nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Downloading Kali Linux - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

|
L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t hBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackersDownloading Kali Linux
Before getting started, you need to download and install Kali Linux on your
computer. This is the Linux distribution we will be working with throughout
this book. Linux was first developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991 as an open
source alternative to Unix. Since it is open source, volunteer developers code
the kernel, the utilities, and the applications. This means that there is no
overriding corporate entity overseeing development, and as a result, conven-
tions and standardization are often lacking.
Kali Linux was developed by Offensive Security as a hacking operat-
ing system built on a distribution of Linux called Debian. There are many
distributions of Linux, and Debian is one of the best. You are probably most
familiar with Ubuntu as a popular desktop distribution of Linux. Ubuntu is
also built on Debian. Other distributions include Red Hat, CentOS, Mint,
Arch, and SUSE. Although they all share the same Linux kernel (the heart
of the operating system that controls the CPU, RAM, and so on), each has its
own utilities, applications, and choice of graphical interface (GNOME, KDE,
and others) for different purposes. As a result, each of these distributions of
Linux looks and feels slightly different. Kali was designed for penetration tes-
ters and hackers and comes with a significant complement of hacking tools.
I strongly recommend that you use Kali for this book. Although you can
use another distribution, you will likely have to download and install the
various tools we will be using, which could mean many hours downloading
and installing tools. In addition, if that distribution is not built on Debian,
there may be other minor differences. You can download and install Kali
from https://www.kali.org/.
From the home page, hover over the
Downloads
link at the top of the
page and click
|
| |
Checking Your Login with whoami - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Getting
Started with the Basics
7
line interface, the structure is entirely text based, and navigating the file-
system means using some commands.
Changing Directories with cd
To change directories from the terminal, use the
change directory command,
cd
. For example, here’s
how to change to the /etc directory used to store con-
figuration files:
kali >
cd /etc
kali:/etc >
The prompt changes to
root@kali:/etc
, indicating that we’re in the
/etc
directory. We can confirm this by entering
pwd
:
kali:/etc >
pwd
/etc
To move up one level in the file structure (toward
the root of the file
structure, or
/), we use
cd
followed by double dots (
..
), as shown here:
kali:/etc >
Guided – 
use entire disk - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

xxxiv
Introduction
Kali will now begin to install the operating system. This could take a
while, so be patient. Now is the time to take
your bathroom break and get
your favorite beverage.
Once the installation is complete, you will be prompted as to whether
you want to use a network mirror. This really is not necessary,
so click
No
.
Then Kali will prompt you as to whether you want to install GRUB
(Grand Unified Bootloader), shown in Figure 14. A
bootloader enables you
to select different operating systems to boot into, which means when you
boot
your virtual machine, you can boot into either Kali or another oper-
ating system. Select
Performing More Powerful Searches with find

12
Chapter 1
file
apache2 has an extension, such as
apache2.conf,
the search will not find a
match. We can remedy this limitation by using
wildcards, which enable us to
match multiple characters. Wildcards come in a few different forms:
*
.
,
?
and
[]
.
Let’s look in the
/etc directory for all files that begin with
apache2 and
have any extension. For this,
we could write a
find
command using the fol-
lowing wildcard:
kali >
find /etc -type f -name apache2.\*
/etc/apache2/apache2.conf
When we run this command, we find that there is one file in the
/etc
directory that fits the
apache2.*
pattern. When we use a period followed
by the
*
wildcard, the terminal looks for any extension
after the filename
apache2. This can be a very useful technique for finding files where you
don’t know the file extension.
When I run this command, I find two files that start with
apache2 in the
/etc directory, including the
apache2.conf file.
mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

108
Chapter 10
using 17,096,196 (or about 92 percent), leaving 1,504,788 available. The
df
command also tells us that this filesystem is mounted on the top of the
filesystem
/.
In the last line, you can see my USB flash drive. Note that it is designated
/dev/sdb1, is nearly 100 percent full, and is mounted at
/media/USB3.0.
As a recap, my virtual disk on this system is designated sda1, which
breaks down as follows:
Referencing Manual Pages with man

|
Referencing Manual Pages with manBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackersReferencing Manual Pages with man
In addition to the help switch, most commands and applications have a
manual (man) page with more information, such as a description and syn-
opsis of the command or application. You can view a man page by simply
typing
man
before the command, utility, or application. To see the man page
for aircrack-ng, for example, you would enter the following:
kali >man aircrack-ng
NAME
aircrack-ng - a 802.11 WEP / WPA-PSK key cracker
SYNOPSIS
aircrack-ng [options] <.cap / .ivs file(s)>
DESCRIPTION
aircrack-ng is an 802.11 WEP and WPA/WPA2-PSK key cracking program.
It can recover the WEP key once enough encrypted packets have been
captured with airodump-ng. This part of the aircrack-ng suite deter-
mines the WEP key using two fundamental methods. The first method is
via the PTW approach (Pyshkin, Tews, Weinmann). The main advantage
of the PTW approach is that very few data packets are required to
crack the WEP key. The second method is the FMS/KoreK method. The
FMS/KoreK method incorporates various statistical attacks to dis-
cover the WEP key and uses these in combination with brute forcing.
Additionally, the program offers a dictionary method for determining
the WEP key. For cracking WPA/WPA2 pre-shared keys, a wordlist (file
or stdin) or an airolib-ng has to be used.
This opens the manual for aircrack-ng, providing you with more
detailed information than the
help
screen. You can scroll through this
manual file using the
enter
key, or you can page up and down using the
pg
dn
and
pg
up
keys, respectively; you can also use the arrow keys. To exit,
simply enter
q
(for quit), and you’ll return to the command prompt.
Finding Stuff
Until you become familiar with Linux, it can be frustrating to find your way
around, but knowledge of a few basic commands and techniques will go a
long way toward making the command line much friendlier. The following
commands help you locate things from the terminal.
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(A - B - Qrup: 531a kurs: I

