nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Texnologiyalar vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti farg

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Texnologiyalar vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti farg
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bet | 1/4 | Sana | 19.12.2023 | Hajmi | 0,67 Mb. | | #123184 |
Bog'liq Tizimlar va signallar 1
O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI RAQAMLI
TEXNOLOGIYALAR VAZIRLIGI
MUHAMMAD AL-XORAZMIY NOMIDAGI TOSHKENT
AXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYALARI UNIVERSITETI FARG‘ONA FILIALI
“Kompyuter injinering ” fakulteti
Kompyuter injinering yo‘nalishi
611_21 – guruh talabasi
Jololov Izzatillo
“TIZIMlLAR VA SIGNALLARNI QAYTA ISHLASH”
fanidan tayyorlagan
AMALIYOT ISHLARI
5-6-amaliy mashg‘ulot.
Chastota modulyatsiyasi. ChM signallarni hosil qilish.
Ishdan maqsad: talabalarga joriy mavzuga oid bilimlarni berish hamda tegishli qurilmalar, uning ish tamoyili hamda signallarini shakllantirish shuningdek ularni qayta ishlash prinsiplarini o‘rgatishdan iborat.
Topshiriq: joriy mavzuga oid bilimlarni shu ko‘rsatmaga asosan mustahkamlash, tegishli tizim bo‘lsa u auditoriyada bo‘lsa to‘g‘ridahto‘g‘ri o‘qituvchiga o‘z xulosa va bilimlarini namoyon etish xam hisobotlar tuzishdan iborat.
Otslograf yurguzilgan holat:
Elektron sxemasi:
Xulosa
Chastota modulyatsiyasi. ChM signallarni hosil qilish.
oid bilimlarni oldik hamda tegishli qurilmalar, uning ish tamoyili hamda signallarini shakllantirish shuningdek ularni qayta ishlash prinsiplarini o‘rgandik.Multisim darturida labaratoriyani bajarib kordik va biz kutgan natijalrni oldik.
7-amaliy mashg‘ulot.
Bir polasali modulyatsiya signallarini o‘rganish.
Ish maqsadi Balansli va bir polasali signallar modulyatsiyasi xossalarini o‘rganish va ishlasi prinsipi bilan topishi, bu asbobga xizmat ko‘rsatish ko‘nikmalarini xosil qilish: tajriba natijalari asosida ko‘rsatgiyalani analiz qilishni o‘rgatish.
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Sattarov abdumurod sattarovich oqava suvlardan sifatli ichimlik suvi olishda biotexnologik - bet 29

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Sattarov abdumurod sattarovich oqava suvlardan sifatli ichimlik suvi olishda biotexnologikBog'liq monograph Satorov indiya 2022 besh (1)____________________________________________________________________
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Savol va topshiriqlar - Dars. Ma’lumotlar ombori haqida tushuncha

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Dars. Ma’lumotlar ombori haqida tushuncha
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bet | 10/12 | Sana | 05.06.2024 | Hajmi | 0,85 Mb. | | #260598 |
Bog'liq Malumotlar ombori AcsesSavol va topshiriqlar
9 1. Ma’lumotlar omboridan kerakli ma’lumotni qanday usulda chaqirib olish mumkin?
® 2. So‘rov nima va uning imkoniyatlari nimalardan iborat?
So‘rovlar necha xil usulda tashkil etiladi?
So‘rov tashkil etish jaroyonini ko‘rsatib bering.
So‘rovlarning muhim xususiyatlari nimalardan iborat?
So‘rov natijalarini qanday shaklda saqlash mumkin?
Tayyorlangan ma’lumotlar omboridan bitta so‘rov natijasida bahosi 3, 4, 5 bo‘lganlarini topuvchi tashkil eting.
Tayyorlangan ma’lumotlar omboridan familiyasi bosh harflari “F” va “T” oralig‘ida bo‘lganlarini topuvchi so‘rov tashkil eting.
Tayyorlangan ma’lumotlar omboridan may-oktyabr oylarida tug‘ilgan o‘quvchilar ro‘yxatini aniqlovchi so‘rov tashkil eting.
- dars. MS Accessda ma’lumotlar omborini hosil qilish va tahrirlashda formalardan foydalanish.
Jadvallarga ma’lumotlarni kiritishni yengillashtirish maqsadida MS Accessning maxsus ob’ekti - Formalardan (Формы) foydalaniladi.
MS Accessning Formalar ob’ektini elektron blanklarga o‘xshatish mumkin. Jadvalga ma’lumotlarni undagi maydonlar orqali kiritiladi va kiritilgan ma’lumotlar jadvalga avtomatik tarzda saqlanib boradi.
Jadvallarga ma’lumotlarni Formalardan foydalanmasdan ham kiritish mumkin. Lekin, jadvallarga ma’lumotlarni kiritishda Formalardan foydalanish anchagina qulaydir.
Oldingi darslarda biz ikkita jadval hosil qildik: Umumiy ma’lumotlar va Baholar jadvallari.
Ushbu jadvallarga mos Formalar hosil qilamiz. Buning uchun MS Accessning ob’ektlaridan Formalar (Формы)ш tanlaymiz.
Formalar hosil qilishning ikki xil usuli bor: Formani konstruktor holatida hosil qilish (Создание формы в режиме конструктора) va Formani usta yordamida hosil qilish (Создание формы в режиме мастера).
Formani konstruktor holatidan foydalanib hosil qilishni mustaqil tarzda bajarib ko‘ring. Bu darsda Forma hosil qilishni ikkinchi usuli - usta yordamida hosil qilamiz. Buning uchun Formani usta yordamida hosil qilishni tanlaymiz va ekranda ushbu oyna hosil bo‘ladi:
Создание форм
Выберите поля для формы.
Допускается выбор нескольких таблиц или запросов,
Далее >
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>> - Dars. Ma’lumotlar ombori haqida tushuncha

