nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
AYAT

== Description ==
[Union Carbide] A brand name for a low-molecular weight thermoplastic polyvinyl acetate resin. AYAT has an average molecular weight of about 167,000. AYAT does not contain any additives.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
European equivalent is Mowilith 60; Vinylite (former name)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in acetone, toluene. 
* Resistant to fats, greases, dilute acids and alkalis.
* Viscosity=23
* Tg = 26 C
==Resources and Citations==
* J. Down, M.MacDonald, J.Te'treault, S.Williams, Adhesive Testing at the Canadian Conservation Institute-An Evaluation of Selected Poly(Vinyl acetate) and Acrylic Adhesives", Studies in Conservation 41:19-44, 1996.
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* C.V.Horie, Materials for Conservation, Butterworth-Heineman, London, 1997
* Conservation Materials Ltd., Catalog
Category:Materials database
Aal

== Description ==
A natural red dye obtained from the roots of Morinda tinctoria and Morinda citrifolia plants native to the East Indies. Aal, or Indian mulberry, contains the colorant morindone. Traditionally, the root was powdered, soaked in a water containing Symplocos bark, then rubbed directly into the fabric (Hofmann 1996).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
aal root; al; suranji; sornajee; morindone; Indian mulberry; Morinda tinctoria; Morinda citrifolia
==Resources and Citations==
* R. Hofmann, "The B³hler Collection of Indonesian Dyeplants" Dyes in History and Archaeology, no. 15, Papers from the 15th annual meeting held in Manchester England, Nov. 1996.
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
Category:Materials database
Aba

== Description ==
1) An undyed, felted wool fabric made in Hungary or Bulgaria.
2) A coarse fabric made from the hair of camels, goats, or sheep. A loose-fitting, traditional Arab garment, also known by the same name, is woven from fabric.
==Resources and Citations==
* Wikipedia: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Aba (Accessed Sept 2, 2004)
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Abacaxi fiber

== Description ==
The Brazilian name for fibers obtained from the leaves of pineapple plants (Tortora and Merkel 1996). 
See piña.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
piña (Esp.); pina; abacaxi fibre; pineapple fiber;
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
Category:Materials database
Abaiser

== Description ==
An archaic name for animal black.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
animal black; ivory black; animal charcoal
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Abalone

== Description ==
The large, shallow shell from an abalone mollusk, genus Haliotis, is a source of mother-of-pearl and blister pearls. Abalone is composed primarily of overlapping crystals of aragonite (calcium carbonate) bound together with chitin. Its iridescent inner surface has been used for ornamentation, inlays, and costume jewelry.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ear shell; ear-shell; ormeau (Fr.); oreille de mer (Fr.); ormier (Fr.); paua (Maori, New Zealand); abulón (Esp.); perlemoen (South Africa); Seeohr (Deut.); Haliotis (Deut.);
== Resources and Citations ==
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abalone (accessed Mar. 2004)
* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
* A. MacGregor, Bone, Antler, Ivory, and Horn, Croom Helm, London, 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Abassi cotton

== Description ==
A variety of pure white Egyptian cotton fiber. Abassi cotton has a silky feel, natural twist and yellowish brown color.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Egyptian cotton; maco cotton; pima cotton
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
fiber length about 3.1 cm (1.25 inch)
==Resources and Citations==
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* A. MacGregor, Bone, Antler, Ivory, and Horn, Croom Helm, London, 1985
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Website: www.fabrics.net
Category:Materials database
Abatement

== Description ==
The reduction or suppression of a hazard to, or below, the level at which it poses a risk. Abatement of toxic and/or damaging materials, such as asbestos, lead paint, or acid fumes, can be done by removal, chemical reaction, or encapsulation of the noxious component. Methods for the abatement of dust during construction include sealing affected areas and minimizing traffic. Additional measures used in exterior areas include spraying loose dirt with water, oil, or magnesium chloride.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Verminderung (Deut.), Senkung (Deut.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Abatia

