nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Friends of Democracy

Friends of Democracy was founded in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1937. It's national director was Unitarian Minister Leon M. Birkhead. Although its official headquarters remained in Kansas City until 1951, by 1940, it was operating from an 'Eastern Regional Office' at 103 Park Avenue, New York City.Thomas E. Mahl, Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States 1939-44, Brassey's, 1999, p.33.
Friends of Democracy was one of a number of US anti-fascist organisations which were of interest to British intelligence during the early years of World War Two. 
In a July 1941 report on the US activities of the Special Operations Executive (SOE), Sydney Morrell cited Friends of Democracy as one of a number of American organisations which had been "formed and acquired". Morrell stated these organisations were closely interlocked, but "On the other hand, none of the above organisations is aware of British influence, since this is maintained through a permanent official in each organisation, who in turn, is in touch with a cut-out - and never with us direct."10 July 1941, FO 898/103, National Archives. 
The Friends of Democracy entry on Morrell's list read::
::Friends of Democracy. An example of the work of this organisation is attached. It is a complete attack on Henry Ford for his anti[sic]-Nazi leanings.10 July 1941, FO 898/103, National Archives.
==People==
*Leon M. Birkhead - National Director
*Rex Stout
==Notes==
Category:WWII Hawks
Friends of European Foundation for Democracy

Washington-based funding vehicle for the European Foundation for Democracy. It has tax exempt status.
==Income==
*2013-983,000
*2012: 703,000
*2011: USD $1,002500
==Donors==
Has received grants from:
*Hochberg Family Foundation
==Affiliations==
*FDD, acts as a US financial conduit for grants
Category:EuropeCategory:US
Friends of Israel Educational Foundation

Friends of Israel Educational Foundation was a Charity (No. 1095303) and company (No. 04392462) incorporated on 12 Mar 2002 as a copmany, registered as a charity on 9 January 2003 and dissolved on 23 July 2019. It was closely associated with and shared a website with the Academic Study Group (Charity No 801772) an anti BDS charity.
==People==
===Trustees===
Dr Daniel Eilon | Maureen Fisher | The Lord Palmer of Childs Hill
*Executive Director: John D. A. Levy
===Patrons===
Martin Amis | The Lord Beecham of Benwell & Newcastle upon Tyne | The Rt Hon Lord Alan Beith PC | Steven Berkoff | Hon David Bernstein | Sir Walter Bodmer FRS | Melvyn Bragg | The Lord Carlile of Berriew QC, CBE | Sir Trevor Chinn CVO | Rt Hon Kenneth Clarke QC MP | Wendy Cope OBE | Rt Hon David Davis MP | Jonathan Djanogly MP | Dame Vivien Duffield CBE | Rt Hon Frank Field MP | Rt Rev Dr Peter R Forster | Rev Canon Dr Giles Fraser | The Rev Lord Griffiths of Burry Port | Sir Ronald Harwood CBE, FRSL | The Lord Kalms | David Kaye | Brian Kerner | Sir Michael Latham DL | Larry Levine | The Lord Levy | Peter L Levy OBE | Dame Hilary Mantel DBE, FRSL | Jeremy Manuel OBE | Clive M Marks OBE | Hon Gerard Noel | Peter Oppenheimer | The Pears Foundation | Marcus Rebuck | Rt Hon Sir Malcolm Rifkind KCMG QC | Baron David de Rothschild | Most Rev Peter Smith JCD | Sir Peter Stothard | Rev Bruce Thompson | The Lady Vaizey | Hon Ed Vaizey MP | Prof Claudio Vita-Finzi | Minette Walters | David Woolf | The Rt Hon Lord Young of Graffham PC DLFoI Trustees and Patrons. Retrieved from the Internet Archive of 20 August 2017 on 13 August 2019.
==Resources==
*Companies House Friends of Israel Educational Foundation
*Charity Commission Friends of Israel Educational Foundation Retrieved from Archive.today of 2 May 2020 on 2 May 2020.
*Internet Archive holdings of foi-asg.org
==Notes==
Friends of Karlin Stolin

