nyuuzyou/wikis huggingface dataset:
Energy futures

The surge in commodity investment and trading and the emergence of environmental-based derivatives has expanded the breadth and depth of energy futures. These fall into two broad categories: hydrocarbon-based products such as established crude oil and natural gas futures; and the fast-growing market for renewable energy products, which encompasses grain and seed-based products such as ethanol and palm oil, and emerging sectors such as weather derivatives.
=== Hydrocarbon-based Products ===
*New York Mercantile Exchange
*Intercontinental Exchange
=== Renewable Products ===
CME Group commodity products
Engelbert Gemünden

Engelbert Gemünden serves in a worldwide non-executive, advisory role as chairman of the RTS Realtime Systems Group supervisory board. He was chairman of the company’s executive board. On Nov. 3, 2008 it was announced that he had retired from that position as of Oct. 31, 2008and that his son, Steffen Gemuenden, would take over as CEO and chairman of the executive board.
== Background ==
Engelbert Gemünden has held positions spanning all levels of management across a variety of industries including 14 years in banking. His experience ranges from EDP to the client-server architecture of today. In 1999, Gemünden was awarded Entrepreneur Finalist of the Year.
== References ==
Category:RTS Realtime Systems
Category:RTS Realtime Systems
Category:Bios - Executives
Enos V. Robbins

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Enos V. Robbins was a member of the Chicago Board of Trade and served as its president in 1868.
== Background ==
Robbins was elected president of the CBOT at the annual meeting on April 6, 1868. The other officers and new directors elected were: E. V. Robbins, President; E. K. Bruce, First Vice-President; J. D. Cole, Jr., Second Vice-President. The new directors were J. W. Preston, L. D. Norton, D. W. Irwin, Geo. J. Brine and Levi Higgins. John F. Beaty was again Secretary and George F. Rumsey, Treasurer.
The year 1868 was one of several attempted market corners and Robbins was the victim of one in corn for contracts for "buyer October." When the contract was called on October 1, Robbins was unable to meet his obligations. As a result, he tendered his resignation as president to the board of the CBOT. However, the board refused to accept his resignation and instead passed this resolution:
"Whereas, Mr. E. V. Robbins, the President of the Board of Trade, has tendered his resignation, assigning as a reason therefor
the recent financial difficulty; therefore,''
"Resolved, That duly appreciating the delicate sense of propriety which has prompted the tendered resignation, and entertaining for Mr. Robbins sentiments of the highest respect and the fullest confidence in his business integrity and ability, we deem it inexpedient to accept his resignation.
"Resolved, That we sincerely sympathize with Mr. Robbins in his business embarrassment, and trust his well-known character for integrity and energy will soon enable him to relieve himself of what he considers a disqualification for holding the office of President of this Board, and we hereby respectfully urge him to withdraw his tendered resignation."
== Education ==
== References ==	
Category:Deceased
Category:CBOT Members
Category:Former CBOT Officials
Category:Presidents of the Chicago Board of Trade
Enrico Bruni

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Enrico Bruni currently serves as managing director, head of Europe and Asia business with Tradeweb Markets. Bruni joined Tradeweb in 2002 and has been instrumental in developing the interest rate swaps business in Europe and Asia. He also is a member of the firm's executive committee.
== Background ==
Before Tradeweb, Bruni worked at JP Morgan in a number of business and product management roles across the markets division, with a particular focus on the e-trading strategy. He was posted in JP Morgan's London, New York and Milan offices.
== Education ==
Bruni holds a business management degree from L. Bocconi University in Milan.
== References ==	
Category:JP Morgan - Former Employees
Enron

