nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Urbanizatsiya, ekologiya va salomatlik, urbanizatsiyaning tarixi - bet 3

|
Urbanizatsiya, ekologiya va salomatlik, urbanizatsiyaning tarixi
|
bet | 3/4 | Sana | 13.02.2024 | Hajmi | 1,47 Mb. | | #155629 |
Bog'liq 2 5399973595696869646 (копия)Moskva shahrining o’zida shovqin balandligidan zarar yiliga 300 mln rublni tashkil qiladi. Shovqinli sharoitda ishlagan ishchilarda oshqozon shilliq qavatining yallig’lanishi va 12 barmoqli ichakda yaraning ochilishi kuzatiladi.
L.N.Malisheva dalillariga qaraganda informatsiyalarni (xabarlarni) kompyuter sistemasida 64—77 dBa darajasidagi shovqinlar ta’sirida yurak qon tomir va markaziy nerv sistemalarida funksional o’zgarishlarni kuzatgan. Shuning uchun ham shovqinning ta’sirini, uning ta’sir etish mexanizmlari e’tibor berib o’rganilmoqda.
Shovqinning o’lchov birligi ikki olim nomi bilan bog’langan. Birini ismi Aleksand; Greyama Bella. U birinchi bo’lib telefonii yaratgan. Ikkinchisi Genrix Gers nemis fizigi. Belada yoki belani o’ndan biri detsibelada nisbiy shovqin balandligi(kuchi) o’lchansa, Gersda shovqinni takrorlanishi o’lchanadi. Amaliyotda shovqinning katgalik darajasi detsibelda o‘lchanadi.
Urbanizatsiya va mikroorganizmlar muammosi
Urbanizatsiyalashgan shaharlarda ochiq suv havzalarini patogen kasal chaqiruvchi miIqyublap bilan ifloslanish xavfi tobora ortib boradi. Bu, o’z navbatida,, ochiq suv havzalarini markazlashtirilgan vodoprovod orqali suv tarqatish manbai sifatida foydalanish mumkin bo’lmay qoladi.
vodoprovod tozalash inshootlaridagi jarayonlar suvni virus va mikroblardan to’la-to’kis 100% ozod qilolmaydi. Ayniqsa, ochiq suv havzalariga to’planadigan chiqindi suvlar, tozalash inshootlaridan tozalanib chiqqandan so’ng ham patogen mikroblarini ushlashi va aholiga xavf tug’dirishi mumkin.
Urbanlashgan shaharlardagi ekologik faktorlarning odam organizmiga ta’siri oqibatida ham makroorganizmlar o’zgaradilar. Ayniqsa, inson organizmini mikroorganizmlar ta’siriga chidamsiz bo’lib qolishi va miqroorganizmlarni patogenligini kuchayishi kasallik tarqatishning asosiy sababi bo’lib qolmoqda.
Urbanlashgan shaharlarda, shifoxona ichki infeksiyasini tarqalish jarayonlari aholining bir-biri bilan yaqindan muloqotda bo‘lishi, bir tomondan, ikkinchidan, urbanizatsiya jarayonlarida quvvatsizlanib qolgan kishilarning yuqumli infeksiyalar ta’siriga chidamsizligi oqibatida ular orasida yuqumli kasallikning tarqalishiga imkon tug’iladi.
Urbanlashgan shaharlarning bu boradagi muommalarini hal etishda shifoxonalardagi infeksiyalarga qarshi kurash, operatsiya jarayonlarini aseptika va antiseptika qonun-qoidalari asosida o’tkazish, shifoxonalarda keng ko’lamda profilaktika ishlarini olib borish, ayniqsa, dezinfeksiya jarayonlarini sifatli o’tkazish katta ahamiyat kasb etadi.
|
| |
-misol - Kompleks sonlar haqida asosiy tushunchalar Kompleks sonlar tushunchasi

Yechilishi: (7)
Kompleks sonlar haqida asosiy tushunchalar Kompleks sonlar tushunchasi
Download
471,5 Kb.
bet
18/33
Sana
31.12.2019
Hajmi
471,5 Kb.
#7070
1
...
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
...
33
Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
Yechilishi: (7)
3-misol.
va
lar berilgan bo’lsin.
nisbatni toping.
Yechilishi: (7)
formuladan
foydalanib
, trigonometrik shakldagi kompleks sonlar nisbatini topamiz:
Download
471,5 Kb.
1
...
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
...
33
Download
471,5 Kb.
Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Dərs
Mühazirə
Qaydalar
Referat
Xülasə
Yazı
Kompleks sonlar haqida asosiy tushunchalar Kompleks sonlar tushunchasi
Download
471,5 Kb.
Ishonchlilik - 1-mavzu: Sifat tushunchasining mohiyati, sifat sohasidagi asosiy tushunchalar. Fanning predmeti,...

|
1-mavzu: Sifat tushunchasining mohiyati, sifat sohasidagi asosiy tushunchalar. Fanning predmeti, maqsadi va vazifalari Reja
|
bet | 42/102 | Sana | 14.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,19 Mb. | | #118418 |
Bog'liq Ma\'ruza 1 2Ishonchlilik – xodimlarning o‘ziga nisbatan ishonch uyg‘ota olish qobiliyati. O‘zaro ishonch munosabatlari yuzaga kelishi uchun iste’molchilar ko‘proq ishonadigan tashqi belgilarga e’tibor berish juda muhimdir. Mehmonxona xolli, nomerlari, restoranining yaxshi tashkil etilgan intereri, xonalar, yo‘laklarning tozaligi, seriltifot xizmatchilarning orasta ko‘rinishi – bularning barchasi xizmat ko‘rsatish sifatining tashqi mezonlari bo‘lib, mijozlar muayyan korxonada hamma narsa joyidaligi va unga ishonish mumkinligi haqida shularga qarab xulosa chiqaradi.
Tezkorlik – xizmat ko‘rsatuvchi xodimlar bilan aloqa bog‘lashning osonligi. Misol uchun, agar mehmon nomerga choparni chaqirgan bo‘lsa, u bir necha soat ichida emas, balki sanoqli daqiqalarda yetib kelishi lozim.
Kommunikativlik – mijozlarga zarur axborotni o‘z vaqtida va ularning qo‘shimcha talabisiz taqdim etish hisobiga xodimlar bilan mijozlar o‘rtasida anglashilmovchiliklar chiqishini istisno qiladigan xizmat ko‘rsatishni ta’minlash.
Seriltifotlik – mijozga alohida e’tibor berish va unga individual xizmat ko‘rsatish. Har bir mijozning o‘z muayyan ehtiyojlari bo‘ladi. Mijoz korxonaga sodiq qolishini ta’minlash uchun xizmatlar ko‘rsatish chog‘ida muayyan mijoz mehmonxona uchun alohida ahamiyatga ega ekanligi, uning individual ehtiyojlari hisobga olinishini ko‘rsatish lozim.
Xizmatlar sifatini ko‘rib chiqishda «talabga javob beradi – javob bermaydi», «talab darajasidan yuqori – past», «yaxshi – yomon», «talabni qondiradi - qondirmaydi» kabi nostandart ta’riflar ko‘p qo‘llaniladi. Misol uchun: «Mahalliy mehmonxonalarda xizmat ko‘rsatishning sifati xalqaro standartlar talabiga javob bermaydi», «Do‘stlik» mehmonxonasida xizmat ko‘rsatish darajasi uch yulduzli mehmonxonadagi xizmat ko‘rsatish darajasidan past», «Kichik shaharlardagi mehmonxonalarda ko‘rsatiladigan xizmatlar sifatini «qoniqarsiz» deb baholash mumkin». Xizmatlar sifatiga nisbatan nostandart atamalarning keng tarqalganligi o‘rinlidir, chunki bu mehmondo‘stlik korxonalari faoliyati sifat xususiyatlarining rang-barangligini ko‘rsatish imkonini beradi.
|
|
Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
1-mavzu: Sifat tushunchasining mohiyati, sifat sohasidagi asosiy tushunchalar. Fanning predmeti, maqsadi va vazifalari Reja
|
Bali bomber to face firing squad

