Texas in the Civil War

== Population and Demographics ==
== Antebellum Texas == 
== Secession ==
The Texas Convention adopted the state's Secession Ordinance on February 1, 1861 by a vote of 166–8. Texas voters approved this Ordinance on February 23, 1861. Texas joined the newly created Confederate States of America on March 4, ratifying the permanent Confederate Constitution on March 23.
== Conflict ==
 
 
 In Brief
 
 
 1861
EARLY OPERATIONS IN TEXAS
* February 1, 1861 - Adoption of Secession Ordinance
* February 16, 1861 - Seizure of the United States Arsenal at San Antonio, TexasDyer 646 also mentions a 2nd seizure on April 23, 1861, by no other pages list this action
* February 18, 1861 - Surrender of United States Posts in Texas 
* February 21, 1861 - Destruction of United States Property at Brazos Santiago, Texas 
* February 21, 1861 - Abandonment of Camp Cooper, Texas 
* February 26, 1861 - Abandonment of Camp Colorado, Texas
* March 6, 1861 - Surrender of Fort Brown, Texas
* March 7, 1861 - Abandonment of Ringgold Barracks, Texas
* March 7, 1861 - Abandonment of Camp Verde, Texas
* March 9, 1861 - Abandonment of Fort Lancaster, Texas
* March 12, 1861 - Abandonment of Fort McIntosh, Texas
* March 15, 1861 - Abandonment of Camp Wood, Texas
* March 17, 1861 - Abandonment of Camp Hudson, Texas
* March 19, 1861 - Abandonment of Fort Clark, Texas
* March 19, 1861 - Abandonment of Fort Inge, Texas
* March 20, 1861 - Abandonment of Fort Brown, Texas
* March 20, 1861 - Abandonment of Fort Duncan, Texas
* March 28, 1861 - Abandonment of Fort Chadbourne, Texas
* March 29, 1861 - Abandonment of Fort Mason, Texas
* March 31, 1861 - Abandonment of Fort Bliss, Texas
* April ?, 1861 - Abandonment of Fort Stockton, Texas
* April 5, 1861 - Abandonment of Fort Quitman, Texas
* April 13, 1861 - Abandonment of Fort Davis, Texas
* April 25, 1861 - Surrender at Saluria, Texas
* April 25, 1861 - Surrender at Indianola, Texas
* May 9, 1861 - Surrender at San Lucas Spring, Texas
* August ?, 1861 - Confederate Operations at Fort Bliss, Texas (Dyer 600, 615, 879, 880)
** Confederate Forces, against Indians.
* October 11-16, 1861 - Confederate Operations at Fort Inge, Texas (Dyer 616, 624, 879, 880)
** Confederate Forces, against Indians.
* November 1, 1861 - Skirmish at Peosi River, Texas (Dyer 640, 879, 880)
** Confederate Forces, with Indians.
* November 8, 1861 - Burning of Royal Yatch near Galveston, Texas (Dyer 645, 879, 880)
** (Royal Yacht?) UNITED STATES--Crew of Frigate "Santee." Union loss, 1 killed, 8 wounded. Total, 9.
 
 
 1862
* February 11-13, 1862 - Operations at Aransas Pass, Texas (Dyer 596, 879, 880)
** (11-18?) U.S. Navy.
* April 5-6, 1862 - Affair at San Luis Pass, Texas (Dyer 647, 879, 880)
** U.S. Navy.
* April 13-September 20, 1862 - Carleton's Expedition from Southern California through Arizona to New Mexico, Texas and Indian Territory (Dyer 690)
** CALIFORNIA--1st Cavalry; 1st and 5th Infantry. UNITED STATES--Battery "A," 3d Arty. 
* May 14-15, 1862 - Operations at Galveston, Texas (Dyer 618, 879, 880)
** (14-25?) U.S. Navy.
* July 4, 1862 - Affair at Velasco, Texas (Dyer 654)
** No other entries
* August 10, 1862 - Affair on Neuces River near Fort Clarke, Texas (Dyer 607, 615, 638, 879, 880)
** (Also Fort Clark) TEXAS--Loyalists. Union loss, 2 killed, 18 wounded, 2 missing. Total, 22.
* August 11, 1862 - Affair at Velasco, Texas (Dyer 654, 879, 880)
** U.S. Navy.
* August 16-18, 1862 - Union Bombardment of Corpus Christi, Texas (Dyer 609, 879, 880)
** U.S. Navy.
* September 13-14, 1862 - Operations at Flour Bluff near Corpus Christi, Texas (Dyer 615, 879, 880)
** U.S. Navy.
* September 24-25, 1862 - Engagement at Sabine Pass, Texas (Dyer 646, 879, 880)
** U.S. Navy.
* October 5, 1862 - Union Capture of Galveston, Texas (Dyer 618, 879, 880)
** U.S. Navy.
* October 29, 1862 - Affair at Sabine Pass, Texas (Dyer 646, 879, 880)
** U.S. Navy.
* October 31-November 1, 1862 - Bombardment of Lavaca, Texas (Dyer 627)
** No other entries
* November 20, 1862 - Affair at Matagorda, Texas (Dyer 631)
** No other entries
* December 24, 1862 - Union Occupation of Galveston, Texas (Dyer 618, 879, 880)
** MASSACHUSETTS---42d Infantry.
 
