nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Slip glaze

== Description ==
A thin, decorative clay slurry applied to a dry, but unfired, ceramic pot. Slip glazes, such as Albany clay and engobe, produce a smooth colored surface when the ceramic is fired. Patterns were sometimes scratched into the slip glazes (sgraffito) to reveal the different color clay body below. One Korean technique, mishima, filled the scratched designs with black/white slip. Other decoration techniques, such as painting images or designs with the slip were commonly used in Egyptian and native North American pottery.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
slip-glaze; slipware; mishima; sgraffito
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "slipware." EAccessed 4 Feb. 2005 .
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipware (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Slocum stone

== Description ==
One of the best imitation opal on the market. Slocum stone is made from laminated glass with embedded bits of metal foil. Under magnification, gas bubbles and other features of the glass can be detected.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
imitation opal; Opal-essence
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Density 	2.4-2.5 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.49-1.50
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opal (accessed Oct. 12, 2005)
* Michael O'Donoghue and Louise Joyner, Identification of Gemstones, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2003
Category:Materials database
Smaltite

== Description ==
A blue-gray metallic cobalt nickel arsenide mineral (CoAs2). Smaltite was discovered near Bohemia in the 16th century. It was used in Saxony glass factories to make a blue glass frit called smalt.
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
Category:Materials database
Smalto

== Description ==
A small piece of colored glass or glazed ceramic used in a mosaic.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
smalti; smalte; smalte board; tessera; smalt (Fr.)
== Additional Images ==
File:Smalti.tessera.set1.jpg|Smalti mosaic tiles
File:Smalti.tessera.set2.jpg|Smalti mosaic tiles
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Smithsonite

== Description ==
Hard, dense, often shiny, mineral composed of zinc carbonate. Smithsonite was the princiapl source for zinc prior to 1880. It has been found in Greece (Laurium), Germany (Aachen), Austria (Carinthia), Poland (Bytom, Tarnowskie Góry), Italy (Sardinia), Rhodesia (Broken Hill mine) and the U.S. (Pennsylvania, Arkansas, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado, California). It was named for James Smithson, founder of the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonite can be white, gray, green, blue, yellow, purple, pink, or brown. It occurs as a secondary mineral in the oxidized zones of hydrothermal ore deposits.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Smithsoniteitaly1.jpg~Raman]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
calamine (former name); zinc spar; Zincspat (Deut.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Luster = adamantine to pearly 
* Streak = white 
* Cleavage = perfect in three directions
Composition	ZnCO3
Density 	4.3-4.5 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Smithsonite
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "smithsonite" [Accessed December 3, 2002]. (color picture)
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonite (Accessed Sept. 17, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Smoke detector

== Description ==
A combined sensor/alarm unit used to detect combustion products and alert building occupants. Smoke detectors were first produced in the early 1970s and are now required in a inhabitated buildings. Smoke sensors are either based on cloud ionization or photoelectric detection methods. Ionization cells use tiny amounts of a radioactive material to produce atmospheric ions. When smoke reacts with these ions, the measured current drops and sets off an alarm. Photoelectric cells detect the smoke particles when a light beam is obscured or scattered by particles in the air. Since ionization detectors are considered best for fast burning fires and photoelectric detectors are better at sensing smouldering fires, some new smoke detectors contains both types of sensors.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
smoke alarm; détecteur de fumées (Fr.); detector de fumos (Port.);
==Resources and Citations==
* First Alert: Smoke alarm
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "smoke detector." Accessed 1 June 2005 .
Category:Materials database
Smoky quartz

