Chapter I. Theoretical foundations and approaches to the study of politeness 7 - bet 12

|
Chapter I. Theoretical foundations and approaches to the study of politeness 7
|
bet | 12/24 | Sana | 20.11.2023 | Hajmi | 0,66 Mb. | | #102138 |
Bog'liq Ergashaliyeva Yulduz contentdangraphic features, such as layout or page design, typography, spacing, captions, headlines, columns, illustrations, colour;
orthographic or graphological features determined by the writing system of each individual language; these include a specific alphabet, conventions on the use of capital letters, spelling, punctuation, and emphasis (signalled by italics, boldface, etc.);
grammatical features determined by the grammar of each individual language; these include morphological features such as tense, agreement and case inflections and cliticisation patterns; and syntactic features such as sentence structure, word order and restrictions on the scope of negation and quantification;
lexical features regarding the use of vocabulary and idioms in connection with meaning and register;
discourse features such as the structural organization of text (i.e. “discourse functions”), paragraph structure, logical progression of ideas, coherence, and relevance.
The morphological functional and stylistic means highlighted in the texts of the letters correspond to a set of morphological indicators characteristic of the business style.
Business letters of various types are characterized by the use of abstract nouns, mostly verbal, as well as collective nouns, which gives the letter more formality: sheriklik; jalb qilish (investitsiyalar) va hokazo. Masalan: Forumning asosiy maqsadi sarmoyaviy jarayonlarni faollashtirish, Sharqiy Qozogʻistonning faol progressiv ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlanishini taʼminlaydigan ustuvor loyihalarni amalga oshirish uchun investitsiyalarni jalb qilishdan iborat.
In the letters, the superiority of genitive forms over other oblique case forms, the content of the chain of genitive cases in constructions is noted:
Forumning asosiy maqsadlaridan biri muloqot maydonini yaratishdan iborat...; Soborni rekonstruksiya qilish dasturi eng yuqori qo'llab-quvvatlandi...; Hozirda kompaniya uchinchi avlod uyali aloqa tarmog‘i – 3G ni joriy etishga qizg‘in tayyorgarlik ko‘rmoqda...
Abstract verbal nouns in business writing can be transformed into specific: Shuni ta'kidlashni istardikki, siz yuk ortish va tushirish rejasiga rioya qilmaysiz; Tovarlarni omborga yetkazib berish muddati uzoq bo‘lganligi sababli, biz oldindan to‘lovni amalga oshirgan va yetkazib berishni kutishga tayyor bo‘lmagan barcha xaridorlarga pulni qaytarishga tayyormiz.
Proper nouns are common in business letters. Morphologically, they are interesting from the point of view of declension, because the authors of letters have difficulty choosing the form of a foreign noun. We do not include descriptions of proper names in our posts.
Inflectional types of such nouns are considered in detail in the works of L.P. Kalakutskaya, D.E. Rosenthal, E.V. Djanjakova, N.P. Ivanova, O.A. Vinogradova65. Let us give some examples in which we can observe incorrect grammatical use:
Biz ayblanuvchi ushbu asoslar bo'yicha ... xalqaro aeroportda ... u kelgan joydan ... ayblanuvchi Ziyad Mohammed Chinodan (Ziyod Mohammed Chino bo'lishi kerak)olingan nemis pasporti bilan hibsga olinganini tasdiqlaymiz; Tunis talassoterapiya bo'yicha jahon standartini o'rnatdi.Bu borada Jahon federatsiyasi balneologiya va gidroterapiya Djerbe oroliga Jahon unvonini berdi talassoterapiya poytaxti [bo'lishi kerak: Djerba oroli].
See also: We bring to your attention the following. In connection with the fact that we have considered case No. 30/35756 in relation to the following persons: Bashir Ben Hansh Ben Salah Ahmed, citizen ..., Abdullah Ben Abed Morsi Ben Rafik El Ismail, citizen ..., Ziyad Mohammed Chino, citizen ...
Arabic names in this text are not declined, the generic noun citizen is used in the nominative case. This is explained by the fact that the use of surnames and names atypical for the Uzbek language situation in various case forms can lead to communicative conflicts.
Arabic names in this text are not declined, the generic noun citizen is used in the nominative case. This is explained by the fact that the use of surnames and names atypical for the Uzbek language situation in various case forms can lead to communicative conflicts.