Bali bomber to face firing squad
Level 1 Elementary
©Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2003
Taken from the News section in
www.onestopenglish.com
5
Prepositions
Fill the gaps using an appropriate preposition(s):
1. He smiled ________ the judges.
2. He was sentenced ________ death.
3. Then he was led ________ the courtroom.
4. People weren’t surprised ________ his actions.
5. He was found guilty ________ buying the chemicals.
6. He helped with the preparations ________ the attack.
7. The judges called his actions crimes ________ humanity.
8. He said his actions were justified ________ his religion.
# ping gw.exampleX.com   # ping test.exampleX.com

|
# ping gw.exampleX.com # ping test.exampleX.com
|
bet | 3/3 | Sana | 11.12.2023 | Hajmi | 65,88 Kb. | | #116285 |
Bog'liq 7-amaliy mashg\'ulot# ping gw.exampleX.com # ping test.exampleX.com # dig ya.ru
# nslookup ya.ru 127.0.0.1
# rndc status
# systemctl status bind9 # netstat -lnp | grep :53
19. Mijoz mashinasini sozlang. Agar ALSE-1604 kursidan virtual mashinadan foydalanayotgan bo'lsangiz va DHCP-server sozlangan bo'lsa. Mijoz mashinasi ushbu serverdan manzil olishi kerak
Agar DHCP serveringiz sozlanmagan bo'lsa. Mijoz mashinasi statik manzilni olishi kerak, masalan:
Sizning tarmog'ingiz: 192.168.X.0/24 Domen: exampleX.com
Foydalanuvchi uchun IP -manzil: 192.168.X.100
Netmask: 255.255.255.0
Foydalanuvchi uchun xost nomi: user.exampleX.com
Nazorat savollari.
1. iproute2 paketining maqsadi nima?
2. /etc/NetworkManager katalogidagi konfiguratsiya fayllarining maqsadi nima?
3. Qaysi yadro parametrlari " IP forwarding " funksiyasi yoqilishini ta'minlaydi?
4. Tarmoq interfeyslarining xususiyatlarini tekshirish va boshqarish uchun qanday buyruqlar ishlatiladi?
5. Privsok mexanizmi yordamida tarmoq xizmatlarining ishlashini sozlashning xususiyatlari qanday?
6. DNS serverini sozlash uchun qanday paket ishlatiladi?
|
| |
X/24; 
127.0.0.1;
};
allow-transfer {
192.168.X/24

|
X/24;
127.0.0.1;
};
allow-transfer {
192.168.X/24
|
bet | 2/3 | Sana | 11.12.2023 | Hajmi | 65,88 Kb. | | #116285 |
Bog'liq 7-amaliy mashg\'ulot8.8.8.8;
};
allow-query {
192.168.X/24;
127.0.0.1;
};
allow-transfer {
192.168.X/24;
127.0.0.1;
};
dnssec-validation auto;
auth-nxdomain no; # conform to RFC1035
};
13. Endi konfiguratsiyani xatolar uchun tekshirishingiz mumkin va agar xatolar bo'lmasa, dns serverini qayta ishga tushiring. Bundan tashqari, agar ressolv.conf faylini o'zgartirmagan bo'lsangiz, uni yaratishingiz mumkin
# named-checkconf
# systemctl restart bind9
14. named.conf.local konfiguratsiya fayliga oldinga va teskari zonalar haqida ma'lumot qo'shing, shundan keyin quyidagilarni yaratamiz.
# vi /etc/bind/named.conf.local
zone "exampleX.com" { type master;
file "/var/lib/bind/db.exampleX.com"; allow-update { key rndc-key; };
};
zone "X.168.192.in-addr.arpa" { type master;
file "/var/lib/bind/db.192.168.X"; allow-update { key rndc-key; };
};
15. Keyingi qadam to'g'ridan -to'g'ri zonani yaratishdir:
# vi /var/lib/bind/db.exampleX.com
$TTL 604800 ; 1 week
@ IN SOA exampleX.com. root.exampleX.com. (
2020052201 ; serial
604800 ; refresh (1 week)
86400 ; retry (1 day)
2419200 ; expire (4 weeks)
604800 ; minimum (1 week)
)
@ IN NS gw.exampleX.com.
@ IN A 192.168.X.1 gw IN A 192.168.X.1 server IN A 192.168.X.2
user IN A 192.168.X.100
16. Teskari zonani yarating
# vi /var/lib/bind/db.192.168.X
$TTL 604800 ; 1 week
@ IN SOA exampleX.com. root.exampleX.com. (
2020052701 ; serial
604800 ; refresh (1 week)
86400 ; retry (1 day)
2419200 ; expire (4 weeks)
604800 ; minimum (1 week)
)
@
|
IN
|
NS
|
gw.exampleX.com.
|
1
|
IN
|
PTR
|
gw.exampleX.com.
|
2
|
IN
|
PTR
|
server.exampleX.com.
|
100
|
IN
|
PTR
|
user.exampleX.com.
|
17. Endi zona fayllarining konfiguratsiyasini xatolarga tekshirishingiz mumkin va agar xatolar bo'lmasa dns serverini qayta ishga tushiring.
# named-checkconf -z
# systemctl restart bind9
18. Dns serverini tekshirish uchun quyidagi buyruqlardan foydalaning:
|
| |
§. Trigonometrik shakldagi kompleks sondan ildiz chiqarish

§. Trigonometrik shakldagi kompleks sondan ildiz chiqarish
Download
471,5 Kb.
bet
20/33
Sana
31.12.2019
Hajmi
471,5 Kb.
#7070
1
...
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
...
33
7§. Trigonometrik shakldagi kompleks
sondan ildiz chiqarish
kompleks sonning
n
-darajali ildizi quyidagicha bo’lsin:
U holda, quyidagi tenglik o’rinli bo’ladi:
Muavr formulasiga asosan:
Download
471,5 Kb.
1
...
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
...
33
Download
471,5 Kb.
Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Dərs
Mühazirə
Qaydalar
Referat
Xülasə
Yazı
§. Trigonometrik shakldagi kompleks sondan ildiz chiqarish
Download
471,5 Kb.
-misol - Kompleks sonlar haqida asosiy tushunchalar Kompleks sonlar tushunchasi

