nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
xxiii
Chapter 14 - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

|
L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t hBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackersxxiii
Chapter 14
deals with wireless networks. You’ll learn basic networking
commands, then crack Wi-Fi access points and detect and connect to
Bluetooth signals.
Chapter 15
dives deeper into Linux itself with a high level view of how
the kernel works and how its drivers can be abused to deliver malicious
software. In
Chapter 16
you’ll learn essential scheduling skills in order to
automate your hacking scripts.
Chapter 17
will teach you core Python con-
cepts, and you’ll script two hacking tools: a scanner to spy on TCP/IP con-
nections, and a simple password cracker.
What Is Ethical Hacking?
With the growth of the information security field in recent years has come
dramatic growth in the field of ethical hacking, also known as white hat
(good guy) hacking. Ethical hacking is the practice of attempting to infil-
trate and exploit a system in order to find out its weaknesses and better
secure it. I segment the field of ethical hacking into two primary compo-
nents: penetration testing for a legitimate information security firm and
working for your nation’s military or intelligence agencies. Both are rapidly
growing areas, and demand is strong.
Penetration Testing
As organizations become increasingly security conscious and the cost of
security breaches rises exponentially, many large organizations are begin-
ning to contract out security services. One of these key security services is
penetration testing. A penetration test is essentially a legal, commissioned
hack to demonstrate the vulnerability of a firm’s network and systems.
Generally, organizations conduct a vulnerability assessment first to find
potential vulnerabilities in their network, operating systems, and services. I
emphasize potential, as this vulnerability scan includes a significant number
of false positives (things identified as vulnerabilities that really are not). It is
the role of the penetration tester to attempt to hack, or penetrate, these vul-
nerabilities. Only then can the organization know whether the vulnerability
is real and decide to invest time and money to close the vulnerability.
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More Information on Dell Services for Red Hat Linux

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More Information on Dell Services for Red Hat Linux
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bet | 12/13 | Sana | 21.03.2017 | Hajmi | 161,5 Kb. | | #570 |
For the United States, an overview of services for Linux can be downloaded from the following URL (Microsoft Word Format):
http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/topics/linux/lweservicesflier1.doc
For Europe, Middle East, Africa, an overview of services for Linux can be downloaded from the following URL (Microsoft Word Format):
http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/topics/linux/LWEServicesFlier2.zip
An overview of the Dell Services for Red Hat Linux can be found at the following URL:
http://www.dell.com/us/en/esg/topics/linux_linux_services.htm
|
| |
Military and Espionage - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

xxiv
Introduction
Why Hackers Use Linux
So why do hackers use Linux over other operating systems? Mostly because
Linux offers a far higher level of control via a few different methods.
Linux Is Open Source
Unlike Windows,
Linux is open source, meaning that the source code of the
operating system is available to you. As such, you can change and manipulate
it as you please. If you are trying to make a system
operate in ways it was not
intended to, being able to manipulate the source code is essential.
Linux Is Transparent
To hack effectively, you must know and understand
your operating system
and, to a large extent, the operating system you are attacking. Linux is totally
transparent, meaning we can see and manipulate all its working parts.
Not so with Windows. Microsoft tries hard
to make it as difficult as
possible to know the inner workings of its operating systems, so you never
really know what’s going on “under the hood,”
whereas in Linux, you have
a spotlight shining directly on each and every component of the operating
system. This makes working with Linux more effective.
ls /var/log/auth.log* - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

118
Chapter 11
On its own,
shred
will delete the file and overwrite it several times—
by default,
shred
overwrites four times. Generally, the more times the file is
overwritten, the harder it is to recover, but keep in mind that each overwrite
takes time, so for very large files, shredding may become timeconsuming.
Two useful options to include are the
-f
option, which changes the per
missions on the files to allow overwriting if a permission change is neces
sary, and the
–n
option, which lets you choose how many times to overwrite
the files. As an example, we’ll shred the log files in
/var/log/auth.log 10 times
using the following command:
kali >
The rsyslog Configuration File - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

The Logging System
113
module(load="imuxsock") # provides support for local system logging
module(load="imklog") # provides kernel logging support
#module(load="immark") # provides
--MARK-- message capability
# provides UDP syslog reception
#module(load="imudp")
#input(type="imudp" port="514")
# provides TCP syslog reception
#module(load="imtcp")
#input(type="imtcp" port="514")
###########################
#### GLOBAL DIRECTIVES ####
###########################
--
snip
--
Listing 11-1: A snapshot of the
rsyslog.conf
file
As you can see, the
rsyslog.conf file comes well documented with numer
ous comments explaining its use. Much of this information will not be use
ful
to you at this moment, but if you navigate down to below line 55, you’ll
find the
Rules
section. This is where you can set the rules for what your
Linux system will automatically log for you.
The rsyslog Logging Rules
The
rsyslog
rules determine what kind of information is logged, what pro
grams
have their messages logged, and where that log is stored. As a hacker,
this allows you to find out what is being logged and where those logs are
written so you can delete or obscure them. Scroll to about line 55 and you
should see something like Listing 112.
###############
#### RULES ####
###############
#
# First some standard log files. Log by facility.
#
auth,authpriv.* /var/log/auth.log
*.*;auth,authpriv.none -/var/log/syslog
#cron.* /var/log/cron.log
daemon.* -/var/log/daemon.log
kern.* -/var/log/kern.log
1pr.* -/var/log/lpr.log
mail.* -/var/log/mail.log
user.* -/var/log/user.log
#
# Logging for the mail system.
Split it up so that
# it is easy to write scripts to parse these files.
#
114
Chapter 11
mail.info -/var/log/mail.info
mail.warn -/var/log/mail.warn
mail.err /var/log/mail.err
Listing 11-2: Finding the logging rules in
rsyslog.conf
Each line is a separate logging rule that says what messages are logged
and where they’re logged to. The basic format for these rules is as follows:
facility
.
priority
action
The
facility
keyword references the program, such as
mail
,
kernel
, or
lpr
, whose messages are being logged. The
priority
keyword determines
what kind of messages to log for that program. The
action
keyword, on
the far right, references the location where the log will be sent. Let’s look
at
each section more closely, beginning with the
facility
keyword, which
refers to whatever software is generating the log, whether that’s
the kernel,
the mail system, or the user.
The following is a list of valid codes that can be used in place of the
facility
keyword in our configuration file rules:
What’s in This Book - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

