Manual Tombstoning - Operating System

Manual Tombstoning
Windows 2000 WINS gives network managers the ability to manually tombstone records, marking them for deletion so that the order to delete is propagated across all WINS servers. This is significant because WINS is a distributed environment. Each server holds the entire database, and replication is used to propagate updates to every server.
In earlier versions of WINS, the removal of unwanted records could be difficult. Records were marked for removal on only one server, and that information is replicated to other WINS replication partners. Depending upon replication configuration, record removal might not occur correctly.
The manual tombstoning option of Windows 2000 WINS addresses such problems. The timing of the tombstoned state exceeds the propagation delay incurred with replication across the network. When the time limit is reached, tombstoned records are removed on all servers. Manual tombstoning provides an excellent way of dealing with static records, too. Manual tombstoning is available from both the WINS graphical user interface and the WINS command-line interface.
In WINS Manager, tombstoning is displayed as an option under the record deletion function. A record can be either deleted or tombstoned. The ability to manually tombstone records requires Windows 2000–enabled WINS servers, but tombstoned records replicate to Windows NT 3.51 and Windows NT 4.0 WINS servers.
Figure 2. Manual tombstoning function in the WINS Manager
For a more information on tombstoning, see the white paper, “Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0 Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) Architecture and Capacity Planning.”
Improved Management Tools
The Windows 2000 WINS Manager has an updated graphical user interface, incorporating all of the user-friendly features of the Windows interface, including resizable windows.
Figure 3. The Microsoft Management Console user-friendly interface
Microsoft Management Console (MMC)
The Windows 2000 WINS Manager is fully integrated with the robust Microsoft Management Console (MMC). This provides network managers with the consistency of using the MMC for all of their administrative tasks. With MMC, multiple WINS Manager windows can be opened at once.
Higher Performance
A major enhancement to the Windows 2000 WINS Manager is a multithreaded user interface (UI), which allows background tasks to take place while a foreground task is being performed, providing much faster response. Multithreading of the UI permits a network manager to run multiple UI tasks simultaneously. A manager can select the Active Registration node to display the database, and then—rather than waiting for the complete database to be displayed—can select the node of another server, change the configuration of replication partners, or perform other tasks.
Resizable Columns
The window for database records now features resizable display columns. Using standard left-right drag, users can resize columns to accommodate their current tasks.
List View
List View provides a flexible, Explorer-like, function for sorting information according to column type. This means network managers can, with the click of the mouse, sort data according to:
Record name
IP address
Type
Static/dynamic
Status
Expiration date
Version number
Enhanced Filtering and Record Searching
A Quick Find function has been added to the WINS Manager to help network managers and support staff search for only a few records without downloading and viewing the entire database.
Figure 4. The new Quick Find function
For example, a network manager may want to review all WINS records that contain the location name for St. Louis, MO. This would allow the network manager to selectively view all records that contain the STL string, without requiring a retrieval of the entire database. The Quick Find function selects the records containing the STL string and presents only those records to the network manager.
Filtering capability eliminates the need to examine every record in an entire database by stating which type of record is desired. After an entire database is downloaded, a search can be refined to a certain type of computer. (For more detail on NetBIOS name registrations and their types, see the white paper, “Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0 Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) Architecture and Capacity Planning.”) Searches can also be done for domain controllers only, and multiple filters can be applied to view a combined display of records for computers that act as RAS servers, file servers, or other types of computers, and in various combinations.
Figure 5. Searching by computer type
Dynamic Record Deletion and Multi-Select
In addition to static record deletion available in previous versions of WINS, dynamic records can now be deleted. Multi-select can be used to delete a number of records at once. To select a range of contiguous records, click the first record to delete, and then SHIFT+click the last record in the range to delete. This delete function also includes manual tombstoning.
The point-and-click record deletion is especially helpful when dealing with file names containing non-alphanumeric characters, which prevent them from being deleted from the command line.
Record Verification and Version Number Validation
Record verification allows network managers to verify a set of WINS records against a set of WINS servers by sending name queries to each server to ensure that the names are consistent among all servers.
