nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
SAVOL TURLARI - Pazandachilik asoslari

32
O`xshash tomonlarni ajratib
ko`rsating.
O`zingizning taxminiy
munosabatingizni bildiring.
Farqni tushuntirib bеring.
Tasdiq
savol
Savolning tarkibida javob
mavjud bo`lganligi sababdan
xulosa ham kеltiriladi.
Bu kabi nazariyot maqsadga
muvofiq kеlmaydi, shunday
emasmi?
Hozirgi vaqtda ta‘lim muassasalarida o‘qitishning zamonaviy metodlari
keng qo‘llanilmoqda. O‘qitishning zamonaviy metodlarini qo‘llash o‘qitish
jarayonida yuqori samaradorlikka erishishiga olib keladi. Ta‘lim
metodlarini
tanlashda har bir darsning didaktik vazifasidan kelib chiqib tanlash maqsadga
muvofiq sanaladi.
An‘anaviy dars shaklini saqlab qo‘lgan holda, unga turli-tuman o‘quvchilar
faoliyatini faollashtiradigan metodlar bilan boyitish o‘quvchilarning o‘zlashtirish
darajasini kotarilishiga olib keladi. Buning uchun dars jarayoni o‘qilona
tashkil
qilinishi, o‘qituvchi tomonidan o‘quvchilarning qiziqishini orttirib, ularning ta‘lim
jarayonida faolligi muttasil ragbatlantirilib turilishi, o‘quv materialini kichik-kichik
bo‘laklarga bo‘lib, ularning mazmunini ochishda aqliy hujum,
kichik guruhlarda
ishlash, tadqiqot,
muammoli vaziyat, Yo‘naltiruvchi matn, loyiha, rolli oyinlar
metodlarini qo‘llash, o‘quvchilarni amaliy mashqlarni mustaqil bajarishga undash,
turli baholash
metodlaridan foydalanish, ta‘lim vositalaridan joyida va vaqtida
foydalanish talab etiladi.
O‘quvchi butun jarayon davomida ishtirok etadi.
Shu sababdan,
o‘quvchining bilim va ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirish uchun etarli darajada
o‘quvchilar ishtiroki va amaliyoti mavjud bo‘ladi.
Bu metodlar asosan
o‘qituvchining turli faoliyat shakllari orqali amalga oshiriladi.
Ikkinchi usulda - Pazandachilik asoslari

69
solinadi, atrofi pallacha shaklda kesilgan pishgan tuxum bilan bezalib, ustidan
smetana quyib beriladi.
Rediska salati. Qizil rediska
barg va uch qismidan tozalanib, yaxshilab
yuviladi. Oq rediskaning po‘sti tozalanishi lozim. Tayyorlangan rediska parrak-
parrak shaklida to‘g‘raladi. Ishlovdan o‘tgan ko‘k piyoz mayda to‘g‘ralib, tuz,
rediska
bilan aralashtirilib, salat idishga uyib solinadi, atrofi pishirib pallacha
shaklda to‘g‘ralgan tuxum va ko‘kat bilan bezalib, ustidan salat sardagi yoki
smetana quyiladi. Yana tuxum sarig‘i ajratilib kesib ichiga qo‘shilishi, oqi esa
mayda to‘g‘ralib, to‘g‘ralgan ko‘kat bilan aralashtirilib, salat ustidan sepib berilishi
ham mumkin.
Darsni yakunlash - Pazandachilik asoslari

40
5-6: MAVZU: Plita, muzlatgich, idish-tovoq, yuvish moslamalari, oshxona
stollari, quritgich moslama shkaflar haqida umumiy tushuncha. Plita turlari
tuzilishi va foydalanish qoidalari.
Darsning maqsadlari :
Ta’limiy: O‘quvchilarga pazandachilikda ishlatiladigan
texnologik jihozlar
ya‘ni plita, muzlatgich, idish-tovoq, yuvish moslamalari va oshxona stollari haqida
tushuncha berish.
Tarbiyaviy: O‘quvchilarga oshxonada ishlaganda
texnologik jihozlardan
foydalanish va ularning texnik xavfsizlik qoidalari va bilimlarini shakllantirishdan
iborat.
Rivojlantiruvchi: O‘quvchilarga pazandachilikda
ishlatiladigan texnologik
jihozlar va ulardan foydalanish haqida umumiy ma‘lumot .
Dars shakli: nazariy, amaliy.
Dars uslubi: ko‘rgazmali, og‘zaki.
Darsning jihozi: Albomlar, rasmlar, qandolatchilikda
ishlatiladigan texnik
jihozlar, uy ro‘zg‘or ensiklopediyasi.
Darsning borishi:
Tashkiliy qism: a)Salomlashish,o‘quvchilarning
darsga tayyorgarligini
tekshirish,davomatni aniqlash,o‘tilgan mavzu yuzasidan savol-javob o‘tkazish.
O’tilgan mavzuni so’rash.
1.Sabzavotlardan qanday salatlar tayyorlanadi?
2. Vinegret salati qanday tayyorlanadi.
Yangi mavzu bayoni.
-14-mavzu : Amaliy mashg'ulot: Sabzavotlardan yaxna taomlar

67
Ta’limiy:O‘quvchilarga sabzavotlardan yaxna ta‘limiy tayyorlay olish.Yaxna
taomlarni did bilan bezatib dasturxonga torta olishni o‘rgatish.
Tarbiyaviy: O‘quvchilarga sabzavotlardan yaxna taomlar tayyorlash ularning
sifatiga va saqlanishiga qo‘yiladigan talablar,yaxna
taomlarni did bilan
bezatib,dasturxonga tortish tartibibni bilish.
Rivojlantiruvchi: O‘quvchilarga yaxna taomlar tayyorlashni o‘rganish va
ulardan foydalanish haqida umumiy ma‘lumot berish.
Dars shakli: nazariy,amaliy.
Dars uslubi: ko‘rgazmali,og‘zaki.
Darsning jihozi: M.Mo‘minova ―Ovqat tayyorlash jarayoni‖ kitobi,
albomlar, rasmlar, plakatlar, slaydlar.
Darsning borishi:
Tashkiliy qism. a)Salomlashish,o‘quvchilarning darsga tayyorgarligini
tekshirish,davomatni aniqlsh,o‘tilgan mavzu yuzasidan savol-javob o‘tkazish.
b)Davomatni tekshirish navbatchi tayinlash ishni boshlashdan avval mehnat
xavfsizligi va sanitariya gigiyena qoidalariga muvofiq o‘z o‘rnini tayyorlash,
maxsus kiyimlarni kiyib olish.
O’tilgan mavzuni so’rash.
1.Buterbrodlar qanday tayyorlanadi.
2.Sovuq va issiq ichimliklarga nimalar kiradi.
Yangi mavzu bayoni.
Salatlar yangi,
pishirilgan, achitilgan, marinovka qilingan,
tuzlangan, tuzlab
muzlatilgan sabzavot, qo‘ziqorin,
dukkaklilar, yangi yoki konservalangan meva,
sitrus mahsulotlaridan tayyorlanadi. Ba‘zi hollarda salatlar go‘sht, baliq, parranda
tuxum dengiz va boshqa mahsulotlardan qo‘shib tayyorlanishi ham mumkin.
Salatlarga yumshoqligini oshirish uchun smetana, mayonezlar qo‘shiladi. Bu
mahsulotlar qo‘shib tayyorlangan salat 1 soat davomida istemolchilarga tarqatilish
kerak.
Kesib tayyorlangan, lekin nordon qaymoq, mayonez qo‘shilmagan
mahsulotlarni muzxonalarda 4-8°C li haroratda 12 soat davomida saqlash mumkin.
68
Bundan uzoqroq muddatda saqlansa shamol tegib, yuzi qotib qolib, mahsulot va
taom sifati o‘zgaradi, C darmondorisining miqdori kamayadi.
Yangi yoki pishirilgan sabzavotlar salatlar uchun kubik,
tilim-tilim, parrak-
parrak, somoncha shakllarida to‘g‘raladi. Salatlar o‘zi alohida taom sifatida salat
idishlarida yoki mayda likobchalarda beriladi. Ko‘kat va sabzavot salatlari go‘sht,
baliq taomlari uchun qo‘shimcha garnir sifatida berilishi mumkin. Salatlarni
bezash uchun ko‘kat, salat barglari, ko‘k piyoz, ukrop, petrushka, tuxum, go‘sht,
baliq, meva, sitrus mevalari va boshqa salat tarkibiga kirib, o‘z rangi bilan salatni
bezashga yordam beruvchi mahsulotlardan (qizil
qalampir, pomidor, bodring)
foydalaniladi.
Salatlarni bezashni ikki xil usulda olib borish mumkin.
Birinchi usulda:
to‘g‘rab, muzxonada saqlangan salat mahsulotlari aralashtirilib, sardak yoki
smetana, tuz, ziravor bilan yana bir aralashtirilib, idishga uyib solinib, ko‘kat bilan
bezaladi.
Oshxona buyumlari - Pazandachilik asoslari

