nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Baked enamel

== Description ==
A hard, glossy paint or varnish that requires baking at temperatures greater than 65C (150F) for the development of desired properties (ASTM). Baked enamel finishes are typically made with an oil-resin or synthetic resin (alkyd, melamine, epoxy, cellulose nitrate, or urea) binder. They are either sprayed or painted onto a metal surface then baked to drive off the solvent and any other volatile components. This produces a uniform, dense, tough finish that is very wear resistant. Baked enamel finishes are often used as metal coatings, such as found on kitchen appliances. Many enamel paints have been replaced by powder applied coatings.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
baked finish; baking finish; stoving enamel (Br.); émail au four (Fr.); esmalte al fuego (Esp.); smalto a fuoco (It.)
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Bakelite

== Description ==
[Dow Chemical] Trademark name for a series of thermosetting synthetic resins. The original Bakelite synthetic resin, composed of phenol formaldehyde, was discovered in 1907 by Dr. Leo Baekeland. It was a hard, thermosetting polymer that was resistant to water, oils, and solvents. The original Bakelite polymer was also a poor conductor of electricity and for the first 10 years of production, the company primarily made electrical insulators. From the 1920s - 40s, the dark-color, phenolic resin was used to make molded articles such as radio cabinets, telephone receivers, costume jewelry, dishes, and other household items. It was also used to laminate paper and fabric and to make imitation amber. Early Bakelite products were made in 5 colors (yellow, butterscotch, brown, green, and red) along with mixtures forming marbleized patterns. In 1927, the Bakelite patent expired and competing companies, such as Catalin, began selling colorful cast phenolic resin products. Soon Bakelite also introduced a colorful line of cast products called Bakelite cast resin. In 1939, the Bakelite Company merged with Union Carbide. During the early 40s, only black products were made because of the war. Since 1975, the term Bakelite has been used by Union Carbide (then Dow since 2001) for a series of molded polymers and adhesives that are composed of the following resins: polyethylene (Bakelite DQDE), polypropylene, epoxy (Bakelite RD), phenolic, polystyrene (Bakelite RMD), phenoxy, polysulfone, ABS, acrylic, or vinyl (Bakelites QYNV, VYLF, EVA, AYAC, AYAA).
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Bakelite FTIR.PNG~FTIR]]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride; Fireproof Celluloid [Damard Lacquer Co.]; Luxene (translucent); baquelita (Esp.); Catalin; Faturan; Micarta
== Comparisons ==
== Additional Images ==
File:bakelitecatvt.jpg|Bakelite catalog
File:luxenevt.jpg|Luxene advertisement
== Resources and Citations ==
* Care and Identification of Objects Made from Plastic, Conserve O Gram 8/4, National Park Service, September 2010.
* Sharon Blank, "An introduction to plastics and rubbers in collections", Studies in Conservation, 35, 1990, 53-63.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 792
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Sharon Blank, An introduction to plastics and rubbers in collections, Studies in Conservation, 35, 53-63, 1990
* Website: www.me.umist.ac.uk/historyp/history.htm
* Website: www.deco-echoes.com/bakelite.html
* Website: www.nswpmith.com.au/historyofplastics.html
* Website: www.n=mesothel.com (1975)
Category:Materials database
Bakelite paper

== Description ==
A paper varnished with Bakelite brand thermosetting phenolic resin. After curing, Bakelite paper was pressure treated to produce a hard, stiff paper. Primarily made from 1920-1940, this early type of laminate had good resistance to water, oils, and solvents. It was used for electrical insulation and molded parts.
==Resources and Citations==
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* E.J.LaBarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-making, Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, 1969
* Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
Category:Materials database
Bakers paper

== Description ==
A lightweight, wrapping paper that has a thin, nonstick glaze. Bakers paper is used for wrapping baked goods.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
bakers wrap; release paper
==Resources and Citations==
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* The Dictionary of Paper, American Paper Institute, New York, Fourth Edition, 1980
Category:Materials database
Balanos oil

== Description ==
A semidrying oil expressed from kernels of the Egyptian tree, Balanites aegyptiaca. Balanos oil contains linoleic acid (37-44%), oleic acid (23-34%), palmitic acid (12-17%) and stearic acid (8-12%) (Serpico and White 2000). It is used in perfumes, cosmetics and cooking.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Balanites aegyptiac; aceite de balanos (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Serpico, R.White, "Oil, fat and wax" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 390-429.
* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
Category:Materials database
Balas

== Description ==
A rose-red spinel used as a semiprecious gemstone. Balas stones were named for the region of Balascia (now called Badakhshan) in Afghanistan where they were mined. However, because their color and general appearance resemble rubies, the balas stones were often mislabeled as rubies. The Black Prince ruby and the Timur ruby in the British crown jewels are both balas spinels.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
balas ruby; spinel
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Balata

== Description ==
A nonelastic rubber obtained from the balata tree, Manilkara bidentata, native to South America. Balata is an isomer of isoprene but it cannot be vulcanized and it is not stretchy. It is used for conveyor belts and golf ball covers. The balata tree also provides a deep-red wood that is very hard and durable. Balata wood is used for cabinetry.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Manilkara bidentata; gum balata; goma balata (Esp.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 82
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Website: http://www.plastics-museum.com/
Category:Materials database
Balaustre

