nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
360T

360 Treasury Systems AG (360T) is a Frankfurt-based trading platform for over-the-counter instruments, primarily foreign exchange but also short term money market products.
On July 26, 2015, Deutsche Boerse Group announced it would acquire the firm, pending regulatory approval, for EUR 725 million.
It has subsidiaries in New York, Singapore, India and Dubai, and has been majority owned by Summit Partners since 2012.
== History ==
360T opened in 2000 and since then has had double-digit annual revenue growth. At the time of the Deutsche Boerse acquisition, 360T has over 400 liquidity providers on its system and is used by over 1700 buyside firms including asset managers and hedge funds.
When the Commodity Futures Trading Commission finalized its rules on swap execution facilities in May 2013, 360T was one of the firms submitting a registration to become a SEF. 360 Trading Networks, Inc. was granted temporary registration as of September 24, 2013.
== Products and Services ==
Products include its flagship TEX multi-dealer trading platform and I-TEX, its intra-group trading and white-label trading system.
== Key People ==
*Carlo Koelzer, Group CEO
*Matt O'Hara, CEO, 360 Trading Networks, Inc. (Americas)
== References ==
3D Markets

The firm 3D Markets creates and develops software and networks to provide technology solutions aimed at adding liquidity to existing options markets. 3D Markets was acquired by Pipeline Financial Group in April of 2009. 
It received some attention after building 3D Markets Archangel, the first block options execution system. 
Archangel is a dark pool that eliminates information-based market impact by matching liquidity providers with institutional investors anonymously.
In 2008, the firm grew by nearly 50 percent, making strategic hires across the organization as the firm started rolling out its Archangel Blind-Bid Cross into full production.
== News ==
On May 20, 2008, 3D Markets and the CBOE announced they had signed an exclusive agreement that, when approved by the Securities and Exchange Commission, would allow CBOE to match large institutional buy and sell options orders electronically during a special matching session. The execution price would be determined at the end of the trading day, using a methodology known as “GWAP” pricing (Gamma Weighted Average Price), similar to Value Weighted Average Price (VWAP) used heavily in the securities market. 
 
Under the agreement, the CBOE would provide the regulatory framework necessary for option benchmark trades. The GWAP (Gamma Weighted Average Price) auction and pricing methodologies would be proprietary to CBOE. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
3D Markets is the developer of Archangel, a platform that supports two institutional products, the Archangel Blind-Bid Cross and the Archangel Benchmark Cross.
The first round of Archangel users are said to be relatively well known large option market-making firms, as well as several active option trading hedge funds. Participants will be subject to a net capital test to ensure they have sufficient capital and trade large blocks of options.
== Key People ==
*David Mortimer was chairman and CEO of 3D Markets Inc. and is now managing director of options at Pipeline Financial.
== References ==
Category:Independent Software Vendors
3D Markets Archangel

Archangel is a block crossing network for options. It was created by 3D Markets to anonymously match buyers and sellers over its proprietary electronic network. 
Buy-side institutions submit an order into the system, which is decomposed into its risk profile (the delta or the gamma, e.g.). Participants gain an understanding of the value and risk of the instrument, without knowing what the exact security is when the transaction takes place. 
Because options market regulations do not allow trades to execute away from an exchange, Archangel users will come together, settle on the trade details via the platform, and then route out to an exchange.
Archangel routes to an exchange with both sides of an order. BOX, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) and the International Securities Exchange (ISE) currently offer electronic crossing facilities, each with a slightly different set of rules. 
Its customers include multi-billion dollar asset managers, such as Fidelity, with large put orders on one side; and traditional liquidity providers and market makers, proprietary trading shops and hedge funds on the other. 
== News ==
*On January 27, 2009, 3D released Archangel 1.2.
*On May 20, 3D Markets and the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) announced they had signed an exclusive agreement that, when approved by the Securities and Exchange Commission, would allow CBOE to match large institutional buy and sell options orders electronically during a special matching session. The agreement will allow CBOE to introduce institutionally oriented "benchmark-priced trades" through 3D's Archangel trading software. The execution price would be determined at the end of the trading day, using a methodology known as “GWAP” pricing (Gamma Weighted Average Price), similar to Value Weighted Average Price (VWAP) used heavily in the securities market. The GWAP (Gamma Weighted Average Price) auction and pricing methodologies would be proprietary to CBOE. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
3Points Communications

