nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Arifmetik mantiqiy qurilma

Boshqarish sxemasi kodli shinalardan boshqaruv signallarini qabul
qiladi va ularni registr va
summatorlarning
ishini boshqaradigan signa
lga o’zgartiradi.
Arifmetik mantiqiy qurilma arifmetik amallarni faqat butun ikkilik sonlari ustida bajaradi (+,*,/,-
).
Haqiqiy va o’nlikka o’tkazilgan sonlar bilan bo’ladigan amallar faqatgina matematik soprotsessor
yoki maxsus dasturlar yordamida amalga oshiriladi.
Mikroprotsessorli xotira.
Mikroprotsessorli xotira
– hajmi katta bo’lmagan, lekin o’ta yuqori tezlikdagi xotira qurilmasi.
Mikroprotsessorli xotiradan axborotni o’qish yoki yozish vaqti nanosekundlarda ifodalanadi.
Mikroprotsessorli xotira qisq
a vaqtda axborotni saqlashga mo’ljallangan. Mikroprotsessorli xotira
mashinaning tezkorligini ta’minlash uchun ishlatiladi, chunki asosiy xotira har doim ham yozish,
saqlash, qayta ishlash operatsiyalarini tez ishlaydigan mikroprotsessorning
samarali ishlashini
ta’minlamaydi.
Mikroprotsessorli xotira tezkor registrlardan tashkil topgan. Turli mikroprotsessorli
xotiralarda
registrlar soni har xil bo’ladi. Mikroprotsessor registrlari 2 ga bo’linadi: maxsus va umumiy.
Maxsus registrlar turli xildagi adreslarni, shaxsiy kompyuterning ish rejimlarini, amallarni bajarish
belgilarini saqlaydi.
Umumiy registrlar universal hisoblanadi va ixtiyoriy axborotni saqlay oladi.
Lekin ularning
ba’zilari qator protseduralar bajarilishi paytida ishlatilishi kerak.
Amaliy mashg‘ulotlar - Kompyuterlashgan loyihalash tizimlari fakulteti

O
raliq baholash turi bo’yicha talabalar bilimini baholash mezonlari.
« Avtomatlashtirishning mikroprotsessorli vositalari »
fani bo‘yicha ishchi fan dasturida
ma’ruza
soatlari hajmidan kelib chiqib, 5-semestrda 2 ta belgilangan. Semestrda 1-OB o‘quv
haftasining 9-10 haftalarida va 2-
OB o‘quv haftasining 17-18 haftalarida o‘tkaziladi. Talabalarning
oraliq baholari fan o‘qituvchisi tomonidan eshittiriladi va guruh jurnalining tegishli ustuniga qayd
etiladi. Oraliq baholash turi yozma ish, test yoki og‘zaki shaklda hamda unga qo‘shimcha ravishda
mustaqil ta’lim shaklida o‘tkaziladi.
11.Yozma ish
turi bo‘yicha talabalar bilimini baholash mezonlari:
- Talaba berilgan tayanch iboralarning
barchasini yoritib, masala
va topshiriqlarni hatosiz
echsa va
izohlasa talabaga "5-
a’lo" baho qo‘yiladi.
- Talaba berilgan tayanch iboralarning kamida 70
foizini yoritib,
masala va topshiriqlarni
hatosiz echsa va qisman izohlasa talabaga
"4-yahshi"
baho qo‘yiladi.
- Talaba berilgan tayanch iboralarni 60 foizini yoritib, masa
la va topshiriqlarni to‘g‘ri echsa
va izohlasa yoki berilgan savollarning 60-
70 foiziga to‘g‘ri javob bersa talabaga
"3-qoniqarli" baho
qo‘yiladi.
-
Talaba berilgan tayanch iboralarni qisman yoritib, masala va topshiiqlarning to‘g‘ri echsa
yoki berilgan sa
vollardan faqat 2 tasiga javob bersa, ya’ni 60 foizidan kam javob bersa talabaga
"2-
qoniqarsiz"
baho qo‘yiladi.
Talaba yakuniy baholash natijalaridan norozi bo’lsa, fan bo’yicha yakuniy baholash turi
natijalari e’lon qilingan vaqtdan boshlab bir kun mobaynida fakul’tet dekaniga ariza bilan murojaat
etishi mumkin. Bunday holda fakulg’tet dekanining taqdimnomasiga ko’ra rektorni buyrug’i bilan 3
(uch) nafar a’zodan kam bo’lmagan tarkibda apellyatsiya komissiyasi tashkil etiladi.
Apellyatsiya komissiyas
i talabalarning arizalarini ko’rib chiqib, shu kunning o’zida
xulosasini bildiradi.
Baholashning o’rnatilgan talablar asosida belgilangan muddatlarda o’tkazilishi
hamda
rasmiylashtirilishi fakul’tet dekani, kafedra muduri, o’quv-uslubiy boshqarma hamda ichki nazorat
va monitoring bo’limi tomonidan nazorat qilinadi.
Tavsiya etilgan adabiyotlar ro‘yxati