Yechilishi: (7)
Kompleks sonlar haqida asosiy tushunchalar Kompleks sonlar tushunchasi
Download
471,5 Kb.
bet
19/33
Sana
31.12.2019
Hajmi
471,5 Kb.
#7070
1
...
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
...
33
Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
Yechilishi: (7)
4-misol.
va
kompleks sonlar nisbatini toping.
Yechilishi: (7)
formuladan foydalanamiz:
Download
471,5 Kb.
1
...
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
...
33
Download
471,5 Kb.
Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Dərs
Mühazirə
Qaydalar
Referat
Xülasə
Yazı
Kompleks sonlar haqida asosiy tushunchalar Kompleks sonlar tushunchasi
Download
471,5 Kb.
m ___ d ___ r ___ t ___
6

|
m ___ d ___ r ___ t ___
6Bog'liq 1,2 - THE GUARDIAN WEEKLY Elementary5.
m ___ d ___ r ___ t ___
6.
e ___ ___ o ___ r ___ g ___
5
Plurals
Complete the table. Two examples are from the text.
Singular
Plural
1.
headscarf
_______________________
2.
woman
_______________________
3.
half
_______________________
4.
leaf
_______________________
5.
child
_______________________
6.
thief
_______________________
7.
wife
_______________________
8.
life
_______________________
Bali bomber to face firing squad
Level 1 Elementary
©Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2003
Taken from the News section in
www.onestopenglish.com
Pre-reading
1
Key Vocabulary
guilty
survivor
foot soldier
justified
judge
courtroom
sentence
martyr
1. A ____________ is the place where people decide whether someone has done
something wrong or not.
2. To ____________ somebody is to tell them in a court what their punishment will be.
3. If you are ____________, it means that you have done something wrong.
4. A ____________ is someone who is in a very low position in an organisation.
5. A ____________ is someone who dies for a religious or political reason.
6. A ____________ is the person in a court of law who decides how to punish someone.
7. If something is ____________ , there is a very good reason for it.
8. A ____________ is someone who continues to live after an accident or a dangerous
situation.
2
Find the Information
Find the following information in the text as quickly as possible:
1. How many judges were there?
2. What was the name of the guilty man?
3. What was the sentence?
4. How many people were murdered in the bombing?
5. How many nightclubs were bombed?
6. When was the bombing?
|
| |
We need a total ban on ivory sales

|
We need a total ban on ivory salesBog'liq 1,2 - THE GUARDIAN WEEKLY ElementaryWe need a total ban on ivory sales
Richard Leakey
Fifteen years ago, together with the ex-
president of Kenya, Daniel arap Moi, I set fire
to 2,000 elephant tusks. Television stations
around the world showed pictures of this
event. The tusks were worth millions of
dollars to Kenya, but it was important to show
the world that the only way to save the
elephants of Africa was to destroy the ivory
trade.
During the 1980s, the number of elephants in
Africa fell from 1.3 million to just 625,000.
This was a result of the ivory trade. During
this period Kenya lost 80% of its elephants.
Poachers killed most of these elephants. A
few months after we burnt the tusks, the UN
Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species (Cites) banned the ivory
trade, and the number of elephants killed fell
dramatically.
Recently Cites announced an “action plan” to
control the illegal ivory trade. The plan asks
African countries with large elephant
populations to ban unregulated domestic sales
of ivory but to allow regulated sales. But
conservationists say the plan does not do
enough to protect elephants.
People will only stop killing elephants if they
receive money for not killing them. Trade is
the main reason for the destruction of animal
species. Even a limited legal trade in ivory
will allow the illegal market to increase.
It is not surprising that the ban on the ivory
trade has ended. Cites agreed to allow
countries to sell old stocks of ivory. This
followed pressure from a few southern
African countries with protected elephant
populations, where poaching is not a problem.
Since then, poaching has increased again but
some countries want to increase the trade in
ivory. Namibia is asking Cites for an annual
ivory export quota, and also wants to sell
worked ivory and elephant hair and, with
South Africa, elephant leather.
These countries say they have the right to
earn money from their natural resources. This
may be true but you must remember that
many poorer countries are against this.
Kenya, supported by many other African
states, is proposing a 20-year moratorium on
ivory trade. The economics of the ivory trade
do not make sense. Most countries where
elephants live are poor, and the even a limited
trade in ivory would cause problems. It is
already difficult for these countries to protect
their elephants and allowing the ivory trade
again would bring poachers to these countries.
As the world’s human population grows,
people are destroying animal habitats in many
countries. I am in favour of giving financial
compensation to farmers if animals destroy
their land. However, as Kenya now has only
20% of the elephants it had in 1970, the
answer to this problem is to control the use of
land and not to kill animals.
Richard Leakey was director of the Kenya Wildlife
Service until 1999
The Guardian Weekly
15/10/2004, page 13
Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2004
Taken from the news section in
www.onestopenglish.com
|
| |
Kompleks sonlar haqida asosiy tushunchalar Kompleks sonlar tushunchasi - bet 21

Kompleks sonlar haqida asosiy tushunchalar Kompleks sonlar tushunchasi
Download
471,5 Kb.
bet
21/33
Sana
31.12.2019
Hajmi
471,5 Kb.
#7070
1
...
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
...
33
(9)
Agar ikkita kompleks son o’zaro teng bo’lsa,
ularning modullari teng
, argumentlari esa bir-biridan 2
ga karrali burchakka farq qiladi.
Shuning uchun
hamda
yoki
va
(10)
va
larning topilgan qiymatlarini (9) ga qo’yamiz:
(11)
Download
471,5 Kb.
1
...
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
...
33
Download
471,5 Kb.
Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Dərs
Mühazirə
Qaydalar
Referat
Xülasə
Yazı
Kompleks sonlar haqida asosiy tushunchalar Kompleks sonlar tushunchasi
Download
471,5 Kb.
Personalni rejalashtirish bosqichlari