== Description ==
A black dye obtained from the leaves of the Abatia rugosa plant native to Central and South America.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Abatia rugosa; abatia (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Francis Turner (ed.), Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York City, 3rd edition, 1942
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatia (Accessed Mar. 2004)
Category:Materials database
Abatron fillers

== Description ==
[Abatron, Inc.] A brand name for a line of products sometimes composed of filled epoxies. Abatron products are sold for restoration for building restoration, DIY repairs, potting and encapsulating, OEM, casting and moldmaking, composites, and many other applications. Popular items include epoxy wood repair products, concrete repair products, structural adhesives, and protective coatings.
==Resources and Citations==
* Abatron: Website
* DISTLIST 18:27 Dec, 16 2004 ; www.abatron.com/home019.htm
Category:Materials database
Abbe condenser

== Description ==
A compound lens designed by Ernst Abbe as a substage condenser for transmitted light, brightfield microscopes. An Abbe condenser can consist of one to three lenses providing a combined numerical aperture range of up to 1.3 that makes it useful for medium- to high-magnification objectives. However, the condensers are not suitable for oil immersion objectives (McCrone and Delly 1972). In most cases, the Abbe lens system is not corrected for spherical aberration or chromatic aberration.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Abbe Kondensor (Deut.); condenseur d'Abbe (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972 Comment: Three lens versions give numerical aperture of 1:40
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* ASTM, Standard Terminology of Microscopy, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, E175, 75-78, May 1982
Category:Materials database
Abbey

= Abbey Publications =
"Abbey Publications is a nonprofit corporation set up to encourage preservation of library & archival materials, and the use of lasting materials in the creation of records."(from website)
Web Address 	http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/byorg/abbey/
Postal Address 	Ellen McCrady
Phone 	+1 512 929 3992
Fax 	+1 512 929 3995
Contact 	abbeypub@grandecom.net
Information Online	Bibliographic citations
Courses / workshops
Publishes newsletter
Books / brochures / articles
Publications viewable online
Archived information
Searchable 	Yes
Categories 	Grant / funding organization
Publication
Website Languages 	English
== Comments ==
Complete online articles from Abbey newsletter (issues back to Aug 1975) and the Alkaline Paper Advocate available; Information on mold, pH pens; Fully searchable through CoOLCategory:Directory
Category:Directory: Grant / funding organization
Category:Directory: Publication
Aberration

== Description ==
The term 'aberration' is most commonly used to refer to a defect in an optical system that degrades the image quality. Optical aberrations, such as chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, astigmatic, comatic, etc., are sometimes found in lenses for cameras and microscopes. For example, an optical aberration can cause a straight line to appear curved. Aberrations may be inherent in the lens material or due to flaws in the lens design or production.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Aberration (Deut.); aberration (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Walter C. McCrone, John Gustave Delly, The Particle Atlas, W. McCrone Associates, Chicago, IV, 1972
* ASTM, Standard Terminology of Microscopy, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, E175, 75-78, May 1982
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Abeston

== Description ==
An unstandardized term that has two opposing meanings. 
1) An archaic name used in ancient Egypt for 'noncombustible flax' that probably refers to mineral fibers, such as asbestos (Tortora and Merkel, 1996). 
2) A reddish brown to black stone found in ancient Egypt that, once set on fire, is difficult to quench (Bailey 1736). Asbeston, in this case, may refer to bitumen, coal, or resin.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
none
==Resources and Citations==
* P.Tortora, R.Merkel (eds.), Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Fairchild Publications, New York, 1996.
* N. Bailey, Baileys 1736 Dictionary, www.groveware.com, 2000.
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
Category:Materials database
Abherent

== Description ==
A substance that resists adhesion to itself or any other material. Surfaces may be coated with an abherent to prevent sticking. Examples are mold release agents, Teflon®, silicone, dusting powders (talc, mica, etc.) as well as some soaps, oils, waxes, and fluorocarbon sprays.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
abhesive; mold release agent; slip agent; parting compound
== Resources and Citations ==
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
Category:Materials database
Abies bark

