nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Pyronine Y

== Description ==
Shiny, green crystals that form a red aqueous solution Pyronine Y produces a pale yellow autofluorescence in ultraviolet light. It is used as a bacteriological and biological fluorochrome. It has a mean excitation wavelength of 410 nm (violet/blue) and a mean emission wavelength of 540 nm (Wolbers et al., 1990).
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|pyronine Y.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pyronin; CI 45005; 3,6-bis(dimethylamino)xanthylium chloride; pyronine G; pyronin yellow; tetramethyldiaminoxanthylium chloride
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Soluble in water and ethanol.
Composition 	C17H19ClN2O
CAS 	92-32-0
Melting Point 	250-260 C
Molecular Weight	302.80
== Risks ==
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990 Comment: mean excitation wavelength of 410 nm -violet/blueviolet - and mean emission wavelength=540 nm
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8190: abs. max = 552 nm
* Aldrich Chemical Catalog Comment: abs. max = 548 nm
Category:Materials database
Pyrope

== Description ==
A transparent, ruby-red garnet composed of magnesium aluminum silicate where the magnesium is partially replaced with calcium and iron. The color of pyrope ranges from a deep red to almost black. Gemstone quality pyropes are mined in the Czech Republic, South Africa, and Australia.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
garnet; Cape ruby; Arizona ruby; California ruby; Bohemian ruby; rhodolite (violet); piropo (Esp., Port.); Pyrop (Deut.); pyroop (Ned.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Fracture = conchoidal
* Luster = vitreous to resinous
* Streak = colorless to white
* Birefringence = isotropic
* Pleochroism = none
* UV fluorescence = inert
* Composition = 3MgO-Al2O3-3SiO2
* Mohs Hardness = 7.0 - 7.5
* Density = 3.78 g/ml
* Refractive Index = 1.714-1.742
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
* Mineralogy Database: Pyrope
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 354
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "pyrope." Accessed 14 Sept. 2001 .
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrope (Accessed Sept. 14, 2005)
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Pyrophyllite

== Description ==
A soft, fibrous or flaky, mineral of basic aluminum silicate. Pyrophyllite occurs as fine-grain masses in the Ural mountains, Switzerland (Zermatt), South Africa, Canada and the U.S. (North Carolina, Georgia, California). The pearly white, yellow or green mineral can be difficult to distinguish visually from talc. Pyrophyllite was carved by the ancient Chinese into small figurines and ornaments. It was used in slate pencils and tailor's chalk and is still used as a filler in ceramics, paints and plastics.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
African wonderstone; phillite; tailor's chalk; slate pencil; pirofilita (Esp.); pirofilite (Port.); Pyrophyllit (Deut.) ; pyrofylliet (Ned.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Monoclinic system, crystals are rare, usually fine-grain masses
* Perfect cleavage in one direction
* Fracture = uneven or splintery
* Luster = pearly to dull
* Streak is white.
* Composition = Al2Ai4O10(OH)2
* Mohs Hardness = 1.0 - 2.0
* Density = 2.6 - 2.9 g/ml
* Refractive Index = 1.53; 1.58; 1.60
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Pyrophyllite
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 643
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: pyrophyllite" [Accessed December 4, 2001]. (tech info)
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophyllite (Accessed Sept. 14, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Pyrosol

== Description ==
A dispersion of microscopic metallic particles in a glass or ceramic matrix. The finely divided metallic particles, such as gold, silver or copper, produce visible colors. Examples are gold ruby glass made by the dispersion of colloidal gold and copper ruby glass made with copper or copper oxide. The particles must be big enough to produce color but small enough that the light is not than reflected by the metal. Some glass, such as aventurine, has larger metallic particles which produce a metallic sheen or sparkle effect.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
gold ruby glass; copper ruby glass
Category:Materials database
Pyroxene