== Description ==
A South American tree of the genus Centrolobium that produces a colorful wood. Balaustre wood can be yellow or red with streaks of red or black. It usually has a straight grain, fine texture, and polishes to a high luster. Balaustre has been used in shipbuilding and as a veneer for cabinetry.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Centrolobium; arariba; canarywood; canary wood; porcupine wood; zebra wood, amarillo (Panama); redwood (British Guiana) ararauba, arrabi, arariba, araruva, iriba, pau rainha, putumuju (Brazil); morosimo (Paraguay); cartan (Venezuela); araribá rajado (Port.)
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Specific gravity = 0.75-1.0
* Density = 47-63 ppcf
==Resources and Citations==
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Kribs, Commercial Foreign woods on the American market
Category:Materials database
Bald cypress

== Description ==
A deciduous, softwood tree (Taxodium distichum) native to the wetlands of southeastern United States. The bald cypress produces of durable, decay resistant wood. The soft, lightweight wood is reddish-brown with a straight grain. It is often used for outdoor construction, roofing, fencing, flooring, and boat building. Because bald cypress timber is easily worked, it has also been used as an interior finish wood. The peak lumbering period for bald cypress was from 1870-1915 (Bucher 1996). When the bald cypress grows in a watery area, it has aerial roots called knees. The knees, because of their interesting shapes, have been used as souvenirs, art objects, and bases for flower arrangements.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Taxodium distichum; cyprès chauve (Fr.); ciprés de los pantanos (Esp.); cipresso calvo (It.); taxódio (Port.); southern cypress; swamp cypress; pond cypress; deciduous cypress; tidewater red cypress
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
* Density = 32 pcf
Paper fiber type: Softwood. Using transmitted light microscopy, fibers are identified by the presence of taxodiod and cupressiod ray parenchyma pits, 2-4 across. Fibers are wide and can be up to 7mm long. Appearance with Graff "C" stain: varies with bleaching. Average dimensions of fibers: 6.2mm, av width 45-60μm. Common pulping method: sulfite or kraft.
== Additional Images ==
File:26_Bald Cypress_100x_Rad.jpg|Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) radial section
File:26_Bald Cypress_100x_Tran.jpg|Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) transverse section
File:Baldcypress 40x 5.jpg|Bald cypress paper pulp at 40x
File:Baldcypress 10x pits.jpg|Bald cypress paper pulp pits at 10x
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 258
* Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* Southern Cypress Manufacturers Association, Jacksonville, Fla.: air-dry weight = 32 pcf
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Marja-Sisko Ilvessalo-Pfäffli. Fiber Atlas: Identification of Papermaking Fibers (Springer Series in Wood Science). Springer, 1995. 
* Walter Rantanen. "Fiber ID Course." Integrated Paper Services. June 2013. Lecture.
Category:Materials database
Baleen

== Description ==
Baleen is a proteinaceous, horn-like material obtained from non-toothed whales of the suborder Mysticeti. Examples are the humpback, finback, minke, sei, blue ,and right whales. These whale have up to 700 parallel sheets of baleen that hang from the upper jaw and filter plankton or krill. The plates are about 0.5 centimeter apart, 1 centimeter thick and can reach lengths of 3-5 meters. They have a triangular shape with a finner, or fringe, on the inner angled side. Baleen is an elastic sheet that grows in a three-part structure consisting of a central section of hollow tubes sandwiched between two thin, shiny surfaces. The bone-like tubes are composed of hydroxyapatite. The semitransparent covering sheets are composed of keratin. Microscopically baleen is similar to horn; it is anisotropic and exhibits a full range of polarization colors. Baleen sheets have been used for a wide variety of applications ranging from baskets, fans, and small decorative articles to petticoat hoops, sled runners, and roof covers. The fibers from the finner have been used for brushes. Some species and colors are listed below: 
* Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus): black plate with coarse black fringe 
* Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus): gray and yellow (or white) striped plates with corresponding fringe colors 
* Sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis): blue-black plate with white, curly fringe 
* Humpback whale (Megaptera nodosa): gray to black plate and fringe
For detailed information on baleen usage history, identification and care, please see the AIC Wiki for:
* Baleen (Wooden Artifacts Group): Baleen
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
whalebone; finner fibers
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Finner fibers have an oval cross section and usually have a hollow medulla
==Resources and Citations==
* J.Lauffenburger "Baleen in Museum Collections: Its Sources, Uses and Identification" JAIC, 32:213-310, 1993.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 868
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Caring for your Collections, Arthur W Schulz (ed.), Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , New York, 1992
* F. Kidd, Brushmaking Materials, Bristish Brush Manufacturers, London, 1957
Category:Materials database
Balfour granite

