википедия вам в помощь https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87