== Description ==
One of the major classes of silicate minerals. Pyroxenes, in general, a series of doubly hydrated silicates usually containing either calcium, magnesium, or iron. They are distinguished from amphiboles, a second major class, by their cleavage planes. Amphiboles have cleavage angles of 56 and 124 degrees while pyroxenes have cleavage angles of 5 and 93 degrees. Pyroxenes are commonly found in both igneous and metamorphic rocks. Examples of some augite, enstatite, diopside, pyroxenite, jadeite, spudomene, and rhodonite.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pyroxenite; Pyroxen (Deut.); piroxeno (Esp.);pyroxène (Fr.); pyroxenen (Ned.); pirokseny (Pol.); piroxena (Port.); pyroxeen (Ned.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxene (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005)
Category:Materials database
Pyroxylin

== Description ==
A general term used for cellulose nitrate formulated with less than 12.5% nitrogen. At this low nitrogen concentration, it was not explosive. Pyroxylin was most often used in lacquer formulations, generically named collodion. At the London Exposition in 1852, Alexander Parkes first exhibited a cellulose nitrate lacquer he called Parkesine . He later patented his production process in 1855. It was used for small objects, such as jewelry, buttons, fountain pens, and brush handles. The Parkesine Company failed after a few years and was acquired by the British Xylonite company in 1875, which produced pyroxylin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cellulose nitrate; collodion; Parkesine; celluloid; loalin; French ivory; pyralin cellulose nitrate; collodion; Parkesine; loalin; French ivory; pyralin; piroxilina (Esp.);
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 171
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* History of Plastics: www.nswpmith.com.au/historyofplastics.html (exhibited at 1852 London exposition, patented in 1856)
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxylin (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Pyrrhotite

== Description ==
A bronze-like mineral composed of iron sulfide. Pyrrhotite is slightly magnetic and tarnishes with time. It occurs near pyrite (iron disulfide), chalcopyrite, or magnetite deposits. Pyrrhotite has been found in Rumania (Kisbanya), Austria, Italy (Trentino), Germany (Saxony, Bavaria, Andreas-Berg), Switzerland, Norway (Kongsberg), Sweden, Brazil, Canada (Bristish Columbia, Ontario), Mexico (Chihuahua) and the U.S. (Maine, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, California).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
magnetic pyrite
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Fracture = uneven
* Luster = metallic 
* Streak = grayish-black 
* Slightly magnetic 
* Tarnish = dark brown
Composition 	Fe(1-x)Sx e.g., Fe5S6
Mohs Hardness	3.5 - 4.5
Density 	4.58-4.64 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Pyrrhotite
* Wikipedia: Pyrrhotite Accessed Dec 2022
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 541
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "pyrrhotite" [Accessed December 11, 2001]
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
Category:Materials database
Pyruvic acid

== Description ==
A colorless liquid with a smell similar to acetic acid. Pyruvic acid is an intermediate compound produced by the aerobic metabolism of glucose (glycolysis). It is a key component in several biochemical pathways.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
2-oxopropanoic acid (IUPAC); acetylformic acid; pyroracemic acid; 2- ketopropionic acid
==Risks ==
* ThermoFisher: SDS
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Miscible in water, ethanol and ether.
Composition 	C3H4O3
CAS 	127-17-3
Melting Point 	11.18 C
Density 	1.250 g/ml
Molecular Weight	88.06
Boiling Point 	165 C
==Resources and Citations==
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 7925
* Wikipedia: Pyruvic acid (accessed Jan 6, 2009)
Category:Materials database
Python

== Description ==
A large, nonvenomous snake (family Pythonidae) native to India, Africa, southeast Asia, Australia, and the East Indies. Pythons can grown in length to 10 meters. They kill by constriction. Pythons have been hunted to near the point of extinction for their meat and skins. Their leather has been used for cases, purses, shoes, and decoration. Similar large snakes include the boa and the anaconda (both of thefamily Boidae and native to central and South America).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
boa constrictor; anaconda
== Resources and Citations ==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "python" [Accessed 25 Jan. 2006].
* Wikipedia,: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python (Accessed Jan. 25, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Q-tips

