nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Carbon Markets and Investors Association

The Carbon Markets and Investors Association (CMIA), formed in August 2008 by the merger of The Carbon Markets Association (CMA) and International Carbon Investors and Services (INCIS), is an international trade association representing service providers to the global carbon market.
The organization changed its name in October 2011 to the Climate Markets & Investment Association.
The goal of CMIA is to promote market efficiency and environmental integrity in global carbon markets with an eye on the next greenhouse gas emissions treaty, after Kyoto, which ends in 2012. The group is also focused on key issues such as market oversight, voluntary market policy, forestry, EU ETS, US carbon market and emerging carbon markets in Asia. 
The organization has about 50 member companies which includes: financial institutions, carbon funds, project developers, lawyers, accountants, verifiers, emissions brokers and IT firms. CMIA says its membership represents three-quarters of the transaction value of the global carbon market.
== Key People ==
CMIA president - Abyd Karmali, managing director and global head of carbon markets at Merrill Lynch
CMIA director - Miles Austin, head of climate change at Norton Rose
CMIA vice-chairman for policy - Paul Dawson of Citigroup
CMIA vice-chairman for North America - Odin Knudsen of JP Morgan
== References ==
Categories: Environmental Markets
Carbon Trust

The Carbon Trust is an independent company, set up by the UK government in 2001, to help assist companies reduce their carbon emissions through development of low carbon technologies. 
Carbon Trust provides businesses and the public sector with advice, finance and certification to help lower carbon footprints. The idea is to help spur demand for low carbon products and services. Through July 2009, the company said it has helped save over 17 million tonnes of carbon, with savings of more than £1billion. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Carbon dioxide emissions

ALSO SEE: emissions; Carbon Emission Reduction Credits
Carbon dioxide emissions are thought to be the major cause of global warming. The emissions are created by burning fuels like natural gas, diesel, organic-diesel, petrol, organic-petrol and ethanol. The emissions of CO2 have been dramatically increased within the last 50 years.
Furthermore, it's been anticipated that world carbon dioxide emissions will increase by 1.9% annually between 2001 and 2025. Much of the increase in these emissions is expected to occur in the developing world where emerging economies, such as China and India, fuel economic development with fossil energy. Developing countries’ emissions are expected to grow above the world average at 2.7% annually between 2001 and 2025; and surpass emissions of industrialized countries near 2018.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Emission Trading
Carbon dioxide futures

Futures on carbon dioxide allowances are traded at several exchanges worldwide: 
*The Montreal Climate Exchange launched CO2 futures in May of 2008. 
*The Chicago Climate Futures Exchange (CCFE) began trading CO2 futures on November 18, 2008. The futures may be used under a potential mandatory cap-and-trade program as early as 2013.
*The New York Mercantile Exchange's Green Exchange venture lists a Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) CO2 Allowance Futures Contract.
*The European Climate Exchange (ECX) trades futures and options contracts on CO2 EU allowances traded under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme.
*European Energy Exchange (EEX)
*Bluenext offers EUA Futures and CER Futures contracts for allowances and credits.
*Nordpool
== References ==
Carbon offset

A carbon offset is an action resulting in a reduction in carbon emissions or an increase in carbon storage, such as land restoration or the planting of trees, intended to compensate for carbon emissions that occur elsewhere. Carbon and other greenhouse gases mix throughout the atmosphere, so reducing them anywhere is thought to contribute to overall climate protection.
Organizations can buy voluntary carbon offsets, often in the form of renewable energy carbon credits, to compensate for their impact on the environment. A carbon offset credit (or Carbon Emission Reduction Credit) is a transferrable instrument certified by a government or independent certification body to represent an emission reduction of one metric tonne of CO2, or an equivalent amount of other greenhouse gases. Someone who buys an offset credit can “retire” it to claim the underlying reduction towards their own carbon reduction goals.
== References ==
Carbon registries

The European Union and United Nations each have carbon registries, which track and log the carbon offset projects which provide the basis for carbon credits.
The EU Emissions Trading Scheme uses the Community Independent Transaction Log (CITL) tracks European Union Allowances (EUAs) for all 27 EU countries. UN’s International Transaction Log (ITL) tracks the trade and transfer of all Kyoto Protocol units such as Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) that include Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).
Until the linkage went live on October 16, 2008 only a handful of countries were connected to both registries. Without a link to the ITL, the UN registry could not record trades within the EU ETS, as intended.
 