|
L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t hBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackersWhat’s in This Book
In
the first set of chapters you’ll
get comfortable with the fundamentals of
Linux;
Chapter 1
will get you used to the file system and the terminal, and
give you some basic commands.
Chapter 2
shows you how to manipulate
text to find, examine, and alter software and files.
In
Chapter 3
you’ll manage networks. You’ll scan for networks, find infor-
mation on connections, and disguise yourself by masking your network and
DNS information.
Chapter 4
teaches you to add, remove, and update software, and how
to keep your system streamlined. In
Chapter 5
,
you’ll manipulate file and
directory permissions to control who can access what. You’ll also learn some
privilege escalation techniques.
Chapter 6
teaches you how to manage services, including starting and
stopping processes and allocating resources to give you greater control. In
Chapter 7
you’ll manage environment variables for optimal performance,
convenience, and even stealth. You’ll find and filter variables, change your
PATH variable, and create new environment variables.
Chapter 8
introduces you to bash scripting, a staple for any serious
hacker. You’ll learn the basics of bash and build a script to scan for target
ports that you might later infiltrate.
Chapters 9
and 10
give you some essential file system management skills,
showing you how to compress and archive files to keep your system clean,
copy entire storage devices, and get information on files and connected disks.
The latter chapters dig deeper into hacking topics. In
Chapter 11
you’ll
use and manipulate the logging system to get information on a target’s activ-
ity and cover your own tracks.
Chapter 12
shows you how to use and abuse
three core Linux services: Apache web server, OpenSSH, and MySQL. You’ll
create a web server, build a remote video spy, and learn about databases and
their vulnerabilities.
Chapter 13
will show you how to stay secure and anony-
mous with proxy servers, the Tor network, VPNs, and encrypted email.
|
| |
T H E L O G G I N G S Y S T E M

112
Chapter 11
This chapter shows you how to examine and configure log files, as well
as how to remove evidence of your activity and even disable logging alto
gether. First, we’ll look at the daemon that does the logging.
The rsyslog Logging Daemon
Linux
uses a daemon called
syslogd
to automatically log events on your com
puter. Several variations of
syslog
, including
rsyslog
and
syslog-ng
, are used
on different
distributions of Linux, and even though they operate very simi
larly, some minor differences exist. Since Kali Linux is built on Debian, and
Debian comes with
rsyslog
by default, we focus on that utility in this chap
ter. If you want
to use other distributions, it’s worth doing a little research
on their logging systems.
Let’s take a look at
rsyslog
on your system. We’ll
search for all files
related to
rsyslog
. First, open a terminal in Kali and enter the following:
kali >
locate rsyslog
/etc/rsyslog.conf
/etc/rsyslog.d
/etc/default/rsyslog
/etc/init.d/rsyslog
/etc/logcheck/ignore.d.server/rsyslog
/etc/logrotate.d/rsyslog
/etc/rc0.d/K04rsyslog
--
snip
--
As you can see, numerous files contain the keyword
rsyslog
—some of
which are more useful than others. The one we want to examine is the con
figuration file
rsyslog.conf.
shred -f -n 10 /var/log/auth.log.*

The Logging System
119
So,
to stop the logging daemon, you could simply enter the following
command:
kali >
service rsyslog stop
Now Linux will stop generating any log files until the service is
restarted, enabling you to operate without leaving behind any evidence
in the log files!
Summary
Log files track nearly everything that happens on your Linux system. They
can be an invaluable resource in trying
to analyze what has occurred,
whether it be a malfunction or a hack. For the hacker, log files can be evi
dence of their activities and identity. However, an astute hacker can remove
and shred these files and disable logging entirely,
thus leaving no evidence
behind.
E XERCISES
Before you move on to Chapter 12, try out the skills you learned from this chapter
by completing the following exercises:
1. Use the
locate
command to find all the
rsyslog
files.
2.
Open the
rsyslog.conf
file and change your log rotation to one week.
3. Disable logging on your system. Investigate what is logged in the file
/var/log/syslog
when you disable logging.
4. Use the
shred
command to shred and delete all your
kern
log files.
Integration of Iot technologies into the Smart Grid