39
2.3. 2-chizma.
Sabzovot vinegrati. Pishirilgan qizilcha, sabzi, kartoshka tilim-tilim qilib
to‘g‘raladi. Tuzlangan bodring ishlovdan o‘tkazilib tilim-tilim qilib kesiladi.
Bosh piyoz halqa yoki yarim halqa, ko‘k piyoz 1-1,5 sm uzunlikda qilib
to‘g‘raladi. Tuzlangan karam tuzlamadan olib siqiladi. Agar u sho‘r bo‘lsa
sovuq suvda chayib maydalab to‘g‘raladi. Tayyorlangan sabzovotlar
aralashtiriladi, salat sardagi yoki mayonez sardagi qo‘shib qorishtiriladi va
salat idishga yoki likobchaga uyib solinadi, chiroy beruvchi pichoqda kesilgan
sabzi, qizilcha, kartoshka, bodring parragi bilan bezaladi, salat bargi, ko‘katlar
sepib tarqatiladi.
Sabzovot ikrasi. Bandi uzilgan baqlajon va qovoqcha qovurish shkafida
yopilib, sovitiladi, po‘sti tozalanib, mayda chopiladi. Mayda to‘g‘ralgan piyoz,
sabzi jazlanib yumshoq holga kelgandan so‘ng tomat qo‘shilib, biroz jazlanib,
mayda to‘g‘ralgan karam solinib yumshaguncha dimlanadi va dimlash oxirida
tayyorlangan kelgandan so‘ng sovutiladi, sirka, tuz, murch qo‘shib
aralashtiriladi. Agar karam biroz taxir bo‘lsa, qaynoq suvga botirib olinib,
so‘ng keying ishlovga jo‘natilishi lozim. Tarqatishda ikra ko‘kat bilan bezab
beriladi.
Exotic Particle - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

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Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi
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bet | 35/69 | Sana | 19.03.2017 | Hajmi | 172,07 Kb. | | #410 |
Exotic Particle:
A kind of theoretical particle said to exist by some theories of modern physics, whose alleged properties are extremely unusual. Examples include tachyons (particles that always travels faster than the speed of light), WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles which do not interact withelectromagnetism or the strong nuclear force), axions (particles with no electric charge, very smallmass and very low interaction with the strong and weak forces) and neutrinos (particles that travel close to the speed of light, lack an electric charge and are able to pass through ordinary matteralmost undisturbed).
Expanding Universe:
A universe which is constantly growing in size and in which the constituent parts (galaxies, clusters, etc) are flying ever further away from each other. Although contrary to the static universewhich had been assumed throughout most of history, an expanding universe was confirmed by Edwin Hubble’s 1929 observations of the redshifts of distant Cepheid variable stars, and is consistent with most solutions to Albert Einstein’s general relativity field equations. It also suggests that, in the distant past, the universe was much smaller and ultimately had its beginning in aBig Bang type event.
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Grand Unified Theory (or Unified Field Theory)

Grand Unified Theory (or Unified Field Theory):
Also known as Grand Unification or GUT, this refers to any of several unified field theories that predict that at extremely high energies (such as occurred just after the Big Bang), the electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces are all fused into a single unified field. Thus far, physicists have only been able to merge electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force into the “electroweak force”. Beyond Grand Unification, there is also speculation that it may be possible to merge gravity with the other three gauge symmetries into a “theory of everything”.
Gravity (or Gravitational Force):
The force of attraction that exists between any two masses, whether they be stars, microscopic particles or any other bodies with mass. It is by far the weakest of the fourfundamental forces (the others being the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force), and yet, because it is a consistent force operating on all bodies withmass, it is instrumental in the formation of galaxies, stars, planets and black holes. It was approximately described by Sir Isaac Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation in 1687, and more accurately described by Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity in 1916.
Half-Life:
A measure of the speed of radioactive decay of unstable, radioactive atoms. It is the time taken for half of the nuclei in a radioactive sample to disintegrate or decay. Half-lives can vary from a split-second to billions of years depending on the substance.
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Galaxy - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi
Galaxy: One of the basic building block of the universe, a galaxy is a massive system of stars, stellar remnants, gas, dust, and possibly a hypothetical substance known as dark matter, bound together by gravity. Galaxies may be anywhere from 1 to 100,000 light years across and are typically separated by millions of light years of intergalactic space. They are grouped into clusters, which in turn can form larger groups called superclusters and sheets or filaments. There are many different kinds of galaxy including spiral (like our own Milky Way galaxy), elliptical, ring, dwarf, lenticular and irregular. There are estimated to be over a hundred billion galaxies in the observable universe. Gamma Ray: A form of electromagnetic radiation produced by some kinds ofradioactive decay. Gamma rays have the highest frequency andenergy and the shortest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum, and penetrate matter more easily that either alpha particles or beta particles. Download 172,07 Kb.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar Bosh sahifa Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi
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Elementary Particle - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