Friends of Karlin Stolin is a UK registered charity (no. 327970). According to the website of the UK Charity Commission the objectives of the charity are:
TO ADVANCE EDUCATION IN AND THE RELIGION OF THE ORTHODOX JEWISH FAITH. TO SUPPORT FINANCIALLY AND OTHERWISE THE KARLIN-STOLIN SCHOOL AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN ISRAEL.Charity Commission Website Charity Framework. Accessed 6 July 2015.
However, Karlin Stolin institutions are located in the illegal Israeli settlements of Ramot Alon, Google Maps Website Karlin Stolin Yeshiva. Accessed 6 July 2015. B'Tselem Website Statistics on Land Expropriaion in East Jerusalem. Accessed 6 July 2015. Beitar Illit,B'Tselem Website Israel declares some 380 hectares in West Bank as state land. Accessed 6 July 2015. Olam Hatorah Website Karlin Stolin Institutions Beitar Ilit. Accessed 6 July 2015. and the leader of Karlin Stolin, Rabbi Baruch Meir Yaakov Shochet, resides in the Israeli settlement of Givat Ze'ev, near Jerusalem.Zakon, Nachman (2002), The Jewish Experience: 2,000 Years, A Coklection of Significant Events, Brooklyn, New York, Shaar Press. B'Tselem Website Settlements. Accessed 6 July 2015.
==History==
The organisation became a registered charity in 1998.Charity Commission Website Charity Framework. Accessed 6 July 2015.
==Finances and Funding==
From 2009 to 2013 the charity spent £124,720.Charity Commission Website Charity Overview. Accessed 6 July 2015.
==People==
===Board of Directors circa July 2015===
Aaron Lifschitz | Hillel Yehuda Eckstein | Yosef Glauberman
==Contact==
Address circa July 2015:
:Joseph Kahan Associates
:923 Finchley Road
:London
:NW11 7PE
:Phone: 020 8209 0159
==Notes==
Category:Israel
Friends of Kupat Hakahal Kirhyat Sefer

Friends of Kupat Hakahal Kirhyat Sefer is a UK registered charity (no. 1113041). According to the UK Charity Commission its activities comprise: 'The relief of poverty sickness and infirmity among persons of the Jewish faith throughout the world and in particular by supporting the charitable activities of Kupat Hakahal Kiryat Sefer'.Charity Commission Website Charity Framework. Accessed 6 July 2015.
However, Kiryat Sefer, more generally known as Modi'in Illit, is an illegal Israeli settlement in the occupied West Bank.B'Tselem Website 28 Feb. 07: Illegal construction approved in the Modi'in Illit settlement. Accessed 4 July 2015.
One of its directors, David Chontow, is the director of a number of charities that operate in Israel, including Keren Eretz Yisroel (charity no. 1112935). The latter has received funding from the Hart N. and Simona Hasten Family Foundation in the US, which provides funding to a wide range of the pro-settler causes.
==History==
The organisation became a registered charity in 2005.Charity Commission Website Charity Framework. Accessed 6 July 2015. 
==Finances and Funding==
Between 2011 and 2015 the charity spent £441,306.Charity Commission Website Charity Overview. Accessed 6 July 2015.
==People==
===Board of Directors circa July 2015===
David Chontow | Gerald Halibard | Yael Levison
==Contact==
Address circa July 2015:
:88 Leeside Crescent
:London
:NW11 OLA
:Phone: 0208 458 6964
==Notes==
Category:Israel
Friends of Lev Aryeh Yeshiva

Friends of Lev Aryeh Yeshiva is a UK registered charity (no. 1112047). According to data lodged at the UK Charity Commission the charity operates in the UK and in Israel.Charity Commission Website Charity Overview. Accessed 6 July 2015. However, the Lev Aryeh Yeshiva is in fact based in Neve Yaakov, an illegal Israeli settlement in occupied East Jerusalem.Yeshiva Lev Aryeh Website About. Accessed 6 July 2015. B'Tselem Website Settlements. Accessed 6 July 2015.
==History==
The organisation became a registered charity in 2005.Charity Commission Website Charity Framework. Accessed 6 July 2015.
==Finances and Funding==
Between 2009 and 2013 the charity spent £213,668.Charity Commission Website Charity Overview. Accessed 6 July 2015.
==People==
===Board of Directors circa July 2015===
Simon Fogal | Bernard Davis | Rabbi Aubrey Hersh
==Contact==
Address circa July 2015:
:5 Linksway
:Prestwich
:Manchester
:M25 0JP
:Website: http://levaryeh.com/
==Notes==
Category:Israel
Friends of Lubavitch Scotland