«Mikroprotsessorq». V 3-x kn. Uchebnik dlya texnicheskix vuzov. Kn. 2. Sredstva sopryajeniya.
Kontroliruyuo’ie i informatsionno-upravlyayuo’ie sistemq // V.D.Verner, N.V.Vorobg’ev i dr.; Pod
red. L.N. Presnuxina.- Minsk.; Vqsheyshaya shkola, 1987.
Z.S.T. Xvoo’, N.N. Varlinskiy "Mikroprotsessorq i mikro EVM v sistemax avtomaticheskogo
upravleniya ", Spravochnik, 1987.
4." Upravlyayuo’ie i vqchislitelg’nqe ustroystva robotizirovannqx
kompleksov na baze mikro
EVM". Uchebnoe posobie dlya texnicheskix vuzov // Pod red. V.S.Medvedeva.- M. Vqsshaya
shkola, 1990.
5.Bessikerskiy V.A., Izrantsev V.V. "Sistemq avtomaticheskogo upravleniya s mikro EVM" // pod
red. L.N. Presnuxina, M. 1987.
6."Mikro EVM" v 8-kn., Prakticheskoe posobie // Pod red. L.N. Presnuxina, Kn. 7. Uchebnqe
stendq, M. Vqsshaya shkola, 1988.
7."Mikroprotsessorq i mikroprotsessornqe komplektq integralg’nqx mikrosxem". Spravochnik, v 2
tomax // Pod red. V.A.SHaxnova.-
M. Radio i svyazg’, 1988.
8.Leontg’ev V.P. Noveyshaya entsiklopediya personalg’nogo kompg’yutera 2003. - M.: OLMA-
PRESS. 2003.
9. Miklyaev A. Uchebnik polg’zovatelya IBM ‘C. - M.: Alg’teks-A. 2002. Yu.Provalov B.C.
Avtomatizirovannqe informatsionnqe texnologii upravleniya. - Kirov. 2003.
11. E.Uljaev. «Avtomatlashtirishning
mikroprotsessor
li qurilmalari» fanidan mahruzalar to’plami.
TDTU, Toshkent, 1999.
Qo’shimcha
«Mikroprotsessorq». V 3-x kn. Uchebnik dlya texnicheskix vuzov. Kn. 3.
Sredstva otladki,
laboratornqy praktikum i zadachnik // V.D.Verner, N.V.Vorobg’ev i dr.; Pod red. L.N. Presnuxina.-
Minsk.; Vqsheyshaya shkola, 1987.
Prangvishvili "MP i lokalg’nqe seti mikro EVM v raspredelyonnqx sistemax upravleniya", M. 1986.
TSifrovoy protsessor obrabotki signalov s analogovqmi ustroystvami vvoda-vqvoda// Pod red. A.A.
Lanne. Leningrad. Voen. Akad.svyazi. 1985g.
Otani Tadao. Kompg’yuterq //Perevod s yaponskogo I.S. Karaeva. Boku. Azernashr. 1988.
5.
Gorbachev
B.C.,
Kuleshov
B.C.
Sistemq
programmnogo
upravleniya
promqshlennqmi
robotami.
M.
Zaochn.
institut
pov.
kval.
ITR
NTO
priborostroitelg’noy promqshlennosti. 1986.
SHafrin Yu. Informatsionnqe texnologii. CHastg’ 2. Ofisnaya texnologiya i informatsionnqe
sistemq. - M.: BINOM. 2003.
htt’://www.c’d.meria.ru/-team/index.html
.
htt’://www.robotics.uc.edu/
.
htt’://www.robotics.utexas.edu./rrg//
.
Uljaev E.U. Metodicheskie ukazaniya k vqpolneniyu kursovoy rabotq po kursu «mikroprotsessornqe
sistemq upravleniya» «Mikroprotsessornqe sistemq upravleniya»,
Tashkent, 2004.
Ba’zi yangi bayroqlar vazifasi

|
Ba’zi yangi bayroqlar vazifasiBog'liq AMV majmuaBa’zi yangi bayroqlar vazifasi:
· AC (xotirada tyokislash rejimi, 18 bit). AC bayrog’i o’rnatilishi va CRO dagi AM bitlarining
o’rnatilishi xotiraga murojaatdagi tyokislashni boshqarishga ruxsat beradi.
· VM (virtual rejim 17 bit) VM bayrog’ining o’rnatilishi protsessorning 8086 virtual rejimiga
o’tishiga olib keladi.
· RF (qayta tiklash bayrog’i 16 bit) RF bayrog’i vaqtinchalik otlatka chegaralanishini bekor qiladi,
shuning uchun bunday chegaralanishdan keyin boshqa buyruq bajarilishi mumkin va bu boshqa
sozlovchi chegaralanishini yaratilishiga olib keladi. Sozlovchi kirishda bu bayroq uning normal
funktsiyalanishiga olib keladi, aks holda otladchik o’zi-o’zini rekursiv chaqirishni davom etib
stekni to’ldirar edi. POPF buyrug’i RF ga hech kanday ta’sir ko’rsatmaydi, lekin
POPFD da IRET buyruqlari
bu bayroq holatiga ta’sir ko’rsatadi.
· NT (vazifa qo’yilishi bayrog’i 14 bit) Ushbu bayroq chaqirilgan yoki uzilgan vazifalarni
boshqarish uchun xizmat qiladi.
NT bayrog’i IRET buyrug’i ishiga ta’sir ko’rsatadi.
POPF, POPFD va IRET buyruqlari NT bayr
og’i holatiga ta’sir qiladi.
· IOPL (kiritish-chiqarish darajasi 12-13 bit). Kiritish-chiqarish buyruqlarining ustunlik
darajasini belgilaydi. Bu bayroq faqat himoyalangan rejimda ishlatiladi.
Yangi registrlar turlari.
80386 dan boshlab 32-razryadli protsessorlarda foydalaniladigan registrlarning bir qismi 32-
razryadli bo’lgan. Lekin shunga karamay, segmnt registrlari avvalgiday 16-razryadliligicha qoldi.
Bundan tashqari 486 protsessorlaridan boshlab, asosan sitemaga qaratilgan yangi registrlar turlari
paydo bo’ladi.
Sistemali registrlar.
Sistemaga karatilgan registrlar klassifikatsiyasi:
· Eflags bayroqlar registri;
· Xotirani tashkil etish registrlari;
· Boshqaruvchi registrlar;
· Sozlovchi registrlari;
· Test registrlari.
Sistemali registrlar amaliy dasturlar bajariladigan muhitni boshqarish uchun xizmat qiladi.
Ko’pchilik sitemalarda ushbu registrlarga murojaat taqiqlanadi.
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Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi toshkеnt davlat pеdagogika univеrsitеti
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Bog'liq Majmua toshkеnt-2018-fayllar.orgMavzu4\1: DUXTARI SANAM
Talabalar soni
|
gurux
|
Vaqti
|
2 soat
|
Dars shakli
|
Amaliy
|
Mashg’ulot rejasi
|
1.Ovozni sozlash ( garmonik va xromatik).
2. Asar haqida tushuncha berish.
3.Bastakor ijodiyoti bilan tanishish. Asari ovozlarini alohida o’rganish.
4. Ansambl ustida ishlash.
|
Mashg’ulot maqsadi
|
1.Ovozlar buyicha kuylash va partiyalarining ham ovozligiga erishish.
2.Ansamblda partiyalarni to’g’ri intonatsiya bilan kuylashga erishish.
3. Matn so’zlarini to’g’ri talaffuziga ahamiyat berish.
|
O’qituvchi vazifasi:
1.Asar ovozlarini o’rgatish.
2. Ansambl sofligi ustida ishlash.
3. Xor partiyalarini fortepianoda ijro etish.
4. Nafasning zanjir usulida bo’lishiga ahamiyat berish.
|
O’quv faoliyatidan ko’tilayotgan natijasi:
1.Ovozlarni mukammal o’rganish.
2.So’zlarni to’g’ri talaffuz qilish.
3.Ansambl ijrosining sofligiga erishish.
|
O’qitishning usul va texnikasi
|
Amaliy , namunaviy ijro , suhbat, tarmoqlanish .
|
|
|
|
Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
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Mavzu4\2: DUXTARI SANAM - Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi...