== Description ==
The bark from several varieties of fir trees (Abies), native to Canada and Siberia. Tannins extracted from the crushed, dark, resinous bark are used for tanning leather.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
écorce de sapin (Fr.); corteza de abeto (Esp.); casca de abeto (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Francis Turner (ed.), Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York City, 3rd edition, 1942
Category:Materials database
Abietic acid

== Description ==
Yellowish, semi-crystalline powder. Abietic acid is the primary resin acid component of the solid portion (rosin) of resinous exudations obtained from coniferous trees after the volatiles (turpentine) are removed. Esters of abietic acid, such as methyl abietate, are used in lacquers and varnishes. Resinates of heavy metals, such as lead abietate, are used as driers in oil paints and varnishes. Copper resinate, formed from mixing a copper salt with rosin, is used as a transparent green pigment.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|abietic acid.jpg~Chemical structure]]]== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
abietinic acid; sylvic acid; 13-isopropylpodocapra-7-13-dien-15-oicacid
== Risks ==
Combustible. Known contact allergen. 
Cayman Chemicals: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in ethanol, acetone, ether, chloroform and benzene. 
* Insoluble in water.
* HLB=8.2 
* cmc=2 
* pKa1=6.7
Composition 	C19H29COOH
CAS 	514-10-3
Melting Point 	172-175 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 302.45
Refractive Index	optical rotation = -106
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard C. Wolbers, Nanette T. Sterman, Chris Stavroudis, Notes for Workshop on New Methods in the Cleaning of Paintings, J.Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 1990
* The Merck Index, Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: entry 1
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 615
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Abiotic

== Description ==
Chemical and physical factors in the environment that are not living but have a direct affect on life. Abiotic influences include light, sound, temperature, humidity, and pressure, as well as the chemical compositions of air, water, soil, and food. These conditions determine whether an environment is conducive to life.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Abiotisch (Deut.); abiótico (Port.)
Category:Materials database
Ablebond

== Description ==
[Henkel-Adhesives (formerly Ablestik division of ICI)] A registered trademark for a series of epoxy adhesives. The production shifted to Loctite then to Henkel-Adhesives
Former products include:
* Ablebond® 342-1 - a two-part epoxy adhesive that was first manufactured in 1979 and discontinued in ten years later. The resin was a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol and the hardender was polyoxypropylene diamine. Cure is accelerated with heat.
==Resources and Citations==
* Loctite-Ablestik 84-3: Website 
* Loctite-Ablestik 342-3.5: website
* Loctite-Ablestik 342-37: website
* C.V.Horie, Materials for Conservation, Architectural Press, Oxford, 1997, p.174.
* Product Information Comment: Product label and use in Objects Conservation lab
* Dictionary of Conservation Terms, European Union, 2003
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
Category:Materials database
Abrasion

== Description ==
A gradual loss of material on the surface due to rubbing, wearing, or scraping against itself or another, probably harder, material. Abrasion may be a deliberate attempt to smooth, clean, or polish a surface. It may also be a deteriorative process that occurs over time as a result of weathering or handling. 
See also abrasive.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
wear; scrape; afgeschaafde plek (Ned.); abgeriebener Feck (Deut.); Abrieb (Deut.); abrasion (Fr.); abrasione (It.); rozadura (Esp.); avskavning (Sven.); abrasão (Port.);
==Resources and Citations==
* ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* Matte Paint: Its history and technology, analysis, properties and conservation treatment, Eric Hansen, Sue Walston, Mitchell Bishop (ed.), J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, Vol. 30 of AATA, 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Multilingual Glossary for Art Librarians at http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/pub/mgl.htm
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Abrasion resistance

== Description ==
The ability of a material, such as a fabric or a coating, to maintain its original surface when subjected to abrasion, scraping, or wear. The property is generally measured in terms of material loss as a weight percent of the original. Several experimental factors, such as temperature, abrasive material, abrasive force, and length of time, affect the ability of a material to resist being worn away.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Abriebfestigkeit (Deut.); résistance à l'abrasion (Fr.);
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Matte Paint: Its history and technology, analysis, properties and conservation treatment, Eric Hansen, Sue Walston, Mitchell Bishop (ed.), J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, Vol. 30 of AATA, 1993
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
Category:Materials database
Abrasive Lapping Film