== Description ==
A transparent dark gray or brown quartz, also called cairngorm. Smoky quartz is found in Switzerland, Scotland (Mt. Cairngorm), Russia, Iran, Brazil, Sri Lanka and the U.S.(Colorado, California). It is sometimes used as a gemstone. Most early uses of the stone date from Hellenistic times or later; one earlier example was found in Iran c 3250 BCE (Odgen 1982).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
smokey quartz; cairngorm; Cairngorm stone; Rauchquarz (Deut.); quartz fumé (Fr.); quartzo fumado (Port.); rookkwarts (Ned.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Trigonal crystal system 
* Low birefringence (0.009)
* Low thermal expansion 
* Fracture = conchoidal 
* Luster = vitreous to greasy 
* Streak = white 
* Fluorescence = generally inert
* Pleochroism = very weak with different tones of body color
* Can be piezoeletric and/or triboluminescent
* Heat-treatment can bleach the stone and may turn it yellow.
Composition 	SiO2
Mohs Hardness 	7.0
Density 	2.65 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.544; 1.553
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Quartz
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "smoky quartz." Accessed: 21 Jan. 2005 .
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: Smoky quartz (Accessed Sept. 14, 2005 and Dec 2022)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Smooth-Sil

== Description ==
[Smooth-On] A trademark for a series of two-component liquid silicone rubber compounds. Smooth-Sil (TM) Platinum silicones are cured with a platinum catalysts. These low viscosity rubbers pour easily and cure at room temperature with negligible shrinkage. Smooth-Sil is used for making molds of sculptures and architectural details. The molds can be cast with plaster, resins, and low melt alloys.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Smooth-On Platinum Silicones; Smooth-Sil 910; Smooth-Sil 920; Smooth-Sil 930; Smooth-Sil-945
== Risks ==
* Sculpt.com: Smoth-Sil 950 MSDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Select a Product Below	Mix Ratio By Weight	Pot Life	Cure Time	Mixed viscosity	Shore Hardness	Elongation at break
› Smooth‑Sil™ 910 	100A:10B 	90 mins 	24 hrs 	20000 cps 	18 	450%
› Smooth‑Sil™ 936 	100A:10B 	60 mins 	24 hrs 	21,000 cps 	36 A 	500%
› Smooth‑Sil™ 940 	100A:10B 	30 mins 	24 hrs 	35,000 cps 	40 A 	300%
› Smooth‑Sil™ 945 	1A:1B 	25 mins 	6 hrs 	30,000 cps 	45 A 	320%
› Smooth‑Sil™ 950 	100A:10B 	45 mins 	18 hrs 	35,000 cps 	50 A 	320%
› Smooth‑Sil™ 960 	100A:10B 	45 mins 	16 hrs 	30,000 cps 	60 A 	270%
==Resources and Citations==
* Smooth-On: Smooth-Sil series
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
Category:Materials databaseCategory:MWG
Smut

== Description ==
A disease found on cereal grains that is cause by fungi. Smut occurs on corn (maize), grasses, onion, and sorghum. It appears as localized fuzzy, soot-like areas called sori on seeds, leaves, stems, flower parts, and bulbs. The sori release a black powder of spores that is readily dispersed in the air.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bunt; sori
Category:Materials database
Snakeskin

== Description ==
A thin, strong leather made from the skin of snakes, such as boas, cobras, pythons, water snakes, anacondas, and rattle snakes. The scales are removed prior to tanning. Snakeskins are usually dyed and glazed. They are used for shoe uppers, purses, and decoration.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
piel de serpiente (Esp.); peau de serpent(Fr.); pele de cobra (Port.)
== Additional Images ==
File:snakewp2.jpg|Head of snake
File:Copperheadwp2.jpg|Broad-banded copperhead snake
== Resources and Citations ==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 731
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
Category:Materials database
Snakewood

== Description ==
A highly patterned wood obtained from Piratinera guianensis trees that are native to West Indies and northern regions of South America. Snakewood is heavy with a fine uniform texture. Although the grain is straight, the wood has a distinct yellow, dark red, and brown mottled pattern that resembles snakeskin. Snakewood was popluar for veneers in the late 18th century. The durable wood is still used for stringed instrument bows, veneers, walking sticks, and modeling tools. The terms "letter wood" in English or "bois de lettre" in French have for origin the use of this wood by the Jesuits in South America for manufacturing wooden block capitals.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Piratinera guianensis; letterwood; letter wood; leopard wood; tortoiseshell wood; bois d'amourette; bois de lettre (Fr.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Density = 80 ppcf
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
* George Savage, Art and Antique Restorer's Handbook, Rockliff Publishing Corp, London, 1954
* http://www.guyane-bois.net/pageLibre000103b1.aspx
Category:Materials database
Snowflake marble

