nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
DeFi (Decentralized Finance)

DeFi is a shorthand term for decentralized finance. It is a cryptocurrency industry movement that aims to recreate traditional banking services without centralized technologies. While bitcoin itself is an example of DeFi, the term is applied mostly to that sector of the cryptocurrency industry that uses smart contract technologies.
DeFi is implemented through dApps, which can be built on either a blockchain like Ethereum or a tangle like IOTA, although by June 2021 Ethereum had become by far the dominant technical platform. In early June, about $64 billion of the $100 billion then locked into DeFi applications was Ethereum. This amount ballooned from $1 billion a year earlier.
=== DeFi Network ===
A website called defi.network, which was established by a group of DeFi-oriented startups, created what it calls an "Open Community of Decentralized Finance Platforms." The stated key principles of the group are interoperability, accessibility and inclusion, and transparency. Members of the DeFi network develop their software as open source projects to make it easier for developers working on other projects or companies to use each others software.
Among the members listed on its website are the derivatives platforms dY/DX, bZx and Market Protocol. Coinbase is also listed as a wallet provider, CDx as an insurance provider, Dharma as a crypto loans service, and Maker as a stablecoin.
=== Applications ===
Lending and borrowing cryptocurrencies is one of the most popular DeFi applications. A holder of cryptocurrency chooses a platform through which they lock their holdings. 
== References ==
Category:Trading
Category:Cryptocurrency
Category:definitions
Category:bitcoin
Category:Trading
Category:distributed ledgers
Category:decentralization
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Dean Becker

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Dean Becker is the chief executive officer of ICAP Patent Brokerage. He manages operations in North America, Europe, and Asia.
He has been a creator and leader of patent auctions since 2006, as well as being an entrepreneur in the development of technology markets. He has done buy-side and sell-side work with inventors, law firms, corporations, universities, and government agencies both domestic and international.
== Background ==
Becker began his career more than 30 years ago in the wireless paging industry working with a relatively unknown technology, wireless 900 megahertz paging, targeting niche service and professional markets. He is widely credited with creating the market for general consumer paging, coining the term “beeper” in the process. He assembled and sold the first consumer paging service in America, Becker Beeper, which became the largest privately held radio paging and electronic messaging service in the country.
He sold the beeper company in 1994 for $40 million. He later joined Ocean Tomo, whose transactions division was acquired by ICAP on June 16 2009.
== Education ==
== References ==
Dean Media Group

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Dean Media Group is a financial media and technology company based in Chicago that serves clients in the financial sector from retail to institutional, brokerage firms to software vendors, exchanges to educators. Dean Media Group operates the largest financial ad network in the world with exclusivity to 10MM uniques and 150MM page views. They manage 1 billion monthly ad impressions for more than 100 concurrent campaigns.
== History ==
Dean Media Group was founded in 2006 by Jon Dean with Traders Media and Agency El as its operating brands. In 2009, the company rebranded and repositioned itself as Dean Media Group with 100-percent focus on financial media. In 2010, Dean Media was named one of Inc. 500’s Fastest Growing Companies (No. 3 in Chicago, No. 59 in the United States). In 2011, Dean Media Group was once again named one of Inc. 500’s Fastest Growing Companies.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
*Jon Dean, President
*Phil Bellini, Managing Director
*Katherine Murray, Director of Business Development 
== References ==
Category:Public Relations Firms
Dean Tonkin

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Dean Tonkin is a New York-based brokerage executive. He is a managing director with Bank of America Merrill Lynch, head of futures, options, swaps cleaing and FX prime. He replaced Peter Johnson, who left in January of 2015.
He is a member of the board of directors of the Futures Industry Associaton.
== Background ==
From 2004 to 2012, Tonkin worked for Barclays, where he served as head of G10 cash trading for the Asia-Pacific and as head of FX forwards for the Americas respectively.
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category:Barclays - Former Employees
Categorry:FIA Board of Directors Memgbers
Dean Witter Reynolds

Dean Witter Reynolds was a financial services company that was founded in 1924 in New York City. It was named after its founder, Dean Witter, who was a pioneer in the field of securities research and analysis.
Dean Witter Reynolds was a full-service brokerage firm that offered a wide range of financial products and services to individual investors, including stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and insurance. The company also provided investment banking services, such as underwriting and corporate finance, to companies.
In 1977, Dean Witter Reynolds became the first brokerage firm to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange. It continued to grow and expand throughout the 1980s and 1990s, establishing a strong presence in the financial industry. In 1993, Dean Witter Reynolds merged with the investment bank Morgan Stanley, forming the financial services giant Morgan Stanley Dean Witter.
Today, the legacy of Dean Witter Reynolds lives on through Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, which is one of the largest and most successful financial services companies in the world.
== References ==
Category:Brokerage Firms
Debbie Baratz