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Dars. Ma’lumotlar ombori haqida tushuncha
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bet | 11/12 | Sana | 05.06.2024 | Hajmi | 0,85 Mb. | | #260598 |
Bog'liq Malumotlar ombori Acses>
>>
tugma- kiritish yoki may-
Formani hosil qilish uchun:
40-rasmdagi oynaning Jadvallar va so‘rovlar (Таблицы и запросы) satridan kerakli jadval tanlanadi. Biz Umumiy ma’lumotlar jadvalini tanlaymiz.
Imkoniyat maydonlari (Доступные поля) satridan kerakli maydonni ro‘yxatdan tanlab olamiz.
Bitta maydon nomi -
cha maydon nomlarini -
lari orqali Forma orqali o‘zgartirish mumkin bo‘lgan donlarni tanlaymiz.
yoki bar-
Tanlangan maydonlar (Выбранные поля) satrida tanlagan may- donlarimiz aks etadi. Lozim bo‘lsa biror maydonni Forma orqali kiritish tanlanishini yoki
o‘zgartirilishni bekor qilish yoki | << | tugmalari orqali amalga oshiriladi.
Maydon nomlarini tan- laganimizdan so‘ng Keyingi (Далее) tugmasini bosamiz. Formamizning tashqi ko‘rinishi o‘ngdagi rasmda tavsiya etilgan oynadagi to’rt ko‘rinishdan birini olishi mumkin. Biz Tekislangan (Выровненный)
bo‘limini tanlaymiz va Keyingi (Далее) tugmasini bosamiz.
4 0 - rasm
Keyingi, ya’ni quyidagi oynada Standart (Стандартный) usulini tanlaymiz (boshqa var- iantlarni tanlashingiz mumkin) va Keyingi (Далее) tugmasini bosamiz.
Ekranda aks etgan quyidagi oynada Formaning nomini kiritish mumkin.
(* Открыть форму для просмотра и ввода данных f Изменить макет формы.
I Вывести справку по работе с формой?
MS Access dasturi avtomatik tarzda jadval nomini taklif qiladi. Biz ham Formaga ushbu nomni beramiz: Umumiy ma’lumotlar. So‘ngra Tayyor (Готово) tugmasini bosamiz.
Forma tayyor holatda quyidagi ko‘rinishda aks etadi:
Formadagi maydonlar Umumiy ma’lumotlar jadvalidagi maydonlardan iborat. Endi esa ushbu formadagi maydonlarga ma’lumotlarni kiritish mumkin. Bir maydondan ikkinchi maydonga Tab yoki [3 tugmalari orqali o‘tish mumkin. Birinchi o‘quvchining ma’lumotlarini kiritib bo‘lganimizdan keyin ikkinchi o‘quvchining ma’lumotlarini kiritish uchun [[Г] tugmasini bosish kifoya.
Ko‘rib turganingizdek Formalar orqali jadvalga ma’lumotlarni kiritish anchagina qulay. Formalarni jadvallardan tashqari So‘rovlar uchun ham tuzish mumkin.
Huddi shu usulda ikkinchi - Baholar jadvali uchun o‘zingiz mustaqil ravishda Forma hosil qiling.
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O‘zbekiston respublikasi raqamli texnologiyalar vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti mustaqil ish

O‘zbekiston respublikasi raqamli texnologiyalar vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti mustaqil ish
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar Bosh sahifa O‘zbekiston respublikasi raqamli texnologiyalar vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti mustaqil ish
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Mantiqiy arifmetik amallar - O‘zbekiston respublikasi raqamli texnologiyalar vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi...

1.7- jadval Mantiqiy ko‘paytirish amali
A B A Λ B
1 1
1
1 0
0
0 1
0
0 0
0
A va B mulohazalarning kamida bittasi rost bo‘lganda rost bo‘ladigan yangi
murakkab mulohazani hosil qilish amali
mantiqiy qo‘shish amali deb ataladi.
Bu amalni dizyunksiya (lot. disjunctio – ajrataman) deb ham atashadi Mantiqiy
qo‘shish amali ikki yoki undan ortiq sodda mulohazalarni “YOKI” bog‘lovchisi
bilan bog‘laydi hamda va “A yoki B”, “A or B” , “A V B”, “A + B” kabi
ko‘rinishlarda yoziladi.
1.8- jadval Mantiqiy qo‘shish amali
Ochiq kalitli kriptotizm - O‘zbekiston respublikasi raqamli texnologiyalar vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi...

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O‘zbekiston respublikasi raqamli texnologiyalar vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti mustaqil ish2.Ochiq kalitli kriptotizm
Kompyuter elektron-raqamli qurilmdir. Elektron qurilma deyilishiga sabab, har
qanday ma’lumot kompyuterda elektr signallari orqali qayta ishlanadi. Raqamli
deyilishiga sabab har qanday ma’lumot sonlar yordamida tasvirlanadi. Aniqroq
aytganda har qanday ma’lumot kompyuterda ikkita butun son birlar va nollar
yordamida tasvirlanadi va qayta ishlanadi. Sonlarni ma’lum sondagi raqamlar,
belgilar orqali tasvirlash usullari va qoidalari majmuasiga sanoq sistemasi deb
ataladi. Malumotni shifrlashda va deshifrlash zharayonlarida
turlilardan kalit
sifatida:
- Shu sababli, kalitlarni taksimlash muammosi mavjud emas.
- Ochik kalitli kriptotizimlarni yozishda “kopkonli”
bir funksiyalarga asoslaniladi.
- function of bir osonlik bilan kelishi, birok, bu
functionni tescarisini yuk zhuda ham murakkab.
- Bu qanday funksiyalarga nisbatan misol
faktorlash amalini olishimiz mumkin.
- Tub bulgan ikkita p va q sonlarni avlod va � = � ∗ � ni
Hisoblash oson.
- Birok, N sony katta bulganda uni ikkita tube sonning
ko'paytmasi yordamida ifodalash murakkab vazifa (yukori hhisoblash
talabni talab qiladi)
Kriptografiyada� sonny � songa bulgandagi koldik � ga tenge
bulsa, ot holda kuyidagich: ����� ≡ �.
- Dasturlash tillarida esa � kabi%� kabi.
Kriptografiya moduli (yani, bo'luvchi) faqat tube sonlardan foidalanish talab
qilish. – Ya’ni, � ��� � tenglikdagi � har doim tub bulishi talab.
• Misollar:
7���3 ≡ 3 ∗ 2 ���3 + 1���3 ≡ 0 + 1 ≡ 1
14���3 ≡ 3 ∗ 4 ���3 + 2���3 ≡ 0 + 2 ≡ 2
2���3 ≡ 0 ∗ 3 ���3 + 2���3 ≡ 2
5���7 ≡ 5
-2���5 ≡ -2 + 5 ���5 ≡ 3���5 ≡ 3
-7���3 ≡ -7 + 3 ���3 ≡ -4���3 ≡ -4 + 3 ���3 ≡
-1���3 ≡ -1 + 3 ���3 ≡ 2
Uch muammoni echishda Evklidning olib tashlangan algoritmdan foidalanish
mumkin. Agar �
-1���� ≡ � bwlsa, ichida
� ∗ � ���� ≡ 1
tenglik o'rinli b'ladi.
-1���7 ≡ �
7 = 3 ∗ 2 + 1
3 = 1 ∗ 3 + 0
• Demak, 1 sony 3 va 7 sonlari uchun EKUB buladi.
• Ohirgi tenglikdan boslab kuyidagicha topshiriq amalga oshirish:
1 = 7 − 3 ∗ 2 = 7 + −2 ∗ 3 = 7 ∗ 1 + −2 ∗ 3
Tenglikni ikki nazoratni modulga (���7) xizmat:
7 ∗ 1 ���7 + −2 ∗ 3 ���7 ���7 ≡ 1���7
Yoki
−2 ∗ 3 ���7 ≡ 1���7 ≡ 1
• Ush tenglikni 3 ∗ � ���7 ≡ 1 ga takkoslash orkali
� = −2 ha tengligini yoki −2��7 = 5 ligini topish mumkin.
• Yani, 3 ∗ 5 ���7 ≡ 1 tenglik o'rinli
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
O‘zbekiston respublikasi raqamli texnologiyalar vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti mustaqil ish
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Colon (:) Used: to sta rt a gram m a tica lly complex list and before long explanations.
Semi-Colon

