nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Optik tolalar nima? - Bekmuxamedov Sobir Mavzu: Optik tolalarni pdh, sdh va wdm tizimlarida qo‘llanilishi bo‘yicha tavsiyalar Reja

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Bekmuxamedov Sobir Mavzu: Optik tolalarni pdh, sdh va wdm tizimlarida qo‘llanilishi bo‘yicha tavsiyalar Reja
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Bog'liq Bekmuxamedov Sobir-fayllar.orgOptik tolalar nima?
Optik tolalar yoki optik tolalar shisha yoki plastmassa tolasi bo'ylab yorug'lik impulslari sifatida ma'lumot uzatuvchi texnologiyaga ishora qiladi.
Optik tolali kabelda turli xil shisha tolalar bo'lishi mumkin - bir necha yuzdan bir necha yuzgacha. Qoplama deb ataladigan yana bir shisha qatlami shisha tolali yadroni o'rab oladi. Tampon trubkasi qatlami qoplamani himoya qiladi va ko'ylagi qatlami alohida ip uchun oxirgi himoya qatlami sifatida ishlaydi.
Optik tolali kabellar mis kabellarga nisbatan afzalliklari tufayli keng qo'llaniladi. Ushbu afzalliklardan ba'zilari yuqori tarmoqli kengligi va uzatish tezligini o'z ichiga oladi.
Optik tolalar uzoq masofali va yuqori samarali ma'lumotlarni uzatish uchun ishlatiladi. Bundan tashqari, Internet, televizor va telefon kabi telekommunikatsiya xizmatlarida keng qo'llaniladi. Misol uchun, Verizon va Google o'zlarining Verizon FIOS va Google Fiber xizmatlarida mos ravishda foydalanuvchilarga Gigabit internet tezligini ta'minlovchi optik tolalardan foydalanadilar.
Optik tolalar qanday ishlaydi
Optik tolalar ma'lumotlarni optik tolali kabel orqali pulsatsiyalanuvchi yorug'lik zarralari yoki fotonlar shaklida uzatadi. Shisha tolali yadro va qoplamaning har biri kiruvchi nurni ma'lum bir burchak ostida egadigan turli xil sinishi indeksiga ega.
Yorug'lik signallari optik tolali kabel orqali yuborilganda, ular umumiy ichki aks ettirish deb ataladigan jarayondan so'ng, yadro va qoplamadan bir qator zig-zag sakrashlarida aks etadi . Yorug'lik signallari zichroq shisha qatlamlari tufayli yorug'lik tezligida harakat qilmaydi, aksincha yorug'lik tezligidan taxminan 30% sekinroq harakat qiladi.
Yo'l davomida signalni yangilash yoki kuchaytirish uchun optik tolali uzatish ba'zan uzoq vaqt oralig'ida takrorlagichlarni talab qiladi. Ushbu takrorlagichlar optik signalni elektr signaliga aylantirish, bu elektr signalini qayta ishlash va optik signalni qayta uzatish orqali qayta ishlab chiqaradi.
Optik tolali kabellar endi 10 Gbit / s gacha signallarni qo'llab-quvvatlay oladi. Odatda, optik tolali kabelning tarmoqli kengligi hajmi oshgani sayin, u qimmatroq bo'ladi.
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O‘zbekiston respublikаsi raqamli texnologiyalаr vаzirligi muhammad al

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O‘zbekiston respublikаsi raqamli texnologiyalаr vаzirligi muhammad al
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Bog'liq Tarmoq xavfsizligi Mustaqil ishBu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Guruh
O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKАSI RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALАR
VАZIRLIGI MUHAMMAD AL-XORAZMIY NOMIDAGI
TOSHKENT AXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYALARI UNIVERSITETI
NURAFSHON FILIALI
“TARMOQ XAVFSIZLIGI”
FANIDAN
MUSTAQIL ISHI
Mavzu: Autentifikatsiyani ta’minlash protokoli ESP protokoli (Encapsulating Security Payload - Encapsulating Security Payload) qo‘llanilishi va uning xususiyatlari.
Guruh: 710-21
Bajardi: Kambarov S.
Tekshirdi: G‘ulomov Sh. R.
NURAFSHON - 2024
Mavzu: Autentifikatsiyani ta’minlash protokoli ESP protokoli (Encapsulating Security Payload - Encapsulating Security Payload) qo’llanilishi va uning xususiyatlari.
Reja:
ESP protokoli haqida qisqacha tushincha.
ESP protokoli ikki usulda ishlatilishi.
ESP protokoli qo’llaniladigan axborot xavfsizligi algoritimi.
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) protokoli ma'lumotlarning maxfiyligini ta'minlaydi. Bundan tashqari, bu sizga ma'lumotlarni jo'natuvchini aniqlash imkonini beradi, shuningdek, ma'lumotlarning yaxlitligini va axborotni qayta ishlab chiqarishdan himoya qilishni ta'minlaydi.
ESP protokoli va Autentifikatsiya sarlavhasi (AH) protokoli o'rtasidagi farq shundaki, ESP ma'lumotlarni shifrlashni amalga oshiradi. Shu bilan birga, ikkala protokol ham identifikatsiyani, yaxlitligini tekshirishni va axborotni qayta ishlab chiqarishdan himoya qilishni ta'minlaydi. ESP bilan ishlashda ikkala oxirgi tizim ham ma'lumotlarni shifrlash va shifrini ochish uchun umumiy kalitdan foydalanadi.
Agar shifrlash va ma'lumotlarni identifikatsiya qilish bir vaqtning o'zida ishlatilsa, javob beruvchi tizim birinchi navbatda paketni identifikatsiya qiladi va agar identifikatsiya muvaffaqiyatli bo'lsa, paketning shifrini ochadi. Paketlarni qayta ishlashning bunday usuli tizimdagi yukni kamaytiradi va xizmat ko'rsatishni rad etish hujumi tufayli xavfsizlikni buzish xavfini kamaytiradi. Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Virtual Private Network (VPN) yordamida kompyuterlar orasidagi maʼlumotlar paketlarini shifrlaydigan va autentifikatsiya qiluvchi Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) protokollari toʻplamining aʼzosi hisoblanadi. ESP ishlaydigan diqqat va qatlam VPN-larning xavfsiz ishlashiga imkon beradi.
Amaldagi IPsec ning takomillashtirilgan versiyasi Internet-qatlam xavfsizlik protokoli hisoblanadi. U IP-qatlam ilovalari xavfsizligi uchun oldindan dasturlashtirilgan, transport qatlami xavfsizligi (TLS) va Secure Shell (SSH) kabi boshqa protokollar esa dastur sathida ishlaydi.
Xavfsizlik autentifikatsiya sarlavhasi (AH) boshqa IPsec a'zo protokolidir. ESP va AH hostlar va tarmoqlar o'rtasida ishlashi mumkin. Shuningdek, ikkita rejimda ishlashi mumkin: VPN mijozi ishlayotgan ikkita ish stantsiyasi o'rtasida foydalanish uchun ma'lumotlar paketini shifrlaydigan kamroq xavfsiz transport rejimi; va Tunnel rejimi, bu xavfsizroq. Tunnel rejimi butun paketni, shu jumladan sarlavha ma'lumotlarini va manbani shifrlaydi va tarmoqlar o'rtasida ishlatiladi.
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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar

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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar
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Bog'liq Bernulli tenglamasining geometrik va energetik mohiyati. Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar.
1.Andriyashev M.M. Gidravlicheskiy raschyot vodoprovodnyx setey -
M.: Stroyizdat, 1964 yil.
2. Baymanov K.I. Issledovanie ustoychivost i deformiruemosti rusel rek i
kanalov// Gidrotexnicheskoe stroitelstvo. -M., 2005, No3, s.38-41
3. Baxmetov B.A. Mexanika turbulent potoka -
M.-L.: Stroyizdat, 1939 yil.
4. Barishnikov N.Ye. Rus protsessi. Uchebnik.-Sankt-Peterburg.
RGGMU, 2008. -439 s.;
5. Barishnikov N. Ye. Dinamika ruslovyx potokov. Uchebnik.-Sankt-Peterburg. RGGMU, 2007. -349 s.;
Agroskin I.I., Dmitreev G.T., Pikalov F.I. Gidravlika.-
M.-L.: Gosenergoizdat, 483 s., 1954 yil.
2. Agroskin I.I., Dmitriev G.T., Pikalov F.I. Gidravlika -
M.: Gosenergoizdat, 352s., 1964.
http://fayllar.org
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Techniques for transmission of data

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Techniques for transmission of data
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4.5 Techniques for transmission of data
The data being transmitted by the application is bulky Real Time Data, so the best protocol for transmitting this data would be UDP as appose to TCP. UDP has very little protocol overheads in comparison to TCP, and since the reliability characteristics and the slow-start congestion controls of TCP is not required then UDP would be the better choice.
The main issue in terms of the transmission of data is the format of the packet header. There are two alternative solutions either with the use of a bespoke header or with the use of RTP (Real-time Transmission Protocol)
RTP was designed to support a wide variety of applications; the header is twelve bytes long and using profiles which can be specified by the programmer allows the network to detect the type of data being transported. It has the standard fields expected within a header such as version, extra padding, and a sequence number which would be useful for the VoIP application. RTP also contains a Synchronization Source within the header which is a random number representing the source number, this allows the application to determine where the stream originated from without having to look at the lower-level protocols.
The benefits of using RTP would be that it is a standard well known header; it contains everything that is needed. On the other hand the only functionality of RTP which would be used would be the sequence number, so this means there would be a lot of wasted space if RTP was used. On the other hand to reduce the size of the RTP header compression could be used which compresses the RTP header into around 3-4 bytes as appose to 12, however this adds to the complexity of the application especially since the other fields offered by RTP are not required.
A bespoke header could be used as an alternative since all that is required from a header is it simply contains the packet number. A packet number is required so the application can detect lost packets and re-order packets if they arrive out of order. The advantage of using a purpose designed header is that only the data which is required within the header is stored again reducing the amount of redundant data transmitted. However the disadvantages of this, is that some networks which use traffic shaping to try and deliver real time data on time, read the header to determine the type of data being carried, such that, if a none standard header is used then no advantages of traffic shaping will occur.
For this application a purpose built header containing only a 32bit long representing the packet number will be used. This will be the more efficient than RTP since no redundant information will be sent.
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Scientific approach to the modern education system