|
Qrup: 531a kurs: I
|
bet | 3/4 | Sana | 09.12.2023 | Hajmi | 448,81 Kb. | | #114234 |
Bog'liq rft cebr 5(A - B)[i, j] = A[i, j] - B[i, j] )
Nümunə:
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&3&2\\1&0&0\\1&2&2\end{bmatrix}}-{\begin{bmatrix}0&0&5\\7&5&0\\2&1&1\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1-0&3-0&2-5\\1-7&0-5&0-0\\1-2&2-1&2-1\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1&3&-3\\-6&-5&0\\-1&1&1\end{bmatrix}}}
Matrislərin vurulması
Matrislərin hasili bu cür xassələrə malikdir:
(AB)C = A(BC)
(A + B)C = AC + BC
C(A + B) = CA + CB
Qeyd:Matrislər üçün kommutativlik xassəsi yaramır,AB ≠ BA.
Matris diaqonalı, matrisin birinci sağ(sol) sətr və sütun elementi ilə sonuncu sol(sağ) sətr və sütün elementini birləşdirən(uyğun olaraq sağ və sol diaqonal) ədədlər sırasına deyilir.
Məsələn, burada:
{\displaystyle I_{3}={\begin{bmatrix}1&5&3\\4&0&2\\5&9&7\end{bmatrix}}}
sağ(baş) diaqonal elementləri 1,0,7 və sol diaqonal elementləri 3,0,5 dir.
Vahid matris o matrisə deyilir ki, sağ(baş)diaqonalı elementləri 1, digər elemetlər 0 olsun. Kvadrat matris prinsipi zəruridir.
{\displaystyle I_{3}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}}
Determinant
İkili kvadrat matrisin determinantı aşağıda göstərildiyi kimi ifadə olunur.
Bu ifadəyə iki tərtibli determinant deyilir. Uyğun olaraq üç tərtibli matrisin determinantı aşağıdakı kimi yazılır.
Tərs matris
Fərz edək ki, A hər hansı tərtibli matris, Ag isə həmin tərtibdən olan vahid matrisdir. Əgər A ilə eyni tərtibdən olan elə B matrisi varsa ki,
{\displaystyle AB=BA=J}
bərabərliyi ödənilərsə, onda B matrisinə A-nın tərsi deyilir və B = A−1 kimi yazılır. Teoremə görə hər hansı A matrisinin tərsi varsa, o yeganədir. A matrisinin tərs matrisinin olması üçün zəruri və kafi şərt onun determinantının sıfırdan fərqli olmasıdır.
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Download Kali Linux - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

xxvi
Introduction
application like BitTorrent to do this. The Kali file will then download to the
folder in which the torrenting application stores its downloads.
There are other versions for other types of CPUs, such as the commonly
used ARM architecture found in so many mobile devices. If you are using a
Raspberry Pi, tablet, or other mobile device (phone users will likely prefer
Kali NetHunter), make certain you download and install the ARM architec-
ture version of Kali by scrolling down to Download ARM images and click-
ing
Kali ARM Images
.
You have Kali downloaded, but before you install anything, I want to
talk a bit about virtual machines. Generally, for the beginner, installing
Kali into a virtual machine is the best solution for learning and practicing.
sd
SATA hard drive
a - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

|
L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t hBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackerssd
SATA hard drive
a
First hard drive
1
First partition on that drive
My 64GB flash drive is designated as sdb1, and my external drive as sdc1.
Checking for Errors
The
fsck
command (short for filesystem check) checks the filesystem for errors
and repairs the damage, if possible, or else puts the bad area into a bad blocks
table to mark it as bad. To run the
fsck
command, you need to specify the
device file to check. It’s important to note that you must unmount the drive
before running a filesystem check. If you fail to unmount the mounted
device, you will receive the error message shown in Listing 10-5.
kali >
fsck
fsck from util-linux 2.20.1
e2fsck 1.42.5 (29-Jul-2012)
/dev/sda1 is mounted
e2fsck: Cannot continue, aborting.
Listing 10-5: Trying (and failing) to run an error check on a mounted drive
So, the first step when performing a filesystem check is to unmount the
device. In this case, I will unmount my flash drive to do a filesystem check:
kali >
umount /dev/sdb1
I can add the
-p
option to have
fsck
automatically repair any problems
with the device, like so:
kali >
fsck -p /dev/sdb1
With the device unmounted, I can now check for any bad sectors or
other problems with the device, as follows:
kali >
fsck -p /dev/sdb1
fsck from util-linux 2.30.2
exfatfsck 1.2.7
Checking file system on /dev/sdb1.
File system version 1.0
Sector size 512 bytes
Filesystem and Storage Device Management
109
Cluster size 32 KB
Volume size 7648 MB
Used space 1265 MB
Available space 6383 MB
Totally 20 directories and 111 files.
File system checking finished. No errors found.
Summary
Understanding how Linux designates and manages its devices is crucial
for any Linux user and hacker. Hackers will need to know what devices
are attached to a system and how much space is available. Because storage
devices often develop errors, we can check and repair those errors with
fsck
. The
dd
command is capable of making a physical copy of a device,
including any deleted files.
E XERCISES
Before you move on to Chapter 11, try out the skills you learned from this chapter
by completing the following exercises:
1. Use the
mount
and
umount
commands to mount and unmount your flash
drive.
2. Check the amount of disk space free on your primary hard drive.
3. Check for errors on your flash drive with
fsck
.
4. Use the
dd
command to copy the entire contents of one flash drive to
another, including deleted files.
5. Use the
lsblk
command to determine basic characteristics of your block
devices.
|
| |
Virtual Machines - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Introduction
xxvii
When the download has completed, click the setup file, and you will be
greeted by a familiar Setup Wizard, shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: The Setup Wizard dialog
Click
Next
, and you should be greeted with the Custom Setup screen,
as in Figure 3.
Figure 3: The Custom Setup dialog
From this screen, simply click
Next
. Keep clicking
Next
until you get to
the Network Interfaces warning screen and then click
Yes
.
Click
Install
to begin the process. During this process, you will likely be
prompted several times about installing
device software. These are the virtual
networking devices necessary for your virtual machines to communicate.
Click
Mounting and Unmounting - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