__NOTOC__
3Points Communications is a financial services communications firm in Chicago specializing in the financial technology and Chicago technology industries. Its clients include banks, exchanges, brokers, wealth and asset managers, and technology providers active in futures, options, forex, and securities. 
3Points maintains a wide swath of relationships in the financial media, from specialized but influential new media to established media outlets such as Barron's, Financial Times, and The Wall Street Journal.
== History ==
3Points was founded in 2010 by Drew Mauck, initially focused on media relations at the intersection of trading and technology. Since then, the firm has grown to over 10 employees and has expanded throughout the fintech industry and into the general Chicago technology industry, offering a full suite of PR services.
3Points won PR World Awards in 2017 and 2018, and has been named one of Expertise.com’s Best PR Firms in Chicago for three years running.
== Products and Services ==
3Points offers services in three areas:
*Earned Media: media relations & conference support
*Owned Media: content & digital marketing 
*Social Media: strategy development & execution
== Key People ==
*Drew Mauck, Founder & CEO
*Lorna Kiewert‎‎, VP, Director of Fintech
*Spencer Doar - Content Strategist
*Katie O’Shea, Content Manager
== References ==
Category:Public Relations Firms
Category:3Points Communications
Category:Marketing Firms
Category:Content Marketing
5-minute sidecar

Following the stock market crash of 1987, the New York Stock Exchange instituted circuit breakers to halt trading during steep market declines. One such circuit breaker, called a "side-car" was instituted during the first five minutes of trading.
At the open, during the first five minutes, NYSE officials would put all program trades (defined as orders involving baskest of 15 stock or more and dollar values of $1 million or higher, on hold, as if stuck in a side-car. The rule would be instituted if the CME's S&P 500 lead-month futures contract declines 12 points from the previous day's close. The side-car rule did not apply to the last 35 minutes of trading.
When triggered, all program trading market orders entered in SuperDot for NYSE-listed component stocks of the S&P 500 were diverted to a separate blind file for five minutes. After the five-minute period, buy and sell orders were paired off and become eligible for execution. If orderly trading in a stock could not resume, trading in that stock was halted and imbalance information was publicly disseminated.
== References ==
Category:NYSE
Category:Circuit Breakers
51% attack

A 51% attack is a potential attack on a blockchain network, particularly one that uses a proof-of-work consensus mechanism. This attack occurs when a single entity or group gains control of more than 50% of the network's mining hash rate or computational power. Such control allows the attacker to disrupt the network's operations and manipulate the blockchain in various ways.
== Mechanism of a 51% Attack ==
In a blockchain network, transactions are grouped into blocks, which are then added to the blockchain through a process called mining. Miners compete to solve complex cryptographic puzzles, and the first to solve the puzzle gets to add the next block to the blockchain and is rewarded with cryptocurrency.
When an entity controls more than 50% of the network's mining power, it can:
* Reverse Transactions: The attacker can reverse transactions they made while in control, leading to double-spending. Double-spending is akin to spending the same cryptocurrency twice, which undermines the trust and reliability of the blockchain.
* Prevent Transactions: The attacker can prevent new transactions from gaining confirmations, effectively halting payments between some or all users.
* Block Mining: The attacker can prevent other miners from successfully mining any valid blocks, monopolizing the mining process and the rewards that come with it.
== Vulnerable Networks ==
Smaller blockchain networks with lower hash rates are more susceptible to 51% attacks. This is because it requires less computational power to achieve the majority control needed for the attack. Examples of cryptocurrencies that have suffered from 51% attacks include Bitcoin Gold and Litecoin.
== Historical Instances ==
There have been several instances of 51% attacks on various cryptocurrencies. These attacks are more common on smaller networks due to their lower hash rates, which make it easier for an attacker to gain the necessary control. For example, Bitcoin Gold has been targeted multiple times due to its relatively modest hash rate.
== Mitigating Risks ==
Larger networks like Bitcoin are less vulnerable to 51% attacks because of their high hash rates, which make it exceedingly difficult and expensive for any single entity to gain the majority control required for such an attack. Additionally, networks can implement various technical measures and community vigilance to mitigate the risks of 51% attacks.
== Implications ==
A successful 51% attack can have severe consequences for a cryptocurrency network, including loss of trust, decreased value, and potential legal and regulatory repercussions. It highlights the importance of decentralization and robust security measures in maintaining the integrity and trustworthiness of blockchain networks.
== References ==
Category:Slang Investing Terms
7RIDGE