2
Add the punctuation to the following passage,
how important is the family
it could be argued that the fam ily is a stru ctu re in decline yet many sociologists now claim
that we are beginning to see a renewal in fam ily values and fam ily stru ctu re s jason lloyd
an em inent sociologist at the university of salford claim s that today people are yearning fo r
the days of tra d itio n a l fam ily values he asserts ... we can see examples of a renaissance
of fam ily values everywhere in the tv adverts that s e ll products using happy fam ilies
in the prom otions of seasonal fam ily celebrations like Christmas even in the language
of politicians about social cohesion lloyds claim s have recently been echoed by other
sociologists around the globe which gives them even more w eight so are we beginning to
see a return to the tra d itio n a l fam ily stru ctu re only tim e w ill te ll
3
Future perfect simple - Fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson

Unit 5
Practice exercises
Decide on the correct grammatical form (present continuous, future continuous, future
perfect simple or future perfect continuous) and complete the sentences 1-5. Use the
verbs in the brackets. Then w rite the name of the tense.
1
I __________
[watch] the concert live online tonight.
Tense:_________________________
2
Media experts predict that by 2020 the m ajority of new sp a p ers_________ (moi^e)
online.
Tense:_________
3
I
__________(change) my Internet su p p lie r tonight so I m ight
not get your em ails u n til
tom orrow .
Tense:_________
U The In te rn e t___________
(become} the prim a ry source of inform ation by the m iddle of
the century.
Tense:_________
Listening exam tip - Fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson

5
The Internet
Present co n tinu o u s I Future continuous I Future p e rfe ct sim p le I Future p e rfe ct con tinu o u s
Other future form s
Present continuous:
The present continuous is used to talk about:
Definite arrangements in the future (with active verbs]
I’m m eeting John late r this afternoon.
I'm playing a com puter game w ith him later.
Future continuous:
The future continuous is used to talk about:
A situation that w ill be happening at a particula r point in the future
This tim e next year,
most people w ill be using
the Internet every day.
Tom orrow afternoon, I'll be building my new
website.
Complete the sentences 1 -4 with words from the following text

4 Complete the sentences 1 -4 with words from the following text. The problem with climate change In general scientists agree that clim ate change is happening. However, the point that they
disagree on is the speed at which it is happening. For example, Professor Jenkins and Dr
Brody at Colombia University thin k that we are entering a period of rapid clim ate change,
whereas some clim atologists from UCLA are of the opinion that the speed of clim ate
change is likely to peak by 2020 and then slow down fo r the rem ainder of the 21st century
as em issions from developing nations stabilise. The fact that each group of scientists has
a different opinion is d iffic u lt fo r people to comprehend and has an effect on the general
p u blic’s reactions to changes in the law related to clim ate change. Both governm ents and
scientists have tried to make the inform ation on clim ate change accessible to everyone but
because of its com plexity this has not been possible.
1
N either Professor Jenkins nor Dr B rody__________ that clim ate change is slowing down.
2
__________ have the view that clim ate change w ill speed up over the next few years.
3 Difference of o p in io n __________ fo r the general public to understand.
U Due to the fact that clim ate change data is complex, t h e __________ have not been able
to make clim ate change data accessible to people.
Gram mar for IELTS
U nit? Exam tip: Always double check the nouns and verbs in your answers. If you w rite a
sin g u la r noun where the answ er is plural, your answ er w ill be m arked incorrect.
Exam practice: Reading - completing sentences Read the following passage and answer the questions below, using only words from the text.
The following Speaking long turn has some mistakes in the word order. Correct the

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The following Speaking long turn has some mistakes in the word order. Correct theBog'liq Grammar for IELTS - Collins English for Exams The following Speaking long turn has some mistakes in the word order. Correct the
mistakes and then listen and check. There are eight errors.
Describe a m em ber of your extended family who is im portant to you. You should say:
• What they are like
• How often you see them
• Why they are particularly im portant to you
And say in what ways you would like to be sim ila r to them.
I'm going to ta lk about my grandm other on my fa th e r’s side. She is little quite and has
w hite hair and glasses. I have glasses too. We are the only people in the fam ily that wear
glasses! She is very old now and I don’t get to see her very often ... I th in k I maybe two
or three tim es a year see her. She lives quite far away in the countryside. It takes us
about three hours to travel there. W henever we visit, she always gives to me sweets. She
is im portant to me because she is so kind and so nice, and really I love her. She is my
favourite fam ily m em ber definitely! I th in k I take a fte r her in some ways. We laugh at the
same things and we both like reading. When we go and visit, always we go out w alking in
the fields and have a really lovely tim e. My dad always says that we are very sim ilar. I would
like to be when I am older as wise as her. I would also like to have a s im ila r life. A very
successful career she had. She was a doctor and w orked fo r charities. She was very much
in love w ith my grandfather, w hich I th in k is lovely.
Exam tip: Always allow tim e to edit your w ork, especially in the W riting exam. Noticing
and correcting details like punctuation and word o rder (as w e ll as spelling and
gra m m a tica l structure) can improve your score dram atically.
Grammar for IELTS
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Fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson - bet 20

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Fiona Aish & Jo TomlinsonBog'liq Grammar for IELTS - Collins English for Exams5
It is estim ated that in five years’ tim e 30% more people over the age of 6 5 _________
[start] to use the Internet. Tense:_________
2
Underline the examples of the future forms in the following text.
The Rise of Online Shopping
In the late 1990s experts predicted that online shopping would not be able to compete
w ith in-store shopping yet the recent rise in online sales figures suggests that th e ir
predictions were wrong. In fact a ll evidence points to the fact that online shopping w ill
have outstripped in-store shopping w ithin the next five years. This rapid increase has
been driven by a num ber of factors including price, convenience and choice. Most online
retailers use a delivery service and as a result of tracking retailers shopping habits, many
w ill soon be introducing specific delivery tim ing s so that custom ers can ensure th e ir
goods are delivered when they are at home. Online companies are already w orking on
innovative ways to a ttra ct custom ers. For example, la te r this year one of the cou ntry’s
largest electronics retailers, Browns, is launching a 24-hour replacem ent products
service fo r custom ers who need to retu rn faulty goods. Browns hopes that by 2015 over
90% of its custom er base w ill have graduated to online purchasing.
As w e ll as consum er goods another growth area is the travel industry. Travel experts estimate
that in as little as five years' tim e travel agencies w ill have disappeared from our shopping
centres and alm ost all travellers w ill be buying hotels and flights from online agencies.
The Internet
2 3
3
Look at the previous text again and match the sentence halves below using the
grammatical forms to help you understand when the actions happen.
1
Browns w ill be
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In 5 years, travel agencies w ill have
3 
Browns claim s that by 2015 custom ers w ill have
4