 
 1863
* January 1, 1863 - Engagement at Galveston, Texas (Dyer 618, 879, 880)
** MASSACHUSETTS--42d Infantry (Cos. "D," "G" and "I"). VERMONT--2d Battery Light Artillery. UNITED STATES---Gunboats "Clifton," "Westfield," "Owasco," "Harriet Lane," "Sachem" and "Coryphaeus." Union loss, 400 killed, wounded and missing.
* January 1, 1863 - Skirmish near Galveston, Texas (Dyer 618, 879, 880)
** TEXAS--1st Cavalry.
* January 1, 1863 - Affair at Sabine Pass, Texas (Dyer 618, 879, 880)
** (Attack) U.S. Navy. Attack on Blockading Squadron.
* February 10, 1863 - Affair at Wachita Indian Agency, Texas (Dyer 655, 879, 880)
** (Washita?) Loyal Delawares and Shawnees.
* March 2-30, 1863 - Expedition to the Rio Grande, Texas (Dyer 644, 879, 880)
** TEXAS--1st Cavalry.
* April 18, 1863 - Action at Sabine Pass, Texas (Dyer 646, 879, 880)
** (Also Affair at) U.S. Navy. Gunboats "Cayuga" and "New London." Union loss, 1 killed, 5 wounded, 5 missing. Total, 11.
* May 3, 1863 - Affair at St. Joseph's Island, Texas (Dyer 879, 880)
** U.S. Navy.
* May 30, 1863 - Affair at Point Isabel, Texas (Dyer 641, 879, 880)
** U.S. Navy.
* August 10-13, 1863 - Mutiny at Galveston, Texas (Dyer 618)
** No other entries
* September 8, 1863 - Action at Sabine Pass, Texas (Dyer 646, 879, 880)
** NEW YORK--75th and 161st Infantry. Union loss, 30 killed and wounded, 200 missing. Total, 230.
* November 6, 1863 - Union Occupation of Point Isabel, Texas (Dyer 641, 879, 880)
** IOWA--20th Infantry.
* November 6, 1863 - Union Occupation of Brownsville, Texas (Dyer 602, 879, 880)
** IOWA--19th Infantry. MAINE--13th Infantry. MISSOURI-Battery "B," 1st Light Artillery. WISCONSIN--20th Infantry.
* November 17, 1863 - Union Capture of Aransas, Texas (Dyer 596, 879, 880)
** IOWA--26th Infantry. MAINE--13th and 15th Infantry.
* November 17, 1863 - Union Capture of Mustang Island at Aransas Pass, Texas (Dyer 596, 635, 879, 880)
** IOWA--26th and 34th Infantry. MAINE--13th and 15th Infantry. MISSOURI--Battery "F," 1st Light Artillery.
* November 23, 1863 - Skirmish at Cedar Bayou, Texas (Dyer 605, 879, 880)
** MAINE--15th Infantry (Detachment).
* November 23-December 2, 1863 - Union Expedition to Rio Grande City, Texas (Dyer 644, 879, 880)
** ILLINOIS--37th Infantry (7 Cos.).
* November 27-30, 1863 - Capture of Fort Esperanza, Texas (Dyer 613, 615, 879, 880)
** (November 22-30? Includes Action at) ILLINOIS--33d and 99th Infantry. INDIANA--8th and 18th Infantry. IOWA--23d, 26th and 34th Infantry. MAINE--13th and 15th Infantry. MICHIGAN--Battery "G," 1st Light Artillery. MISSOURI--Battery "F," 1st Light Artillery. Union loss, 1 killed, 2 wounded. Total, 3.
* December 29, 1863 - Action on Matagorda Peninsula, Texas (Dyer 631, 879, 880)
** (29-30?) MAINE--13th Infantry (Cos. "C," "H" and "K"). U.S. Gunboat "Sciota."
 
