nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
O‘zbekistonning ma’lumotlarni shifrlash standarti

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O‘zbekistonning ma’lumotlarni shifrlash standarti
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bet | 16/20 | Sana | 05.02.2024 | Hajmi | 0,75 Mb. | | #151679 |
Bog'liq 1-mavzu. Axborotlarni stenografik himoyalashO‘zbekistonning ma’lumotlarni shifrlash standarti. O’z DSt 1105-2009 ma’lumotlarni shifrlash algoritmi diamatritsaviy funksiyalarni qo‘llagan holda 256 bit uzunlikdagi ma’lumotlar blokini shifrmatnga o‘girish va shifrmatnni dastlabki matnga ugirish uchun 256 yoki 512 bit uzunlikdagi kriptografik kalitlardan foydalanishga mo‘ljallangan.
Ushbu standartda O‘z DSt 1109 bo‘yicha atamalar, hamda quyidagi atamalar mos ta’riflari bilan qo‘llanilgan:
- initsializasiyalash vektori: Kriptografik algoritm doirasida kriptografik jarayonning tayanch nuqtasini aniqlash uchun ishlatiladigan vektor;
- seans kaliti: Shifrlash kaliti va funksional kalit asosida shakllanadigan maxfiy kalitlarning ikki o‘lchamli massivi;
- shifrlash vositalari: Axborot almashtirishning kriptografik algoritmlarini amalga oshiruvchi va ularni qayta ishlashda, saqlashda va telekommunikasiya kanallari bo‘ylab uzatishda axborotni ruxsat etilmagan foydalana olishdan muhofaza qilish uchun mo‘ljallangan apparat, dasturiy va apparat-dasturiy vositalar;
- shifrmatn bloklarini ilaktirish rejimi: Har bir shifrlangan (dastlabki matnga o‘girilgan) kriptografik blok oldingi shifrlangan (dastlabki matnga o‘girilgan) blokka bog‘liq bo‘lgan shifrlash rejimi. Birinchi blok uchun shifrmatnning oldingi bloki sifatida initsializasiyalash vektoridan foydalaniladi. Ochiq matnning oxirgi bloki to‘liq bo‘lmagan holatda, u zarur uzunlikkacha to‘ldiriladi;
- elektron kod kitobi rejimi: Ochiq matnning barcha bloklari ma’lumotlarini shifrlash algoritmlariga muvofiq bir-biridan mustaqil, bitta kalit bilan shifrlanadigan shifrlash rejimi.
Ma’lumotlarni shifrlash algoritmi quyidagi funksiyalardan foydalanadi[9]:
Aralash() – oddiy shifr almashtirish bo‘lib, dastlabki matnni shifrmatnga va teskari yo‘nalishda almashtirish uchun diamatritsaviy qismlar ustida amalga oshiriladi; mazkur shifralmashtirish kirishi Holat massivining diamatritsaviy qismlari hamda K1 va K2 massivlari bo‘lib, chiqishi Holat massividir;
BaytAlmash() – oddiy shifralmashtirish bo‘lib, dastlabki matnni shifrmatnga va teskari yo‘nalishda Holat massivi elementlarini almashtirish massivi elementlari bilan bayt sathida almashtirish uchun foydalaniladi; mazkur shifralmashtirish kirishi bayt sathida Holat massivi, almashtirish masivi chiziqli massiv BsA [256] yoki BsAD [256] bo‘lib, chiqishi bayt sathida Holat massividir;
Sur() – Holat massivi elementlarini yanada yaxshiroq aralashtirish uchun, dastlabki matnni shifrmatnga va teskari yo‘nalishda almashtirishda foydalaniladi; mazkur almashtirish kirishi bayt sathida Holat massivi, chiqishi ustun bo‘ylab shifrlashda pastga va satr bo‘ylab o‘ngga yoki shifrni ochishda ustun bo‘ylab yuqoriga va satr bo‘ylab chapga surilgan bayt sathida Holat massividir;
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Teskari bog‘lanishli gammalash

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Teskari bog‘lanishli gammalash
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bet | 15/20 | Sana | 05.02.2024 | Hajmi | 0,75 Mb. | | #151679 |
Bog'liq 1-mavzu. Axborotlarni stenografik himoyalashTeskari bog‘lanishli gammalash algoritmi gammalash algoritmidan faqat shifrlash jarayonining birinchi qadamidagi harakatlar bilan farqlanadi.