Citation:
Cavalieri, S.; Cantali, G.;
Susinna, A. Integration of IoT
Technologies into the Smart Grid.
Sensors
2022
,
22
, 2475. https://
doi.org/10.3390/s22072475
Academic Editor: Francesco Longo
Received: 4 March 2022
Accepted: 21 March 2022
Published: 23 March 2022
Publisher’s Note:
MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affil-
iations.
Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
sensors
Article
Integration of IoT Technologies into the Smart Grid
Salvatore Cavalieri
1,
* , Giulio Cantali
2
and Andrea Susinna
2
1
Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
2
COMETA Consortium, S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; giulio.cantali@consorzio-cometa.it (G.C.);
andrea.susinna@consorzio-cometa.it (A.S.)
*
Correspondence: salvatore.cavalieri@unict.it
Abstract:
This paper presents a novel solution in the field of the integration of the Smart Grid
and the Internet of Things. The definition of a web platform able to offer a RESTful interface
to IEC 61850 Servers to a generic user is proposed. The web platform enables the mapping of
information maintained by an IEC 61850 Server into MQTT messages. Suitable mechanisms to
introduce interoperable exchange of information were defined. The paper presents the main features
offered by the proposed platform. The originality of the proposal is highlighted by comparing it
with the current literature. A prototype was realized, and the software implementation choices are
described and the main results of its evaluation are presented.
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Ma`sul muxarrir:
ZA.Xolmatova
falsafa fanlari doktori, dotsent
Taqrizchilar:
N.Erkaboyeva
pedagogika fanlari doktori, dotsent
B.Abdullayeva
pedagogika fanlari doktori , dotsent
Mazkur o`quv qo`llanma Muqimiy nomidagi Qo`qon davlat pedagogika instituti
ilmiy kengashining
2020
yil, ____________ oyidagi, ______ qarori bilan OAKka
tavsiya etildi.
4
So`z boshi
“Bugungi kunda mamlakatimizda olib borilayotgan islohotlar
samarasi, avvalambor, yuksak ma’naviyatli, mustaqil fikrlaydigan,
vatanimiz taqdiri va istiqboli uchun mas’uliyatni o’z zimmasiga olishga
qodir yosh kadrlar safini kengaytirishga bog’liq”
1
O’zbekiston Respublikasini yanada rivojlantirish bo’yicha Harakatlar
strategiyasi
2
da belgilangan “Ilmiy-tadqiqot va innovatsiya faoliyatini rag’batlantirish,
ilmiy va innovatsiya yutuqlarini amaliyotga joriy etishning samarali mexanizmlarini
yaratish” hamda Innovatsion rivojlanish vazirligining asosiy faoliyat yo’nalishlaridan
ta’lim tizimida innovatsiyalarni ishlab chiqishni ta’minlash
3
kabi ustuvor vazifalari
ta’lim muassasalarida o’qituvchilar innovatsion faoliyatini tashkil etish zarurligini
ko’rsatmoqda. Chunki kasbiy ta’limning xalqaro andozalarga to’liq mosligini
ta’minlash va ijtimoiy buyurtma asosida malakali kadrlarni tayyorlashda yangi
pedagogik texnologiyalarni ishlab chiqish va innovatsion faoliyatga tayyorlash
amaliyotiga joriy qilish ta’lim jarayonini takomillashtirishga xizmat qiladi.
Pedagogika oliy o’quv yurtlari uchun mo’ljallangan pedagogik texnologiya
o`quv qo`llanmasi o’quv dasturida ilgari surilgan talablarga muvofiq yaratildi. O`quv
qollanmaning maqsadi – pedagogik texnologiya
fanining nazariy-metodologik
asoslarini
ochib
berish,
bo’lajak
pedagoglar
tomonidan
ularning
chuqur
o’zlashtirilishiga erishish, talabalarda pedagogik faoliyatni muvaffaqiyatli tashkil eta
olish ko’nikma va malakalarini shakllantirishdan iborat.
Muallaf
1
SH.M.Mirziyoev.Konstitutsiya-erkin va farovon hayotimiz, mamlkatimizni yanada taraqqiy ettirishning mustahkam
poydevoridir-Toshkent:O’zbekiston,2017.-22b
2
O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining “O’zbekiston Respublikasini yanada rivojlantirish bo’yicha Harakatlar
strategiyasi to’g’risida”gi Farmoni.// O’zbekiston Respublikasi Qonun hujjatlari to’plami. –T., 2017. –B.39.
3
O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining “O’zbekiston Respublikasi innovatsion rivojlanish vazirligini tashkil etish
to’g’risida”gi Farmoni // QHMMB: 06/17/5264/0339-son 01.12.2017 y.
|
U S I N G A N D A B U S I N G S E R V I C E S

122
Chapter 12
Starting, Stopping, and Restarting Services
Before we begin to work with these four crucial services, let’s start by exam-
ining how to start, stop, and restart services in Linux.
Some services can be stopped and started via the GUI in Kali Linux,
much as you would on an operating system like Windows or Mac. However,
some services require use of the command line, which we’ll look at here.
Here is the basic syntax for managing services:
service
servicename
start|stop|restart
To start the apache2 service (web server or HTTP service), you would
enter the following:
kali >
service apache2 start
To stop the Apache web server, enter:
kali >
service apache2 stop
Usually, when you make a configuration change to an application
or service by altering its plaintext configuration file, you need to restart
the service to
capture the new configuration. Thus, you would enter the
following:
kali >
Решение - Microsoft Word Avtorefarat Buzrukov òóãðèñè

