nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Arthur F. Bell, Jr.

__NOTOC__ 
Arthur F. Bell Jr. is the managing member of Arthur Bell Certified Public Accountants, a firm he founded in 1974. Bell also is long-time member of the Managed Funds Association, and has served on its board of directors. He has been a director, treasurer and member of the MFA Executive Committee at various times since 1994.
 
== Background ==
Bell has been a managing member of the firm since 1974. In addition to his MFA activity, Bell was a member of the CFTC Global Market Advisory Committee. He also is a member of the Futures Industry Association Editorial Advisory Board, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the London-based Pension Research Accounting Group and Alternative Investment Management Association. 
== Education ==
Bell is a graduate of Johns Hopkins University and is licensed in Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey and New York. 
== References ==
Category:MFA Board of Directors Members
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Accounting‏‎
Arthur Levitt Sr.

Arthur Levitt Sr. was a public official, serving as New York State Controller from 1955 to 1978. He was elected to the position five times by large majorities.
He was also the father of former SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt, Jr.
 
== Background ==
A Democrat, Levitt served under four governors and is remembered for tightening New York's auditing procedures, including "performance audits" of state agencies.
Levitt was born in Brooklyn, Kings County, N.Y., June 28, 1900 and was the son of Israel A. Levitt and Rose (Daniels) Levitt . 
Levitt served in the U.S. Army during World War I and achieved the rank of colonel during World War II.
Levitt was also a member of the following organizations:
* American Legion
* Veterans of Foreign Wars
* Jewish War Veterans
* Freemasons
* Shriners
* Knights of Pythias
* Phi Sigma Delta
* Odd Fellows.
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Deceased
Arthur McCoy

Arthur McCoy is managing director of NYMEX Clearing of CME Group Inc. McCoy manages risk management, clearing operations and audit for the NYMEX division of CME Clearing.
Previously, McCoy was the senior vice president of compliance and risk management for NYMEX. He was named to the position on January 28, 2008 and has worked for NYMEX since 1990.
== Background ==
McCoy was responsible for the implementation and enforcement of NYMEX's financial integrity and safeguard systems. 
Before joining NYMEX, McCoy was a vice president at First Boston Corporation. Also, he worked with the National Futures Association (NFA), D.E. Jones Commodities, Inc., and COMEX. 
McCoy is the founding member of the futures industry's derivatives clearing organization risk committee and the current chairman. 
== Education ==
McCoy holds a bachelor of science degree in accounting from Fairfield University in Connecticut and is a licensed certified public accountant in the State of New York. He also served as an instructor at the New York Institute of Finance for 15 years where he taught a futures accounting course.
== References ==	
Category:CME Group
Arthur Okun

__NOTOC__ 
Arthur Melvin "Art" Okun was an American economist.
He is known for his stating of Okun’s Law which says that for every 2 percent that real gross domestic product (GDP) falls below its trend, there will be a 1 percent increase in the unemployment rate. Okun discovered the law while he was a senior economist with President John F. Kennedy's Council of Economic Advisers (CEA).
He also coined the term “misery index” in the 1960s. It was the sum of the unemployment rate and inflation at any given time. 
He died unexpectedly from a heart attack on March 23, 1980, in Washington D.C., at the age of 51.
== Background ==
*US Council of Economic Advisers Member (1964-69),Chairman (1968-69)
*US Council of Economic Advisers Staffer (1961-62)
*Brookings Institution Senior Fellow (1969-80)
== Education ==
*University: BA, Columbia University (1949)
*University: PhD, Columbia University (1956)
*Professor: Yale University
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives 
Category:Economist
Category:Deceased
Arthur Pinheiro Machado

__NOTOC__ 
Arthur Pinheiro Machado is chief operating officer and a member of the board of directors of Americas Trading Group, a Rio de Janeiro-based platform for electronic order execution that consolidates and manages connections between brokers, end customers and stock exchanges in Latin America. In this role, he is responsible for the implementation of the company's business strategy.
He also writes a blog, Apertis Verbis, in which he comments on topics related to finance and economics, with a focus on electronic markets. 
 