|
Personalni rejalashtirish bosqichlari
|
bet | 48/102 | Sana | 14.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,19 Mb. | | #118418 |
Bog'liq Ma\'ruza 1 2Personalni rejalashtirish bosqichlari:
Xo’jalik faoliyati strategiyasi va tashkiliy ehtiyojlarni aniqlash.
Ishni sifatli bajarish standartlarini aniqlash.
Tashqi muhitni aniqlash.
Ichki muhitni aniqlash.
Muammolarni aniklash.
Personal strategiyasini ishlab chiqish.
Ta’sirlarni baholash va ularga aniqlik kiritish.
Strategiyani muntazam ravishda qayta baholash. Bu masalada strategik rejalashtirishning klassik va zamonaviy uslublariga aniqlik kiritish talab etiladi.
Klassik strategik rejalashtirish quyidagi tartibda amalga oshiriladi: avval maqsad belgilanadi, so’ng uni amalga oshirish uchun maqbul strategiya (yo’l) izlanadi va pirovardida buning uchun zarur resurslar (vositalar) aniqlanadi.
Bir qarashda mantiqan tuyulgan strategik rejalashtirishning bu usuli tashqi muhit (bozordagi vaziyat, raqobat, texnologiyalar va hokazolar) o’zgarmas, barqaror bo’lishiga asoslangan. Ammo real voqelik bu tasavvurlarni mutlaqo o’zgartirib yubormoqda. Global-lashuv, raqobatning keskinlashishi bilan bir qatorda bugungi kunda texnika taraqqiyotining yuksak sur’atlarda o’sishining o’zi rejalarga printsipial jihatdan o’zgartirishlar kiritishni hayotiy zaruratga aylantirmoqda. Masalan, so’nggi 20 yil ichida texnika vositalari — mashina-uskunalar, kompyuterlar va boshqalar uchun ammortizatsiya davri keskin qisqardi. Shuning uchun zamonaviy strategik reja-lashtirish endilikda moliyaviy mablag’larni tashkilot rahbariyati darajasida qayta taqsimlashni bildirmaydi.
Zamonaviy strategik rejalashtirish muntazam asosda biznesni va uni rejalashtirish imkoniyatlarini o’rganishdir. Bunda birinchi o’ringa yangi axborot texnologiyalari va moliya resurslari yordamida boshqariladigan alohida yshlab chiqarishning texnik vositalariga asoslangan yo’llarni izlab topish chiqmoqda.
Personalni strategik rejalashtirishning maqsadi mavjud mehnat resurslaridan samarali foydalanish hisobiga tashkilotning uzoq muddat davomida muvaffaqiyatli faoliyat ko’rsatishi, raqobat-bardoshligi, o’sishi va taraqqiy etishi to’g’risida g’amxo’rliqdir.
|
| |
Ushbu texnikaning o'ziga xos xususiyatlari quyidagilardir

|
Ushbu texnikaning o'ziga xos xususiyatlari quyidagilardir
|
bet | 54/102 | Sana | 14.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,19 Mb. | | #118418 |
Bog'liq Ma\'ruza 1 2Ushbu texnikaning o'ziga xos xususiyatlari quyidagilardir:
- Buyurtma qiymatining 30 foizigacha oldindan to'lov.
- Odatda ishlaydigan va ish izlamaydigan nomzodlarga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kirish (headhunting). Bu holda natija menejerni yollash emas, balki kompaniyaning vazifalarini hal qilish: rentabellikni oshirish, yangi bozor sektorini rivojlantirish, yangi biznesni boshqarish va boshqalar. Menejerni yollash bu oson kurash emasligi sababli, u kompaniyaning tuzilmasiga muvaffaqiyatli kirishi va g'ayratli bo'lishi muhimdir.
- biznes sohalari va sohalari bo'yicha maslahatchilarning ixtisosligi, ishbilarmon doiralardagi keng aloqalar.
- Birinchi bosqichda mijozga motivatsiya, hozirgi lavozim va ish haqi ko'rsatilgan uzun nomzodlar ro'yxati taqdim etiladi. Ikkinchi bosqichda mijozlar uchun qiziq bo'lgan arizachilarni tanlash va nomzodlarning qisqa ro'yxati (qisqa ro'yxat) ko'rinishida taqdimot o'tkazish, ular bilan aloqa o'rnatish va mijoz bilan uchrashuvni tashkil etish. - Ijtimoiy qidiruv xizmatlarining uzoq muddatli kafolati taqdim etiladi, odatda olti oydan bir yilgacha. Agar ushbu muddat davomida, agar ishning qisqarishi yoki o'zgarishi bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan sabablarga ko'ra nomzod ishdan bo'shatilgan bo'lsa, bir martalik bepul almashtirish taqdim etiladi.
- Bozordagi xizmatlarning narxi turlicha
to'lovlar. Xarajat joylashuvning murakkabligi va qidirishning geografik doirasiga bog'liq.
Ba'zida "rahbar qidiruvi" atamasi hashtning sinonimi sifatida ishlatiladi. Buning sababi, rahbarlarni qidirish darajasida nomzodlarni tanlash uchun headhunting (yoki to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qidirish) kabi qidiruv usulidan foydalanilganligi.
Qidiruv usuli bo'yicha:
• Ishga yollash - bu kompaniyada quyi lavozimlarga yoki lavozimlarga nomzodlarni qidirish. Ushbu usul kadrlarni passiv tanlashni o'z ichiga oladi: nomzodlar asosida va ommaviy axborot vositalarining reklamalariga javoban. Qidiruv faol ish qidiruvchilar (ish qidiruvchilar) orasida yollash kompaniyasi yoki yollash agentligi tomonidan amalga oshiriladi. Yollashdan farqli o'laroq, xayolparastlik faol qidirmaydiganlarni va raqobatdosh kompaniyada ishlaydiganlarni izlashni o'z ichiga oladi.
• Headhunting (headhunting) - bu ma'lum bir xodimni (menejer, top menejer, nodir mutaxassis) mijozning nomidan bir kompaniyadan boshqa kompaniyaga jalb qilish. Ushbu qidirish usuli headhunting yoki ijrochi qidiruv kompaniyalari tomonidan qo'llaniladi. Headhunting xizmati ixtisoslashgan muassasalarning eng qimmat xizmatlaridan biridir. Ushbu xizmatning yuqori narxi, birinchi navbatda, lavozimlar darajasi juda yuqori ekanligi bilan bog'liq va 90% hollarda yollanganlarning o'rni kompaniyadagi muhim narsalardan biridir.
|
| |
•
… production might be more efficient and prices might be lower.
b

• … production might be more efficient and prices might be lower.
b • … some oil companies believe there is more oil there.
c • … it controls 25% of the world’s oil.
d • … because Iraq has a lot of oil.
e • … they are bad for the environment.
f • … it will be very expensive to introduce a big change in energy policy.
g • … Zimbabwe doesn’t have any oil.
h • … it uses more oil than it produces.
Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2004
Taken from the news section in
www.onestopenglish.com
Fill the gaps using these words: illegal ban
habitat tusks
moratorium
poacher
compensation
ivory
regulated
resources
1.
The two long, pointed teeth which elephants have are called ____________.
2.
Tusks are made of ____________.
3.
A ____________ is an official agreement to stop an activity for a temporary
period.
4.
If something is ____________, it is against the law.
5.
If something is ____________, it is officially controlled.
6.
A ____________ is an illegal hunter.
7.
Natural ____________ are things such as coal, trees, oil and, in this case,
animals.
8.
The place where an animal lives is called its ____________ .
9.
If you ____________ something, you make it illegal.
10. Money that someone receives because something bad has happened to them is
called ____________.
1.
How many elephant tusks did the author of the article burn?
2.
How much were the tusks worth?
3.
What was the elephant population of Africa at the beginning of the 1980s?
4.
What was the elephant population of Africa at the end of the 1980s?
5.
What percentage of its elephants did Kenya lose?
6.
What does ‘Cites’ mean?
Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2004
Taken from the news section in
www.onestopenglish.com
Word Building - Topical News Lessons

