nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Adaptation

Adaptation is an externally or internally developed characteristic that helps the individual organisms to survive and reproduce. It is essential to natural selection and evolution because it one of the ways organisms respond to a changing environment. A well-known example of adaptation involves the development of resistance to certain antibiotics by a strain of bacteria.Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
For adaptation to occur, the genetic code must be malleable - that is, the DNA gets changed, for better or for worse, by mutation: processes including horizontal gene transfer, copying errors and translocation.
==Failures==
Adaptation is not always successful. Often times, the environment changes too rapidly to allow for adaptation. For example, if the population of a predator within an ecosystem increases, its prey may be wiped out before it can adapt. One well-known example was the dodo, which, if it could have adapted to protect itself from bullets and bayonets, might not be extinct.
The platypus, a creature whose very existence disproves the creation of god, is an example of failed adaptation. Its adaptation was so incredibly screwed up, that it has been uniquely classified by science as a "semi-aquatic mammal endemic", which in simpler terms means that it's a fish beaver duck.
==References==
Category:Biology
Category:Evolution
Adaptogen

An adaptogen is a magic herb that has the "ability to balance endocrine hormones"Some site full of woo (whatever that means). They can separate the gullible from some cash they could use to buy something useful, like coffin nails, by exercising a claimed: "normalizing influence on physiology, irrespective of the direction of change from physiological norms caused by the stressor" over them.
==See also==
*Herbal supplements
*Vitamin
*Woo
==References==
category:woo
Category:Alternative medicine
Category:Herbal medicine
Adbusters

Adbusters is an anti-capitalist, environmentalist group that was founded in 1989 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada by by (a former marketing CEO) and Bill Schmalz. They publish a magazine that subsists entirely on subscriptions and newsstand sales, no advertising. They are the creators of Buy Nothing Day and were one of the early instigators of Occupy Wall Street.The Branding of the Occupy Movement by William Yardley (Nov. 27, 2011) New York Times (archived from January 1, 2019).
While a darling of sorts among its target audience, Adbusters isn't without serious criticism. The magazine's self-professed radicalism tends to translate into confrontational (if not incendiary) statements, though not always for the right reasons; it got the ire of the Anti-Defamation League for instance over articles critical on Israel that also border on Anti-Semitism.The War Against Too Much of Everything by Jeff Sommer (December 22, 2012) The New York Times (archived from January 1, 2013). That same mentality has also led to the group getting away with endorsing both dubious populist groups (like Beppe Grillo's 5-Star Movement) and crank ideas such as mental pollution while flaunting anarchist, socialist and situationist pretensions.Jacobin Magazine: Adbusted 28 October 2013
In addition, there's the group's confusing double standard of decrying capitalistic brands while encouraging people to buy their own. As Joseph Heath and Andrew Potter put it, Adbusters' method of rebellion "is not a threat to the system — it is the system."
==Buy Nothing Day==
Buy Nothing Day is a day of protest founded by the Adbusters movement. As the name implies, it is a day during which participants refrain from making purchases in order to protest consumption and commercialization. In the UK participants in Buy Nothing Day are advised to be nice to shoppers and reminded that "Ultimately, shoppers won't listen if you treat them like the enemy."Buy Nothing Day Toolkit
In the U.S., Buy Nothing Day occurs on "Black Friday", the day after Thanksgiving, traditionally the start of the Christmas shopping season and the biggest shopping day of the year. It is held on the following Saturday in the rest of the world. 
Buy Nothing Day is a part of the international communist atheist pagan furry homosexual War on Christmas.
==See also==
*Earth Hour
==External links==
*Adbusters.org
*Adbusters: Buy Nothing Day.
*Oh the irony
==References==
Category:Left-wing activists
Category:Political action groups
Category:Canada
Addicted to Hate