FRANCE international scientific-online conference:
“SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO THE MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM"
PART 16, 5
th
JUNE
[250]
www.interonconf.org
CHEKLI ELEMENTLAR USULI
Toshmamatova Munisa Toshmamatovna
Mirzo Ulug‘bek nomidagi O‘zbekiston milliy universiteti, «Amaliy matematika va intellektual
texnologiyalar» fakulteti 2-bosqich magistranti
+998996791862
Annotatsiya:
Maqolada chekli elementlar usuli, bu usul orqali qaysi masalalarda
foydalanish va yechish jarayoni muhokama qilinadi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
Chekli elementlar, sohani elementlarga bo„lish, tugunlarni no„merlash.
Chekli elementlar usuli
- fizika va texnikada uchraydigan differensial tenglamalarni
yechishning sonli usulidir. Bu usulning paydo bo
ʻ
lishi kosmik tadqiqotlar masalalarini
yechish bilan bog
ʻ
liq bo„lgan (1950). Bu usul birinchi marta Terner, Kluj, Martin va Topp
ishlarida nashr etilgan. Bu esa boshqa bilmlarning paydo bo
ʻ
lishiga sabab bo„ldi: chekli
elementlar usulini qurilish mexanikasi va tutash muxit mexanikasi masalalariga qo„llashga
bir qator maqolalar chop etildi. Ushbu usul qurilish mexanikasidan va elastik nazariyasidan
kelib chiqqan bo„lib, undan keyin uning matematik isboti olindi.
Chekli elementlar usulining muhim jihati
– chekli elementning funktsiyasini aniqlashda
elementlar to„plamidan o„ziga mos chekli elementni tanlash qobiliyatidadir.
Chekli elementlar usulining afzalliklari va kamchiliklari:
Hozirgi vaqtda chekli elementlar
usulining ko„lami juda keng bo„lib, differensial tenglamalar bilan tavsiflanishi mumkin
bo„lgan barcha fizik masalalarni qamrab oladi. Chekli elementlar usulining yuqoridagi
afzalliklaridan ma‟lum sinfning alohida masalalarini yechish uchun yetarlicha umumiy
dastur tuzishda foydalanish mumkin. Masalan, issiqlik tarqalish masalasining o„qqa
nisbatan simmetrik masalasini yechadigan dastur yordamida ushbu turdagi har qanday shu
sinfga tegishli masalalarni yechish mumkin. Chekli elementlar usuli bilan yechiladigan
masalalar doirasini kengaytirishga to„sqinlik qiluvchi omillar kompyuter xotirasining
cheklanganligidir.
Chekli elementlar usulining asosiy kamchiligi hisoblash dasturlarini tuzish va
kompyuter texnologiyalaridan foydalanish zaruratidadir. Chekli elementlar usuli
yordamida yechish kerak bo„lgan hisob-kitoblar, hatto juda oddiy masalalarni hal qilishda
ham qo„lda hisoblash uchun juda og„ir. Murakkab masalalarni yechish uchun katta xotiraga
ega yuqori tezlikda ishlaydigan kompyuterdan foydalanish kerak.
Sohani elementlarga bo‘lish:
Uchburchak soha ostini chekli elementlarga ajratishning eng
sodda yo„li har bir tomon bo„ylab ma‟lum sondagi tugunlarni tanlash, mos keladigan
tugunlarni to„g„ri chiziqlar bilan ulash va bu chiziqlarning kesishish nuqtalarini tugun
sifatida qabul qilish kerak.
Tugunlarni nomerlash:
Agar tugunlarni nomerlash
yechimni olish uchun zarur bo„lgan
hisoblashlarning
samaradorligiga
ta‟sir qilmasa, tugunlarni
nomerlash
ahamiyatsiz bo„lar
edi. Chekli elementlar usulidan foydalanish chiziqli algebraik tenglamalar sistemasiga olib
keladi, bu sistemaning ko„pgina koeffitsientlar nolga teng bo„ladi.
Aims of the System - 1. 1 The Motivation

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1. 1 The Motivation
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8.1 Aims of the System
8.2 Non Functional Aims of the System
8.3 Summary
8.3 Recommendations and Improvements
Bibliography
Sommerville I. (2001) Software Engineering, Sixth Edition Addison-Wesley
Boling D. (2001) Programming Microsoft Windows CE, Second Edition Microsoft Press
Peterson L., Davie B. (2000) Computer Networks, A Systems Approach Academic Press
Schildt H. (1991) C the Pocket Reference, Second Edition Osborne McGraw-Hill
Steinmetz R, Gortz M (2001) Internet and Intranet Telephony, A Tutorial, IDMS 2001 Lancaster
UCL, http://www-mice.cs.ucl.ac.uk/multimedia/software/rat/ The Robust Audio Tool, UCL
Dr G. Blair, Lecture 3 CSc312 Distributed Systems, Lancaster University
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Techniques to protect the privacy

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Techniques to protect the privacy
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bet | 9/32 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 0,89 Mb. | | #15652 |
4.3 Techniques to protect the privacy
The privacy of the user needs to be particularly protected within VoIP systems. With the data no longer being transmitted over a telecommunication network which is considered secure and now transmitted over a data network which is considered insecure since no governing body over looks their securities, then the contents within the packets need to be secured to protect the privacy of the user.
A method of securing information is encryption; encryption protects data by placing it into a form which can not be easily understood by unauthorized people, but authorized people can decrypt the data placing it into its original form.
There are two main methods of encryption Symmetric Encryption sometimes known as secret key encryption and Asymmetric Encryption known as Public/Private Key encryption.
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Aims of the System - 1. 1 The Motivation

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1. 1 The Motivation
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1.2 Aims of the System
The main goal of the system was to develop a Voice over IPv6 application capable of running on an Arcom Windows CE Device. The application once completed would allow two users using a Pocket PC PDA such as an IPAQ connected to a wireless 802.11 network or wired Ethernet, running IPv6 to participate in a free voice conversation.
The Arcom x86 Board is an embedded Windows CE device based up on a Intel 486 processor with 32 megabytes of internal RAM with the usual USB, Serial, Parallel and RJ45 Ethernet connectors. The board also contains a sound card with both line-in and line-out connectors. Diagram 1, below show an illustration of the Arcom Board.
Diagram 1, An illustration of the Arcom Board.
Nevertheless to accomplish this task the following individual aims must each be realized; the completed system must:-
Provide an acceptable replacement of the Standard Telephone in terms of providing functionality such that, voice calls can be made and received, can be terminated, accepted and rejected when the user does not wish to answer.
Support voice recording, transmission and playback of acceptable quality, comparable to a standard telephone/mobile phone.
Be secure so that the privacy of the users is always protected from possible eavesdroppers who may be intercepting packets on the network.
React in a reasonable manner to lost packets, such that there is either redundant data in other packets to compensate for the loss, or the loss is handled in such a way that unless there are a number of consecutive packets lost the loss should hardly be noticeable to the user.
Have an interface which a traditional telephone/mobile phone user can use easily and error free with very little or no training what so ever.
Make efficient use of the network such that the amount of data sent across the network is kept to a minimum; this should reduce the load upon the network to give a better service to all users on the network.
Keep the end to end delay between 150ms and 200ms such that the two users can comfortably communicate without noticing the delay.
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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar va web saytlar

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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar va web saytlar
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bet | 3/3 | Sana | 18.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,57 Mb. | | #242820 |
Bog'liq Tarmoq xavfsizligi Mustaqil ishFoydalanilgan adabiyotlar va web saytlar
Qaxxorov A.A. Tarmoqlami rejalashtirish va qurish. O'quv qo' llanma. - T.: Noshir, 2012, 224 b.
Zilker B.Ya. Kompyuterlar va tizimlarni tashkillashtirish: universitetlar uchun darslik / S.A. Orlov, B.Ya. Zilker. - Sankt-Peterburg: Peter, 2011 .-- 688 p.
Таненбаум A. (A. Tanenbaum). Архитектура компьютера (Structured Computer Organization) Учебник. - С.Пб.: Питер, 2007. -844 с.
https://www.coursehero.com/file/29636166/14docx/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/29636166/14docx/
https://www.ibm.com/docs/ru/i/7.3?topic=protocols-encapsulating-security-payload
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Report Overview - 1. 1 The Motivation