33
знаний и интересов обучающихся для
повышения эффективности их
деятельности. Таким образом, базовые компетенции должны формироваться по
всему комплексу школьных предметов, и физика
вносит важный вклад в этот
интеграционный процесс.
Во
второй
главе
диссертации
«Методика
формирования
естественнонаучных компетенций на основе решения задач по физике у
учащихся»
дано
методическое
описание
формирования
научно-
образовательных компетенций путем выбора и
решения различных видов
физических задач у учащихся общеобразовательных школ.
О.Е.Левенко
заявила,
что
можно
знать
критерии
и
уровни
сформированности проблемной компетентности у учащихся, а
также оценить
методику, используемую учителем в обучении. С другой стороны,
компетентность позволяет определить содержание и научное обоснование
соответствующих этапов обучения, сформированных до определенного уровня.
Это позволяет определить содержание этапов и дать научное обоснование.
Основные критерии формирования компетентности при решении задач по
физике у учащихся:
1.
Знать основные операции, составляющие процесс решения задач, и
уметь их выполнять.
2.
Знание структуры набора действий.
3.
Уметь использовать освоенный метод решения задач одного
Automatically Cleaning Up Logs with logrotate

116
Chapter 11
You should see something like Listing 113.
# see "man logrotate" for details
#
rotate log files weekly
u
weekly
# keep 4 weeks worth of backlogs
v
rotate 4
w
# create new (empty) log files after rotating old ones
create
x
# uncomment this if you want your log files compressed
#compress
# packages drop log rotation information into this directory
include /etc/logrotate.d
# system-specific logs may also be configured here
--
snip
--
Listing 11-3: The
logrotate
configuration file
First, you can set the unit of time your
rotate numbers refer to
u
. The
default here is
weekly
, meaning any number after the
rotate
keyword always
refers to weeks.
Further down, you can see the setting for how often to rotate logs—the
default setting is to rotate logs every four weeks
v
. This default configura
tion will work for most people, but if you want to
keep your logs longer for
investigative purposes or shorter to clear them out quicker, this is the set
ting you should change. For instance, if you check your log files every week
and want to save storage space, you could change this setting to
rotate 1
. If
you have plenty of storage for your logs and want to keep a semipermanent
record
for forensic analysis later, you could change this setting to
rotate 26
to keep your logs for six months or
rotate 52
to keep them for one year.
By default, a new empty log file is created when old ones are rotated
out
w
. As the comments in the configuration file advise, you can also
choose to compress
your rotated log files
x
.
At the end of each rotation period, the log files are renamed and pushed
toward the end of the chain of logs as a new log file is created, replacing the
current log file. For instance,
/var/log.auth will become
/var/log.auth.1, then
/
var/log.auth.2, and so on. If you rotate logs every
four weeks and keep four
set of backups, you will have
/var/log.auth.4, but no
/var/log.auth.5, meaning
that
/var/log.auth.4 will be deleted rather than being pushed to
/var/log/
auth.5. You can see this by using the
locate
command to find
/var/log/
auth.log log
files with a wildcard, as shown here:
kali >
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ASOSI. PEDAGOGIK TEXNOLOGIYALAR TASNIFI
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service apache2 restart - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Using and Abusing Services
123
Starting with Apache
If you have Kali running on your system, Apache is already installed. Many
other Linux distros have it installed by default as well. If you don’t have
Apache installed, you can download and install it from the repositories by
entering the following:
kali >
apt-get install apache2
The Apache Web Server is often associated with the MySQL database
(which we will look at in the next section) and these two services are very
often paired with a scripting language such as Python or PHP to develop
web applications. This combination of Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP
or Python forms a powerful and robust platform for the development and
deployment of web-based applications, known collectively as
LAMP. These
are the most widely used tools for developing websites in the Linux world—
and they’re very popular in the Microsoft world too, where they’re generally
referred to as
WAMP, with the
W standing for Windows.
From the command line enter the following:
kali >
Практические результаты исследования следующие

29
Практическая
значимость
результатов
исследования,
на
основе
обеспечения
междисциплинарной
интеграции
проблемных
учебных
материалов, составила учебная программа кружка «Решение задач по физике»,
направленная на формирование компетентности студентов в решении задач по
физике. разрабатываются и внедряются в практику.Результаты педагогического
эксперимента определяются тем, что они
служат повышению качества и
эффективности.
Внедрение результатов исследования

30
основе
решения задач по физике, рекомендации по использованию
экспериментальных задач на основе интеграции уроков и лабораторной
деятельности на уровнях продуктивности в среде обратной связи.
телепрограммы «Образование и развитие» и «Молодежь Узбекистана»
Национальной телерадиокомпании Узбекистана (справка Узбекистана №04-36-
383 от 3 мая 2023 года МТРК «Ташкентская городская телерадиокомпания»). В
результате у учащихся развивались творческие способности и навыки решения
задач.
Unmounting with umount - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

108
Chapter 10
using 17,096,196 (or about 92 percent), leaving 1,504,788 available. The
df
command also tells us that this filesystem is mounted on the top of the
filesystem
/.
In the last line, you can see my USB flash drive. Note that it is designated
/dev/sdb1, is nearly 100 percent full, and is mounted at
/media/USB3.0.
As a recap, my virtual disk on this system is designated sda1, which
breaks down as follows:
Listing the Contents of a Directory with ls