Lubavitch of Scotland is supported through a charity registered in Scotland known as Friends of Lubavitch Scotland (Charity number SC031458).https://www.oscr.org.uk/about-charities/search-the-register/charity-details?number=SC031458
*https://www.oscr.org.uk/about-charities/search-the-register/charity-details?number=SC031458
==Donations==
*Gerald and Gail Ronson Family Foundation | Glasgow Jewish Community Trust |
==Chabad-Lubavitch in Scotland==
*The Shul in The Park/Shul in the Park (Scotland)
*Chabad of Edinburgh/Chabad Lubavitch of Edinburgh Limited
*Lubavitch of Scotland/Friends Of Lubavitch Scotland 
*L'Chaim's (Giffnock) Ltd/L'Chaim's Kosher Catering Limited/L'Chaim's Restaurant Ltd
==Notes==
Friends of Nachalas Bnei Shimon

Friends of Nachalas Bnei Shimon is a UK registered charity (no. 1009564) that supports the Nachlas Bnei Shimon yeshiva in the illegal Israeli settlement of Beitar Illit in the occupied West Bank. One of the trustees of the charity is the head of the yeshiva, Rabbi David Potash. He himself resides in Beitar Illit.Charity Commission Website Framework. Accessed 7 July 2015. B'Tselem Website Settlements. Accessed 24 August 2015. Olam Hatorah Website Nachlat Bnei Shimon. Accessed 24 August 2015.
==History==
The organisation was registered as a charity with the UK Charity Commission on 9 March 1992.Charity Commission Website Framework. Accessed 7 July 2015. 
==Finances and funding==
Between 2010 and 2014 the charity spent £266,310.Charity Commission Website Charity overview. Accessed 24 August 2015. 
==People==
===Board of Directors circa August 2015===
Philip Potash | Rabbi David Potash | Myrna Potash
==Contact==
Address circa August 2015:
:Mr Ephraim Potash
:155 Holmleigh Road
:London
:N16 5QA
:Phone: 0208 800 2248
:Email: epotash@virginmedia.com
==Notes==
Category:Israel
Friends of Nahalat Moshe

Friends of Nahalat Moshe is a UK registered charity (no.327229). According to the UK Charity Commission website the charity exists to provide support for the Nahalat Moshe yeshiva in Jerusalem.Charity Commission Website Framework. Accessed 7 July 2015. The yeshiva is located in the illegal settlement of Ramot in occupied East Jerusalem.Corporate Watch Website Targeting Israeli Apartheid. Accessed 7 July 2015. B'Tselem Website East Jerusalem. Accessed 6 July 2015.
==History==
The organisation became a registered charity in 1986.Charity Commission Website Framework. Accessed 7 July 2015.
==Finances and Funding==
Between 2010 and 2014 the charity spent £124,062.Charity Commission Website Charity Overview. Accessed 6 July 2015.
==People==
===Board of Directors circa July 2015===
Graham Morris | Solomon Benjamin Benaim | Raphael Michael Benaim
==Contact==
Address circa July 2015:
:64 Princes Park Avenue
:London NW11 0JT
:Phone: 020 8731 9553
==Notes==
Category:Israel
Friends of Russian Freedom

The Friends of Russian Freedom was a US group founded in the late 1940s to aid Soviet exiles.Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.77.
Signatories of the organisation's founding statement included Dwight McDonald, Mary McCarthy and David Martin.Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.78.
==Notes==
Category:United States
Friends of Shul in the Park