== Description ==
A coarse-grain, white dolomitic marble quarried in Westchester County, New York. Snowflake marble was used to construct St. Patrick's Cathedral and other building in New York City (Bucher 1996).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Westchester marble; Tuckahoe marble
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
SoC

= School of Conservation, Royal Danish Academy =
The School of Conservation (SoC) is part of The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. Established in 1973 under the Ministry of Culture, SoC offers study programs founded on research, which in scope and quality are on a level with those offered by the international leaders in the field and which ensure that our students have the best possible academic foundation to meet the challenges they will encounter in their future work in preserving our cultural heritage in museums, archives, libraries etc. The School of Conservation offers a three-year undergraduate program in conservation (bachelor's degree) and a two-year master program (master's degree). The completed bachelor program forms the basis of the master program and qualifies the bachelor to seek admission to the master program. The bachelor program and the master program both qualify for gainful employment. We also offer a three-year postgraduate research program (PhD). Programs in conservation are offered within 5 areas: Graphic Art, Pictorial Art, Object Conservation, Monumental Art and Natural History. (from website)
Web Address 	http://www.kons.dk
Postal Address 	Konservatorskolen (School of Conservation)
Esplanaden 34 DK-1263 Copenhagen K
DENMARK
Phone 	+45 33 74 47 00
Fax 	+45 33 74 47 77
Contact 	kons@kons.dk
Searchable 	Yes
Categories 	Research / training
Website Languages	English
Other
Category:Directory
Category:Directory: Research / training
Soap

== Description ==
A water-dispersible cleansing product. Soaps are produced by a saponification reaction of long chain fatty acids, such as found in oils and fats, with an alkali, such as sodium hydroxide or lye. Soaps made from animal fat and wood ashes have been used since antiquity. Although soap was made at home for laundry purposes from the European Middle Ages to early modern times, cake soap was a luxury product that came into common use only in the 19th century. Many soaps have an alkaline pH that can shrink wool and cause acid dyes to bleed. Alkaline soaps can also cause yellowing and brown stains on white cellulosic fibers (King 1985). Additionally, soaps can dull colors and form insoluble residues with hard water minerals. About 1968, numerous synthetic detergents were developed that have largely replaced soaps for cleaning textiles and other materials.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
savons (Fr.)
== Risks ==
May cause acid dyes to run. Forms insoluble residues with hard water minerals such as calcium carbonate.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Usually has a pH of 9-10
== Resources and Citations ==
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 731
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Soaproot

== Description ==
The roots of the soap plant, Chlorogalum poleridianum, native to California and the Mexican amole plants, Yucca baccata, Yucca elata, and Yucca glauca. Soaproots and yuccas contain saponin which lathers like soap. They have been used since ancient times as a natural cleaner. The fibers from these plants have also been used for basket weaving.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
soap root; soap plant; yucca; amole; banana yucca (Yucca baccata); soaptree yucca (Yucca elata); Great Plains yucca (Yucca glauca)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 692
* Website: www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm (accessed Oct. 3, 2005)
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucca (accessed Oct. 3, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Soda

== Description ==
An unstandardized name that is normally used for sodium carbonate (washing soda). The term soda was originally used for sodium monoxide (Na2O). Sodium monoxide reacts violently in water to form sodium hydroxide, i.e., caustic soda. When combined with other terms, the word soda refers to the element sodium, as in carbonate of soda.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sodium carbonate; sodium bicarbonate; sodium monoxide; sodium oxide; sodium hydroxide
Category:Materials database
Soda ash

