nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Middle East

The Middle East is the part of the world, in southwestern Asia, between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian subcontinent, where America's oil is buried under the desert sands nominally held by her arch-enemies. The region is overwhelmingly Muslim and has of late had a tumultuous history, especially between Sunnis and Shias.
America's one true ally in the region, Israel, has none of this oil found oil in territory that is not legally theirs (although Kuwait is US friendly and has oodles of oil).
The term is presently synonymous with the term "Near East" - while the Far East is (sensibly) as far away as possible from the area. The Middle East region represents an area of over 5.0 million square miles where vast deserts are common and includes the inhospitable Arabian Peninsula-so harsh it is sometimes called "The Empty Quarter."http://www.cotf.edu/earthinfo/meast/MEgeo.html
==See also==
==External links==
*40 maps that explain the Middle East, Vox
*The only true solution for the Middle East.
*The Arab World’s Options, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
*, which is a contraction of "Middle" and "West" and out of some weird coincidence contains a state that has a region called Little Egypt and a small town called Palestine.
==References==
category:geography
*
Middle knowledge

Middle knowledge is one of the nuttiest concepts that Christian theologians have yet to cook up, concerning predestination's compatibility with free will. It supposes that God had already decided before you were born whether you are going to heaven or hell, yet whether you go to heaven or hell is simultaneously and entirely based on your own freely-willed decision to accept the Gospel message.
==The theory==
The theory claims that God knows what you would 'freely' choose to do in every possible circumstance, even in circumstances which never actually occur. This knowledge is known as 'middle knowledge'. Thus, he can arrange things so that you go to heaven or hell forever, as he chooses – if he wants you to go to hell, he'll make sure you undergo whatever circumstances would result in you freely choosing hell; if he wants you to go to heaven, he'll make sure you undergo whatever circumstances would result in you freely choosing heaven. So you have free will, within a certain extent. Sorta.If circumstances determine your choice your choice is not free.
==Does this make sense?==
What does any of this mean? Does anyone know? Do even the proponents of this idea really understand it? Probably not. But William Lane Craig thinks it is one of the deepest ideas anyone has ever thought of. Perhaps it's just a bit of sophistry employed so that certain denominations can have their cake and eat it too regarding free will vs. omnipotence.
==Warning==
You'd better believe it or you're headed straight for the really not nice place.
==See also==
* Calvinism
* Christian apologetics
* Last Judgement
* Problem of evil
* Salvation
==Notes==
Category:Philosophy
Midrash

A midrash is a prominent form Jewish biblical exegesis primarily found in the Talmud written in the Middle Ages. They are both narrative and commentary. While technically anyone can write a midrash, most references to midrashim are going to be referring to ones in the pre-existing rabbinic literature. Orthodox Jews, as in those who strictly follow Rabbinic Judaism, consider these midrashim to have the authority of scripture.
==Notable Midrashim==
===The Three Oaths===
A midrash found in the Talmud, the Three Oaths is primarily notable as the scripture behind Haredi Jews' opposition to Zionism. It is based on three verses from the Song of Solomon, namely 2:7, 3:5, and 8:4:
:<bible book="Song of Solomon" chapter=2 verse1=7/>
In Ketubot 110b and 111a, the Rabbis interpreted these three similar verses as three oaths: God made the Jews swear that they would not try to take the Land of Israel by force or rebel against the nations they're living in, and God made the rest of the nations swear not to oppress the Jews too much. The Gemara reads:
These oaths are generally regarded as still in effect by Haredi Jews.
Category:Judaism
Mike

* Mike Adams, alternative medicine preacher
* Mike Bara, anti-science writer
* Mike Bloomberg, billionaire boy
* Michael Coombs (Mikemikev), serial far-right troll and vandal
* Mike Enoch, neo-Nazi preacher and podcaster
* Mike Godwin, creator of Godwin's Law
* Mike Gravel, former Democratic politician in Alaska
* Mike Huckabee, former governor of TERFkansas Arkansas
* Mike Lee, tea bag packer
* Mike Lindell, pseudoscience promoter and pillow vendor
* Mike Malloy, atheist radio host
* Mike Pence, Christian fundamentalist and former VP of the United States
* Mike Warnke, preacher and lying dirtbag
Mike Enoch