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Debbie Baratz is a veteran public relations and freelance reporter. She is currently a senior in New York for Capital Group.
Formerly, she was an content manager for BitMEX, a public relations manager at Trulia and a copywriter at Apex Systems.
He has also been an associate editor of The Options Insider, an equities option focused news organization.
Baratz is also a freelance writer and does public relations for the Hair Foundation, a not-for profit.
== Background ==
Previously, Baratz was a football writer and senior NCAA editor for Aerys Sports. She was also a Big Ten writer for ChicagoNow, part of the Chicago Tribune media group.
In the equities options space, Baratz has worked in corporate communications for the CBOE and OCC. She has also worked for the Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Federal Reserve Bank.
== Education ==
Baratz has an undergraduate degree in business administration from the University of Iowa and a masters degree in writing from DePaul University.
== References ==	
Category:Journalists
Category:Options Insider
Category:OCC - Former Employees
Category:OCC
Category:CBOE
Category:CBOE - Former Employees
Category:Former CBOT Staff
Category:Options Insider - Former Employees
Debbie Carlson

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Debbie Carlson is a veteran financial journalist who is based in Chicago. She is a regular contributor to Barron's and The Guardian. Previously, she wrote for Kitco. 
== Background ==
For many years, she was the Americas commodities news editor for Dow Jones Newswires, based in Chicago where she worked closely with The Wall Street Journal and Barron's in planning commodities coverage. 
Carlson started her career in newspapers as both a freelancer and a staff writer at a small daily before moving back to her home state of Illinois in 1994 to work at Futures World News. 
In 2006, she led a team of global commodities reporters on a 11-part series for Dow Jones Newswires bringing into focus the issues concerning the supply of water around the world. That series won third place in the North American Agriculture Journalists writing contests for special projects. 
She has also been interviewed on Fox Business News.
== Education ==
She holds a bachelor of arts degree in journalism from Eastern Illinois University. 
== References ==	
Category:Journalists
Category:Dow Jones - Former Employees
Category:Dow Jones
Category:Kitco - Former Employees
Category:Kitco
Debby Hallett

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Debra (Debby) Hallett, CPA is a director in the performance analysis group at Arthur Bell Certified Public Accountants.
== Background ==
Hallett has over 19 years of commodity performance reporting and fund accounting experience. She joined Arthur Bell in 1993 and currently helps to manage its Performance Analysis Group. Hallett also works with investment advisers, commodity pool operators, and commodity trading advisors, assisting in the areas of performance analysis, performance record preparation and performance record examinations. 
She has been a licensed CPA since 1993, and is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Maryland Association of Certified Public Accountants. 
== Education ==
Hallett earned a Bachelor of Science from the University of Maryland College Park. She obtained a Certificate in Accounting in 1992. 
== References ==
Deborah J. Bollman

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Deborah J. Bollman was an assistant vice president of marketing for the Kansas City Board of Trade, which later became part of the CME Group. She was responsible for assisting in the direction of marketing, education and public relations efforts for the exchange.
She died in 2015 at the age of 42 after spending 16 years at the KCBT, including 13 as assistant vice-president of marketing.
== Background ==
Bollman joined KCBT in 1996. She was named marketing assistant in 1997 and promoted to KCBT Review editor in 1999.
== Education ==
She held a Bachelor of Arts in international studies, and a Bachelor of Science degree in business administration, marketing and international business from the University of Missouri-Columbia.
== References ==	
Category:CME Group
Category:KCBT
Category:Deceased
Category:Deceased Industry Executives
Deborah J. Lucas

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Deborah J. Lucas is a Sloan Distinguished Professor of Finance at the MIT Sloan School of Managment. She is also the director MIT Golub Center for Finance and Policy.
Since 2018, Lucas has served on the board of directors of the CME Group. 
== Background ==
Lucas has been a professor at the MIT Sloan School of Managment since 2009. She also served as a professor at Northwestern University from 1985 to 2009.
From 2009 to 2011, she was appointed associate director of thee Congressional Budget Office. She also served as chief economist at the Congregation Budget Office from 2000 to 2001. She served as senior economist at the Council of Economic Advisers from 1992 to 1993 and member of the Social Security Technical Advisory Panels of 1999-2000 and 2006-2007.
Her editorial positions include co-editorship of the Journal of Money, Credit and Banking and associate editorships for a number of finance and economics journals. She is a past director of the American Finance Association and co-organizer of the group Capital Markets and the Economy at the NBER. She is an elected member of the National Academy of Social Insurance, a research associate of the NBER.
She has been an independent director on several corporate and non-profit boards, including the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago.
== Education ==
Lucas holds a bachelor of arts in Economics, a masters of arts and a PhD in Economics from the University of Chicago.
== Video ==
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== References ==	
Category:Former U.S. Federal Employees
Category:Professors
Deborah North