In 5 years, travel agencies w ill have 3 Browns claim s that by 2015 custom ers w ill have 4
Grammar for IELTS - Collins English for Exams
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar Bosh sahifa In 5 years, travel agencies w ill have 3 Browns claim s that by 2015 custom ers w ill have 4
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-6 - Topshiriq. (Amaliy mashg‘uloti uchun)

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-6 - Topshiriq. (Amaliy mashg‘uloti uchun)
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bet | 2/3 | Sana | 16.05.2024 | Hajmi | 22,66 Kb. | | #239042 |
Bog'liq 1715528139 (4)5-6 - Topshiriq. (Amaliy mashg‘uloti uchun)
№
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Topshiriq mavzusi
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Talabaning jurnaldagi tartib raqami
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Aqlli eshik loyihasi. (Harakat yoki masofa aniqlanganda va potensiometrda parol kiritilganda servoda eshikni ochish)
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8
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Ko‘cha yoritish chiroqlarini avtomatlashtirish. (Harakat va masofa sensori, fotoqarshilik va ledlardan foydalanilsin)
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6
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Ob-havoni holatini TM36 sensoridan olib LCD1602 displayida ko‘rsatish va harorat oshganda va kamayganda ton bilan ogohlantirish. (TM36, LCD1602 va tone buzzerlari orqali)
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2
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Aqlli sevtafor yaratish. (Harakat, masofa, ovozli ogohlantirish va vaqt hisobga olinsin)
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5
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Aqlli issiqxona (sug‘orish(matorlarda), harorat, namlik va tonli ogohlantirish tizimi hisobga olinsin)
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4
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Binoga kirish uchun LCD 16x2 ekranda, “Xush kelibsiz” yozuvini harakat aniqlanganda va masofa 30sm bo‘lganda chiqarish. (Harakat va masofa sensori, LCD 16x2 foydalanilsin)
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Aqlli uy loyihasini yaratish

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Aqlli uy loyihasini yaratish
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bet | 3/3 | Sana | 16.05.2024 | Hajmi | 22,66 Kb. | | #239042 |
Bog'liq 1715528139 (4)7
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Aqlli uy loyihasini yaratish. (Servo, TM36, fotoqarshilik, LCD 1602 dan foydalanib)
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10
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Avtomobillar uchun smart avtoturargoh loyihalash. (Servo mator, masofa va harakat sensorlari)
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12
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Yong‘indan ogohlantirish tizimini loyihalash. (harorat, masofa, fotoqarshilik va tone buzzerlari)
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9
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Aqlli avtomatlashgan ferma tizimini yaratish. (Servo, TM36, fotoqarshilik, LCD Display Modulidan foydalanib)
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3
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Masofa sensor orqali to‘siqlarni aniqlab ogohlantirish va servo matorda burilish tizimini loyihalash. (Masofa, servo matordan foydalanib)
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Harakat sensori yordamida Arduino tungi xavfsizlik signalizatsiyasini yaratish. (Fotoqarshilik, ton buzzeri, harakat va masofa sensorlaridan foydalanib)
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TM36 da harorat 40̊ dan oshganda potensiometer servo matorni faqat o‘nga va chapga, 0̊ dan tushganda esa servo motorni oldinga va orqaga harakatlantirsin
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Grammar for IELTS - Fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson

Unit 6
Subject and object questions:
Questions are formed differently depending on whether the question is about the subject or the object.
The nuclear fam ily overtook the extended fam ily in popularity.
About the subject:
What overtook the extended fam ily in popularity?
(Question word + Verb + O bject/Com plim ent?)
Answer:
The nuclear family.
About the object:
What did the nuclear fam ily overtake in popularity?
(Question word + A uxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb?)
Answer:
The extended family.
Indirect questions:
Indirect questions are form ed using the word o rder of a positive sentence.
DIRECT:
What did the nuclear fam ily overtake in popularity?
INDIRECT:
Do you know what the nuclear fam ily overtook in popularity?
DIRECT;
Are the roles of husband and wife less traditional than in the past?
INDIRECT:
Can you te ll me if the rotes of husband and wife are less traditional than in the past?
The Basic Rules of Punctuation:
Capital le tter (A) Used:
at the start of a sentence;
fo r names; fo r abbreviations.
Comma (,) Used:
fo r lists of items; to join two clauses toge th e r w ith
a co-ordinating conjunction;
to show extra
inform ation in a sentence; to separate direct speech from reporting expressions.
Full Stop (.) Used: at the end of a sentence and for some abbreviations, e.g.
etc.-, for questions,
replace
a fu ll stop with a
question mark; for exclamations, replace a fu ll stop with an exclamation mark.
Quotation m arks (" ” ) Used: when using the direct w ords of another person.
Apostrophe (’) Used: in contractions and to show possessive. Note:
Its (=belonging to it) and
it's (=it is).
Organic food is not a solution to the health 
problem s of the world. t e ] t

lives. In my view people who are responsible for their
own illness should have to contribute towards the cost
of their medical treatment.
First of all, it is important to highlight the fact that
ignorance is not an excuse. Information about health
and fitness is widely available so everyone should
know that sm o king and eating fast food are not only
bad for our health, but can cause se rio u s diseases.
Furthermore, there is a wide range of help services
which people can consult for advice on improving their
health from doctors to sp o rts trainers and dieticians.
People who continue to live unhealthy lifestyles
despite advice from doctors or medical professional
should not receive free or reduced cost medical
services.
Secondly, it is clear that certain types of treatment
are very expensive and som e diseases can be
prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle. If people
who are obese require treatment, they are taking
money away from another patient, w hose operation
or treatment may be costly, but necessary. Therefore
it could be a good solution to make people pay som e
money towards the cost of their treatment. If their
health improved, this payment could be reduced.
In conclusion, m aking people contribute towards the
cost of medical treatment for self-inflicted diseases
could help reduce this type of disease and make more
money available for other people.
(275 words)
Exercise 
U
3 4 1 5 2 6 7
Exam practice

Units 10-14
3 We have done less research for the presentation
than we could. OR We haven't done as much
research for the presentation as we could.
U Our final grade will be as high as our last
presentation.
OR Our final grade will be
(much) higher than our last presentation.
Exam practice
1 B
2 C
3 B
U C
12 Crime
Exercise 1
1 should go OR ought to go
2 have to follow
OR m ust follow
3 might OR may OR could
U don't have to pay a fine
5 can take
Exercise 2
1 might OR could OR may
2 might not OR may not
3 should
U should
OR ought to
Exercise 3
Crime prevention
musts start from education. If people
are not raised well, then thevwtU
miaht/mav/could
commit crim es in the future. It's the responsibility of
both parents and schools to educate children in the
difference between right and wrong. This could be
done in special ethics classes in schools, and perhaps
parenting classes
mightfHt be a good idea for parents
who are unsure of how to raise children with more moral
values. These classes shouldn't be compulsory though
as this
might te be too expensive and unnecessary.
However, although all parents m ustn’t
might not go,
it could be useful for those who are struggling. More
information wtU
might/mav/could help these parents.
For Exam practice model answers see audio script