|
L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t hBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackersMounting and Unmounting
Most modern operating systems, including most new versions of Linux,
automount storage devices when they’re attached, meaning the new flash
drive or hard drive is automatically attached to the filesystem. For those
new to Linux, mounting might be a foreign subject.
A storage device must be first physically connected to the filesystem and
then logically attached to the filesystem in order for the data to be made
available to the operating system. In other words, even if the device is physi-
cally attached to the system, it is not necessarily logically attached and avail-
able to the operating system. The term mount is a legacy from the early days
of computing when storage tapes (before hard drives) had to be physically
mounted to the computer system—think of those big computers with spin-
ning tape drives you might have seen old sci-fi movies.
As mentioned, the point in the directory tree where devices are attached
is known as the mount point. The two main mount points in Linux are /mnt
and /media. As a convention, devices such as external USB devices and flash
drives can be manually mounted at /mnt, but when automatically mounted,
the /media directory is used (though technically any directory can be used).
Mounting Storage Devices Yourself
In some versions of Linux, you need to mount a drive manually in order to
access its content, so this is a skill worth learning. To mount a drive on the
filesystem, use the
mount
command. The mount point for the device should
be an empty directory; if you mount a device on a directory that has subdi-
rectories and files, the mounted device will cover the contents of the direc-
tory, making them invisible and unavailable. So, to mount the new hard
drive sdb1 at the /mnt directory, you would enter the following:
kali >
|
| |
Integration of Iot technologies into the Smart Grid

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IEC 61850 Data Model - Integration of Iot technologies into the Smart Grid

|
Integration of Iot technologies into the Smart GridBog'liq sensors-22-02475-v23. IEC 61850 Data Model
IEC 61850 is the leading standard for substation automation [
15
,
16
]. It is intended
to structure the intelligence of protection, control, monitoring, and automation functions.
The standard fulfils automation architecture requirements for utility subsystems, enabling
communication among multi-vendor equipment.
IEC 61850 defines an object-oriented modeling of process data required for power
system automation. The IEC 61850 data model has been primarily defined for the exchange
of information within substations by the document IEC 61850-7-4 [
15
]. The IEC 61850 data
model has been extended for other domains, including distributed energy resources (DERs)
by IEC 61850-7-420 [
15
].
Figure
1
shows the main elements of the IEC 61850 data model. The top parent class is
the intelligent electronic device (IED), which is hosted by physical device, i.e., the controller
part of the device.
Sensors
2022
,
22
, x FOR PEER REVIEW
3 of 18
secured transactions. A RESTful API portrays a large number of classes of IoT applications
very well [28].
The adoption of a publisher/subscribe communication model based on the use of an
MQTT Broker for the distribution of information maintained by an IEC 61850 Server is
also a very important feature. IEC 61850 communication is based on a request/response
model; the IEC 61850 Client must issue a sequence of requests to the Server in order to
receive the updates of a particular piece of information. The use of an MQTT Broker allows
the user to receive updates each time a value changes, or each time a certain time interval
elapses. This improves the efficiency of the exchange of information with a server.
Mapping each piece of information exchanged with the IEC 61850 Server into the
JSON format is also very important; this allows a generic user to receive information in an
open format instead of receiving it according to the IEC 61850 protocol.
Finally, the mechanism to allow the user to acquire knowledge about the data type
descriptions of the data maintained by the IEC 61850 Servers seems to be strategic because
interoperability is a very important feature in the IoT. It is important to point out that this
feature is totally missing in all the other approaches available in the current literature.
|
| |
Keywords:
IEC 61850; Web Services; REST; MQTT; Internet of Things; Smart Grid
1. Introduction

|
Keywords:
IEC 61850; Web Services; REST; MQTT; Internet of Things; Smart Grid
1. IntroductionBog'liq sensors-22-02475-v2Keywords:
IEC 61850; Web Services; REST; MQTT; Internet of Things; Smart Grid
1. Introduction
The Smart Grid (SG) is based on a new vision of the electric grid, which includes the
maximization of the distribution of energy demand, the minimization of losses and the
integration of renewable energy sources on a large scale, as pointed out in [
1
–
3
]. The SG
aims to overcome one of the main limitations of the current electric grid, related to the lack
of integration of novel information and communication technologies.
The current information and communication technologies include those based on the
Internet of Things (IoT), which plays a strategic role in the era of Industry 4.0, as shown
by [
4
–
8
]. The eXtensible Messaging Presence Protocol (XMPP) and the Message Queue
Telemetry Transport (MQTT) are some of the most well-known protocols in this field [
9
–
11
].
The REpresentational State Transfer (REST) is an architectural style defined by Roy Fielding in
his PhD dissertation [
12
]; a web service based on REST is called a RESTful Web Service [
13
].
The RESTful Web Service is a paradigm that can enhance the IoT application scope by making
smart things part of the web [
14
].
The paper proposes a novel solution in the field of the integration of SG and IoT. In
particular, the proposed integration involves IEC 61850, which is an international standard
defining communication protocols for intelligent electronic devices at electrical substa-
tions [
15
,
16
]. The definition of a web platform able to offer to a generic web user a RESTful
interface to IEC 61850 Servers is proposed. The web platform is based on a REST architec-
ture and enables the mapping of IEC 61850 information model into MQTT messages. The
platform is called the
IEC 61850 Web Platform
in the remainder of the paper.
The paper is organized as follows. The next section provides an overview of the current
state-of-the-art research, and highlights the originality of the proposal. Section
3
introduces
the main features of the IEC 61850, focusing on the relevant data model. Section
4
describes
the IEC 61850 Web Platform in detail. Section
5
presents the implementation details of the
prototype realized by the authors. The final section summarizes the main results.
|
| |
,
22
, 2475
5 of 17
Sensors 
2022