With a linkage between the EU and UN programs, EU ETS participants can import UN program offsets such as CERs. Most of these offsets are generated by countries such as China and India. 
The linkage also means those forward contracts can be physically settled. 
 
== References ==
Carbon sink

Carbon sinks are natural systems that suck up and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. 
The most common natural carbon sinks are plants, the ocean and soil. Plants use carbon dioxide in photosynthesis; some of this carbon is transferred to soil as plants die and decompose. The oceans are a major carbon dioxide storage system. Marine animals take up the gas for photosynthesis, while some carbon dioxide simply dissolves in the seawater. 
However, deforestation and weather changes attributed to human causes are weakening the ocean's ability to absorb carbon dioxide. Scientists are turning to artificial carbon sequestration to help rid the atmosphere of CO2, said to be one of the causes of global warming.
== References ==
Category:Environmental Trading
Category:Carbon
Cargill Investor Services

Former powerhouse global commodities and futures brokerage Cargill Investor Services, Inc. (CIS) was wholly-owned by Minneapolis-based agribusiness giant Cargill but operated out of Chicago as a separate entity. CIS, founded in 1972, was sold in September 2005 for just over $200 million to doomed derivatives trader and broker Refco Group Ltd.
== Sale to Refco ==
The sale of CIS to Refco for $208 million cash and up to $192 million in future-performance bonuses was first announced in June 2005 and closed less than three months later. As part of the deal, CIS global president James A. Davison would leave Cargill with CIS and become CEO and President of Refco Investment Services. Within a month of closing the CIS deal, Refco collapsed amid internal revelations of hidden debts. 
== Points of Interest ==
* In November 2005 the entire Refco operation was sold for $282 million to Man Financial, now called MF Global. Two months earlier Refco, then thought to be worth $4 billion, had agreed to pay $208 million in cash for CIS.
* Davison, then managing director of CIS in Europe, became worldwide president of CIS in 2002 after previous incumbent Bernard Dan resigned to become executive vice president of the Chicago Board of Trade.
* CIS had access to clients in 59 countries through parent company Cargill, whereas Refco operated in just 14.
* The combined Refco/CIS operations would have made it the sixth-largest brokerage house in the United States.
== References ==
Category:Cargill Investor Services
Carl F. Adams

__NOTOC__ 
Carl F. Adams is a senior consultant and executive advisor for Capital Framework Advisors LLC where he specializes in business and policy applications for multinational firms and sovereign governments. 
Adams is also the executive director of the Financial Standards Foundation and serves as a senior advisor for risk management to the International Monetary Fund; the National Intelligence Council of the U.S. Government; Oxford Analytica Ltd.; Malcolm Binks Associates; The Korean Economic Institute; The Euro 50 Group; The Reinventing Bretton Woods Committee; several private sector financial institutions, and Standard & Poor’s. 
Adams is consultant and senior advisor to The Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA, formerly the Bond Market Association), past president and chairman of the RMA (Risk Management Association) New York Chapter; he is a member of the Financial Task Force Committee of the Corporate Council on Africa; he is also a participant in the Business Council of the United Nations; and he is a senior director of the Capital Markets Credit Analysts Society.
== Background ==
Adams served as global manager for country risk and a director of portfolio risk management at Merrill Lynch for 11 years. In this capacity, he reported to senior and executive management of the firm overseeing business exposure by country and controlling its fiduciary due diligence. He established internal risk ratings for over 130 national jurisdictions, expanded assessment of financial and non-financial factors for description of business risk, and shaped internal business strategy and business practice among the firm’s products in all global locations. Adams was a voting member of the Merrill Lynch Corporate Credit Committee, chairman of the Merrill Lynch International Bank’s New York Credit Committee, and a member of various internal working groups established to manage country risk issues. Regular contacts and executive counsel included central monetary authorities and international financial institutions.
Prior to joining Merrill Lynch, Adams was president of Strategic Research International Inc. He co-founded this private firm in 1984 as an investment advisory and publishing venture fulfilling successful assignments for the Dunn & Bradstreet Corp., Carl Marks & Co. , and as an SEC Investment Advisor under the 1940 Act. Before formation of this venture, Adams was a vice president for ratings policy and economics analysis with Moody’s Investors Service from 1976 – 1984. In this role, he was a senior analyst of countries, financial institutions, and sub-national governments. 
== Education ==
Adams received degrees from the University of Oklahoma and his MBA in economics and finance from New York University
== References ==
Carl Levin

__NOTOC__ 
Carl Levin is a democratic senator from Michigan. He is chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee and Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. He is set to retire in January 2015.
Levin is seen as a crusader against certain Wall Street's business tactics, use of tax loopholes and other perceived abuses.
In May of 2009 he introduced a bill that would amend the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 and allow federal regulators to oversee the trading of over-the-counter derivatives. 
Levin, along with fellow democratic senator Jeff Merkley, also proposed the controversial idea to ban banks from high-risk speculative trading. 
In December 2014 he introduced a bill, co-sponsored with Sen. John McCain, that would crack down on trading on inside information in physical commodities, limiting Wall Street banks' ability to deal in physical markets. He previously accused Goldman Sachs and other banks of manipulating physical commodity markets. As the chairman of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, he concluded a two-year investigation in November that found some U.S. banks had manipulated prices to gain an unfair trading advantage over consumers.
== Background ==
Levin was born in 1934 in Detroit, Michigan. He practiced and taught law in Michigan until he was appointed the assistant attorney general in 1964. He went on to become the first general counsel for the Michigan Civil Rights Commission where helped establish the Detroit Defender's Office and led the Appellate Division, which has become the State Appellate Defender's Office. In 1969, he was elected to the Detroit City Council and became president in 1973. 
In 1978, he won in upset victory over the number two Republican in the U.S. Senate and was reelected in 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2008. 
In May of 2010, Levin and senator Jeff Merkley from Oregon proposed an amendment to a financial regulation bill being considered in the senate. The amendment would ban "proprietary" trading at large banks. 
== Education ==
Levin graduated from Swarthmore College in 1956 and Harvard University Law School in 1959. 
== References ==
Category: Bios - Government
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Carl Miedaner

__NOTOC__ 
Carl Miedaner has been with Boston Options Exchange (BOX) since its launch in 2004. As head of market operations, he is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the exchange. 
== Background ==
Carl has 20 years of global electronic trading experience covering all aspects of the investment cycle. Prior to joining BOX, he was head of trading operations for Bond Connect, an automated fixed-income ATS.
== Education ==
Carl holds an MBA from Duke University and a BA from Hobart College.
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Boston Options Exchange
Carl Nilsen

__NOTOC__ 
Carl Christian Tønsberg Nilsen is director of sales at Simplitium (formerly Boat Services), a Cinnober subsidiary.
He joined Boat Services in late 2016 as director of sales. Nilsen focuses on developing and managing the firm’s customer base for TRADEcho, with an emphasis on the Northern European client base. 
== Background ==
Before his appointment at Simplitium, Nilsen was head of equities at Oslo Bors, where he oversaw sales and marketing for the exchange’s equities business. Prior to heading up Oslo Bors’s equities business, he spent over five years at Oslo Bors in various roles.
== Education ==
Nilsen holds a Master (MSc) degree in Finance from the Norwegian School of Economics. 
== References ==	
Category:Oslo Bors - Former Employees
Category:Norway
Carl Slesser

__NOTOC__ 
Carl Slesser has served as chief technology officer at NLX since 2012. He joined Nasdaq from NYSE Euronext, where he was head of product development for software engineering. He previously held senior roles in products development at AEMS and Euronext Liffe. 
Effective May 1, 2016, he will become president of NLX, reporting to Hans-Ole Jochumsen, Nasdaq's president.
== Background ==
== Education ==
== References ==
Carl W. Gilmore

__NOTOC__
Carl W. Gilmore was a lawyer and listed derivatives industry executive. He was president of Integritas Financial Consulting. He passed away in May 2022.
He was previously co-head of Wedbush Futures but left that position on December 15, 2015 to start Integritas. Wedbush said it intended to be among his first clients. 
Gilmore served as a member of the NFA Compliance and Risk Committee. He was also a member of the National Futures Association, American Bar Association, Chicago Bar Association, Global Association of Risk Professionals (GARP), as well as the Futures Industry Association, Law and Compliance Division. 
== Background ==
Gilmore was managing director and chief executive officer of the futures division of KCG Americas LLC, the firm that resulted from the merger of Getco and Knight Capital. Previously, he was global enterprise risk officer for Penson. Before that he served as general counsel for Penson GHCO, a wholly owned subsidiary of Penson Worldwide Inc. (PNSN). Prior to joining GHCO, Gilmore was operations, risk, and compliance officer with First American Discount Corporation, a Futures Commission Merchant. He was a qualified Eurex clearer and had Series 3, Series 7, Series 24, Series 30, and Series 63 licenses. 
Gilmore began his career in 1988 as marketing manager for Westvaco, a Fortune 500 company. His interest in securities prompted him to accept a position with Prudential Insurance Corporation as a securities floor desk clerk. Gilmore also served as marketing project manager in the U.S. Automotive Division of British Steel.
== Education ==
Gilmore earned a Bachelor of Science from Indiana State University, an MFA degree from the University of Chicago, and a Juris Doctor degree from John Marshall Law School in Chicago.
==Registration Information==
*
==Comment Letters==
*
== References ==
All info on this page cites the following source:	
Category:KCG
Category:Knight
Category:Knight Futures
Category:Wedbush Securities, Inc.
Category:Wedbush
Category:NFA Hearing Committee
Category:Penson GHCO
Category:Knight Capital Americas LLC
Category:Futures Compliance Officers
Category:First American Discount Corporation
Category:University of Chicago
Carla Dawson

__NOTOC__ 
Carla Dawson is chief human resources officer with OCC, the world's largest equity derivatives clearing organization.
Dawson joined OCC in 2017 as first vice president, Talent Management, to create and implement comprehensive talent management and development strategies supportive of OCC's business.
== Background ==
Before joining OCC, Dawson was managing director, Human Resources at Driehaus Capital Management LLC, where she was responsible for developing and executing a human capital strategy in support of the overall business plan and strategic direction for the firm. She spent nearly 20 years at Driehaus in a variety of roles. She also held positions with the executive search firms Heidrick & Struggles and Korn Ferry. She began her career with the financial services firm of Abaco Casa de Bolsa.
== Education ==
Dawson received a BA in Industrial Relations from Universidad Anahuac in Mexico and an MS in Organizational Development from the Quinlan School of Business at Loyola University, Chicago. She also holds a Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR) from the HR Certification Institute. 
== References ==	
Category:Driehaus Capital Management LLC - Former Employees
Carlo Kölzer