Friends of Shul in the Park (SC043465) created from 04 October 2012, but Ceased on: 11 November 2015, was a Chabad-Lubavitch venture based in Glasgow.
The charity appears to have been replaced by Shul in the Park (Scotland) (charity number SC046529) It was a Registered charity from 06 May 2016. 
The charity appears never to have had any income.
In 2014 the Shul reported:
:The Shul in the Park was founded by Rabbi Mendel Jaccobs over 11 years ago in the Queenspark area of Glasgow ,since then we have moved three times to our now location at 32 Burnfield Road, Giffnock, Glasgow.The Synagogue is situated in Burnfield Care Home and caters for the residents of the home together with members and friends of The Shul in the Park.https://web.archive.org/web/20141104225417/http://www.theshulinthepark.com/aboutus.html
The Burnfield Care Home is operated by Newark Care.
==contact==
:Address: Flat 0/1, 9 Burnfield Gardens, Giffnock, Glasgow	G46 7EB	
:Web:http://www.theshulinthepark.com/	(defunct)
:Web archive holdings theshulinthepark.com
==Notes==
Friends of Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok

Friends of Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok supports a community in occupied Palestine: “During the year the charity has continued its philanthropic activities and has maintained its support of the religious educational and charitable activities of the Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok community in Israel.”
Trustee and Director Chaim Shimen Lebrecht is also a trustee of a Satmar school: Beis Ruchel Girls School in Salford.
==Notes==
Friends of Yad Sarah UK

Friends of Yad Sarah UK (Charity number: 294801) is a UK based charity raising funds for Yad Sarah based in 'Israel', but also operating in a myriad of illegal settlements.
Yad Sarah operates in the settlements of Ariel, Betar Illit, Efrat, Givat Ze’ev, Har Homa, Kiryat Arba, Kiryat Sefer, Ma’ale Adumim, Ma’ale Ephraim, Mevo Horon, Modi’in, Neve Yaakov, Pisgat Ze’ev, Psagot, Halamish, Ramot and Ramat Shlomo.‘Branches’, Yad Sarah. Retrieved from the Internet Archive of 25 August 2017. 
==Notes==
Friends of Yeshivat Or David

Friends of Yeshivat Or David is a UK registered charity (no.288700). According to the UK Charity Commission website the charity exists to provide support for the Ohr David yeshiva in Jerusalem.Charity Commission Website Framework. Accessed 7 July 2015. The yeshiva is located in the illegal settlement of Ramot in occupied East Jerusalem.Yeshivat Ohr David Website About. Accessed 7 July 2015. B'Tselem Website East Jerusalem. Accessed 6 July 2015.
==History==
The organisation became a registered charity in 1984.Charity Commission Website Framework. Accessed 7 July 2015.
==Finances and Funding==
Between 2010 and 2014 the charity raised £33,290.
==People==
===Board of Directors circa July 2015===
Leonard Finn
==Contact==
Address circa July 2015:
:Brentmead House
:Britannia Road
:London
:N12 9RU
:Phone: 0208 446 6767
:Email: raj@leonardfinn.co.uk
==Notes==
Category:Israel
Friends of Yeshivat Shavei Hevron

Friends of Yeshivat Shavei Hevron is a UK registered charity (no. 1118370). According to the UK Charity Commission the charity exists to support the educational and charitable work of the Yeshivat Shavei Hevron.Charity Commission Website Charity Framework. Accessed 7 July 2015. The yeshiva is based in the illegal settlement of Kiryat Arba on the outskirts of Hebron in the occupied West Bank.Shavei Hevron Website Shavei Hevron. Accessed 7 July 2015. B'Tselem Website Settlements. Accessed 7 July 2015. One of its directors is Marc Meyer, chairperson of Hendon United Synagogue in North London; another is David Daniel Morris, a business consultant who holds a number of directorships. 
==History==
The organisation became a registered charity in 2007.Charity Commission Website Charity Framework. Accessed 7 July 2015. 
==Finances and Funding==
Between 2009 and 2013 the charity spent £136,331.Charity Commission Website Charity Overview. Accessed 7 July 2015. 
==People==
===Board of Directors circa July 2015===
Marc Meyer | Issachar Dov Weiss | Ari Joseph Bloom | David Daniel Morris
===Trustees circa 2024===
Name 	Role 	Date of appointment	Other trusteeships
Ari Joseph Bloom 	Trustee	 	
David Daniel Morris	Trustee	 	
Marc Meyer 	Trustee	 	
Issachar Dov Weiss 	Trustee	 	
==Contact==
Address circa July 2015:
:25 Shirehall Gardens
:London 
:NW4 2QT
:Email: ari_yael@hotmail.co.uk
==Notes==
Category:Israel
Friends of the Democratic Center in Central America