Elementary Particle:
A particle with no substructure (i.e. not made up of smaller particles) and which is therefore one of the basic building blocks of the universe from which all other particles are made.Quarks, electons, neutrinos, photons, muons and gluons (along with their respective antiparticles) are all elementary particles;protons and neutrons (which are made up of quarks) are not.
Energy:
Sometimes defined as the ability to do work or to cause change, energy is notoriously difficult to define. In accordance with the Law of Conservation of Energy, energy can never be created or destroyed but it can be changed into different forms, including kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, light, elastic and electromagnetic. The standard scientific unit of energy is the Joule.
Entanglement:
The phenomenon in quantum theory whereby particles that interact with each other become permanently dependent on each other’s quantum states and properties, to the extent that they lose their individuality and in many ways behave as a single entity. At some level, entangled particles appear to “know” each other’s states and properties.
Entropy:
A measure of the disorder of a system and of its constituent molecules. More specifically, in thermodynamics it is a measure of the unavailability of a system’s energy to do work. The Second Law of Thermodynamics embodies the idea that entropy can never decrease, but rather will tend to increase over time, approaching a maximum value as it reaches thermal equilibrium. A classic example of increasing entropy is ice melting in water until both reach a common temperature.
Event Horizon:
A one-way boundary in space-time surrounding a black hole. Any matter or light that falls through the event horizon of ablack hole can never leave, and any event inside the event horizon cannot affect an outside observer.
Exogenesis:
The hypothesis that life on Earth was transferred from elsewhere in the universe. A related but more limited concept is that of panspermia, the idea that "seeds" of life exist already all over the universe, and that life on Earth may have originated through these "seeds".
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Pauli Exclusion Principle - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

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Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi
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bet | 52/69 | Sana | 19.03.2017 | Hajmi | 172,07 Kb. | | #410 |
Pauli Exclusion Principle:
The prohibition on two identical fermions from sharing the same quantum state simultaneously. Among other implications it stops electrons (which are a kind of fermion) from piling on top of each other, thereby explaining the existence of different types of atoms and the whole variety of the universearound us.
Photoelectric Effect:
The phenomenon in which, when a metallic surface is exposed to electromagnetic radiation above a certain threshold frequency (typically visible light and x-rays), the light is absorbed andelectrons are emitted. The discovery of the effect is usually attributed to Heinrich Hertz in 1887, and study of it (particularly by Albert Einstein) led to important steps in understanding thequantum nature of light and electrons and in formulating the concept of wave-particle duality.
Photon:
A particle (or quantum) of light or other electromagnetic radiation, which has no intrinsic mass and can therefore travel at the speed of light. It is an elementary particle and the basic unit of light, and effectively carries the effects of the electromagnetic force. The modern concept of the photon as exhibiting both wave and particle properties was developed gradually by Albert Einstein and others.
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Nucleosynthesis - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

Nucleosynthesis:
The process of creating new atomic nuclei from pre-existingprotons and neutrons by a process of nuclear fusion. The primordial nucleons (hydrogen and helium) themselves were formed from the quark-gluon plasma in the first few minutes after the Big Bang, as it cooled to below ten million degrees, but nucleosynthesis of the heavier elements (including all carbon, oxygen, etc) occurs primarily in the nuclear fusionprocess within stars and supernovas.
Nucleus:
The tight cluster of nucleons (positively-charged protons and zero-charged neutrons, or just a singleproton in the case of hydrogen) at the centre of an atom, containing more than 99.9% of the atom’smass. The nucleus of a typical atom is about 100,000 smaller than the total size of the atom(depending on the individual atom).
Oscillating Universe:
A cosmological model, in which the universe undergoes a potentially endless series of oscillations, each beginning with a Big Bang and ending with a Big Crunch. After the Big Bang, the universeexpands for a while before the gravitational attraction of matter causes it to collapse back and undergo a “bounce”.
Panspermia:
The hypothesis that "seeds" of life exist already all over theuniverse, and that life on Earth may have originated through these "seeds", driven by a steady influx of cells or viruses arriving from space via comets. It is a more limited form of the related hypothesis of exogenesis, which also proposes that lifeon Earth was transferred from elsewhere in the universe, but makes no prediction about how widespread it may be.
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Fundamental (or Elementary) Forces

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Fundamental (or Elementary) Forces
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bet | 36/69 | Sana | 19.03.2017 | Hajmi | 172,07 Kb. | | #410 |
Fundamental (or Elementary) Forces:
There are four basic forces of physics that are believed to underlie all phenomena in the universe. Listed in order of strength they are: the strong nuclear force, the electromagnetic force, the weak nuclear force and the gravitational force (or gravity). It is thought likely that, in extremely high energyconditions such as occurred near the beginning of the Big Bang, the four fundamental forces of nature are actually unified in a single theoretical framework (known as the Grand Unified Theory).
According to quantum field theory, the forces between particles are mediated by other particles, and the fundamental forces can be described by the exchange of virtual force-carrying particles: the strong nuclear force mediated by gluons; the electromagnetic force by photons; the weak nuclear force by W and Z bosons; and gravity by hypothetical gravitons.
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Nuclear Fission - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

Nuclear Fission: A nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts, often producing freeneutrons, lighter nuclei and photons (in the form of gamma rays). The process releases large amounts of energy, both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the resulting fragments.
Nuclear Fusion:
The welding together of two light nuclei to make a heaviernucleus, resulting in the liberation of nuclear energy. An example of this kind of nuclear reaction is the binding together of hydrogen nuclei in the core of the Sun to make helium. In larger, hotter stars, helium itself may fuse to produce heavierelements, a process which continues up the periodic table ofelements as far as iron. The fusion of ultra-stable iron nucleiactually absorbs energy rather than releasing it, and so iron does not easily fuse to create heavierelements.
taraqqiyoti oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarining ozuqaviy qiymatini inson

35
Oshpazlik
Palovsozlik
Kabobpazlik
Nonvoylik;
Qandolatchilik;
Mantipazlik kabilardir.
O‘zbek oshpazligi va pazandaligi san‘atning
boshqa turlari kabi doimo
o‘zgarib takomillashib borgan. Pazandalik fors-tojik tilidan olingan bo‘lib,
―pazidan‖ pishirmoq ya‘ni pishirmoqlik degan ma‘noni anglatadi. Ovqatlanish
odam sihat-salomatligining, uzoq umr ko‘rishi garovi, yaxshi kayfiyatning vositasi,
mehnatga bo‘lgan qobiliyatning omilidir. Pazandachilikning asosini taomlarning
xilma-xil va lazzatli bo‘lishini ta‘minlash, ularni did
bilan dasturxonga tortish
tushuniladi.
O‘zbek pazandaligining taom pishirish usullari 5xil bo‘ladi.
1.Qovurish
2.Qaynatish
3. Bug‘lash
4.Yopib pishirish
5.Murakkab usulda pishirish
Kishining organizmi normal rivojlanishi uchun vitaminlar, oqsil
moddalar,mineral tuzlar, Yog‘lar bilan ta‘minlab turishi shart. Oqsil moddalar-
go‘shtda, donlarda, sabzovotlarda, o‘simliklarda uchraydi. Yog‘lar-o‘simlik va
hayvonlardan olinadi.
Uglevodlar-non, meva, rezavor mevalarda uchraydi.
Mineral tuzlar
tuxumda, nonda, go‘shtda, sabzovotlarda ko‘p bo‘ladi. Baliq tarkibida oqsil,
yog‘, mineral tuzlar vitaminlar mavjud. Tuxum sarig‘ida 30% yog‘, S В
vitaminlar mavjud. Pishloqda yog‘ 33%, oqsil 23% uchraydi. A-vitamini sabzi,
baliq moyi, pomidor, tuxum, ko‘k piyozda bor. Bir
sutkada odam bir stakan
sut ichib turishi kerak. To‘g‘ri ovqatlanish hozirgi vaqtda insoniyat oldiga
qo‘yilgan ulkan vazifalardan biridir.
O c h I q kon ishlari t e X n o L o g I y a s I, m e X a n I z a t s I y a s I va - bet 49

