nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Protactinium

== Description ==
A dense, radioactive, metallic element. Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements. It is an α-emitter and is a radiological hazard similar to polonium. Protactinium is a natural decay product of U238 and occurs as a constituent of uranium ores. As a metal, it is silvery, ductile and malleable. It is found primarily as an intermediate in breeder reactors.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Pa; protoactinium
== Risks ==
* Highly toxic radioactive material. 
* Dangerous by ingestion, inhalation and contact.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Composition 	Pa (atomic no. 91)
CAS 	7440-13-3
Melting Point 	1560-1575 C
Density 	15.37 g/ml
Molecular Weight	atomic wt = 231.0359
Boiling Point 	4227 C
==Resources and Citations==
* Web Elements: link
Category:Materials database
Protease

== Description ==
A group of enzymes that catalyze hydrolytic degradation of proteins. Protease breaks the peptide linkages in proteins to form amino acids. Examples of these enzymes are: pepsin, trypsin, ficin, bromelin, papain, and rennin. They are used commercially for meat tenderizers and digestive aids.
== Risks ==
* BioFire: SDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Soluble in water.
* CAS = 9036-06-0
==Resources and Citations==
* Teri Hensick, contributed information, 1998
Category:Materials database
Protein

== Description ==
Proteins are natural polymers composed of chains of amino acids connected by peptide linkages. Proteins occur in the cells of all living organisms and in biological fluids. Their primary structure is determined by the order of their amino acids. Examples of soluble proteins include enzymes and antibodies. Insoluble proteins include keratin and collagen. Examples of protein containing compounds are leather, gelatin, albumen, animal glue, silk, ivory, egg, and casein.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|MFA- Protein.jpg~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
natural polyamide; ivory; zein; blood; animal glue; leather; silk; protein (Dan., Sven.); Proteine (Deut.); proteina (Esp.); protéine (Fr.); proteine (It.); proteïne (Ned.); białko (Pol.);
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Autofluorescence color is pale white to pale yellow 
* Non-fluorescent detection agents: amido black, Brilliant Blue R-250, Ponceau S, resorcinol blue 
* Fluorescent detection agents: Blancophor R, dansyl chloride, fluorescamine, Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), Lissamine Rhodamine B Sulfonyl Chloride (LISSA), tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC); Texas Red®; cycloheptaamylose dansyl chloride (DC-C7A)
== Resources and Citation ==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 637
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Protein fiber

== Description ==
A natural or synthetic fiber composed of protein. Natural proteins fibers include wool, hair, fur, and silk. Synthetic, or regenerated proteins fibers are generically called azlon fibers. Examples are zein, and casein fibers.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Aralacfiberkj1.jpg~FTIR|Azlonfiberkj1.jpg~FTIR|LanitaFiberkj1.jpg~FTIR|Vicarafiberkj1.jpg~FTIR|aralac300m.jpg~SEM|azlon500m.jpg~SEM|lanital250m.jpg~SEM|vicara500m.jpg~SEM]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
protein fibre; silk; wool; fur; azlon; zein; casein; Lanital; Merinova; fibra proteínica (Esp.)
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
* J.Gordon Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibres:II Man-made Fibres, Merrow Publishing Co. , Durham, England
Category:Materials database
Proustite

== Description ==
A bright red mineral composed of silver arsenic sulfide. Proustite was named after the 18th century French chemist, Joseph L. Proust. It is often associated with silver mines and occurs in Canada, Mexico, the United States (Colorado, Nevada, Idaho), Peru, Russia and Australia. The ruby color turns dark with exposure to light. An old name for proustite is ruby silver.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ruby silver; silver arsenic sulfide; prouestita (Esp.); Proustit (Deut.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Hexagonal crystal system. 
* Good cleavage in one direction. 
* Fracture = conchoidal to uneven. 
* Luster = adamantine to submetallic. 
* Streak = bright red.
Composition 	Ag3AsS3
Mohs Hardness	2 - 2.5
Density 	5.6 g/ml
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Proustite
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 642
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
Category:Materials database
Prussian brown

== Description ==
A dark brown compound prepared by the reduction of Prussian blue. Heating of iron blue to form Prussian brown was first described in 1839 by J.F.L. Merimee. It is lightfast and was occasionally used as a pigment in the 19th century. Prussian brown is also used as a drier for cooked oil varnishes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
iron brown
==Resources and Citations==
* B.Berrie, "Prussian Blue", Artists Pigments, Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
Category:Materials database
Prussian green