|
,
22
, 2475
5 of 17
Sensors
2022Bog'liq sensors-22-02475-v22022
,
22
, 2475
5 of 17
Sensors
2022
,
22
, x FOR PEER REVIEW
5 of 18
Figure 3.
Example of the IEC 61850
data model used throughout the paper.
The IEC 61850 standard provides the representation of an IEC 61850 system config-
uration of electrical devices, including representation of data and communication ser-
vices, using an XML-based file format called Substation Configuration Language (SCL).
The SCL file is divided into sections, each of which provides different information. The
header section includes general topics and details about SCL and the file version. The IED
section describes devices capacities, functions, and data it manages, and provides a de-
scription of the Logical Devices, Logical Nodes, and Data Objects present in the system.
The DataTypeTemplates section describes the data model by defining the Logical Node
Types, the Data Object Types, the Data Attribute Types, and the Enumeration Types used.
The communication section contains communication details. The substation section de-
scribes electrical topology for substation or any other electrical process.
The IED Capability Description (ICD) file is a specific type of Substation Configura-
tion Language (SCL) file, containing a generic description of the whole capability range
of a given device, including the functions and objects it can support. The ICD file is usually
supplied by the developer/manufacturer.
IEC 61850 standardizes the set of abstract communication services that allows the
compatible exchange of information among components of a Power Utility Automation
System. IEC 61850 offers several types of communication models, including the Cli-
ent/Server type communication services model [15]. An IEC 61850 Server may be used to
maintain, and make its content available to, IEC 61850 Clients, in terms of data structured
according to the IEC 61850 data model shown by Figures 1 and 2. An ICD file is always
available in the IEC 61850 Server to describe its full content.
|
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Character and Block Devices - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

106
Chapter 10
sdb 8:16 1 29.8G 0 disk
|-sdb1 8.17 1 29.8G 0 disk /media
sr0 11:0 1 2.7G 0 rom
Listing 10-3: Listing block device information with
lsblk
The output may include the floppy drive as fd0 and DVD drive as sr0,
even though neither is on my system—this is simply a holdover from legacy
systems. We can also see information on the
mount point of the drive—this is
the position at which the drive was attached to the filesystem. Note that the
hard drive sda1 is mounted at
/ and the flash drive is mounted at
/media.
You’ll see more on the significance of this in the next section.
xxxi
Then click 
Start - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

xxxii
Introduction
Figure 11: Entering a hostname
The first item it asks for is the name of your host. You can name it any-
thing you please, but I left mine with the default “kali.”
Next, you will be asked for the domain name. It’s not necessary to
enter anything here.
Click
Continue
. The next screen, shown in Figure 12,
is very important. Here, you are asked for the password you want to use
for the
root user.
Figure 12: Choosing a password
Introduction
xxxiii
The root user in Linux is the all-powerful system administrator. You
can use any password you feel secure with. If this
were a physical system that
we were using on the internet, I would suggest that you use a very long and
complex password to limit the ability of an attacker to crack it. Since this is
a virtual machine that people can’t access without
first accessing your host
operating system, password authentication on this virtual machine is less
important, but you should still choose wisely.
Click
Continue
, and you will be asked to set your time zone. Do so and
then continue.
The next screen asks about partition disks (a
partition is just what it
sounds like—a portion or segment of your hard drive).
Choose
IEC61850 Web Platform - Integration of Iot technologies into the Smart Grid

|
Integration of Iot technologies into the Smart GridBog'liq sensors-22-02475-v24. IEC61850 Web Platform
The IEC 61850 Web Platform proposed here is based on the adoption of a REST ar-
chitectural style and is shown in Figure 4. As can be seen, it offers access to one or more
IEC 61850 Servers to a Web User.
Figure 3.
Example of the IEC 61850 data model used throughout the paper.
The IEC 61850 standard provides the representation of an IEC 61850 system configu-
ration of electrical devices, including representation of data and communication services,
using an XML-based file format called Substation Configuration Language (SCL). The SCL
file is divided into sections, each of which provides different information. The header
section includes general topics and details about SCL and the file version. The IED section
describes devices capacities, functions, and data it manages, and provides a description of
the Logical Devices, Logical Nodes, and Data Objects present in the system. The DataType-
Templates section describes the data model by defining the Logical Node Types, the Data
Object Types, the Data Attribute Types, and the Enumeration Types used. The communi-
cation section contains communication details. The substation section describes electrical
topology for substation or any other electrical process.
The IED Capability Description (ICD) file is a specific type of Substation Configuration
Language (SCL) file, containing a generic description of the whole capability range of a
given device, including the functions and objects it can support. The ICD file is usually
supplied by the developer/manufacturer.
IEC 61850 standardizes the set of abstract communication services that allows the com-
patible exchange of information among components of a Power Utility Automation System.
IEC 61850 offers several types of communication models, including the Client/Server type
communication services model [
15
]. An IEC 61850 Server may be used to maintain, and
make its content available to, IEC 61850 Clients, in terms of data structured according to
the IEC 61850 data model shown by Figures
1
and
2
. An ICD file is always available in the
IEC 61850 Server to describe its full content.
|
| |
-vaziyat - Soxibaxon ped texnologiya doc

