nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Null hypothesis

The null hypothesis (H0) is a statistical and scientific tool to test a hypothesis. It usually refers to a default state, e.g., that two quantities are unrelated. Paired with each null hypothesis is an alternative hypothesis (called H1 or HA). The two hypotheses divide the relevant world into two subsets: the desperately-hoped for result, HA, and everything else, H0. Think of the null hypothesis as the "killjoy hypothesis."
e.g.:
* Blood pressure lowering drug X: the null hypothesis is that drug X has no effect on blood pressure.
Although such simple hypotheses are most common, a null hypothesis can be that two drugs have differing effectiveness (in a bioequivalence trial) or that the sun will rise 2-4 times in the morning (in alcohol-soaked nightmares). 
No matter the actual hypothesis, the observed evidence is evaluated for how probable such a result, and all other more extreme results, is if the null hypothesis were true. In a hypothesis test, the null hypothesis can be rejected or can fail to be rejected; it cannot be proven or validated.
==Pseudoscience==
This can be applied more broadly, particularly when dealing with pseudoscience:
* Homeopathy: that water prepared by dilution and succussion is indistinguishable in its medical effects from water that has not.
* Nanobots: that matter at nanoscale does not behave as hypothesised by Drexler.
* Cryonics: that information in the brain is not sufficiently preserved by the freezing process.
* Lunar anomalies: that all those things that look like alien moonbases, ziggurats and robot heads are, in fact, just rocks.
The burden of proof is on the person advocating the idea to present convincing evidence which would cause one to reject the null hypothesis. Were that to happen the burden of proof would fall to the person against the idea who would have to refute or explain the evidence.
==Science==
The following cases are examples where sufficient evidence has been presented and the null hypothesis can be rejected. 
* Climate change: that human influence has not changed Earth's climate.
* Evolution: that species are not changed by natural selection to fit an ecological niche.
Given that the null hypothesis has been rejected, it now falls to those who would wish to deny the evidence for global warming or evolution to present their counterarguments. The burden of proof is on them. The prior alternative hypothesis becomes the next default null hypothesis. 
==Religion==
Some who wish to look scientifically at the big picture of religion consider the question of God(s) in light of the null hypothesis:
* Unless/until we can find convincing evidence that one religion is right over all the others, it is reasonable to assume that none of them is correct, and we can therefore assume agnosticism or (soft) atheism.
==See also==
*Experimental control
==Notes==
Category:Science
Category:Statistics
Numérologie

La numérologie est l'étude des ou la croyance en la signification des nombres associés à des évènements. Elle prend plusieurs formes, parfois en attribuant une valeur numérique aux chiffres, parfois en donnant des propriétés particulières à chaque "nombre".
==De l'importance des nombres==
En songeant à la manière dont nous représentons les chiffres, il est nécessaire de se souvenir qu'elle n'est que conventionelle, ainsi la base dix utilisé dans les langues occidentales -On suppose pour permettre de compter sur ces doigts- n'est pas universelle, des civilisations ont compté en base 12, en base 20 en base 60, les ordinateurs utilisent exclusivement une représentation binaire...
Cette représentation conventionelle de la réalité n'a pas d'existence propre, et la "théorie" numérologiste s'éffondre des que l'on change de convention de représentation.
Autre exemple : les dates, souvent utilisés en numérologies ne sont qu'arbitraire car dépendant de calendriers tout à fait relatifs.
==Voir aussi==
===Versions en autres langues===
Category:Français
Category:Pseudoscience
Nuremberg Files

