nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Cartridge paper

== Description ==
A rough, inexpensive paper that was used for frawer liners, wrapping rifle cartridges, shot gun shells, and dynamite. Cartridge paper is an unbleached, unsized paper that was waxed on one side to make it waterproof. Cartridge paper is generally made from chemical wood pulp and/or esparto grass.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
oatmeal paper; papier à cartouche (Fr.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 576
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Carusorb

== Description ==
[Carus] The brand name for an air-filter medium. Carusorb is a purple disk that contains a mixture of activated alumina and potassium permanganate. It absorbs and oxidizes organic gas phase contaminants, such as formaldehyde and acetic acid.
==Resources and Citations==
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
Category:Materials database
Casberg block

== Description ==
A brand name for a concrete block made by the A.O. Casberg Cement Co in Holmen, Wisconsin in the early 20th century. Casberg blocks contain small bits of colored glass(Bucher 1996). They were primarily used in home construction for foundations and porches.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Website: http://www.holmenhistory.org/hometour.htm
Category:Materials database
Cascalote

== Description ==
The tannin-rich pods from the Caesalpinia cacolacoa tree native to the Mexico. The 3-inch long pods contain a high percentage of water-soluble, pyrogallol tannin. Cascalote is the standard tanning material of Mexico. It produces a light colored leather that is plump and soft. When fermented, cascalote develops a deep red color that is used to dye for leather. It is similar to divi-divi, algarobilla, and tara. 
See also vegetable tannins.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cascalote (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 27
Category:Materials database
Casco glue

== Description ==
A trademark for a series of adhesives and binders. First marketed in 1932 by Borden, Casco (TM) glue was a white aqueous emulsion of casein. It was used as a wall sealant, wallpaper adhesive and a base for calcimine paint. Currently, there are a wide variety formulations for Casco (TM) glues, including rubber, polyvinyl acetate, casein, and hot-melts.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Casco glue
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Most types are miscible with water prior to drying.
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
Category:Materials database
Cascorez

== Description ==
[Borden] A trademark originally used for the product that is now called Elmer's Glue-All. Introduced in 1947,Cascorez was packaged in two-ounce glass jars with wooden applicators. In 1952, Borden repackaged the product as Elmer's Glue-All. Currently the name Cascorez is used for a urea formaldehyde adhesive. Cascorez (TM) CV-815 has been used as a waterproof finish for wood and veneer.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Cascorez (TM) CV-815
Category:Materials database
Case glass

== Description ==
Any of several types of glass containing two or more layers of glass, often in different colors, fused together. Case glass has a portion of the top layer ground away to show a contrasting image with the lower layer. See for example cameo glass and flash glass.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cased glass; cameo glass; flash glass; vidro de dupla camada (Port.)
== Resources and Citations ==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Category:Materials database
Casein adhesive

== Description ==
A clear, viscous solution formed when casein, a milk protein, is soaked in water with an alkali (ammonium carbonate, borax, lime, etc.). The alkali hydrolyzes the casein to make a solution that is usually stable for several weeks. Occasionally a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol and a preservative, such as phenol, are added to the solution. Casein glues were used since ancient times as a water-proof adhesive. In the Renaissance period, casein was used for picture frames. Lime casein glues were first patented in the mid 19th century. They were an important commercial glue through W.W.I for applications such as furniture, plywood, and airplanes because they were more moisture resistant than animal glues. Casein glues were mostly replaced by phenolic, resorcinol, and urea formaldehyde adhesives in the 1930s and 40s.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
colle caséine (Fr.); cola de caseina (Esp.); colla di caseina (It); casein glue; ammonium casein; borax casein; lime-casein; lime casein
== Risks ==
* May yellow with time. 
* Susceptible to microbiological attack.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Borax casein = pH (7.0-7.8); lime-casein = pH (9.0-9.9); ammonium casein = pH (8.0-9.0). 
* Insoluble in water or ethanol when dry. Soluble in strong alkalis and ammonium hydroxide.
==Resources and Citations==
* H.K.Salzberg, "Casein Glues and Adhesives" in Handbook of Adhesives, I.Skeist (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1977, p.158-171.
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "adhesive" [Accessed February 12, 2002].
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Adhesives"
* Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Casein bristle