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Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi toshkеnt davlat pеdagogika univеrsitеti
|
bet | 33/89 | Sana | 18.01.2024 | Hajmi | 284,02 Kb. | | #140009 |
Bog'liq Majmua toshkеnt-2018-fayllar.orgMavzu4\2: DUXTARI SANAM
Talabalar soni
|
gurux
|
Vaqti
|
2 soat
|
Dars shakli
|
Amaliy
|
Mashg’ulot rejasi
|
1.Ovozni sozlash ( garmonik va xromatik).
2.Partiya ovozlarini alohida kuylab o’rganish.
3.Sozning sofligi ustida ishlash.
4. Ansambl ustida ishlash.
|
Mashg’ulot maqsadi
|
1.Ovozlar partiyalarini mukammal o’rganishga erishish.
2.Ansamblda partiyalarni to’g’ri intonatsiya bilan kuylashga erishish.
3. Matn so’zlarini to’g’ri talaffuziga ahamiyat berish.
4.Ansamblь tiniqligiga erishish.
|
O’qituvchi vazifasi:
1.Asar ovozlarini o’rgatish.
2. Ansambl sofligi ustida ishlash.
3. Xor partiyalarini fortepianoda ijro etish.
4.Xor ansambli ustida ishlash.
|
O’quv faoliyatidan ko’tilayotgan natijasi:
1.Ovozlarni mukammal o’rganish.
2.So’zlarni to’g’ri talaffuz qilish.
3.Ansambl ijrosining sofligiga erishish.
4.Xor ansambliga erishish.
|
O’qitishning usul va texnikasi
|
Amaliy , namunaviy ijro , suhbat, tarmoqlanish .
|
|
|
|
Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi toshkеnt davlat pеdagogika univеrsitеti
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O’qitish vositalari - Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi...

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Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi toshkеnt davlat pеdagogika univеrsitеti
|
bet | 75/89 | Sana | 18.01.2024 | Hajmi | 284,02 Kb. | | #140009 |
Bog'liq Majmua toshkеnt-2018-fayllar.orgO’qitish vositalari
|
DVD musiqa disklari, MR3, musiqa cholg’u asbobi, fortepiano.
|
O’qitish shakli
|
Amaliy ijro, asarni kontsermeyster ijrosida tinglash.
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“Xor va xorshunoslik” fani texnologiyasi.
YoSHLIK YULLARI CHAMAN
TEXNOLOGIK XARITA
Vaqt
2 soat
|
Faoliyat mazmuni
|
O’qituvchi
|
Talaba
|
1-chi bosqich
20 minut.
|
1. Xor va xorshunoslik san’ati texnologiyasi orqali namunalar ko’rsatib, ovoz sozlash uchun mashqlar ijro etish.
2. Ijro texnologiyasi haqida keng tushuncha berish.
3. Asarning rus halq musiqasi ruhida ijro etilishiga diqqat qaratish.
|
1.Asardagi barcha ovoz partiyalarini akademik ijro usullarida kuylashni o’rganadilar.
2.Kuylashning texnik hususiyatiga axamiyat berish.
3. Asarning rus milliy ritmikasiga ahamiyat beradilar.
|
2-chi bosqich
50 minut
|
1.Xor partiturasini tahlil qilish.
2. Ovozda va fortepianoda har bir ovozni ijro etish va – T,B partiyalarini o’rgatish.
3.Nyuanslar ustida ishlash.
4.Ovozlarning polifonik tushishiga ahamiyat berish.
|
1.Asarni kompleks tahlil qilish ko’nikmalariga ega bo’ladilar.
2.Musiqiy matnni partiya orqali o’rganadilar.
3.Nyuanslarga ahamiyat berish.
4.Milliy ruxda kuylashga erishadilar.
|
3-chi bosqich
10 minut
|
1.Mavzu bo’yicha yakuniy xulosa chiqarish maqsadida asar ijro etiladi.
2. Asar ijrosi tahlil qilinadi va baholanadi.
3. Mustaqil mashg’ulot uchun vazifa beriladi.
|
1. O’rganilgan asarni ijro etiladi.
2. Ijro baholanadi.
3. Matn ustida mustaqil ish bajariladi.
|
|
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
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Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi toshkеnt davlat pеdagogika univеrsitеti
|
bet | 29/89 | Sana | 18.01.2024 | Hajmi | 284,02 Kb. | | #140009 |
Bog'liq Majmua toshkеnt-2018-fayllar.orgMavzu3\2: : DONA NOBIS PACEM
Talabalar soni
|
gurux
|
Vaqti
|
2 soat
|
Dars shakli
|
Amaliy
|
Mashg’ulot rejasi
|
1.Ovozni sozlash ( garmonik va xromatik).
2.Partiyalarni o’rganishda davom etish.
3.Akademik ijroga ahamiyat berish.
4. Ansambl ustida ishlash.
|
Mashg’ulot maqsadi
|
1.Ovozlar buyicha kuylash va partiyalar ritmikasi to’g’riligiga erishish.
2.Ansamblda partiyalarni to’g’ri intonatsiya bilan kuylashga erishish.
3. Matn so’zlarini to’g’ri talaffuziga ahamiyat berish.
|
O’qituvchi vazifasi:
1.Asar ovozlarini o’rgatish.
2. Ansambl sofligi ustida ishlash.
3. Xor partiyalarini fortepianoda ijro etish.
4. Nafasning zanjir usulida bo’lishiga ahamiyat berish.
|
O’quv faoliyatidan ko’tilayotgan natijasi:
1.Ovozlarni mukammal o’rganish.
2.So’zlarni to’g’ri talaffuz qilish.
3.Ansambl ijrosining sofligiga erishish.
|
O’qitishning usul va texnikasi
|
Amaliy , namunaviy ijro , suhbat, tarmoqlanish .
|
O’qitish vositalari
|
DVD musiqa disklari, MR3, musiqa cholg’u asbobi, fortepiano.
|
O’qitish shakli
|
Amaliy ijro, asarni kontsermeyster ijrosida tinglash.
|
| |
|
|
Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi toshkеnt davlat pеdagogika univеrsitеti
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Mavzu9\2: YoSHLIK YULLARI CHAMAN - Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi...

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Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi toshkеnt davlat pеdagogika univеrsitеti
|
bet | 76/89 | Sana | 18.01.2024 | Hajmi | 284,02 Kb. | | #140009 |
Bog'liq Majmua toshkеnt-2018-fayllar.orgMavzu9\2: YoSHLIK YULLARI CHAMAN
Talabalar soni
|
gurux
|
Vaqti
|
2 soat
|
Dars shakli
|
Amaliy
|
Mashg’ulot rejasi
|
1.Ovozni sozlash ( garmonik va xromatik).
2. Asar xarakteri haqida tushuncha berish.
3. Asar ovozlarini alohida o’rganish.
4. Ansambl va intonatsiya ustida ishlash.
|
Mashg’ulot maqsadi
|
1.Ovozlar bo’yicha kuylash va partiyalarining ham ovozligiga erishish.
2.Ansamblda partiyalarni to’g’ri intonatsiya bilan kuylashga erishish.
3. Matn so’zlarini to’g’ri talaffuziga ahamiyat berish.
4.Ovozlarning polifonik tushishiga ahamiyat berish.
|
O’qituvchi vazifasi:
1.Asar ovozlarini o’rgatish.
2. Ansambl sofligi ustida ishlash.
3. Xor partiyalarini fortepianoda ijro etish.
4. Ritmikaga ahamiyat berish.
|
O’quv faoliyatidan ko’tilayotgan natijasi:
1.Ovozlarni mukammal o’rganish.
2.So’zlarni to’g’ri talaffuz qilish.
3.Ansambl ijrosining sofligiga erishish.
4. Ritmikaga ahamiyat berish.
|
O’qitishning usul va texnikasi
|
Amaliy , namunaviy ijro , suhbat, tarmoqlanish .
|
|
|
|
Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi toshkеnt davlat pеdagogika univеrsitеti
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Mavzu9\1: YoSHLIK YULLARI CHAMAN - Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi...