Imitovstavka noto‘g‘ri axborotni zo‘rlab kiritilishidan himoyalashda ishlatiladi. Imitovstavka dastlabki axborot va maxfiy kalitni o‘zgartirish funksiyasi hisoblanadi. U k bit uzunlikdagi ikkili ketma-ketlikdan iborat bo‘lib, k ning qiymati noto‘g‘ri axborotning zo‘rlab kiritilishi ehtimolligi Rzk bilan quyidagi munosabat bilan bog‘langan.
Rzk=
Imitostavkani shakllantirish algoritmi quyidagi xarakatlarning ketma-ketligidan iborat. Ochiq axborot 64 bitli T(i) (i=1,2,3,....,m) bloklarga ajratiladi, bu erda m-shifrlanuvchi axborot xajmi orqali aniqlanadi. Birinchi blok T(1) oddiy almashtirish algoritmining birinchi 16 iterasiyalariga binoan o‘zgartiriladi. Kalit sifatida dastlabki axborot shifrlanishda ishlatiladigan kalit olinadi. Olingan 64 bitli ikkili so‘z ikkinchi blok T(2) bilan mod2 bo‘yicha jamlanadi. T(1) blok ustida qanday iterasiya o‘zgartirishlari bajarilgan bo‘lsa jamlash natijasi ustida ham shunday o‘zgartirishlar amalga oshiriladi va oxirida T(3) blok bilan mod2 bo‘yicha jamlanadi. Bunday xarakatlar dastlabki axborotning m-1 bloki bo‘yicha takrorlanadi. Agar oxirgi T(m) blok to‘liq bo‘lmasa, u 64 xonagacha nollar bilan to‘ldiradi. Bu blok T(m-1) blok ishlanish natijasi bilan mod2 bo‘yicha jamlanadi va oddiy almashtirish algoritmining birinchi 16 iterasiyalari bo‘yicha o‘zgartiriladi. Hosil bo‘lgan 64 xonali blokdan k bit uzunlikdagi so‘z ajratib olinadi va bu so‘z imitovstavka hisoblanadi.
Imitovstavka shifrlangan axborotning oxiriga joylashtiriladi. Bu axborot olingandan so‘ng, u rasshifrovka qilinadi. Rasshifrovka qilingan axborot bo‘yicha imitovstavka aniqlanadi va olingani bilan solishtiriladi. Agar imitovstavkalar mos kelmasa, rasshifrovka qilingan axborot noto‘g‘ri deb hisoblanadi.
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Introduction to Software Reverse Engineering with Ghidra

Introduction to Software Reverse Engineering with Ghidra
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Introduction to Software Reverse Engineering with Ghidra
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EHM himoyasini ta’minlashning tеxnik vositalari

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EHM himoyasini ta’minlashning tеxnik vositalari
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bet | 10/20 | Sana | 05.02.2024 | Hajmi | 0,75 Mb. | | #151679 |
Bog'liq 1-mavzu. Axborotlarni stenografik himoyalashEHM himoyasini ta’minlashning tеxnik vositalari
Kompyutеr orqali sodir etidadigan jinoyatlar okibatida faqatgina AQSH har yili 100 mlrd. dollar zarar kuradi. O‘rtacha har bir jinoyatda 430 ming dollar ugirlanadi va jinoyatchini qidirib topish extimoli 0,004% ni tashkil etadi.
Mutaxassislarning fikricha ushbu jinoyatlarni 80%i bеvosita korxonada ishlaydigan xodimlar tomonidan amalga oshiriladi.
Sodir etiladigan jinoyatlarning taxlili quyidagi xulosalarni bеradi:
• ko‘pgina hisoblash tarmoqlarida foydalanuvchi istalgan ishchi urindan tarmoqda ulanib faoliyat kursatishi mumkin. Natijada jinoyatchi bajargan ishlarni kaysi kompyutеrdan amalga oshirilganini aniqlash qiyin buladi.
• ugirlash natijasida xеch nima yukolmaydi, shu bois ko‘pincha jinoiy ish yuritilmaydi;
• ma’lumotlarga nisbatan mulkchilik xususiyati yukligi;
• ma’lumotlarni kayta ishlash jarayonida yul kuyilgan xatolik uz vaktida kuzatilmaydi va tuzatilmaydi, natijada kеlgusida sodir buladigan xatolarning oldini olib bulmaydi;
• sodir etiladigan kompyutеr jinoyatlari uz vaktida e’lon kilinmaydi, buning sababi hisoblash tarmoqlarida kamchiliklar mavjudligini boshqa xodimlardan yashirish hisoblanadi.