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1. 1 The Motivation
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1.3 Report Overview
The remainder of this report looks at the development of the VoIPv6 application. Section two looks into any background research which took place before the project was initiated, to determine what work is required. Section three, lists the systems requirement which have come a light after carrying out background research. Section four looks at any design decisions which where made to address those requirements. System Overview, section five describes how the produced system should operate giving architectural diagrams and brief descriptions of what each element should do. Section six gives an account of the implementation of the application, describing interesting components of the system, and looking at problems encountered and how they were overcome. Section seven tests the system, first giving a test plan describing which tests will be carried out and then provides the results of the system. Then finally section eight evaluates the system, discussing the test results and then looks at where the system succeeds and where it fails, and gives recommendations for possible improvements.
2 BACKGROUND
The aim of this section is to discuss what background research took place to help understand the problem at hand, first the traditional telecommunications network is discussed in detail to try and discover the functionality required and then the section concludes with a description of how currently available VoIP solutions operate to discover what each have in common so appropriate requirements can be formed.
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EEE 509: MOBILE AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

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EEE 509: MOBILE AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
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bet | 28/48 | Sana | 02.01.2024 | Hajmi | 327 Kb. | | #129611 |
Bog'liq BACHELOR OF SCIENCE ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Wireless Communication Fundamentals: Overview of wireless communication systems, The wireless channel, Wireless transmission, loss mechanisms in the wireless channel: Attenuation, Scattering, Diffraction, Polarization, Fading, Inter-Symbol Interference, Multipath propagation, Noise. Mobile Networks and Their Evolution: Introduction to the wireless technology generations: 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS), Standardization and convergence. Cellular Concepts: Cellular concept, macro-cell, micro-cell, pico-cell, frequency reuse, sectoring, channel assignment, handover strategies, Interference and system capacity, Trunking and Erlang capacity, Quality of service, Improving coverage and capacity in cellular systems. Cell Planning Basics: Capacity and coverage analysis, Preliminary design: site surveys, equipment, system growth and changes. Radio Propagation Models and their application in cell planning. Traffic Theory and its application in cell planning. Radio link power budget and path losses. Frequency planning: Frequency Reuse, Cell Splitting, Sectoring techniques, Radio resource provisioning: traffic channels, control channels Multiple Access Systems: Wireless Data Networks: Wireless Local Area Networks: design of personal wireless systems. IEEE 802.11: Overview. Radio Specifi- cations. Baseband Specification. Link Manager Specification. Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol. IEEE 802.11(WiFi), IEEE 802.16(WiMAX/WirelessMAN), Wireless Wide Area Networks: Global System Mobile Communications (GSM), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced Data for GSM Environment (EDGE), High- Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Design of wireless communication systems
EEE 545: SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Orbital Aspects: Kepler law-orbit fundamentals-orbit shape-satellite speed and period-angle of indication-station keeping-attitude control-orbital elements-orbital pertubation-SSP-satellite launching –transfer orbit-antenna look angles-LEO, MEO, GEO-Sun synchronous orbit -constellation Link Design: Frequency of operation-bands-propagation effects on the signal-attenuation, frequency rotation, ice and snow effects –depolarization-sun transit outage-eclipse-EIRP-Power budget equation-Uplink power-Downlink power-C\No,G\T-t system noise-thermal noise-intermodulation noise Space and Earth Segment: Space craft subsystem-power-attitude control-telemetry tracking and command-transponder-stabilization subsystem-thermal protection-payload-bus- antenna subsystem-earth segment-low noise amplifiers-high power transmitters-TWTA, Klystron amplifiers-redundancy configuration-Cassegrain antenna Satellite Services: Satellite bandwidth-frequency division multiplexing-time division multiplexing-multiple access-FDMA, TDMA, CDMA-INSAT INMARSAT, INTELSAT, weather forecasting, mobile satellite service, satellite navigation
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Kompyuter tarmoqlari - Bekmuxamedov Sobir Mavzu: Optik tolalarni pdh, sdh va wdm tizimlarida qo‘llanilishi bo‘yicha tavsiyalar Reja

Xuddi shu binodagi yoki qo'shni tuzilmalardagi kompyuterlar o'rtasida tarmoqqa ulanish optik kabellar yordamida osonroq va tezroq amalga oshiriladi.Foydalanuvchilar tarmoqlar bo'ylab fayllar va ma'lumotlarni uzatish uchun zarur bo'lgan vaqtning sezilarli kamayishini ko'rishlari mumkin.
Optik kabellar tibbiyot va tadqiqot sohalarida keng qo'llaniladi. Optik aloqa - bu endoskopiya deb nomlanuvchi intruziv bo'lmagan jarrohlik usullarining muhim qismidir. Endoskopiya jarrohliksiz tanani ko'radi.
Bunday ilovalarda tanadagi jarrohlik maydonini yoritish uchun bir daqiqali yorqin nur ishlatiladi, bu esa qilingan kesmalar soni va hajmini kamaytirishga imkon beradi.
Optik tolalar mikroskopiya va biomedikal tadqiqotlarda ham qo'llaniladi.
Optik tolali kabellar zamonaviy avtomobillarning yorug'ligi va xavfsizlik xususiyatlarida muhim rol o'ynaydi. Ular avtomobillarning ichki va tashqi qismlarini yoritishda keng qo'llaniladi. Joyni tejash va yaxshi yoritishni ta'minlash qobiliyati tufayli.
Optik tolalar har kuni ko'proq transport vositalarida qo'llaniladi, shuningdek, optik tolali kabellar yorug'lik tezligida transport vositalarining turli qismlari o'rtasida signallarni uzatishi mumkin. Bu ularni xavfsizlik yostiqchalari va tortish nazorati kabi xavfsizlik ilovalaridan foydalanishda bebaho qiladi.
6. Telefon
Mamlakat ichida yoki tashqarisida telefon qo'ng'iroqlarini amalga oshirish hech qachon oson bo'lmagan. Optik tolali aloqadan foydalangan holda, siz tezroq ulanishingiz va har ikki tomonda hech qanday kechikishlarsiz aniq suhbatlar qilishingiz mumkin.
Yillar davomida dekorativ yoritish sohasida optik toladan foydalanish ham oshdi.. Optik tolali kabel yorug'lik loyihalariga oson, tejamkor va jozibali yechimni taqdim etadi.
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Optik tolali kabellarning turlari