"Addicted to Hate" is an exposé of the Westboro Baptist Church, and its pastor, Fred Phelps. It is written from the point of view of people who have been kicked out of escaped the evil clutches of the Westboro Baptist Church, and details just how much of a monster someone can become when they put their ideology/god(s) above their fellow human beings. It also details just how much of a monster someone who is possibly just plain insane can become.
The document was compiled by reporter Jon Michael Bell in 1994, commissioned by the Topeka Capital-Journal. When the newspaper refused to publish it, Bell filed a lawsuit for money he was due, which included a detailed account of his investigations; the full text of this was entered into the public record. The newspaper tried to prevent distribution of the document, and published its own redacted version, but the full document rapidly spread online under the title "Addicted to Hate".Addicted to Hate, Skeptic Tank, 1994, accessed 1 April 2019Hate, American Style, Wired, July 1997
==Fred Phelps causing harm to people==
Near the beginning of the piece, Fred Phelps's possibly world record-setting beatings of his wife and kids are discussed. Later, the piece details the emotional breaking down of a Phelps boy's girlfriend, Debbie Valgos, by Fred Phelps, which eventually led to her going downhill until her death from a drug overdose.
==External links==
*http://blank.org/addict/ Read it and prepare to be greatly saddened. If you had ANY tiny amount of sympathy for the Westboro Baptist Church organization, and/or Fred Phelps, before reading this entire piece, it will be completely vaporized, if you have an ounce of compassion for the many human beings that he and his cult/church have harmed.
*Copy at the Skeptic Tank, for those who don't like the formatting on the above site.
==References==
Category:Websites
Adenosine triphosphate

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is an organic compound composed of adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP serves as the major energy source within the cell to drive a number of biological processes such as photosynthesis, muscle contraction, and the synthesis of proteins. It is broken down by hydrolysis to yield adenosine diphosphate (ADP), inorganic phosphorus, and energy. ADP can be further broken down to yield adenosine monophosphate (AMP), additional phosphorus, and more energy. When the phosphorus and energy are immediately used to drive other reactions, such as the synthesis of uridine diphosphate (UDP), an RNA precursor, from uridine monophosphate (UMP), the pair of reactions are said to be coupled. New ATP is produced from AMP using the energy released from the breakdown of fuel molecules, such as fats and sugars. 
Extracellularly, ATP has been found to act as a neurotransmitter. ATP receptors are widespread through the body. Often released in tandem with other neurotransmitters, by itself ATP is known to have effects in the arteries, intestines, lungs, and bladder. 
==Structure==
The structure of ATP has an ordered carbon compound as a backbone, but the part that is really critical is the phosphorous part — the triphosphate. Three phosphorous groups are connected by oxygen atoms to each other, and there are also side oxygens connected to the phosphorous atoms. Under the normal conditions in the body, each of these oxygens has a negative charge, and the negative charges repel each other. These bunched up negative charges that are forced together in the molecule represent a great deal of potential energy waiting to be released.
Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP), which is ATP with two of the phosphate groups removed, is also known as the "A nucleotide" in DNA.
==See also==
*Molecular biology
Category:Biochemistry
Category:Molecular biology
Adi Da

:
Adi Da, born Franklin Albert Jones was a guru/mystic/writer/artist born in Queens, New York.
He gained fame as part of the spiritual counterculture movement in the 1970s, writing 75 books, as well as lecturing, the new religious movement he established being called Adidam.Georg Feuerstein, The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice, p. 25. Some followers reported having profound metaphysical experiences in Adi Da's presence, attributing these phenomena to his spiritual power.Feuerstein, "Holy Madness", (1992), p. 84. Other followers remained skeptical, witnessing nothing supernatural. He was also known, for various shorter times, as Bubba Ho-Tep, Bubba Free John, Da Free John, Da Love-Ananda, Da Kalki, Da Avadhoota, Da Avabhasa, Adi Da Love-Ananda Samraj amongst other names. 
A main teaching was that "'ego'—the presumption of a separate self—is an illusion," rendering futile efforts to connect with divine truths from the traditional theistic stance of separateness. Adi Da declared himself a unique spiritual avatar, and you can only achieve enlightenment by following him and his Generic Eastern-ish Religion. His teachings were almost exclusively "Divine Self-Revelation" with "no outside sources" — which some would take as code for PIDOOMA.
He was also criticized for perceived isolationism, and controversial behavior. Although he died in 2008 leaving an undetermined number of followers, you can still buy his DVDs for the neat and tidy sum of $26.95. Allegations of sexual misconduct in the mid-1980s were met with countersuits, resulting in dismissal or settlement of the claims.
==External links==
*Official website
*Adi Da Art
*http://www.adidaupclose.org/ News and personal perspectives
==References==
Category:Cult leaders
Admiralty law