kpt
-cho’m ichda tog’ jinsining yum shatilish koeffitsiyenti;
kl
- q o ’shim cha ishlaming zaboyga ta ’siri koeffitsiyenti;
ip-
bir holatda turganda yoki rotom ing bitta harakat y o ’nalishida
ekskavatom ing cheksiz ishi davom iyligi, s;
t,
-rotom ing harakati y o ’nalishini o ’zgartirish yoki bitta harakat davomiyligi,
s.
B ir ch o ’michli ekskavatorlar uchun zich to g ’ jinslarida soatli unumdorlik
quyidagi formula bilan aniqlanadi:
з
t
„
k„
bunda,
THf -
qazib olinadigan to g ’ jin sig a va ekskavatoming yuklashga
qaratilgan qiyalik burchagiga bog’liq b o ’lgan zaboydagi ekskavatoming ish
jarayoni davom iyligi, s.
n o
*»„>
кР,>
koeffitsiyentlari
kattaliklari
qaziladigan
tog’
jinsi
hususiyaltlariga k o ’ra, cho’mich hajmi va tuzilishiga, mashinist malakasiga va
boshqa hollarga k o ’ra aniqlanadi. Maydalanmagan tog’ jinslari uchun bu
k o ’rsatkichlar asosan tog’ jinsi xususiyatlariga ko’ra aniqlanadi. Yumshatilgan
yarim qoyasim on va qoyasimon tog’ jinslarini qazib olishda
kHt, kp l, kt
k o ’rsatkichlari y ig ’imdagi tog’ jinsi bo’laklihgi va cho’mich o ’lchamlariga mos
b o ’ladi.
T og’ jinsini maydalashning o ’rtacha darajasida nisbiy hisoblar uchun ular
3.5-jadvalga k o ’ra aniqlanishi mumkin.
3.5-jadval-
T o g ’ jin s la ri
Qum, supes, engil gil
1.1-1.18
1- 1.1
0.95
Q o’n g ’ir va tosh k o ’mir,
zich gillar, nimjon glinali
slanestlar, b o ’r
1.15-11.3
0.95-1.1
0.8
Zich
glinali
slanestlar,
mergel,
gilli
sementda
nimjon qumlar
1.25-1.35
0.85-1
0.75
Ohaktosh
sementida
qumlar, nimjon ohaktoshlar
1.3-1.45
0.80-1
0.65
Temir
va
kvarstli
sementdagi qumlar, qattiq
ohaktoshlar va dolomitlar
1.45-1.5
0.75-0.9
0.55
Bir
cho’michli
ekskavatorlaming
ish jarayoni
nisbiy unumdorligi
q o ’shim cha ishlam i bir vaqtda bajarish holatida quyidagi formula bilan
aniqlanadi:
E4p =t*+,*p+,>
>+ /,
(3-12)
bunda,
t
4-qazish davomiyligi, s;
(_ -cho’m ichni b o ’shatish davomiyligi, s;
„ , („, -ekskavator burilishi mos ravishda bo’shatish joyiga va zaboyga
tezligi, s
i l l
qiym atlari tog’ jinsi xususiyatlari, zaboy o ’lchamlari va
ekskavatom ing b o ’shatishga bo’lgan qaytishiga bog’liq. O ’rtacha qazib olish
vaziyatlarida ishchi jarayonning nisbiy hisoblanishi uchun qaytish burchagi 135°
b o ’lganda 3.6-jadvaldan foydalanish mumkin.
k,
qiym ati 0.85-0.9 oralig’ida o ’zgaradi.
3.6- jadval
E k sk a v a
to r la r
Т
ц, qiym ati q azib olishdagi k attalig i (s)
Q u m ,
supes,
engil gil-
tu p r o q
Z ich gillar,
yarim
qoyasim on,
yaxshi
p o rtla til
gan tog’
jin sla ri
O g ’ir gil,
itqitishga
q a ra tilg a n
p o rtla til
g an yarim
qoyali to g ’
jin s la ri
O ’rta c h a
q a ttiq lik-
dagi
p o rtla til
gan qoyali
to g ’ jin s la ri
Q oyali
q a ttiq
qoyasli
to g ’
jin s la ri
EKG-3.2
23.8
25.5
29.8
31.9
34.1
EKG-5
24.2
27.1
31.7
34
36.5
EK G -8I
28.2
30.3
36.2
37.5
40.5
EKG-12.5
32.4
34.7
38.3
41.4
44.1
EKG/4U
32.1
34.8
38.8
41.9
44.5
EKG-6.3U
40.3
43.2
46.4
49.8
53.8
EVG-
35/65M
58.1
61.1
66.1
68.2
71.2
ESh-8/60
50.1
54
59.1
63.6
-
E S h-15/90
56.9
60
63
67.5
-
ESh-
80/100
62.6
65
69
74.5
-
Ekskavatom ing
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O c h I q kon ishlari t e X n o L o g I y a s I, m e X a n I z a t s I y a s I va - bet 118

65m gacha) b o ’lgan gorizontal (yotish burchagi 4-5°) va yotgan quriq iqlimli
shariotlarda yumshoq va zich tog’ jinslarini qazib olishda qo’llaniladi. Konsol
ag’darm a hosil qilgichlardan foydalanishning kerakli holatlari quyidagilar: katta
miqdordagi foydali qazilma zaxiralari, yer ostining va plast ustining uncha
o ’zgarm agan gipsometriyasi (uskunaning ishida kerakli qiyalikni ta’minlashi
uchun), rejadagi karyer konturining bir tekisdagi yuzasi (ishlar frontining
uzunligining birdan o ’zgarishini oldini olish imkonini beruvchi), yaxshi
tekshirilgan va karyer maydonining yaxshi quritilganligi. Konsol ag’darma hosil
qilgich qazib olish pog’onasining ustida yoki ag’darma yonida o ’matiladi.
A g’darm a hosil qilgichda qoplovchi tog’ jinsi bevosita ekskavator yoki qayta
yuklagichdan kelib tushadi.
Konsolli ag’darma hosil qilgichlar bilan texnologik majmualami hisoblash
qazib olish tizimlarining aniq parametrlarida ag’darma hosil qilgichning
o ’lchamlarini aniqlash yoki ag’darma hosil qilgichning aniq o ’lchamlarida
kerakli mumkin bo ’lgan qoplovchi tog’ jinsi pog’onasini aniqlashga asoslangan.
Bu masalalami ishlashda qoplovchi tog’ jinsi zaxodkai hajmi front uzunligi
birligiga ag ’darma kirigichining maksimal hajmidan oshmasligi kerak. Hisoblar
oddiy b o ’lgan va karyer maydonining nisbatan qiyin uchastkalari uchun
o ’tkaziladi. A g’darm a hosil qilgichning oxirgi ko’rinishli turi texnik-iqtisodiy
hisoblar asosida tanlanadi.
A g ’darm a hosil qilgichning ag’darma kosolining chiqish uzunligi (m)
quyidagi formula bilan aniqlanadi (rasm. 8. 10):
Ap+ mctga„ + П + H^ctgP^
^
Bunda, ^ '- k o n s o l ostidagi foydali qazilma zaxiralari chizig’i kengligi, m;
P - transport chizig’ining kenligi, m.
A g’darm a hosil qilgich bazasining kengligi:
Kartoshka kroketi - Pazandachilik asoslari