Listing the Contents of a Directory with ls
To see the contents of a directory (the files and subdirectories), we can use
the
ls
(list) command. This is very similar to the
dir
command in Windows.
kali >ls
bin initrd.img media run var
8
Chapter 1
boot initrd.img.old mnt sbin vmlinuz
dev lib opt srv vmlinuz.old
etc lib64 proc tmp
home lost+found root usr
This command lists both the files and directories contained in the
directory. You can also use this command on any particular directory, not
just the one you are currently in, by listing the directory name after the
command; for example,
ls /etc
shows what’s in the /etc directory.
To get more information about the files and directories, such as their
permissions, owner, size, and when they were last modified, you can add
the
-l
switch after
ls
(the
l
stands for long). This is often referred to as
long listing. Let’s try it here:
kali >ls -l
total 84
drw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Dec 5 11:15 bin
drw-r--r-- 2 root root 4096 Dec 5 11:15 boot
drw-r--r-- 3 root root 4096 Dec 9 13:10 dev
drw-r--r-- 18 root root 4096 Dec 9 13:43 etc
--snip--
drw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Dec 5 11:15 var
As you can see,
ls -l
provides us with significantly more information,
such as whether an object is a file or directory, the number of links, the
owner, the group, its size, when it was created or modified, and its name.
I typically add the
-l
switch whenever doing a listing in Linux, but to
each their own. We’ll talk more about
ls -l
in Chapter 5.
Some files in Linux are hidden and won’t be revealed by a simple
ls
or
ls -l
command. To show hidden files, add a lowercase
–a
switch, like so:
kali >ls -la
If you aren’t seeing a file you expect to see, it’s worth trying
ls
with the
a
flag When using multiple flags, you can combine them into one, as we’ve
done here with
-la
instead of
-l -a
.
Getting Help
Nearly every command, application, or utility has a dedicated help file in
Linux that provides guidance for its use. For instance, if I needed help
using the best wireless cracking tool, aircrack-ng, I could simply type the
aircrack-ng
command followed by the
--help
command:
kali >aircrack-ng --help
Note the double dash here. The convention in Linux is to use a double
dash (
--
) before word options, such as
help
, and a single dash (
-
) before
single-letter options, such as
–h
.
Getting Started with the Basics
9
When you enter this command, you should see a short description of
the tool and guidance on how to use it. In some cases, you can use either
-h
or
-?
to get to the help file. For instance, if I needed help using the hacker’s
best port-scanning tool, nmap, I would enter the following:
kali > nmap -h
Unfortunately, although many applications support all three options
(
--help
,
-h
, and
-?
), there’s no guarantee the application you’re using will.
So if one option doesn’t work, try another.
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xxviii
Introduction
Setting Up Your Virtual Machine

Introduction
xxix
As a rule of thumb, I don’t recommend using more than 25 percent of
your total system RAM. That means if you have installed 4GB (or 4096MB)
on
your physical or host system, then select just 1GB for your virtual machine,
and if you have 16GB on your physical system, then select 4GB. The more
RAM
you give your virtual machine, the better and faster it will run, but
you must also leave enough RAM for your host operating system and any
other virtual machines you might want to run simultaneously.
Your virtual
machines will not use any RAM when you are not using them, but they will
use hard drive space.
Click
Next, and you’ll get to the Hard Disk screen. Choose
Create
Virtual Hard Disk and click
Create. You should be asked which hard disk
file type to use. Select the suggested default of VDI.
In the next screen, you can decide whether
you want the hard drive
you are creating to be allocated dynamically or at a fixed size. If you choose
Mounting and Unmounting - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Mounting and Unmounting Most modern operating systems, including most new versions of Linux,
automount storage devices when they’re attached, meaning the new flash
drive or hard drive is automatically attached to the filesystem. For those
new to Linux, mounting might be a foreign subject.
A storage device must be first physically connected to the filesystem and
then logically attached to the filesystem in order for the data to be made
available to the operating system. In other words, even if the device is physi-
cally attached to the system, it is not necessarily logically attached and avail-
able to the operating system. The term mount is a legacy from the early days
of computing when storage tapes (before hard drives) had to be physically
mounted to the computer system—think of those big computers with spin-
ning tape drives you might have seen old sci-fi movies.
As mentioned, the point in the directory tree where devices are attached
is known as the mount point. The two main mount points in Linux are /mnt and /media. As a convention, devices such as external USB devices and flash
drives can be manually mounted at /mnt, but when automatically mounted,
the /media directory is used (though technically any directory can be used).
Mounting Storage Devices Yourself In some versions of Linux, you need to mount a drive manually in order to
access its content, so this is a skill worth learning. To mount a drive on the
filesystem, use the
mount
command. The mount point for the device should
be an empty directory; if you mount a device on a directory that has subdi-
rectories and files, the mounted device will cover the contents of the direc-
tory, making them invisible and unavailable. So, to mount the new hard
drive sdb1 at the /mnt directory, you would enter the following:
kali >mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt That hard drive should then be available for access. If you want to
mount the flash drive sdc1 at the /media directory, you would enter this:
kali >mount /dev/sdc1 /media
Filesystem and Storage Device Management
107 The filesystems on a system that are mounted at boot-time are kept in a
file at /etc/fstab (short for filesystem table), which is read by the system at every
bootup.
Character and Block Devices - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