== Description ==
[3M] Part of the abrasives systems of 3M for microfinishment. The material is aflexible polyester film with an adhesive layer one side and coated with micron graded aluminum oxide on the opposite side. The film is to be used for a wet polish.
The material is intended after polishing with micro-mesh products
Micron ranges: 0.05 (Off-White) , 0.3 (white), 1.0 (yellow-green), 3.0 (pink), 5.0 (brown), 9.0 (light blue), 12.0 (yellow), 40.0 (blue)
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Abrasive Lapping Film; Imperial Lapping Film; Lapping film roll 261x; microfinishing rolls.
==Resources and Citations==
* 3M Manufacture Information Website
* Distributor Website
Category:Materials database
Abraum

== Description ==
A red clay used as a red colorant to darken fresh cut mahogany in England as early as the mid 18th century.
==Resources and Citations==
* Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, Compact Edition, 1971 Comment: origin date = 1753
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Website: www.bibliomanina.com/reference/webster
Category:Materials database
Abraum salts

== Description ==
Originally a German term for the unwanted salt layer found above the pure rock salt deposits at Stassfurt in Prussia. Abraum salts have since been found to be rich in potassium chloride. The Isle of Wight also has significant abraum salt deposits.
==Resources and Citations==
* Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, Compact Edition, 1971 Comment: origin date = 1873
* Website: www.bibliomanina.com/reference/webster
Category:Materials database
Abroma

== Description ==
A strong, shiny, white fiber obtained from the stems of the Abroma augustus tree native to India. Abroma is primarily used for twine, rope, burlap, backing for carpeting, and webbing.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Abroma augustus; devil's cotton; perennial Indian hemp; abrome; ambroma
==Resources and Citations==
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Malvales" [Accessed May 4, 2001].
* Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles, Phyllis G.Tortora, Robert S. Merkel (eds.), Fairchild Publications, New York City, 7th edition, 1996
Category:Materials database
Absolute alcohol

== Description ==
Pure ethanol that contains less than one percent of water. Ethyl alcohol is miscible in water at all proportion and distills as an azeotrope (constant boiling mixture) containing 5% water. For complete dehydration, ethanol is mixed with mineral spirits, turpentine, or quicklime and redistilled. Absolute alcohol is often preferred as a solvent for lacquers since they dry clearer and harder in the absence of moisture. Absolute alcohol is strongly hygroscopic and will reabsorb water from the air in an open container.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pure ethyl alcohol; anhydrous alcohol; anhydrous ethanol
== Risks ==
* Flammable. Flash point = 13 C (55 F) 
* Fisher Scientific: MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Composition 	C2H5OH
CAS 	64-17-5
Melting Point 	-114 C
Density 	0.789 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 46.07
Refractive Index	1.361
Boiling Point 	78.5 C
==Resources and Citations==
* The Merck Index, Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: flash point = 55 F (13 C)
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 310
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Category:Materials database
Absolute humidity

== Description ==
The total mass of water in a given volume of air, i.e. the density of the water vapor. Absolute humidity is reported as grams of water per cubic meter of air. However, because the density of water vapor changes depending on the atmospheric pressure and temperature, relative humidity measurements are more commonly used.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
absolute Feuchtigkeit (Deut.); humidité absolue (Fr.); humidade absoluta (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Conditioning, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, E41, 23-24, Sep-92
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Preservation 101 -glossary of terms at www.nedcc.org/p101cs/terms.htm
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Absolute reflectance

== Description ==
The total quantity of reflected energy of a material measured relative to the perfect diffuser.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
absolute reflection
==Resources and Citations==
* Matte Paint: Its history and technology, analysis, properties and conservation treatment, Eric Hansen, Sue Walston, Mitchell Bishop (ed.), J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, Vol. 30 of AATA, 1993
Category:Materials database