== Description ==
A green pigment originally prepared by the nearly the same process as Prussian blue. Prussian green was produced by omitting the hydrochloric acid step that converted the green to blue. However, by the mid 19th century, Prussian green sold commercially was prepared by mixing Prussian blue with a yellow pigment. Pink, a yellow dye, and gamboge were used occasionally and more often chrome yellow was used. The blue/yellow mixture has also been called Brunswick green, Hooker's green, and chrome green.
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|PG36 kremer23010.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
verde da Prússia (Port.); original=Pigment green 36=CI 74160; 
M320-mixture: Brunswick green; chrome green; Hooker's green; malachite green; Pigment Green 15
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Pseudomalachite

== Description ==
Dark waxy green crystals composed of basic copper phosphate. Pseudomalachite occurs naturally in the oxidation zones for copper ores. It resembles malachite in appearance but lacks the characeristic light/dark banding of malachite. Pseudomalachite has been found in Zaire (Shaba), Slovakia (Libethen), Germany (Bavaria), France, Russia, Canada and the U.S. (Arizona).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
basic copper phosphate; false malachite; ehlite; lunnite; Pseudomalachit (Deut.) 
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Pseudomalachite (HU Mineral Museum).PNG~FTIR (MFA)|Pseudomalachite IR-ATR RRUFF R040175.png~IR-ATR (RRUFF)|Pseudomalachite Raman RRUFF R040175.png~Raman (RRUFF)]]]
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Crystals = massive 
* Fracture = conchoidal 
* Cleavage = imperfect 
* Luster = glassy 
* Streak = bluish green 
* Unlike malachite, pseudomalachite will not react with acids.
Composition 	Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4
Mohs Hardness 	4.0-4.5
Density 	3.6-4.34 g/ml
Molecular Weight	542.68
Refractive Index	1.791; 1.856; 1.867
==Resources and Citations==
* MinDat: Pseudomalachite
* Naumova et al. Studies in Conservation 35:81-88, 1990
Category:Materials database
Pseudomorph

== Description ==
A mineral that replicates the shape or form of another material. Pseudomorphs occur in three types: 
* Paramorph: a mineral that visually looks like another crystalline structure of the same composition (i.e., aragonite altering to look like calcite). This pseudomorph type is also called allomorph. 
* Infiltration pseudomorph: a mineral formed by deposition in which the new compound retains the structure and shape of the original (i.e., petrified wood). 
* Incrustation pseudomorph: a mineral formed in the cavity of a previous material whose shape was preserved by a coating from a second mineral (i.e., fossil).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
paramorph; allomorph;
==Resources and Citations==
* Jakes, K. A., and Sibley, L. R.1989. Evaluation of a partially mineralized fabric from Etowah. In Archaeometry; Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium. ed.Y.Maniatis. New York: Elsevier. 237–44.
* Blanchette, R.A. and E. Simpson. 1992. Soft rot decay and wood pseudomorphs in an ancient coffin (700 BC) from tumulus MM at Gordion Turkey. International Association of Wood Anatomists Bulletin. 13:201-213.
* Dana's Manual of Mineralogy by Cornelis S. Hurlbut, Eighteenth Edition, (1971, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
* Wikipedia: 'Pseudomorph' definition from from Dana's Manual of Mineralogy by Cornelis S. Hurlbut, Eighteenth Edition, (1971, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
Category:Materials database
Pseudopurpurin

== Description ==
Red-brown plate crystals. Pseudopurpurin is one of the natural colorants extracted from madder roots and other Rubiaceae family plants. It forms an insoluble red precipitate with alum and alkaline earths.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
1,2,4-trihydroxyanthraquinone; Natural Red 16; CI 75410; purpurine; purpuriini (Fin.); purpurina (Esp., Port.)
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Slightly soluble in hot benzene, chloroform. Insoluble in cold water, ethanol.
* Melting Point = 229.5-230.5 C
==Resources and Citations==
* Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, Elisabeth West FitzHugh, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Vol. 3, 1997 Comment: H.Schweppe, J.Winter, "Madder and Alizarin",
Category:Materials database
Psilomelane