== Description ==
A synthetic paint brush bristle made by extruding an acid solution of casein. The fiber is then stretched and dipped in formaldehyde for hardening. Casein bristle brushes have good paint-carrying capacity and good wear resistance (Brady 1971).
== Risks ==
* Burns slowly and brightly in air but extinguishes with removal of flame source.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Burns with odor of burnt hair.
==Resources and Citations==
G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, 10th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971.
Category:Materials database
Casein fiber

== Description ==
Regenerated protein fibers made from polymerized casein. In the early 1930s, an Italian chemist, Antonio Ferretti developed a successful method to make casein into fibers (see Lanital). Casein is processed with formaldehyde or benzaldehyde and metal salts then pressed through spinnerets to form long, silklike fibers. Casein fibers are softer and smoother than wool and contain less sulfur. They are not susceptible to moths but can be degraded by some bacteria. Casein fibers are usually cream colored. They accept dyes well but have poor washfastness. Most often casein fibers are blended with wool in fabrics, carpets and hat felts. Lanital, along with other regenerated protein fibers, have been replaced by other synthetic fibers, because casein fibers were weak when wet and susceptible to microbiological growths.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
casein fibre (Br.); fibras de casina (Esp.); caseïnevezel (Ned); casein wool; caslen; Aralac; Lanital [Snia Viscosa, Italy]; Lactofil; Casolana; Tiolan; Polana; Cargan; Merinova; Fibrolan [Courtaulds, England]
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Aralacfiberkj1.jpg~FTIR|LanitaFiberkj1.jpg~FTIR|Aralacfiberkj1.jpg~FTIR|LanitaFiberkj1.jpg~FTIR|aralac300m.jpg~SEM|lanital250m.jpg~SEM]]]
== Risks ==
Burns slowly and brightly in air, but extinguishes with removal of flame source.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Insoluble in dilute acids, hydrogen peroxide and most organic solvents. Affected by alkalis. Burns with odor of burning hair. 
Filaments are smooth. Cross sections = circular, bean-shaped. Diameter=20-30 micrometers. Tenacity = 0.9-1.1 g/denier (dry); 0.3-0.6 (wet); Elongation =60-70%; Moisture regain = 14%; Melting Point = 150 C (dec); Density = 1.30 gm/cc
== Resources and Citations ==
* Identification of Textile Materials, The Textile Institute, Manchester, England, 1985
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:II Man-made Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England
* F. Kidd, Brushmaking Materials, Bristish Brush Manufacturers, London, 1957 Comment: p. 58
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 153
Category:Materials database
Casein paint

== Description ==
A water-based, matte paint with a casein binder. Dry casein is hydrolyzed with alkalis (lime, borax, ammonia, etc.) to form a clear viscous solution. Casein paints dry to a matte, brittle film that is insoluble in water and impervious to most paint strippers. It may sometimes be removed with strong alkaline or ammonia solutions. Casein paints have been used for panel paintings, wall paintings, and as architectural paints. It is too brittle for use on canvas. Casein paints were sometimes varnished or glazed to imitate oil paints. Commercial production of casein paints began about 1900. Prior to that time, most casein paints were prepared by the painter.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
milk paint; casein colour (Br.); peinture à la caséine (Fr.); pintura a la caseína (Esp.); pittura alla caseina (It.); pintura de caseína (Port.); farmer's paint; casein tempera; casein painting; lime casein; badigeon
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Insoluble in water or ethanol when dry. Soluble in strong alkalis and ammonium hydroxide. Impervious to most modern paint strippers.
== Risks ==
May yellow with time. Susceptible to mold growth.
== Resources and Citations ==
* K.Wehlte, The Materials and Techniques of Painting, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975. 
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Paint in America, Robert Moss (ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994 Comment: M.Phillips, "A Survey of Paint Technolology"
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Casein Painting." Accessed 14 Apr. 2004.
* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Casein plastic