Ushbu kamchiliklarni bartaraf qilishda va kompyutеr jinoyatlarini kamaytirishda quyidagi chora-tadbirlarni o‘tkazish kеrak buladi:
• pеrsonal mas’uliyatini oshirish:
• ishga kabul kilinadigan xodimlarni tеkshiruvdan o‘tkazish;
• muhim vazifani bajaruvchi xodimlarni almashtirib turish;
• parol’ va foydalanuvchilarni kayd qilishni yaxshi yulga kuyish;
• ma’lumotlarga egalik kiilishni chеklash;
• ma’lumotlarni shifrlash.
Axborot-kommunikatsiyalar tеxnologiyalarining rivojlanishi okibatida ko‘pgina axborotni himoyalash instrumеntal vositalari ishlab chikilgan. Ular dasturiy, dasturiy-tеxnik va tеxnik vositalardir.
Hozirgi kunda tarmoq xavfsizligini ta’minlash maqsadida ishlab chikilgan tеxnikaviy vositalarni quyidagicha tasniflash mumkin:
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Javob: 
14 - Qiziqarli masalalar, mantiqiy savollar, misol va masalalar Matematika

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Qiziqarli masalalar, mantiqiy savollar, misol va masalalar Matematika
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bet | 3/6 | Sana | 11.12.2023 | Hajmi | 145,54 Kb. | | #115399 |
Bog'liq Qiziqarli masalalar, mantiqiy savollar, misol va masalalar-hozir.orgJavob:
14. Sizda 20 ta 3, 5 va 25 so’mlik tangalar bor. Ular yordamida 100 so’mni qanday hosil qilasiz?
Javob:
15. – Buvijon , nabirangiz necha yoshda?
- Mening yoshim nechada bo’lsa, nabiram shuncha oylik.
- Buvijon, sizning yoshingiz nechada?
- Nabiram yoshi bilan mening yoshimni qo’shsang, 65 chiqadi. Nabiramning yoshini endi o’zing topa qol.
Javob:
16. Xodani 3 bo’lakka arralash uchun 12 minut kerak. shu xodani 4 bo’lakka arralash uchun necha minut kerak bo’ladi?
Javob:
17. Ali bilan Valining massasi birgalikda 5 ta tarvuz massasiga teng. Valining massasi 1 ta qovun massasidan 4 marta ko’p. Vali bilan 2 ta qovunning birgalikdagi massasi 3 ta tarvuz massasiga teng. Alining massasi nechta qovunning massasiga teng?
Javob:
18. Muhammadjonning akalari qancha bo’lsa, opalari ham shuncha. Katta opasining ukalari soni singillari sonidan 2 marta ko’p. Shu oilada nechta o’g’il, nechta qiz bor?
Javob:
19. Bir qurt daraxtning uchiga chiqmoqchi bo’libdi. Daraxt bo’ylab kechasi u 2 m balandlikka chiqqach, kunduzi esa 1 m pastga tushar ekan. 9-kechada u daraxtning uchiga chiqib olibdi. Daraxtning balandligi necha metr ekan?
Javob:
20. n sonining raqamlari yig’indisi 2006 ga teng. n sonini ikkita o’zaro teng sonlar ko’paytmasi ko’rinishida tasvirlash mumkinmi?
Javob:
Tarixiy ma’lumotlar.
Matematika juda ko’hna fan bo’lib, uning tiklana borish jarayonida aniq, tushunarli va qisqacha ifodalashga zarurat tug’iladi. Matematik ma’lumotlarni uzundan-uzoq so’zlar bilan tasvirlashdan ko’ra matematik belgilar bilan ifodalash qulay. Xo’sh, biz foydalanadigan matematik belgilar qachon, kim tomonidan fanga kiritilgan? Buning tarixini bilish albatta, zarur. Masalan, dars davomida logarifmlarni tushuntirganda uning kim, qachon fanga kiritganini o’quvchilarga yetkazish matematika tarixiga bir nazar, ya’ni fanlararo bog’liqlikni ta’minlaydi.
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Guide To Digital

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Guide To Digital
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bet | 1/17 | Sana | 21.05.2024 | Hajmi | 430,06 Kb. | | #248066 | Turi | Guide |
Bog'liq DigitalEvidence
A Simplified Guide To Digital
Evidence
Introduction to Digital Evidence
Digital devices are everywhere in today’s world, helping people communicate locally and globally with ease. Most people immediately think of computers, cell phones and the Internet as the only sources for digital evidence, but any piece of technology that processes information can be used in a criminal way. For example, hand-‐held games can carry encoded messages between criminals and even newer household appliances, such as a refrigerator with a built-‐in TV, could be used to store, view and share illegal images. The important thing to know is that responders need to be able to recognize and properly seize potential digital evidence.