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Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi toshkеnt davlat pеdagogika univеrsitеti
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Bog'liq Majmua toshkеnt-2018-fayllar.orgMavzu9\1: YoSHLIK YULLARI CHAMAN
Talabalar soni
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gurux
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Vaqti
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2 soat
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Dars shakli
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Amaliy
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Mashg’ulot rejasi
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1.Ovozni sozlash ( garmonik va xromatik).
2. Asar haqida tushuncha berish.
3. Asar ovozlarini alohida o’rganish.
4. Ansambl va intonatsiya ustida ishlash.
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Mashg’ulot maqsadi
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1.Ovozlar bo’yicha kuylash va xor partiyalarining ham ovozligiga erishish.
2.Ansamblda partiyalarni to’g’ri intonatsiya bilan kuylashga erishish.
3. Matn so’zlarini to’g’ri talaffuziga ahamiyat berish.
4.5\4 o’lchovli asarlarning xususiyatini o’zlashtirish.
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O’qituvchi vazifasi:
1.Asar ovozlarini o’rgatish.
2. Ansambl sofligi ustida ishlash.
3. Xor partiyalarini fortepianoda ijro etish.
4. Ritmikaga ahamiyat berish.
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O’quv faoliyatidan ko’tilayotgan natijasi:
1.Ovozlarni mukammal o’rganish.
2.So’zlarni to’g’ri talaffuz qilish.
3.Ansambl ijrosining sofligiga erishish.
4. Ritmikaga ahamiyat berish.
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O’qitishning usul va texnikasi
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Amaliy , namunaviy ijro , suhbat, tarmoqlanish .
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Bosh sahifa
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Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi toshkеnt davlat pеdagogika univеrsitеti
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O’qitish shart-sharoitlari - Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy...

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Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi toshkеnt davlat pеdagogika univеrsitеti
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Bog'liq Majmua toshkеnt-2018-fayllar.org
“Xor va xorshunoslik” fani texnologiyasi.
DUXTARI SANAM
TEXNOLOGIK XARITA
Vaqt
2 soat
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Faoliyat mazmuni
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O’qituvchi
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Talaba
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1-chi bosqich
20 minut.
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1. Ovozlarni mashqlar yordamida sozlash.
2.Asarning badiiy obrazi haqida tushuncha berish.
3.Asar partiyalarini fortepianoda ijro etish.
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1. Ovozlarni sozlash.
2. Asar obrazi haqida tushunchaga ega bo’ladilar.
3. Ayollar va erkaklar ovozlarini ansamblda uyg’unlashtiradilar.
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2-chi bosqich
50 minut
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1. S,A,T,B partiyalarini alohida o’rgatishda davom etish.
2. S,A,T,B partiyalarini birlashtirish. 3.Ansamblь ustida ishlash.
4. Milliy qochirimlar ijrosi ustida ishlash.
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1. S,A,T,B partiyalarini mukammal o’rganadilar.
2. S,A,T,B partiyalarini birlashtiradilar. 3.Ansamblь ustida ishlaydilar.
4. O’zbekona qochirimlarning to’g’ri kuylanishiga erishadilar.
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3-chi bosqich 10 minut
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1.Mavzu bo’yicha yakuniy xulosa chiqarish maqsadida asar ijro etiladi.
2. Asar ijrosi tahlil qilinadi va baholanadi.
3. Mustaqil mashg’ulot uchun vazifa beriladi.
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1. O’rganilgan asarni ijro etiladi.
2. Ijro baholanadi.
3. Matn ustida mustaqil ish bajariladi.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi toshkеnt davlat pеdagogika univеrsitеti
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O’qitish shart-sharoitlari - Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy...

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Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi toshkеnt davlat pеdagogika univеrsitеti
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bet | 73/89 | Sana | 18.01.2024 | Hajmi | 284,02 Kb. | | #140009 |
Bog'liq Majmua toshkеnt-2018-fayllar.org
“Xor va xorshunoslik” fani texnologiyasi.
TALABALAR
TEXNOLOGIK XARITA
Vaqt
2 soat
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Faoliyat mazmuni
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O’qituvchi
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Talaba
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1-chi bosqich
20 minut.
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1.Xor va xorshunoslik san’ati texnologiyasi orqali namunalar ko’rsatib,mashqlar ijro etib,ovozlarni sozlash.
2Asarning ritmikasi haqida tushuncha berish.
3. Asarning tantanavor ruhiyatiga urg’u berish.
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1.Asardagi barcha ovoz partiyalarini akademik ijro usullarida kuylashni o’rganadilar.
2. Asarning ritmikasiga ahamiyat berish.
3. Asarning obraziga ahamiyat berish.
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2-chi bosqich
50 minut
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1.O’tilgan partiyalarni qaytarish.
2.Partiturani oxirigacha o’rgatish va ovozlarni mustahkamlash.
3.Asarning badiiy obrazi ustida ishlash.
4.Nyuansirovka va milliy qochirimlarning to’g’ri kuylanishi ustida ishlash.
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1.Partiyalarni mustahkamlaydilar.
2.Asarni oxirigacha o’rganadilar.
3. Asarning badiiy obrazi ustida ishlaydilar.
4. Nyuansirovka va milliy qochirimlarning to’g’ri kuylanishi ustida ishlaydilar.
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3-chi bosqich
10 minut
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1.Mavzu bo’yicha yakuniy xulosa chiqarish maqsadida asar ijro etiladi.
2. Asar ijrosi tahlil qilinadi va baholanadi.
3. Mustaqil mashg’ulot uchun vazifa beriladi.
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1. O’rganilgan asarni ijro etiladi.
2. Ijro baholanadi.
3. Matn ustida mustaqil ish bajariladi.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Toshkеnt-2018 O’zbеkiston rеspublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi toshkеnt davlat pеdagogika univеrsitеti
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GPON texnologiyasi asosidagi tolali optik aloqa kirish tarmoqlaridagi (TOAKT) qurilmalar va ularning ishlash prinspi