== Description ==
A black metallic hydroxide of barium and manganese. Psilomelane is an important ore of manganese. It occurs as black rounded masses and is found in Germany, France, Belgium, Scotland, Sweden, India, and the U.S.(Arizona, Virginia).
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Fracture = subconchoidal. 
* Luster = submetallic. 
* Streak = black
* Composition = BaMnMn8O1 6(OH)4
* Mohs Hardness = 5.0 - 6.0
==Resources and Citations==
* Mineralogy Database: Psilomelane
Category:Materials database
Psychrometer

== Description ==
A wet-and-dry bulb hygrometer used to measure temperature and humidity. Psychrometers are composed of two similar thermometers setup with one bulb is kept wet (with a wick immersed in water) while the other bulb is dry. Evaporation causes the wet bulb to be cooler than the dry bulb. The two temperature readings are compared to psychrometric tables to determine the relative humidity and dew point temperature of the air.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Aspirationspsychrometer (Deut.); pshchromètre (Fr.); wet-and-dry bulb hygrometer; sling psychrometer;
==Resources and Citations==
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Caring for your Collections, Arthur W Schulz (ed.), Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , New York, 1992
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "psychrometer" [Accessed September 6, 2002].
* AMOL reCollections Glossary - http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/p/htm
* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychrometer (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)
Category:Materials database
Puccoon

== Description ==
The Algonkian name for dye. The term puccoon has been used for dyes obtained from plant roots by native Americans. Yellow puccoon, or Indian paint, comes from the yellow flowers and red roots of the Lithospermum canescens plant. Red puccoon, or bloodroot, come from the poppy plant Sanguinaria canadensis. The natural dyes were used for dyeing cloths, as a war paint, and as a colorant for porcupine quills, tomahawks, rattles, and baskets.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
yellow puccoon; Indian paint; red puccoon; bloodroot
==Resources and Citations==
* Palmy Weigle, Ancient Dyes for Modern Weavers, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1974
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "puccoon" [Accessed March 5, 2002].
Category:Materials database
Puddingstone

== Description ==
A conglomerate stone composed of rounded quartzite pebbles that are cemented together with a siliceous paste. Cut and polished stones resemble plum pudding. Puddingstones are normally used for decoration rather than building construction as they tend to be coarse and friable. One notable exception is the puddingstone quarried in Roxbury, Massachusetts, that was used considerably as a building stone in the Boston area.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
poudingue (Fr.); conglomerado (Port.); plum puddingstone
Category:Materials database
Puddle steel

== Description ==
A type of wrought iron made from pig iron in a puddling furnace.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
wrought iron; puddled iron; puddled steel; weld steel; weld iron; acier puddlé (Fr.); Puddelstahl (Deut.); aço pudelado (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Wrought Iron Advisory Center at www.realwroughtiron.com
Category:Materials database
Pueblo sandstone

== Description ==
A soft, gray, fine-grain sandstone quarried along Turkey Creek near Pueblo, Colorado. Pueblo sandstone can also be white with pale gray veins. It is used for exterior and interior building construction.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Turkey Creek sandstone
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Pulaskite granite

== Description ==
A coarse-grain, dark bluish-gray syenite quarried on Fourche Mountain in Pulaski County, Arkansas (Lent 1925). Pulaskite granite was used locally for buildings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Magnet Cove granite; Fourche Mountain granite
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
Category:Materials database
Pulpboard

== Description ==
A paperboard prepared from a compressed mass of mechanical wood pulp.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
pulp board; pulp-board (Br.); wood-pulp board
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Density = 0.19
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 583
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=0.19
Category:Materials database
Pumice