52
Kartoshka kotleti 2 donadan laklangan yelim qopchiqda yoki 6 donadan
qog‘oz qutiga solib keltiriladi. Ishlovda muzidan tushirilmagan holda qizib turgan
yog‘da 2 tomonida qobiq hosil bo‘lguncha qovuriladi.
Kartoshka va sabzavotlardan tayyorlanadigan taomlarning aksariyati dimlab
pishiriladi. Ularni pishirishda issiq ishlov berish qoidalariga qat‘iy rioya qilish
asosiy mezondir. Issiq ishlov berish natijasida taom tarkibidagi vitaminlar, mineral
moddalar, xushxo‘rlik beruvchi masalliqlar va boshqa oziqaviy mahsulotlar yaxshi
saqlanib qoladi. Bunday taomlarni dasturxonga tortishda ko‘kat va qo‘shimcha
garnir sifatida beriladigan yangi yoki tuzlangan savzavotlarning ham uziga xos
ahamiyati bor. Kartoshka va sabzavotlar go‘sht bilan qo‘shib pishirilgan taomlar
kundalik isie‘molda ko‘p ishlatiladi. Bu taomlar jarkoplar deb nomlanib, ularning
bir necha turlarini quyida ko‘rib o‘tamiz.
Yorma, dukkakli mahsulotlardan pishiriladigan aksariyat quyuq taomlarga
go‘sht mahsulotlari qo‘shiladi. Bunday taomlardan biz quyida palov, shovla,
moshkichiri, no‘xat, sho‘rak va hokazolar bilan tanishamiz. Ko‘p tarqalgan go‘shtli
quyuq taomlardan biri kabob bo‘lib, qo‘y, mol, parranda go‘shtlari, jigardan o‘ziga
xos usulda pishirilib, dasturxonga tortilishi mumkin. Ulardan ba‘zilarini biz quyida
ko‘rib chiqamiz.
Kartoshka biyron. Qozondagi dog‘langan o‘simlik yog‘iga boshpiyoz (halqa-
halqa to‘qralgan) solib chala qovuriladi, ustiga sovuq ishlovdan o‘tkazib, parrak-
parrak qilib kesilgan kartoshka solib, u ham 5-8 minut qovuriladi, keyin ozgina suv
solib, usti berkitilib, past haroratli olovda dimlab pishiriladi. Tayyor taom o‘rtacha
kattalikdagi taqsimchaga uyib solinib, ko‘kat, pomidor yoki bodring bilan bezab,
dasturxonga tortiladi. Piyoz 131 g, kartoshka 251 g, o‘simlik yog‘i 30 g, suv 24 g.
Sof og'irligi 300 g.
Newton’s Laws of Motion - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

Nonlocality: The rather spooky ability of objects in quantum theory to apparently instantaneously know about each other’s quantum state, even when separated by large distances, in apparent contravention of the principle of locality (the idea that distant objects cannot have direct influence on one another, and that an object is influenced directly only by its immediate surroundings).
Transkripsiyadan keyin RNKning yetilishi

92
poliadenillash esa yoki yadroda, yoki sitoplazmada bo‘ladi. Riboza 2
1
-
gidroksil guruhini va AMF N
6
- atomlarini metillanishi mRNK
molekulasi sitoplazmaga o‘tgandan keyin sodir bo‘ladi. «Kep» mRNK
molekulasidagi tegishli nishdan himoya qilishi mumkin.
Jarayon asosan yadroda sodir bo‘ladi, lekin ko‘pchilik hollarda RNK
yadrodan sitoplazmaga o‘tganda u yerda davom etishi mumkin.
Barcha yetilgan RNKlar yadrodan sitoplazmaga oqsillar bilan
kompleks holatida transportlanadi. Oqsillar ularni parchalanishdan
saqlaydi va o‘tkazilishini yengillashtiradi.
Hawking Radiation - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

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Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi
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bet | 41/69 | Sana | 19.03.2017 | Hajmi | 172,07 Kb. | | #410 |
Hawking Radiation:
Random and featureless sub-atomic particles and thermal radiation predicted to be emitted by black holes due to quantum effects. Over long periods of time, as a black hole loses morematter through radiation than it gains through other means, it is therefore expected to dissipate, shrink and ultimately vanish.
Horizon:
The horizon of the universe is much like the horizon on Earth: it is the furthest that can be seen from a particular position. Because light has a finite speed and the universe has a finite age, we can only see objects whose light has had time to reach us since the Big Bang, so that the observable universe can be thought of as a bubble centred on the Earth.
Hubble’s Law:
Formulated by Edwin Hubble in 1929, the law states that the redshift in light coming from distantgalaxies is proportional to their distance, so that every galaxy appears to be rushing away from us (or from any other point in the universe) with a speed that is directly proportionate to its distance from us. It is considered the first observational basis for an expanding universe (or the metric expansion of space), and the most often cited evidence in support of the Big Bang theory, and arguably one of the most important cosmological discoveries ever made.
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Xavfsizlik texnikasi qoidalari

36
3.Sovitgichga issiq ovqat qo‘ymaslik.
4.Oshxona asboblarining to‘liq bo‘lishini ta‘minlash.
5.Oshxona pichoqlaridan ehtiyotkorlik bilan foydalanish.
6.Oshxona jihozlarini va buyumlarini o‘ta ehtiyotkorlik bilan saqlash
qoidalarini bilish.
7.Oziq ovqat mahsulotlarini saqlashga e‘tibor berish.
8.Xonani shamollatib turish lozim.
9.Qaynab turgan qozondan ehtiyot bo‘lish.
10.Shisha idishlarga birdaniga qaynoq suv solmaslik.
Sanitariya gigiyena qoidalari.
1.Oshxona tozaligiga e‘tibor berish.
2.Xonaga yorug‘lik yaxshi tushishi.
3.Idishlarni shkafda saqlash.
4. Ro‘mol va ish fartugida ishlash.
5.Oziq – ovqat mahsulotlarini urinib, chirib qolishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik.
6.Qozon va idishlarni o‘z vaqtida yuvish.
7.Sut mahsulotlarni toza saqlash.
8.Qo‘lni tez-tez tozalab yuvish.
9.Ovqat tayyorlashda tozalikka rioya qilish.
10.Chiqindilarni ko‘p vaqt saqlamaslik.
Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash.
1.Taom pishirish usullari nimalardan iborat?
2.Sabzovotlarning odam organizmidagi ahamiyati.
3.Oshxonada qanday ishlar bajariladi?
4.Ovqat tayyorlanadigan idishlar qanday saqlanadi?
Darsni yakunlash:
1.Uyga vazifani berish. 2. Ish o‘rnini yig‘ishtirish, xayrlashish.
3-4-Mavzu: O’zbek milliy oshxonasining o’ziga xos xusisiyatlari va
rivojlanishi. Oshxonada ishlaganda shaxsiy gigiyena qoidalari. Amaliy
Oqsil biosintezi (translyatsiya)