 
 1864
* January 8-9, 1864 - Union Bombardment of Caney Bayou Works, Texas (Dyer 604, 879, 880)
** U.S. Gunboats.
* January 21-25, 1864 - Union Reconnoissance on Matagorda Peninsula, Texas (Dyer 631, 879, 880)
** ILLINOIS--Mercantile Battery Light Artillery; 77th Infantry. INDIANA--67th Infantry. KENTUCKY--19th Infantry. MAINE--13th Infantry. MISSOURI--Battery "F," 1st Light Artillery (Detachment).WISCONSIN--23d Infantry.
* February 7, 1864 - Affair at Caney Bayou, Texas (Dyer 604, 879, 880)
** (No Details.)
* February 11, 1864 - Affair at Lamar, Texas (Dyer 627, 880)
** (Descent on) IOWA--22d Infantry (Detachment).
* February 22, 1864 - Affair near Indianola, Texas (Dyer 624, 879, 880)
** Detachment Mounted Infantry.
* March 13, 1864 - Skirmish at Los Patricios, Texas (Dyer 629, 879, 880)
** TEXAS--Unionists.
* March 16, 1864 - Action at Santa Rosa, Texas (Dyer 647, 879, 880)
** TEXAS--2d Cavalry.
* March 16, 1864 - Affair at Corpus Christi, Texas (Dyer 609, 879, 880)
** (Skirmish at) U.S. Navy.
* March 19, 1864 - Attack on Laredo, Texas (Dyer 627, 879, 880)
** Confederate Reports.
* March 21, 1864 - Affair at Velasco, Texas (Dyer 654, 879, 880)
** (No Reports.)
* March 24, 1864 - Affair at Corpus Christi, Texas (Dyer 609, 879, 880)
** (Skirmish at) IOWA--22d Infantry (Detachment).
* April 12-13, 1864 - Union Expedition up Matagorda Bay, Texas (Dyer 631, 879, 880)
** U.S. Gunboats and Detachment Infantry.
* June 15, 1864 - Evacuation of Pass Cavallo, Texas (Dyer 639, 879, 880)
** ILLINOIS--99th Infantry.
* June 15, 1864 - Affair at Eagle Pass, Texas (Dyer 612, 879, 880)
** TEXAS--Unionists. 
* June 15, 1864 - Skirmish at Rancho Las Linas, Texas (Dyer 643, 879, 881)
** (Rancho Las Rinas?) TEXAS--1st Cavalry. Union loss, 3 killed, 4 wounded. Total, 7.
* July 23, 1864 - Skirmish at Brownsville, Texas (Dyer 602, 879, 881)
** NEW YORK--18th Cavalry.
* July 26-27, 1864 - Skirmishes at Brownsville, Texas (Dyer 602, 879, 881)
** TEXAS--1st Cavalry.
* July 30, 1864 - Union Re-Occupation of Brownsville, Texas (Dyer 602)
** No other entries
* August 2, 1864 - Skirmish at White's Ranch, Texas (Dyer 657, 879, 881)
** TEXAS--1st Cavalry.
* August 9, 1864 - Skirmish at Point Isabel, Texas (Dyer 641, 879, 881)
** UNITED STATES--81st Colored Infantry (Detachment).
* August 14, 1864 - Skirmish near Clarksville, Texas (Dyer 607, 879, 881)
** NEW YORK--18th Cavalry (Cos. "A" and "F").
* September 6, 1864 - Skirmish at Palmetto Ranch, Texas (Dyer 879)
** No other entries
* October 13, 1864 - Skirmish at Elm Creek, Texas (Dyer 613, 879, 881)
** (also listed April 13 - no other info for this date, likely a misprint) TEXAS--Border Regiment Cavalry.
* October 13-20, 1864 - Operations against Indians near Fort Belknap, Texas (Dyer 598, 615, 879, 881)
** TEXAS--Border Regiment Cavalry.
* October 14, 1864 - Skirmish at Bocca Chica Pass, Texas (Dyer 601, 879, 881)
** (Boca Chica?) ILLINOIS--91st Infantry.
* November 24, 1864 - Skirmish at Brent's Old Fort, Texas (Dyer 599, 879, 881)
** (Bent's?) CALIFORNIA--1st Cavalry (1 Co.). Union loss, 10 wounded, 2 missing. Total, 12.
 