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GPON texnologiyasi asosidagi tolali optik aloqa kirish tarmoqlaridagi (TOAKT) qurilmalar va ularning ishlash prinspi
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bet | 11/19 | Sana | 21.11.2023 | Hajmi | 7,45 Mb. | | #102863 |
Bog'liq dp2.2. GPON texnologiyasi asosidagi tolali optik aloqa kirish tarmoqlaridagi (TOAKT) qurilmalar va ularning ishlash prinspi
GPON uchta asosiy elementdan iborat:
OLT (Optik liniya terminallari);
ONU qurilmasi (Optik tarmoq birligi);
passiv splitter. Bu erda passiv optik ajratgich internet-provayderni bir nechta oxirgi foydalanuvchilarga bog'laydigan bitta optik tolali kabeldan foydalanishga imkon beradi, chunki u odatda signalni 64 tagacha bo'ladi.
Optik Line Terminali optik to'lqin uzunligi bo'linmasi multiplekslash (WDM) texnologiyasi orqali optik signallar shaklida ma'lumotlarni yuboradi. OLT odatda sizning ISP hisoblanadi va uni GPON ning boshlang'ich nuqtasi sifatida ko'rib chiqish mumkin.
Signal optik tarqatish tarmog'i (ODN) orqali bitta uzunlikdagi tola bo'ylab tarqaladi va oxirida passiv ajratgichga etib boradi. GPON tolali tarmog'i 20 kmgacha masofani bosib o'tishi mumkin.
Passiv GPON splitter optik signalni qabul qiladi va uni 64 tagacha bir nechta signallarga ajratadi. Bu nuqtadan ko'p nuqtaga kirishni ta'minlaydi va shu bilan 64 tagacha tolali ulanishga imkon beradi.
Nihoyat, so'nggi milda bo'lingan optik signallar turar joy yoki biznes binosida o'rnatilgan individual GPON ONT/ONU qurilmalariga etib boradi. Bu GPON-ning tugash nuqtasi bo'lib, optik ma'lumot signalini elektr signaliga aylantirish imkonini beradi. Teskari tarzda, ma'lumotlar GPON ONT/GPON ONU dan OLT ga yuqori oqimga ham yuboriladi.
Optik liniya terminali (OLT). OLTni Gigabit Passiv Optik Tarmoqning tarmoq menejeri deb atash mumkin. Uning roli qabul qiluvchining oxiridagi ONT ga va undan video, ma'lumot va ovozli optik signallarni yuborish va qabul qilishdir. OLT video uchun 1550 nm va ovoz va ma'lumotlar uchun 1490 nm da pastga optik signallarni yuboradi, holbuki u 1310 nm da yuqori oqim optik signallarini oladi. Bu aralashuvni oldini oladi. GPON OLT xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayderning oxirida, ya'ni odatda ma'lumotlar markazida mavjud. GPON ONT kabi, OLT ham qabul qilingan optik signallarni elektr signallariga aylantiradi. U optik splitterga magistral kabel orqali ulangan.
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InformationSecurity,shuningdek

InformationSecurity,shuningdek
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InformationSecurity,shuningdek
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[
tahrir - InformationSecurity,shuningdek

yaxlitligiga kompyuter viruslari va mantiqiy bombalar, dasturlash xatolari va zararli
kod o‘zgarishlari, ma’lumotlarni soxtalashtirish, ruxsatsiz kirish, orqa eshiklar va
boshqalar tahdid solmoqda. Qasddan qilingan harakatlarga qo‘shimcha ravishda,
ko‘p hollarda nozik ma’lumotlarga ruxsatsiz o‘zgartirishlar
texnik nosozliklar
nazorat yoki professional tayyorgarlikning etishmasligi tufayli inson xatosidan kelib
chiqadi. Masalan, yaxlitlikning buzilishi fayllarni tasodifiy o‘chirish, noto‘g‘ri
qiymatlarni kiritish, sozlamalarni o‘zgartirish, oddiy foydalanuvchilar va tizim
ma’murlari tomonidan noto‘g‘ri buyruqlarni bajarish
kabi xatolarga olib
keladi
[56][57]
. Axborotning yaxlitligini himoya qilish uchun axborot va uni qayta
ishlash tizimlaridagi o‘zgarishlarni nazorat qilish va boshqarish bo‘yicha turli xil
choralarni qo‘llash lozim. Bunday chora-tadbirlarning odatiy misoli faqat o‘z xizmat
vazifalarini bajarish uchun bunday ruxsatga muhtoj bo‘lganlarni o‘zgartirish
huquqiga ega bo‘lgan shaxslar doirasini cheklashdir.
Shu bilan birga,
hokimiyatlarning bo‘linishi tamoyiliga rioya qilish kerak. Unga ko‘ra ma’lumotlar
yoki axborot tizimiga bir shaxs tomonidan o‘zgartirishlar kiritiladi, boshqa shaxs esa
ularni tasdiqlaydi yoki rad etadi. Bundan tashqari, axborot tizimlarining hayotiy
siklidagi har qanday o‘zgarishlar izchil bo‘lishi, axborot yaxlitligini ta’minlash
uchun sinovdan o‘tkazilishi va tizimga faqat to‘g‘ri tuzilgan tranzaksiyalar orqali
kiritilishi lozim. Dasturiy ta’minotni yangilash xavfsiz
tarzda amalga oshirilishi
kerak. O‘zgarishlarga olib keladigan har qanday harakatlar jurnalga yozilishi talab
etiladi
[56][57]
.
Mavjudligi
Xarakteristikasi - Vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti

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Vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti
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bet | 10/19 | Sana | 21.11.2023 | Hajmi | 7,45 Mb. | | #102863 |
Bog'liq dpXarakteristikasi
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GPON
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GEPON
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Xizmatlari
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xizmatlarning to'liq to'plami (Internet, telefoniya, televizor)
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xizmatlarning to'liq to'plami (Internet, telefoniya, televizor)
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Darajali tuzilish
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ATM yacheykalari va GEM kadrlari (shu jumladan Ethernet va TDM kadrlari)
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Ethernet kadri (Shu jumladan TDM)
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Uzatish tezligi
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DS: 2,5Gbps US: 1,2Gbps
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DS: 1.2Gbps US: 1.2Gbps
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Bitta OLT portidagi maksimal ONT (ONU)lar soni
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64 (128)
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32 (64)
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ONTni aniqlash va faollashtirish (ONU)
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yangi ONTlarni (ONU) avtomatik ravishda topish.
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yangi ONTlarni (ONU) avtomatik ravishda topish.
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FEC xatolikni tuzatish
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Mumkin, bu sizga qabul qiluvchining sezgirligining pastroq darajasida ishlashga va ONT (ONU) sonini ko'paytirishga imkon beradi.
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Mumkin, bu sizga qabul qiluvchining sezgirligining pastroq darajasida ishlashga va ONT (ONU) sonini ko'paytirishga imkon beradi.
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Ma‘lumotlarni shifrlash
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AES-128 GEM ramkasi va ATM uyali foydali yukni shifrlash
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AES-128 Ethernet freymining foydali yukini shifrlash
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Passiv optik tarmoqlar texnologiyasi GPON tarmoqning o'tkazish qobiliyatini oshirishga imkon beradi, yangi xizmatlarni taqdim etish bilan yuqori sifatli video signal uzatishni ta'minlaydi.
2.2-jadval
Ikki texnologiyaning ijobiy va salbiy tomonlari
Ijobiy va salbiy tomonlari
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GPON
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Turbo GEPON
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Standart
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+ To'liq standartlashtirilgan texnologiya (ITU-T G.984 tavsiyasi)
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– Standartsiz texnologiya (IEEE 802.3ah standarti asosida)
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Narxi
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- GEPON dan yuqori narx
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+ Pastroq OLT narxi
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kanal
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+ NRZ liniya kodini ortiqcha holda ishlatish
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– Ortiqcha 8B/10B chiziq kodidan foydalanish (~20% kamroq boʻsh tarmoqli kengligi).
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Uskuna konfiguratsiyasi
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- Keyinchalik murakkab apparat konfiguratsiyasi.
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+ Uskunani nisbatan oson sozlash
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[
tahrir - InformationSecurity,shuningdek

maqsadlar uchun xizmat qilishini koʻrsatishni talab qiladi. Bundan tashqari, ushbu
maʼlumot nafaqat vakolatli organlar tomonidan tekshirish paytida, balki ushbu
maʼlumotlar egasining birinchi talabiga binoan ham taqdim etilishi lozim. Bunday
muvofiqlikka rioya qilish muhim byudjet mablagʻlari va resurslarini tashkilotning
boshqa axborot xavfsizligi vazifalaridan chetlashtirishni talab qiladi. Shaxsiy
maʼlumotlarni qayta ishlashni soddalashtirish uzoq muddatli istiqbolda axborot
xavfsizligini yaxshilashni nazarda tutsa ham, qisqa muddatda tashkilotning xatarlari
sezilarli darajada oshadi
[10]
.
Aksariyat odamlar u yoki bu tarzda axborot xavfsizligi tahdidlariga duchor
boʻlishadi. Masalan, ular zararli dasturlar (viruslar va kompyuter qurti, troya
oti(kompyuter virusi) va firibgarlik dasturlari)
[12]
, fishing yoki identifikatorni
oʻgʻirlash qurboni boʻlishadi. Fishing (
inglizcha
:
Phishing) —
maxfiy
maʼlumotlarni (masalan, hisob,
parol
yoki
kredit karta
maʼlumotlari) olishga
qaratilgan firibgarlik harakatlaridir. Odatda, ular internet foydalanuvchisini har
qanday tashkilotning (
bank
,
internet-doʻkon
,
ijtimoiy tarmoq
va h.k.) asl veb-
saytidan ajratib boʻlmaydigan soxta veb-saytga jalb qilishga harakat qiladilar
[13][14]
.
Qoida tariqasida, bunday urinishlar tashkilot nomidan
[15]
soxta veb-saytlarga
havolalarni oʻz ichiga olgan soxta elektron pochta xabarlarini ommaviy yuborish
orqali amalga oshiriladi. Foydalanuvchi
brauzerda
bunday
havolani
ochib, oʻz hisob
maʼlumotlarini kiritib firibgarlarning oʻljasiga aylanadi
[16]
. 1964-yilda[18] ingliz
tiliga
Andoza:Tr
kiritilgan boʻlib, unda kimningdir shaxsiy maʼlumotlari (masalan,
koʻpincha fishing yoʻli bilan olingan ism, bank hisobi yoki kredit karta raqami)
firibgarlik va boshqa jinoyatlarni sodir etishda foydalaniladi.
[17][18]
Jinoyatchilar
nomidan noqonuniy moliyaviy imtiyozlar, qarz olgan yoki boshqa jinoyatlarni sodir
etgan shaxs koʻpincha ayblanuvchining oʻzi boʻlib qoladi va bu uning uchun jiddiy
moliyaviy va huquqiy oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin
[19]
. Axborot xavfsizligi
shaxsiy hayotga bevosita taʼsir qiladi va bu holat turli madaniyatlarda turlicha
taʼriflanishi mumkin.
Hukumatlar
,
harbiylar
,
korporatsiyalar
, moliya institutlari, tibbiyot muassasalari va
xususiy korxonalar oʻz xodimlari, mijozlari, mahsulotlari, tadqiqotlari va moliyaviy
natijalari haqida doimiy ravishda katta miqdordagi maxfiy maʼlumotlarni toʻplaydi.
Agar bunday maʼlumotlar raqobatchilar yoki kiberjinoyatchilar qoʻliga tushib qolsa,
bu tashkilot va uning mijozlari uchun keng qamrovli huquqiy oqibatlarga, tuzatib
boʻlmas moliyaviy va ayanchli yoʻqotishlarga olib kelishi mumkin. Biznes nuqtai
nazaridan, axborot xavfsizligi xarajatlarga nisbatan muvozanatli boʻlishi kerak.
Gordon-Lob[en] iqtisodiy modeli bu muammoni hal qilishning matematik apparatni
tavsiflaydi
[20]
. Unga koʻra axborot xavfsizligi tahdidlari yoki axborot xavflariga
qarshi kurashishning asosiy usullari quyidagilardan iborat:
Microsoft Word Applied xml a toolkit for Programmers Wiley doc - bet 13

- 12 -
City: Muddy Waters
State: FL
ZIP: 55544
From a computer’s perspective, there is no indication of the inherent structure of the
information. You might think that, “anything with a colon in front of it is a field name,” but
there’s an underlying structure to this data that you cannot pick out from this clip. To
show you what we mean, look at a snippet of XML that could be used to represent the
preceding information:
Alley Gator
515-5551235
112, Main Street
Muddy Waters
FL
55544
See what we mean by the “structure of the information?” Visual inspection of the above
code tells us something about how the information is organized. By looking at it, we can
tell that Contact_Information consists of a Name, a Phone_Number, and an Address
field. Furthermore, the Address section can be broken into subfields. Armed with the
knowledge of the structure, we can then perform more interesting tasks, such as
displaying only the information contained in the Name and Phone_Number tags. We
could also perform more intelligent searches based on information contained within
certain tags as opposed to information contained within entire documents.
So XML Has Its Own Set of Tags Such as and ?
No, as the name implies, the set of tags is
extensible
so you can create them as you go
along. Although a few tag names are reserved in XML, you can pretty much create your
own tags to represent your data as descriptively as you’d like.
What If I Don’t Want the Data Validated?