::The Friends of the Democratic Center in Central America, better known as PRODEMCA, was founded in late 1981. According to its promotional literature, the organization was established in order to support incipient democratic processes in Central America. Its projects have focused primarily on Nicaragua, especially in the construction of anti-Sandinista media and public relations campaigns and in support for the political opposition inside Nicaragua. In carrying out these campaigns, PRODEMCA relied on funding from Carl Channell's National Endowment for the Preservation of Liberty (NEPL). NEPL was one of the important conduits for funds from the contra supply network coordinated by Oliver North.RightWeb: Profile - Friends of the Democratic Centre in Central America, accessed 22 May 2008.
==People==
===National Council 1987===
*Angier Biddle Duke (chair)
*Penn Kemble (pres)
*Denise O'Leary (exec dir),
*John A. Hurson (counsel), 
*Morris Abram
*William E. Barlow
*Philip Baum
*John M. Bennett
*Nicholas D. Biddle 
*Linden Blue
*Vladimir Bukovsky
*Francis R. Carroll
*Kevin Corrigan
*S. Harrison Dogole
*William C. Doherty
*John C. Duncan
*Maurice A. Ferre
*Orville Freeman
*J. Peter Grace
*Judith Hernstadt
*Theodore M. Hesburgh
*Sidney Hook
*Samuel P. Huntington
*John T. Joyce
*Clark Kerr
*Jeane J. Kirkpatrick
*Jorge Mas Canosa
*Michael Novak
*Richard Ravitch
*Daniel Rose
*Peter R. Rosenblatt
*Bayard Rustin
*John R. Silber
*William E. Simon
*Max Singer
*Kenneth B. Smilen
*Maurice Sonnenberg
*Mary N. Temple
*Ben J. Wattenberg
==References==
Friends of the Earth Europe

Friends of the Earth Europe (FoEE), an active member of the Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation in the EU (ALTER-EU), is the largest grassroots environmental network in Europe, uniting 30 national organisations with thousands of local groups, the European part of Friends of the Earth International which unites 76 national member organisations, some 5,000 local activist groups, and over two million supporters around the world.FoEE, About us, accessed 25 September 2012.
FoEE campaigns on today's most urgent environmental and social issues, challenge the current model of economic and corporate globalization, and promote solutions that will help to create environmentally sustainable and socially just societies; promotes environmentally sustainable societies on the local, national, regional and global levels; seeks to increase public participation and democratic decision-making, working towards environmental, social, economic and political justice and equal access to resources and opportunities on the local, national, regional and international levels.
They promote a society built upon peoples' sovereignty and participation that is founded on social, economic, gender and environmental justice and free from all forms of domination and exploitation, such as neoliberalism, corporate globalization, neo-colonialism and militarism.
Their focus is on:
*Ecological and cultural diversity
*Peoples' sovereignty, human and peoples' rights
*Equity and environmental, social, economic and gender justice
*The intrinsic value of nature and the inextricable link between nature and people
*Participatory democracy and other forms of participatory decision making processes
*Solidarity, responsibility and human dignity
==Lobby transparency==
Friends of the Earth Europe challenges the opaque nature of lobbying in Brussels, which enables corporate lobbyists to convince policy-makers to put profit before people and planet. They campaign for a mandatory lobby register, seek to expose deceptive lobbying practices, and use access to information requests to shed light into the darkness.
==Conflicts of interest==
Friends of the Earth Europe campaigns for strict rules to prevent conflicts of interest and promote balanced decision-making for the good of people and planet.
==Reports and Publications==
*FoEE, "Canada's dirty lobby diary - Undermining the EU Fuel Quality Directive," August 2011.
*FoEE, "Off Their Game - The Green 10's Mid-Term Review of the European Commission's Environmental Track Record 2010-2012," July 2012.
*FoEE, "Transparency in the European Parliament: Analysis of the Declarations of Financial Interest of Members of the European Parliament – July 2012," July 2012.
==References==
*FoEE, About us, accessed 25 September 2012.
*FoEE, Lobby transparency, accessed 25 September 2012.
==Notes==
Friends of the PVV Foundation

