGB; Additives Farbverfahren (Deut.); aditivní míchání barev (Ces.); Additive Farbsynthese (Deut.); synthèse additive (Fr.); mescolanza additiva (It.); additieve kleurmenging (Ned.); sistema de color aditivo (Esp.); Additiv färgblandning (Sven.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Luis Nadeau, Encyclopedia of Printing, Photographic, and Photomechanical Processes, Atelier, New Brunswick, 1997
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_color (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Adhesion

== Description ==
The state in which two surfaces are held together by interfacial forces, which may consist of valence forces or interlocking action or both (ASTM definition). For example, chemical forces adhere a coating to a substrate, while mechanical forces hold particles from a pencil mark to paper. A related term, cohesion, applies to similar forces acting on the inside of a material resulting in the material holding itself together.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
adheze (Ces.); adhæsion (Dan.); Adhäsion (Deut.); adhesión (Esp.); adhesie (Ned.); adhezja (Pol.);
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Adhesion promoter

== Description ==
A material that increases the strength of an adhesive bond. As in the case of a primer, it may be applied to a substrate prior to adhesion. For some adhesives and coatings, adhesion promoters are added directly to the uncured matrix to assist in the formation of primary bonds between the substance and substrate during curing. Examples include silanes, maleic acid, bis(trimethylsilyl)amine, copper naphthenate, vinyltriethoxysilane, ethylene/acrylic acid.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
primer
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
Category:Materials database
Adhesive film

== Description ==
A thin film of an adhesive, sometimes supported on a flexible carrier, that is typically applied with heat and pressure as an interleaf between two bonded structures.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
película adhesiva (Esp.); capa adhesiva (Esp.): film adhésif (Fr.); film adesivo (It.); película adesiva (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Matte Paint: Its history and technology, analysis, properties and conservation treatment, Eric Hansen, Sue Walston, Mitchell Bishop (ed.), J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, Vol. 30 of AATA, 1993
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Adhesive tape

== Description ==
A narrow film of paper, plastic, or cloth coated on one or both sides with an adhesive. The name 'adhesive tape' commonly refers to white, medical tape used to bandage minor injuries. Other types of self-adhesive tapes are brown gummed paper tape, masking tape, package tape and cellophane tape (e.g., Scotch® tape). Depending on type, the adhesives are activated by water, solvents, heat, or pressure (pressure sensitive tape). Double Stick tapes have adhesives on both sides of the support.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pressure-sensitive tape; Klebeband (Deut.); cinta adhesiva (Esp.); ruban adhésif (Fr.); Plakband (Ned.); Limbånd (Nor.); nastro adesivo (It.); fita adesiva (Port.); passe-partout; adhesive strip; adhesive paper; adhesive cloth
== Risks ==
May stain paper.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWG
Adhesive working life

== Description ==
The length of time an adhesive has good working properties between the points of mixing and and setting.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pot life; pot-life; tiempo de vida de un adhesivo (Esp.);
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Theodore J. Reinhart, Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol. 3: Adhesives and Sealants, ASM International, 1988
* Polymer Handbook, Sealants and Adhesives
Category:Materials database
Adinkra

== Description ==
A type of dyed stamped textile made by the Asante in western Africa. Adinkra cloth is typically hand-stamped with a black dye from badie bark.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
adinkira
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Asante." Accessed 10 Aug. 2004.
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Adipic acid

== Description ==
A white crystalline, solid that occurs naturally in beet juice. Adipic acid is prepared synthetically from cyclohexanol. It is primarily used in the production of Nylon and polyurethane foams. Adipic acid is also used as a plasticizer, lubricant, and a food additive in baking powder (in place of cream of tartar) and in beverages (in place of citric acid). It is not hygroscopic. Prior to 1940, adipic acid was also used for bronzing metals, preparing photographic paper, textile dyeing, and as a component in synthetic wax sizes mixed with glycerol, stearic acid, and palmitic acid. Adipic acid may evolve from degraded polyurethane ester-type foams (Tétreault 2017).
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiADIPIC.jpg~FTIR|adipic acid.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
hexanedioic acid; 1,4-butanedicarboxylic acid; adipinic acid' Adipinsäure (Deut.); acide adipique (Fr.); acide 1,6-hexanedioïque (Fr.);
==Risks==
* Can cause corrosion in copper, zinc and bronze
* Fisher Scientific: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone. Slightly soluble in water, cyclohexane. Insoluble in benzene, ligroin. 
* pH of a saturated solution is 2.7
Composition 	COOH(CH2)4COOH
CAS 	124-04-9
Melting Point 	152 C
Density 	1.360 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 146.14
Boiling Point 	337.5 C
== Resources and Citations ==
* Jean Tétreault, 'Products used in Preventive Conservation' Technical Bulletin #2, CCI, 2017. Link
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 17
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry # 161
Category:Materials database
Adjuvant

== Description ==
A substance that enhances the effectiveness of a treatment. Adjuvants are used to increase absorption, provide miscibility in water, and aid in wetting. Examples of materials used in conservation treatments that can be adjuvants are: surfactants, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, thickeners, buffers, and defoaming agents.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
adjuvants
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: adjuvant" [Accessed February 26, 2002].
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Admiralty metal

== Description ==
An old term for a brass alloy containing 70-73% copper, about 1% tin and 0.01% arsenic with the balance composed of zinc. Small amounts of additional tin increase the hardness and strength while decreasing the ductility. This alloy offers good resistance to dilute acids and alkalis, sea water and sulfurous atmospheres (Lewis, 1993)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
admiralty alloy; tin brass; latão do almirantado (Port.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Melting Point	900-953
Density 	8.53 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 17, 115
* David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWGCategory:Metal
Adobe

== Description ==
1) A handmade, sun-dried brick typically made from wet mud and straw. Adobe may also contain sand, clay, dung, grass, chaff, and/or blood. It is porous, wettable and susceptible to wet-dry cycle degradation. Adobe was used as early as 7000 BCE for houses, buildings and pyramids. It is commonly found as a construction material in arid climates, such as Mesopotamia, Persia, Palestine, India, China and in pre-Columbian Americas. Adobe walls are typically built using mud mortar between the brick layers followed with a mud stucco finish layer. Adobe provides good heat insulation. 
2) A silt or soil containing a high proportion of clay.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
mudbrick; unfired brick; unburnt brick, sun-dried brick; sun-baked brick; Adobe (Deut.); adobe (Esp., Fr., Port.);
== Resources and Citations ==
* N.Agnew, J.Druzik, T.Caperton, M.Taylor, "Adobe: The Earliest Composite Material" ICOM Preprints, Sydney 1987, p.439-446.
* J.Clifton, "Adobe Building Materials: Properties, Problems & Preservation" Technology & Conservation, 1/77, p.30-34.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 118
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Bricks"
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe (Accessed Mar. 1, 2006)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Adsorbent

== Description ==
A substance that has the ability to selectively adhere molecules to its surface. Adsorbents are used to remove pollutants, odors, tastes, colors and moisture from gases and liquids. Common adsorbents are activated carbon, activated alumina, clays, zeolites, and silica gel. Sometimes a general name of 'sorbent' is used for both absorbent and adsorbent materials. 
See also absorbent.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
adsorbents; adsorbate; sorbent; getter; molecular sieve; zeolite
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
* Matte Paint: Its history and technology, analysis, properties and conservation treatment, Eric Hansen, Sue Walston, Mitchell Bishop (ed.), J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, Vol. 30 of AATA, 1993
Category:Materials database