© one
stop
english.com 2002 |
This page can be photocopied
.
America’s crude tactics for Iraq war
Level 1 |
Elementary
2
T
he American government says
that a possible war with Iraq is
not about oil. It is true that Iraq
has 11% of the world’s oil, but the USA
says that an attack on Iraq is to make
the world a safer place and not to
provide more oil for thirsty car-drivers in
the USA.
So, let’s be clear. This. Is. Not. About. Oil.
Do you understand? Of course you
don’t! Only a very simple person
believes that the Americans would make
so much noise about Iraq if the Iraqis
did not have something the Americans
wanted, in other words oil. There are a
lot of other small countries - Zimbabwe,
for example - where the governments
quietly kill and torture their people.
There are a lot of small countries which
have nuclear weapons - North Korea,
for example. But Iraq is the only small
country which kills its own people, has
nuclear weapons and also has a lot of
oil.
The USA is the world’s biggest economy.
It uses a lot more oil than it produces so
it has to import oil from other countries.
Now the world is using oil more quickly
than it can find oil. Bush and his team
know all this. They have worked for the
oil industry, they been given money by
the oil industry, and have listened
carefully to what the oil industry wants.
Bush now has three choices. First, he
could listen to those oil companies who
think they can find more oil in different
parts of the world. This is why Bush has
given permission for oil companies to
look for oil in Alaska.
The second choice is for the US to take
a bigger share of the world’s oil. The
Americans want to take control of Iraq’s
oilfields. If they win the war against
Saddam Hussein, they will invite the big
oil companies to modernise Iraq’s oil
industry. This might be a good thing.
Production might be more efficient and
prices might be lower. This could be
good for the world economy.
On the other hand, if the Americans
occupy Iraq, this might cause problems
all over the Middle East. It is possible
that America could occupy Iraq and take
control of 11% of the world’s oil
supplies and at the same time a new
anti-American government in Saudi
Arabia, for example, would control 25%
of the world’s oil.
The third choice for the US is to reduce
the use of oil. Most governments,
including the American government,
understand that it is important to
reduce greenhouse gases (those
produced by burning oil). It would be
very expensive to introduce a big
change in energy policy and to reduce
the amount of oil the world needs. But
the oil problem will continue for a long
time after the death of Saddam Hussein.
healthier.
Vocabulary Work 1 - Topical News Lessons

© one
stopenglish.com 2001 3 This page can be photocopied.
4 Vocabulary Work 2
Complete
the following table
VERB
NOUN
to clean
________________________________________
to cook
________________________________________
to work
________________________________________
to shop
________________________________________
to teach
________________________________________
to drive
________________________________________
to write
________________________________________
to paint
________________________________________
to fish
________________________________________
5 Discussion Points
Who does the housework in your home? ______________________________
Do you enjoy doing housework? ______________________________
Do you think women should receive pay for doing housework? ______________________________
W h e re men are men .... and women don’t know the recipe for equality
L E V E L O N E
-
E L E M E N TA RY
Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2004
Taken from the news section in
www.onestopenglish.com
Bridge cannot span the divide
Ian Traynor in Mostar
The city of Mostar lies on the River Neretva
in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Before the Bosnian
war of 1992-95, the Croats and Muslims of
Mostar lived in a united city. Since the war,
however, the city has been divided. The
Croats live on the west bank of the river and
the Muslims live on the east bank. Croats and
Muslims go to different schools. They have
different mobile telephone systems. Buses do
not cross the river. If you live on the east bank
of the river you cannot order a pizza from the
pizza restaurant on the west bank.
During the war the Croats destroyed the
famous old stone bridge over the Neretva,
which the Turks built in 1566. The bridge fell
into the river. Many people saw this as a
symbol of the division of the city into two
Turlari
  
Ehtiyojlarni qondirish usullari

|
Turlari
Ehtiyojlarni qondirish usullari
|
bet | 79/102 | Sana | 14.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,19 Mb. | | #118418 |
Bog'liq Ma\'ruza 1 2Turlari
|
Ehtiyojlarni qondirish usullari
|
1
|
Sotsial Ehtiyojlar
|
xodimlarga shunday ish beringki, ular bir-biri bilan aloqada
bo’lish imkoni bo’lsin;
ish joylarida birdamlik ruhi, mushtaraklik tuyg’usini yarating;
qo’l ostidagilar bilan davriy kengashlarni o’tkazib turing;
noformal guruhlarni "tinchitishga harakat qilmang, (agar uning korxona mavqeiga ta‘siri bo’lmasa);
• xodimlarga korxona doirasidan tashqarida ham sotsial faollik qilishga imkon bering.
|
2
|
Hurmatga bo’lgan ehtiyoj
|
Qo’l ostidagilarga mazmunliroq ishni taklif qiling
xodimlar yutuqlarini yuqori baholang va rag’batlantiring;
xodimlarni maqsadini aniqlashga qaror qabul qilishga taklif eting;
qo’l ostidagilarga vakolat va huquq bering;
• qo’l ostidagilarni amal pillapoyalari sari ko’taring.
|
3
|
O’zligini isbotlashga bo’lgan ehtiyojlar
|
qo’l ostidagilarning o’z imkoniyatlaridan to’liq foydalanishi
uchun ularning o’qishiga sharoit yaratib bering
qo’l ostidagilarga murakkab va muhim ish bering, toki ular butun vujudini berib ishlashsin;
• qo’l ostidagilarning tashabbusini rivojlantiring va rag’batlantiring.
|
Bu ehtiyojlarni hech qachon to’la-to’kis qondirish imkoniyati bo’lmaydi. Shu sababli, ehtiyojlarga asoslangan motivatsiya jarayoni cheksizdir.
6.A.Maslouning ehtiyojlar piramidasi
Amerikalik ruhshunos Abraham Maslou XX sarning 40-yillarida o’zining ehtiyojlar ustunligi nazariyasini yaratib, kishilar o’z motivlari jarayonida ehtiyoj va qiziqishning turiga tayanadilar deydi. Uning ehtiyojlar ierarxiyasi qo’yidagi ko’rinishga ega.
Uning ehtiyojlar ierarxiyasi qo’yidagi ko’rinishga ega.
Birinchi o’rindagi ehtiyojlar — bu bazis ehtiyojlar, ya‘ni, yashashni ta‘minlash uchun zarur bo’lgan ehtiyojlar. A.Maslouning fikricha, inson, eng avvalo ana shu bazis ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun ishlaydi. Bazis ehtiyojlar, ya‘ni oziq-ovqatga, kiyim- kechakka, uy-joyga, uyquga bo’lgan ehtiyoj qondirilsa, boshqa darajadagi ehtiyojlar ham asta-sekin ahamiyat kasb etib boradi.
Masalan, xavfsizlikka, ya‘ni tinchlik, tartib, himoyaga bo’lgan ehtiyoj ham birlamchi bosqichdagi ehtiyojning yangi darajasidagi zaruriyatdir. Biron ijtimoiy guruhda bo’lish, boshqa kishilar bilan aloqaga kirishish ehtiyoji ierarxiyaning uchinchi bo’g’iniga kiradi. Bu guruhdagi ehtiyojlarni sotsial ehtiyojlar deb ham yuritiladi.
Hurmatga bo’lgan ehtiyoj ehtiyojlar piramidasining to’rtinchi bo’g’inini tashkil kiladi. Bu ehtiyojlar kishining boshqalar tomonidan tan olinishiga bo’lgan ehtiyoj, ya‘ni mavqe, nufuz, shon-shuhrat, muvaffaqiyat, diqqat-e‘tibor. O’zligini isbotlash ehtiyoji, ya‘ni Maslou ierarxiyasidagi eng yuqori daraja yashirin imkoniyatlarning haqiqatga aylanishi, nimaga erishish mumkin bo’lsa, shunga erishish. Bu ehtiyojlar shaxsning o’sishida o’z aksini topadi.
Birlamchi ehtiyojlar qondirilgach, boshqa zaruriyatlar kishilarni yuqori darajadagi ehtiyojlarga qarab harakat qilishga majbur qiladi. Xo’sh, bu ehtiyojlarni qondirish uchun rahbar qanday usul va yondashuvlarni qo’llashi kerak.
|
| |
Xodimlarni rag’batlantirishning moddiy va nomodiy shakllari

