HealthARTICLES A-ZSUPPLEMENT GUIDEApril 2004Top-Quality Breast Milkby Kerstin PetersonSAVEBreast milk is always healthier for baby than infant formula, but not all breast milk is created equal: studies show that a mother’s diet determines the amount and kinds of fat in her milk.Babies need fat, both saturated and unsaturated. It is essential for growth, especially for the development of the nervous system and of the brain, which is 60-per-cent fat. Particularly important for infant brain development are essential fatty acids (EFAs). We often praise human milk for being a good source of EFAs, but the amount in human milk depends on the mother’s diet. A nursing mother who consumes healthful fats such as cold-pressed sunflower oil, flax seeds, fish oils, and eggs makes breast milk that contains sufficient amounts of omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids.A 1999 study in the scientific journal Lipids showed that breast milk could have a very wide range of fat content. Depending on their mothers’ diet, some babies get two-per-cent milk, and others get up to nine per cent, the equivalent of table cream. Which babies are getting better nutrition? Lactating women on high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets have been found to experience a decrease in their milk fat levels, which is associated with infant neurological problems and failure to thrive.The Importance of Essential Fatty AcidsTwo essential fatty acids (EFAs) vital to infants’ development are DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and AA (arachidonic acid). DHA can be derived from the alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) found in flax seed oil or eaten directly in the form of fish oil. AA can be derived from linoleic acid (omega-6) from sunflower oil, butter, and eggs.A nursing mother who consumes these healthful fats makes breastmilk containing sufficient amounts of omega-3 and omega-6 EFAs, which are critical to the process of myelination, (the development of the sheath around nerve fibres that enables them to send messages). A 2001 study in Acta Pediatrica found that higher blood levels of DHA and AA were associated with better visual and cognitive development in infants. These special fats accumulate in the brain and retina. If they are absent in the diet, the child is likely to suffer from learning disabilities and vision problems.Failure to thrive is another potential impact of inadequate amounts of EFAs, according to the Infant Feeding Action Coalition (Infact Canada), a non-profit organization that promotes breastfeeding for the health and well-being of infants. Low reserves of essential fatty acids at birth will be further compromised if the infant is artificially fed or if the breastfeeding mother’s diet lacks EFAs.Another study in Lipids (1997) compared the fatty acid composition of milk from mothers in two Chinese provinces with that of Canadian mothers and correlated it to the fatty acids in their diets. Breast-milk levels of AA and DHA in Chinese mothers were much higher than those of Canadian mothers.The Dangers of Trans FatsHow healthful is Canadian breast milk? Because a mother’s diet determines what kind of fat is in her milk, breast-milk fat from a mother who consumes processed foods such as donuts, crackers, margarine, and French fries is made up of these damaging trans fats. Recent studies suggest Canadians have a higher intake of trans fats than other populations. The study comparing Chinese and Canadian breast milk also found Canadians had 33 times more trans fats in their milk than the Chongqing mothers, who did not consume processed foods.Research in the New England Journal of Medicine shows that trans fats increase the risk of heart disease. They also create further problems by interfering with other fatty acids. A compelling reason to avoid trans fats is that they replace EFAs such as DHA and AA. Even if a mother consumes these “good” fats, trans fats will displace them in her milk and in her baby’s body. Trans fats were found to make up from seven to 17 percent of Canadian women’s breast-milk fat.If the label on a food product includes “hydrogenated” fats or oils, that product contains trans fats. Trans-fatty acids are produced when liquid vegetable oils are hydrogenated into solid fat. This gives the food manufacturer an advantage because products containing the altered fats have a much longer shelf life; however, it gives no advantage whatsoever to the consumer. The main sources of trans fat in the diet are hydrogenated margarine and vegetable shortenings, and processed foods made with these ingredients. SolutionsFortunately, trans fats can be cleared from a mother’s system in about two weeks if she avoids eating them and consumes good fats instead. In addition to EFAs, good fats to include in the diet include saturated fats from organic butter or nonhydrogenated coconut oil. Though these fats have received a bad reputation, mostly because of pressure from the hydrogenated oils industry, it is now known that they stimulate the immune system and work synergistically with EFAs to maintain them in the tissues where they belong. Other good fats from fish, organic eggs, organic butter, cold-pressed sunflower oil, and flax oil will provide the EFAs needed to make top-quality breast milk.Daily Nutrients for Breastfeeding MothersCalcium/magnesium: 1000 to 1500 mg/500 to 700 mgEvening primrose oil: two 500 mg caplets three times dailyFlax or fish oil: 1000 mgGreen food supplements: 1 Tbsp (15 mL)Silica: 1000 mgVitamin-B complex: 100 mgInfant Formula Lacks EFAsCow’s milk infant formula differs in critical ways from human milk. In particular, the essential fatty acids DHA and AA, which human milk contains in significant amounts, are low or absent in infant formulas. According to a 2002 study in the European Journal of Pediatric Neurology, neurons are smaller in DHA-deficient brains: "In the United States, human infant-milk formulas use vegetable oils as fat sources that lack DHA. If DHA deficiency reduces neuron size, then human infants raised on these formulas may also have smaller neurons relative to breastfed infants."This could explain why breastfed children have been found to have higher IQs than artificially fed children. La Leche League’s The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding notes, "Human milk has higher levels of lactose and specific long-chain fatty acids [EFAs], which are important to the development of humans’ most distinguishing characteristic—the brain." In some countries, notably Japan, EFAs are included in infant formula. However, North American formula makers have resisted adding them because it adds to the cost of manufacturing. Baby formulas sold in Canada do not contain DHA or AA.About the AuthorKerstin Peterson is a freelance writer and editor in Prince George, BC. As coordinator of the Association for the Improvement of Maternity Services in BC (AIMS BC), she works to promote woman-centred care.