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Enron was a wealthy and powerful energy-services corporation based in Houston, TX that collapsed in late 2001 amid an investigation by regulator the SEC over its accounting practices and balance sheet reporting. Its fall prompted passage of stricter new accounting measures in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
== Brief history ==
Enron was formed in 1985 following the merger of Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth and later became a major player in the energy-based commodities market. The company's share price rose steadily over the next 10 years as it expanded beyond its original specialty of energy trading into other commodities. It quadrupled from 1997 through 2000 to $98 per share as its reported revenue skyrocketed. 
The SEC began investigating Enron's finances and its accounting firm, Arthur Andersen, in October 2001 after the company reported a quarterly loss of $638 million and a $1.2 billion writedown in shareholder value. One month later Enron revised its financial statements for the previous five years, wiping out some $591 million from reported net income. Enron officials admitted to the SEC that the company covered up losses by transferring them to so-called "special purpose entities" off its balance sheet that were actually controlled by Chief Financial Officer Andrew Fastow.
== The fallout ==
Fastow was one of 18 former Enron employees who pled guilty out of a total of 34 defendants accused of criminal conduct in the years following Enron's collapse. The company's fall and revelations that Arthur Andersen did not probe Enron's suspicious off-balance-sheet financial reporting led directly to Federal Congress passing the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which among other things created a controversial public company accounting board. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, also known as SOX, defines which of a company's financial records and electronic-based information must be retained by a listed company and its accounting firm, and for how long.
Enron's founder Kenneth Lay was found guilty of multiple counts of conspiracy and fraud. He died of heart failure six weeks after his trial ended, prompting a federal judge to throw out the conviction.
== The Entertainment ==
The Enron scandal was popularized in the critically acclaimed book and film "Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room", which revealed the company to be a sophisticated Ponzi scheme (pyramid scheme) because it enriched early investors at the expense of later ones. The original book was co-authored by Fortune magazine reporters Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind.McLean, Bethany and Elkind, Peter (2003) "Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron", Portfolio Hardcover. ISBN 978-1591840084
== References ==
Category:Defunct Companies
EnterNext

EnterNext, a wholly-owned subsidiary of NYSE Euronext, is a marketplace for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Enternext, which began operations in July 2013, is designed to facilitate in the capital formation, finance and development for companies with less than EUR 1 billion in market capitalization. 
EnterNext is based in Brussels, and will concentrate on both Belgian and pan-European firms. 
According to EU law, whether a company is an SME is determined by a. the number of employees and b. either turnover or balance sheet total.
== EnterNext Aims ==
*Positioning the stock exchange as a source for alternative financing;
*Promoting SMEs to investors as an attractive asset class;
*Defining and promoting new services and financing options;
*Managing the day-to-day and grassroots relationships with issuers and listing candidates; and
*Developing a regional and national marketing strategy.
== Key People ==
*Eric Forest, CEO
== References ==
Enterprise Ethereum Alliance

The Enterprise Ethereum Alliance is a collection of Fortune 500 companies that have pledged to help each other develop the Ethereum platform and "smart contract" technology. There are more than 180 member companies from more than 45 countries. At one time the group included the National Bank of Canada, Cisco, American Family Insurance, CME Group, Toyota Research Institute, Mastercard, and Microsoft. By December 2019, of these only Microsoft remained as a member.
== Company History ==
The Enterprise Ethereum Alliance was founded in March 2017 by Santander, JP Morgan, and a variety of other enterprise groups in order to standardize business applications based on Ethereum.
=== Collaboration with the Hyperledger Project ===
On October 1, 2018, the Hyperledger project announced that it had begun a collaborative relationship with the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance, formerly one of its biggest competitors. This move was done in the name of "bringing common standards to the blockchain space and cross-pollinate a wider open-source community," as well as foster the development of interoperability between multiple blockchains, especially enterprise-level blockchains.
=== "Token task force" ===
In February 2019, the EEA announced that the organization planned to form a "token task force" to create a specification for tokens that run on top of the Ethereum blockchain, as well as private blockchains based on it. This includes digital assets that are essentially blockchain-based tokenized shares in a company or stores of value tied to fiat currency, but also tokens like the ones used by CryptoKitties and similar dApps. The purpose of this would be to improve Ethereum's overall viability as a business platform.
== References ==
Envex