194
Dilnozaning onasi esa qiziga “Hamma bolalar ham bola, faqat sen mening
tentagimsan”, “Qaragin, Dilfuza qanday aqlli qiz. U hamma ishni eplaydi, senda esa,
hech nima chiqmaydi”, kabi jumlalarni ishlatadi.
Keys bo’yicha savol va- vazifalar:
1. Ikkala ona ham o’z bolalariga yaxshilik istaydilar, lekin ularning qaysinisi
tarbiyada yaxshiroq natijaga ega bo’ladi?
2.
Bolalarning xulqini
“loyihalash”
yo’nalishi onalarning
shaxsiy
xususiyatlariga bog’liqmi?
Yechim.
Ikkala ona ham o’zlarining qizlarini boshqa bolalar bilan taqqoslaydilar,
lekin birinchi ona ijobiy taqqoslashlardan, ikkinchi ona esa salbiy taqqoslashlardan
foydalanadi. SHu bilan birga, SHirin va Dilnozalarning xulqlarini “loyihalash”
turlichadir.
Agar ona, o’ziga ishongan inson bo’lsa, u holda, odatda, u o’zining bolasini
maqtaydi va uni boshqa bolalardan ijobiy tarzda ajratadi. Bu bolaning ijtimoiy mavqei
o’sishiga va o’zining tengqurlari bilan o’zaro munosabatidagi tizimda yaxshi o’rin
egallashiga imkon beradi.
Agar ona, o’ziga ishonmagan inson bo’lsa, o’zini boshqa insonlarga nisbatan
nima bilandir yomonroq sezsa, u holda o’zining ishonchsizligini uzatgan holda, bolasiga
nisbatan ham shunday munosabatda bo’ladi. Bunday onaning bolasi past ijtimoiy
mavqega ega bo’ladi.
Umuman, bolalarning xulqini kecha, avval bo’lgan o’zining shaxsiy xulqi bilan
taqqoslash maqsadga muvofiq.
Soxibaxon ped texnologiya doc - bet 115

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Soxibaxon ped texnologiya doc Pdf ko'rish
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Bog'liq Pedagogik texnologiya O\'quv qo\'llanma Mirhayitova SoxibaxonInsonparvarlik_pedagogika”si'>3. INSONPARVARLIK PEDAGOGIKASI. TARBIYA SAN`ATI VA
TENOLOGIYASI. YAXLIT YONDASHUV VA TARBIYAVIY ISH
“Insonparvarlik pedagogika”si
zamonaviy tarbiya nazariyasi va
amaliyotida XX
asrning
50-yillari oxiri
–
60-yillarining
boshlarida AQSHda paydo bo’lgan yo’nalish.
Insonparvarlik pedagogikasining
falsafiy-g’oyaviy yo’nalganligi
pedosentrizm g’oyalariga yaqin. “Detosentrizm, pedosentrizm –
tarbiyaviy konsepsiya bo’lib,
oilaning qiziqishlari faqat bolaga
qaratiladi.
Detosentrizm ko’proq bir bolali va to’liqsiz oilalar
uchun xos”.
Insonparvarlik
pedagogikasida
tarbiyaning
bosh
maqsadi
shaxsning o’z-o’zini aktuallashtirishidir.
Insonparvarlik
pedagogikasi
esa
yangicha
tarbiyalash
va
“progressivizm” pedosentrizmi g’oyalariga yaqinroq. Pedagogdan
u bolani qanday bo’lsa,
shundayligicha qabul qilishni,
uning
sezgisi va ehtiyojlarini his
etishni
talab etadi.
AQSHda u
boshlang’ich,
o’rta
va
oily
maktabda
o’quv
kurslarining
mazmuniga va qurilishiga ta’sir ko’rsatadi.
Karl
Rodjers
insonparvarlik
ta’limotining
asoschilaridan biri.
K.Rodjers
o’zining
pedagogik
qarashlarini
inson xulqidagi o’zgarishlar asosi sifatidagi
uning
qobiliyatlari
shaxsiy
tajribalarga
tayangan
holda
o’sadi,
rivojlanadi
va
o’rgatiladi, deb ta’kidlangan.
“Fredom
to
learn
for
the
80’s”
kitobida
bayon etgan.
Kimnidir o’zgartirish,
unga
tayyor tajribani uzatish kerak emas.
Faqat
uning rivojlanishiga imkon beruvchi muhitni
yaratish mumkin.
K.Rodjers bunday muhitni
yaratishni
“qulaylashtirish”
(ingl. facilitate)
deb ataydi.
O’zining
falsafiy
qarashlarida
mashhur
matematik
faylasuf
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Figure 2 - Integration of Iot technologies into the Smart Grid