Michael Enoch Isaac Peinovich is an American neo-Nazi, Holocaust denier, and alt-righter. He is the founder of the alt-right website The Right Stuff and the podcast The Daily Shoah (Shoah is a Hebrew word meaning catastrophic destruction, which now usually refers to the Holocaust). With his work, he targets minority groups such as Jews, Black people, immigrants, the LGBT community, and mainstream journalists. He also drew mainstream attention for participating in book burnings (like the original Nazis).Michael "Enoch" Peinovich, Southern Poverty Law Center.Prolific Alt-Right Propagandist's Identity Confirmed, Southern Poverty Law Center.
Ironically, Peinovich was doxxed by his fellow neo-Nazis in 2017. In the dox, it was revealed that Peinovich's wife is Jewish and that they had a traditional Jewish wedding. Adding to the layers of irony, Peinovich’s wife appeared as a guest on The Daily Shoah and hiding her Jewish ancestry whilst promoting antisemitism.The alt-right eats its own: Neo-Nazi podcaster "Mike Enoch" quits after doxxers reveal his wife is Jewish SalonWhite supremacist outed for having Jewish wife The Times of Israel
==Personal life==
Peinovich is of Norwegian and Serbian descent (again, adding more irony as the latter of his ancestry were persecuted by the Nazis). During his high school and college years, he worked various jobs such as chemically testing pools and delivering pizza. He also worked as a computer programmer, and attended and dropped out of several universities during this time.Birth of a White Supremacist Annals of Media
==Alt-right advocacy==
Peinovich became known amongst the media for his attendance of a conference organized by Richard Spencer in support of Donald Trump's election as president in 2016. He made a Nazi salute after Spencer’s speech and hailed Spencer and Trump as white saviors. The media picked up on the rally, and the salutes and other racist acts were performed in front of journalists and the media, giving them proof and evidence using footage of the speech and outing the alt-right for what it really was; a neo-Nazi movement. This led to them being widely marginalized in politics and shocking Trump supporters who initially denied that Nazis even existed in the MAGA movement.'Hail Trump!': White Nationalists Salute the President-Elect The Atlantic
Peinovich popularized the triple parentheses (used to identify Jewish people) from his podcast The Right Stuff. This trend spread amongst the alt-right before being used by people in the mainstream (Jews included) in a way to counter its original racist messaging (which worked, as it’s not used exclusively in a racist manner anymore, being very rare in the online alt-right today).(((Echoes))), Exposed: The Secret Symbol Neo-Nazis Use to Target Jews Online MIC
==References==
Category:Alt-right
Category:Antisemites
Category:Fascists
Category:Holocaust denialists
Category:Neo-Nazis
Category:Internet kooks
Category:Living people
Category:Racists
Category:Right-wing activists
Category:White supremacists
Category:Xenophobes
Mike Fairclough