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Envex is a company that develops risk management instruments for emissions trading under the Australian Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme and other environmental markets in Australia. 
== History ==
The company was founded in February 2008 as a joint venture between Macquarie Group Limited and the Financial and Energy Exchange. In July of the same year Climate Exchange PLC, owner of the European Climate Exchange and the Chicago Climate Exchange, acquired a stake in Envex. Following the purchase of the European Climate Exchange by ICE, ICE became the holder of Envex.
The core focus of Envex's work is to develop tradable contracts for Over-the-Counter and Exchange based trading to "enable trading in a range of environmental products" in the Australian markets. These include financial instruments related to the underlying units of the Mandatory Renewable Energy Target scheme, the Carbon Price Mechanism (also known as the Clean Energy Bill 2011), the Queensland Gas Scheme, Victorian Energy Efficiency Target and South Australian Energy Savings Scheme.
== Board Members ==
* Anthony Abraham, Chairman
* Karel Nolles, Managing Director
* Blair Pritchard, Non Executive Director
* Brian Price, Non Executive Director
* Dimitri Burshtein, Non Executive Director
* David Peniket, Non Executive Director
== See Also ==
* Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme
* Emissions Trading
* Mandatory renewable energy targets
* New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme
== External Links ==
*enVex Official website
*Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme website
==References==
Environmental Financial Products, LLC

Environmental Financial Products LLC specializes in inventing, designing, and developing new financial markets with a special emphasis on investment advisory services. It was established in 1998 by Dr. Richard Sandor.
EFP has served as an incubator for many different types of investment services and products. While it has researched and developed products that focus on environmental contracts such as environmentally-focused contracts, the firm has also developed initiatives that address other aspects of the financial industry. In September 2015, for example, it announced a new exchange directed at small- to middle-sized US banks, which would serve as a platform for short-term over-the-counter lending and borrowing as well as an interest rate index for those banks. 
== Background ==
EFP provides advisory services focused on monetizing emission reductions, energy efficiency improvements, and carbon sequestration as well as managing exposure to financial risk. It acted as an advisor to various early greenhouse gas international transactions, and members of its team led the design and implementation of the SO2 emission allowance market in the United States.
Under a grant from the Joyce Foundation in Chicago and through Northwestern University’s Kellogg Graduate School of Management, EFP was the incubator for the first North American greenhouse gas emissions trading program, the Chicago Climate Exchange. CCX was launched in 2003, and in 2004 it became a part of Climate Exchange plc (CLE), a London Stock Exchange listed company.
On September 10, 2015, Environmental Financial Products and CBOE Holdings announced plans to launch the American Financial Exchange (AFX), an electronic marketplace for small and mid-sized banks to lend and borrow short-term funds. AFX was designed to bring the benefits of exchange trading, including standardization, transparency and a rules-based process, to interbank lending, while reducing transaction costs through an electronic market. 
Set for launch in late 2015, AFX will also offer weekly auctions of a new benchmark interest rate for U.S. interbank lending, called Ameribor, based on proprietary calculation methodology developed by EFP. 
CBOE will operate the web-accessible electronic trade matching engine and will also support surveillance and membership services. Northern Trust will serve as the settlement bank.
Dr. Sandor will act as chairman and CEO of AFX.
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
* Richard L. Sandor, chairman and chief executive officer 
* Murali Kanakasabai, managing director
* Rafael L. Marques, managing director of environmental financial products
== References ==
Environmental Markets Association

Environmental Markets Association (EMA) is a Washington D.C.-based trade association for environmental industry professionals who are active or interested in the market-based solutions to combat pollution and create a sustainable environment.
 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
The organization focuses on:
Renewables
Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) Committee
SO2 & NOx
EMA concentrates on SO2 & NOx broker, trader and consultant education and networking
EMA also hosts webinars and presentations from industry experts covering
subjects such as:
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative(RGGI)
Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR) & Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR)
California’s AB 32
European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
CO2 and Greenhouse Gases
Mercury (Hg)
== Membership ==
== Key People ==
*Lauren LeMunyan - executive director
*Thaddeus J. Huetteman – chairperson 
*Allison Wood – vice-chairperson
*Michael E. Taylor - treasurer 
*Eron Bloomgarden - director 
*Greg Pool – director 
*Gary Payne - director
== References ==
Category:Industry Associations
Category:Environmental Markets
Equal Credit Opportunity Act

The Equal Credit Opportunity Act prohibits creditors from discriminating against credit applicants on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age, or because an applicant receives income from a public assistance program. 
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System has issued regulations under ECOA. These regulations, known as Regulation B, provide the framework for fair lending.
== References ==
Category:Legislation
Equiduct Systems Ltd.