|
Xodimlarni rag’batlantirishning moddiy va nomodiy shakllari
|
bet | 80/102 | Sana | 14.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,19 Mb. | | #118418 |
Bog'liq Ma\'ruza 1 26. Xodimlarni rag’batlantirishning moddiy va nomodiy shakllari.
Iqtisodiy uslublar qiziqtirishning eng ko’p tarqalgan uslubi hisoblanadi. Bu uslublarning bevosita (ishhaqi, mukofot, qo’shimcha to’lovlar) va bilvosita (imtiyozlar: ovqatlantirish, pul to’lanadigan mehnat ta’tillari, hayot va salomatlikni sug’urta qilish, pensiya ta’minoti va hokazolar) turlari mavjuddir.
Ma’naviy rag’batlantirish uslublari hisoblangan ishdan qoniqish hosil qilish, yuksak mas’uliyat hissi, jamoa tomonidan xizmatlarni e’tirof etish qo’shimcha xarajatlar talab etmaydi. Yanada muhimi, insonlar hech vaqt maqtov eshitish, e’tibor va e’tirofdan charchamaydilar.
Mehnatga qiziqish (motiv)ning quyidagi asosiy turlari farqlanadi:
Guruhda (jamoada) bo’lish motivi.
Shaxsiy o’zligini namoyon qilish motivi.
Mustaqillik motivi.
Ishonchlilik (barqarorlik) motivi.
Yangilikka (bilimlar, buyumlarga) ega bo’lish motivi.
Adolatlilik motivi
Musobaqalashish motivi har bir insonga xos xususiyat. Bu holda kam xarajat bilan yuqori samaradorlikka erishish mumkin. Musobaqalashish motivi korxonada musobaqa tashkil etishning asosi hisoblanadi.
Mehnatni rag’batlantirishning bir necha funktsiyalari mavjud:
Iqtisodiy funktsiya. U, eng avvalo, mehnatni rag’batlantirish, ishlab chiqarish samaradorligini oshirishga ko’maklashishda namoyon bo’ladi. Bu mehnat unumdorligining oshishi va mahsulot sifatining yaxshilanishida o’z ifodasini topadi.
Axloqiy funktsiya. U mehnatni rag’batlantirish, faol hayotiy pozitsiyani, jamiyatda sog’lom axloqiy-ijtimoiy muhitni shakllantiradi. Bunda rag’batlantirish tizimini an’analar va tarixiy tajribani hisobga olgan holda shakllantirish katta ahamiyatga ega.
Ijtimoiy funktsiya. U jamiyatning ijtimoiy tizimini daromadlarning turli darajasini hisobga olgan holda shakllantirish bilan ta’minlanadi. Ushbu daromadlar esa rag’batlantirish omillarining turli insonlarga ta’siriga ko’p jihatdan bog’liqdir. Mehnatni rag’batlantirish murakkab jarayon hisoblanadi. Bu ishni tashkil etish uchun muayyan talablar qo’yiladi. Ular asosan quyidagilardan iborat:
Komplektlik axloqiy va moddiy, jamoa va shaxsiy rag’batlar mushtarakligini anglatadi. Ularning ahamiyati personalni boshqarishga yondashuvlar, kompaniya yoki firma tajribasi va an’analariga bog’liqtsir. Komplektlik aksilrag’batlar (antistimullar) mavjud bo’lishini ham taqozo etadi.
|
| |
Match the beginnings with the endings

Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2004
Taken
from the news section in
www.onestopenglish.com
Complete the table:
Verb
Noun
1.
destroy
____________
2.
announce
____________
3.
propose
____________
4.
attract
____________
5.
act
____________
6.
increase
____________
7. protect ____________
8.
ban
____________
The infinitive
Look at this example from the text:
The answer to this problem is to control the use of land.
Fill the gaps using examples of infinitives from the text:
1.
The answer to this problem is not ____________ animals.
2.
Some countries want ____________ the trade in ivory.
3.
This is the only way ____________ the elephants of Africa.
4.
Cites announced an action plan ____________ the illegal ivory trade in Africa.
5.
A limited legal trade in ivory will allow the illegal market ____________ .
6.
Namibia wants ____________
worked ivory, elephant hair and leather.
© one
stopenglish.com 2002 1 This page can be photocopied.
Elementary
2 - Topical News Lessons

|
Topical News LessonsBog'liq 1,2 - THE GUARDIAN WEEKLY ElementaryElementary
2
I
n the last few weeks some important changes have
happened in Latin A m e r i c a . In Argentina the government
has introduced some new laws. In the past, people who
took part in the "dirty war" against the left in the 1970s and
1980s remained free. Even if they were guilty of murder and
t o r t u r e, nothing happened to them. Now the new law means
that these people might go to prison. The people of A r g e n t i n a
will also be able to examine what happened during those
dark years. They will see who was responsible for the terrible
crimes and they will learn why the authorities did not punish
t h e m . The new president of A r g e n t i n a , Nestor Kirchner,
supports these new laws.
In Chile last month President Lagos announced plans to
investigate a similar period in Chilean history that followed
the 1973 military coup. Chile will not punish some of the
people who took part in murder and torture if they give
information to the authorities about what happened to the
3,000 people killed by the military.
In Peru last month the authorities published a new report
about the 1980s, when 60,000 died or "disappeared." In
Peru too an investigation will probably follow and people will
have to answer for their crimes.
People have reacted to these changes in different wa y s. Th e
1970s and 80s were an extremely painful time in these three
c o u n t r i e s. Some conservative journalists say it is better to
forget the past and to think about the future. Other people
agree with President Bush and say that all ‘terrorists’ are
"evil" and that when you are fighting terrorists, they say, a l l
methods are acceptable and you have to fight fire with fire.
These people believe that the military should not answer for
their crimes because they were fighting extremists – people
the military thought of as ‘ t e r r o r i s t s ’ . Many say that the
people killed were not terrorists and that all they did wa s
oppose the military governments.
The military killed a lot more people than the extremists did.
In A r g e n t i n a , for example, leftist guerrillas were responsible for
about 600 deaths. The Argentinian military was responsible for
15,000 killings and disappeara n c e s. In Chile the guerrillas
killed 150 people and the military killed 3,000. In Peru the
guerrillas killed a lot more, but the military killed about
20,000 people. In all three countries the government allowed
murders and torture to happen.
In 1974 there was a large advertisement in the streets of
Buenos A i r e s. It said, "Silence is Health". The advertisement
was to stop drivers using their car horns but many people
thought it had a different meaning. Now people are finally
breaking the silence.
|
| |
Look in the text and find this information as quickly as possible