== Background ==
Prior to his role at ATG, Machado was a partner and member of the executive committee at Agora Brokerage until its sale to Banco Bradesco in 2008. 
== Education ==
Machado holds a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering, and also earned an MBA in Finance as well as an MSc in Mathematical Methods for Finance.
== References ==
Arthur R. Marcus

Arthur R. Marcus is a former director, commodity division, of Paine Webber.
== Biography ==
Arthur Marcus served as Futures Industry Association chairman from 1984 to 1986, a time when proposals to merge the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the Securities and Exchange Commission were circulating in Washington. 
Under his leadership, the FIA made substantial progress on improving relations between its member firms and the exchanges and achieving a consensus on the thorny issue of FCM capital requirements. His success in this area derived from his experience working at a range of firms in the industry, including Gerald Commodities, Reynolds Securities, Geldermann & Co. and Fimat. In 1988, he made a further contribution to the industry as the first chairman of the Futures Industry Institute, a non-profit organization founded to develop and promote educational products.
In 2005, Marcus was inducted into the Futures Industry Association's Futures Hall of Fame, which was established that year to commemorate outstanding contributions to the global futures and options community. 
== Education ==
== References ==
Category:Futures Hall of Fame Members
Arthur W. Hahn

__NOTOC__ 
Arthur W. Hahn is a partner with Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP and global co-chair of its financial services practice. He has a multi-disciplined practice, representing major international banks and brokerage firms in connection with their cash and derivatives products, including interfacing with exchanges, regulatory compliance, principal trading and sales practices issues, litigation and enforcement matters. 
Hahn also represents international equity and commodity exchanges and clearing houses in connection with their business structuring, trading rules, technology initiatives, cross-border SEC and CFTC licenses and international insolvency issues. 
In 2022, Hahn was inducted into the Futures Industry Association's Futures Hall of Fame, which was established in 2005 to commemorate outstanding contributions to the global futures and options community. 
== Background ==
Hahn serves on the executive committee of the Board of Trustees for the Institute for Financial Markets. He is a former board member director of the Futures Industry Association (FIA). He is an editorial board member of the Capital Markets Law Journal for the Oxford University Press. Hahn also serves as a trustee of the Ravinia Festival. 
Hahn previously served as vice-chair of the Financial Products and Services Committee of the American Bar Association, and also as a representative of the CFTC Global Markets Advisory Committee. He also served on the executive committee of the Illinois Council on Economic Education. He was the founding Faculty Chairman of the Chicago Kent Illinois Institute of Technology Graduate School of Financial Services Law (serving from 1988 through 1999).
Hahn lectures and writes frequently on subjects relating to financial services. He was recognized as an outstanding lawyer by the rating service Super Lawyers in 2005-2011 and 2013-2014 and listed in the 2008 edition of Best Lawyers in America, an annual guide which evaluates U.S. attorneys in 78 specialties.
== Education ==
He attended the London School of Economics and Political Science. Hahn received his J.D. degree from Northwestern University School of Law. He served on the legislative staff of U.S. Senator Paul H. Douglas and clerked on the Federal District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. He received his B.A. at Miami University.
==Video==
== FIA Hall of Fame ==
== References ==	
Category:The IFM
Category:The IFM Board of Trustees
Category:Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP
Category:Futures Hall of Fame Members
Category: Bios - Executives
Category: FIA Board of Directors Members
Category: Lawyers
Category:CFTC Global Markets Advisory Committee - Former Members
Artificial Price

An artificial price, in the context of futures markets, refers to a price level that has been influenced or distorted due to market manipulation or other external factors, causing it to deviate from the price that would have been determined solely by the forces of supply and demand. This term is commonly used in financial markets to describe instances where the natural equilibrium of prices has been disrupted, leading to potentially unfair or non-market-driven pricing.
==Causes of Artificial Prices==
Market Manipulation: One of the primary reasons for artificial prices is market manipulation. Traders or entities with substantial market power may engage in activities such as spoofing, layering, painting the tape or cornering the market to create artificial price movements that benefit their positions. These actions can lead to distorted price levels that do not accurately reflect the underlying fundamentals of the asset.
News and Rumors: Artificial prices can also be driven by the dissemination of false or misleading information, rumors, or news events that trigger panic buying or selling. In such cases, prices may deviate significantly from their fair value until accurate information prevails.
Liquidity Shocks: Sudden and extreme changes in market liquidity, often caused by external events such as regulatory changes, geopolitical crises, or unexpected economic developments, can result in artificial price swings as market participants scramble to adjust their positions.
==Consequences of Artificial Prices==
Inefficiencies: Artificial prices disrupt the efficient allocation of resources and capital in financial markets, as they do not reflect the true supply and demand dynamics.
Losses: Traders and investors who unknowingly buy or sell assets at artificial prices may suffer significant financial losses once prices return to their fundamental levels.
Market Integrity: Artificial prices undermine market integrity and investor confidence, potentially leading to regulatory scrutiny and enforcement actions against those responsible for manipulation.
Volatility: Artificial prices can contribute to heightened market volatility, making it difficult for market participants to make informed decisions and manage risk effectively.
==Regulatory Response==
To address the issue of artificial prices, financial regulators and exchanges have implemented measures to detect and prevent market manipulation. These measures include enhanced surveillance, increased transparency requirements, and strict enforcement of rules and regulations. Regulatory bodies like the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) play a crucial role in maintaining market integrity and addressing instances of artificial pricing.
== References ==
Category:Price Discovery
Artur Fischer