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Deborah North is a partner at Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton's Financial Institutions Group. She is considered a leader in the clearing of OTC derivatives. Her work includes advising on the standard documentation for the clearing of OTC derivatives, advising on the rulebooks for more than 20 existing and prospective clearing houses, and engaging with the CFTC, the Federal Reserve Board, and the SEC on clearing related matters.
North is a former member of the board of Women in Financial Markets, formerly Women in Derivatives.
== Background ==
Before joining Cleary Gottlieb in 2022, North spent from 2000 until 2022 as a partner with Allen & Overy in New York. While there, she advised clients on OTC derivatives and structured synthetic products, as well as the cross-border security arrangements they often entail.
== Education ==
North earned a diploma in legal practice from The University of Law and a Bachelor of Laws from King's College London, where she graduated with honors.
== References ==	
Category:Women in Financial Markets Board
Category:Allen & Overy - Former Employees
Debra Rabichow

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Debra Rabichow is the chief operating officer at Nadex. She was appointed in July 2010.
== Background ==
Prior to joining Nadex, Rabichow was an independent consultant for nearly two years. She was the senior vice president and global head of clearing and settlement at FXMarketspace from 2006 to 2008, and before that, chief operating officer and partner at Goldenberg, Hehmeyer & Co. She has been the vice president of operations for Citibank, Smith Barney and Drexel Burnham Lambert.
Rabichow began her career as the vice president of clearing and customer service for ContiCommodies Services beginning in 1973.
== References ==
Category:Bios - Executives
Category:Nadex Executives
Debt

Debt is money borrowed by one party from another. Corporations and individuals use debt as a method for making large purchases that they could not afford under normal circumstances. A debt arrangement includes the condition that the borrowing party pay back the money at a later date, usually with interest.
 
There are several different types of debt, including bonds, loans and commercial paper. 
The U.S. government issues debt in the form of securities to domestic and foreign investors, as well as corporations and other governments. U.S. debt-based securities issued include Treasury bills (T-bills), notes and bonds as well as U.S. savings bonds. 
== References ==
Decentraland (MANA)

Decentraland is a platform for developing and launching virtual reality dapps. MANA is its native cryptocurrency based on ERC-20 Tokens.
Decentraland provides a platform for users to create decentralized virtual businesses. MANA are used initially to buy space in Decentraland and then to pay for goods and services to support a business in, for example, virtual entertainment built on the purchased virtual space.
As of October 4, 2019, MANA was trading at $.03 and, with more than a billion MANA outstanding had a market capitalization of $32 million, according to CoinMarket Cap, an online cryptocurrency data aggregator and reporting service.
Decentraland has also become a platform for creating and trading NFTs. Coca-Cola partnered with avatar developer Tafi to create 'virtual wearables' with the Coca-Cola brand as NFTs to be distributed to in-game users starting on July 30th, 2021 for the next 92 hours. Decentraland was also used for the world's first virtual live music festival on July 11th, 2021. The festival was the project of NFT marketplace KnownOrigin, NFT agency BEAR NFT, and the Illumino NFT collective. The event was run on Ethereum technology. 
== References ==
Decentralized application

A decentralized application (dApp) is an open-source software application that runs through several computer nodes, as opposed to running off of a centralized server or singular node. By definition, a decentralized application (or dApp, pronounced "DEE-app," for short) must be open-sourced, meaning its source code is available to everyone by its copyright license, so anyone can view, modify, or distribute it - making it totally free to the public with few, if any, restrictions. They must also be stored on a public distributed ledger (such as a blockchain), and they must use a token system (such as bitcoin or Ether) in order to reward contributions to the dApp, and incentivize mining to keep the distributed ledger running. 
There is sometimes confusion surrounding the use of the words "distributed" and "decentralized," as in "distributed application" vs. "decentralized" application. Although they are often used interchangeably when describing this technology, Vitalik Buterin, creator of the first dApp platform Ethereum, has definitively stated that the correct usage is "decentralized."
== References ==
 
Category: decentralized applications
Category: distributed ledgers
Category: definitions
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Decimalization

