Questions 63-65 - Few words to say about this book

Questions 63-65
Complete the sentences below.
Choose
NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
from the passage for each answer.
63
EPRI receives financial support from
………………….
64
The advantage of the technique being developed by Diels is that it can be used
……………..
65
The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its
………………..
Questions 66-69
Complete the summary using the list of words,
A-I
, below.
In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionisation by removing
electrons from
66……………
This laser is then directed at
67……………….
in order to control
electrical charges, a method which is less dangerous than using
68…………….
As a protection for
the lasers, the beams are aimed firstly at
69…………….
.
A
cloud-zappers
B
atoms
C
storm clouds
D
mirrors
E
technique
F
ions
G
rockets
H
conductors
I
thunder
110
READING PASSAGE 13
Collecting Ant Specimens
Collecting ants can be as simple as picking up stray ones and placing them in a glass jar, or as complicated as
completing an exhaustive survey of all species present in an area and estimating their relative abundances. The
exact method used will depend on the final purpose of the collections. For taxonomy, or classification,
long series, from a single nest, which contain all castes (workers, including majors and minors, and, if present,
queens and males) are desirable, to allow the determination of variation within species. For ecological studies,
the most important factor is collecting identifiable samples of as many of the different species present as
possible. Unfortunately, these methods are not always compatible. The taxonomist sometimes overlooks whole
species in favour of those groups currently under study, while the ecologist often collects only a limited
number of specimens of each species, thus reducing their value for taxonomic investigations.
To collect as wide a range of species as possible, several methods must be used. These include hand collecting,
using baits to attract the ants, ground litter sampling, and the use of pitfall traps. Hand collecting consists of
searching for ants everywhere they are likely to occur. This includes on the ground, under rocks, logs or other
objects on the ground, in rotten wood on the ground or on trees, in vegetation, on tree trunks and under
bark. When possible, collections should be made from nests or foraging columns and at least 20 to 25
individuals collected. This will ensure that all individuals are of the same species, and so increase their value
for detailed studies. Since some species are largely nocturnal, collecting should not be confined to daytime.
Specimens are collected using an aspirator (often called a pooter), forceps, a fine, moistened paint brush, or
fingers, if the ants are known not to sting. Individual insects are placed in plastic or glass tubes (1.5-3-0
ml capacity for small ants, 5-8 ml for larger ants) containing 75% to 95% ethanol. Plastic
tubes with secure tops are better than glass because they are lighter, and do not break as easily if mishandled.
Baits can be used to attract and concentrate foragers. This often increases the number of individuals collected
and attracts species that are otherwise elusive. Sugars and meats or oils will attract different species and
a range should be utilised. These baits can be placed either on the ground or on the trunks of trees or large
shrubs. When placed on the ground, baits should be situated on small paper cards or other flat, light-coloured
surfaces, or in test-tubes or vials. This makes it easier to spot ants and to capture them before they can escape
into the surrounding leaf litter.
Many ants are small and forage primarily in the layer of leaves and other debris on the ground. Collecting
these species by hand can be difficult. One of the most successful ways to collect them is to gather the leaf
litter in which they are foraging and extract the ants from it. This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter
on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat. As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other
animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the
funnel. This method works especially well in rain forests and marshy areas. A method of improving the catch
when using a funnel is to sift the leaf litter through a coarse screen before placing it above the funnel. This
will concentrate the litter and remove larger leaves and twigs. It will also allow more litter to be sampled when
using a limited number of funnels.
The pitfall trap is another commonly used tool for collecting ants. A pitfall trap can be any small container
placed in the ground with the top level with the surrounding surface and filled with a preservative. Ants are
collected when they fall into the trap while foraging.
The diameter of the traps can vary from about 18 mm to 10 cm and the number used can vary from a few to
several hundred. The size of the traps used is influenced largely by personal preference (although larger sizes
are generally better), while the number will be determined by the study being undertaken. The preservative
used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the traps will dry
out.
111
One advantage of pitfall traps is that they can be used to collect over a period of time
with minimal maintenance and intervention. One disadvantage is that some species are not collected as they
either avoid the traps or do not commonly encounter them while foraging.
|