== Description ==
A plastic prepared from casein, a natural phosphorus-containing protein found in milk. While trying to make a waterproof coating in 1897, Adolph Spitteler and associate W. Krische of Germany discovered that casein becomes hard and insoluble when treated with formaldehyde. This process, however, is slow and can take up to a year for a 2.5 cm thick sheet to be produced. The resultant plastic was cut, then molded into limited shapes by hot stamping. Casein plastics were used for small items such as buttons, beads, buckles, combs, necklaces, fountain pens, umbrella handles, cutlery handles, and knitting needles. Casein plastics were often pigmented to simulate ivory, horn, jade, pearl, and tortoiseshell. In the 1930s, an Italian chemist, Antonio Ferretti developed a successful method to make casein plastic into fibers (see Azlon fiber, Lanital).
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Casein plastic FTIR.PNG~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
casein formaldehyde; milkstone; artificial horn; plástico con base de caseína (Esp.); plastique à base de caséine (Fr.); Galalith (Deut.); Galalite (It.); Erinoid (Br.); Syrolit (Ire.); 
Commercial products: Galalith (France 1900, then Germany 1904); Syrolit (England 1909-1913); Erinoid (England 1914-1980); Aladdinite (U.S. in 1919); Lactoid (England 1922-1962); Karolith (US 1924-1931); Dorcasine (England 1930); Ameroid (1931 US); Kyloid; Casolith; Galorn; Lanital (fiber)
== Risks ==
* Contact with water, acids or alkalis may cause crazing. 
* Susceptible to biological attack. 
* Burns slowly and brightly in air, but extinguishes with removal of flame source.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Insoluble in water, acid 
Burns with odor of burnt hair.
== Comparisons ==
== Resources and Citations ==
* Care and Identification of Objects Made from Plastic, Conserve O Gram 8/4, National Park Service, September 2010.
* Plastics Historical Society at http://plastiquarian.com/?page_id=14228
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* M.Kaufman, The First Century of Plastics, The Plastics and Rubber Institute, London, 1963 Comment: gives 1897 as discovery, 1899 as German patent and 1900 as U.S. patent
* Website: www.me.umist.ac.uk.historyp - first made in 1897..by Krische and Spitteler
* History of Plastics: www.nswpmith.com.au/historyofplastics.html - discovered in 1897
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Plastics"
* F. Kidd, Brushmaking Materials, British Brush Manufacturers, London, 1957
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Casemaking clothes moth

== Description ==
A clothes moth, Tinea pellionella Linnaeus and related species. Adult casemaking clothes moths are brown with 3 dark spots on each wing. The adult insects have a wing span of 7 to 9 millimeters. Eggs hatch in 4 to 7 days then the larva feed for 41-56 days. The larvae stage feeds on proteinaceous media, such as woolen fabrics, hair, pelts, hides, and feathers. The 7-8 mm long larvae are white with a brown head. They encase themselves in a case spun out of the material the were feeding on. They pupate into moths in 9 to 20 days then just live long enough to mate and lay new eggs (4 to 7 days).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
case-bearing clothes moth
== Additional Images ==
File:Casemaking.clothes_moth_larvae_forestryimages.org.jpg|Casemaking clothes moth larvae
File:Casemaking.clothes_moth_damage_forestryimages.org.jpg|Casemaking clothes moth damage
== Resources and Citations ==
* MuseumPests.net: Casemaking Clothes Moth
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, A Guide to Museum Pest Control, FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988
Category:Materials database
Cashew gum

== Description ==
The hard, yellowish-brown exudation from the bark of the cashew-nut tree, Anacardium occidentale. Cashew gum is used for inks, insecticides, varnishes, bookbinders' gum, and for tanning leather. It has also been used as a substitute for lacquer in high gloss finishes. Cashew gum is sold commercially as Polycite.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Anacardium occidentale; anacardium gum; goma de anacardo (Esp.); Polycite [Mitsubishi Petrochemical];
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Slightly soluble in water.
==Resources and Citations==
* Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 154
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* N.Umney - Conservation News, Number 33, 1987
Category:Materials database
Cashmere