__NOTOC__
The Nuremberg Files was an ultra-conservative website sponsored by the American Coalition of Life Activists (ACLA). Without a flicker of embarassment, it attempted to equate the actions of doctors who perform abortions with those of the Nazi war criminals prosecuted at Nuremberg. 
Determined that one day these vile, baby-slaughtering "abortionists" should be brought to justice for their "crimes against humanity" (despite ex post facto trials being prohibited by the United States Constitution), the ACLA assembled online dossiers that included doctors' photographs alongside their home and work addresses, all tastefully packaged in the style of "Wanted" posters.
Similar agitation had been previously linked with the murders of women's health physicians by far-right Christian extremists.
==Was this an unconstitutional threat?==
The courts certainly thought so.
==Were the courts right?==
;Yes
:Context matters. Such information had been recently used to facilitate serious crimes, and could be reasonably expected to do so again. 
;Maybe
:The website was not a threat in and of itself, as it did not directly condone criminal activity. It was, however, building a database with considerable potential for harm towards those featured therein.
;No
:The website was making a public statement, not a private threat. It was placing a burning cross in the town square, as it were, rather than in someone's front yard. The courts have frequently held the former to be protected speech. The lack of explicit incitement and the public nature of the website prohibit its classification as a true threat.
==See also==
*Hate speech
*Abortion and Nazism
==External links==
*
==Sources==
*Stone, Geoffrey R. (1999) The First Amendment, ISBN 9780735529298
Category:Doxers
Category:Law
Category:Webshites
Nuremberg defense

The Nuremberg Defense refers to a legal strategy employed by many of the defendants at the Nuremberg war crimes trials seeking to convict Nazi perpetrators of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the Second World War. Many of those defendants claimed that they were not guilty of the charges against them as they were "only following orders." 
==Eichmann's speech==
Adolf Eichmann was one of the most prominent Nazis to use this defense at his trial (held in Israel in 1961).
==Post-war usage==
The Nuremberg Defense has since become a political and psychological meme. The term is now essentially synonymous with the phrase "I was only following orders", a phrase that has been used in defending accused war criminals for centuries. The phrase can refer to any attempt to deflect personal responsibility for a crime onto institutions like an army or the state. Occasionally, the Nuremberg Defense is referred to as the Eichmann defense.
Article 33 of the Rome Statute,https://www.icc-cpi.int/nr/rdonlyres/ea9aeff7-5752-4f84-be94-0a655eb30e16/0/rome_statute_english.pdf page 21 which established the International Criminal Court, allows the Nuremberg defense to relieve an individual of criminal responsibility provided:
*The person was under a legal obligation to obey orders of the Government or the superior in question;
*The person did not know that the order was unlawful; and
*The order was not manifestly unlawful. 
In other words, you have to pass yourself off as having been ignorant of the law, but even that defense is not tolerated in especially gross cases.
==Principle IV==
This principle, one of many drawn up in the run up to the Nuremberg trials, states:
Nuremberg Principle IV was disputed in Canada when attempted to claim refugee status there after deserting the US army. Hinzman and his supporters argued that because the war in Iraq may be in breach of international law, it could possibly end with him and other troops being tried for war crimes. Although he was denied refugee status, one Justice presiding over the case stated, in reference to personal responsibility during wartime:
This has, however, long been the established rule for questions of the legality of war. A soldier is responsible for just conduct in war, and policy-makers are responsible for the just cause for war. However, if it can be found that policy-makers are pushing or forcing subordinates to act unjustly in war, they can be responsible for that as well. Even soldiers who are fighting in an unjust war must still be treated as legal combatants, and not held responsible for the war itself.
==See also==
*Milgram's obedience study
*Holocaust
*Ward Churchill
==References==
Category:Psychology
Category:Law
Category:War crimes
Category:Nazism
Category:World War II
Nyhetsspeilet

Nyhetsspeilet (which in English translates to "The News Mirror"), founded in 2009, is the biggest and most authoritative source of wacky ideas and woo in the Norwegian language. The content is mainly conspiracy theories, paranormal phenomena, and alternative medicine (sorry, just the stock ones, no new, revolutionary Norwegian ones).
The "about us" page informs the reader that the page is written "by the people, for the people," with no names mentioned.http://www.nyhetsspeilet.no/om/ Nevertheless, the site's design is surprisingly slick as compared, say, to Gene Ray's Time Cube.
Citing this website as a source invokes Scopie's Law.
==External Links==
*Go crazy!
*Nyhetsspeilet's Facebook page
*Faktisk.no, a Norwegian member of the International Fact-Checking Network, refutes Netsspeilet's bizarre assertion that Norway has been a European Union member since June 1994
==References==
Category:Conspiracy theorists
Category:Norway
Category:Ufology
Nyloxin