== Description ==
A trademark for a cotton tipped applicator stick. Q-tip® brand swabs are stiff plastic tubes approximately 10 cm long and 1 mm in diameter with cotton wrapped ends.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cotton swabs; cotton bud (Br.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Product Information Comment: Box gives brand name with plural and lower case t
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Website: www.hants.org.uk/museums/ofr/cmeth_t.html - cotton bud
Category:Materials database
Qiana

== Description ==
[DuPont] A former registered trademark for a silk-like nylon fabric composed of PACM-12 fibers. Qiana was first introduced in 1968. However, that fiber is no longer produced and the name is currently used at DuPont for a certification mark for any fabrics reaching a set standard. Qiana fabric had the look and feel of silk but could be machine washed. It was resistant to abrasion and most chemicals.
For Qiana fiber identification, see http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Category:FRIL:_Qiana_Nylon
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
quiana; nylon PACM-12
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Tenacity = 3.0-3.5 g/denier
* Elongation = 20.30%
* Moisture regain = 2.0-2.5%
* Melting Point = 275
* Density = 1.03
== Resources and Citations ==
* Marjory L. Joseph, Introductory Textile Science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Fort Worth, TX, 1986
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:II Man-made Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Website: www.straw.com/sig/dyehist - 1968
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 723
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Website: www.astm.org - gives as registered trademark
Category:Materials database
Quadrille paper

== Description ==
A type of graphing paper with a faint grid patterned in ink or with a watermark. Quadrille paper has an even density on all its grid lines.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cross section paper; graph paper; papier quadrillé (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Quagga

== Description ==
A partially striped wild horse, Equus quagga, native to southern Africa, that became extinct near the end of the 19th century. Quagga skin was used to produce an imitation sealskin leather. As DNA tests recently proved the quagga was actually a variant of the plains zebra, recent effors to 'breed-bac' the species have been positive. There are hopes to eventually release the new variat into the wild. There are 23 known specimens of stuffed and mounted quagga in the world. Okapi have the opposite markings with a solid color head and chest while the rear and legs are striped.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
kwagga; okapi; kvagga (Ces., Sven.); Quagga (Deut., Esp., It., Port.); quaggazebra (Ned.); kwagga (Pol.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quagga (accessed Mar. 10, 2006)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Qualitative

== Description ==
Analysis used to determine what kind of material is present. Any technique that is soley qualitative can identify or classify a material, but not measure the amount of material present. Mesurement techniques are quantitative.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
qualitativ (Deut.); qualitative (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Quantitative

== Description ==
Analysis used to determine how much of material is present. Quantitative techniques measure the amount of material present and may also provide qualitative (identification) information.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
quantitativ (Deut.); quantitative (Fr.); measurement; quantity
==Resources and Citations==
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative (accessed Mar. 10, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Quantofix test sticks

== Description ==
[Aldert Chemicals, Ontario] A registered trademark for a series of ion indicating papers. Quantofix® test sticks are available for testing aluminum, ammonium, ascorbic acid, calcium, chloride, cobalt, copper, cyanide, formaldehyde, iron, nickel, nitrate/nitrite, peroxide, phosphate, potassium, sulfate, sulfite, tin, zinc, and hardness. Quantofix® sulfite ion test papers have been used for the detection of gas phase sulfur dioxide pollutants (Waller 1999). The reaction color of the test papers fade with time and at low pH levels.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Quantofix test strips; sulfite ion test paper
==Resources and Citations==
* Aldert Chemicals: Website
* R. Waller, K.Andrew, J.Tetreault, "Survey of Gaseous Pollutant Concentration Distributions in Mineral Collections" Collection Forum, 14(1-2):1-32, 2000.
Category:Materials database
Quarrel