7RIDGE is a specialized growth equity and private markets asset management firm invested in technology for financial services and associated technologies, including trading software, connectivity, data, and information technology in the UK. It has offices in London, New York, and Stockholm.
The company is actively invested in Raft Technologies, Digital Asset Holdings, and Trading Technologies.
== History ==
7RIDGE was founded in 2018 by the former Deutsche Börse chief executive Carsten Kengeter.
7RIDGE acquired Trading Technologies on December 21, 2021. 
In April 2023, 7RIDGE acquired 100% of the American Financial Exchange (AFX), an electronic exchange for direct lending and borrowing for American banks and financial institutions.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Carsten Kengeter, Partner
*Veronica Augustsson, Partner
*Ralf Hafner, Chief Financial Officer/Chief Operations Officer
*Felipe de Carvalho, Managing Director
*Jeff Maron, Managing Director
*Shawn Ng, Managing Director
*Vikas Shah, Managing Director
*Teodora Kavakliyska, Associate
*Catharine Furrer-Lech, Operation
== References ==
7ticks LLC

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Interactive Data 7ticks
Interactive Data
7ticks LLC was a privately held technology firm that specialized in managed IT services for the financial industry. It provided electronic trading networks and managed services. It was founded in 2002 by Kevin Bohren and Scott Caudell and acquired by Interactive Data Corporation on Jan. 19, 2010. 
== 7ticks LLC History ==
On Oct. 20, 2009, 7ticks announced an expansion in Telx's Chicago facility as part of an ongoing effort to connect the capital markets communities to offer greater opportunities for proprietary trading groups, brokers and hedge fund managers to gain direct exchange access through proximity hosting.
On June 9, 2009, 7ticks introduced access to European-based derivatives products, starting with NYSE Liffe. As a managed services provider (MSP) connecting via NYSE Technologies Secure Financial Transaction Infrastructure (SFTI) network, 7ticks offered clients direct connectivity to NYSE Liffe, as well as other London based exchanges. 
On Jan. 2, 2009, 7ticks launched a direct, network-neutral connection within the Equinix Frankfurt-North (FR2) International Business Exchange (IBX) data center between its U.S. based network and the Eurex proximity location in Frankfurt, Germany. 7ticks’ presence at the FR2 center facilitates ultra-low latency services between the Eurex and other international exchanges. Within the center, the Frankfurt presence enhances 7ticks’ existing access to the Eurex VALUES API and Enhanced Broadcast Solution. 
On March 25, 2008, 7ticks announced that it deployed its trading infrastructure at Telx's New York facility, which was designed to bridge connectivity between Chicago and New York markets.
== References ==
A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc.