Digital evidence is defined as information and data of value to an investigation that is stored on, received or transmitted by an electronic device[1]. This evidence can be acquired when electronic devices are seized and secured for examination. Digital evidence:
There are many sources of digital evidence, but for the purposes of this publication, the topic is divided into three major forensic categories of devices where evidence can be found: Internet-‐based, stand-‐alone computers or devices, and mobile devices. These areas tend to have
different evidence-‐gathering processes, tools and concerns, and different types of crimes tend to lend themselves to one device or the other.
[1] ELECTRONIC CSI, A GUIDE FOR FIRST RESPONDERS, 2ND EDITION, National Institute of Justice,
April 2008
Information that is stored electronically is said to be ‘digital’ because it has been broken down into digits; binary units of ones (1) and zeros (0), that are
saved and retrieved using a set of instructions called software or code. Any kind of information—photographs, words, spreadsheets—can be created and saved using these types of instructions. Finding and exploiting evidence saved in this way is a growing area of forensics and constantly changes as the technology evolves.
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Noma’lum sonni topishga doir misol va masalalar Qirg‘izova Ixtibor Xashimdjanova

www.pedagoglar.uz
45-son 8–to’plam Iyun 2023
Sahifa: 30
Noma’lum sonni topishga doir misol va masalalar
Qirg‘izova Ixtibor Xashimdjanova
Namangan viloyati Yangi Namangan tumani 69-umumiy o‘rta ta’lim maktabi
boshlang‘ich sinf o‘qituvchisi
Annotatsiya: Ushbu dars ishlanmada 2-sinf o‘quvchilariga matematika
fanidan “
Noma’lum sonni topishga doir misol va masalalar” mavzusida bir
soatlik ochiq dars ishlanma zamonaviy texnologiyalar asosida ochib berilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar: masala,
misollar, noma’lum, shakllar,
raqamlar, materiallar,
usullar.
Noma’lum sonni topishga doir misol va masalalar
Dars maqsadi:
-noma’lum songa doir misol va
masalalar yechish;
-bunda qulay va oson usullardan foydalanish.
Asosiy tushunchalar
-ma’lum va noma’lum sonlar;
-had nomlari.
Didaktik materiallar
• sonli kartochkalar (har bir o‘quvchi uchun)
• 100 gacha bo‘lgan sonlar jadvali (har bir o‘quvchi uchun)
DARSNING TEXNOLOGIK XARITASI
T/R
Darsning bosqichlari
Dars vaqti taqsimoti
1
KIRISH QISMI
5 daqiqa
2
ASOSIY QISM
40 daqiqa
Darsning borishi.
KIRISH 5 daqiqa
KUN MASHQI 3 daqiqa
www.pedagoglar.uz
45-son 8–to’plam Iyun 2023
Sahifa: 31
Mashq: noma’lum sonlarni topishga doir misollarni yechish.
Kelin, bugun biz noma’lum sonlarni topishga doir misollarni yechishni mashq
qilamiz. Bo‘sh kataklarga qaysi sonlar mos keladi?
Doskaga ushbu piramidaga
o‘xshash chizma chiziladi. O‘quvchilardan bo‘sh kataklarda qanday sonlar turishi
kerakligini aniqlashni va sonly kartochkalarda ko‘rsatish so‘raladi.(10+10=20,
10+16=26, 20+26=46)
Bugungi darsimizda o'quvchilar 3 guruhga bo'lingan holda
bilimlarini sinovdan
o'tkazadilar.
1-guruh: 2-guruh: 3-guruh:
“Matematiklar” “Ixtirochilar” “Olimlar”
Guruh a’zolari har bir to'g'ri javob uchun rag‘batni qo'lga kiritadilar va o'z
guruhlari uchun ajratilgan sandiqqa soladilar. Dars oxirida sandiqchadagi rag‘batlar
sanalib, g'olib guruh aniqlanadi va o'quvchilar baholanadi.
Pifagor va uning shogirdlari - Qiziqarli masalalar, mantiqiy savollar, misol va masalalar Matematika

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Qiziqarli masalalar, mantiqiy savollar, misol va masalalar Matematika
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bet | 5/6 | Sana | 11.12.2023 | Hajmi | 145,54 Kb. | | #115399 |
Bog'liq Qiziqarli masalalar, mantiqiy savollar, misol va masalalar-hozir.orgPifagor va uning shogirdlari
Pifagordan "shogirdlaringiz nechta" -deb so'rashganda, u shunday javob berdi : "shogirdlarimning yarmi matematikani, to'rtdan biri tabiatni o'rganishyapti. ularning yettidan biri vaqtini mulohaza yuritish bilan o'tkazyapti, qolgan qismini esa, 3ta qiz tashkil qiladi."