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Integration of Iot technologies into the Smart GridBog'liq sensors-22-02475-v2Figure 2.
IEC 61850 data type template hierarchy.
A Data Attribute is defined by a Data Attribute Type. It may be a Structured Attribute,
or it may belong to a customized Enumerator type or to a Basic Data Attribute (BDA) type. In
the simplest case, a Basic Data Attribute may be of a basic type, such as Integer, Floating Point,
or Boolean. Like the Data Attribute, a Structured Attribute is of the Data Attribute Type.
According to the IEC 61850-7-1 [
15
], the IED is identified by the attribute
name
; a
Logical Device inside the IED is identified by the attribute
inst
. Each Logical Node is
identified by a concatenation of three attributes:
prefix
,
lnClass
(Logical Node Class), and
inst
(Logical Node Instance); in particular, this concatenation is made up by the sequence of
the values of the three attributes in the same order as shown before. Finally, Data Objects,
Structured Data Objects, Structured Attributes, Basic Data Attributes, and Enumeration are
univocally identified by the attribute
name
.
In order to better understand the IEC 61850 hierarchical data model, an example is
given, and is used throughout the paper. Figure
3
shows the example of the IEC 61850
data model considered here. It is made up of an IED whose attribute name has the value
“BCU1M19”; the IED contains a Logical Device whose attribute inst is “C1”. Among
the Logical Nodes belonging to this Logical Device, let us assume the existence of the
LN featured by: prefix = “LBAY”, lnClass = “MMXU”, and inst = ”1”; according to this
hypothesis, the LN is identified by the concatenation “LBAYMMXU1”. Among the Data
Objects inside this LN, let us assume the presence of the Data Object with the attribute
name set to “A”, containing a Structured Data Object with the name = “phsB”. It has been
assumed that it includes a Basic Data Attribute (BDA) with the name = “db”, represented by
an unsigned 32-bit integer (INT32U) type. Then, an enumeration is present with the name
= “angRef”; Figure
3
shows the enum values. The Structured Data Object with the name =
“PhsB” also contains a Structured Attribute featuring the attribute name set to “cVal”; it
is made up of another Structured Attribute with the attribute name equal to “mag”. This
attribute contains only a Basic Data Attribute with the name = “f”, represented by a 32-bit
real number (FLOAT32) type.
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Sensors
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, x FOR PEER REVIEW
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Figure 2.
IEC 61850 data type template hierarchy.
A Data Attribute is defined by a Data Attribute Type. It may be a Structured Attrib-
ute, or it may belong to a customized Enumerator type or to a Basic Data Attribute (BDA)
type. In the simplest case, a Basic Data Attribute may be of a basic type, such as Integer,
Floating Point, or Boolean. Like the Data Attribute, a Structured Attribute is of the Data
Attribute Type.
According to the IEC 61850-7-1 [15], the IED is identified by the attribute
name
; a
Logical Device inside the IED is identified by the attribute
inst
. Each Logical Node is iden-
tified by a concatenation of three attributes:
prefix
,
lnClass
(Logical Node Class), and
inst
(Logical Node Instance); in particular, this concatenation is made up by the sequence of
the values of the three attributes in the same order as shown before. Finally, Data Objects,
Structured Data Objects, Structured Attributes, Basic Data Attributes, and Enumeration
are univocally identified by the attribute
name
.
In order to better understand the IEC 61850 hierarchical data model, an example is
given, and is used throughout the paper. Figure 3 shows the example of the IEC 61850
data model considered here. It is made up of an IED whose attribute name has the value
“BCU1M19”; the IED contains a Logical Device whose attribute inst is “C1”. Among the
Logical Nodes belonging to this Logical Device, let us assume the existence of the LN
featured by: prefix = “LBAY”, lnClass = “MMXU”, and inst = ”1”; according to this hy-
pothesis, the LN is identified by the concatenation “LBAYMMXU1”. Among the Data Ob-
jects inside this LN, let us assume the presence of the Data Object with the attribute name
set to “A”, containing a Structured Data Object with the name = “phsB”. It has been as-
sumed that it includes a Basic Data Attribute (BDA) with the name = “db”, represented by
an unsigned 32-bit integer (INT32U) type. Then, an enumeration is present with the name
= “angRef”; Figure 3 shows the enum values. The Structured Data Object with the name =
“PhsB” also contains a Structured Attribute featuring the attribute name set to “cVal”; it
is made up of another Structured Attribute with the attribute name equal to “mag”. This
attribute contains only a Basic Data Attribute with the name = “f”, represented by a 32-bit
real number (FLOAT32) type.
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IEC 61850 Data Model - Integration of Iot technologies into the Smart Grid