Mike Fairclough Mike FAIRCLOUGH Companies House is an antivaxxer, conspiracy theorist, and the former head of a state primary school in Eastbourne, England.
Fairclough served for 19-years as headmaster (he prefers the "old school" terminology) of West Rise Junior School, a state primary in Eastbourne, with around 360 pupils, where he achieved public fame and professional plaudits by opposing the "elf and safety brigade" to add such "character building" subjects as fire-making, rabbit-skinning, and shooting to his syllabus.Meet the hunky headmaster who teaches kids to use a shotgun by Harry Wallop (February 7, 2016) The TelegraphSchool with guns, knives and fire on the timetable – and Ofsted loves it by Liz Lightfoot (October 4, 2016) The Guardian
In September 2023, however, Fairclough stepped down stating his intention to take the local council to employment tribunal. He had been on a leave of absence since November 2022 following complaints from parents about his public statements and associations.Eastbourne headteacher resigns after alleging he was 'discriminated against, harassed and bullied' by Sam Pole (September 11, 2023) Sussex World He justified these controversial opinions, which had gotten him banned from Twitter, in a public statement:
Fairclough sends his own kids to HOPE Sussex, a suspected illegal school for the kids of antivax parents, which his wife is involved in running. During his leave of absence, he gave a talk there praising the “global freedom movement” and its opposition to the plan by “globalists” to “disempower people and take away their freedoms”.Hope Sussex school trains next generation of conspiracy theorists by Tom Ball (January 21, 2023) The Times (archived January 21, 2023)
Despite being cleared of a breach of headteacher standards, he refused to return to work, claiming that the council’s inability to rule out further investigations was “damaging to his health”. He subsequently launched a funding campaign to cover the costs of his legal challenge.
==See also==
*Matthew and Sadie Single – founders of HOPE Sussex
==References==
Category:Anti-vaccination movement
Category:British people
Category:Conspiracy theorists
Category:COVID-19 denialists
Category:Living people
Militant Christianity

Militant Christianity is one of those ideas that requires a great deal of cognitive dissonance, considering how much Jesus went on about forgiveness and turning the other cheek. The more vociferous the followers of the religion are, the more likely they are to turn to violence to prove how peaceful their religion is, so militant Christianity takes many forms. To sum it up, this type of theology is a catalyst for terrorism.
==Christian message on guns etc.==
One of the more odd forms of militant Christianity is Trijicon, a small company in Michigan that inscribes gunsights with scriptural quotations.Who would Jesus shoot? Militant Christianity has a long history probably going all the way back to the Emperor Constantine, whose supposed Road to Damascus type conversion to Christianity took the form of a vision in which he saw a vision of the cross inscribed with the words to "Conquer by This", inspiring him to paint crosses on his men's shields —the better to slaughter the enemy.
==Ron Luce==
Below are examples of the violent language Ron Luce likes:
#"No souls can be saved without the shedding of blood. Blood must be shed!"Sunsara Taylor, Ron Luce's Holy War. Archived from the original at rwor.org, 28 May 2006.
#"This is war. And Jesus invites us to get into the action, telling us that the violent—the 'forceful' ones—will lay hold of the kingdom."Kathryn Joyce, America’s Youth and The Holy War. Archived from the original at onislam.net, 26 March 2013.
#"I will keep my eyes on the battle, submitting to Your code even when I don’t understand."Ron Luce is like Jesus Camp… only he didn’t shut down. Archived from the original at liberal-debutante.com, 18 July 2007.
Austin Cline wrote that it is only a matter of time before some crazy character takes the call to violence and bloodshed literally and acts on it.Austin Cline, Militant Christians: Where's the Criticism? Where's the Hand-Wringing? about.com, 17 April 2007. 
==Positive Uses==
Militant Christian is also used to describe dedicated people who fight for Christianity in a nonviolent manner. Examples include Dietrich Bonhoeffer, who opposed the Nazis in Germany, and G.K. Chesterton, an influential Christian writer.
==Further examples==
Further examples include, famously, the Crusades and the Chinese "Heavenly Kingdom" of Hong Xiuquan. More recently, see Hutaree, the violent Christian Identity splinter movement called the "Phineas Priesthood",Domestic Terrorism:Phineas Priests and Pat Robertson's apparent Ayatollah Khomeini-like fatwa against Hugo Chavez and Islam.
==See also==
*Christian pacifism
*Militant atheism
==References==
==External links==
*Militant Christians: Where's the Criticism? Where's the Hand-Wringing?
Category:Christianity
Military Commissions Act