== Description ==
A pale gray, porous variety of the volcanic stone rhyolite. Pumice is composed of potassium aluminum silicate with small amounts of iron and alkalis. Its spongy texture is due to numerous cavities formed by gas bubbles that were trapped when the stone solidified. The stone is lightweight enough to float on water for months. Pumice is used as an abrasive for polishing jewelry, cleaning metals, and smoothing vellum and parchment. It has also been used as a clear glaze on stoneware, as a matting agent and as a coarsening agent for texturizing painted surfaces. Pumice was quarried in ancient times from the Greek islands of Melos and Nisyros. Current production comes from Italy (Lipari Islands), Greece, Turkey, Spain, and the United States.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
rhyolite; volcanic glass; Bimsstein (Deut.); Bims (Deut.); piedra pómez (Esp.); pierre ponce (Fr.); pedra-pomes (Port.); elafropetra (Gr.); pomice (It.); puimsteen (Ned.)
== Risks ==
* Contains silica. Inhalation of dust may cause silicosis.
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
* Insoluble in water and solvents. Floats on water. 
* Ground pumice has angular broken particles with visible broken bubbles
Mohs Hardness 	6.0-6.5
Refractive Index	1.50
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: RI = 1.50
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 640
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* R.M.Organ, Design for Scientific Conservation of Antiquities, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 1968
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
* Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8127
* Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Pumice." Accessed 12 May 2004.
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
* Janet Burnett Grossman, Looking at Greek and Roman Sculpture in Stone, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2003
* Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
* Ceramics and Glass Conservation Section, List of Workshop Materials, The British Museum, London
* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
Category:Materials database
Punic wax

== Description ==
A processed beeswax that was used in encaustic paintings. Punic wax wax probably made by combining beeswax with soda lime to produce a waxy soap. Repeated washings in hot water removed any excess caustic. Experiments conducted in Berlin to recreate an ancient recipe, yielded flakes of a hard brittle wax that melted between 73-75C (163-167F) (Wehlte 1975).
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
cera púnica (Esp.); cera punica (It); Carthagian wax; eleodoric wax
==Resources and Citations==
* R.White "The Application of Gas-Chromatography to the Identification of Waxes", Studies in Conservation, 23:57-68, 1978. 
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Kurt Wehlte, The Materials and Techniques of Painting, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Puracarb

== Description ==
[Purafil, Inc.] A trademark product introduced in 1987. Puracarb® contains both activated alumina and activated carbon impregnated with potassium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate. Puracarb® minimizes corrosion in an enclosed environment by absorbing hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas. 
See also Purafil® and Purakol®.
== Risks ==
* Purafil: MSDS .
==Resources and Citations==
* Purafil: Puracarb Product information .
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Purafil, Environmental Control for Museums, Libraries and Archival Storage Areas, Purafil, Georgia., 1800-222-6367
Category:Materials database
Purafil

== Description ==
[Purafil, Inc.] A registered trademark for purple air-cleaning pellets. First developed in 1960 by Borg-Warner Corporation, Purafil® is composed of activated alumina (45-55 %) impregnated with potassium permanganate (4-8 %), sodium bicarbonate (10-20 %) and water (15-25 %). It is used to improve indoor air quality by absorbing airborne pollutants, odors and particulates. Purafil® is normally sold in filter units that are incorporated in HVAC systems for dry-scrubbing air filtration. It will absorb sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, formaldehyde, ozone and hydrogen sulfide. Since potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent, it reacts with many atmospheric pollutants to permanently remove the contaminant. Thus, the potassium permanganate infiltrated alumina product will not offgas pollutants when the filter becomes saturated. However, it will release chlorine gas as a reaction product from absorbed hydrogen chloride.
== Risks ==
* Nonflammable. 
* Resistant to biological growth. 
* Purafil: MSDS
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
Will partially dissolve in water. Soluble in concentrated acids and alkalis.
==Resources and Citations==
* Purafil: Website
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Purafil, 'Environmental Control for Museums, Libraries and Archival Storage Areas, Purafil, Georgia., 1800-222-6367.
Category:Materials database
Purakol

== Description ==
[Purafil, Inc.] A registered trademark for a material composed of activated carbon (100%) from coconut shells. Purakol® is available plain or impregnated with a basic hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Purakol® is used to improve indoor air quality by absorbing airborne pollutants, odors and particulates. Purakol® is normally sold in filter units that are incorporated in HVAC systems for dry-scrubbing air filtration. The alkaline impregnated Purakol® will absorb nitrogen oxides, chlorides, acids and hydrocarbons. A combined product of Purafil® and Purakol® will absorb and retain most contaminant gases.
== Risks ==
* Combustible. 
* Susceptible to biological growth.
* Purafil: Purakol SDS
==Resources and Citations==
* Purafil: Purakol information
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Purafil, 'Environmental Control for Museums, Libraries and Archival Storage Areas, Purafil, Georgia., 1800-222-6367.
Category:Materials database