- 20 -
government regulations.
When you create XML documents, you have to be very particular about closing all tags,
nesting them properly, and using the right syntax. Also, the W3C recommends
(recommendations by the W3C can be considered specifications) XML parsers to be
case sensitive; thus, the following code clip would not be acceptable:
110 Main Street
However, each of the following examples would be acceptable:
110 Main Street
110 Main Street
110 Main Street
Each of these three samples would be treated as separate entities altogether by an XML
parser.
Chapter 3
goes into more details about these issues.
// Display the name of each client

tableDiv.innerHTML = result;
// Associate the done() event handler to the // onreadystatechange event.
// Load the XML document from the server. xmldoc.load("http://spartus/xml/clients.xml"); // At this point we can do tasks until our XML document
4 times as it moves through the // various stages in parsing. function done() { // Check if the XML is ready to be used; otherwise, return.
// Parse the XML document that is passed as a string.
// Display the name of each client
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Bog'liq
Ceponkus, Hoodbhoy - Applied XML - Toolkit for Programmers
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tableDiv.innerHTML = result;
// Associate the done() event handler to the // onreadystatechange event.
// Load the XML document from the server. xmldoc.load("http://spartus/xml/clients.xml"); // At this point we can do tasks until our XML document
4 times as it moves through the // various stages in parsing. function done() { // Check if the XML is ready to be used; otherwise, return.
// Parse the XML document that is passed as a string.
// Display the name of each client.
alert(result.item(i).childNodes.item(0).nodeValue);
}
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// Display the name of each client
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InformationSecurity,shuningdek - bet 5

yaxlitlik, mavjudlik) triadasi“ kuzatuv kalkasi sifatida foydalanadilar. „KYAM
triadasi“ Adabiyotda uning barcha uch komponenti: konfidensiallik, yaxlitlik va
mavjudlik sinonimik ravishda printsiplar, xavfsizlik atributlari, xususiyatlar, asosiy
jihatlar, axborot mezonlari, tanqidiy xarakteristikalar yoki asosiy tarkibiy elementlar
deb ataladi
[5]
.
Ayni paytda, professional hamjamiyatda Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi CIA
triadasining tez rivojlanayotgan texnologiyalar va biznes talablariga qanchalik mos
kelishi haqida munozaralar davom etmoqda. Ushbu muhokamalar natijasida
xavfsizlik va shaxsiy daxlsizlik oʻrtasidagi munosabatlarni oʻrnatish, qoʻshimcha
tamoyillarni qabul qilish zarurligi toʻgʻrisida tavsiyalar berildi
[5]
.
Ulardan
ayrimlari
allaqachon
Xalqaro
standartlashtirish
tashkiloti
(ISO)
standartlariga kiritilgan:
haqqoniylik (
inglizcha
:
authenticity) – ob’ekt yoki resursning e’lon qilingan
bilan bir xilligini kafolatlaydigan xususiyat;
javobgarlik[en] (
inglizcha
:
accountability) – sub’ektning oʻz harakatlari va
qarorlari uchun javobgarligi;
rad etishning imkonsizligi (
inglizcha
:
non-repudiation) — sodir boʻlgan voqea
yoki harakatni va ularning sub’ektlarini ushbu hodisa yoki harakatni va u bilan
bogʻliq boʻlgan sub’ektlarni shubha ostiga qoʻymaslik uchun tasdiqlash
qobiliyati;
ishonchlilik (
inglizcha
:
reliability) – bu moʻljallangan xatti-harakatlar va
natijalarga muvofiqlik xususiyatidir
[36]
.
Maxfiylik
Is XML an Application? What Does It Do?

- 14 -
We’re tempted to say just about anything, but that’s too abstract. Here are some more
tangible examples of what you can do with XML:
Electronic commerce.
Far and away the most hyped application of XML is electronic
commerce. Because XML gives you a rich way of describing information, you can create
more intelligent transport mechanisms to conduct business over the Web.
Chapter 2
explores this application area in more detail.
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Bog'liq
titul
Kurs ishi bo‘limi
Semestr haftasi
Bo’lim hajmi,%
Boshqarishning
umumiy miqdori
,%
Bajarilish
haqidagi belgi va muddati
1
Titul varag’i
2
Mundarija
3
Kirish
4
Umumiy qism.
Jarayon nazariyasi
5
Texnologik qism.
Jarayon hisobi
6
Asosiy
qurilmani tanlash va hisoblash
7
Ekologiya
8
Xulosa
9
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yhati
10
Kurs
ishi himoyasi
Kurs ishi rahbari:_______________________________________
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Creating other markup languages

|
Creating other markup languagesBog'liq Ceponkus, Hoodbhoy - Applied XML - Toolkit for ProgrammersCreating other markup languages.
XML is not just another markup language. You
could say it is trying to be the mother of all languages by creating a standard method for
describing your information. That being true, nothing is stopping you from creating
information to further describe more information (that is, a language). If you think about it,
one day HTML could be an application of XML! Other examples of markup languages
that are XML applications include CML
(Chemical Markup Language, which is used by members of the scientific community),
CDF (Channel Definition Format, used in push technology applications), and OFX
(Open Financial Exchange, an initiative launched by several companies to standardize
information exchange in the financial sector).
Online banking.
Most banks are moving in this direction. Although the security protocols
and requirements are more stringent than other applications, XML is flexible enough to
be used to enable these applications.
Push technology.
This is one of those buzzwords from not too long ago. It is also
known as
webcasting
. Push technology refers to the idea of the user indicating general
areas of interest that he or she would like information about from a particular server. The
server then detects the request and sends the user periodic (or on demand) updates to
any related information. This information is then downloaded to the user’s cache and is
available for offline browsing. For example, in the PointCast browser, we simply indicate
the areas of interest we’d like to read about, and the server then “pushes” that
information to us periodically and stores it on the local cache. We can then browse
through the information at our own pace. Figure 1.2 shows how the PointCast browser
lets users customize the topics in which they are interested. An application of XML known
as the Channel Definition Format (CDF) is used to richly encode the information sent to
and from the client. Similar and grander applications of push technology will be
engendered by XML.
|
| |
Figure 1.2:
Selecting areas of interest you want pushed to you in the PointCast 
Network’s browser.
Advanced search engines