Pifagorning shogirdi nechta ?
Uch kaptar
Tep tekis yerda donlab yurgan uch kaptar "gur" etib osmonga ko'tarildi. Ayting-chi ular qachon yana bir tekislikda bo'lishadi ?
Kofe
Tabiiy kofe tarkibidagi kofeinning 97 foizi ajratib olingandan so'ng, qolganidan ichimlik tayyorlanadi. Tabiiy kofedan tayyorlangan bir piyola ichimlikdagi kofein miqdoricha kofein iste'mol qilish uchun bu tayyorlangan ichimlikdan necha piyola ichish kerak ?
Shahar aholisi
Toshkent shahridagi aholining 85 foizi o'zbekcha so'zlasha oladi. 75 foizi esa ruscha so'zlasha oladi.Agar shahardagi har bir fuqaro kamida bu ikki tildan birini bilsa, Har ikkila tida so'zlasha oladiganlar necha foizni tashkil qiladi?
Ekvator bo'ylab
Agar yer yuzini ekvator bo'ylab piyoda aylanib chiqishimiz mumkin bo'lganda edi, boshimiz tovonimizga qaraganda ko'proq yo'l bosgan bo'lar edi. Aytingchi, bu farq sizningcha nimaga teng ?
Metroda
Metroning o'ziyurar zinapoyasida ikki kishi zinapoya yo'nalishida yugurib chiqishyapti ularning biri ikkinchisiga qaraganda tezroq yugurmoqda. Savol: ularning qaysi biri yuqoriga ko'tarilguncha ko'proq zinapoya pog'onalarini sanaydi ?
Ahil sinf
Bizning sinfda 35 o'quvchi bor. har birimiz roppa-rosa 11 ta sinfdoshimiz bilan do'stmiz.
-Buning bo'lishi mumkin emas, -dedi darhol Ahmad o'rtog'iga.
Va u haq edi. Nega?
Eynshteyn topishmog'i
Bir shaharda beshta uy mavjud. Har uyning rangi, uy egalarining millati, ichadigan ichimligi, boqadigan uy hayvoni, chekadigan sigareti har xil.
Bizga ma'lum bo'lgan ma'lumotlar quyidagilar:
1. Ingliz qizil uyda yashaydi.
2. Shved kuchuk boqadi.
3. Daniyalik choy ichadi.
4. Yashil uy oq uyning chap tomonida joylashgan va ...
5. ...uning egasi kofe ichadi.
6. Pall Mall chekuvchi qush boqadi.
7. O'rtadagi uyda yashovchi sut ichadi.
8. Sariq uy egasi Dunhill chekadi.
9. Norvegiyalik birinchi uyda yashaydi.
10. Marlboro chekuvchi mushuk egasini yonida yashaydi.
11. Ot egasi Dunhill chekuvchining yonida yashaydi.
12. Winfield chekuvchi pivo ichadi.
13. Norvegiyalikning uyi - ko'k uyning yonida.
14. nemis Rothmans chekadi.
15. Marlboro chekuvchi suv ichadiganning yonida yashaydi.
Savol: Kim baliq boqadi ?
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Qiziqarli savollar va masalalar - Qiziqarli masalalar, mantiqiy savollar, misol va masalalar Matematika

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Qiziqarli masalalar, mantiqiy savollar, misol va masalalar Matematika
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bet | 2/6 | Sana | 11.12.2023 | Hajmi | 145,54 Kb. | | #115399 |
Bog'liq Qiziqarli masalalar, mantiqiy savollar, misol va masalalar-hozir.orgQiziqarli savollar va masalalar.
1. Sening barcha katta buva va katta buvilaringda hammasi bo’lib nechta katta buva va katta buvi bo’lgan?
Javob:
2. Maktab matematika kechasida jami 20 ta o’quvchi ishtirok etdi. Malika 7 bola bilan, Tursunoy 8 bola bilan, Shahlo 9 bola bilan, va hokazo. Yulduz hamma bolalar bilan topishmoq aytishdi. Kechada nechta o’g’il bola qatnashgan?