93
aminokislotalarga spetsifik bo‘lgan minimum 20 turli tRNK; kamida
20ta turli aminoatsil-tRNK-sintetazalar; ribosomalar (aniqrog‘i 4-12
monoribosoma va ularga birikkan mRNKdan iborat polisomalar); ATF
va ATFni generatsiyalovchi fermentlar sistemasi; ribosomada oqsil
sintezini initsiatsiya va elongatsiya bosqichlarida ishtirok etuvchi GTF;
0,005-0,008 M eritmali Mg
+2
ionlari; oqsil strukturasi haqida axborot
saqlovchi mRNK; translyatsiyani turli bosqichlarida qatnashuvchi oqsil
omillarini oladi.
Ribosomalar - Biokimyo pmd

94
molekula rRNKni katta subbirlikda va 16 S rRNKni kichik subbirlikda
saqlaydi. Ribosomal oqsillar nafaqat ajratilgan, balki sekvenirlangan
hamdir. Molekulyar og‘irligini turliligi bilan farqlanadi (6000 dan 75000
gacha). Barcha 55 bakterial ribosomal oqsillar polipeptid sintezida
ferment yoki uni komponentlari sifatida qatnashadilar, lekin ularning
ko‘pchiligini bajaradigan vazifasi aniqlanmagan. 23 S va 5 S RNKlar
3200 va 120 tadan nukleotid saqlaydi, 16 S RNKda esa 1540 nukleotid
mavjuddir. Eukariot hujayra ribosoma subbirliklari tuzilishi juda
murakkab, ular tarkibida 4 xil rRNK va 70 xildan ortiq oqsillar ikkala
subbirligida bo‘lib, katta subbirlik (60 S) 3 ta turli rRNKlar saqlaydi:
28 S (4700 nukleotid), 5,8 S (160 nukleotid) va 5 S (120 nukleotid),
hamda 49 xil oqsil bo‘ladi. Kichik subbirlik (40 S) faqat 1ta molekula
18 S rRNK va 33 ga yaqin oqsil saqlaydi. Eukariotik ribosomalar tarkibiy
qismlari biologik vazifalari polipeptid zanjir sintezi bilan bog‘liq bo‘lib,
lekin ularni aniq vazifalari yetarli darajada yoritilmagan.
Ma’lumki, yadroda DNK yuzasida sintezlanuvchi umumiy bo‘lgan
barcha tur RNKlar o‘tmishdoshidan rRNK hosil bo‘ladi. Ribosomal
oqsillar sitoplazmada hosil bo‘lib, keyin yadrogacha o‘tkaziladi, u yerda
ribosomal bo‘lakchalar oqsillar va tegishli rRNKlarni o‘z-o‘zidan
birikishi natijasida hosil bo‘ladi. Birlashgan subbirliklar birgalikda yoki
alohida yadro membranasi teshiklari orqali sitoplazmaga o‘tkaziladi.
U yerda oqsil sintezida bevosita ishtirok etadigan ribosomalar mRNK
bilan polisoma yoki poliribosoma hosil qiladi.
General Theory of Relativity - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

General Theory of Relativity:
Sometimes known as the Theory of General Relativity, this wasAlbert Einstein’s refinement (published in 1916) of his earlierSpecial Theory of Relativity and Sir Isaac Newton’s much earlierLaw of Universal Gravitation. The theory holds that acceleration and gravity are indistinguishable - the Principle of Equivalence - and describes gravity as a property of the geometry (more specifically a warpage) of space-time. Among other things, the theory predicts the existence of black holes, an expanding universe, time dilation, length contraction, gravitational light bending and the curvature of space-time. Although classical physics can be considered a good approximation for everyday purposes, the predictions of general relativity differ significantly from those of classical physics. They have become generally accepted in modern physics, however, and have been confirmed by all observations and experiments to date.
Geodesic:
The shortest path between two points in curved space. It originally meant the shortest route between two points on the Earth's surface (namely a segment of a great circle) but, since its application in general relativity, it has come to mean the generalization of the notion of a straight line as applied to all curved spaces. In non-curved three-dimensional space, the geodesic is a straight line. In general relativity, a free falling body (on which only gravitational forces are acting) follows a geodesic in curved four-dimensional space-time.
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-rasm - Biokimyo pmd

102
5. Polipeptid zanjirning o‘ralishi va protsessing.
Polipeptid o‘zining nativ biologik shaklini egallashi uchun ma’lum
fazoviy konfiguratsiyaga ega bo‘lib o‘ralishi kerak. O‘ralishdan oldin
yoki keyin yangi sintezlangan polipeptid fermentlar ta’sirida sodir
bo‘ladigan protsessinga (yetilishga) uchraydi. Bu vaqtda
initsiatsiyalovchi aminokislotalar, ortiqcha aminokislota qoldiqlari
ajratiladi, ba’zi aminokislotalarga fosfat, metil, karboksil va boshqa
guruh qoldiqlari, shuningdek, oligosaxaridlar yoki prostetik gruppalar
biriktiriladi.
MЕTАLL ELЕKTRОDLАRNING ERITMАDАGI IОNLАRI