Nyloxin is yet another non-functional homeopathic medicine sold through a multi-level marketing scam. The product is notable mainly for its cable TV advertisements featuring a cobra logo, making it the first homeopathic medicine marketed for what it is.
Nyloxin topical gel supposedly contains a homeopathic 4X (1 in 10,000) dilution of Asian cobra venom.Nyloxin Topical Gel. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. As evidence of efficacy, the Nyloxin website cites numerous studies of snake venom, none of which are homeopathic studies.Nyloxin: Scientific Research In 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration sent a warning letter to the manufacturer's CEO indicating that they had found various Nyloxin products to be, at that time, misbranded and unapproved new drugs.Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. 2019. Warning Letter Nutra Pharma. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
==References==
Category:Alternative medicine
Category:Homeopathy
ONE Channel

The ONE Channel is a Canadian TV channel with mostly New Age-related shows. Some examples of its alternative-oriented programming include shows promoting alternative medicineWhat's The Alternative?Bedside Manor (including one promoting the idea that it can cure incurable illnesses),The Incurables Feng Shui,Feng Shui Living conspiracy theories,The Conspiracy Show and psychics.Crossing Over with John Edward It has some good programming, such as yogaPadma Yoga: Modern Meditations and Tai Chi programs, and talks from ideaCity.ideaCity (which is basically the Canadian version of TED Talks)
This channel is in no way associated with the identically named ONE channel in Australia (owned by the TEN network), which is primarily devoted to sports, bad reality shows, and occasional re-runs of old shows like COPS- in other words, the same as pretty much every non-pay Australian TV channel.
==External links==
*Homepage
==References==
Category:Canada
Category:Canadian media
Category:Television
Oath of Hippocrates

The Oath of Hippocrates is one of the oldest written statements of medical ethics. It is believed to have been written some time between 460 and 380 B.C.E.
==Origin==
The exact authorship of the Oath is not known. It is likely that it was used by a guild of physicians in Hippocratean times. It has been known in the West for centuries, first having been used in a medical school in the 16th century, and achieving common use on both sides of the Atlantic by the late 19th century. Markel, H. “I Swear by Apollo” — On Taking the Hippocratic Oath. New England Journal of Medicine.350;20. May 13, 2004.
==Text==
==Explication==
thumb|right|150px|Hippocrates of Kos
*Paragraph 1: As was usual in ancient times, the cult/guild's patron/patroness deities are invoked. 
*Paragraph 2: This maintains the secrecy of the cult/guild, and establishes a secret brotherhood.
*Paragraph 3: Not much mystery here.
*Paragraph 4: An injunction against euthanasia and abortion.
*Paragraph 5: A vow to avoid surgery, especially for kidney stones, and to defer to people of higher expertise (should they exist).
*Paragraph 6: Boundaries. Don't sleep with the patients. 
*Paragraph 7: Confidentiality.
*Paragraph 8: More swearing.
==Modern Usage==
The Oath is ancient and specific. It was used by a particular medical sect at a particular time. Still, there is a desire on the part of physicians to take an oath. It is tradition and it helps to reify the quasi-sacred status of medicine in our culture.
Given the nature of the oath, it is nearly always modified when used at all. For instance, the oath to the sect's deities is often left out. The prohibition against surgery is also often dropped. Sometimes the oath is dropped completely in favor of other ceremonies. (See the Oath of Maimonides.)
The most controversial portions, those proscribing euthanasia and abortion, are sometimes left out, sometimes included, and usually thoroughly discussed. Given that this oath applied to specific people at a specific time, it does not provide that much guidance for current behavior and practice. Much of the advice is very good, and still used (such as confidentiality and maintaining boundaries with patients). Others are better examined using modern mores and ethics.
Contrary to the beliefs of some, the Oath has not been modified to mollify "abortionists". The Oath, when given, is usually modified in many ways, including the removal of prohibitions against legal medical procedures. For example, far more institutions leave in the prohibition against euthanasia (which is mostly illegal) and leave out the prohibition against abortion (which is largely legal).http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/site/free/prsb0220.htm
The Oath, where used, is purely traditional and symbolic. It is not binding in any way. It is useful in that it often creates debate and discussion about medical ethics among medical students. It is not a tool or plot by any particular political force. Medical students are free to take or not take any oaths they wish.
==References==
category:Medicine
Objective: Ministries