- 15 -
the Web today results in several hundred thousand matches because search engines
don’t have a way of differentiating content due to the limited number of HTML tags (see
Figure 1.3). Instead, they perform searches based on the entire document’s text or, at
best, on the information contained in the
meta tags
. Meta tags are reserved tags in HTML
that are not used for display per se; they are a kind of placeholder
for people to use as
they see fit. Many search engines look for information contained in the meta tags when
responding to a query.
Figure 1.3:
Results from a typical search engine.
When XML is widely adopted, search engines will be able to search based on the
content of particular tags, for example
. Let’s say you’re interested in
articles with the
tag of Operations Research, a branch of industrial
engineering. The search results will include only matches to pages that have a
tag and whose contents of that tag include “Operations Research.” In
doing so, you eliminate all the hundreds of thousands of pages that may have the
words o
perations
and
research
mentioned somewhere in the document (for example,
in an article on medicine or defense that’s not relevant for your purpose).
Web-based control systems.
This is one of the most exciting areas for XML
applications. Because your information is now meaningfully structured, you can encode it
to mean anything. Why not use the Web to control your kitchen appliances, bathroom
faucet, and home lighting while you are at the office? Thousands of people will be
creating applications like these in the near future, and our bet is that the background
technology will be XML.
Agents.
This is another of our favorite applications and probably one of the most
fascinating applications of artificial intelligence. Agents are expressions of consciousness
dissociated from your corporeal form. They are essentially software-based assistants that
perform tasks for you based on your individual preferences, for example, performing
specific research for you, controlling your schedule, and managing your stock portfolio.
Agents are still relatively new, and people are doing a lot of great work in this area to use
software to translate human preferences, at the same time conforming to existing
information site structures. Translating human preferences is, generally speaking, very
complicated, and you need a very rich way of describing information before you can
communicate your desires to a piece of software. XML gives developers the flexibility
they need to create more powerful agents.
What Is “Markup” and Why Do We Use It?

|
What Is “Markup” and Why Do We Use It?Bog'liq Ceponkus, Hoodbhoy - Applied XML - Toolkit for ProgrammersWhat Is “Markup” and Why Do We Use It?
When we were younger, our English teachers used a lot of red ink on our essays to
clearly delineate where we had made spelling and grammatical mistakes.
Markup
refers
to the instructions written on top of our essay by the teacher, including things such as
“you’ll never be a writer.” Actually the term was first used in the paper printing industry
when copy editors would write in the margin of paper telling the printer where to use a
particular typeface (for example, “use bold print” or “drop cap here”). The word
processing industry has largely been a spin-off of the paper printing industry and so the
instructions for telling a computer when to use bold or underline styles were also called
markup.
Today we’ve extended the concept of markup to encode instructions that can tell an
application what to do with information chunks. Think of markup as street signs on a
road. You see a stop sign, and you stop. You see a detour, and you take a detour. The
road is your raw information, and the street signs are the markup you need to navigate
your way around.
Keeping this analogy in mind, XML is a standard method of putting up road signs that
help you navigate your way through the sheer magnitude of information on the Web.
Is XML Like HTML?
XML is sort of like HTML, but not quite. Both HTML (HyperText Markup Language) and
XML come from the same parent technology: SGML (Standard Generalized Markup
Language). SGML is an older technology that was heavily deployed across mainframes
and so-called “legacy systems” for financial institutions, defense systems, government
information systems, to name a few. SGML remains a very powerful technology, but it is
not for everyone—in its purest form, it’s like swatting a fly with a bazooka.
In deference to those of us who wanted to do only some of the things that SGML could
do, such as displaying formatted text without having to learn the entire complicated
language, HTML was invented. HTML had to be simple and easy so that everyone could
use it on a variety of computer platforms (for example, PCs, Unix machines, and
mainframes). Tough order, but HTML delivered and today is ubiquitous over the Web.
As great as it is for displaying information, HTML is not the best way to represent
information. Enter XML: a universal method for representing information. XML is a
complementary technology
to HTML, not a replacement of it.
For Example…
Let’s take, for example, a clip of HTML that’s being used to represent information from an
address book. To keep it simple, let’s say this address book only contains information
about names, phone numbers, and addresses. Our address book clip could look like this:
|
| |
If you’ve never heard of computers

- 10 -
•
Link to Netscape’s Gecko
•
Links to W3C XML 1.0 Recommendations and supplemental documentation
Concluding Thoughts
To be honest, we wrote this book for ourselves as college students; we like books that
avoid fluff and get right to the point. We only buy books that help us get things done, not
books that look pretty on a bookshelf. And we expect you probably feel the same way
(why would you bother framing a book that is going to be obsolete in less than two years
anyway?) That XML is big is obvious. That you can use XML in a variety of situations is
equally obvious. We see no point in flogging those dead horses.
How to
use
XML is not
as obvious. That’s what we’ve focused on throughout this book.
Hopefully, this is the kind of information you are looking for. If it is, then welcome aboard
and let’s get on to making XML work for you!
XSL by Example: Creating and Populating an HTML Template

- 253 -
Lee Tang
4
5
$9
Excellent food and a wonderful decor. Great place
for a business lunch.
Pirate's Lair
2
1
$7
Bad food and even worse decor. Never go
here unless you want an upset stomach.
Howie's Pizzeria
3
4
$7
Great place to get together with friends. They
also sport the hottest wings in town.
For now, imagine that we want to display our restaurant’s review data set as an HTML
page. In this case, the data is obviously repetitive and lends itself to a template-driven
model approach. While we are getting ahead of ourselves, let’s take a look at what the
corresponding XSL stylesheet would look like.
xmldoc.loadXML("") - Microsoft Word Applied xml a toolkit for Programmers Wiley doc

// Make a shortcut to the NodeList that belongs to clients . var clientList = clientsXML.documentElement.childNodes;
is the node we are working with. // nextNode() keeps advancing current until we reach null
// Create a shortcut to elem s list of attributes. var elemAtts = xmldoc.documentElement.childNodes.item(0).attributes;
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// Make a shortcut to the NodeList that belongs to clients . var clientList = clientsXML.documentElement.childNodes;
is the node we are working with. // nextNode() keeps advancing current until we reach null
// Create a shortcut to elem s list of attributes. var elemAtts = xmldoc.documentElement.childNodes.item(0).attributes;
xmldoc.loadXML("
");
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Template-Driven Model - Microsoft Word Applied xml a toolkit for Programmers Wiley doc

- 252 -
XSL Stylesheets Are XML Documents
By default, they all begin with the XML declaration:
XSL Stylesheets Are Self-Declarative
All XSL stylesheets declare themselves to be stylesheets; all XSL tags utilize the concept
of namespaces described in
Chapter 3
, whereby every tag is preceded by the
namespace declaration, xsl:. When creating an XSL stylesheet, generally, the first line
that follows the XML declaration is the stylesheet declaration that includes the XSL
namespace declaration:
Remember, that because this is an XML document, the xsl:stylesheet tag must be closed
at the end of the document. This means that the last line of your stylesheet generally is
as follows:
We are big believers in the inductive method of learning as opposed to the deductive
method of learning. We feel it is easier to learn by looking at what someone has done and
then experimenting with it yourself. Therefore, throughout the rest of this chapter, we go
through example applications of the XSL syntax. We close the chapter with a reference
section on the important XSL tags available for you to use.
// Display the contents of the

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Bog'liq Ceponkus, Hoodbhoy - Applied XML - Toolkit for Programmers
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Dim i
Dim length
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