106
Chapter 10
sdb 8:16 1 29.8G 0 disk
|-sdb1 8.17 1 29.8G 0 disk /media
sr0 11:0 1 2.7G 0 rom
Listing 10-3: Listing block device information with lsblk
The output may include the floppy drive as fd0 and DVD drive as sr0,
even though neither is on my system—this is simply a holdover from legacy
systems. We can also see information on the
mount point of the drive—this is
the position at which the drive was attached to the filesystem. Note that the
hard drive sda1 is mounted at
/ and the flash drive is mounted at
/media.
You’ll see more on the significance of this in the next section.
sd SATA hard drive
a - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Filesystem and Storage Device Management
109
Cluster size 32 KB
Volume size 7648 MB
Used space 1265 MB
Available space 6383 MB
Totally 20 directories and 111 files.
File system checking finished. No errors found.
Summary
Understanding how Linux designates and manages
its devices is crucial
for any Linux user and hacker. Hackers will need to know what devices
are attached to a system and how much space is available. Because storage
devices often develop errors, we can check and
repair those errors with
fsck
. The
dd
command is capable of making a physical copy of a device,
including any deleted files.
E XERCISES
Before you move on to Chapter 11, try out the skills you learned from this chapter
by completing the following exercises:
1. Use the mount and umount commands to mount and unmount your flash
drive.
2. Check the amount of disk space free on your primary hard drive.
3. Check for errors on your flash drive with fsck.
4. Use the dd command to copy the entire contents
of one flash drive to
another, including deleted files.
5. Use the lsblk command to determine basic characteristics of your block
devices.
Internet Marketing Plan Outline

I. Overall Business Objectives (do not have to be SMART for this marketing plan)
II. SMART Marketing Objectives
III. Business Situation/SWOT Analysis
-
Business Strengths
-
Business Weaknesses
-
Business Opportunities
-
Business Threats
At the corporate/organizational, SBU, or brand level, usually depending on the size of the organization
IV. Marketing Problems and Opportunities
VI. Identification of Target Market/Market Segments for this particular marketing plan
VII. Marketing Action Plans
Product/Service
Price
Integrated Marketing Communications (the focus)
Traditional mass media, online and social media
-
Customer Acquisition, Conversion and Retention Plans as appropriate based on objectives
-
Detail on social media activities; mass media and other online secondary (as needed to support social media program)
Distribution/Fulfillment of marketing messages, material, incentives, ect.
Quality and Customer Service as required to execute this plan
Technological Infrastructure and Data Requirements as required to execute this plan
-- - - - - - - - - - -Grading Will Stop Here for October 19 Submission. Draft of Metrics, Budget, Timetable Optional; will receive feedback but not be included in grade. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
VIII. Evaluation Metrics
-
Match precisely to marketing objectives
-
Be specific—what metrics, how they will be collected
IX. Budget required to implement this plan
X. Implementation Timetable
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Guruh: Bajardi : Tekshirdi

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Guruh: Bajardi : Tekshirdi
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Bog'liq Mavzu O\'zbekiston Respublikasi prezidenti sh. Mirziyoyevning ol-muhaz.org
Mavzu: O'zbekiston Respublikasi prezidenti sh. Mirziyoyevning oliy majlisga murojatnomasida ijtimoiy sohani isloh qilish bo'yicha qabul qilingan vazifalar va ularning amaliyotga joriy etilishi
Mavzu: O'zbekiston Respublikasi prezidenti sh. Mirziyoyevning oliy majlisga murojatnomasida ijtimoiy sohani isloh qilish bo'yicha qabul qilingan vazifalar va ularning amaliyotga joriy etilishi Guruh: __________________ Bajardi : __________________ Tekshirdi: _________________ .
MUSTAQIL ISH
ANGREN UNIVERSITETI
Fan: _________________________________________
Hurmatli senator va deputatlar!
Hurmatli senator va deputatlar!
Qadrli yurtdoshlar!
Muhtaram mehmonlar!
2019 yilda mamlakatimizni rivojlantirishning eng muhim ustuvor vazifalari toʻgʻrisidagi Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining Parlamentga Murojaatnomasini bayon etishga ruxsat bergaysiz.
Bugun biz shiddat bilan oʻzgarib borayotgan zamonda yashamoqdamiz. Dunyo miqyosida manfaatlar kurashi, raqobat tobora avj olib, xalqaro vaziyat keskinlashib bormoqda.
Biz kelgusi yil uchun amaliy rejalar tuzar ekanmiz, xalqaro maydondagi ana shunday murakkab vaziyatni hisobga olgan holda, taraqqiyotimizning ustuvor yoʻnalishlarini aniq-ravshan belgilab olishimiz zarur.
Aziz doʻstlar!
Biz har bir yilga ezgu niyat bilan nom beramiz va oʻz oldimizga ulkan marralarni qoʻyamiz.
Buyuk Imom Buxoriy hazratlarining “Al-Jomeʼ as-Sahih” asari“Barcha ezgu amallar niyatga bogʻliq, har bir kishiga faqat niyat qilgan narsasi beriladi” degan hadis bilan boshlanishida albatta juda chuqur maʼno bor.
Biz 2018 yilga “Faol tadbirkorlik, innovatsion gʻoyalar va texnologiyalarni qoʻllab-quvvatlash yili” deb nom berib, Davlat dasturi doirasida 21 trillion soʻm va 1 milliard dollarga teng 76 mingta loyihani amalga oshirganimiz oʻtgan yili yaxshi niyat bilan boshlagan ishlarimizning natijasini koʻrsatib turibdi.
Sanoat, qishloq xoʻjaligi, kapital qurilish, transport-kommunikatsiya, servis va xizmat koʻrsatish sohalarida salmoqli yutuqlar qoʻlga kiritildi.
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Finish partitioning and write changes to disk