The Military Commissions Act was a law passed in the United States in 2006 to provide rules and regulations for how to treat and try "illegal alien combatants".
This was made necessary by the George W. Bush administration's decision that fighters picked up abroad were not POWs, and terrorists abducted by the military/CIA/etc. were no longer normal criminals. The Bush administration did not want to provide Geneva protections to the former, or due process to the latter. This is not technically a violation of the Geneva Convention because it only applies to what it defines as a "lawful combatant", which is essentially a uniformed fighter with a defined chain of command. In theory, any non-lawful combatant can be treated at the discretion of the country that captured him/her, however it has almost always been practice to treat the person as a POW, but nothing has been officially written about this in most countries, including the US. Eventually, however, rules of some kind were needed, and the Supreme Court had left it up to Congress to make them.
The law was written by the Republican Party leaders, especially Mitch McConnell. The law specifically ruled that the status of such combatants would be determined not by a court, but by a special tribunal to be selected by the President. Moreover, there could not be any appeal of this determination. Even the right of habeas corpus has been removed.
In theory, this means that if the President and his handpicked tribunal wished to, they could abduct anyone and have that person declared an "enemy combatant," with no opportunity for the person to argue their case before an independent judge. In practice, this will only happen to Middle Eastern people the administration finds scary.
==Update==
It was amended by the which gave prisoners slightly more rights.
==See also==
*Executive power and the War on Terror
Category:Law
Category:United States law
Category:United States politics
Military Religious Freedom Foundation

The Military Religious Freedom Foundation (MRFF) is an advocacy group dedicated to upholding the religious freedom of US military service personnel. It was founded in 2006 by retired US Air Force officer and martial attorney Michael Weinstein, as a reaction to the worrying trend of Christian Dominionist proselytizing within the United States armed forces, something both of his sons had experienced at the Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs.No Dominion: The Lonely, Dangerous Fight Against Christian Supremacists Inside the Armed Forces, thruthout.org
==Activities==
The MRFF provides counseling and, sometimes, legal assistance to members of the US armed forces suffering from religious discrimination, restrictions on their religious freedoms, or unwanted proselytization.MRFF: Our Mission Additionally, it is engaged in raising general awareness about the activities of Christian fundamentalists within the US military, exposing violations of the separation of church and state, and fighting such developments through lawsuits brought against the Department of Defense or subordinate institutions.MRFF: Current lawsuits Notably, the MRFF exposed the case of a US military supplier, Trijicon Inc., providing illuminated rifle scopes inscribed with coded references to New Testament passages (mostly to do with lights shining in darkness) and successfully pressured them to stop this practice.Joseph Rhee, Tahman Bradley and Brian Ross, U.S. Military Weapons Inscribed With Secret 'Jesus' Bible Codes. ABC News, 15 January 2010. According to its website, the MRFF has been contacted by over 18,000 members of the US military since its inception, the vast majority of them Christians themselves.MRFF: About us
==Victories==
One case found compelling religious observation to constitute hazing, and the Major General responsible was shifted sideways to a job with no subordinates in a different service.Maj. Gen. James E. Chambers Hazes Soldiers in his Command. Archived from Breaking Spells, 20 August 2010.
==Hate==
The right in the United States likes to bash the MRFF and its head, Mikey Weinstein. Among their oft-repeated false accusations is that the MRFF and Weinstein are anti-Christian (note the conflation of opposing Christianity with opposing the Christian doctrine of dominionism and its behavior) or that they bully Christian servicemen and servicewomen. Most of the soldiers they represent are Christians bullied by Christians from other sects.
==External Links==
*Website of the MRFF
==References==
Category:United States politics
Category:Organizations
Category:Religion
Militia