Decimalization involves the Securities and Exchange Commission's call for quotes in increments of pennies versus nickels. The switch was completed at U.S. equity exchanges by Apr. 9, 2001. The transition to decimal pricing was completed at the NYSE on Jan. 29, 2001, while at the NASDAQ it was completed on Apr. 9, 2001.
== History ==
Some securities industry professionals had been critical of the decimalization plan and the SEC's Apr. 9, 2001 completion target. The National Association of Securities Dealers(NASD), for example, requested that the SEC delay the launch of decimalization for a year, saying its information systems were not ready to handle the increased volume in message traffic that decimalization would generate.
SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt in June of 2000 noted in testimony concerning decimal pricing in the securities and options markets that the convention of quoting stock prices in fractions dated back more than two hundred years. The United States securities markets were the only major markets that didn't price stocks in decimals. 
"As the securities markets become more global, with many stocks traded in multiple jurisdictions, the U.S. securities markets need to adopt the international convention of decimal pricing to remain competitive, and the overall benefits of decimal pricing are likely to be significant," he said. "Investors may benefit from lower transaction costs due to narrower spreads. Moreover, the markets will be easier to understand for the average investor," used to dealing in dollars and cents for every-day transactions.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Category:Stocks
Category:Options
Decred (DCR)

Decred was founded in 2016 in order to address perceived weaknesses in bitcoin governance by several early bitcoin developers who self-financed the project.
The Decred team developed a governance platform, Politeia, which combines proof of work with proof of stake based on a belief that such a system would disrupt the decision-making incentives of bitcoin. Jake Yocom-Piatt, the CEO, noted that in many crypto projects, the majority of participants were very poorly informed and a small minority was well-informed. Yocom-Piatt said that he believes the incentives are such that the small minority uses their understanding advantage to enrich themselves relative to the majority. Politeia is an attempt to democratize governance by letting holders of the Decred currency to share votes with other Decred holders.
Politeia is to be used for company treasury decisions as well as for constructing the lotteries for choosing who gets to validate blocks of mined Decred. 
Decred had a market capitalization of $155,611,444 on February 11, 2019, making it the 32nd largest cryptocurrency at the time.
== References ==
Category:CryptoMarketsWiki
Default

Loans fall into default, also called delinquency, when borrowers stop making their scheduled payments, and the risk that they will default is usually priced into the borrowing cost. A spike in default on U.S. subprime mortgages in 2007 helped tip the mortgage market into decline and exacerbated the credit crisis.
== The Roots ==
Early signs of the current credit crisis emerged in April 2007 when U.S. mortgage default rates hit an all-time quarterly high of 2.87 percent and rose in 44 of the 50 states. Subprime mortgage defaults peaked one year later to 12 percent, while mortgage defaults on prime loans doubled to 2.7 percent in the same period. That initial wave of mortgage defaults began cresting in mid-2008 but a second wave is expected over the next year or two as interest rates on prime loans rise and credit tightens further. 
Default rates during the expected second wave of mortgage delinquencies are expected to be higher than in the first deliquency wave that began in early 2007. This after the IMF released a report in October 2008 showing U.S. mortgage writedown estimates up to $1.4 trillion from $945 billion six months earlier.
== Blue Chip Defaults? == 
In mid-late 2008 the costs of derivatives known as credit-default swaps, which essentially insure creditors against a borrower defaulting on its bonds began rising even on the bonds of large corporations with triple-A credit ratings. Latest victim was financial-services giant GE Capital, where the annual cost per year to insure $10,000 worth of their bonds for five years recently jumped to $680. Exposure to credit default swaps have been partially blamed for the collapse of several investment banks during 2008.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Deflation

Deflation refers to a measured decrease in the prices of goods and services over time. This can be defined as either a decrease in the Consumer Price Index (CPI), or as a contraction of the money supply. In a money supply contraction, the value (or "purchasing power") of the currency increases. The opposite of deflation is inflation.
Deflation is particularly troubling to economic planners and policy makers. When people expect falling prices, they become less willing to spend, and in particular less willing to borrow. Furthermore, falling prices worsen the position of debtors, by increasing the real burden of their debts. 
== References ==
Deirdre Somers

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Deirdre Somers joined the exchange services group Aquis Exchange as an independent non-executive director in October 2020. She is a former chief executive of Euronext Dublin, and also has been an independent non-executive director and audit committee member at BlackRock iShares since 2019.
== Background ==
Somers was the chief executive officer of the Irish Stock Exchange for more than 10 years, including during its transformation to Euronext Dublin in 2018 when it was sold to Euronext N.V. 
Somers also served as president of the Federation of European Securities Exchanges (FESE) for three years, from 2015 to 2018.
== Education ==
Somers attended Harvard Business School Executive Education in 2016 and IMD Business School in 2013. She received a bachelor's degree in commerce from University College Cork in 1987.
== References ==