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Optik tolali kabellarning turlari
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bet | 3/6 | Sana | 19.05.2024 | Hajmi | 13,79 Kb. | | #244094 |
Bog'liq Bekmuxamedov Sobir-fayllar.orgOptik tolali kabellarning turlari
Ko'p rejimli tolalar va bitta rejimli tolalar optik tolali kabelning ikkita asosiy turidir.
Yagona rejimli tola
Shisha tolali yadroning diametri kichikroq bo'lgani uchun bir rejimli tola uzoq masofalar uchun ishlatiladi. Bu kichikroq diametr zaiflashuv imkoniyatini kamaytiradi , bu signal kuchini pasaytiradi. Kichikroq teshik yorug'likni bitta nurga ajratadi, bu esa to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yo'nalishni taklif qiladi va signalni uzoqroq masofani bosib o'tishga imkon beradi.
Yagona rejimli tola ko'p rejimli tolaga qaraganda ancha yuqori tarmoqli kengligiga ega . Bir rejimli tola uchun ishlatiladigan yorug'lik manbai odatda lazerdir. Yagona rejimli tolalar odatda qimmatroq, chunki u kichikroq teshikda lazer nurini ishlab chiqarish uchun aniq hisob-kitoblarni talab qiladi.
Ko'p rejimli tola
Ko'p rejimli tolalar qisqaroq masofalar uchun ishlatiladi, chunki kattaroq yadro ochilishi yorug'lik signallarini yo'lda ko'proq aks ettirishga imkon beradi. Kattaroq diametr kabel orqali bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta yorug'lik impulslarini yuborishga imkon beradi, bu esa ko'proq ma'lumotlarni uzatishga olib keladi. Bu, shuningdek, signalni yo'qotish, kamaytirish yoki shovqin uchun ko'proq imkoniyat mavjudligini anglatadi. Ko'p rejimli optik tolalar odatda yorug'lik impulsini yaratish uchun LEDdan foydalanadi.
Optik tolali va mis kabellar
Mis simli kabellar yillar davomida telekommunikatsiya, tarmoq va kabel ulanishlari uchun an'anaviy tanlov edi Biroq, vaqt o'tishi bilan optik tolalar keng tarqalgan muqobil bo'ldi. Ko'pgina telefon kompaniyalari shaharlararo liniyalari endi optik tolali kabellardan yasalgan.
Optik tolali tarmoqli kengligi va tezroq tezligi tufayli an'anaviy mis simga qaraganda ko'proq ma'lumot oladi. Shisha elektr tokini o'tkazmasligi sababli, optik tolalar elektromagnit parazitlarga duchor bo'lmaydi va signal yo'qotishlari minimallashtiriladi.
Optik tolaning afzalliklari va kamchiliklari
Optik tolali kabellar asosan mis kabellarga nisbatan afzalliklari uchun ishlatiladi. Afzalliklarga quyidagilar kiradi:
Ular yuqori tarmoqli kengligi imkoniyatlarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.
Yorug'lik signalni kuchaytirishga muhtoj bo'lmasdan ham uzoqroq harakatlanishi mumkin.
Ular elektromagnit shovqin kabi shovqinlarga kamroq ta'sir qiladi.
Ular suv ostida qolishi mumkin.
Optik tolali kabellar mis simli kabellarga qaraganda kuchliroq, yupqaroq va engilroqdir.
Ularni tez-tez ta'mirlash yoki almashtirish kerak emas.
Biroq, shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, optik tolali foydalanuvchilar bilishi kerak bo'lgan kamchiliklarga ega. Ushbu kamchiliklarga quyidagilar kiradi:
Mis sim ko'pincha optik tolaga qaraganda arzonroq.
Shisha tolasi tashqi kabel ichida misga qaraganda ko'proq himoya talab qiladi.
Yangi kabelni o'rnatish ko'p mehnat talab qiladi.
Optik tolali kabellar ko'pincha mo'rtroqdir. Misol uchun, kabel bir necha santimetr radiusda egilgan yoki egilgan bo'lsa, tolalar sinishi yoki signal yo'qolishi mumkin.
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Ordonnance sur l’encouragement du secteur de l’hébergement Modification du 7 avril 2020

Encouragement du secteur de l’hébergement. O RO 2020
Nicht löschen bitte " " !!
Schweizerische Bundeskanzlei / Kompetenzzentrum Amtliche Veröffentlichungen (KAV)
Ordonnance
sur l’encouragement du secteur de l’hébergement
Modification du 7 avril 2020
Le Département fédéral de l’économie, de la formation et de la recherche,
vu l’art. 3, al. 3, de l’ordonnance du 18 février 2015 sur l’encouragement du secteur de l’hébergement1,
arrête:
I
L’annexe de l’ordonnance du 18 février 2015 sur l’encouragement du secteur de l’hébergement est remplacée par la version ci-jointe.
II
La présente ordonnance entre en vigueur le 1er juin 2020.
7 avril 2020
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Département fédéral de l’économie,
de la formation et de la recherche:
Guy Parmelin
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Annexe
(art. 2)
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How Custom sAPOs Are Installed - Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista

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Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista
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How Custom sAPOs Are Installed
Custom sAPOs are installed with the audio device driver and linked to specific Plug and Play hardware ID. This ensures that a hardware manufacturer can specify the LFX and GFX sAPOs for an audio device and be confident that they will work well together.
Each Plug and Play hardware ID can be associated with only one GFX and one LFX sAPO. However, if developers require variable behavior that is based on different stream or device characteristics, an sAPO can contain multiple DSP algorithms internally that can be used exclusively or together.
Modern PCs normally have separate logical devices for headphone, line out, Sony/Philips Digital Interface (SPDIF) out, speaker out, and so on. When there are multiple logical devices, each one can have its own LFX and GFX sAPO.
As with drivers, custom sAPOs must go through the Windows Logo Program signing process. There are two ways to submit sAPOs to WHQL for signing:
An sAPO that is associated with a custom driver should be submitted with the driver package.
An sAPO that is linked by an INF to one of the Windows Vista UAA class drivers can be submitted separately.
An sAPO commonly provides a user interface (UI) that allows a user to configure the effects. This UI can, for example, allow the user to select from several different signal processing algorithms. Microsoft provides a configuration UI for the standard Windows Vista sAPOs. If a custom sAPO has user-accessible settings, the manufacturer must provide an appropriate configuration UI. The configuration UI is installed with the device driver and is associated with the sAPO by registration.
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Windows Vista Audio Architecture - Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista

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Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista
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Windows Vista Audio Architecture
Figure 1 shows how the sAPOs for a logical device are incorporated into the Windows Vista audio architecture. The audio engine runs in user mode and supports a signal processing graph that processes the audio stream. An sAPOs is essentially a plug-in to the signal processing graph. Some notes on the figure include:
There is one LFX sAPO for each logical device, but each application that is streaming to the audio engine has its own instance of that sAPO.
The GFX sAPO is inserted in the engine’s device graph. Each logical device has only a single instance of the audio engine and GFX sAPO. The GFX sAPO passes the audio stream to the PortCls audio adapter and ultimately to the output device.
An sAPO runs as LocalService and cannot access any resources that do not have the appropriate access control list (ACL) setting.
An sAPO runs with limited privileges. The exact set depends on which services are running in the audio service's svchost instance. However, sAPOs should not be performing any operations that require privileges.
An sAPO should not access the network.
Figure 1. Basic Windows Vista audio architecture
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Resources - Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista

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Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista
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Resources
White Papers and Related Content:
A Wave Port Driver for Real-Time Audio Streaming
http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/device/audio/wavertport.mspx
Audio Device Technologies for Windows
http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/device/audio/default.mspx
Device Finish-Install Actions in Windows Vista
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff544940.aspx
Pin Configuration Guidelines for High Definition Audio Devices
http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/device/audio/PinConfig.mspx
Plug and Play Guidelines for High Definition Audio Devices
http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/device/audio/HD-aud_PnP.mspx
Universal Audio Architecture
http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/device/audio/uaa.mspx
UAA Hardware Design Guidelines
http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/device/audio/UAA_HWdesign.mspx
Windows Vista Driver Development
http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/driver/WDK/
Development Kits :
Windows Driver Kit (WDK)
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/hardware/gg487428/
Windows SDK
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/bb980924.aspx
June 13, 2012
© 2012 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
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Note: The INF does not modify the FXProperties

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Note: The INF does not modify the FXProperties
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Note: The INF does not modify the FXProperties registry key directly. Instead, it modifies the FX key as shown in the preceding example, and the value is then migrated to the FXProperties key in the MMDevice section.
After the device driver has been installed and started up, it creates a device interface that the system can use to play or record audio. The audio server component listens for the arrival of device interfaces. When one arrives, the audio server opens the device interface’s registry entry and looks for the FX subkey. If the subkey is present, the audio server reads the information under the key.
At the same time, the audio engine generates the endpoints, based on policy settings. It reads the device interface registry keys and propagates the data from the associated values to the appropriate property store.
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Date
  
Change - Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista

Introduction 3
How Custom sAPOs are Implemented 3
How Custom sAPOs Are Installed 4
Windows Vista Audio Architecture 5
Support for Multiple Devices 6
Audio Sessions 7
How to Install sAPOs 9
Registry Settings 9
INF Files for sAPOs 11
Enhancements Property Page Replacement 12
Run-Time Behavior of sAPOs 13
sAPO Bypass 13
sAPO Initialization 13
Endpoint Property Store Settings 14
sAPO Format Negotiation 15
Data Formats 16
The sAPO LockForProcess Method 16
sAPO Failure Monitoring and Automatic Disabling 16
Application Control over sAPOs 17
How to Implement a Custom sAPO 18
Required Interfaces 18
The CBaseAudioProcessingObject Class 19
Signal Processing Requirements 20
How to Implement a UI for Configuring the Effects 20
Resources 20
Introduction - Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista

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Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista
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The Microsoft Universal Audio Architecture (UAA) family of class drivers and the associated INF files are included with Windows Vista. These drivers support a set of user-mode System Effect Audio Processing Objects (sAPOs) that use the Windows Vista system effect infrastructure. Windows Vista uses sAPOs to implement several digital signal processing (DSP) audio effects algorithms including:
When users install an audio device driver by using the standard INF file, they automatically have access to the system's sAPOs. Independent hardware vendors (IHVs) and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) can provide additional custom system effects while still using the Microsoft class drivers. They do so by packaging their DSP algorithms as sAPOs and modifying the standard INF file to insert their sAPOs into the audio engine’s signal processing graph.
This white paper provides guidelines for vendors who want to create and install custom sAPOs.
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Bufer Detak - 10-1 arsitektur