It should be noted that grammatical errors are extremely rare in the analyzed letters, which is associated with the understanding of the existing difficulties by the authors of the letters and, consequently, the choice of normative syntactic constructions.
F. Bargiela-Chiappini and S. Harris highlights the fact that language “as predominately social action and to its view its interactive enactment as the primary analytical focus” is of paramount importance for research concerned with politeness in the workplace66.
Email is the form of CMC (computer-mediated communication) that this research aspires to explore. Communication stands for the exchange and sharing of information and email development provides the ground for a smooth and agile communication, aside convenience. Email transfers written messages at the touch of a button in a less intrusive way. The email medium has been extensively used both for governmental and personal communication within the academic and business world67. By the year of 1996, email has become the prevalent communication instrument in the professional world, and thus it is considered a milestone68. M. Kinsley points out, that email is a wondrous combination of direct talk with the thoughtfulness of the written word69. It is said that Microsoft, is one overt illustration of a multi-national corporation, where in all probability, all of its communication falls out via the agency of email; hence the telephone never rings70.
The study is concerned with electronic emails from a particular multinational company which uses international English as a language of communication. Employees of different levels and ethnicities provided a corpus of all their work related emails gathered in one-month. Then, the corpus of the emails possessed, was analysed on the basis of speech acts, politeness strategies of P. Brown and S. Levinson71 and the openings and closings in the workplace emails.
The objective of this thesis was to investigate some typical features of language used in emails and trace up some differences and resemblances between the spoken norm of language and language of emails on the one hand, and the written norm of language and language of emails on the other. The findings have revealed that the boundaries between speech and writing against background of text-based CMC are indistinct.
Unlike the approach of most other researchers on the language of email and asynchronous communication, my approach is holistic, ethnographic and qualitative. Most studies to date have been statistical, treating corpora of email letters and postings in the aggregate, that is, showing which features tend to appear with which other features. Instead, I will look closely at a relatively small number of whole letters, including their opening and closings as well as the body of each letter. I do so, in order to highlight genre aspects, or our expectations about the coordination of form and function of certain types of messages, and how these are changing with the advent of digital technologies.
Although text-based online communication is written, it partially resembles oral communication. Many people have commented that composing an email message feels like talking even though it is written; others have noted that at least in some respects it even looks like talking—some of its linguistic features resemble those of speech. We have seen in my previous lecture that in interactive--synchronous--modes, digital communication is dynamic and improvisational, as is ordinary conversation. Kathleen Ferrara and her associates, one of the first research teams to study computer-mediated textual communication, proposed to call it "Interactive Written Discourse." In my preferred formulation, digital communication is paradoxically both doubly attenuated, and doubly enhanced.
The first example of email can be found on computers at MIT in a program called “MAILBOX”, all the way back in 196572. Users of MIT computers could leave messages with this program on computers at the university for other users, who would see the messages the next time they logged on to the computer. The system was quite effective, but only if the people wishing to communicate with each other were regularly using the same computer.
In 1969, the US Department of Defense implemented ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), a network connecting numerous computers across the department for the purpose of communication within the organization.
On October 29th 1969, the first message was sent from computer to computer on ARPANET. It looked like this:
It was 1971 when Ray Tomlinson invented and developed electronic mail, as we know it today, by creating ARPANET’s networked email system.
The “@” symbol, which was probably his most enduring contribution to the internet. Indicating a destination for a message became as simple as addressing it: “username@name of computer”, which is essentially how email has been addressed ever since.
By 1976, 75% of all ARPANET traffic was electronic mail. The medium had proved so useful that ideas were beginning to spring up about how one might be able to send an electronic mail message to a user on a computer outside of an internal network. This concept of communicating via email from organization to organization was the impetus for the advent of the internet itself. As inter-organizational emailing became more prevalent, a need was created for software involving the storage and organization of such emails. With this, the precursors to the modern email inbox were quickly developed.
By the 1980’s, the infancy of the internet, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) had begun connecting people across the world, and email “hosting” sites began to pop up, clamoring for their piece of the pie73. For many new internet users, electronic mail was the first practical application of this exciting new medium.
By 1993 the word “electronic mail” had been replaced by “email” in the public lexicon and internet use had become more widespread. Over the next few years, America Online (AOL), Echomail, Hotmail and Yahoo shaped the internet and email landscape. They pumped in marketing dollars to increase accessibility and expose a vastly wider audience to the benefits of the World Wide Web.