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For Exam practice model answers see audio script Pdf ko'rish
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bet | 115/125 | Sana | 19.12.2023 | Hajmi | 2,75 Mb. | | #124331 |
Bog'liq Grammar for IELTS - Collins English for ExamsFor Exam practice model answers see audio script
Track 26.
15 Culture and modern society
Exercise 1
1 she had been to the opera the day
before and had really enjoyed it.
2 the government had to invest
more money in the arts.
3 the m u seum hadn’t had any internationally
recognized exhibitions for several years.
U what the theatre director intended
to do to increase ticket sales.
5 warned that
6 said OR claimed that
7 denied OR argued that
8 recommended
Exercise 3
1 had declined, w as
2 had misrepresented
3 w as not, attended
U had, would OR have, will (if still true now)
Exam practice
1 True
2 Not given
3 True
U False
5 Not given
16 Health and fitness
Exercise 1
1 your
2 their
3 It OR This
U They OR These
5 it OR this
6 This OR That
7 He OR She, it
8 then
Exercise 2
1 your
2 their
3 my
4 theirs
5 These
6 you
7 th is/tha t
8 It / T h is /That
Exercise 3
1 In my opinion politicians should listen to the
people that vote for they them . People want
to buy healthy food but it is expensive so they
buy fast food instead which is not good for h+s
th e ir health. Politicians should change
this
situation.
2 Dieticians suggest vitamins are necessary
to combat allergies.
This view has been
criticized by scientists who say that thts such/
these nutrients do not always help to reduce
allergies. Therefore, because thorn they don’t
agree, people don’t know what advice to follow.
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For Exam practice model answers see audio script

competitions like The Olympics or the World Cup.
Conditionai: third or mixed
3 Student: I would say that they should be more
positive. Jf globalization didn't exist, we wouldn't
have so many opportunities for work, travel and we
wouldn't be able to buy so many different products.
Conditional: first or second
U
Student: I think this depends on what
you mean by equal, jf people in a country
have the sam e opportunities in life, then
globalization is good and can help the world
but this is not always what happens.
Conditional: any
-modda. Sud tomonidan chiqarilgan sud hujjatlari to‘g‘risidagi ma’lumotlarni e’lon qilish

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-modda. Sud tomonidan chiqarilgan sud hujjatlari to‘g‘risidagi ma’lumotlarni e’lon qilish
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bet | 6/10 | Sana | 17.05.2024 | Hajmi | 27,28 Kb. | | #239767 |
Bog'liq SST-2S 02-21 Бекмуродов Бобур солик мамурчилиги53-modda. Sud tomonidan chiqarilgan sud hujjatlari to‘g‘risidagi ma’lumotlarni e’lon qilish
Sud tomonidan kuzatuv, sud sanatsiyasi, tashqi boshqaruv tartib-taomillarini joriy etish, to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risidagi ish yuritishni tugatish, sud boshqaruvchisini tayinlash, almashtirish yoki vazifasidan ozod qilish to‘g‘risida chiqarilgan ajrimlar haqidagi, qarzdor yuridik shaxsni bankrot deb topish va tugatishga doir ish yuritishni boshlash to‘g‘risida qarorlar, mazkur hujjatlarni bekor qilish yoki o‘zgartirish haqida qarorlar qabul qilinganligi haqidagi ma’lumotlar ommaviy axborot vositalarida e’lon qilinadi. Ommaviy axborot vositalarining ro‘yxati, davriyligi va mazkur ma’lumotlarni e’lon qilish muddati, ko‘rsatiladigan xizmatlarning narxlari hamda moliyalashtirish tartibi O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasi tomonidan belgilanadi.
Sud boshqaruvchisi tegishli sud hujjati olingan sanadan e’tiboran uch kun ichida ommaviy axborot vositasining manziliga ushbu moddaning birinchi qismida nazarda tutilgan e’lonni yuboradi.
E’lon qilish uchun yuborilgan sud hujjatlari to‘g‘risidagi ma’lumotlar ular olingan kundan e’tiboran uch kun ichida e’lon qilinadi.
Ushbu moddaning birinchi qismida ko‘rsatilgan ma’lumotlarni e’lon qilish bilan bog‘liq xarajatlarning o‘rnini qoplash, agar ushbu Qonunda yoki kreditorlar yig‘ilishining yoxud kreditorlar qo‘mitasining qarorida boshqacha qoida nazarda tutilmagan bo‘lsa, qarzdorning pul mablag‘lari hisobidan amalga oshiriladi. Qarzdorda pul mablag‘lari mavjud bo‘lmasa, bunday ma’lumotlarni e’lon qilish haqini to‘lash to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risida ish qo‘zg‘atish haqida ariza bilan sudga murojaat etgan arizachi hisobidan amalga oshiriladi, bu mablag‘larning o‘rni keyinchalik qarzdorning mol-mulki hisobidan qoplanadi.
Qarzdorda e’lon qilish xarajatlarining o‘rnini qoplash uchun yetarli mol-mulk mavjud bo‘lmasa, xarajatlarning o‘rnini qoplash qarzdorga nisbatan to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risida ish qo‘zg‘atish haqidagi ariza bilan sudga murojaat etgan arizachi hisobidan amalga oshiriladi.
Sud tomonidan chiqarilgan sud hujjatlari haqidagi ma’lumotlar boshqa ommaviy axborot vositalarida ham e’lon qilinishi mumkin.
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-modda. To‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik tartib-taomillari jarayoni haqidagi ma’lumotlarni e’lon qilish