Bufer Detak
Keluaran pada penyemat 11 dari C26 menggerakkan bufer-detak (clock buffers). Seperti dapat dilihat daslam Gambar 10-14, dua buah imverter digunakan untuk menghasilkan keluaran CLK dan sebuah inverter untuk keluaran CLK. Tidak seperti kebanyakan Serpih-serpih yang lain, C27 adalah 1C standar TTL dan bukan piranti Schottky daya rendah (lihat daftar komponen SAP-1, Lampiran 4). Penggunaan standar TTL disebabkan oleh keperluan untuk menggerakkan 20 beban TTL Schottky daya – rendah, sebagaimana ditunjukkan dalam Tabel 4-5.
Jika anda memeriksa lembaran data 74LS107 dan 74LS173 mengenai arus masukan, anda dapat menghitung jumlah beban TTL Schottky daya- rendah (LS) pada sinyal detak dan sinyal kosong (clear) sebagai berikut.
CLK = 19 beban LS
CLK = 2 beban LS
CLR = 1 beban LS
CLR = 20 beban LS
Ini berarti sinyal-sinyal keluar CLK dan CLK dari C24 (standar TTL) cukup memadai untuk menggerakkan beban-beban TTL Schottky daya rendah . Demikian pula sinyal-sinyal keluaran CLR dan CLR dari C24 (standar TTL) dapat menggerakkan beban-bebannya.
Rangkaian Detak Dan Catu Daya
Serpih C28 adalah sebuah pewaktu (timer) 555. 1C ini mengeluarkan gelombang persegi berprekuensi 2 kHz dengan siklus kerja (duty cycle) 75 persen. Sebagaimana dibahas sebelumnya flip-flop yang menghdiupkan detak (start-the clock flip-flop), C29, membagi frekuensi sinyal tersebut menjadi 1 kHz dan menurunkan siklus kerjanya menjadi 50 persen.
Rangkaian catu daya (power supply), terdiri dari sebuah penyearah jembatan gelombang penuh (full- wave bridge rectifier) dengan sebuah penapis (filter) kapasitor. Tegangan dc yang melalui kapasitor 1000 F ini berharga sekitar 20 V. Serpih C30, sebuah 1C LM340T-5,adalah sebuah regulator tegangan yang menghasilkan keluaran stabil + 5V.
Serpih C31 yang merupakan sebuah inverter heks, menghasilkan sinyal komplemen dari bit-bit kode-operasi, I 7 I6 I5 I4 (lihat Gambar 10-15). Lalu, serpih C32, C33 dan C34 menterjemahkan kode – operasi menjadi lima sinyal keluaran : LDA, ADD, SUB, OUT dan HLT. Pelu diingat bahwa hanya satu diantara sinyal-sinyal ini yang menjadi aktif pada sesuatu saat. (HLT aktif – rendah, dan yang lain aktif – tinggi).
Gambar 10-15. Dekoder Instruksi, Pencacah Lingkar dan Matriks Kendali
Pada waktu instruksi HLT berada pada register instruksi, bit-bit I7I6 I5I4 berharga 1111 dari HLT rendah. Sinyal ini kembali memasuki C25 (detak langkah – tunggal ) dan C29 (detak otomatik). Baik dalam ragam MANUAL maupun ragam AUTO, detak akan berhenti sebagai akibatnya dan Operasi komputerpun akan berakhir.
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How Custom sAPOs are Implemented - Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista

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Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista
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Custom sAPOs are implemented as in-process COM objects, so they run in user mode and are packaged in a dynamic-link library (DLL). There are three types of sAPO, based on where they are inserted in the signal processing graph. Each logical device can be associated with one sAPO of each type.
A local render effect (render LFX) sAPO processes an audio stream from a particular application just before mixing. If multiple applications are involved, each application has one instance of the LFX sAPO per stream.
A local capture effect (capture LFX) sAPO processes an audio stream from an application just before mixing. If multiple applications are involved, each application has one instance of the capture LFX sAPO per stream.
A global effect (GFX) sAPO processes the audio stream after mixing. A logical device, such as line out, can have only one instance of the GFX sAPO. If other logical devices such as headphone output or speaker output exist, they get their own instance of the GFX sAPO.
Note: For convenience, the terminology in this white paper refers mostly to output devices. However, the technology is symmetric and works essentially in reverse for input devices. The primary difference is that there is no way to insert a GFX sAPO into the capture graph.
LFX and GFX sAPOs operate on a single input or output stream. They cannot be used in “full-duplex” mode to process both input and output data. The infrastructure is not designed to accommodate effects such as acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) and microphone array processing. With Windows Vista, these types of processing algorithms are located in the application graph, above the audio subsystem. Windows Vista ships with high-quality implementations of both algorithms in that location.
More details on how to implement custom sAPOs are given later in this paper.
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Note: The Microsoft-supplied Enhancements

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Note: The Microsoft-supplied Enhancements
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Note: The Microsoft-supplied Enhancements property page is associated with the Microsoft home theater sAPOs and cannot be modified. However, manufacturers can replace this property page with a custom property page that is designed to support their sAPOs. However, if manufacturers replace the native Windows Vista sAPOs, they must either mirror the functionality of the native features or wrap those features into their own offering to prevent any loss of features for Windows Vista users.
More details on how to install custom sAPOs are given later in this paper.
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10-1 arsitektur - bet 7

10-1 arsitektur
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10-1 arsitektur
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Pencacah Program - 10-1 arsitektur

Serpih-serpih C1, C2 dan C3 dari gambar 10-12 adalah pencacah program. Serpih C1, yaitu IC 74LS5107, adalah flip-flop JK majikan–budak berjumlah rangkap yang menghasilkan 2 - bit alamat bagian atas. Serpih C2, yaitu IC 74LS107 yang lain, menghasilkan 2 - bit alamat bagian bawah. Serpih C3 yaitu IC 74LS126, adalah susunan empat saklar tiga – keadaan yang normalnya terbuka; saklar ini berfungsi sebagai keluaran – keadaan dari pencacah program.
Pada awal operasi komputer, CLR yang rendah mengosongkan (mereset) pencacah program menjadi 0000. Selama keadaan T1 , EP yang tinggi akan menempatkan alamat pada bus W. Selama keadaan T2 CP yang tinggi dikirimkan kepencacah program untuk menambaha cacahannya ketika merima tepi negatif sinyal CLK (ekivalen dengan tepi positif CLK) pada pertengahan keadaan T2 ini.
Pencacah program berada pada kondisi tidak aktif selama keadaan T3 sampai T6.
MAR
Serpih C4, atau IC 74LS173, adalah sebuah register bufer 4 bit yang berfungsi sebagai MAR. Keluaran tiga-keadaan diubah menjadi menjadi keluaran dua-keadaan dengan mengetanahkan penyemat 1 dan 2. Keluaran dari MAR tidak perlu mempunyai modus tiga-keadaan mengingat keluaran MAR ini tidak disambungkan ke bus W.
Multiplekser 2-ke-1
Serpih C5 yang merupakan ID 74LS157 adalah sebuah multiplekser nibble 2-ke-1. Nibble sebelah kiri (penyemat 14, 11, 5,2) berasal dari register saklar alamat (S1). Nibble sebelah kanan (penyemat 13, 10, 6, 3) berasal dari MAR. Saklar RUN-PROG (S2) memilih nibble yang akan diteruskan kepada keluaran serpih C5. Apabila S2 pada posisi PROG maka pemilihan jatuh pada nibble yang berasal dari register saklar alamat. Apabila S2 pada posisi RUN, nibble yang terpilih adalah yang keluar dari MAR.
Gambar 10-12 . Pencacah Program, Memori dan Register Instruksi
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Mikroinstruksi - 10-1 arsitektur