== Description ==
The fine, downy undercoat obtained from the domesticated goat, Capra aegagrus hircus, originates in the high altitudes of the Tibetan plain, the Changthang plateau adjacent to Ladakh, and high desert regions of Central Asia, western China and Mongolia. However, it was the skills of Kashmiri weavers that processed the fiber into fine shawls and other items of clothing. The fiber was known locally as pashm, and the woven product pashmina. When introduced to the west in the late 18th, early 19th century, is was called cashmere. By the 19th century, shawls made from cashmere were very popular in Europe and Great Britain. Cashmere wool is naturally a white, gray or tan color. The goats molt each spring and the hair is collected, sorted into the coarser outer hair and the soft downy undercoat. Because each goat only produces about 4 ounces of undercoat each year, it is very expensive. Cashmere fibers are silky and fine with moderate strength and good resiliency. They are used for high quality clothing, shawls, gloves, and sweaters.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
kashmir; tus (India); Kaschmirwolle (Deut.); cachemire (Fr.); casimir (Esp.); cachemira (Esp.); kasjmier (wol van de kasjmier geit) of cashemire (Ned); pashmina; pashm;
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Fiber cross section is circular or oval with nearly invisible medulla
* Fiber length = 5.0-12.5 cm (outer); 2.5-9.0 cm (undercoat) 
* Diameter of undercoat is about 15 micrometers with 5-7 scales per 100 micrometers
== Risks ==
Damaged by alkalis.
== Comparisons ==
== Additional Images ==
File:32 cashmere 200X.jpg|Cashmere
File:cashmerehairlarge.jpg|Cashmere
File:cashmerehair1large.jpg|Cashmere
==Resources and Citations==
* G.Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:I. Natural Fibres, 5th edition, Merrow Publishing Co., Durham, England, 1984.
* Contributions, Meredith Montague, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashmere_wool (Accessed Oct. 18, 2005)
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 154
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Cassava starch

== Description ==
A beady starch obtained from the tuberous roots of the cassava plant, Manihot esculenta, native to tropical America. The roots are leached then dried and ground. Cassava, or tapioca, starch has irregularly shaped kernels. It is composed of 20% amylose. Tapioca starch is the predominant starch used in Latin America. When heated with water, tapioca forms a thick stringy solution that gets thinner with heating time. It thickens only slightly on cooling to forms a translucent gel. Tapioca is used for laundry starch, cooking and as an adhesive for stamps, envelopes, labels and plywood.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
tapioca; Manihot esculenta (cassava or tapioca); Manihot duleis; almidón de tapioca (Esp.); manioc; manihot; mandioca; foufou; Brazilian arrowroot
== Risks ==
* Susceptible to biodeterioration. 
* Dried films become brittle with age.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Small, oval granules with centrally located dark mark (hilum). 
* Granule size = 5 - 35 micrometers. 
* Gelatinization temperature = 49 - 70 C. 
* Reacts with a iodine/potassium iodide solution to give a positive purple color
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 766
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* Irving Skeist, Handbook of Adhesives, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1977
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Wikipedia: Cassava. Accessed Oct. 30, 2004
Category:Materials database
Cassel brown

== Description ==
A naturally occurring dark brown earth named for a city in central Germany. Cassel earth, also known as Vandyke brown, contains organic humus or coal material mixed with iron oxides, alumina, and silica. When ignited, the pigment leaves a soft gray residue. The colorant is fugitive and fades on exposure to strong light.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Cassel earth; Natural Brown 8; CI 77727; pardo Van Dyke (Esp.); brun de Cassel (Fr.); marrone di Cassel (It.); Cassel's earth; Kassel earth; Cologne earth; Vandyke brown; Castle earth; Castile earth; Cullens earth; Colens earth; Collens earth
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Slightly soluble in oil. 
* Discolors in alkalis turning grayish.
== Resources and Citations ==
* Georgiana Languri, Molecular studies of Asphalt, Mummy and Kassel earth pigments, MOLART report 2004, available through Archetype Publications, London.
* Helmut Schweppe, Schweppe color collection index and information book
* M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 558
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Colour Index International online at www.colour-index.org
Category:Materials database
Cassel yellow

== Description ==
A variant of Turner's yellow that has a slightly different composition. See Turner's yellow, and lead oxychloride
Composition	PbCl2-7PbO
==Resources and Citations==
* R. Mayer, The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Viking Press, New York, 1981
* Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 445
Category:Materials database