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-modda. To‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik tartib-taomillari jarayoni haqidagi ma’lumotlarni e’lon qilish
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bet | 7/10 | Sana | 17.05.2024 | Hajmi | 27,28 Kb. | | #239767 |
Bog'liq SST-2S 02-21 Бекмуродов Бобур солик мамурчилиги54-modda. To‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik tartib-taomillari jarayoni haqidagi ma’lumotlarni e’lon qilish
To‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik tartib-taomillari jarayoni haqidagi ma’lumotlar ommaviy axborot vositalarida e’lon qilinishi shart.
To‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik tartib-taomillari jarayoni haqidagi ma’lumotlarni e’lon qilish bilan bog‘liq xarajatlarning o‘rnini qoplash, agar ushbu Qonunda boshqacha qoida nazarda tutilmagan bo‘lsa, qarzdorning mol-mulki hisobidan amalga oshiriladi. Qarzdorda e’lon qilish xarajatlarining o‘rnini qoplash uchun yetarli mol-mulk mavjud bo‘lmasa, xarajatlarning o‘rnini qoplash kreditorlar yig‘ilishining yoki kreditorlar qo‘mitasining qaroriga muvofiq amalga oshiriladi.
Agar qarzdorning kreditorlari soni ellik nafardan ortiq bo‘lsa yoki ularning sonini aniqlash mumkin bo‘lmasa, qarzdorga nisbatan qo‘llaniladigan har bir to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik tartib-taomili boshlanishi haqidagi ma’lumotlar ham ommaviy axborot vositalarida e’lon qilinishi shart.
Kreditorlar yig‘ilishining yoki kreditorlar qo‘mitasining qarori asosida e’lon qilinishi shart bo‘lgan ma’lumotlar boshqa ommaviy axborot vositalarida ham e’lon qilinishi mumkin.
To‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik tartib-taomillari jarayoni haqida e’lon qilingan ma’lumotlarda quyidagilar ko‘rsatilishi kerak:
qarzdorning nomi (familiyasi, ismi, otasining ismi) va uning joylashgan yeri (pochta manzili), elektron pochta manzili (mavjud bo‘lgan taqdirda);
sud hujjatini qabul qilgan sudning nomi, shu sud hujjati qabul qilingan sana va joriy qilingan to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik tartib-taomilining nomi, shuningdek to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risidagi ishning tartib raqami;
tayinlangan sud boshqaruvchisining familiyasi, ismi, otasining ismi va uning pochta manzili, elektron pochta manzili (mavjud bo‘lgan taqdirda);
to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risidagi ishni ko‘rish bo‘yicha keyingi sud majlisining sud tomonidan belgilangan sanasi;
qarzdorning qarzini to‘lash istagini bildirgan shaxslarning sud boshqaruvchiga murojaat qilishi mumkinligi to‘g‘risidagi ma’lumot;
ushbu Qonunda nazarda tutilgan boshqa axborot.
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-modda. Sudning qarzdorni bankrot deb topishni rad etish to‘g‘risidagi qarori

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-modda. Sudning qarzdorni bankrot deb topishni rad etish to‘g‘risidagi qarori
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bet | 8/10 | Sana | 17.05.2024 | Hajmi | 27,28 Kb. | | #239767 |
Bog'liq SST-2S 02-21 Бекмуродов Бобур солик мамурчилиги55-modda. Sudning qarzdorni bankrot deb topishni rad etish to‘g‘risidagi qarori
Sudning qarzdorni bankrot deb topishni rad etish to‘g‘risidagi qarori quyidagi hollarda qabul qilinadi:
to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik alomatlari aniqlanmaganda;
sud to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risidagi ish bo‘yicha qaror qabul qilguniga qadar kreditorlarning bildirilgan talablari qanoatlantirilganda;
soxta to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik aniqlanganda.
Sudning qarzdorni bankrot deb topishni rad etish to‘g‘risidagi qarori ushbu Qonunda nazarda tutilgan boshqa hollarda ham qabul qilinishi mumkin.
Qarzdorda yetarli hajmda likvid mol-mulk mavjudligidan dalolat beruvchi dalillar mavjud bo‘lgan taqdirda sud qarzdorning iltimosnomasiga ko‘ra to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risidagi ishni ko‘rishni keyinga qoldirishga, qarzdorga kreditorlarning talablarini sud tomonidan belgilangan muddatda qanoatlantirishni taklif etishga haqli, bu muddat o‘ttiz kundan oshmasligi kerak.
56-modda. Qarzdorning to‘lovga qobiliyatsizligi to‘g‘risida ish qo‘zg‘atishni rad etish haqida qaror qabul qilish oqibatlari
Sud tomonidan qarzdorning to‘lovga qobiliyatsizligi to‘g‘risida ish qo‘zg‘atishni rad etish haqida qaror qabul qilinishi qarzdorning to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risida ish qo‘zg‘atish haqidagi ariza qabul qilinganligi va (yoki) kuzatuv tartib-taomili joriy etilganligi oqibati bo‘lgan barcha cheklovlarning amal qilishi tugatilishi uchun asos bo‘ladi.
57-modda. To‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risidagi ish yuritishni tugatish asoslari
Sud to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risidagi ishni yuritishni quyidagi hollarda tugatadi:
sud sanatsiyasi tartib-taomili jarayonida qarzdorning to‘lov qobiliyati tiklanganda;
tashqi boshqaruv tartib-taomili jarayonida qarzdorning to‘lov qobiliyati tiklanganda;
kelishuv bitimi tuzilganda;
to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risidagi ishda ishtirok etuvchi barcha kreditorlar bildirilgan talablaridan voz kechganda;
kreditorlarning talablari reyestriga kiritilgan kreditorlarning barcha talablari har qanday to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik tartib-taomili jarayonida qanoatlantirilganda.
Sud qonunga muvofiq boshqa hollarda ham to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risidagi ish yuritishni tugatishi mumkin.
To‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risidagi ishni yuritishni tugatish haqida sud ajrimi chiqarilgan sanadan e’tiboran sud boshqaruvchisi davlat soliq xizmati organini ushbu ajrim to‘g‘risida uch ish kuni ichida yozma shaklda xabardor qiladi.
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Xotira turlari - Drec16mbk ma’lumotlarni tiklash

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Drec16mbk ma’lumotlarni tiklash
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bet | 2/5 | Sana | 25.09.2024 | Hajmi | 0,54 Mb. | | #272387 |
Bog'liq EndepdLQhvLruRJixaSH5UnKNQoUfjDdPLlbk8XbXotira turlari
Xotirani tasniflash va saqlash moslamalarini (xotira) tasnifi o‘rtasida farqni aniqlash kerak. Birinchisi funktsional imkoniyatlarga ko‘ra, ikkinchisi texnik amalga oshirish bo‘yicha xotirani tasniflaydi. Bu yerda birinchisi ko‘rib chiqiladi - shuning uchun ham aksariyat hollarda dasturiy ta’minot tomonidan amalga oshiriladigan, shuningdek, xotiraning apparat turlari (xotirada joriy qilingan) va ma’lumotlar tuzilmalari unga kirishadi.
Mavjud ma’lumotlar operatsiyalari:
faqat o‘qish uchun xotira (ROM)
o‘qish / yozish uchun xotira
Dasturlashtiriladigan va qayta dasturlashtiriladigan ROM (EPROM va EEPROM) xotirasi ushbu tasnifda umuman qabul qilinadigan joyga ega emas. U "faqat o‘qish uchun" xotira turi sifatida nomlanadi yoki alohida turga ajratilgan.
Shuningdek, amalda uni qayta yozishning xarakterli chastotasiga ko‘ra xotirani u yoki boshqa turga qaytarish taklif qilinadi: operativ xotirada tez-tez ma’lumot o‘zgarib turadigan turlarga va ROMga nisbatan nisbatan o‘zgarmas ma’lumotlarni saqlash uchun mo‘ljallangan [1].
Kirish usuli
Tegishli kirish xotirasi (SAM) - xotira katakchalari (yacheykalari) joylashish tartibida ketma-ket tanlanadi (o‘qiladi). Bunday xotiraning bir varianti bu stack xotira. Tezkor xotira orqali kirish (inglizcha Random Access Memory, RAM) - hisoblash qurilmasi istalgan manzilga o‘zboshimchalik bilan xotira katakchasiga (yacheykasiga) kira oladi.
Axborotni saqlashni tashkil qilish
Ma’lumotlar tuzilmalari tasnifini takrorlaydi:
Assotsiativ xotira (inglizcha assotsiativ xotira, kontentga murojaat qiladigan xotira, CAM) - manzilga murojaat qilish ma’lumotlar joylashuvi bo‘yicha emas, balki ularning joylashuvi bilan amalga oshiriladi (xotirada berilgan tarkibga ega yacheykaning mavjudligini tekshiradi), agar manzili yoki ular bilan bog‘liq boshqa ma’lumotlar topilsa uni qaytaradi.
Stek (stack) xotirasi (ingliz tilidagi pushdown storage) - bu stekning bajarilishi. Matritsani saqlash - xotira katakchalari (yacheykalari) ikki yoki undan ortiq koordinatalar bo‘ylab kirish mumkin bo‘lgan tarzda joylashtirilgan. Obyektlarni saqlash - boshqarish tizimi ob’ektlarni saqlashga qaratilgan xotira. Bundan tashqari, har bir ob’ekt yozuvning turi va hajmi bilan ajralib turadi.
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Semantik saqlash - Drec16mbk ma’lumotlarni tiklash

