nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Blacking

== Description ==
Any black mixture used for darkening stoves or shoes. Blacking usually contained a carbon black pigment such as lampblack.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
blackening; Zebrite
==Resources and Citations==
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Blackstrap molasses

== Description ==
A viscous dark syrup remaining after cane sugar processing extracts purified sugar crystals. Blackstrap molasses may contain as much as 10% inorganics and 30% sucrose. Commercially, molasses is used for flavoring, cattle feed and the manufacture of ethanol. It was also added to some lining formulations as a humectant.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
melaza residual (Esp.)
== Risks ==
Susceptible to biodeterioration.
==Resources and Citations==
* Paul Ackroyd "Glue-Paste Lining of Paintings: An Evaluation of Some Additive Materials" ICOM Edinburgh, 1996, p.231-238.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 779
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: Entry 1348
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Blackthorn

== Description ==
A spiny shrub, Prunus spinosa, native to Europe. Blackthorns produce a bluish-black fruit that was used in an ink recipe written by Theophilus in De Diversis Artibus (Kuhn 1986).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
black thorn; sloe; pear haw
==Resources and Citations==
* Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:Wood anatomy of central European Species: Stone Fruit: Blackthorn,Prunus spinosa L.
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Blackthorn." Accessed 6 May 2004.
Category:Materials database
Bladder

== Description ==
A tough proteinaceous membrane that serves as a receptacle for air or liquid. Isinglass, a high quality glue, is made from the swim bladders of Russian sturgeon. Additionally, animal bladders were used from the mid 17th century for storing and dispensing prepared paint media (Mayer 1969). By the mid-18th century, commercial artist paint manufacturers switched to refillable brass tubes, then soon after to collapsible tin tubes.
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Blanc fixe

== Description ==
A synthetic white pigment prepared from precipitated barium sulfate. Blanc fixe is a fine powder that was manufactured and sold as a permanent, stable white pigment from about the 1820s. The pure white powder is transparent when used as a filler or base for lake pigments. The reproducible whiteness of high purity, synthetic barium sulfate has led to its use in the standard white tiles for reflectance spectrophotometry. In photography, barium sulfate is used as the white base for color prints because it provides good transparency as a dye base thus producing true colors.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
barium sulfate; Pigment White 21; CI 77120; Barytweiss (Deut.); blanco fijo (Esp.); sulfate de baryum (Fr.); bianco fisso (It.); baryta white; mineral white; enamel white; permanent white; constant white;
== Risks ==
Nonpoisonous
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Density 	4.36 g/ml
Refractive Index	1.62 - 1.64
==Microscopic Properties==
In plane polarized light, the synthetic variety appears as fine grained, colorless particles that have a rounded or bacterioid shape. Relief is low, since the RI is close to 1.622. Under crossed-polars, birefringence is low with first-order grays observed. Very fine particles may appear isotropic. 
== Resources and Citations ==
* R. Feller, "Barium Sulfate", Artists Pigments, Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, 1986.
* Eastaugh, N., et. al. The Pigment Compendium: a Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments, Butterworth-Hienemann, 2008
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 84
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
Category:Materials database
Blanching

== Description ==
A lightened or whitish area in a paint or varnish layer. Blanching is not a surface phenomenon like bloom, but rather due to microscopic defects (voids, granules, etc.) that develop within a film layer as it ages. The defects can scatter light making the affected area appear lighter than the surrounding areas.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
blanch
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Richard Buck, Inspecting and Describing the Condition of Art Objects, Museum Registration Methods, AAM, Washington DC, 1979
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Blancophor R

== Description ==
A fluorescent dye for cellulose, protein, nylon, wool, and paper. Blancophor has a mean excitation wavelength of 365 nm (ultraviolet) and a mean emission wavelength of 460 nm (Wolbers et al., 1990).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
stilbene isothiosulfonic acid (SITS); Fluorescent Brightener 30; CI 40600
==Risks==
* NIH: Information page
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 474
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
Category:Materials database
Bleached beeswax

== Description ==
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|MFA- Beeswax, bleached.jpg~FTIR]]]
Beeswax whose color has been lighten by exposure to light and air or with chemicals (ozone, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, etc.). Bleached beeswax is usually more dense and brittle than unrefined wax. 
See also beeswax.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
white beeswax; white wax; cera alba; cera de abejas blanqueada (Esp.); cera alba (Esp.); cire d'abeille blanche (Fr.); cera d'api decolorata (It) 
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: C.Harley "Wax"
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Bleaching agent

== Description ==
A solution or additive used to lighten or whiten another material. Bleaching agents are usually chemicals that oxidize or reduce impurities and colorants in the treated material. Sun exposure has been used since ancient times in Egypt, China and the Middle East to bleach fibers and fabrics. In the 18th century, solutions of potash, lye, or sulfuric acid were used for bleaching. The whitening properties of chlorine products were published in 1789 by French chemist Claude Berthollet. In 1799, the Scottish scientist, Charles Tennant, introduced a dry mixture chlorine and slaked lime called bleaching powder. It was the primary bleaching agent until 1925 when liquid chlorine bleaches (sodium hypochlorite) were introduced. See oxidizing bleach, reducing bleach, and optical bleach.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bleach; chloramine T; Clorox; ammonia; oxalic acid; chlorine dioxide; formaldehyde; hydrogen peroxide; potassium metabisulfite; sodium chlorate; sodium chlorite; sodium hypochlorite; sodium peroxide; sodium perborate; sodium bisulfite; sodium borohydride; peracetic acid
== Risks ==
* Most bleaches are toxic by ingestion and will cause irritation on skin contact. 
* Chlorine bleaches will release highly toxic chlorine gas when mixed with acids, ammonia or when heated.
==Resources and Citations==
* B.K.Easton, "Textile Bleaching in the U.S." Ciba-Geigy Review 3:2-32, 1971.
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Boise Cascade Paper Group, The Paper Handbook, Boise Cascade, Portland OR, 1989
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Bleach." Accessed 7 Sept. 2004. Claude Berthollet discovered bleaching with chlorine in 1785.
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Judith H. Hofenk de Graaff, The Colourful Past: Origins, Chemistry, and Identification of Natural Dyestuffs, Archetype, London, 2004 Comment: Claude Berthollet published his work in 1789 on the bleaching effect of chlorine
Category:Materials database
Bleaching liquor