Equiduct Systems Ltd. is an electronic trading platform that was formerly majority owned by Citadel Securities. It is operated under the regulatory structure of the Berlin Stock Exchange (also known as Börse Berlin AG). Knight Capital Group is minority owner of the platform. It is considered “Pre-trade transparent and MiFID compliant” by ESMA and was launched in 2009 following the introduction of MiFID, which led to the fragmentation of liquidity across multiple trading venues.
 
The technology competes with other Multilateral Trading Facilities in Europe such as Chi-X, Turquoise, BATS Europe and Nasdaq OMX Europe. which have emerged after the introduction of Markets in Financial Instruments Directive which began in November 2007. 
Equiduct aims to provide a fast and cost-effective trading platform for European equities. Its technology is designed to provide order execution at the best price.
== History ==
In July 2009, Citadel Securities, a division of Citadel Investment Group, made a "significant" investment in Equiduct. As a result, the Berlin Stock Exchange saw its 53 percent stake in the pan-European electronic trading platform diluted to just over 10 percent. 
In January 2013, Citadel decided to cease market-making operations on the venue.http://thetradenews.com/news/People/Randalls_legacy_lives_on_despite_Equiduct_departure.aspx|name=Randall's legacy lives on despite Equiduct departure|org=The Trade News|date=June 25, 2014}}
The move provided further funding for the technology firm, which aims to be a major European trading platform.
Berlin Stock Exchange took a majority stake in EASDAQ NV, which operated under the name Equiduct, in September 2007. The goal for the deal was to offer the exchange's customers a wide range of European financial products. 
== Products and Services ==
*PartnerEx, a retail best execution service designed to address the challenges faced by brokers of providing best execution in a fragmented market. It is the only pan-European, on-exchange, order by order Best Execution facility.
*SpotVBBO, an institutional best execution service 
*HybridBook, a "vanilla" central limit order book
== Key People ==
*Artur Fischer, joint CEO of Börse Berlin and a member of the board for Easdaq, Equiduct's holding company.
== References ==
Category:Electronic Trading
Category:ATS
Category:Citadel
Equinix, Inc.

Equinix, Inc. is a provider of network-neutral data center and interconnection services, offering colocation, traffic exchange and outsourced IT infrastructure solutions. Global enterprises, content companies, systems integrators and network service providers use Equinix Internet Business Exchange (IBX) centers. 
Equinix IBX centers serve as core hubs for IP networks and Internet operations worldwide. IBX has centers located in 18 markets across North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific. In North America, IBX centers can be found in Silicon Valley, CA, Washington, D.C., New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and Dallas. European IBX centers include London, Paris, Frankfurt, Dusseldorf, Munich, Zurich, Geneva and Amsterdam. The Asia Pacific centers are located in Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Sydney.
== History ==
Equinix was founded in 1998. 
== Products and Services ==
Equinix offers data center solutions for: 
*Secure colocation 
*IP connectivity 
*Traffic exchange and peering 
*Outsourced IT infrastructure services 
== Key People ==
== References ==
Equitec Specialists, LLC

Equitec Specialists, LLC, is a subsidiary of Equitec Group, LLC (Equitec). Equitec is a global proprietary trading group with operations on over a dozen exchanges. Equitec and its affiliates include six Designated Primary Market Makers on the CBOE, execution services on all major options exchanges and a stock specialist operation on the American Stock Exchange conducted by Equitec Specialists, LLC. Equitec trades primary and derivative instruments in a wide variety of equity, index, financial and structured products, using a combination of traditional and proprietary cross-hedging methodologies. 
== History ==
== Products and Services ==
== Key People ==
== References ==
Equity options