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Integration of Iot technologies into the Smart GridBog'liq sensors-22-02475-v23. IEC 61850 Data Model
IEC 61850 is the leading standard for substation automation [15,16]. It is intended to
structure the intelligence of protection, control, monitoring, and automation functions.
The standard fulfils automation architecture requirements for utility subsystems, enabling
communication among multi-vendor equipment.
IEC 61850 defines an object-oriented modeling of process data required for power
system automation. The IEC 61850 data model has been primarily defined for the ex-
change of information within substations by the document IEC 61850-7-4 [15]. The IEC
61850 data model has been extended for other domains, including distributed energy re-
sources (DERs) by IEC 61850-7-420 [15].
Figure 1 shows the main elements of the IEC 61850 data model. The top parent class
is the intelligent electronic device (IED), which is hosted by physical device, i.e., the con-
troller part of the device.
Figure 1.
IEC 61850 Data Model.
The IED consists of one or more Logical Devices (LDs), i.e., virtual representations of
devices intended for supervision, protection, or control of automated systems. LDs are
created by combining several Logical Nodes (LNs), which represent various device func-
tionality interfaces. Data Objects (DOs) are representations of the common information of
Logical Nodes. DOs are categorized to common data classes (CDCs) from IEC 61850-7-3
or IEC 61850-7-2 [15]. Each CDC describes the type and structure of the data object within
the LN. A Data Object belongs to the Data Object Type; Figure 2 gives the details of the
hierarchical structure of the Data Object Type. It may contain Data Attributes and a Struc-
tured Data Object (SDO), belonging to the Data Attribute Type and to the Structured Data
Object Type, respectively. Like the Data Object, Structured Data Objects are also defined
by Data Object Types, as shown by Figure 2.
Figure 1.
IEC 61850 Data Model.
The IED consists of one or more Logical Devices (LDs), i.e., virtual representations
of devices intended for supervision, protection, or control of automated systems. LDs
are created by combining several Logical Nodes (LNs), which represent various device
functionality interfaces. Data Objects (DOs) are representations of the common information
of Logical Nodes. DOs are categorized to common data classes (CDCs) from IEC 61850-
7-3 or IEC 61850-7-2 [
15
]. Each CDC describes the type and structure of the data object
within the LN. A Data Object belongs to the Data Object Type; Figure
2
gives the details of
the hierarchical structure of the Data Object Type. It may contain Data Attributes and a
Structured Data Object (SDO), belonging to the Data Attribute Type and to the Structured
Data Object Type, respectively. Like the Data Object, Structured Data Objects are also
defined by Data Object Types, as shown by Figure
2
.
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IEC 61850 Web Platform - Integration of Iot technologies into the Smart Grid

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in all the following queries in order to explore the content of the data model below
the IED elements.
Sensors
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If the Web User has the need to discover the full or partial structure of
the hierarchical
data model starting from a specific element (e.g., the IED), he will perform several POST
requests in order to explore the entire data model, starting from
the chosen starting ele-
ment of the data model, until the requested data types are found. In order to achieve this,
a particular syntax was defined to be used in these POST requests.
This syntax is based on
the same rules described in Section 4.1 for the definition of the name of the data type
identifier; moreover, the syntax contains particular operators aimed to make the explora-
tion of the data model easier.
The following operators were defined to enable the Web
User to explore the hierar-
chical IEC 61850 data model. This is not an exhaustive list, as only the most important
operators are described:
1.
getAllIEDs: If the Web User specifies this operator in his request, it will receive a topic
named “IEDs”, whose subscription to the proper Broker
enables a JSON description
of the IEDs maintained by the IEC 61850 Server. Considering the data model shown
by Figure 3, the JSON frame shown by Figure 6 will be received through the subscrip-
tion to this topic. Publication of this frame occurs as shown by Figure 5. In this way,
the Web User discovers the value of the attribute name of the IED. This value will be
used in all the following queries in order to explore the
content of the data model
below the IED elements.
Next
, and you’ll get to the Hard Disk screen. Choose 
Create

xxx
Introduction
Figure 8: The VirtualBox welcome screen
The VirtualBox Manager will then ask where to find the startup disk.
You’ve already downloaded a disk image with the extension
.iso, which should
be in your
Downloads folder (if you used
a torrent to download Kali, the
.iso
file will be in the
Downloads folder of your torrenting application). Click the
folder icon to the right,
navigate to the Downloads folder, and select the Kali
image file (see Figure 9).
Figure 9: Selecting your startup disk
Related Work - Integration of Iot technologies into the Smart Grid

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the IEC 61850 Client must issue a sequence of requests to the Server in order to receive the
updates of a particular piece of information. The use of an MQTT Broker allows the user
to receive updates each time a value changes, or each time a certain time interval elapses.
This improves the efficiency of the exchange of information with a server.
Mapping each piece of information exchanged with the IEC 61850 Server into the
JSON format is also very important; this allows a generic user to receive information in an
open format instead of receiving it according to the IEC 61850 protocol.
Finally, the mechanism to allow the user to acquire knowledge about the data type
descriptions of the data maintained by the IEC 61850 Servers seems to be strategic because
interoperability is a very important feature in the IoT. It is important to point out that this
feature is totally missing in all the other approaches available in the current literature.
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190
Tarbiyachilar doimo
Ahmadni yaxshi qabul qiladilar, uning onasiga ham
o’g’lining bunday tashrifi yoqadi – tarbiyachilar
bilan uning aloqasi yaxshi, ijobiy
munosabatda.
Kunlarning birida, Ahmadni bog’chadan olib keta turib, Marg’uba opa
(onasi) uning qo’lida begona kichik mashinacha borligini payqab qoldi.
Keysga savol- vazifa:
Nima qilish kerak?
Yechim variantlari:
1-variant
. Boladan quyidagilarni so’rash:
- Ahmad, bu kimning mashinachasi? Uni egasiga berish kerak.
- Men Muqaddas opaning (tarbiyachi) oldiga mehmonga bordim, bolalarga garaj
qurishni o’rgatdim va bilmasdan cho’ntagimga solibman, - deb, Ahmad onasiga ayyorlik
qildi.
- Bolalar oldiga borib, mashinachani qaytarib bergin.
- Yo’q,
u menga yoqadi, menda bunday mashinacha yo’q, - deb Ahmad
qaysarlik qildi.
- Ahmad, bu mashinachani bolalardan biri uyidan olib kelgandir va hozir
yig’layotgandir, izlayotgandir, - deb ona ta’kidlaydi.
- Yo’q, bormayman. Tarbiyachi Muqaddas opaning
jahli chiqadi va menga
mashinachani o’g’irlagansan, deb aytadi, men uyalaman, - deb javob qaytaradi Ahmad.
- Ahmad, kel ertaga birgalikda Muqaddas opaning oldiga boramiz va
mashinachani beramiz.
2-variant
. Vaziyatni oldindan Muqaddas opa
bilan muhokama qilgan holda
bolani mashinachani qaytarib berishga ko’ndirish.
Kechqurun, Ahmadni olib ketishdan oldin, Marg’uba
opa Muqaddas opaning
oldiga kirib, bo’lgan voqeani aytib beradi va bolasi bilan kelishganligini ogohlantirib
qo’yadi. Muqaddas opa onaning yondashuvini qo’llab-quvvatlaydi
va bolaga
mashinachani qaytarish vaqtida xursand bo’lib shunday deydi:
- Ahmad, Ravshanning mashinachasini topib olibsan-ku! Biz esa kun bo’yi uni
izlayapmiz. Ravshan yig’layapti, tezroq kel, uni Ravshanga bergin, senga katta rahmat
deydi.
191
3-variant
. Marg’uba opaning o’zi mashinachani oladi va Muqad-das opaga olib
borib beradi. Vaziyatni tushuntiradi. Lekin, begona narsalarni
olish yaxshi emasligi
haqida oldindan o’g’li bilan suhbatlashadi.
partition with a - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Filesystem and Storage Device Management
105
able to recognize file types native to different systems when you investigate.
The filesystem might indicate what kind of machine the drive was format-
ted on, which can be valuable information. Kali is able to utilize USB flash
drives created on many different operating systems.
As you saw in Chapter 1, the Linux filesystem is structured significantly
differently than are Windows and other proprietary operating systems. On
top of this, the way files are stored and managed is different in Linux, too.
New versions of Windows use an NTFS filesystem, whereas older Windows
systems use File Allocation Table (FAT) systems. Linux uses a number of
different types of filesystems, but the most common are ext2, ext3, and
ext4. These are all iterations of the ext (or
extended) filesystem, with ext4
being the latest.
How Linux Represents Storage Devices