== Description ==
An aqueous solution of a bleaching agent, such as sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite. Liquid chlorine bleaches were introduced about 1925. See for example javelle water, or Clorox®.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
javelle water; eau de javel; Clorox; liquified chlorine
== Resources and Citations ==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
Category:Materials database
Bleaching powder

== Description ==
Common name for calcium hypochlorite. Bleaching powder was introduced in 1799. It was prepared by the reaction of chlorine gas on slaked lime which resulted in an impure lime, chlorinated mixture containing calcium hypochlorite and calcium chloride. Bleaching powder was the primary bleaching agent until 1925 when liquid chlorine bleaches (sodium hypochlorite) were introduced.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
chloride of lime; chlorinated lime; calcium oxychloride; calcium hypochlorite; calcium chlorohypychlorite; chemic
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 186
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Website: www.hants.org.uk/museums - conservation termlist
Category:Materials database
Bleed

== Description ==
1) To run together or diffuse. An undesirable phenomenon where dyes, inks, or plasticizers migrate to adjacent regions after application. Contact with water and/or solvents may result in color bleeding.
2) The exudation of sap or resin from a tree or plant.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bleeding; running
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Blend

== Description ==
A uniform material prepared from more than one component. Examples of commonly blended materials are: paints, polymers, fabrics, fertilizers, dyes and solvents.
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
Category:Materials database
Blende

== Description ==
Transparent, gem-quality, yellow, green and brown crystals, commonly called blende, can occur in sphalerite. Blende crystals are mined in Mexico and Spain. They often contain metallic sulfides.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
blenda (Esp., Port.); blende (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Blesbok

== Description ==
An antelope, Damaliscus albifrons, native to South Africa that has curved horns and a white blaze on its face. Blesbok skin has been tanned to produce a coarse-grain leather that imitates sealskin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
blesbock; blesbuck; bontebok
==Resources and Citations==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Blister

== Description ==
A raised bubble or bulge on a laminated or coated surface. A blister may be due to excessive heat, to trapped pockets of air, liquid, or solids, or to insufficient adhesive. Blisters may occur in laminating films, adhering paper or cloth to boards and gluing veneer. Paints, coatings, embedments, and metals can also have blisters when bubbles occur near the surface.
== Additional Images ==
File:Blistering-02_ICOMOS.jpg|BlisteringPhoto credit: C. Jaton
File:Blistering-03_ICOMOS.jpg|BlisteringPhoto credit: E. Hyslop
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Blister copper

== Description ==
An intermediate product in copper smelting. Blister copper is formed when copper sulfide ore has been incompletely reduced to metallic copper. It is approximately 96-99% pure copper and is riddled with bubbles due to escaped sulfur dioxide gas during solidification.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
blinding; cobre "blister" (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Blister glaze

== Description ==
A ceramic glaze with a rough surface due to numerous broken bubbles. Blister glazed are made by mixing a glaze with a compound that will form excessive gas during the firing process. Examples of these compounds include: calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium sulfate, dihydrate, and manganese dioxide.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
glaze blister; vidro "borbulhado" (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Ceramic Materials: http://ceramic-materials.com/cermat/education/112.html
Category:Materials database
Blister pearl

== Description ==
Small hemispherical pearls with one flat side. Blister pearls occur when the pearl is formed between the mussel tissue and the hard outer mollusk shells. Sometimes blister pearl are sliced from a bump in the shell nacre.
==Resources and Citations==
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Pearl." Accessed 13 May 2004.
Category:Materials database
Blister steel

== Description ==
An intermediate product obtained used 19th century techniques for manufacturing steel. Developed in 1830, blister steel was produced by heating wrought iron placed in contact with carbon. The resultant metal, called blister steel, was crystalline and covered in blisters. Shear steel was then produced by cutting and rolling the blister steel sheets together at high temperature.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
shear steel; cement steel; converted steel
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 773
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Block copolymer

== Description ==
A polymer composed of alternating section of two or more different segments. An example is blocks of polyvinyl acetate interspersed with blocks of polyvinyl chloride.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
copolímero en bloque (Esp.); copolimero a blocchi (It.); copolímero de blocos (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
Category:Materials database
Block tin

== Description ==
A pure, solid block of tin. Prior to World War I, corrosion resistant pipes were made from solid tin. After the war, tinplate was more commonly used.
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 809
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Blond shellac

== Description ==
The palest yellow shade of shellac prepared from flakes of bleached lac.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
goma laca rubia (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
Category:Materials database
Blood

== Description ==
The fluid which circulates through the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries of vertebrates. Blood contains plasma, blood cells, and platelets. It transports oxygen and nutrients to the bodies tissues and carries away waste substances. Because blood coagulates and becomes insoluble when exposed to air, it has been used as an adhesive (see blood glue) and paint binder since ancient times. Dried animal blood has also been used for fertilizers and as a nutrient.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
sangre (Esp.); sang (Fr.); sangue (It)
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database