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MЕTАLL ELЕKTRОDLАRNING ERITMАDАGI IОNLАRI
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bet | 34/57 | Sana | 18.05.2024 | Hajmi | 2,23 Mb. | | #243160 |
Bog'liq 3-MA’RUZAMЕTАLL ELЕKTRОDLАRNING ERITMАDАGI IОNLАRI
Mеtаll elеktrоdlаrning eritmаdаgi iоnlаr kоnsеntrаtsiyasi оshsа, kuchlаnish kаmаyadi, nаtijаdа mеtаllmаs elеktrоdlаrning kuchlаnishi оrtаdi. Mеtаll iоnlаr kоnsеntrаtsiyasi 1 mоl/l gа tеng bo`lmаsа, gаlvаnik elеmеntdаgi hаr qаysi elеktrоdning pоtеnsiаlini аniqlаsh uchun Nеrnst tеnglаmаsidаn fоydаlаnilаdi.
E=E0 -0053/n
Eritmаdаgi iоnlаr kоnsеntrаtsiyasini o`zgаrtirish elеktrоd kuchlаnish qiymаtini o`zgаrtirаdi. Shu аsоsidа, hаr xil kоnsеntrаtsiyali bittа tuz eritmаsigа bir xil elеktrоdlаrni tushirib, kоnsеntrаtsiоn gаlvаnik
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elеmеnt hоsil qilish mumkin. Mаsаlаn, ikkitа Cd plаstinkаni Cd iоnlаri kоnsеntrаtsiyasi 0,1 n vа 0,001 bo`lgаn Cd2+ li eritmаlаrgа tushirib, ulаr bir-birigа ulаnsа, kоnsеntrаtsiоn elеmеnt vujudgа kеlаdi:
Аnоd(-)Cd/ CdSO4 c=0,001 n //CdSO4/Cd c=0,1 n (+) kаtоd
Uning E Yu K = Е1-Е2=-0,40-(-0,49)=0,09 v gа tеng
Kоnsеntrаtsiоn gаlvаnik elеmеntning E.Yu.K. kichik bo`lgаnligidаn, ulаr аyrim qiyin eriydigаn tuzlаrning iоnlаr kоnsеntrаtsiyasini аniqlаshdа ishlаtilаdi.
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QUTBLАNISH VА QUTBSIZLАNISH HОDISАLАRI
Hаr qаndаy gаlvаnik elеmеnt ishlаgаndа, uning E Yu K kаmаyadi. Gаlvаnik elеmеntlаrdаgi elеktrоnlаr hаrаkаti nаtijаsidа E.Yu.K. ning kаmаyishi gаlvаnik elеmеntning qutblаnishi dеyilаdi.
E Yu K kаmаyishi jarayoni elеktrоdlаr sirtining vа elеktrоdlаr оrаsidаgi elеktrоlit kоnsеntrаtsiyasining o`zgаrishi nаtijаsidir. Mаsаlаn, elеktrоlit eritmа sifаtidа NaCI tuzi tеmir аnоd vа grаfit kаtоd yuzаsidаgi gаzli vоdоrоd elеktrоdli gаlvаnik elеmеntdа qutblаnishi
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hоdisаsini ko`rib chiqаylik. Bu gаlvаnik elеmеntning sxеmаsi quyidаgichаdir.
Аnоd /-/ Fe2+ / Fe // H+/ H2 /+/ kаtоd
/-/ АnоddаFe0- 2e-=Fe2+
/+/ Kаtоddа 2H++2е-=H2
EYuK =Е02H+/H2— ЕFe2+/Fe
Elеmеntning ishlаsh jarayonidа аnоd elеktrоddаgi qo`sh elеktr qаvаtdа Fe2+iоnlаr kоnsеntrаtsiyasi оrtаdi vа eritmаgа iоnlаrni o`tishi qiyinlаshаdi, bu esа tаshqi zаnjir оrqаli o`tаdigаn elеktrоnlаr sоnini ko`pаytirаdi, nаtijаdа аnоd elеktrоdining pоtеnsiаli kаmаyadi. Bu jarayon аnоddаgi qutblаnish dеyilаdi.
Bir vаqtning o`zidа kаtоd elеktrоddаgi qo`sh elеktrоn qаvtidа H+ iоnlаr kоnsеntrаtsiyasi vа tаshqi zаnjir оrqаli kаtоd elеktrоdgа o`tаyotgаn elеktrоnlаrning iоnlаr bilаn birikishi susаyadi, nаtijаdа elеktrоnlаr to`plаnib qоlаdi. Kаtоd elеktrоd pоtеnsiаli оrtаdi vа kаtоddаgi qutblаnish jarayoni hоsil bo`lаdi.
Qutblаnish kаmаyishi jarayonigа qutbsizlаnish dеyilаdi. Eritmаdа H+ vа О2 kоnsеntrаtsiyasi оrtishi bilаn kаtоddаgi qutblаnish kаmаyadi. Оddiy shаrоitdа О2 mоlеkulаsini eritmаdа оshirishgа hаvоni suvdа eritish nаtijаsidа erishilаdi.
Dеmаk, оksidlоvchilаr - О2, H+ iоni kаtоdli qutblаnishni qutbsizlаntiruvchilаr hisоblаnаdi.
Аnоdli qutblаnishni qutbsizlаntiruvchilаri аniоn mаsаlаn /CI-,OH-vа h.k. lаrdir.
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Nеrnst tеnglаmаsi - 3-ma’ruza mavzu: Eritmalarni xosil bo‘lishi va ularning konsentratsiyalari. Eritmalarni xossallari....

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3-ma’ruza mavzu: Eritmalarni xosil bo‘lishi va ularning konsentratsiyalari. Eritmalarni xossallari. Kislota asos va tuzlarning dissosiyalanish nazariyalari. Suvning ion ko‘paytmasi. Tuzlarning gidrolizi pH
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bet | 37/57 | Sana | 18.05.2024 | Hajmi | 2,23 Mb. | | #243160 |
Bog'liq 3-MA’RUZANеrnst tеnglаmаsi
Vоdоrоd elеktrоd uchun Nеrist tеnglаmаsini 298K dа kuiydаgichа yozish mumkin:
Е=Е0+ ЕN+/N2 =
Bu еrdа : Rn2 –vоdоrоd pаrtsiаl bоsimi, а2n+ -elеktrоlitdаgi N+ iоnning аktivligi.
Аlохidа оlingаn elеktrоdning pоtеntsiаli аbsоlyut pоtеntsiаl dеyilаdi. Lеkin uni ulchаsh judа kiyin. SHuning uchun аmаldа nisbiy elеktrоd pоtеntsiаli bilаn ish kurilаdi. Buning uchun sоlishtirilаyotgаn elеktrоdlаrning birini аbsоlyut pоtеntsiаli nоlgа tеng dеb kаbul kilngаn.
Elеktrоdning stаndаrt pоtеntsiаli (Еº) dеb , аktiv iоnlаr kоntsеntrаsiyasini 1 mоl/l gа tеng bulgаn, 25 º S dа uz tuzi eritmаsigа tushirilgаn elеktrоd pоtеntsiаli bilаn stаndаrt vоdоrоd elеktrоd pоtеntsiаli оrаsidаgi аyirmаgа аytilаdi.
Mеtаllаrning kuchlаnish qаtоri
Stаndаrt elеktrоd pоtеntsiаl kiymаtini аniklаsh uchun gаlvаnik elеmеnt tuzilаdi. Bu gаlvаnik elеmеntdа stаndаrt vоdоrоd elеktrоd, ikkinchi elеktrоd sifаtidа pоtеntsiаl kiymаti аniklаnishi kеrаk bulgаn mеtаll plаstinkа оlinаdi mаsаlаn, ruхning nоrmаl pоtеntsiаlini аniklаshdа аktiv ruх iоnlаri kоntsеntrаtsiyasi 1 mоl/l gа tеng bulgаn ZnSO4 ning 1M eritmаsigа tushirilgаn ruхli elеktrоd stаndаrt vоdоrоd elеktrоdi bilаn tutаshtirilаdi.
Х оsil kilingаn gаlvаnik elеmеntning elеktr yurituvchi kuchi ulchаnib, Е=Е1-Е2 fоrmulа аsоsidа ruхning stаndаrt elеktrоd pоtеntsiаli tоpilаdi.Dеmаk, gаlvаnik elеmеntdа ruх elеktrоd pоtеntsiаli bilаn stаndаrt vоdоrоd pоtеntsiаllаrining аyirmаsi 0,766 V gа tеng. Ruх elеktrоd mаnfiy bulgаni uchun undаgi elеktrоnlаr tаshki zаnjir оrkаli vоdоrоd elеktrоdgа utаdi. Mеtаllаrning stаndаrt elеktrоd pоtеntsiаli ulаrdаgi mеtаll iоni bilаn vаlеnt elеktrоnlаr оrаsidаgi bоglаnishning mustахkаmligini ifоdаlаydi. Stаndаrt elеktrоd pоtеntsiаl kiymаti kаnchа kichik bulsа, bu bоglаnish shunchа kuchsiz bulib, mеtаll аtоmi uz elеktrоnini shunchа оsоn yukоtаdi , ya`ni uning kimyoviy аktivligi yukоri bulаdi. Kimyoviy аktivligigа kаrаb mеtаllаr kuchlаnish kаtоrigа jоylаshаdi.
Mеtаllаrning kuchlаnishlаr kаtоridаn kuyidаgi хulоsаlаr kеlib chikаdi.Хаr bir mеtаll аktivlik kаtоridа uzidаn kеyingi mеtаllni uning tuzidаn sikib chikаrаdi.
Vоdоrоdni kislоtаlаrdаn stаndаrt elеktrоd pоtеntsiаllаri mаnfiy kiymаtgа egа bulgаn mеtаllаr sikib chikаrаdi.
Mеtаllаrninng stаndаrt elеktrоd pоtеntsiаlini musbаt kiymаti kаnchа kаttа bulsа, uning iоni shunchа kuchli оksidlоvchilik хоssаsigа egа bulаdi.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
3-ma’ruza mavzu: Eritmalarni xosil bo‘lishi va ularning konsentratsiyalari. Eritmalarni xossallari. Kislota asos va tuzlarning dissosiyalanish nazariyalari. Suvning ion ko‘paytmasi. Tuzlarning gidrolizi pH
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O c h I q kon ishlari t e X n o L o g I y a s I, m e X a n I z a t s I y a s I va - bet 48