Objective: Ministries is a parody fundamentalist site and one of the greatest Poes of all time, fooling Christians and atheistsLeague of Reason Forums spot Mr Gruff alike. They claim to be affiliated with the non-existent Fellowship University and the Fellowship Creation Science Museum and Research Institute. It's suspected that they're actually run by or in some way affiliated with Landover Baptist Church because one of the "Objectives" on their sidebar is the shutdown of Landover Baptist. Their "Objective" pages include Project Pterosaur, which proposes an expedition to find pterosaur eggs in order to "debunk" evolution, and Mall Mission, which gives instructions on how to witness in malls and perform "emergency baptisms." They run a segment called Dawkins Watch. Their 4kidz page is fairly infamous, and Mr. Gruff the Atheist Goat is occasionally used as an icon on atheist blogs and fora.
==External links==
*Objective: Ministries
==References==
Category:Websites
Category:Parodists
Observer effect

The observer effect refers to the fact that merely observing or measuring some physical feature of a system will change that feature. Although it technically applies to particle and quantum physics, it can be appropriated to real world (macroscopic) instances: for example, measuring tyre pressure normally involves releasing a little air, thus changing the pressure, by however small an amount.
Detecting an electron requires bouncing a photon of light off it, thus changing its speed and altering its path. This occurs because the observer becomes a part of the system to be measured.
It is sometimes confused with Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.As famously in the movie Lost World While interactions between photons, and subsequent changes in momentum are used to rationalize and explain the uncertainty principle, the principle itself refers to a fundamental limit to which we can measure the values of complementary pairs, most famously position and momentum. Essentially, even if all of quantum mechanics were wrong, the uncertainty principle would still hold. Some like to say not even God can accurately measure both position and momentum. In contrast, the observer effect is often used to describe the collapse of a wave function to a particular value. Experimental findings from 2010-2012 suggest that the observer effect doesn't play a part in quantum uncertainty, and that a model of the uncertainty principle that assumes the observer effect plays a significant role overestimates the degree of uncertainty in measurements.Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 100404 (2012)
==See also==
*Entanglement 
*Schrödinger's cat
==References==
Občiansky tribunál (slovensky)

Komická partičká bláznov, ktorí žijú v alternatívnej realite, kde Slovenská republika neexistuje. Bola totiž na základe Ústavy Slovenskej republiky zrušená.Slovensko je zrušené a média to zatajujú. Títo páni sa to vybrali vysvetliť do RTVS, Kristína Gyuríková, SME Fičí, 10.11.2017Pohľad do duše Občianskeho tribunálu: parlament je národná (z)rada, vládnu nám korporácie, zachráni nás len Rusko, Monika Jakábová, Infosecurity, 18.7.2021Nastriekal na parlament 1 %, druhý týždeň sedí v Leopoldove, Monika Tódová, Denník N, 19.1.2015
Postavičky:
* Jozef Klányi
* Milan Laurinec
* Andrej Laurince (syn)
* Daša Bajlová
* Peter Socha
* Igor Jurečka
Výber tých najlepších hlodov a absurdností si môžete pozrieť na kanáli Ovčiansku tribunál.
==Referencie==
Category:Conspiracy theorists
Category:Slovensky
Occidental Dissent