== Description ==
A brand name for a dense, medium-grain granite quarried near Balfour in Henderson County, North Carolina. Primarily quarried from about 1890-1920, Balfour granite comes in a uniform pink color and a cream color with a pinkish tinge. Both color of granites, Balfour pink, and Balfour cream, polish to a high gloss and have been used for buildings and monuments. The durable, high quartz content granite was also used as durax blocks, paving stones, and grist mill stones.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Balfour Pink; Balfour cream;
==Resources and Citations==
* Frank A. Lent, Trade names and Descriptions of Marbles, Limestones, Sandstones, Granites and Other Building Stones Quarried in the United States Canada and other Countries., Stone Publishing Co, New York, 1925
* Website: http://www.salisburypost.com/2001may/051501g.htm
Category:Materials database
Ball clay

== Description ==
A fine, soft, very plastic clay. Ball clay is a relatively pure, secondary clay composed of kaolin (20-90%), mica (5-45%), and quartz (1-70%). The high quality clay is found in England (Wareham, Dorset, Devon) and the U.S. (Kentucky, Tennessee). Originally, ball clay was dug up and made into 30-35 pound balls for transportation by horses. The fine-grain clay contains small amounts of carbon and other organic materials that give it an initial dark color. These materials are combusted during firing leaving a white vessel. Ball clay is very plastic and has a high shrinkage rate of up to 20 %. It is often mixed with other clays to increase their plasticity. Ball clay is used in the manufacture of ceramics, whiteware, porcelain, glass, and tiles.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
argile plastique (Fr.); argila gorda (Port.)
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 428
* Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
* Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
* Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
* Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Ceramics"
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Ballas

== Description ==
Small, imperfectly crystallized pieces of diamond. Ballas stones are rounded with no distinct cleavage. They are extremely hard and tough. Ballas is mined in Brazil and South Africa. The industrial grade diamond is primarily used as an abrasive.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
shot bort; industrial grade diamond
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Composition 	C
Mohs Hardness	10
== Comparisons ==
==Resources and Citations==
* Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
* Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Britannica-Online Comment: "industrial diamond" [Accessed March 4, 2002].
Category:Materials database
Ballast

== Description ==
1) A heavy material used to provide weight and/or stability. Ballast is commonly used in hot-air balloons, ships, and submarines. Examples of materials used for ballast include water, sand, and iron. 
2) Crushed concrete, slag, or stone used as a foundation for railroad beds.
==Resources and Citations==
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
* Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Britannica-Online Comment: "Railroad." Accessed 3 Sept. 2004.
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
Category:Materials database
Balloon fabric

== Description ==
A plain-weave, coated cotton fabric used for hot air balloons and airplane air cells. Balloon fabric was tightly woven with 120-180 threads per inch. Typically, the fabric was laminated with layers of rubber or plastic. Each additional layer of cloth was rotated 45 degrees to minimize potential distortions. The finished product was coated with an aluminized paint to reduce heat absorption. Balloon fabric has also been used for typewriter ribbon, artificial flowers, and upholstery fabric.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
balloon cloth; airplane cloth
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 249
* Rosalie Rosso King, Textile Identification, Conservation, and Preservation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985
Category:Materials database
Ballpoint ink

== Description ==
Though patented in 1888, ballpoint pens only became popular in 1945 after a viscous, smooth-flowing ink was formulated by Franz Seech in California. This ballpoint ink had a drying oil mixed with a dye (40-50%) and resin. Drying oil inks cured when exposed to air. In the 1950s, fast drying glycol inks were introduced which cured by solvent evaporation. Since that time many different formulations have been used for ballpoint inks; components may include surfactants and plasticizers. Some inks are sensitive to solvents and may contain fugitive dyes.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ball point ink; ball-point ink
== Risks ==
Some formulations of not lightfast.
==Physical and Chemical Properties==
Many are soluble in alcohols and aromatic solvents.
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 410
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Ballpoint pen

== Description ==
A writing tool composed of a small ball loosely held in a funnel-shaped nib and connected to a tube filled with ink. Friction from moving the ball over paper makes it rotate; its surface is continually coated with fresh ink which is rolled onto the paper. Ballpoint pens were patented in the U.S. in 1888 by Loud, but not marketed successfully until the 1940s.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
ball point pen; ball-point pen; rolling pointed pen; Biro
==Resources and Citations==
* M.Holben Ellis, "Ball Point Pen", in Media and Techniques of Works of Art on Paper, New York University Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York, 1999.
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 410
* Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
* Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms, Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998
* The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
Category:Materials database
Balm of Gilead

== Description ==
A fragrant oleoresin, also called Mecca balsam, obtained from the small evergreen tree, Commiphora opobalsamum, native to the Middle East. Balm of Gilead was used in perfumes and medicines. The name 'balm of Gilead' has been used as a synonym for myrrh, which can refer to any of several resins that comes from the Commiphora family of trees. Balm of Gilead has also been used incorrectly to refer to Canada balsam.
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
Commiphora opobalsamum; opobalsam, Mecca balsam; myrrh; bálsamo de Judea (Esp.); bálsamo de la Meca (Esp.); Balsan-Katel
==Resources and Citations==
* G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 83
* Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
* The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 973
Category:Materials database