Mikroinstruksi
Pengendali-pengurut mengirimkan kata-kata kendali dengan laju satu kata dalam setiap keadaan T atau satu siklus detak. Kata-kata ini merupakan pengarahan kepada komputer tentang operasi yang harus dilakukan oleh bagian lain dari komputer. Karena masing-masing kata-kata kendali itu menimbulkan satu langkah kecil dalam pemrosesan data, maka setiap kata kendali disebut suatu mikroinstruksi. Bila kita lihat kembali diagram blok SAP-1 (gambar 10-1), kita dapat membayangkan adanya suatu arus lunak dari sederet mikro instruksi yang mengalir keluar dari pengendali-pengurut menuju kerangkaian-rangkaian SAP-1 yang lain.
Makroinstruksi
Instruksi-instruksi yang pernah kita pergunakan dalam pemrogaman (LDA. ADD. SUB,….) kadang-kadang disebut makroinstruksi untuk membedakannya dari mikroinstruksi. Setiap makroinstruksi SAP-1 tersusun dari mikroinstruksi. Setiap makroinstruksi SAP=1 tersusun dari tiga mikroinstruksi. Misalnya makroinstruksi LDA terdiri dari tiga macam mikroinstruksi seperti tercantum dalam tabel 10-3. Guna menyederhanakan bentuk mikroinstruksi itu kita dapat menggunakan bentuk heksadesimal sebagaimana terlihat pada tabel 10-4
Tabel 10-3
Makro
|
Keadaan
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Cp Ep M
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1 1 A EA
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SU EU B O
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Yang aktif
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LDA
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T4
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0 0 0 1
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1 0 1 0
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0 0 1 1
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M, 1
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T5
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0 0 1 0
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1 1 0 0
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0 0 1 1
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, A
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T6
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0 0 1 1
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1 1 1 0
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0 0 1 1
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Tidak ada
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Tabel 10-4
Tabel 10-5 Mikroprogram SAP-1
Mikro program SAP-1 disajikan dalam tabel 10-5 yang merupakan daftar dari setiap makro instruksi dan mikroinstruksi-mikroinstruksi yang diperlukan bagi pelaksanaannya. Tabel ini merangkum rutin-rutin eksekusi untuk instruksi SAP-1. Tabel yang sama dapat pula dipakai bagi perangkat instruksi tingkat lebih lanjut.
TABEL 10-6. ROM KENDALI SAP-1
Alamat
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Isi
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Rutin
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Bit aktif
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0H
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5E3H
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Fetch
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Ep, M
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1H
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BE3H
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Cp
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2H
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263H
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, 1
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3H
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1A3H
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LDA
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M, 1
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4H
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2C3H
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, A
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5H
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3E3H
|
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Tidak ada
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6H
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1A3H
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ADD
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M, 1
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7H
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2E1H
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, B
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8H
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3C7H
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A, u
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9H
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1A3H
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SUB
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M, 1
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AH
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2E1H
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, B
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BH
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3CFH
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A, u, u
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CH
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3F2H
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OUT
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u, o
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DH
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3E3H
|
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Tidak ada
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EH
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3E3H
|
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Tidak ada
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FH
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X
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X
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Tidak dipakai
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CON = Cp Ep M 1 1 A EA Su Eu B o
Tabel 10-7. ROM ALAMAT
Alamat
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Isi
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Rutin
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0000
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0011
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LDA
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0001
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0110
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ADD
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0010
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1001
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SUB
|
0011
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XXXX
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Tidak ada
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0100
|
XXXX
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Tidak ada
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0101
|
XXXX
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Tidak ada
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0110
|
XXXX
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Tidak ada
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0111
|
XXXX
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Tidak ada
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1000
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XXXX
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Tidak ada
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1001
|
XXXX
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Tidak ada
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1010
|
XXXX
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Tidak ada
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1011
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XXXX
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Tidak ada
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1100
|
XXXX
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Tidak ada
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1101
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XXXX
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Tidak ada
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1110
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1100
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OUT
|
1111
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XXXX
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Tidak ada
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10-7 DIAGRAM SKEMATIK SAP-1
Dalam pasal ini kita akan mengkaji diagram skematik lengkap dari SAP-1. Gambar 10-12 sampai 10-15 memperlihatkan semua serpih, semua rangkaian, dan sinyal-sinyal yang terjadi didalamnya. Anda harus menggunakan gambar-gambar ini dalam mengikuti seluruh pembahasan selanjutnya. Lampiran 3 memberikan penjelasan tambahan untuk beberapa serpih yang lebih rumit.
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Computer Skills / First Class / First Semester 2014-2015 - bet 3

Figure – 10 MS Windows 98 desktop with open windows
Windows 2000 and Windows Me (Millennium)
- New possibilities appeared like device manager to simplify the operation of adding cards and new equipments to the computer.
- Computer management program that provides an unit which controls all the features of system setup.
- New programs for LAN network management.
- My documents folder appeared in desktop, it contains pictures folder.
- Internet explorer 5.5, media player 7 to display videos and audios files, etc.
Figure – 11 MS Windows 2000 desktop
It is the most important of windows publications since windows 95, it introduced many improvements, developments, and new adding.
- Start menu with new form, which consists of two columns, one for abbreviation of important applications and folders such as my computer, my documents, control panel, etc.
- Improving the folder and files searching, help system, and introducing media player 8.0 , internet explorer 6, and others.
- Internet connection firewall to protect the computer during connection to the network.
Figure – 11 MS Windows XP desktop with open windows
It introduced after windows vista, it is more easily and safety than vista, it is Microsoft's most recent iteration of the Windows operating systems.
- Modifying the connection method to the wireless network.
- Using internet explorer 8, improving search system and cryptography system.
- It features full 64-bit support, touch screen functionality
Figure – 12 MS Windows 7 start menu
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