A.G. Edwards was a full-service brokerage firm formed in 1887. It was acquired in 2007 by Wachovia Securities, which later was acquired by Wells Fargo Advisors. 
A.G. Edwards had more than 6,500 financial consultants in more than 700 offices nationwide and in Europe, with trading privileges with or access to all major stock, options and commodity exchanges. 
== History ==
When General Albert Gallatin Edwards retired from the post of assistant secretary of the Treasury for the Sub-Treasury bank in St. Louis (a precursor to the U.S. Federal Reserve), he founded A.G. Edwards and Son in 1887 with eldest son, Benjamin Franklin Edwards I.
A.G. Edwards and Wachovia Securities announced their intention to merge in May 2007. The merger integration process is scheduled to be completed in early 2009.
With the merger, Wachovia's combined retail securities business, headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri, will have a national footprint of 3,350 brokerage locations, including 1,500 dedicated retail brokerage offices nationwide, in addition to maintaining service affiliate offices in five Latin American countries. A.G. Edwards' investment banking business, when integration is completed, will be combined with Wachovia Capital Markets LLC.
In October, the firm announced that at least for the immediate future A.G. Edwards and Wachovia Securities brokerage offices would continue to operate under their current trade names, pending the integration of the two brokerage organizations over the coming months. The Wachovia Securities trade name will be introduced across the combined firm in 2008. 
== Products and Services ==
Investment Services
* Annuities
* Bank deposits
* Bonds
* Certificates of deposit (CDs)
* Futures & Commodities
* Insurance
* IRAs
* Money market funds
* Mutual Funds
* Stocks 
* Unit investment trusts
Financial Services
* Business services
* Credit cards & home mortgages
* Education funding
* Estate planning & trusts
* Professional money management
* Retirement planning
* Employee stock option services
Account & Online Services
* Account features
* Client account access
* Financial calculators
* Investment research 
* Online bill pay
* Online tax tools
* Quotes, charts & news
== Key People ==
== Registration ==
*AG EDWARDS & SONS INC - NFA ID: 0001400 
== References ==
== Resources ==
*www.agedwards.com
Category:Brokerages
Category:Commodity Trading Advisors
Category:Futures Commission Merchants
Category:Acquired Companies
A. Gary Flagler

__NOTOC__ 
A. Gary Flagler is the head of international business development, derivatives consulting for Bolsa Mexicana de Valores. He joined the company in that role in August of 2017.
He was previously executive director of futures and options and over-the-counter (OTC) clearing, sales and marketing at J.P. Morgan. Flagler is based in Chicago.
== Background ==
Earlier, Flagler was vice president, managed futures product coordinator at Bear Stearns & Co, Inc.
== Education ==
Flagler pursued undergraduate studies in Economics and Marketing at Purdue University - Krannert School of Management.
He received a graduate degree in Agricultural Economics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Graduate Studies, Agricultural Economics 
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Bear Stearns - Former Employees
Category:J.P. Morgan Futures, Inc. - Former Employees
Category:J.P. Morgan Futures, Inc.
A. John Yavari

__NOTOC__ 
John Yavari is a partner at Auctos Capital Management. He shares daily management and operational responsibilities with the management company. He is also a partner at Century Group Trading, LLC.
== Background ==
Prior to joining Auctos, Yavari helped for Focus Ventures LLC in 2003. He managed a proprietary trading group and provided management and funding for development projects. 
Yavari has been a member of the Chicago Board of Trade since 1998 and continues to be an independent trader in the agricultural and treasury markets. He is also a registered floor broker and member of the National Futures Association. 
He has chaired and served on various Chicago Board of Trade committees including Floor Governors, Nominating, Arbitration, Probable Cause and Hearing Committee. 
== Education ==
== Resources ==
LinkedIn Profile
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Auctos Capital Management
Category:Century Group Trading
A. Stamford White

