Презентація на тему «Modern English Word Formation»

The aim of this work is to teach students to be word-conscious, to be able to guessthe meaning of words they come across from the meaning of morphemes, to beable to recognize the origin of this or that lexical unit. The task of the work is to show the ways of word building, i.e. affixation,suffixation, compounds, statives, vowel and consonant alternations and conversion.Topical interest. This work is of topical interest because English is a livinggrowing language. The system of its sounds is subjected to various changes, thewords and word combinations undergo changes. The most noticible and mostappreciable transformations occur in words that form part of English, that is in itsvocabulary.
The bad news is that even if you have anexcellent vocabulary, you know only a             small percentage of those words. The goodnews, however, is that you can increaseyour vocabulary throughout your life. The even better news is that once you have learnt a new word, it is yours for life. It will always be stored away, ready to be recalled the next time you have a conversation orwrite a letter or composition.
  English is a living, growing language; new words are constantly being added. English words come from manysources. Some come from the dead language Latin, andothers come from ancient Greek. Knowing the words andparts of words borrowed from Latin and Greek can help us understand the meaning of many English words. In general,English words are of two kinds:
Prefixation
Suffixation
                                                                      
 Derivational suffixes can be classified according to the parts of speech.
          Old English        
       MEANING
          EXAMPLES
- DOM
STATE, RANK, CONDITION
SERFDOM,WISDOM, KINGDOM
- NESS
QUALITY, STATE
GREATNESS, TALLNESS
- th 
ACT, STATE, QUALITY
WARMTH, WIDTH, GROWTH
- ER
DOER, MAKER
HUNTER, DANCER, READER
Foreign suffixes (Latin, French, Greek)
- AGE
PROCESS, STATE, RANK
PASSAGE, BONDAGE
- ANCE (ENCE)
ACT, CONDITION, FACT
ACCEPTANCE, DIFFERENCE
Classification of suffixes
- ARD
ONE THAT DOES
DRANCARD, WIZARD
- ATION
ACTION, STATE, RESULT
OCCUPATION, STARVATION
- CY
STATE, CONDITION
ACCURACY, CAPTAINCY
- ESS
FEMININE
WAITRESS, LIONESS, TIGRESS
- IST
DOER, BELIEVER
MONOPOLIST, SOCIALIST
- ITY
STATE, QUALITY, CONDITION
ACIDITY, CIVILITY
- OR
DOER, OFFICE, ACTION
DIRECTOR, ELEVATOR
- TUDE
QUALITY, STATE, RESULT
MAGNITUDE, FORTITUDE
- TY
QUALITY, STATE
ENMITY, ACTIVITY
- SHIP
STATE OF BEING
FRIENDSHIP, MEMBERSHIP
Noun suffixes
- FUL
FULL OF, MARKED BY
THANKFUL, ZESTFUL
- ISH
SUGGESTING LIKE
CHILDISH, BOYISH
- LESS
LACKING, WITHOUT
HOPELESS, MOTHERLESS
- LIKE
LIKE, SIMILAR
CHILDLIKE, DREAMLIKE
- LY
LIKE, OF THE NATURE OF
FRIENDLY, QUEENLY
- SOME
APT TO, SHOWING
TIRESOME, LONESOME
- ABLE
ABLE, LIKELY
CAPABLE, TOLERABLE
- ESQUE
IN THE STYLE OF, LIKE
PICTURESQUE, GROTESQUE
- FIC
MAKING, CAUSING
TERRIFIC, BEATIFIC
Adjective suffixes
OLD ENGLISH SUFFIXES
- EN
CAUSE TO BE
DEEPEN, STRENGTHEN
FOREIGN SUFFIXES
- ATE
BECOME, FORM, TREAT
ANIMATE, SUBLIMATE
- ESCE
BECOME, GROW, CONTINUE
CONVALESCE, ACQUIESCE
- FY
MAKE, CAUSE, CAUSE TO
GLORIFY, FORTIFY
- ISH
DO, MAKE, PERFORM
PUNISH, FINISH
- IZE
MAKE, CAUSE TO BE, TREAT WITH
CRITICIZE
Verb suffixes

SUFFIX
MEANING
EXAMPLE
-IE
SMALL, FAMILIAR
BIRDIE, GIRLIE,NIGHTIE, AUNTIE
- LET
SMALL, UNIMPORTANT
PIGLET, LEAFLET, SRARLET, BRACELET, STREAMLET
- LING
UNIMPORTANT,DEROGATORY
DUCKLING, DARLING,SQUIRRELING
- ETTE, - ET
FEMININE FORM,IMITATION
USHERETTE, ROOMETTE,KITCHENETTE, CORONET
- Y
FAMILIAR FORM (USED INFAMILY, WITH CHILDREN)
Daddy, Billy, doggy
- OCK
SMALL
HILLOCK, BULLOCK
- EN
SMALL
KITCHEN, CHICKEN
- CLE, CULE
LESSENING
ARTICLE, PARTICLE, GLOBULE
Suffixes indicating smallness or lessening
Roots
Compound nouns are nouns built from two or more roots.They often have one stress. The meaning of a compoundoften differs from the meaning of its elements. Compounding- is one of the productive types of word-formation in Modern English. Compound words are inseparable vocabulary units. They are formally and semantically dependent on the constituent bases and the semantic relations between themwhich mirror the relations between the motivating units.The main types of compound nouns are as follows:
Compounds
noun-stem+noun -stem 
apple-tree, snowball, newspaper
adjective stem+ noun stem
blackbird, whitehorn, blackleg
Stonewall combinations
Abbreviations
The statives
Conversion
Blends