Equity options are options on shares of an individual common stock. 
Trading in equity options was first transacted solely in the over-the-counter market, but with the Chicago Board Options Exchange's (CBOE) founding in 1973, equity options became exchange-traded (listed) for the first time. Today, equity options are traded globally on numerous exchanges. 
During 2006, total equity options volume in the U.S. reached 1.84 billion contracts, surpassing the 1.37 total equity contracts traded in 2005, a 34.7 percent increase.
In contrast to the U.S. futures markets where traditionally one market has dominated the trading in a particular product, trading in equity options in the U.S. is a democratic system. Options exchanges can list duplicate equity options, and trading in these options are fungible. Because all U.S. options exchange trades are cleared centrally by the Options Clearing Corporation OCC, a trade initiated at one options exchange can be offset at another exchange, based on the best available price in the market.
== References ==
Category:Definitions
Eraj Shirvani

__NOTOC__ 
Eraj Shirvani is managing director, head of European and Pacific credit sales and trading at Credit Suisse. He has held that position since 1988.
He is a member of GuardTime's advisory board. GuardTime is a firm that provides proof of time, origin and content for electronic data. 
== Background ==
Shirvani served as chairman of the board of directors of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association from April of 2008 to April of 2011, when he was succeeded by Stephen O'Connor. 
== Education ==
He received an MBA from Columbia University's Columbia Business School. He holds a bachelor of art's degree from the University of Pennsylvanie.
== Registration Information ==
*
== Resources ==
*Eraj Shirvani LinkedIn Page
== References ==
Category:ISDA Board of Directors Members
Category:Bios - Executives
Eric A. Bloom

__NOTOC__ 
Eric A. Bloom was the president and CEO of Sentinel Management Group, a cash management firm offering services to futures commission merchants, funds and individual investors that went bankrupt and collapsed in 2007. 
Five years after Sentinel fell apart, Bloom was charged with financial fraud, and then in February 2014 he was put on trial in US federal court. Bloom was convicted in March 2014 of defrauding more than 70 customers of more than $500 million. 
The US Department of Justice said that Bloom "misappropriated securities belonging to customers by using them as collateral for a loan that Sentinel obtained from Bank of New York Mellon Corp., which was used in part, to purchase millions of dollars' worth of high-risk, illiquid securities not for customers, but for a trading portfolio maintained for the benefit of Sentinel's officers, including Bloom." 
Bloom was convicted on 18 counts of wire fraud, one count of securities fraud and one count of making false statements to an employee pension plan. 
Federal officials alleged in the indictment that starting in 2003, Eric Bloom and the firm's head trader, Charles Mosley, began to defraud investors by using client money to back personal investments. 
According to the charges, Bloom and Charles Mosley pledged hundreds of millions of dollars worth of client funds as collateral for a multimillion-dollar bank loan. The money from the loan was then used to purchase high-risk securities for a "house" trading portfolio that benefited Sentinel's officers, including Mosley, Bloom and Bloom's father, Philip, who was not charged with wrongdoing. Prosecutors said Eric Bloom and Mosley never told clients how much risk they were being exposed to and used false account statements to persuade them to put more money into Sentinel. 
Mosley pleaded guilty in October 2013 to two counts of investment advisor fraud. In January 2015 he was sentenced to 14 years in prison for defrauding clients of more than $665 million.
== Background ==
Sentinel was founded in 1979 by Bloom's father, Philip Bloom, as a place where members of the Chicago futures exchanges could safely park cash and have it readily available for redemption. Eric Bloom was hired in 1988 and, in 1992 was named Sentinel's president. He remained president, and eventually added the title CEO upon his father's retirement, until the firm's bankruptcy in 2007.
== Education ==
Bloom is a graduate of Indiana University in Bloomington, IN.	
== References ==
Category:Sentinel - Former Employees
Category:Sentinel
Category:Convicted for Fraud