 
 1865
* January 8, 1865 - Action at Dove Creek, Texas (Dyer , 879, 881)
** TEXAS--State Troops, with Indians.
* May 12-13, 1865 - Skirmishes at Palmetto Ranch, Texas (Dyer 639, 879, 881)
** INDIANA--34th Infantry. TEXAS--2d Cavalry. UNITED STATES--62d Colored Infantry. Union loss, 118 killed, wounded and missing.
* May 13, 1865 - Skirmish at White's Ranch, Texas (Dyer 657, 879, 881)
** INDIANA--34th Infantry. TEXAS--2d Cavalry. UNITED STATES--62d Colored Infantry.
== Units from Texas (Union) ==
* 1st Texas Cavalry (U)
* 2nd Texas Cavalry (U)
* 2nd Texas Cavalry Battalion (U)
* Texas (Independent) Partisan Ranger Company (U)
== Units from Texas (Confederate) ==
 
 
 Artillery
REGIMENTS
* 1st Texas Heavy Artillery
** 3rd Texas Field Artillery Battery
** (I) Battery A/(II) Battery A - Battery B - Battery C - Battery D - Battery E - Battery F - Battery G - Battery H - Battery I - Battery K - Battery L
BATTALIONS
* 3rd Texas Artillery Battalion
** Battery A - Battery B - Battery C - Battery D - Battery E - Battery F
* 4th Texas Artillery Battalion
** Battery A - Battery B
* 7th Texas Artillery Battalion
** Battery A - Battery B
* (Willke's) Texas Artillery Battalion
** Battery C - Battery D
BATTERIES
* 1st Texas Field Artillery Battery
* 2nd Texas Field Artillery Battery
* 4th Texas Field Artillery Battery
* 5th Texas Field Artillery Battery
* 6th Texas Field Artillery Battery
* 7th Texas Field Artillery Battery
* 8th Texas Field Artillery Battery
* 9th Texas Field Artillery Battery
* 10th Texas Field Artillery Battery
* 11th Texas Field Artillery Battery
* 12th Texas Field Artillery Battery
* 13th Texas Field Artillery Battery
* 14th Texas Field Artillery Battery
* 15th Texas Field Artillery Battery
* 16th Texas Field Artillery Battery
* 17th Texas Field Artillery Battery
* (Cayce's/Allen's) Texas Artillery Battery
* (Christmas') Texas Artillery Battery
* (Conrad's) Texas Artillery Battery
* (Dallas) Texas Artillery Battery
* (Davis') Texas Artillery Battery
* (Galveston) Texas Artillery Battery
* (Hogue's) Texas Artillery Battery
* (Howe's) Texas Heavy Artillery Battery
* (Kirby's) Texas Artillery Battery
* (Lee's/Humphrey's) Texas Artillery Battery
* (Marmion's) Texas Artillery Battery
* (Moseley's) Texas Artillery Battery
* (Neal's/Maltby's) Texas Artillery Battery
* (Riley's) Texas Howitzer Artillery Battery
* (Rocket) Texas Artillery Battery
* (Shea's) Texas Artillery Battery
* (Teel's/Bennett's) Texas Artillery Battery
* Texas (Austin Grays) Artillery Battery
* Texas (Indianola Guard) Artillery Battery
* Texas (Jefferson Guards) Artillery Battery
* (Wood's) Texas Howitzer Artillery Battery
 