__NOTOC__ 
Artur Fisher is the CEO of Equiduct and Co-CEO of Börse Berlin. Fischer was appointed CEO of Börse Berlin in 2007. 
== Background ==
Before joining Börse Berlin, Fischer held leading positions with several top tier European banks. From 1986 until 1991, he was a director at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.
After three years as a board member of an English subsidiary of Hypo Bank, Fischer joined Bankgesellschaft Berlin, becoming corporate division manager and COO of the London branch. Since 2000 he has worked as a management consultant. 
== Education ==
Fachhochschule Darmstadt, Electronics, 1980 – 1984
== References ==	
Category:Exchange CEOs
Category:Börse Berlin
Arwen

Arwen is a cryptocurrency-centric American fintech company.
Having attracted $1.5 million in late 2017 in venture capital funding, Sharon Goldberg and Ethan Heilman, both formerly of bitcoin payment hub TumbleBit, formed Commonwealth Crypto. The company developed a protocol that would allow traders on cryptocurrency exchanges to keep control of their coins by maintaining their own wallets. 
In January 2019, Commonwealth Crypto changed its brand name to Arwen (and "Arwen Secure" on Twitter and LinkedIn). (Arwen is the name of a half-elven female character in J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings.)
Also in January, Arwen published a testnet user guide for what it calls its "non-custodial cryptocurrency-to-cryptocurrency trading platform." On January 28, 2019, Arwen announced that it will launch the platform in cooperation with KuCoin, a Singapore-based cryptocurrency exchange. The testnet currently supports transactions made with bitcoin, Litecoin and bitcoin cash and is working on supporting zcash, ethereum and ERC-20 tokens. 
According to CTO Heilman, Arwen does not support margin trading and the current protocol requires full collateralization of trades.
== References ==
Category:fintech
Category:digital assets
Category:decentralized applications
Category:distributed ledgers
Category:cryptocurrency
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Asa Dow

__NOTOC__ 
Asa Dow was a notable figure in the history of the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), serving as its president in 1879. His contributions to the organization and his role in the broader commercial development of Chicago are significant.
== Early Life and Career ==
Dow was known to have been a resident of Ypsilanti before moving to Chicago. His professional journey led him to become a prominent member of the Chicago Board of Trade, an institution that played a crucial role in the commercial and economic development of the city.
=== Presidency of the Chicago Board of Trade ===
At the fourteenth annual meeting of the Chicago Board of Trade, held on April 7, 1862. Calvin T. Wheeler was elected president and Dow was elected first vice president. John L. Hancock was elected second vice president at the meeting.
In 1879, Asa Dow was elected as the president of the Chicago Board of Trade in a vote that saw the largest number the CBOT had ever known. Dow received 647 votes and his rival, William Dickinson, received 463. His tenure came during a period of significant economic activity and growth in Chicago. The CBOT was instrumental in establishing Chicago as a major hub for commodity trading, particularly in grains, which was vital for the city's economic expansion.
=== Contributions and Legacy ===
Asa Dow's leadership at the CBOT was marked by his efforts to stabilize and promote the trading practices that were essential for the agricultural and commercial sectors. His presidency is noted in historical records as a time when the CBOT continued to solidify its influence and operational standards.
Dow's impact extended beyond his presidency, as he remained an influential figure in the Chicago business community. His contributions were part of the broader narrative of Chicago's rise as a leading commercial center in the United States.
=== Death ===
Asa Dow passed away in Chicago, leaving behind a legacy of leadership and development within the Chicago Board of Trade. His death was noted in various records, including local news from his former residence in Ypsilanti, highlighting his prominence and the respect he garnered throughout his career. Dow and Murry Nelson, and J. B. Lyon were said to be among the
losers. The corner was settled at $1.30 and netted Geddes about $25,000.
== References ==	
Category:Deceased
Category:Deceased Members of the Chicago Board of Trade
Category:CBOT Members
Category:Former CBOT Officials
Category:Presidents of the Chicago Board of Trade
Category:Former Exchange Presidents
AscendEX

AscendEX operated as BiTMAX until mid March 2021. 
== BiTMAX ==
Running separately from its Singapore-based affiliate Bitbox, BitMax said that it had begun serving Japanese customers on September 17, 2019. 
BiTMax, which is owned by Japanese message services provider LINE, offers trading in five cryptocurrencies: bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Bitcoin Cash and Litecoin. Line has 81 million customers in Japan and another 83 million customers outside of Japan.
== References ==
Category: exchanges
Category: cryptocurrency
Category: trading
Category: Asia
Category: CryptoMarketsWiki
Ashishkumar Chauhan