Militia (from Latin militia, meaning military service) refers to a paramilitary group that is separate from the country's actual armed forces and acts as an organization that either complements or challenges them.
The term is usually applied to groups of civilians, created to maintain order, particularly in the event of civil unrest, or to fight. It can also refer to a private army or even the entire armed population or military of a state, which is in service for only a short time in peacetime and which can be called up to defend the homeland, such as in the American colonies before independence. Of course, militias can often go astray and become full-on (far-right) terrorist groups. 
In the former Soviet bloc and other Cold War communist countries, the militia (or ) were the law enforcement organizations responsible for maintaining public order, the equivalent of the police.Galeotti, M. (2013). Russian Security and Paramilitary Forces Since 1991. Bloomsbury Publishing. Page 8. ISBN: 9781780961064Measuring Police Integrity Across the World: Studies from Established Democracies and Countries in Transition. (2015). Springer New York. Chapter 8: "Police Integrity in Russia" .ISBN: 9781493922796 Militia can also be used to refer an official army reserve, such as such as in Switzerland and Canada.Markus Freitag, Pirmin Bundi, Martina Flick Witzig: Milizarbeit in der Schweiz. Zahlen und Fakten zum politischen Leben in der Gemeinde. NZZ Libro, Zürich 2019, ISBN: 978-3-03810-400-1.
===Notable militia groups===
* Minutemen
* of the German Völkisch movement.Clifford, A. (2021). Hindenburg, Ludendorff and Hitler: Germany's Generals and the Rise of the Nazis. Pen & Sword Books. Chapter 2: "Conspirator: Lundendorff as Public Enemy Number One". ISBN: 9781526783349
* Nationalist of Austria.Jelavich, Barbara (1987). Modern Austria : Empire & Republic 1815-1986. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 182. ISBN 0-521-31625-1.
* SchutzstaffelPaterson, L. (2018). Hitler's Brandenburgers: The Third Reich Elite Special Forces. Pen & Sword Books Limited. Page XX. ISBN: 9781784382315
* , an Vichy France collaborationist paramilitary that were opposed to French Resistance.Curtis, Michael (6 June 2003) [2002]. Verdict on Vichy: Power and Prejudice in the Vichy France Regime. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9781628720631.
* , which emerged in the early 80s and who are illegal mafia-like paramilitary groups, that have their roots in the death squads of the Brazilian military dictatorship in 1964. 
* American militia movementCooter, A. (2024). Nostalgia, Nationalism, and the US Militia Movement. Taylor & Francis. ISBN: 9781003844518
==References==
Category:Nationalism
Category:Militia movement
Category:Pseudolaw
Category:Vigilantes
Miller-Urey experiment

The Miller-Urey experiment was a 1952 experiment by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey of the University of Chicago that synthesized the environmental conditions that were thought to be present at the origin of life. The intention was to observe if abiogenesis could have taken place under the circumstances then believed to represent the early Earth; the result, after passing an electrical discharge through an atmosphere made up mostly of methane, ammonia, water, and elemental hydrogen was a water soup of various amino acids and a few other recognizable biomolecules.
The state of understanding of early Earth chemistry has changed somewhat since then (a nitrogen-carbon dioxide atmosphere is now considered more likely than Miller and Urey's mixture), but even though the Miller-Urey conditions are no longer widely accepted, the experiment did successfully prove that the basic building blocks of life could form spontaneously in nature without intelligent intervention.
Additionally, a re-analysis conducted in October 2008 by Jeffrey Bada of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in California and colleagues showed that 22 amino acids were created in one apparatus of the Miller-Urey experiment, rather than the 5 that were purportedly found in the 1953 publication of the original experimental results.
In 1995, Miller and colleagues conducted another experiment (with a more accurate recreation of Earth's early conditions). They had similar results through the release of energy into simple compounds and elements (mostly carbon and water). In Miller's experiment, uracil and cytosine were produced. These are two of the bases found in RNA. Subsequent experiments have yielded similar results.
Also the name is kind of funny because Harold Urey's last name sounds like urea, which was the first synthesized biological molecule, an early bit of counterevidence for vitalism. 
==See also==
*Abiogenesis 
*Evolution
*Origins debate
Category:Biochemistry