 
 Cavalry
REGIMENTS
* 1st Texas Cavalry
* 1st Texas Mounted Rifle Cavalry
* 1st Texas Cavalry (Partisan Rangers)
* 2nd Texas Cavalry
* 2nd Texas Cavalry (Partisan Rangers)
* 3rd Texas Cavalry
* 4th Texas Cavalry
* 5th Texas Cavalry
* 5th Texas Cavalry (Partisan Rangers)
* 6th Texas Cavalry
* 7th Texas Cavalry
* 8th Texas Cavalry
* 9th Texas Cavalry
* 10th Texas Cavalry
* 11th Texas Cavalry
* 12th Texas Cavalry
* 13th Texas Cavalry
* 14th Texas Cavalry
* 15th Texas Cavalry
* 16th Texas Cavalry
* 17th Texas Cavalry
* 18th Texas Cavalry
* 19th Texas Cavalry
* 20th Texas Cavalry
* 21st Texas Cavalry
* 22nd Texas Cavalry
* 23rd Texas Cavalry
* 24th Texas Cavalry
* 25th Texas Cavalry
* 26th Texas Cavalry
** 7th Texas Cavalry Battalion
* 27th Texas Cavalry
* 28th Texas Cavalry
* 29th Texas Cavalry
* 30th Texas Cavalry
* 32nd Texas Cavalry
* 33rd Texas Cavalry
* (Alexander's) 34th Texas Cavalry
* (Brown's) 35th Texas Cavalry / (Likens') 35th Texas Cavalry
* 36th Texas Cavalry
* (Anderson's/Border's) Texas Cavalry
* (Benavides') Texas Cavalry
* (Border's) Texas Cavalry
** Texas (Border) Cavalry Battalion
* (Bradford's/Mann's) Texas Cavalry
* (Frontier) Texas Cavalry
* (Morgan's) Texas Cavalry
** (Morgan's) Texas Cavalry Battalion
* (Terrell's) Texas Cavalry
** (Terrell's) Texas Cavalry Battalion
* (Terry's) Texas Cavalry
* (Wells') Texas Cavalry
** (Wells') Texas Cavalry Battalion
BATTALIONS
* 3rd Texas Cavalry Battalion
* 4th Texas Cavalry Battalion
* 6th Texas Cavalry Battalion
* 8th Texas Cavalry Battalion
* 9th Texas Cavalry Battalion (Partisan Rangers)
* 10th Texas Cavalry Battalion
* 12th Texas Cavalry Battalion
* 13th Texas Cavalry Battalion
* 14th Texas Cavalry Battalion
* (Border's) Texas Cavalry Battalion
* (Burns') Texas Cavalry Battalion
* (Cadet) Texas Cavalry Battalion
* (Cater's) Texas Cavalry Battalion
* (Daly's/Ragsdale's) Texas Cavalry Battalion
* (Gidding's) Texas Cavalry Battalion
* (Gillett's) Texas Cavalry Battalion
* (Good's) Texas Cavalry Battalion
* (Head's) Texas Cavalry Battalion
* (Likens') Texas Cavalry Battalion
* (Rountree's) Texas Cavalry Battalion
* (Saufley's) Texas (Scouting) Cavalry Battalion
OTHER UNITS
* (Gano's) Texas Cavalry Squadron
 
 
 Infantry
REGIMENTS
* 1st Texas Infantry
* 2nd Texas Infantry
* 3rd Texas Infantry
* 4th Texas Infantry
* 5th Texas Infantry
* 6th Texas Infantry
* 7th Texas Infantry
* 8th Texas Infantry
** 8th Texas Infantry Battalion
** 4th Texas Artillery Battalion
* 9th (Maxey's) Texas Infantry
* 9th (Nichols') Texas Infantry
* 10th Texas Infantry
* 11th Texas Infantry
* 12th Texas InfantryReferenced by 8th (Young's) Infantry Regiment, but no entry exists for either. Possibly supposed to reference a cavalry unit?
* 13th Texas InfantryReferenced by the Bates entry, but no separate entry exists
** Bates' (Texas) Infantry Battalion
* 15th Texas Infantry
** 1st Texas Infantry Battalion
* 16th Texas Infantry
* 17th Texas Infantry
* 18th Texas Infantry
* 19th Texas Infantry
* 20th Texas Infantry
* 21st Texas Infantry
** 21st Texas Infantry Battalion
** 11th Texas Cavalry and Infantry Battalion
*** 6th Texas Infantry Battalion
* 22nd Texas Infantry
** 5th Texas Infantry Battalion
BATTALIONS
* 1st Texas Sharpshooter Battalion
* 2nd Texas Infantry Battalion
* 3rd Texas Infantry Battalion
* 4th Texas Infantry Battalion
* Buchel's (Texas) Infantry Battalion
 