Version number validation ensures consistency of version IDs between servers. It first obtains the owner address-to- version number maps from different WINS servers. It then checks the consistency of their databases by ensuring that a WINS server always has the highest version number among the network of WINS servers for records owned by it.
Consistency Checking
Consistency checking can be done from the MMC. Network managers can configure the frequency with which the system compares the WINS databases. However, consistency checking is very network bandwidth-intensive and consumes a great many cycles on the WINS server. To perform consistency checking, a WINS replicates all of a particular owner’s records from another WINS, and then checks them to determine whether its database is synchronized with the other WINS for that owner.
Autodiscovery of WINS Partners
The autodiscovery feature, which can be turned on from the MMC, enables a WINS server to automatically discover its replication partners. Periodically WINS servers announce their presence on the network. WINS servers that have the autodiscovery feature turned on listen for these announcements and learn about other WINS servers on the network. WINS servers discovered in this way are automatically added to the partners list as both a push and pull partner. The WINS announcements are sent by multicast on a multicast address reserved for WINS. (224.0.1.24). This feature should not be used if there are more than three WINS servers on the network.
Monitoring
The monitoring features of MMC provide network managers with the status of WINS servers. Monitoring can check for consistency between servers, detect version-number inconsistencies, detect communication failures between WINS servers, and verify replication configuration setup.
Export Function
Windows 2000 WINS Manager provides an Export command,. To see this command, right-click the Active Registration folder. The Export function copies any data on the right-hand side of the MMC window into a comma-delimited text file. The exported data can then be imported into Microsoft Excel, reporting tools, scripting applications, or other files. This function permits network managers use whatever tools they choose for generating reports, analyzing network performance, and other functions.
Increased Fault Tolerance
Windows 2000 and Windows 98 provide an extra measure of fault tolerance by allowing a client to specify more than two WINS servers (up to a maximum of 12 addresses) per interface through either DHCP or Setup. The extra WINS server addresses are used to resolve names only if the primary and secondary WINS servers fail to respond. If one of the extra WINS servers is used, its name resolutions are cached to be used the next time the primary and secondary WINS servers fail to resolve the name.
Dynamic Re-registration
WINS clients have been improved to allow them to re-register their NetBIOS name-to-IP address mappings without rebooting the computers. This is useful when incorrect static entries exists or if a WINS database is restored with an old record, for example. The version ID is updated on the server to cause re-replication.
Summary
Microsoft Windows Internet Name for Windows 2000 Server provides a solid platform for managing NetBIOS name-to-IP address resolution on a routed TCP/IP network. The enhancements and new features in this version of WINS are to a great extent influenced by feedback from network managers in the field.
Persistent connections allow each WINS server to maintain a connection with one or more replication partners to eliminate the overhead of opening and terminating connections and to increase the speed of replication.
Manual tombstoning ensures that records marked for deletion are deleted across the distributed database to prevent records from re-propagating back across the WINS servers.
An improved WINS Manager tool, including full integration with the Microsoft Management Console, provides a more user-friendly and powerful environment for viewing and managing WINS information. In addition, the searching capability speeds up database record retrieval, and filtering cuts down on the number of records that need to be displayed.
Managing the WINS database is made easier with dynamic record deletion and multi-select. Dynamic and static records can be deleted, and the point-and-click interface makes it possible to delete files with non-alphanumeric characters that could not be handled from the command line.
Record verification and version-number validation provide quick checks for consistency between WINS servers. Full database consistency checking is available right from the WINS Manager.
The Export command can be used to place WINS data into a comma-delimited text file that can be imported into Microsoft Excel, reporting tools, scripting applications, and so on, for analysis and reporting.
WINS clients can now re-register without rebooting the server, and they have better fault tolerance because they can query against more than two WINS servers.
These features combine to make the Windows 2000 Windows Internet Name Service a much improved solution for managing dynamic NetBIOS name resolution across a routed TCP/IP network.
For More Information
For the latest information on Windows 2000 Server and Windows NT Server, visit the Web site at http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver and the Windows NT Server Forum on the Microsoft Network (GO WORD: MSNTS).
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