Admiralty law or maritime law is a body of common law and statutory law primarily concerned with private commercial maritime activities. Maritime law covers controversies arising on the sea as well as controversies arising on land that are directly related to maritime activities, such as torts, contracts, passenger travel, and shipping. Admiralty law may apply to such controversies arising between domestic as well as international parties.
Under Article III, Section 2 of the United States Constitution, as implemented by 28 USC § 1333, federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over cases and controversies arising under admiralty law. That is, no state court may exercise subject matter jurisdiction over any admiralty case. It is, however, very common that parties will submit maritime controversies to private arbitration, usually in England. England is also the forum for the greatest majority of international maritime litigation in court.
==Sovereign ship-izen==
Some sovereign citizens claim that, originally, the United States government used "common law". However, during the shift away from the gold standard, the government was secretly changed over to admiralty law by sinister forces.SOVEREIGN CITIZENS MOVEMENT
Because the United States now bases the value of its currency in the "full faith and credit" of the United States, these sovereign citizens further believe that, effectively, the government has pledged its citizens as collateral. At birth, the government creates an ALL-CAPS version of you ("JOHN DOE" versus "John Doe") and places tons of money in a fund under the CAPS-YOU's name. By doing so, it has divided your rights between you and CAPS-YOU. Because legal documents commonly use ALL CAPS for names, these sovereign citizens believe that stuff like your bills, your taxes, your court records, and so on actually pertain to CAPS-YOU, rather than you.
Since none of this stuff applies to you (it applies to CAPS-YOU), once you just separate the CAPS-YOU from you, then you don't actually need to pay taxes, go to jail, pay bills, etc., because you have broken out of the evil admiralty law system that controls CAPS-YOU! More importantly, by filing a bunch of legal-sounding documents, you can tap into CAPS-YOU's secret Treasury account for your own purposes. 
This is all great, except for the fact that it's complete nonsense.
==UK==
Maritime or admiralty law as a magic get-out-of-jail-free card has also cropped up in the United Kingdom, again closely associated with Freemen on the land and other pseudolaw. This manifests in scenes such as a party to a case entering court and asking the judge: "We claim common law jurisdiction before we enter this vessel ... do we have an accord?" because a court is a boat.Crazy constitutionalism, Andrew Le Sueur, UK Constitutional Law Association, July 22, 2011
==References==
Category:Law
Category:Pseudolaw
Advertising Standards Authority

The Advertising Standards Authority is the UK advertising industry's self-regulatory body, dealing with misleading advertising in the UK so as to head off more stringent government regulation. Surprisingly, it actually works really well.
An ASA ruling has no direct legal force. However, being ruled against and then defying the ruling makes a conviction under trading standards regulations almost a slam-dunk.
It is a particular delight when dealing with the claims of alternative medicine woomeisters, and getting them to stop claiming dangerous rubbish.http://www.skepticat.org/2014/03/truth-about-the-asa/ The Nightingale Collaboration in particular has used ASA complaints about quacks to great effect.http://www.nightingale-collaboration.org/results/advertising-standards-authority.html
There is an equivalent Irish body, ASAI (Advertising Standards Authority for Ireland),http://www.asai.ie/ which was similarly set up by the advertising industry and is similarly harsh on bad alternative medicine claims.https://www.irishtimes.com/news/consumer/complaint-upheld-against-homeopath-who-said-she-could-treat-symptoms-of-autism-1.3130152
== External links ==
* Home page
== References ==
Category:Advertising
Category:United Kingdom
Affirmations and Denials Essential to a Consistent Christian (Biblical) Worldview