Javob:
3. Agar qolgan vaqt o’tgan vaqtdan ikki marta katta bo’lsa, hozir soat necha?
Javob:
4. a=70 da a2-69a+130 ning qiymatini tezlik bilan toping.
Javob:
5. Oilada 5 o’g’il va ularning har birining singlisi bor. Oilada nechta farzand bor?
Javob:
6. 3 ta tovuq 3 kunda 3 ta tuxum qo’yadi. 6 ta tovuq 6 kunda nechta tuxum qo’yadi?
Javob:
7. 12 ni ikkiga bo’lib , 7 hosil qiling.
Javob:
8. Bitta tayoqning 2 ta uchi bor. 2,5 ta tayoqning nechta uchi bor?
Javob:
9. Qachon 3 ni ko’rib 15 deb aytamiz?
Javob:
10. Ikki ota va ikki bola ovga chiqdi. Ular teng miqdorda quyon ovlashdi. Agar 9 ta quyon ovlangan bo’lsa , har bir kishi nechtadan quyon ovlagan?
Javob:
11. Daftar muqovasi bilan birgalikda 11 so’m turadi. Daftarning narxi muqovadan 10 so’m qimmat. Daftar va muqova alohida-alohida qanchadan turadi?
Javob:
12. Mening Bahodir degan tanishim bir kun shunday deb qoldi: “Avvalgi kuni men 10 yoshda edim, kelasi yil esa men 13 yoshga to’laman”. Shunaqa bo’lishi mumkinmi?
Javob:
13. Ota o’g’liga dedi: “10 yil oldin meni yoshim seni yoshingdan 10 marta katta edi, 22 yildan keyin esa men sendan 2 marta katta bo’laman” . Hozir ota va o’g’il necha yoshda?
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Komp'yuter stenografiyasi istikbollari

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Komp'yuter stenografiyasi istikbollari
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bet | 2/4 | Sana | 20.02.2024 | Hajmi | 9,69 Kb. | | #159103 |
Bog'liq Axborotlarni stenografik ximoyalash usullari Zamonaviy kompyuter-fayllar.orgKomp'yuter stenografiyasi istikbollari
Komp'yuter stenografiyasi rivojlanishi tendensiyasining tahlili shuni ko‘rsatadiki, keyingi yillarda komp'yuter stenografiyasi usullarini rivojlantirishga qiziqish kuchayib bormoqda. Jumladan, ma’lumki, axborot xavfsizligi muammosining dolzarbligi doim kuchayib bormoqda va axborotni himoyalashning yangi usullarini qidirishga rag‘batlantirilayapti. Boshka tomondan, axborot-kommunikatsiyalar texnologiyalarining jadal rivojlanishi ushbu axborotni ximoyalashning yangi usullarini joriy qilish imkoniyatlari bilan ta’minlayapti va albatta, bu jarayonning kuchli katalizatori bo‘lib umumfoydalaniladigan Internet komp'yuter tarmogining juda kuchli rivojlanishi hisoblanadi.
Hozirgi vaqtda axborotni himoyalash eng ko‘p qullanilayotgan soxabu — kriptografik usullardir. Lekin, bu yo‘lda komp'yuter viruslari, «mantiqiy bomba»lar kabi axborotiy qurollarning kriptovositalarni buzadigan ta’siriga bog‘liq ko‘p echilmagan muammolar mavjud. Boshka tomondan, kriptografik usullarni ishlatishda kalitlarni taqsimlash muammosi ham bugungi kunda oxirigacha echilmay turibdi. Komp'yuter steganografiyasi va kriptografiyalarining birlashtirilishi paydo bo‘lgan sharoitdan qutulishning yaxshi bir yo‘li bular edi, chunki, bu holda axborotni himoyalash usullarining zaif tomonlarini yo‘qotish mumkin.
SHunday qilib, komp'yuter stenografiyasi hozirgi kunda axborot xavfsizligi bo‘yicha asosiy texnologiyalardan biri bo‘lib hisoblanadi.
Komp'yuter stenografiyasining asosiy vazifalari
Zamonaviy komp'yuter stenografiyasining asosiy holatlari quyidagilardan iborat:
• yashirish usullari faylning autentifikatsiyalanishligini va yaxlitligini ta’minlashi kerak;
• yovuz niyatli shaxslarga qo‘llaniluvchi steganografiya usullari to‘liq maьlum deb faraz qilinadi;
• usullarning axborotga nisbatan xavfsizlikni ta’minlashi ochik uzataladigan faylning asosiy xossalarini stenografik almashtirishlar bilan saqlashga va boshqa shaxslarga noma’lum bo‘lgan qandaydir axborot — kalitga asoslanadi;
• agar yovuz niyatli shaxslarga xabarni ochish vaqti ma’lum bo‘lib qolgan bo‘lsa, maxfiy xabarning o‘zini chikarib olish jarayoni murakkab xisoblash masalasi sifatida tasavvur qilinishi lozim.