©
Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2005
Taken from the
Magazine
section in
www.onestopenglish.com
Savouring the whale
By Eric Johnston
Foreigners who visit Japan can find a
variety of sandwiches which they cannot
find in fast food restaurants back home,
but one group of restaurants called Lucky
Pierrot in the port of Hakodate is now
selling whaleburgers, burgers made with
whale meat.
The restaurant serves 16 different varieties
of hamburgers and 10 different kinds of
curry and 12 different kinds of ice cream.
It's nearly 3.30pm and almost everyone in
the shop, near the waterfront in Hakodate,
is young.
I go to the counter and order a
whaleburger. After paying for the order
and receiving a ticket (number 97), I sit
down and wait for my number to come up.
When the whaleburger arrives, it is fried
and on a bun with lettuce and mayonnaise.
It is black and tough. The cost is 380 yen
($3.35). I look around to see if I am the
only one eating a whale. Yes, I am the
only one. Later I tried whale sushi. It was
red, tender, juicy and tasty.
Earlier this year Lucky Pierrot sent out a
letter to ask customers what new foods
they wanted to see on the menu. Most
people replied that they wanted "Ghengis
Khan" burgers. In Japanese-English, this
means barbecued lamb, which is very
popular in Japan. The second choice was
whale.
Whaling has a long history in Japan, and it
is easy to find whale meat in any port,
such as Hakodate. Now the city is very
popular with Japanese tourists, who want
to escape the very hot summers in other
Menejerning asosiy funksiyasi sifatida motivlashtirish ahamiyati

|
Menejerning asosiy funksiyasi sifatida motivlashtirish ahamiyati
|
bet | 78/102 | Sana | 14.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,19 Mb. | | #118418 |
Bog'liq Ma\'ruza 1 24.Menejerning asosiy funksiyasi sifatida motivlashtirish ahamiyati
Motivlashtirishda X (iks) va U (igrek) nazariyalari ham alohida o’rinni tutadi. Bu nazariyalarning muallifi amerikalik ruxshunos D.Mak Gregor bo’lib, u boshqaruvchi va xodimlarning mehnatga bo’lgan munosabatini ifodalaydi.
X (iks) nazariyasi bo’yicha ishchilar ishlashni xohlamaydi, javobgarliqdan qochadi, ular tabiatan yalqov, ishyoqmas bo’ladilar. Shu bois, ularni doimo turtib, majburlab, nazorat qilib, jazo bilan qo’rqitib turish kerak. Shundagina ular korxona uchun yaxshi ishlaydilar.
U (igrek) nazariyasida kishilarga ishonib, qobiliyatlarini rivojlantirib, ular o’zlarining foydaliligi va muhimliklarini his qilishsa, ishdan qoniqish hosil qilishsa, shundagina korxonaga katta foyda keltirish mumkin deyiladi. Bu nazariya xodimning o’z mehnatidan qoniqish hosil qilishiga hamkorlik ko’rsatuvchi:
-xizmatlarning tan olinishi;
-xizmatdagi o’sishi;
-malakasining oshishi;
-mas‘uliyatning yuqoriligi kabi omillarni motivatsiyaga da‘vat etuvchi omillar deb talqin qiladi.
Bu nazariyaga binoan boshqaruvchi ko’rsatma beribgina qolmay, har bir kishining qobiliyatini ishga yo’naltiradi. Ishning ko’zini bilgan rahbar o’z qo’l ostidagilariga vakolatlar va qabul qilingan qarorlarni bajarishda erkinlik beradi. Umuman rahbar oldida quyidagi ikki maqsad turishi kerak:
-motivatsiya vositalarini yaxshilash yo’li bilan qo’l ostidagilarning norozilik darajasini pasaytirib borish;
-xodimlarning tashabbusini uyg’otadigan motivatsiyaning kuchli vositalarni qo’llab, ularning ehtiyojlarini to’laroq qondirish.
5.Ehtiyojlar ierarxiyasi motivatsiyasi
Shularning ayrimlarini quyidagi jadvalda keltiramiz.
Yuqori ehtiyojlarni qondirish usullari
|
| |
stop
english.com 2003 | 
This page can be photocopied

©
Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2005
Taken from the
Magazine
section in
www.onestopenglish.com
Match the words with the definitions:
1. whale
2.
whaling
3. whale meat
4. whaleburger
5.
anti-whaling campaigners
6. whale sushi
a. hunting and killing whales
b. a
burger made with whale meat
c. meat from whales
d. a dish made with rice and whale meat
e. people
who protest against whaling
f. a very large sea animal that looks like a fish but breathes air through a hole on the
top of its head.
KEY WORD:
check that you understand the meaning of
ban
. If there is a
ban
on an
activity it means there is an official statement ordering people not to do it. In New
York City, for example, there is a
ban
on smoking in all workplaces,
including bars
and restaurants.
The Guardian We e k l y - Topical News Lessons

The ‘Dirty War’
Level 1 |
Elementary
© one
stop
english.com 2003 |
This page can be photocopied
.
3
4
Vocabulary: Word Building
Complete the table. Use your dictionary to help you.
Verb
Noun
1.
investigate
_____________________________
2.
punish
_____________________________
3.
examine
_____________________________
4.
react
_____________________________
5.
publish
_____________________________
6.
agree
_____________________________
7.
mean
_____________________________
8.
disappear
_____________________________
3
Comprehension check
1.
In
Argentina, people guilty of torture and
murder ....
2.
In Chile, people guilty of torture and murder ....
3.
In Peru, people guilty of torture and murder ....
4.
Some conservative journalists say ....
5.
President Bush says ....
6.
Some people say ....
7.
In Argentina, the military ....
8.
The purpose of the advertisement was ....
a.
.... that all terrorists are evil.
b.
.... will have to answer for their crimes.
c.
.... that you have to fight fire with fire.
d.
.... to stop people using their car horns.
e.
.... might go to prison.
f.
.... killed 15,000 people.
g.
.... that it is better to
think about the future and
forget about the past.
h.
.... will not go to prison
if they give information
to the authorities.
Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences:
Disk yuzasida nuqsonlar paydo bo'lganda ma'lumotni