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How Linux Represents Storage DevicesBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackersHow Linux Represents Storage Devices
Linux uses logical labels for drives that are then mounted on the filesystem.
These logical labels will vary depending on where the drives are mounted,
meaning the same hard drive might have different labels at different times,
depending on where and when it’s mounted.
Originally, Linux represented floppy drives (remember those?) as fd0
and hard drives as hda. You will still occasionally see these drive repre-
sentations on legacy Linux systems, but today most floppy drives are gone
(thank goodness). Even so, old legacy hard drives that used an IDE or
E-IDE inte rface are still represented in the form hda. Newer Serial ATA
(SATA) interface drives and Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) hard
drives are represented as sda. Drives are sometimes split up into sections
known as partitions, which are represented in the labeling system with num-
bers, as you’ll see next.
When systems have more than one hard drive, Linux simply names
them serially by incrementing the last letter in alphabetical order, so the
first drive is sda, and the second drive is sdb, the third drive is sdc, and so
on (see Table 10-1). The serial letter after sd is often referred to as the major
number.
Table 10-1:
Device-Naming System
Device file
Description
sda
First SATA hard drive
sdb
Second SATA hard drive
sdc
Third SATA hard drive
sdd
Fourth SATA hard drive
Drive Partitions
Some drives can be split into partitions in order to manage and separate
information. For instance, you may want to separate your hard drive so
that your swap file, home directory, and / directory are all on separate
partitions—you might want to do this for a number of reasons, including
to share resources and to relax the default permissions. Linux labels each
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T E X T M A N I P U L AT I O N - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

20
Chapter 2
N O T E
If the version of Kali Linux you’re using doesn’t come preinstalled with Snort, you
can download the files from the Kali repository by entering
apt-get install snort
.
Viewing Files
As demonstrated in Chapter 1, the most basic text display command is
probably
cat
, but it has its limitations. Use
cat
to display the Snort config
file (
snort.conf ) found in
/etc/snort (see Listing 2-1).
kali >
cat /etc/snort/snort.conf
Listing 2-1: Displaying snort.conf
in the terminal window
Your screen should now display the entire
snort.conf file, which will
stream until it comes to the end of the file, and should look something like
the following code. This isn’t the most convenient
or practical way to view
and work with this file.
#-------------------------------------------------
# VRT Rule Packages Snort.conf
#
# For more information visit us at:
# HYPERLINK “http://www.snort.org/” http://www.snort.org Snort Website
--
snip--
# event thresholding or suppressions commands...
kali >
In the following two sections, I will show you the
head
and
tail
com-
mands, which are two methods for displaying just part of a file’s
content
in order to more easily view the key content.
Checking Your Login with whoami - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Getting Started with the Basics
7
line interface, the structure is entirely text based, and navigating the file-
system means using some commands.
Changing Directories with cd
To change directories from the terminal, use the
change directory command,
cd
. For example, here’s how to change to the
/etc directory used to store con-
figuration files:
kali >
cd /etc
kali:/etc >
The
prompt changes to
root@kali:/etc
, indicating that we’re in the
/etc
directory. We can confirm this by entering
pwd
:
kali:/etc >
pwd
/etc
To move up one level in the file structure (toward the root of the file
structure, or
/), we use
cd
followed by double dots (
..
), as shown here:
kali:/etc >
cd ..
kali >
pwd
/
kali >
This moves us up one level from
/etc to the
/ root directory, but you can
move up as many levels as you need. Just use
the same number of double-
dot pairs as the number of levels you want to move:
• You would use
..
to move up one level.
• You would use
../..
to move up two levels.
• You would use
../../..
to move up three levels, and so on.
So, for example,
to move up two levels, enter
cd
followed by two sets of
double dots with a forward slash in between:
kali >
cd ../..
You can also move up to the root level in the file structure from any-
where by entering
cd /
, where
/
represents the root of the filesystem.