Occidental Dissent (OD) (not to be confused with the similarly named Occidental Observer though the two share the same beliefs) is an alt-right ("Alt-South" as it brands itself) white supremacist, anti-Semitic, Islamophobic, white nationalist website run by Alabama native Brad Dean Griffin (a.k.a. Hunter Wallace) based in Eufaula. The website was founded in 2008 with the explicit purpose of promoting white supremacy, white nationalism, neo-Confederate apologia and the creation of a white ethnostate known as "The Republic of Dixie". (a.k.a. "The Gulf Coast Republic") that is the resurrection of the Confederacy.Bradley dean Griffin Southern Poverty Law Center The website's writers have also promoted the same ideas such as Marcus Cicero for example. The website's articles originally took a pseudo-intellectual approach under Brad Griffin but thanks to its alignment with the alt-right, they have now made their articles more or less look like The Daily Stormer. As it is a white-centric website, it essentially over-obsesses about blacks (specifically black-on-white crime, "Black Run America" and the "Black Undertow", the failure of black-run dictatorships in Africa, and mockery of Black History Month), their denigration of non-racist southern heritage groups and the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the promotion of "White Anglo-Celtic/Scotch-Irish culture", and hatred of Jews and white genocide propaganda as well as ranting, rambling, bitching, kicking, and screaming over anything "anti-white" as well wanting to go back to the good old days (specifically Jim Crow segregation). The website is about nationalism (specifically white nationalism), populism (alt-right populism that is), and reaction (reactionary racism), all the things you need to know about the website. And on the website is a myriad of links of other racist webshites. Bonus: They sell merchandise and gifts.
==Their racism==
==See also==
* Pat Buchanan, Paleoconservative politician whose work Death of the West influenced Brad Griffin into becoming a white nationalist.
* White separatism, a key component of Griffin's ideology of having a dream Southern white ethnostate.
* League of the South, Neo-Confederate organization that shares the same talking points as Wallace/Griffin and counts him as one of its members (though at one point left the organization apparently due to its insistence on a multiracial Confederacy.
==External links==
*Their official website 
*Their account on Gab
*Their account on the Russian social media platform VK
*Bradley Dean Griffin — the Southern Poverty Law Center's page on him
==References==
Category:Alabama
Category:Alt-right
Category:Antisemitism
Category:Homophobia
Category:Internet hate sites
Category:Islamophobia
Category:Living people
Category:Paleoconservatives
Category:Racism
Category:Transphobia
Category:Webshites
Category:Fascism
Category:White supremacy
Category:Xenophobia
Of Pandas and People

Of Pandas and PeopleGoogle Books link is a creationist cdesign proponentsist intelligent design propaganda piece famously featured in the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District court case of 2005. In 2007, the book was touched up by William Dembski and reprinted as The Design of Life: Discovering Signs of Intelligence in Biological Systems.
==History==
This "textbook" was developed during the 1980s, under the working title of "Creation Biology". It was commissioned by the Foundation for Thought and Ethics and intended to serve as a creationism-friendly textbook. Several drafts were produced in the 1980s under the titles Creation Biology Textbook Supplements, Biology and Creation, and Biology and Origins.
In 1987 the US Supreme Court ruled in Edwards v. Aguillard that creationism was unsuitable for teaching in public schools as science because of its religious basis, but that alternative scientific theories could be taught. To comply with the new standards, the old textbook was hastily rewritten and retitled Of Pandas and People. The new name was likely a reference to Stephen Jay Gould's book, The Panda's Thumb, a work which explains evolutionary theory in common, non-scientific prose. The new book was distributed as a "supplemental text" to any municipality that would take them. Among those who received them was Dover, Pennsylvania.
===Kitzmiller v. Dover===
Of Pandas and People first entered the Dover Area School District via school board member Bill Buckingham and his friends at the Thomas More Law Center. After failing to get it fully integrated into the curriculum, the creationist board members simply left the books in the school library and required their science teachers to read a statement similar to the ones used in Kansas. This touched off the Kitzmiller v. Dover case, which ultimately ruled that intelligent design was an unscientific doctrine, unsuitable for public schools.
One of the most damning moments in the trial involved the use of a text-matching program to compare Of Pandas and People to the earlier editions. Sure enough, most of the book was identical to the earlier versions. The cosmetic difference was that all instances of "creator", "creationism", and "creation science" were replaced with "intelligent agent" and "intelligent design", leaving substantive content essentially unchanged. One copy of the book that surfaced during the case even contained the "missing link" between creationists and intelligent design proponents: the cdesign proponentsists.
==See also==
*Essay:Of Pandas and People
==References==
Category:Discovery Institute
Category:Intelligent design creationism
Category:Education
Category:Books