 
 State Troops
CAVALRY REGIMENTS
* 1st Texas Cavalry (State Troops)
* 2nd Texas Cavalry (State Troops)
* 3rd Texas Cavalry (State Troops)
* 4th Texas Cavalry (State Troops)
CAVALRY BATTALIONS
* 1st Texas Cavalry Battalion (State Troops)
* 2nd Texas Cavalry Battalion (State Troops)
* 3rd Texas Cavalry Battalion (State Troops)
* 4th Texas Cavalry Battalion (State Troops)
* 15th Texas Cavalry Battalion (State Troops)
* 17th Texas Cavalry Battalion (State Troops)
* 18th Texas Cavalry Battalion (State Troops)
INFANTRY REGIMENTS
* 1st Texas Infantry (State Troops)
* 2nd Texas Infantry (State Troops)
* 3rd Texas Infantry (State Troops)
* 4th Texas Infantry (State Troops)
* 5th Texas Infantry (State Troops)
INFANTRY BATTALIONS
* 1st Texas Infantry Battalion (State Troops)
* 31st Texas Infantry Battalion (State Troops)
OTHER UNITS
* 16th Texas Coast Guard Brigade (State Troops)
 
 
 Other Units
ARIZONA BRIGADE
* 1st Texas Cavalry (Arizona Brigade)
** 1st Texas Cavalry Battalion (Arizona Brigade)
* 2nd Texas Cavalry (Arizona Brigade)
** 2nd Texas Cavalry Battalion (Arizona Brigade)
* 3rd Texas Cavalry Battalion (Arizona Brigade)
* (Hardeman's) Texas Cavalry Battalion (Arizona Brigade)
* (Herbert's) Texas Cavalry Battalion (Arizona Brigade)
* (Mullen's) Texas Cavalry Battalion (Arizona Brigade)
WAUL'S LEGION
* Texas Artillery Battery (Waul's Legion)
* Texas Cavalry Battalion (Waul's Legion)
* Waul's Legion (Texas) Infantry
 
 
 Consolidated Units
* 1st (Consolidated) Texas Infantry
** 6th Texas Infantry
** 7th Texas Infantry
** 10th Texas Infantry
** 15th Texas Cavalry
** 17th Texas Cavalry
** 18th Texas Cavalry
** 24th Texas Cavalry
** 25th Texas Cavalry
== Casualties from Texas == 
== Notes ==
== Sources ==
* Amman, William. Personnel of the Civil War. 2 volumes. New York, Thomas Yoseloff, 1961.
* Boatner, Mark Mayo III. The Civil War Dictionary. New York: David McKay Company, 1959.
* Bowman, John S. The Civil War Almanac. New York: Facts on File, 1982.
* Daniel, Larry J. Cannoneers in Gray: The Field Artillery of the Army of Tennessee, 1861-1865. University, Ala: University of Alabama Press, 1984.
* (Page 1647)
* Evans, Clement A., ed. Confederate Military History. 12 Volumes. Atlanta:Confederate Publishing Company, 1899.
* Fitzhugh, Lester N. Texas Batteries, Battalions, Regiments, Commanders and Field Officers, Confederate States Army 1861-1865. Midlothian, Texas: Mirror Press, 1959.
* Freeman, Douglas Southall. Lee's Lieutenant: A Study in Command.. 3 Volumes. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1941-1946.
* Freeman, Douglas Southall. R.E. Lee: A Biography. 4 Volumes. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934-1935.
* Johnson, Robert Underwood and Buel, Clarence Cough, eds. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 Volumes. New York: The Century Company, 1887.
* Krick, Robert K. Lee's Colonels: A Biographical Register of the Field Officers of the Army of Northern Virginia (2nd Edition). Dayton, Ohio: Press of Morningside Bookstore, 1984.
* Long, E.B, and Barbara. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac 1861-1865. Garden City, Ny: Doubleday, 1971.
* Lonn, Ella. Foreigners in the Confederacy. Chapell Hill: University of North Carolina, 1940.
* National Archives, Record Group 109
* Scharf, J. Thomas. History of the Confederate States Navy: From Its Organization to the Surrender of Its Last Vessels. Albany: Joseph McDonough, 1887.
* 
* Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts on File, 1989.
* Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Confederacy. New York: Facts on File, 1989.
* 
* 
* Wakelyn, Jon L. Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1977.
* Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959.
* Wright, Marcus J. General Officers of the Confederate Army. New York: Neale Publishing Co., 1911.
* Wright, Marcus J. Tennessee in the War 1861-1865: Lists of Military Organizations and Officers from Tennessee in Both the Confederate and Union Armies, General Staff Officers of the Provisional Army of Tennessee, Appointment by Gocernor Isham G. Harris. Williamsbridge, NY: A. Lee Publishing Company, 1908.