In the late 1990’s internet use exploded, growing from 55 million users worldwide in 1997 to 400 million by 199974. As the market potential of the internet became widely apparent, email spam began to multiply exponentially, creating the need for email sorting software.
By the turn of the millennium, having an email “address” had gone from being a luxury/curiosity to being a societal expectation akin to having a phone number. The age of email had begun in earnest.
E-mail can be defined as the use of computer systems to transfer messages between private mailboxes. In comparison with the world-wide-web, e-mail takes up only a relatively small domain of Internet ‘space’. However, e-mail far exceeds the Web in terms of the number of daily individual transactions made.
E-mail can occur in connection with a large diversity of contexts, they are more frequently exchanged as part of family contacts, friend contacts, colleague contacts, long-standing business associate contacts, new business associate contacts, and spam from organizations with attachments (indistinguishable from a Web page in their linguistic character). E-mail messages can be further characterized by their formal features, however, as they vary greatly in length and style, they make up an aggregation of idiosyncratic usages. The chief issue when analyzing e-mail messages is to determine the linguistic coherence of the situation.
The analyst can further verify whether the requirements of immediate and rapid e-messaging promote the use of certain linguistic features which transcend the many variations in audience and purpose which characterize e-mail messages. It is possible to generalize, on statistical grounds, about the language of e-mail in terms of certain recurrent formal features, although many users definitely contradict these generalizations.
During the early years of the Internet (roughly 1995-2003), most e-mail messages resembled formal or informal letters both in length and style, but as the practice of cell-phone messaging became widespread, e-mails grew briefer and began to show similar linguistic features, such as absence of graphological variety, absence of punctuation marks, poor intrasentential recursion resulting in absence of subordination, absence of coordination, absence of logical connectors between juxtaposed clauses, absence of disjuncts –i.e. expression of the speaker's cognitive or volitional modal attitude which often introduce sentences or clauses–, and absence of conjuncts –i.e. intersentential logical connectors expressing either copulative, alternative, adversative or illative coordination of ideas.
It should be noted that grammatical errors are extremely rare in the analyzed letters, which is associated with the understanding of the existing difficulties by the authors of the letters and, consequently, the choice of normative syntactic constructions.
2.4-§. Syntactic features of e-mail writing
E-mail writing is characterized by different types of presentation: narration, description, reasoning. Directive style is rare, but it can be presented in a mild form. The business speech itself is distinguished, as a rule, by a narrative character. In this regard, interrogative and exclamatory sentences are rarely found in business letters. Interrogativity is mainly conveyed by other syntactically and means:
Eng.: Please specify how many years you have been doing this activity;
Uzb.: Iltimos, ushbu faoliyat bilan necha yildan beri shug'ullanayotganingizni aniqlang.
However, the exclamation, which is used as a standard in addresses and congratulatory letters, when expressiveness is neutralized, in letters of the 21st century becomes not an exceptional case, as, for example, in the following sentence:
Eng.: Cooperating with "...", you are guaranteed to receive excellent service, attractive prices and high-quality products!
Uzb.: “...” bilan hamkorlik qilib, sizga mukammal xizmat, jozibador narxlar va yuqori sifatli mahsulotlar kafolatlanadi!
In this example, we see the direct desire of the author to emotionally influence the addressee.
The syntax of a business letter is characterized by a strict and definite word order in a sentence. This is due to the requirement of consistency, consistency, accuracy of presentation of thought. The basic rules for word order are as follows: the attribute always comes before the defined, the subject always comes before the predicate, and the direct object comes after the verb:
OJSC "Electrokomplekt" pursues a policy of continuous improvement of the quality of its products and updating its range. Since the beginning of 2011, we have started the production of a new series of components with improved characteristics. Since February of this year, new products have been supplied to a number of enterprises in our industry; We also strive to optimize the technical and operational characteristics of our products, so the information received from you aroused professional interest among our designers and technologists.
Generally speaking, emails tend to have very loose structure as a result of almost no editing. The syntactic patterns are often broken, also ellipsis is very common and briefness and the use of simple sentences are the typical features of the language of emails. However, the syntactic analysis is out of the scope of this work and therefore, I will mention only the most common feature, ellipsis.
Ellipsis is defined as “the omission of elements which are precisely recoverable from the linguistic or situational context”75. Ellipsis can be further divided according to its location in the clause. However, during my email analysis I have came across just two types. The first type is initial ellipsis (the ellipted word is indicated by the ):
|
| |