xxxiv
Introduction
Kali will now begin to install the operating system. This could take a
while, so be patient. Now is the time to take
your bathroom break and get
your favorite beverage.
Once the installation is complete, you will be prompted as to whether
you want to use a network mirror. This really is not necessary,
so click No.
Then Kali will prompt you as to whether you want to install GRUB
(Grand Unified Bootloader), shown in Figure 14. A
bootloader enables you
to select different operating systems to boot into, which means when you
boot
your virtual machine, you can boot into either Kali or another oper-
ating system. Select
Yes and click
Continue.
Figure 14: Installing GRUB
On the next screen, you will be prompted as to whether you want to
install the GRUB bootloader automatically or manually.
For reasons as yet
unclear, if you choose the second option, Kali will tend to hang and display
a blank screen after installation. Select
Enter device manually,
as shown in
Figure 15.
Introduction
xxxv
Figure 15: Entering your device manually
On the following screen, select the drive where the GRUB bootloader
should be installed (it will likely be something like
/dev/sda).
Click through to
the next screen, which should tell you that the installation is complete.
Congratulations! You’ve installed Kali. Click
Continue. Kali will
attempt to reboot, and you will see a number
of lines of code go across
a blank, black screen before you are eventually greeted with Kali 2018’s
login screen, as shown in Figure 16.
Figure 16: The Kali login screen
xxxvi
Introduction
Log in as
root, and you will be asked for your password. Enter whatever
password you selected for your root user.
After logging in as root, you will be greeted
with the Kali Linux desktop,
as in Figure 17.
Figure 17: The Kali home screen
You are now ready to begin your journey into the exciting field of
hacking! Welcome!
PRÍKLADY A PROBLÉMY - 1 elementárna kvantová mechanika

1.16 PRÍKLADY A PROBLÉMY
1. Kryštál NaCl má pravidelnú kubickú štruktúru, v ktorej sa striedajú atómy Na s atómami Cl. Odhadnite vzdialenosť medzi atómom Na a susedným atómom Cl, ak viete, že hustota kryštalického NaCl je 2,16.103 kg.m−3 a že molekulová váha NaCl je 58,5.
2. Na to, aby sme l mól molekúl H2 rozštiepili na atomárny vodík, potrebujeme zhruba 433 kJ. Aká je energia väzby jedinej molekuly H2?
3. Akú energiu (v eV) má kvantum elektromagnetického žiarenia pre
a) rádiovlny s frekvenciou 106 Hz,
b) svetlo s frekvenciou 0,6.1015 Hz,
c) röntgenovské žiarenie s frekvenciou = 3.1018 Hz?
Určte vlnové dĺžky žiarenia v uvedených prípadoch.
4. Za tmavej noci. uprostred veľkej lúky svieti žiarovka s výkonom 2 W. Odhadnite počet fotónov, ktorý vám za l s padne do oka ak ste od žiarovky vzdialený l km.
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Poznámka - 1 elementárna kvantová mechanika

Poznámka
Opis kvantových stavov, priradenie vlnových funkcií stavom sústavy a najmä súvislosť vlnových funkcií a výsledkov merania fyzikálnych veličín sú veci, ktoré sa priečia klasickému chápaniu fyzikálnej reality. Pri štúdiu týchto vecí sa nám duša akosi prirodzene bráni proti takejto zmene v základnom postoji a snaží sa predsa len pozerať na jednotlivé otázky klasicky. Takýto postup je v zásade chybný. Na ilustráciu si pripomeňme situáciu v špeciálnej teórii relativity. Empirický fakt absolútnosti rýchlosti svetla sa protiví klasickému nerelativistickému názoru, ale je to empirický fakt, treba ho brať ako taký a nájsť konzistentnú teóriu. Presne toto urobil Einstein, keď ukázal, že absolútnosť rýchlosti svetla spolu s princípom relativity vedú nevyhnutne k relatívnosti súčasnosti a napokon k celej špeciálnej teórii relativity. Na kvantovú mechaniku sa treba pozerať rovnako. Je to teória, ktorá vyrástla z analýzy empirických faktov, a tie už samy o sebe protirečia klasickej fyzike. Nie je preto podivné, že celá teória, ktorá z týchto faktov vznikla, protirečí v mnohom duchu Newtonovej mechaniky. Pri štúdiu kvantovej mechaniky treba teda rozmýšľať viac o tom, ako súvisia empirické fakty s interpretáciou, než o tom, v čom je kvantová mechanika iná ako klasická. Vážnou metodologickou, či filozofickou chybou je neujasnenie si situácie do tej miery, že čitateľ bez analýzy považuje rozdiely medzi klasickou a kvantovou mechanikou buď za chyby, alebo prinajmenšom záhady tej druhej. Kvantová teória je krásna a široká, ale ako každá fyzikálna teória má prostý pôvod – vyrástla z analýzy experimentálnych faktov a zo snahy nájsť jednotný a konzistentný výklad týchto faktov pomocou niekoľkých všeobecne platných zákonov. A treba ju brať ako takú.
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Elektrón aj fotón majú energiu E = 100 eV. Porovnajte príslušné dĺžky vĺn.