== Description ==
A white to gray powder of sodium carbonate. Soda ash naturally occurs as trona in mineral water deposits. Impurities may include sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate. Soda ash is made synthetically by the Solvay process. Soda ash is used primarily in the manufacture of glass and paper pulp. It is also used in soaps, water softeners, and textile processing.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
anhydrous sodium carbonate; calcined soda; Solvay soda; trona
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|soda ash.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Risks ==
* Noncombustible. 
* Corrosive to skin and eyes. 
* JMN Specialties: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in water, glycerol. Insoluble in ethanol. 
* Aqueous solution has a pH = 11.6.
Composition 	Na2CO3
CAS 	497-19-8
Melting Point 	851 C
Density 	2.53 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 105.99
== Resources and Citations ==
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 734
* The Merck Index, Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: entry 8739
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Soda glass

== Description ==
Common name for glass having a high sodium content. Soda glass has the approximate composition 71-78% SiO2, 12-17% Na2O, 5-15% CaO, and 1-4% other. The soda is added as soda ash (sodium carbonate), niter (sodium nitrate) and/or salt cake (sodium sulfate). The calcium is added as limestone (calcium carbonate) or burnt lime (calcium oxide) and the silica is added as sand (silicon dioxide). Cullet or broken glass, is used as a flux. Soda glass was also called common glass. Common glass often has a green tinge due to iron impurities in the ingredients.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
common glass; soda lime glass; soda-lime glass; soda-lime-silica glass; verre sodique (Fr.); vidro sódico (Port.); standard window glass; Corning 0081; alkali glass
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Melting Point 	695 C (softens)
Density 	2.5 g.ml
Refractive Index	1.512 - 1.518
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 361
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
Category:Materials database
Soda lime

== Description ==
A mixture of calcium oxide with either sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Soda lime absorbs carbon dioxide and moisture from the air. It is used in air refreshing systems in submarines and gas masks. Often a moisture indicator, such as ethyl violet, is added to the commercial product.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
soda-lime; sodium calcium hydrate
== Risks ==
* Sensitive to moisture. 
* Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. 
* Corrosive to skin and eyes. 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 454
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Soda niter

== Description ==
A white transparent mineral composed of sodium nitrate. Soda niter is used in the manufacture of explosives, glass, ceramic glazes, and fertilizer.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiNANO3.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sodium nitrate; Chile saltpeter; nitratine; caliche
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 738
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Soda process

== Description ==
A chemical method of producing paper pulp from wood and other plants using sodium hydroxide. It was developed in 1851. This process is not in common use today, since it is not as effective as kraft pulping. However, the soda process is preferred for many types of non-wood paper pulps, such as grass and straw.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Soda pulp; hardwood bleached soda; hardwood soda
== Other Properties ==
When stained with Graff "C" stain, soda pulp can appear in a range of colors depending on the wood type and the amount of bleaching. Unbleached soda pulps will appear yellow or grey/green. With increased bleaching, pulps will appear lighter and tend more toward blue or purple when treated with stain.
==Additional Images==
File:Sisal 40x.jpg|Soda pulped sisal fibers
File:Sisal 10x.jpg|Soda pulped sisal fibers
File:Esparto 40x serratedepi.jpg|Soda pulped esparto
== Resources and Citations ==
* Christopher Biermann. Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking. Academic Press, 1993.
* J. H. Graff "Color Atlas for Fiber Identification" The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, WI, 1940.
*TAPPI Official Standard T401 om-08. Fiber analysis of paper and paperboard. 2008. http://www.tappi.org/Downloads/Test-Methods/UNTITLED-0104T401pdf.aspx
Category:Materials database
Soda water

== Description ==
An unstandardized name for water containing sodium salts. 
1) An effervescent solution containing carbon dioxide used as a beverage. 
2) An aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate used for stomachaches. 
3) An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and soap used as a machine coolant.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
1: carbonated water; seltzer; club soda
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 257
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database