Internet komp'yuter tarmog‘ining axborot manbalarini tahlili quyidagi xulosaga kelishga imkon berdi, ya’ni hozirgi vaqtda stenografik tizimlar quyidagi asosiy masalalarni echishda faol ishlatilayapti:
konfidensial axborotni ruxsat etilmagan kirishdan himoyalash;
monitoring va tarmoq zaxiralarini boshqarish tizimlarini engish;
dasturiy ta’minotni nikoblash;
intellektual egalikning ba’zi bir turlarida mualliflik huquqlarini himoyalash.
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Stenografik dasturlar to‘grisida qisqacha ma'lumot

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Stenografik dasturlar to‘grisida qisqacha ma'lumot
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bet | 4/4 | Sana | 20.02.2024 | Hajmi | 9,69 Kb. | | #159103 |
Bog'liq Axborotlarni stenografik ximoyalash usullari Zamonaviy kompyuter-fayllar.orgStenografik dasturlar to‘grisida qisqacha ma'lumot
Windows operatsion muhitida ishlovchi dasturlar:
• Steganos for Win95 dasturi ishlatishda juda engil bo‘lib, ayni paytda fayllarni shifrlash va ularni VMR, DIV, VOS, WAV, ASCII, NTML ken-gaytmali fayllar ichiga joylashtirib yashirishda juda kudratli xisoblanadi;
• Sontraband dasturi 24-bitli VMR formatdagi grafik fayllar ichida har qanday faylni yashira olish imkoniyatiga ega.
DOS muxitida ishlovchi dasturlar:
• Jsteg dasturi ma’lumotni JRG formatli fayllar ichiga yashirish uchun mo‘ljallangan;
• FFEncode dasturi ma’lumotlarni matnli fayllar ichida yashirish imkoniyatiga ega;
• StegoDOS dasturlar paketining axborotni tasvirda yashirish imkoniyati mavjud;
• Winstorm dasturlar paketi RSX formatli fayllar ichiga xabarni shifrlab yashiradi.
OS/2 operatsion muhitida ishlovchi dasturlar:
- Texto dasturi ma’lumotlarni ingliz tilidagi matnga aylantiradi;
- Hide4PGP v1.1 dasturi VMR, WAV, VOS formatli fayllar ichiga maьlumotlarni yashirish imkoniyatiga ega.
Macintosh komp'yuterlari uchun mo‘ljallangan dasturlar:
- Raranoid dasturi ma’lumotlarni shifrlab, tovushli formatli fayl ichiga yashiradi:
- Stego dasturining RIST kengaytmali fayl ichiga ma’lumotlarni yashirish imkoniyati mavjud.
http://fayllar.org
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Buxoro neftni qayta ishlash zavodi

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Buxoro neftni qayta ishlash zavodi
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bet | 2/5 | Sana | 23.05.2024 | Hajmi | 2,11 Mb. | | #251510 |
Bog'liq Buxoro neftni qayta ishlash zavodiBuxoro neftni qayta ishlash zavodi - 2020-yilda “Buxoro” neftni qayta ishlash zavodida 843,9 ming tonna avtobenzin ishlab chiqarilib, bu miqdor zavodning 23 yillik tarixidagi eng yuqori koʻrsatkichga aylandi. Neft va gaz sanoati tarixida ilk bor neft mahsulotlari sotilishi toʻliq bozor tamoyillari asosida joriy etildi.
- Shuningdek, ortda qolgan 2020-yil davomida, mahalliy olimlar bilan hamkorlikning yangi bosqichi yoʻlga qoʻyilib, Oʻzbekiston kimyo-farmatsevtika ilmiy tekshirish instituti bilan hamkorlikda ilk bor SAS-851 rusumidagi (Fransiya) adsorbent oʻrniga, mahalliy UzAD-1 adsorbenti ishlab chiqarishga tatbiq qilindi.