Texnik unumdorlik
- muayyan kon holatlarida ekskavatoming cheksiz
ishidagi uning bir soatdagi maksim al unumdorligi. Texnik unumdorlik
ekskavatom ing tuzilishiga, qazib olinadigan to g ’ jinsiga, cho’michni to ’1 ish
koeffitsiyentiga, to g ’ jinsini yum shatilganlik koeffitsiyentiga, zaboy o ’lchamlari
va b o ’shatish holatlariga (ag’darm aga b o ’shatsh yoki transport vositalariga
b o ’shatish) bog’liq. Zaboyning o ’lcham lari q o ’shim cha ishlarga o ’z ta ’sirini
k o ’rsatadi (bir cho’michli ekskavatorlar uchun gabaritmasni olish va siljitish,
rotorli ekskavatorlam i siljitish va boshqalar).
Z ich to g ’ jinsida soatli texnik unum dorlik k o ’pcho’michli ekskavatorlar
uchun quyidagi formula b o ’yicha aniqlanadi:
(З.Ю)
bunda,
-ekskavastiya koeffitsiyenti;
k"K
-cho’michni to ’ldirish koeffitsiyenti;
Thorlabs Slit Beam Profiler Application bp1 vxipnp Instrument Driver Readme

Thorlabs Slit Beam Profiler Application - BP1 VXIpnp Instrument Driver - Readme
The Thorlabs Slit Beam Profiler Application is used to operate Thorlabs BP104/BP109 Beam Profiler Instruments.
The BP1 instrument driver module provides programming support for Thorlabs BP104/BP109 series instruments. The driver installs to into your system's VXIpnp directory. This is typically 'C:\Program Files\IVI Foundation\VISA\WinNT' or '\C:\VXIPNP\WinNT'. The instrument driver package was created with National Instruments LabWindows/CVI 9.1.0. The LabVIEW version of this driver was generated with LabVIEW Interface Generator for LabWindows/CVI Instrument Drivers 1.2 in conjunction with LabVIEW 8.5. The .NET managed library was generated by the National Instruments Measurement Studio plug-in for Visual Studio.NET 2005.
Note:
This software comes with additional software packages:
- NI VISA runtime engine (http://www.ni.com/visa)
- Ni LW/CVI runtime engine (http://www.ni.com/cvi)
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Magnetic Field - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi
Magnetic Field: The field of force that surrounds a magnet (in the same way as an electric field is the field of force that surrounds an electric charge). Together, the magnetic and electric fields make up the electromagnetic field which underlies light and other electromagnetic waves, and changes in either field will induce changes in the other, as indicated by James Clerk Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism. Magnetic Monopole: A hypothetical particle that is a magnet with only one pole, and which therefore has a net magnetic charge. Although the existence of monopoles is indicated by both classical theory and quantum theory (and predicted by recent string theories and grand unified theories), there is still no observational evidence for their physical existence. Mass: A measure of the amount of matter in a body. It can also be seen as a measure of a body’s inertia or resistence to change in motion, or the degree of acceleration a body acquires when subject to a force (bodies with greater mass are accelerated less by the same force and have greater inertia). Mass is often confused with weight, which is the strength of the gravitational pull on the object (and therefore how heavy it is in a particular gravitational situation), although, in everyday situations, the weight of an object is proportional to its mass. Download 172,07 Kb.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar Bosh sahifa Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi
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Fermentlar tuzilishi - Biokimyo pmd

114
Oddiy va murakkab fermentlarning uchlamchi qurilishida ma’lum
bir funksiyani bajaruvchi maxsus markazlar mavjud.
Murakkab fermentlarning faol markaziga kofaktor kiradi. Oligomer
fermentlarda faol markazlar soni subbirliklar soniga teng,
yoki ikkita
subbirliklar faol markazni hosil qilishi mumkin. Ba’zi fermentlarda faol
markazdan tashqari regulyator – allosterik markaz bo‘lishi mumkin.
Bu markaz modifikatorlar bilan birikadi. Modifikatorlar ferment
faolligini oshirishi (effektorlar) yoki susaytirishi (ingibitorlar) bo‘lishi
mumkin.
Faol markazda kontakt – ya’ni substrat bilan birikuvchi, katalitik –
fermentativ reaksiyani katalizlaydigan joy mavjud (36 rasm). Aktiv
markaz polipeptid zanjirlarning turli joylaridan o‘rin olgan 12-16
aminokislota qoldiqlaridan hosil bo‘ladi. Polipeptid
zanjirining boshqa
aminokislota qoldiqlari faol markazni to‘g‘ri fazoviy joylashishini va
reaksion holatini belgilaydi. Oddiy fermentlarda faol markazning
kontakt va katalitik joylari aminokislotalarning funksional faol
guruhlaridan hosil bo‘ladi, murakkab
fermentlarda asosiy vazifani
kofaktorlar bajaradi.
Fermentativ katalizda quyidagi funksional faol guruhlar ishtirok
etadi: dikarbon aminokislotalarning COOH va peptid zanjirining C –
uchlarining COOH guruhlari; lizinning NH
+
2
guruhi
va polipeptid
zanjirining N – uchi NH
3
guruhi; argininnig guanidin; triptofanning
indol; gistidinning imidazol, serin va treoninning OH;
oltingugurt
tutuvchi aminokislotalarning SH-guruhlari, tirozinni fenol guruhlari
ishtirok etadi.
Kofaktorlar apoferment bilan birikishiga qarab 2 guruhga bo‘linadi:
Prostetik gruppa – bunda kofaktor apoferment bilan kovalent
bog‘lanadi.
Koferment – bunda kofaktor apoferment bilan nokovalent bog‘lanadi
va tez dissotsiatsiyalanadi (37-rasm).
Kofaktorlar strukturasiga ko‘ra vitaminli va vitamin bo‘lmagan
kofaktorlarga bo‘linadi. Vitaminli koferment tiaminli (TMF, TDF, TTF),
flavinli (FAD, FMN), pantotenatli (KoA, defosfo-KoA, 1-
fosfopantotenat), nikotinamidli (NAD, NADF), piridoksinli (PALF,
PAMF), flavinli (TGFK), kobamidli (metilkobalamin,
dezoksimetilkobalamin), biotinli (karboksibiotin), lipoil (lipoamid),
xinonli (ubixinon, plastoxinon) va karnitinli (karnitin)larga bo‘linadi.
Vitamin bo‘lmagan kofermentlar o‘z navbatida nukleotidli (UDFGK),
fosfomonosaharidli (glyukozo-1,6-difosfat, 2,3-difosfoglitserat),
metalloporfirinli (gemlar, xlorofillar) va peptidliga (glutation) bo‘linadi.