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__NOTOC__ 
Alfred Stamford White was an American businessman and civic leader who served as president of the Chicago Board of Trade and played a significant role in the founding of the Boy Scouts of America.
== Philanthropy & Boy Scouts ==
White served as president of the Chicago Board of Trade in 1910 and again in 1918. His leadership in this role coincided with his involvement in the early development of the Boy Scouts of America.
In addition to his business acumen, White was known for his philanthropic efforts and community involvement. He served as the first president of the Chicago Council of the Boy Scouts of America and had previously been president of the Chicago YMCA.
White played a crucial role in the establishment of the first Boy Scout camp in the United States. In 1910, he led a group of Chicago businessmen to Whitehall, Michigan, to investigate the possibility of acquiring property for a Boy Scout camp. This initiative resulted in the creation of Camp White in 1911, which later became known as Owasippe Scout Reservation. Owasippe was originally called the A. Stamford White – Owasippe Scout Camp.
The camp, initially comprising 40 donated acres and an additional 80 purchased acres, would grow to become the oldest continuously operating Boy Scout camp in the United States.
White was listed in the 17th edition of the Boy Scout handbook as a vice president of Boy Scouts of America and also in Boys Life in 1915. He was listed as a founder of Boy Scouts in the 1916 incorporation by the U.S. House and Senate, which was signed by President Woodrow Wilson.
== Background ==
White was born in Liverpool, England in 1851. He died in Chicago on October 24, 1918 upon returning from Washington, DC where he had conferred with Herbert Hoover, flood administrator for the U.S during World War I. He was president of the Chicago Board of Trade at the time of his death, which was thought to be from influenza. The exchange was closed at noon out of respect for their departed president.
===Career===
He started in the grain business in Liverpool. He moved to Chicago in 1881 and joined the Chicago Board of Trade in 1882.
White was member of the board of managers of the YMCA and a trustee for the Chicago Home for Boys. He was a member of the Chicago Press Club and a member of the Union League, Flossmoor and Prairie Clubs.
White was a director of Quaker Oats Co. and of the Chicago Savings Bank and Trust Co.
An employee of White's was Arthur Cutten, who went on to become a well known speculator. According to Cutten's story, published in the Saturday Evening Post, in 1896 White loaned Cutten the $800 to buy his membership on the Chicago Board of Trade.
== Education ==
== References ==
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Category:Deceased
Category:Deceased Members of the Chicago Board of Trade
Category:CBOT Members
Category:Former CBOT Officials
Category:Presidents of the Chicago Board of Trade
A/c/e platform

The a/c/e platform used technology developed by Eurex to distribute CBOT products to market users. The platform launched in August of 2000. It replaced Project A at the exchange.
 
== History ==
By the end of the first week of trading on the system more than 280,000 trades were processed. At that time, some speculated that the system would eventually replace the CBOT's open-outcry trading, which at the time traded at a more than a 900,000 clip per day.
In July of 2002, the CBOT and Eurex signed a new contract that converted the legal status of a/c/e from a joint platform developed by both exchanges into a Eurex platform licensed to the CBOT.
In January 2003, the CBOT decided to switch their matching engine from a/c/e to LIFFE CONNECT.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Category:Electronic Match Engines
A16z crypto

a16z crypto is a venture capital fund that invests in crypto and web3 startups. It was founded by Chris Dixon as part of Andreessen Horowitz. It has more than $7.6 billion in committed capital across multiple funds and has been investing in web3, across all stages, since 2013, under Dixon's direction as general partner. It is headquartered in Menlo Park, California and has offices in San Francisco, New York City, London, and Santa Monica.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Chris Dixon, Founder, Managing Partner
*Anthony Albanese, Chief Operating Officer and a Managing Partner
*Brian Quintenz, Head of Policy
== References ==
A2X

A2X is South Africa’s newest stock exchange, which made its debut on October 6, 2017 with three listings and four brokers on board. The exchange will be styled on the European Multilateral Trading Facility model and will clear all trades executed on it using Strate as its central securities depository. 
		
A2X is partnering with Aquis Exchange (Aquis) from whom it is licensing matching engine, surveillance and clearing technology. The exchange competes directly with the JSE and provides an alternative platform for companies to secondary list and trade their shares. A2X plans to target the 50 to 65 largest JSE-listed counters via a secondary-listing model.
The first companies to make a secondary listing on the exchange are three financial services companies, African Rainbow Capital Investments (AIL), Peregrine Holdings (PGR) and Coronation Fund Managers (CML). RMB Morgan Stanley, Peregrine Securities, Investec Securities and Avior Capital Markets have been approved as brokers, and Nedbank Securities, SBG Securities and Sinayo Securities have applied and plan to follow shortly.
== History ==
A license for the exchange was issued by the South African Financial Services Board. 
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Kevin Brady, Chief Executive Officer
== References ==