Agar tekshirgich noto'g'ri ishlasa, qattiq diskni tiklash: elektronika
tez-tez ishdan chiqadi.
Bunday holda, ma'lumot to'g'ridan-to'g'ri
saqlanadigan elementlar saqlanib qoladi. Shuning uchun, ma'lumotlar
da
to'g'ri yondashuv
to'liq ta'mirlash uchun qaytarilishi mumkin.
Tekshirgichni to'g'ri tiklash texnikning asosiy vazifasidir, chunki
xatolik yuzaga
kelganda, vaziyatlar bir martalik ishlamay qolishdan
disk mexanikasining to'liq buzilishigacha bo'lgan ma'lumotlarning to'liq
yo'qolishigacha bo'lishi mumkin. Kontroller ishlamay qolganda
laboratoriyamizda ma'lumotlarni qayta tiklash har qanday
interfeysli
disk
yordamida mumkin - SATA, IDE (Parallel ATA, PATA), SCSI,
SAS, USB 2.0, USB 3.0,
FireWire, FireWire 800,
Fiber Channel,
eSATA, ExpressCard .
Parol bilan kirishdan himoyalangan disklardan ma'lumotlarni
qayta tiklash: Virusning noto'g'ri ishlashi yoki faollashishi natijasi
parolning o'z-o'zidan o'rnatilishi bo'lishi mumkin, ularsiz HDD
ma'lumotlariga kirish mumkin emas. Ushbu
parolni olib tashlash va
ma'lumotlarga kirishni tiklash uchun biz sizga chetlab o'tishga imkon
beruvchi maxsus dasturiy ta'minot va
apparat tizimlaridan
foydalanamiz
tizim xatolari
va zararli dasturlarning natijalari.
Saqlangan ma'lumotlarni qayta
tiklash usullari
qattiq disklar
, juda ko'p,
biz eng ishonchlilaridan foydalanamiz. Ma'lumotlarning to'liq yo'qolishi
xavfini minimallashtirish uchun mutaxassislarimiz muammoli ommaviy
axborot vositalarining sektorlar bo'yicha nusxasini ("klon") yaratadilar.
Qattiq diskni muvaffaqiyatli tiklash

chunki mantiqiy tuzilmani qayta tiklash tirik qolganlarga tuzatib
bo'lmaydigan zarar etkazishi mumkin (hatto maxsus tuzilmalarsiz
ko'rinmas bo'lsa ham)
dasturiy ta'minot
) u haqida ma'lumot. Hamma
narsani avvalgidek qoldiring: laboratoriyamiz mutaxassislari ishni o'z
zimmalariga oladilar
.
Fayl tizimi shikastlangan
Umumiy holat shundaki, qattiq disk Windows tomonidan
aniqlangan va unga kirish mumkin, lekin siz unda hech qanday
ma'lumotni ko'rmaysiz yoki uni formatlashingiz kerakligi haqida
xabar paydo bo'ladi. Bu uning fayl tizimi buzilganligini anglatadi.
Ushbu muammoni hal qilish yaxshi faylni tiklash dasturidir. Siz bir
nechta variantlarni sinab ko'rishingiz mumkin, eng mashhur
bunday dastur - "Mening fayllarimni tiklash". Ushbu dasturning
bepul demo versiyasi funksionallikdan to'liq foydalanishga imkon
bermaydi, lekin tiklanishi mumkin bo'lgan ma'lumotlarni ko'rsatadi.
Shunday qilib, agar siz diskingizning tarkibini qaytarish
mumkinligini ko'rsangiz, to'lashingiz mumkin
to'liq versiya
ilova
qiling va jarayonni yakunlang.
Biroq, bu dastur o'zining kamchiliklariga ega. Agar fayl turi dastur
sozlamalari ro'yxatiga kiritilmagan bo'lsa, printsipial jihatdan
bunday ma'lumotlarni qayta tiklab bo'lmaydi. Mavjud
kengaytmalar ro'yxati juda keng bo'lsa-da, siz bir necha yil oldin
o'chirilgan ma'lumotlarni topishingiz mumkin. Esda tutingki,
dasturiy ta'minot flesh-diskdan yoki boshqa portativ vositalardan
yuklanishi kerak.
Qattiq disk aniqlandi, lekin ishlamayapti
Agar Windows sizning qattiq diskingizni aniqlasa,
lekin siz
unga kira olmasangiz yoki formatlay olmasangiz, bu platadagi
kontaktlarning ifloslanganligi bo'lishi mumkin. Odatda,
bu sodir
bo'lganda, siz "o'lim shovqini" deb ataladigan narsani
eshitishingiz mumkin. Ushbu muammoni hal qilish uchun
quyidagilarni sinab ko'ring: Qattiq
diskning pastki qismidagi
asosiy platani olib tashlang va pastki kontaktlarni tozalang.
Qattiq diskni har bir kompyuterning asosiy miya markazlaridan
biri deb hisoblash mumkin. Uning yordamida biz ma'lumotni
eslab qolishimiz va tabiatidan qat'iy nazar saqlashimiz mumkin.
Ammo, har qanday boshqa mexanik qurilma singari,
qattiq disk
ham eskirish va boshqa xavflarga duchor bo'ladi.
salbiy ta'sirlar
:
viruslar, xakerlar, quvvat uzilishlari,
apparatdagi nosozliklar,
foydalanuvchi xatolari, bu albatta kompyuterda saqlangan
ma'lumotlarning yo'qolishiga olib keladi. Va bu erda ko'plab
foydalanuvchilar savolga duch kelishi mumkin:
qattiq diskdan
ma'lumotlarni qanday tiklash mumkin? Quyida biz buni amalga
oshirishning bir necha usullarini ko'rib chiqamiz, ular turli
vaziyatlarda qo'llanilishi va bir-birini to'ldiruvchi sifatida
ishlatilishi mumkin.
-rasm. Tutning un shudring kasalligi

276
qilsa, xaltachalarning uzunligi 51-84 mkm, kengligi 27- 37 mkm, askosporalarni
uzunligi 24-43 mkm, kengigi 16- 22 mkmni tashkil qiladi.
Kasallikning namayon bo’lishini quyidagi ballar bilan xisoblanadi:I- ball
bargda oq g’uborlar siyrak joylashgan;II- ball bargdagi g’uborlar bir biri bilan
birlashib, bargning 50% yuzasini qoplaydi;III- ball barg yuzasi butinlay g’ubor
bilan qoplangan.
Kasallik qo’zg’atuvchisi tutda kleystokarpiylar xosil qilib qishlaydi. Ular
dastlab bargda xosil bo’ladi. Kleystokarpiylar miqdorini N.G.Zaprometov
ma’lumotlariga asosan bargdagi tarqalishini xisoblash asosida quyidagi raqamlar
aniqlangan:
I- ball bargning 1 sm
2
yuzasida 129 ta kleystokarpiylar;
II- ball bargning 1 sm
2
yuzasida 149 ta kleystokarpiylar;
III- ball bargning 1 sm
2
yuzasida 193 ta kleystokarpiylar;
O’rtacha ball bargning 1 sm
2
yuzasida
153
ta
kleystokar-
piylar;O’simlikning bitta bargida mavjud kleystokarpiylar soni 4128 tani tashkil
qiladi. Ular o’simlikning nafaqat bargida, balki tuproqda va novdalarda xam
saqlanadi. Novdadagi 1 sm
2
yuzada 125 tagacha kleystokarpiylar xosil bo’ladi.
Kleystokarpiylar miqdorini vegetasiya davomida o’zgarib borishini quyidagi
jadvalda berilgan: