nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Buttonwood Agreement

The Buttonwood Agreement was signed on May 17, 1792 by twenty-four traders who gathered under a buttonwood tree at 68 Wall Street to negotiate the conditions and regulations of the speculative market. They had found the former system, in which securities were bought and sold at irregularly scheduled gatherings, too haphazard. The agreement, a simple, two sentence contract, established a more formal operation, in which they traded with one another and established minimum commission rates. 
The New Yorkers dedicated the Tontine Coffee House in Wall Street as their exchange in 1793. In 1817, they formed the New York Stock & Exchange Board with its own constitution and bylaws; its name was changed to the New York Stock Exchange in 1863. 
== References ==
Category:NYSE
Category:Wall Street History
Buy-and-hold

"Buy-and-hold" is a long-term, passive investment strategy in which an investor buys stocks and holds them for a long period of time, regardless of fluctuations in the market. Buy-and-hold investors may actively choose the stocks they invest in, but they do not pay attention to short term price movements and technical indicators. 
One benefit of a buy-and-hold strategy is that long-term investments tend to be taxed at a lower rate than short-term investments. 
== References ==
Category:Investment Strategies
Buy side

The buy side comprises the investing institutions such as mutual funds, pension funds and insurance firms that tend to buy large portions of securities for use in managing portfolios. In other words, they are firms that are not dealer banks. The buy side is the opposite of the sell side entities, which provide recommendations for upgrades, downgrades, target prices and opinions to the public market. 
 
Buy side analysts often work for a mutual fund or pension fund. They provide research and recommendations exclusively for the benefit of the company's own money managers rather than for individual investors. Sell-side recommendations are meant for the public; buy-side recommendations are internal for the firm. 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Investors
Buyer

A buyer is an individual who takes the buy side of a transaction at the price that the market will bear. 
A so-called buyer's market refers to a condition in which there is an abundance of goods available and hence buyers can afford to be selective and may be able to buy at less than the price that previously prevailed; in other words, a market that has more sellers than buyers.
It is also called a "soft market." 
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Byron Baldwin

__NOTOC__ 
Byron Baldwin is a derivatives consultant with Byron Baldwin, a role he assumed in January 2020. For nearly 40 years, he has provided consulting services to the buy side, sell side, fin tech companies and CCPs. 
== Background ==
Baldwin is a former senior vice president of buy side relations for Eurex. He moved to New York from Eurex's London office in February 2011 in order to promote the firm's listed products, connectivity for high-frequency trading firms, and to promote Eurex’s move into OTC clearing.
Baldwin worked for Eurex and its parent, Deutsche Boerse since 2005. He has written numerous articles on derivatives, institutional investing, risk management, and central counterparty clearing.
==John Lothian News Interviews==
Restoring Customer Confidence -- Customer Segregation: A Clear View
Moving excess customer funds to a clearing house is one way to reduce the amount of capital at risk. Byron Baldwin, SVP, Buyside Relations at Eurex, says his exchange developed segregated account services that can be as wide or granular as needed. Published Nov. 27, 2012. Watch at JohnLothianNews.com
Byron Baldwin of Eurex Discusses OTC Clearing, Portfolio Margining and Individual Segregation
Byron Baldwin is senior vice president of buyside relations for Eurex. He moved to New York from Eurex’s London office to in February 2011 in order to promote the firm’s listed products, connectivity for high frequency trading firms, and to promote Eurex’s move into OTC clearing. Baldwin spoke with former John Lothian News Editor-at-Large Doug Ashburn about regulatory changes across jurisdictions, mandatory clearing of OTC derivatives, margin and collateral efficiency and Eurex’s individual segregation model. Published Oct. 18, 2012. Watch at JohnLothianNews.com
== Education ==
Baldwin earned a BSc in monetary economics from London School of Economics and Political Science in 1981, and, in 2000, earned an MSc in finance from the University of Leicester.
== References ==	
Category:Eurex
Byron Trott

__NOTOC__ 
Byron Trott is chairman and CEO of BDT Capital Partners, a family-owned private partnership that invests in and advises family-controlled and entrepreneurial companies. 
He is former vice chairman of investment banking at Goldman, Sachs & Co. and testified on May 23, 2012 regarding a $5 billion investment deal by Warren Buffett in September 2008. 
== Background ==
Prior to founding BDT Capital Partners in 2009, Trott spent 27 years working at Goldman, Sachs & Co. He began his career at Goldman in 1982 in securities sales in New York and in 1990, was transferred to the Chicago office. In 1994, he became head of the Chicago office and Midwest region and in 2005, he served as vice chairman of global investment banking. He also served on the investment committee of Goldman's principal investment area and the firm-wide partnership committee.
Trott has served on the board of directors for Hyatt Hotels Corporation since August 2007 and previously served as a director of TriVergent Corp. He is also a director of Conservation International, advisory director of Enterprise Rent-A-Car Company, and a trustee on the boards of the University of Chicago and the Art Institute of Chicago. 
In 2011, Trott was inducted into the Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans in recognition of his professional accomplishments, philanthropic contributions and dedication to hard work, integrity and perseverance.
== Education ==
Trott received his MBA from the University of Chicago in 1982.
== References ==
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:University of Chicago
Bytecoin (BCN)

Bytecoin (BCN) was the 43rd largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization as of May 15, 2019, according to CoinMarketCap, an online industry data aggregator.
First developed in 2012, Bytecoin was the first cryptocurrency based on the cryptonote application layer which later was also used in privacy coins like Monero and Dash.
 Cryptonote technology is known for providing both untraceable incoming transactions and unlinkable outgoing transactions.
== References ==
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Börse Berlin

Börse Berlin operates the trading platform ETS under the brand Equiduct. Equiduct Systems Ltd. is responsible for the operation, and the maintenance and further development of the trading system. Börse Berlin is directly responsible for the regulatory framework for trading on the Equiduct platform. This framework protects investors by ensuring that trading takes place in accordance with the exchange rules.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Bürgenstock

Bürgenstock was the site of an annual conference of the Swiss Futures & Options Association ("SFOA"), now the International Commodities and Derivatives Association, and the annual conference is often referred to simply as "Bürgenstock," or "the Bürgenstock Meeting" despite the conference being moved to new locations.
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The Bürgenstock conference was held in early September in the Bürgenstock hotel village located above Lake Lucerne in central Switzerland. For 28 years, the SFOA held its annual fall conference there, except for one year when the conference was held in Montreaux. The "Bürgenstock Meeting" or conference is an exclusive gathering of executives and other derivatives industry individuals. SFOA, founded in 1980, has organized the conference every year since. 
Because the Bürgenstock estate is being refurbished, after 2008, the meetings were held in Interlaken, Switzerland.
 
Participants from all over the world include senior representatives from the major international stock and derivatives exchanges, regulatory bodies and association leaders, political and economic leaders, top executives from international brokerage firms, and senior executives from banks and investment management firms. Also present are senior representatives from the servicing industry as well as brokers and traders involved in the international derivatives and equities markets. 
In 2017, the ICODA will return to the Burgenstock Resort for a gala dinner held during the conference, which will be held in nearby Lucerne, Switzerland.
==References==
Category:Locations
Category:Conferences
Category:SFOA
Category:ICODA
C.B. Bhave

__NOTOC__ 
Chandrasekhar Bhaskar Bhave is a former chairman of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), India's capital market regulator. His appointment in February 2008 as SEBI's sixth chairman came as the stock market began to tank. Bhave was instrumental in making companies divulge details of their pledged shares in the wake of the Satyam Computer fraud. He also reduced the time to announce the price band for public issues, and said that SEBI would amend the open offer regulations in cases like Satyam to make the acquisition process more transparent.
Bhave took over the leadership from M. Damodaran in February 2008 after the latter's three-year term expired. He was previously chairman of the National Securities Depository Ltd (NSDL), which had been part of a Supreme Court lawsuit brought by SEBI over allegations it made "undue profits" in an initial public offer (IPO) scandal. 
== Background ==
Bhave ran SEBI's secondary market division from 1992 to 1996 and also served as head of primary markets from 1995 to 1996. He subsequently joined NDSL, where he served as chairman until taking the SEBI post.
== Education ==
== References ==
C.C. Odom II

C.C. Odom was the founder and sole proprietor of Odom Investments. He died on July 20, 2019. 
He was also a former member of the board of CME Group.
== Background ==
Odom founded Odom Investments in 1968. He also founded Argent Venture Capital in 2001. 
Odom served as the director of CME Group from July 2007 until May 2014. 
Odom previously was a member of the board of the CBOT. In 1981, Odom was the chairman of the New Orleans Commodity Exchange.
== Education ==
Odom received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics and a Master of Arts from Texas Christian University. 
== Registration Information == 
== References ==	
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Bios - Board Members
Category:CBOT Members
Category:CME Group Board
Category:Former Exchange Chairmen
Category:New Orleans Commodity Exchange
C.D. Baer Pettit

__NOTOC__ 
C.D. Baer Pettit is the president and chief operating officer at MSCI, publisher of over 100,000 equity, REIT and hedge fund indices, as well as portfolio risk and performance analytics. He assumed this role in September 2011 after serving in executive positions in marketing and client coverage.
== Background ==
Pettit joined MSCI in 2001 and served as head of client coverage until 2012 when he was promoted to head of indexes. From 2005-2012 he also served as head of marketing. 
Before joining MSCI Pettit spent seven years, from 1992-1999, at Bloomberg, where he served as deputy head of its European sales division. Earler in his career, Pettit held equity derivatives positions at Barclays De Zoete Wedd and Morgan Stanley Asset Management. He also spent several years in advertising and journalism after finishing graduate school in 1987.
Pettit serves as chairman if the Index Industry Association, a trade association serving the global community of index providers that was founded in 2012.
== Education ==
Pettit earned a Master of Arts in history from Trinity College, Cambridge in 1985 and a Master of Science from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in 1987.
== References ==
C.V. Starr & Co.

C. V. Starr & Co., Inc. (C.V. Starr) is a privately-held company with insurance agencies and a portfolio of global investments. It has produced approximately $1.6 billion annually of insurance coverage among several specialty lines covering aviation, marine, excess casualty and property, and excess stop loss insurance for employer sponsored benefit plans.
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
Maurice R. Greenberg, Chairman and CEO
== References ==
C. Brian Fox

__NOTOC__ 
C. Brian Fox, CPA, is founder and chief marketing officer at Confirmation.com. He received the first two patents granted on electronic audit confirmations. He founded Capital Confirmation, Inc., ranked #96 on the 2010 Inc 500 list and #169 on the 2011 Inc 500 list, which created Confirmation.com. 
He is a member of the AICPA and The Tennessee Society of CPAs, where he sits on the Accounting and Auditing Symposium Committee. He is a speaker and guest lecturer on financial fraud and has had articles, and been quoted, in Forbes, The New York Times, The CPA Technology Advisor, AP Matters, The Auditor's Report, and The International Herald Tribune.
== Background ==
Fox is a four-time winner of the accounting profession's "Top 40 Under 40 CPA in America" and was named as an "Entrepreneur of the Year." Prior to Capital Confirmation, he worked in Dallas in audit for Ernst & Young LLP and in mergers and acquisitions for PriceWaterhouseCoopers. 
== John Lothian News Interviews ==
Confirmations: Plugging Into Electronic Confirmations
Capital Confirmation, which runs Confirmation.com, is credited with helping to unveil the massive $215 million fraud at Peregrine Financial Group (PFG) in July 2012. The web-based audit confirmation service was hired by National Futures Association (NFA) last year and applied its technology to PFG. After forcing PFG to use the electronic confirmation service, rather than use the traditional paper-based auditing system, PFG’s fraud was discovered by NFA.
Brian Fox, founder and chief marketing officer of Capital Confirmation, explains how this straightforward technology of providing a third-party confirmation service, can help protect customer funds and restore customer faith in the audit system used in the futures industry. Published Feb. 19, 2013.
Brian Fox of Confirmation.com Talks About Exposing & Preventing Brokerage Fraud
Brian Fox, founder and chief marketing officer of Confirmation.com, found his firm in the midst of one of the largest frauds in futures history several months ago. Hired by National Futures Association to electronically confirm customer account balances that futures brokers report with the actual balances held at their banks, Confirmation.com helped expose the PFGBest fraud. Brian Fox spoke with John Lothian News editor-in-chief Jim Kharouf about the case, how the confirmation system works and just how far electronic confirmations in the futures brokerage space can go to prevent fraud. Published September 28, 2012. 
== Education ==
Fox completed his MBA at Vanderbilt University's Owen Graduate School of Management with a dual concentration in finance and electronic commerce. He received a BBA in accounting from Southern Methodist University's Cox School of Business.
== References ==
Category:Auditors
Category:Confirmation.com
Category:Ernst & Young - Former Employees
C. Mead Welles

__NOTOC__ 
C. Mead Welles is president and senior portfolio manager of Octagon Asset Management, LLC, a New York-based investment advisor specializing in structured finance. He co-founded Octagon in 1998.
He is also the chairman and co-founder of the charity A Leg to Stand On (ALTSO), a charitable organization founded in 2002 that helps children with limb disabilities in developing countries by providing free corrective surgery and artificial limbs.
Welles was one of the winners of the 2013 World of Children Award for his work with ALTSO.
== Background ==
Welles previously worked at Cargill Financial Services International, Inc., the internal emerging market investment arm/investment bank of Cargill Inc. 
== Education ==
He received his B.A. in Economics from Bates College in Lewiston, ME and studied international business in Lugano, Switzerland. 
==ALTSO Rocktoberfest 2014 Promo==
==MarketsWiki Education Videos==
== References ==	
Category:A Leg To Stand On
Category:Hedge Fund Managers
Category:MarketsWiki Education
C. Robert Paul

__NOTOC__ 
Robert Paul serves as a director and advisor to Seed CX. He previously served Seed CX as chief compliance officer from April 2017 to January 2018.
== Background ==
Previously, he was general counsel for Chicago Probability of Default Market from September 2015 to August 2016.
Before that, he served as a legal consultant at HSBC Global Banking and Markets from August 2014 to September 2016.
He was previously director, derivatives compliance at Tradeweb, joing the firm in June 2011 and serving as the firm's chief compliance office for its swap execution facility, to help the firm comply with Dodd-Frank Act regulations.
He is former executive director of Nomura Securities International, Inc. Previous to joining Nomura, he was a lawyer and a member of the alternative asset management team within DLA Piper’s corporate and finance group, resident in the New York office.
Paul was general counsel to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) from October 1999 through January 2001, where he negotiated a joint regulatory structure with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for security futures and played a significant role in the passage of the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000. 
Following the CFTC, Paul had a brief tenure as a partner in the Washington, DC office of McDermott, Will & Emery before he was appointed general counsel of OneChicago, LLC. 
From 2005 to 2007, he served as executive vice president and general counsel of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange and the Philadelphia Board of Trade. Immediately prior to joining DLA Piper, Paul was engaged as an independent consultant by several start-up exchanges and trading facilities offering innovative products in the electricity and weather markets.
Paul also served as in-house counsel to Dean Witter Reynolds Inc. from 1987 to 1997, Credit Suisse First Boston Corporation from 1997 to 1999 and Cargill, Incorporated from 2004 to 2005.
== Education ==
Paul holds a bachelor of arts in history and political science from the University of Pennsylvania. He also hold a law degree from New York University of Law.
== Published Works ==
*Proposed Rules Would Change Definition of Foreign Stock Indices
== Testimony ==
*Written Testimony of C. Robert Paul, General Counsel, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Banking and Financial Services, July 19, 2000
*Written Testimony of C. Robert Paul, General Counsel, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Banking and Financial Services, April 11, 2000
== References ==	
Category:Lawyers
Category:Nomura Securities
Category:Former CFTC Officials
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:Tradeweb
Category:Tradeweb
Category:OneChicago
Category:OneChicago
C2