A rebuttal to "Affirmations and Denials Essential to a Consistent Christian (Biblical) Worldview", published in an appendix to the book Coming to Grips with Genesis: Biblical Authority and the Age of the Earth. Both the book and this document are promoted by Answers in Genesis.
__NOTOC__
==Introduction==
==Affirmations/Denials==
===1===
===2===
===3===
===4===
===5===
===6===
===7===
===8===
===9===
===10===
===11===
===12===
==Conclusion==
==References==
Category:Answers in Genesis
Category:Side-by-side articles
Category:Refutations
Category:Creationism
Affirmative action president

Affirmative Action President (AAP) is a term that implies that the President of the United States was elected largely because of "affirmative action" -- meaning that they were chosen because of their nonwhite race, nonmale gender, etc.
Conservapedia claims to have coined Conservapedia: Affirmative Action President on 25 January 2008 regarding Barack Obama running for the office of President of the United States of America. Of course, they didn't; it was coined in 2001 regarding George W. Bush.
==Definition==
Andrew Schlafly defines AAP in Conservapedia:
==Original usage==
The term originally appeared in newspaper print approximately 7 years earlier. A Chicago Tribune op-ed published on February 7, 2001, titled, "The Affirmative Action President's Dilemma," shows that in recent history, Daniel Wilkins, at that time a law professor and director of the legal profession program at Harvard Law School, is the one who coined the term while referring to president George W. Bush, and referring to his entrance into Yale through his father's alumnus status.Wilkins, David B. "The Affirmative-action President's Dilemma." Chicago Tribune: February 7, 2001.
===Subsequent usage===
Conservapedia incorrectly boasts it was the first to coin the phrase, which was picked up by Michael SavageSavage: "America's not ready for an affirmative action presidency". Media Matters: February 4, 2008. Excerpted from the February 1, 2008 edition of The Savage Nation. ten days later and WorldnetdailyFarah, Joseph. "The affirmative-action president." WorldNetDaily: March 12, 2008. the month after that. Please refer to the above section for the first usage of the term, which occurred approximately 7 years earlier, in an op-ed referring to George W. Bush.
On Feb. 4, 2008, Savage said on his radio program:
Even better, WND said:
==References==
Category:Propaganda
Category:United States politics
Category:Conservapedia
Category:Racism
Category:Sexism
Category:Homophobia
Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise

An affirmative conclusion from a negative premise (also illicit negative) occurs when a categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but one or two negative premises.
It is a syllogistical fallacy and a formal fallacy.
==Forms==
An affirmative conclusion from a negative premise can take three forms:
First form: (single "not", second premise)
Second form: (single "not", first premise)
Third form (called "exclusive premises"): (double "not")
===Legitimate use===
It is acceptable to have an affirmative premise and a negative premise as long as the conclusion is negative. The only problem is when the conclusion is positive. Two examples make this clear:
Negative conclusion:
Positive conclusion:Affirmative conclusion from negative premises Debate Logic (archived from February 22, 2016).
==Problem==
The fallacy is invalid because any valid categorical syllogism with one (or more) negative premise(s) must have a negative conclusion.
==Examples==
::The exclusion of 'humans' from the 'birds' category gives no reason to include humans in the 'reptile' category. It is easily proven false by finding an example that disproves the conclusion, but doesn't invalidate the premises, such as finding a human that isn't a reptile.
==See also==
*Negative conclusion from affirmative premises, in which a syllogism is invalid because the conclusion is negative yet the premises are affirmative
==External links==
*
*
*Fallacy of Exclusive Premises — Fallacy Files
*Exclusive Premises — Logically Fallacious
*Syllogistic Fallacies: Affirmative Conclusions from a Negative Premiss, Philosophy.Lander.edu
==References==
Category:Formal fallacies
Affirming the consequent