== Description ==
1) A small diamond-shaped pane of glass used in lattice windows. 
2) A crossbow bolt due to its a square shaped head.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Wikipedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com
Category:Materials database
Quarry water

== Description ==
Native water in that is present in some dimension stones, such as limestone and sandstone, when they are cut from the quarry. The quarry water evaporates after quarrying, making the stone harder and more durable.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
quarry sap; água de pedreira (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Quarter-wave plate

== Description ==
A thin crystalline birefringent plate, usually made from mica, cut such that its optical axis is parallel to the front and back surfaces. Quarter-wave plates are used as a compensator in microscopic analysis to produce a retardation of approximately 90 degrees or first order gray. Linearly polarized light which strikes the plate will be converted to elliptically polarized light and conversely elliptically polarized light will be converted to linearly polarized light.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Lambda-Viertel-Platte (Deut.); quarter wave plate
== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Light." Accessed 17 Jan. 2004.
* Website: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/quarwv.html
Category:Materials database
Quartz fiber

== Description ==
Pure silica fibers made by extruding molten quartz through a stream of hot air. Quartz fibers were made by M. Gaudin in France in 1838 and were used in the construction of delicate balances. Quartz fibers have excellent heat resistance and high dielectric strength.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
quartz fibre (Br.); silica fiber; fibre de quartz (Fr.); Quarzwolle (Deut.)fiber
== Risks ==
Nonflammable
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Diameter is 0.7-10 micrometers. 
* Nearly 100% recovery from elastic deformation. 
* Moisture regain = 0
Melting Point	1710-1755 C
Density 	2.6 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* G.Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:II. Man-made Fibres, 5th edition, Merrow Publishing Co., Durham, England, 1984.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 646
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
Category:Materials database
Quartz glass

== Description ==
Pure quartz that has been melted then cooled to form a vitreous material. Quartz glass, or fused quartz, has excellent thermal stability and can withstand large or rapid temperature changes without shattering. It can be used continuously at temperature up to 1000C (1830F), while normal glass devitrifies at about 600C (1100F). Fused quartz transmits ultraviolet and infrared radiation better than glass and is used for glass cuvettes in ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometers. Fused quartz is also used for glass fibers, fabrics, optical glass, crucibles, and glass tubes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
fused quartz; fused silica; verre de quartz (Fr.); kwartsglas (Ned.); vidro de quartzo (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 645
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Quartz lamp

== Description ==
1) An incandescent lamp that uses a quartz bulb, rather than glass. Quartz bulbs generally use a tungsten filament but run at a higher color temperature than glass bulbs. Thus they have very good color rendering properties. Quartz bulbs are often used for photography. Tungsten-halogen bulbs are quartz lights that contain a small amount of iodine which extends the life of the bulb. Quartz transmits the ultraviolet radiation well and thus emits greater UV light than glass bulbs. 
2) A lamp that contains an ultraviolet light source, such as mercury vapor, enclosed in a fused quartz bulb. See mercury vapor lamp.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
quartz light
==Resources and Citations==
* Marjorie Shelley, The Care and Handling of Art Objects, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
Category:Materials database
Quartz paper

== Description ==
A felted paper made from quartz fibers. The quartz fibers are mixed with clay, such as bentonite, then dispersed on a paper-making machine to form a matted surface bound by clay, Quartz paper is used for electrical insulation. It has high dielectric strength and can withstand temperatures to 1700C (3000F)(Brady 1971)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ceramic paper
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 646
Category:Materials database
Quartz wedge

== Description ==
A quartz birefringent compensator plate used in microscopic analysis to provide a gradual change in retardation. Quartz wedges show several orders of retadation colors as illustrated by the Michel Levy chart of retardation colors and birefringence.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Quarzkeil (Deut.); coin de quartz (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* Website: http://www.charfac.umn.edu/glossary/Q.html
Category:Materials database