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Drec16mbk ma’lumotlarni tiklash
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bet | 3/5 | Sana | 25.09.2024 | Hajmi | 0,54 Mb. | | #272387 |
Bog'liq EndepdLQhvLruRJixaSH5UnKNQoUfjDdPLlbk8XbSemantik saqlash - ma’lumotlar kontseptual xususiyatlarning ma’lum tuzilishiga muvofiq joylashtiriladi va o‘chiriladi.
Bufer xotirasi (inglizcha buffer memory) - ma’lumotlarni turli xil qurilmalar yoki dasturlar o‘rtasida almashishda vaqtincha saqlash uchun mo‘ljallangan xotira.
Vaqtinchalik (oraliq) saqlash - oraliq ishlov berish natijalarini saqlash uchun xotira. Ularga quyidagilarni misol qilib keltirishimiz mumkin.
Kesh-xotira (inglizcha kesh-xotira) - tez-tez ishlatiladigan ma’lumotlarga tezroq kirishni ta’minlash uchun saqlaydigan qurilma yoki dasturiy ta’minotning bir qismi.
Tuzatuvchi xotira (ing. Patch xotira) - bu asosiy xotirada noto‘g‘ri yacheykalar manzillarini saqlash uchun mo‘ljallangan kompyuter xotirasining qismi. "Jadval" va "relap jadval" atamalaridan ham foydalaniladi.
Boshqaruv xotirasi - boshqarish dasturlari yoki mikro dasturlarni o‘z ichiga olgan xotira. Odatda ROM sifatida amalga oshiriladi.
Manzil maydonini tashkil qilish
Haqiqiy yoki fizik xotira - xotira, murojaat qilish usuli uning ma’lumotlarining joylashishiga mos keladi;
Virtual xotira - xotira, murojaat qilish usuli uning ma’lumotlarining joylashuvini aks ettirmaydi;
Ortiqcha ochiladigan xotira - bu bir xil manzilga ega bo‘lgan bir nechta joy mavjud bo‘lib, ulardan bir vaqtning o‘zida bittadan foydalanish mumkin bo‘lgan xotira. Birgalikda ishlatiladigan xotira yoki umumiy xotira - bir vaqtning o‘zida bir nechta foydalanuvchilar, protsessorlar yoki protsessorlar uchun mavjud bo‘lgan xotira.
Protsessorning uzoqligi va mavjudligi
Birlamchi xotira (super operativ, operativ xotira) - protsessor tomonidan tashqi qurilmalarga kirish huquqisiz foydalanish mumkin.
protsessor registrlari (protsessor yoki registr xotirasi) - to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri ALU (Arifmetic Logic Unit) da joylashgan registrlar;
protsessor keshi - kompyuter xotirasiga kirishning o‘rtacha vaqtini qisqartirish uchun protsessor tomonidan ishlatiladigan kesh. Tezlik va hajm jihatidan farq qiluvchi bir necha darajalarga bo‘linadi (masalan, L1, L2, L3).
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Ikkilamchi xotira - Drec16mbk ma’lumotlarni tiklash

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Drec16mbk ma’lumotlarni tiklash
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bet | 4/5 | Sana | 25.09.2024 | Hajmi | 0,54 Mb. | | #272387 |
Bog'liq EndepdLQhvLruRJixaSH5UnKNQoUfjDdPLlbk8XbIkkilamchi xotira - adres shinasi orqali to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri murojaat qilish orqali protsessor uchun mavjud. Shunday qilib, RAM (joriy ma’lumotlar va bajariladigan dasturlarni saqlash uchun mo‘ljallangan xotira) va kirish-chiqish portlari (boshqa uskunalar bilan o‘zaro ta’sir o‘tkaziladigan maxsus manzillar) mavjud.
Uchinchi xotira - faqat oddiy bo‘lmagan harakatlar ketma-ketligidan foydalanib, tashqi xotira barcha turlari kiradi - kirish / chiqish qurilmalari orqali kirish jarayonlari amalga oshiriladi. Uchinchi darajali xotira bilan o‘zaro aloqa muayyan qoidalar (protokollar) bo‘yicha amalga oshiriladi va xotirada tegishli dasturlarning mavjudligini talab qiladi. Minimal zarur o‘zaro ta’sirni ta’minlaydigan dasturlar ikkinchi darajali xotiraga kiritilgan ROM-ga joylashtirilgan (kompyuterga mos keladigan kompyuterlar uchun bu BIOS ROM). Asosiy xotirada joylashgan ma’lumotlar tuzilmalarining joylashuvi ushbu tasnifda noaniq. Qoida tariqasida, ular umuman qo‘shilmaydi, odatiy xotira turlariga mos ravishda tasniflashni amalga oshiradi.
Assotsiativ xotira
Assotsiativ xotira (AP) yoki assotsiativ xotira (CAM) bu juda tez qidiruv dasturlarida ishlatiladigan mashina xotirasining maxsus turi. Shuningdek, tarkibiy adresli xotira, assotsiativ xotira, tarkibga yo‘naltirilgan xotira yoki assotsiativ massiv sifatida ham tanilgan, garchi oxirgi atama ma’lumotlar tuzilishiga murojaat qilish uchun dasturlashda ko‘proq ishlatiladi.
Foydalanuvchi xotiraning manzilini o‘rnatadigan va RAM ushbu manzilda saqlangan ma’lumot so‘zini qaytaradigan oddiy mashina xotirasidan (tasodifiy kirish xotirasi yoki RAM) farqli o‘laroq, UA (user agent - foydalanuvchi agenti) foydalanuvchi ma’lumot so‘zini o‘rnatadigan tarzda yaratilgan va UA uni shunday qidiradi. Xotirada biron bir joyda saqlanganligini bilib oladi. Agar ma’lumotlar so‘zi topilgan bo‘lsa, UA ushbu so‘z topilgan bir yoki bir nechta saqlash manzillarining ro‘yxatini qaytaradi (ba’zi arxitekturalarda ma’lumotlar so‘zining o‘zi yoki boshqa tegishli ma’lumotlar qismlarini qaytaradi). Shunday qilib, AP bu dasturlash so‘zlarida assotsiativ qator deb nomlanadigan narsalarning apparat ta’minoti.
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Asosiy tushunchalar - Soliqlar va soliqqa tortish