300px|thumb|right|Geert Wilders, founder of the PVV Source: [http://www.euractiv.com/sections/eu-elections-2014/future-le-pen-wilders-alliance-still-uncertain-302496/ Euractiv] 
Political foundation of Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) Dutch party led by anti-Muslim politician Geert Wilders.
Category:NetherlandsCategory:Counterjihad Funders
Frithjof Schmidt

Frithjof Schmidt (born 17 April 1953, Bad Harzburg) is a former German MEP from Alliance '90/ The Greens (20.07.2004-13.07.2009).European Parliament, MEP Directory: Frithjof Schmidt, accesed 27.11.2012.
==Affiliations==
:Vice-Chair:
:	01.02.2007 / 13.07.2009 : Committee on Development
:Member:
:	20.07.2004 / 13.07.2009 : Group of the Greens/European Free Alliance
:	21.07.2004 / 14.01.2007 : Committee on Development
:	15.09.2004 / 13.03.2007 : Delegation for relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
:	27.10.2005 / 13.07.2009 : Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly
:	15.01.2007 / 30.01.2007 : Committee on Development
:	31.01.2007 / 31.01.2007 : Committee on Development
:	14.03.2007 / 13.07.2009 : Delegation for relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
:Substitute:
:	21.07.2004 / 14.01.2007 : Committee on International Trade
:	15.09.2004 / 26.10.2005 : Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly
:	15.01.2007 / 30.01.2007 : Committee on International Trade
:	31.01.2007 / 13.07.2009 : Committee on International Trade
==Record and Controversies==
===Declaration of Financial Interests===
*Noting to declare.European Parliament, Erklärung der finanziellen Interessen der Mitglieder: Frithjof Schmidt, 03 December 2008, accessed 24 March 2009.
===Record of Parliamentary Votes===
==Personal Information==
===Curriculum Vitae===
*Graduated in social science, studying at universities in Italy, France and the United States. 
*Worked for North-South solidarity from late 1960s. 
*Editor, Südostasien Informationen magazine (1984-1988).
*Member of Executive Committee, South-East Asia Information Agency, Essen (since 1991). 
*Co-publisher, Weltwirtschaft, Ökologie und Entwicklung (world trade, ecology and development)(since 1989).
*Member of Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (since 1988). 
*Executive Officer, European affairs group for the Greens, European Parliament (1989-1992). 
*International Policy Officer, Federal Executive, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (1992-1994). 
*Spokesman, Federal Association for Peace and International Policy (1994-1996). 
*Member, Greens Federal Executive (1996-1998). 
*Member, Policy Commission (2000-2002). 
*Member of Greens Federal Executive Policy Commission (since 2004). 
*Member of Executive, European Green Party (formerly European Federation of Green Parties) and spokesman, North Rhine-Westphalia Executive (since 2000).
===Contact===	
:Address:
:Phone:
:Fax
:Email:
:Website: 
:http://www.frithjof-schmidt.de
==Resources==
*European Parliament, Erklärung der finanziellen Interessen der Mitglieder: Frithjof Schmidt, 03 December 2008, accessed 24 March 2009.
*European Parliament, MEP Directory: Frithjof Schmidt, accessed 24 March 2009.
==Notes==
Schmidt, Frithjof
Frits Bolkestein

European Commissioner for the internal market, taxation and the customs union Frits Bolkestein left his position with the European Commission in 2004. At present Frits Bolkestein is president of the Telders-foundation, the think-tank connected with the VVD (the Telders-Foundation focuses on and promotes liberalism), member of the supervisory board of the Central Bank of The Netherlands, non-executive director of Air France-KLM and an advisor of PricewaterhouseCoopers.Fritz Bolkestein, Profile, accessed 11 January 2010.
==Resources==
*Fritz Bolkestein, Profile, accessed 11 January 2010.
==Notes==
Bolkestein, Fritz