__NOTOC__ 
Ashishkumar Chauhan is an Indian business executive and administrator who currently serves as the managing director (MD) and chief executive officer (CEO) of the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE). He is widely recognized as the father of modern financial derivatives in India and has played a pivotal role in shaping the country's financial markets.
He was previously the managing director and chief executive of the Bombay Stock Exchange. He resigned in early 2022. 
He is credited with reviving the BSE, Asia's oldest stock exchange. Under his leadership, the exchange successfully completed an IPO which BSE had been working on for 10 years. 
During his career at BSE, Chauhan introduced mobile trading and online real-time surveillance systems to the exchange as well as launched a number of new products including SMEs, currencies, mutual funds and corporate bonds. He was also instrumental in setting up the country's first international exchange, India International Exchange. 
He is a distinguished visiting professor at Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.
== Background ==
Chauhan's career in the financial sector spans over three decades. He was one of the founding members of the NSE in 1993, where he was instrumental in setting up the exchange's equities and derivatives markets. He is credited with creating the NSE-50 (Nifty) index, which has become the most traded index in derivatives in India.
After his initial stint at NSE, Chauhan worked with Reliance Industries, where he held various positions including chief information officer (CIO) of Reliance Infocomm and later as the Reliance Group CIO. He also served as the CEO of the Mumbai Indians cricket team during its formative years.
Prior to rejoining NSE, Chauhan served as the MD and CEO of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) for over a decade. During his tenure at BSE, he led significant transformations, including making it the fastest exchange in the world with a response time of less than six microseconds.
== Education ==
Chauhan holds a Bachelor of Technology in mechanical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay. He further enhanced his educational qualifications by obtaining a Post Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM) from the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Calcutta.
== References ==
Ashley Alder

__NOTOC__ 
Ashley Alder is the chairman of the UK Financial Conduct Authority Board. He assumed that role in February 2023.
The UK Financial Conduct Authority named Alder as its chair in July 2022, after criticism of how it had handled a series of scandals.
He was previously the chief executive officer of the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission (SFC). He was appointed in August 2011, effective October 1, 2011 for a three-year term. He has led Hong Kong’s Securities and Futures Commission for 11 years. He was granted a new three-year term in 2020 to steer the city’s financial services industry through the coronavirus pandemic. 
Alder was appointed by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong as a Justice of the Peace in 2014 and is a fellow of The Hong Kong Institute of Bankers. He was appointed as the chairman of the board of the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) in 2016 and is also the chairman of the IOSCO Asia Pacific Regional Committee. 
== Background ==
Before his most recent appointment at the SFC, Alder was head of Asia and a senior partner for the international law firm Herbert Smith LLP. He joined the firm in 1984 and became partner in 1994. His work at Herbert Smith focused on capital markets, mergers and acquisitions, regulation and compliance. As a lawyer at Herbert Smith, Alder moved to Hong Kong from the UK in 1989, later becoming the head of the firm’s Asia region. 
Alder has lived in Hong Kong for more than 20 years, serving as a board member and executive director of corporate finance at the SFC from 2001 to 2004 and rejoining Herbert Smith in November 2004 following the completion of his SFC term.
== Education ==
Alder attained his Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of London in 1982 and graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Master of Laws degree in 1983. 
== References ==	
Category:MarketsWiki Page of the Day
Category:Regulators
Category:Lawyers
Ashley Reiner

__NOTOC__ 
Ashley Reiner is vice president of human resources for Trading Technologies, a position she has held since January 2019. Her responsibilities include the day-to-day functions of the company's global team -- recruiting, payroll, immigration, procedures and strategic HR initiatives.
== Background ==
Reiner began her career with Trading Technologies in 1999 as director of human resources. Previously, she was a manager of merchandising and interim HR for operations at Marshalls, Inc. 
== Education ==
Ashley Reiner received a M.A. in communications from Northern Illinois University and B.A. degrees in communications and sociology, also from Northern Illinois University.
== References ==
Ashwin Kumar

__NOTOC__ 
Ashwin Kumar is a hedge fund, bank and exchange executive who currently serves as the global head of product development at Deutsche Boerse Group. He took over that role on Sept. 1, 2015.
In addition to overseeing a wide range of products, he also oversees the company's distributed ledger (blockchain) projects. 
== Background ==
Before joining Deutsche Boerse, Kumar was a founding partner of hedge funds Meru Capital and Old Lane. He also held management positions at Bank of America and Citibank, among others.
== Education ==
Kumar holds a bachelor of science degree from Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana in industrial management and industrial engineering. He also holds a masters of business administration from the University of Chicago in finance.
== References ==	
Category:Bank of America - Former Employees
Category:Citibank - Former Employees