Affirming the consequent (or fallacious modus ponens) is a logical fallacy confusing the directionality of if-then propositions, and named after the consequent in the conditional statement (Q in "if P, then Q"). 
The fallacy is a formal fallacy.
==Form==
In formal terms, the fallacious argument is stated as \left(P\rightarrow Q\right), Q \vDash P.
==Variants==
===Converting a Conditional===
Converting a conditional occurs when the components of a compound if statement are switched.
===False Conversion===
This assumes that since all members of one group are part of a second group, all members of the second group must be part of the first group.
Examples:
===Kafkatrapping===
This is where a person's denial of being involved in a wrongdoing is used as further evidence of that wrongdoing taking place. These kinds of unfalsifiable accusations were commonplace during the times of McCarthyism and the witch hunts, and are especially popular among conspiracy theorists.
The form goes as follows: 
Pointing out that guilty people usually plead innocent only shows that the accused could theoretically be guilty, not that they are. As always, the burden of proof lies on the person making the claim.
===If and only if===
Within logic the bi-conditional variant of affirming the consequent is technically non-fallacious (though it can be argued that it is not truly affirming the consequent to begin with). This takes the form of.... 
This is valid because the phrase "A if and only if B" is really equivalent to "If A then B and If B then A" . So the "consequent" in this case is also a type of antecedent making the inference one of modus ponens.
==Explanation==
Affirming the consequent is related to the generic phrase that "all X are Y, but not all Y are X" in that the formal fallacy fails to recognise the "not all Y are X" part. Its statistical equivalent is confusion of the inverse, where two conditional probabilities are mistaken to be equal when this is not necessarily true.
As a formal fallacy, it is an error in the underlying logic of an argument or proposition and, similar to how denying the antecedent can be remedied, is corrected by replacing the directional condition "if" with the bidirectional equivalence of the "if and only if" statement or softening the conclusion to assert P as merely probable given Q. This would mean that P necessitates Q and, equally, Q necessitates P. While this will correct the formal logic and the hypothetical assertions made, it can still form a not even wrong argument if the "if and only if" premise happens to be not well founded.
==Examples==
===Conditional===
==See also==
* Non sequitur
*Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
*Causalation
*Denying the antecedent
*Modus ponens
==External links==
*
*"Affirming the consequent", "Commuting a Conditional", Fallacy Files
*"Affirmation of the consequent","Converting a conditional", Secular Web
==Notes==
Category:Formal fallacies
Afrikaner

Afrikaners are a white minority ethnic group in South Africa. Afrikaners are descended primarily from Dutch settlers. French Huguenots and other Protestants appear in the mix as well; whether the Jewish minority of Afrikaans language is part of the Afrikaner group depends on whom you ask. These people colonized the Cape of Good Hope in the 1600s-1700s; likewise, their language, Afrikaans, is a descendent of the Dutch language, with which it is mostly mutually intelligible.
Afrikaners have historically dominated South Africa's politics, economy, and society. Afrikaner nationalist politicians were responsible for South Africa's policy of apartheid (literally, apart-hood), a legally codified system of racial segregation which became the defining feature of South Africa's modern history. Since the country's first multiracial elections in 1994, the vast majority of Afrikaners have integrated into South Africa's multiracial society, but their status as the historical "oppressors" has made their legacy a touchy subject. A portion of the Afrikaner population is politically aligned with the ruling and highly corrupt African National Congress, but most vote with the Democratic Alliance, a very moderate center-right party also popular among South Africa's other non-black ethnic groups and some blacks, and the only party other than the ANC to hold a majority in any provincial legislature. A tiny (but very vocal) minority of Afrikaners continue to espouse white nationalism, supremacism, or separatism. The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging ("Afrikaner Resistance Movement") is a far-right militia that was led by embodying this concept. These are the people who give all Afrikaners a bad name. 
==See also==
*South African genocide conspiracy
*Geloftevolk
Category:Ethnic groups
Category:Netherlands
Category:Slavery
Category:South Africa