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Soliqlar va soliqqa tortish
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bet | 2/10 | Sana | 17.05.2024 | Hajmi | 27,28 Kb. | | #239767 |
Bog'liq SST-2S 02-21 Бекмуродов Бобур солик мамурчилиги2. Asosiy tushunchalar
Bir turdagi kreditorlar — qarzdorga nisbatan bir xil talablarga ega bo‘lgan va ularni qanoatlantirishda bir-biriga nisbatan imtiyozga ega bo‘lmagan kreditorlar guruhi;
kelishuv bitimi — taraflarning o‘zaro yon berish asosida to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risidagi ish bo‘yicha ish yuritishni tugatish haqidagi bitimi;
Kreditorlar — qarzdor pul majburiyatlari bo‘yicha va (yoki) soliqlar hamda yig‘imlar bo‘yicha o‘z majburiyatlarini bajarish yuzasidan qaysi yuridik yoki jismoniy shaxslar oldida javobgar bo‘lsa, ayni shu yuridik yoki jismoniy shaxslar, bundan qarzdor qaysi fuqaroning hayotiga yoki sog‘lig‘iga zarar yetkazilganligi uchun javobgar bo‘lsa, ayni shu fuqaro, shuningdek o‘z ishtirokida kelib chiqadigan majburiyatlar bo‘yicha qarzdor yuridik shaxsning muassasalari (ishtirokchilari) mustasno;
kreditorlar yig‘ilishining yoki kreditorlar qo‘mitasining vakili — to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risidagi ishda ishtirok etishiga kreditorlar yig‘ilishi yoki kreditorlar qo‘mitasi tomonidan vakolat berilgan shaxs;
kuzatuv tartib-taomili — qarzdor yuridik shaxsga nisbatan uning mol-mulki but saqlanishini ta’minlash, qarzdorning moliyaviy ahvoli tahlilini o‘tkazish, kreditorlar talablari reyestrini tuzish va birinchi kreditorlar yig‘ilishini o‘tkazish uchun qarzdorni to‘lovga qobiliyatsiz deb topish to‘g‘risidagi ariza qabul qilingan kundan e’tiboran keyingi to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik tartib-taomiliga qadar sud tomonidan qo‘llaniladigan tartib-taomil;
mol-mulkni sotish tartib-taomili — jismoniy shaxsga nisbatan kreditorlarning talablarini mutanosib ravishda qanoatlantirish uchun to‘lovga qobiliyatsizlik to‘g‘risidagi ish doirasida qo‘llaniladigan tartib-taomil;
moratoriy — qarzdor yuridik shaxs tomonidan pul majburiyatlari va (yoki) soliqlar hamda yig‘imlar bo‘yicha majburiyatlar bajarilishini to‘xtatib turish;
pul majburiyati — qarzdorning fuqarolik-huquqiy shartnomasi bo‘yicha, shuningdek boshqa asoslarga ko‘ra kreditorga muayyan pul summasini to‘lash majburiyati;
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1 bob. Buxg alteriya h iso b I n a z a r iy a si fa- n in in g a h a m iy a t I, pr e d m e t I, m eto d I va

1 BOB. BUXG ALTERIYA H ISO B I N A Z A R IY A SI FA-
N IN IN G A H A M IY A T I, PR E D M E T I, M ETO D I VA
U SU L L A R I
1.1. Xo‘jalik hisobi turlari va ularning bozor mu-
nosabatlari sharoitidagi o'rni va ahamiyati
Hisobning paydo b o ‘lishi bevosita kishilik jam iyatining vujud-
ga kelishi bilan b o g iiq . Tarixiy m a’lumotlarga ko‘ra, ibtidoiy ja-
m oa tuzumi davrida hisobdan foydalanishgan. Qabila boshlig‘i o ‘z
qabilasini saqlab qolish uchun qaysi fasl qachon keladi, qabilasi-
da qancha odam bor, ular uchun qancha oziq-ovqat to ‘plash ker-
ak kabi hisob-kitoblarni amalga oshirgan. Dastlab hisob uchun q o ‘l
barmoqlaridan foydalanilgan (ba’zi hollarda bu odatdan hozir ham
foydalanamiz).
H ozirda ham har bir oilaning o ‘z hisob-kitobi bor. Qaysi oilada
hisob-kitob yaxshi y o ‘lga qo‘yilgan b o ‘lsa, o ‘sha oilaning turmush
sharoiti yaxshi. Bundan ko‘rinib turibdiki, hisob insonlarning ha-
yotiy hamkoridir.
Zamonaviy ishlab chiqarish kompleks o ‘zaro bog‘liq, turli xil,
k o ‘p funksiyali bir qator tarkibiy tuzilm alarning munosabatlaridan
iborat. Ijtomoiy ishlab chiqarish - mehnat taqsimoti, ixtisoslashish
va kooperesiyalashgan munosabatlarni muvofiqlashtirishni, y a ’ni
ulam i boshqarishni talab etadi. Ishlab chiqarish va uni tashkil etish
bilan bog‘liq munosabatlarni samarali boshqarish uchun - maqsad,
vazifalar, uning ijrosini ta ’minlash yo‘llarini belgilab olish va ish
lab chiqarish hamda uning natijasi to‘g‘risidagi axborotlami o ‘z
vaqtida olish zarur bo‘ladi. Boshqaruv ko‘p tarmoqli b olgan i sab-
abli uning funksiyalari ko‘plab fanlar tomonidan o ‘rganiladi.
X o‘jalik hisobi har qanday ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy formasiyada
mavjud bo‘lib, o ‘ziga xos maqsad va vazifalam i bajargan. Ishlab
chiqarishning ijtimoiy xarakteri rivojlangan sari xo ‘jalik hisobining
k o ‘lami va ahamiyati ortib borgan. X o4jalik hisobining k o ia m i
va ahamiyati ortib borishi uni yuritishga m a'lum bir talablaming
shakllanishiga sabab buldi (1.1.1-chizma).
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X o‘jalik hisobi ham boshqaruvni zarur qarorlar qabul qil-
ish bilan b o g iiq axborot bilan ta ’minlash funksiyasini o ‘rganadi.
Xo‘jalik hisobida ijtimoiy ishlab chiqarish va uning tarkibida sodir
boiadigan jarax onlar to‘g ‘risidagi axborotlar qayd etilad ijam lan a-
di, qayta ishlanib. tahlil qilinadi, nazorat va boshqaruvning boshqa
funksiyalarida foydalaniladi.
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