6

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Elektrón aj fotón majú energiu E = 100 eV. Porovnajte príslušné dĺžky vĺn.
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5. Elektrón aj fotón majú energiu E = 100 eV. Porovnajte príslušné dĺžky vĺn.
6. Pri akej energii bude mať a) elektrón, b) fotón vlnovú dĺžku rádovo rovnú rozmerom atómu?
7. Akú energiu musí mať elektrón, ak chceme analýzou rozptylu elektrónov na jadrách (idea je podobná ako pri Rutherfordovom experimente) študovať štruktúru ľahkých jadier?
8. Rovnobežný zväzok elektrónov urýchlených napätím V prechádza otvorom v tienidle. Priemer otvoru je d = 10−6 m. Za tienidlom vo vzdialenosti l = l m je fotografická platňa. Pre aké hodnoty napätia U možno opísať sčernenie platne pomocou klasickej mechaniky?
9. Zo skúsenosti vieme, že u sodíka dochádza k fotoelektrickému javu len vtedy, ak naň dopadá žiarenie s vlnovou dĺžkou menšou ako 0 = 539 nm. Vypočítajte výstupnú prácu pre Na! Akú rýchlosť majú elektróny vyletujúce zo sodíkovej elektródy, ak ju osvetlíme modrým svetlom ortuťovej výbojky ( = 436 nm)?
10. Medenú gulôčku, dostatočne vzdialenú od iných telies, osvetlíme monochromatickým svetlom s vlnovou dĺžkou = 0,2 . Na aký maximálny potenciál sa guľôčka nabije v dôsledku straty fotoelektrónov? Výstupná práca pre meď je 4,74 eV.
11. Pri rozptyle žiarenia na voľnom alebo slabo viazanom elektróne sa mení vlnová dĺžka žiarenia (Comptonov jav). Ak vlnová dĺžka dopadajúceho žiarenia je , potom vlnová dĺžka rozptýleného svetla závisí od uhla rozptylu a je daná vzťahom
kde m je hmotnosť elektrónu. Opíšte rozptyl žiarenia na elektróne ako zrážku fotónu a elektrónu a odvoďte tento vzťah zo zákonov zachovania energie a hybnosti.
12. Dlhá organická molekula má uhlíkový reťazec so striedavými dvojitými a jednoduchými väzbami medzi atómami uhlíka. Dĺžka molekuly je zhruba n.1,5.10−10 m, kde n je počet zreťazených uhlíkov a 1,5.10−10 m je priemerná dĺžka jednej väzby. V molekule je n tzv. elektrónov, ktoré v istom priblížení môžeme považovať za voľne sa pohybujúce po molekule. Opíšte energetické spektrum molekuly a zistite, aká musí byť molekula dlhá, ak má byť žiarenie emitované pri prechode z prvého excitovaného stavu do základného stavu v oblasti viditeľného svetla. (Poznámka: takéto látky môžu byť dobrými farbivami.)
13. Elektrón je viazaný na úsečku dĺžky L a nachádza sa v základnom stave. Zapíšte energiu tohto stavu ako funkciu L a vyjadrite silu, ktorou pôsobí elektrón na steny, ktoré ho udržujú na úsečke L.
14. Odhadnite tlak, ktorým pôsobí elektrón uzavretý v kocke o hrane L na steny kocky. Možno odtiaľto rádovo odhadnúť koeficient stlačiteľnosti tuhých látok?
15. Atóm Fe55 kmitá s frekvenciou 1013 Hz okolo uzla v kryštalickej mriežke. Pohyb možno v rozumnej aproximácii opísať lineárnym harmonickým oscilátorom. Odhadnite pomocou princípu neurčitosti „amplitúdu“ kmitov pre základný stav takého oscilátora a porovnajte ju s typickou vzdialenosťou dvoch uzlov mriežky (asi 0,2 nm). Čo by sa stalo, keby amplitúda kmitov bola porovnateľná s touto vzdialenosťou? Porozmýšľajte o tom, aká by bola situácia v prípade kryštalického hélia.
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Odhadnite energiu základného stavu atómu vodíka zo vzťahu neurčitosti.

17

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Odhadnite energiu základného stavu atómu vodíka zo vzťahu neurčitosti.
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16. Odhadnite energiu základného stavu atómu vodíka zo vzťahu neurčitosti.
17. Prediskutujte difrakciu elektrónovej vlny na jednej štrbine šírky d a ukážte, že difrakčný obraz odpovedá neurčitosti v hybnosti elektrónu rádovo ħ/d (v smere rovnobežnom s rovinou tienidla a kolmom na štrbinu).
18. Atóm vodíka sa nachádza v základnom stave. Ukážte, že pri pokuse merať trajektóriu elektrónu nevyhnutne narušíme tento stav. Uvážte, že pri takomto meraní by sme určite museli merať polohu elektrónu s neurčitosťou x <~ a1 kde a1 je Bohrov polomer a1 = ħ240/me2. Odhadnite príslušnú neurčitosť v hybnosti a tým spôsobenú neurčitosť v energii.
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Sel xavfi va suv toshqini sodir bo'lganda

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Sel xavfi va suv toshqini sodir bo'lganda
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Sel xavfi va suv toshqini sodir bo'lganda
aholining harakati
Sel havfi va suv toshqini bo'lgangacha harakat:
Sel kelishi va suv toshqin bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan joylarni bilib oling.
Qurilish ishlarini faqat davlat organlari ruxsati bilan olib boring.
Sel kelishi va suv toshqin bo'lishi to'g'risidagi xabarni olgach, gaz, elektr tarmoqlarini o'chiring va qimmatbaho buyumlarningizni havsiz joylarga olib chiqing.
Oldindan havfsiz joylarni va u yerga chiqish yo'llarini belgilab qo'ying.
Oziq – ovqat, kiyim kechak, dori dormonlarni va qutqaruv vositalarini tayyorlab qo'ying.
Avvaldan belgilab qo'yilgan yo'nalish bo'yicha tezlikda havfsiz joy (tepalik, yuqori qavat, boloxona, tom)ga chiqing.
Evakuasiya to'g'risidagi xabarni olgach, rejaga asosan harakat qiling.
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