C2 Options Exchange, Inc. (C2) is Cboe's all-electronic options exchange that launched in the fall of 2010. It is the second securities options exchange under the CBOE Holdings, Inc. corporate umbrella. Chicago Board Options Exchange, the oldest and largest U.S. options exchange and creator of listed options, is the other. 
C2 Options Exchange is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cboe Global Markets, Inc. and operates under a separate exchange license with its own rules and access structure. Over 350 equity and ETF options are offered for trading. One equity index option based on the Russell 2000 Index is offered for trading. 
C2's maker-taker market model allocates trades on a pro rata basis as well on as a price-time priority basis, depending on the option being traded. The Exchange's pricing structure allows market-makers to interact in a different way to fulfill their liquidity provision obligations and meet customers’ demand for liquidity, with a different combination of economic incentives. 
The exchange was built in part to compete with exchange holding companies that feature multiple exchanges with different pricing structures. 
C2 trades on the Cboe trade engine, CBOE Command, located in the Equinix Data Center in Secaucus, New Jersey. 
== References ==
Category:CBOE Products
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
CAIA Association

The Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst Association ("CAIA Association") is an education and advocacy organization supporting the alternative investment industry. CAIA Association issues and manages the accreditation process for the Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst designation. 
==CAIA Exam Process==
CAIA charter holders must pass a series of two exams covering a broad selection of alternative investment topics, including:
*Professional Standards and Ethics 
*Introduction to Alternative Investments 
*Real Assets 
*Hedge Funds 
*Structured Products
*Commodities
*Private Equity
*Structured Products
*Risk Management and Portfolio Management
*Manager Selection, Due Diligence, and Regulation
*Research Issues and Current Topics
== History ==
The CAIA Association was founded in 2003 by the Alternative Investment Management Association (AIMA) and the Center for International Securities and Derivatives Markets (CISDM), in response to industry demand for a standard designation for financial professionals whose concentration is alternative investments. Since then, the number of members has grown to 5400, represented in over 80 countries. As of 2012, there are 15 chapters, including:
*CAIA Boston
*CAIA Canada
*CAIA Chicago
*CAIA France
*CAIA Germany
*CAIA Hong Kong
*CAIA Iberia
*CAIA Korea
*CAIA London
*CAIA Los Angeles
*CAIA Luxembourg
*CAIA New York
*CAIA San Francisco
*CAIA Singapore
*CAIA Switzerland
== References ==
CBL Markets

CBL Markets (Colonial Bourses) is an exchange operator providing a centralized trading venue for participants to spot trade environmental commodities, emissions, renewable energy certificates, natural gas and water in the US and Australia.
== History ==
CBL Markets began as CTX Holdings Pty. Ltd and was rebranded as Colonial Bourses in July of 2016 when it launched a new technology platform. At the same time, the company moved away from its Carbon Trade eXchange (CTX) brand to potentially incorporate a more diverse product set.
During the conversion to CBL Markets, the founder of CTX, Wayne Sharpe, resigned from the company in a management buyout and resigned as a director. 
CBL partnered with MGEX in 2015 for support and services for spot market exchange trading of allowances and offset in the California cap and trade program and recorded its first trade in October 2016. 
CBL Markets has sales operations in both New York City and Sydney, Australia. 
== Products and Services ==
CBL Markets offers cleared spot trading of environmental commodities in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) and now the California Cap-and Trade Program.
It also offers US Renewable Energy Certificates contracts, NOx and SO2, and it has a suite of Australian contracts for trading in compliance and gas. It offers water contracts via its H20X exchange in Australia.
== Key People ==
*Nathan Rockliff, Managing Director, USA
*Ben Stuart, Managing Director, Australia
*Simon Bird, General Counsel
*Leo Munoz, CTO
*Nicole Teitzel, Marketing Manager
== References ==
CBOE.org

CBOE.org is a Web site that primarily conveys information for CBOE members, member firms and lease holders. Although access to much of the information is restricted to the above groups, generally available public information includes: application for membership ; an explanation of CBOE Market-Maker/Remote Market Maker/e-DPM programs; and information on CBOE legal and regulatory matters, including CBOE's constitution and rules, disciplinary actions, rule filings and comment letters.
== References ==
Category:CBOE