__NOTOC__ 
Carlo Kölzer is a German financial technology entrepreneur and executive, currently serving as the head of FX & digital assets at Deutsche Börse Group. 
He also serves as a board member of the American-German Institute, a center for policy research and scholarship dedicated to the most important political, economic, and security issues confronting Germany and the United States in the global arena.
== Career ==
=== 360T ===
In 2000, Kölzer founded 360T, a web-based trading platform for over-the-counter (OTC) financial instruments, particularly focused on foreign exchange. Under his leadership, 360T grew to become one of the world's leading electronic foreign exchange trading platforms.
==== Deutsche Börse Acquisition ====
In 2015, Deutsche Börse acquired 360T for nearly $800 million. Following the acquisition, Kölzer joined Deutsche Börse's Group Management Committee and became the Global Head of FX for the group.
==== Current Role ====
As of 2024, Kölzer holds the position of head of FX & digital assets at Deutsche Börse Group. In this role, he oversees the group's strategies and initiatives in both the foreign exchange and digital asset markets.
=== Digital Asset Initiatives ===
==== 360X ====
In 2021, Kölzer became the CEO and founder of 360X, a joint venture between Deutsche Börse and Commerzbank focused on creating digital marketplaces for assets such as art and real estate. The venture aims to tokenize and fractionalize these assets, making them more accessible to investors.
==== Deutsche Börse Digital Exchange (DBDX) ====
In March 2024, Kölzer played a key role in the launch of Deutsche Börse Digital Exchange (DBDX), a regulated spot crypto asset trading platform targeted at institutional clients. This initiative is part of Deutsche Börse's strategy to expand into the digital asset space.
==== Philosophy and Approach ====
Kölzer is known for his innovative approach to financial markets. He has been quoted as saying, "Our mantra is 'Making Things Investable – Bridging the Gap between Asset Classes and Capital Markets'. We create transparent and liquid trading venues for assets that have not yet existed in digital markets."
==== Background ====
Prior to founding 360T, Kölzer worked in investment banking, including roles at Hess & Co. in New York in the field of mergers, 
acquisitions and block trading. He also worked for Dresdner Kleinwort Benson in Frankfurt and New York.
== References ==	
Category:German Businesspeople
Category:Financial Technology Executives
Category:Deutsche Börse
Category:360T
Category:Digital Assets
Category:Foreign Exchange
Category:Blockchain Technology
Category:Investors
Category:Entrepreneurs
Category:Dresdner Kleinwort Benson
Category:Dresdner Kleinwort Benson - Former Employees
Carlos Arenillas

__NOTOC__
Carlos Arenillas Lorente is the vice president of the Comision Nacional del Mercado de Valores, a position he has held since 2004. Arenillas Lorente currently serves as the CNMV representative on the Committee of European Securities Regulators.
== Background ==
Prior to joining CNMV, Arenillas spent 17 years with the CIMD Group, a Holding Society, which he helped found. He served in a number of capacities, and while there was responsible for developing a wide range of companies that provide financial intermediation services, private asset management and economic and financial analysis. Simultaneously, Arenillas served as chairman of the Asociacion de Mediadores del Mercado Interbancario, Intermoney, which organized the Jornadas de Mercados Financieros, and SENAF, the official secondary market for Spanish public debt. 
== Education ==
Arenillas Lorente holds a BA in Economics from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
== References ==
Category:Exchange Executives]]
Carlos Saez

__NOTOC__ 
Carlos Saez is trading and investment professional who is the managing director of The Operand Group.
Previously, he was the chief investment officer at Spot Trading LLC, a proprietary trading firm in Chicago that is active in multiple markets. 
== Background ==
Carlos Saez has been with Spot Trading LLC since 2005. Before being promoted to Chief Investment Officer in 2009, Carlos was Director of Trading. Prior to working at Spot Trading LLC, he held positions with Toronto Dominion Bank and Stafford Trading. 
== Education ==
Saez graduated with a Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology. He, also, received his MBA in Analytic Finance from the University of Chicago-Booth School of Business. 
== Speeches ==
Carlos was chosen as the keynote speaker at Chicago Booth Trading Group's Options Trading and Volatility Seminar. During his time at the podium, Saez discussed several different topics, including the Flash Crash and price uncertainty. 
*Carlos Saez Featured as Keynote Speaker at Chicago Booth Trading Group's Options Trading & Volatility Seminar
==MarketsWiki Education==
Saez participated in the MarketsWiki Education World of Opportunity series in 2013.
== References ==	
Category: Bios - Executives
Category: Spot Trading LLC - Former Employees
Category: Spot Trading LLC