Buxoro neftni qayta ishlash zavodi — neft mahsulotlari ishlab chiqaruvchi yirik sanoat korxonasi. Buxoro viloyati Qorovulbozor shahrida joylashgan - Buxoro neftni qayta ishlash zavodi — neft mahsulotlari ishlab chiqaruvchi yirik sanoat korxonasi. Buxoro viloyati Qorovulbozor shahrida joylashgan
- Koʻp yillar davomida reja qilib kelinayotgan “Buxoro” neftni qayta ishlash zavodini modernizatsiya qilish va qayta qurish» loyihasiga birinchi qadam tashlandi va “Oʻzbekneftgaz” AJ, “Honeywell UOP” (AQSH) va “SK E&C” (Janubiy Koreya) kompaniyalari oʻrtasida oʻzaro anglashuv memorandumi imzolanishi tarix sahifalaridan joy oldi.
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- 1993-yilda qurilishi boshlanib, 1997-yil 22-avgustda qurilish ishlari yakunlanib, ishga tushirilgan. Qashqadaryo va Buxoro viloyatlarida-gi gaz va neft konlari (asosan Ko’kdumoloq gaz kondensati koni) asosida ishlashni boshlagan. 18 turdagi mahsulotlarni ishlab chiqaradi. Birinchi navbatining yillik loyiha quvvati 2,5 million tonna gaz kondensatini qayta ishlashga moʻljallangan. Zavodning loyiha qiymati deyarli 500 million dollarga teng boʻlgan.
“O‘zbekneftgaz”: Buxoro neftni qayta ishlash zavodi tashkil etilganiga 25 yil to‘ldi - “O‘zbekneftgaz”: Buxoro neftni qayta ishlash zavodi tashkil etilganiga 25 yil to‘ldi
- Buxoro viloyatining Qorovulbozor tumanida zamonaviy neftni qayta ishlash zavodini barpo etilishi respublikamizda tarixiy voqea bo‘ldi.
- Hukumatning 1993 yil 3 avgustdagi 389-sonli qarori bilan zavodni qurish ishlari boshlandi va qisqa muddatda 1997 yil 22 avgustida ishga tushirishga muvaffaq bo‘lindi. Qurilishni loyihalashtirish va texnologik jarayonlarni tanlashda jahonning yetakchi neft va gaz kompaniyalari bilan hamkorlikda o‘sha davrning ilg‘or yechimlaridan foydalanildi.
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O‘tgan 25 yil davr ichida zavod respublika iste’molchilarini respublika iqtisodiyoti tarmoqlari va aholisi uchun o‘ta zarur bo‘lgan neft mahsulotlari bilan uzluksiz ta’minlab kelmoqda

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O‘tgan 25 yil davr ichida zavod respublika iste’molchilarini respublika iqtisodiyoti tarmoqlari va aholisi uchun o‘ta zarur bo‘lgan neft mahsulotlari bilan uzluksiz ta’minlab kelmoqda
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bet | 3/5 | Sana | 23.05.2024 | Hajmi | 2,11 Mb. | | #251510 |
Bog'liq Buxoro neftni qayta ishlash zavodi O‘tgan 25 yil davr ichida zavod respublika iste’molchilarini respublika iqtisodiyoti tarmoqlari va aholisi uchun o‘ta zarur bo‘lgan neft mahsulotlari bilan uzluksiz ta’minlab kelmoqda. - O‘tgan 25 yil davr ichida zavod respublika iste’molchilarini respublika iqtisodiyoti tarmoqlari va aholisi uchun o‘ta zarur bo‘lgan neft mahsulotlari bilan uzluksiz ta’minlab kelmoqda.
- Buxoro neftni qayta ishlash zavodining 25 yilligi munosabati bilan Buxoro shahridagi Yoshlar markazi binosida tantanali tadbir tashkil etildi. Tadbir “O‘zbekneftgaz” AJ Boshqaruvi raisi Mehriddin Abdullayevning bayram tabrigi bilan ochib berildi.
- Tantanali tadbirga tashrif buyurgan Buxoro viloyati hokimi Botir Zaripov o‘tgan davr ichida zavod respublika iqtisodiyoti tarmoqlari va aholisi uchun o‘ta zarur bo‘lgan neft mahsulotlari bilan uzluksiz ta’minlash ustida tinimsiz ishlar olib borayotgan “O‘zbekneftgaz” AJ va zavod rahbariyati, ishchi-xodimlariga o‘z minnatdorchiligini bildirib, samimiy tilaklarini izhor etdi.
KOMPANIYA LOYIHASI - Yurtboshimiz tashabbusi bilan Qorovulbozor tumanida neftni qayta ishlash zavodi ishga tushirilganiga 18 yil to`lmoqda. Fransiyaning "TEKNIP" kompaniyasi loyihasi asosida qurilgan ushbu zavodning texnologik jarayonini shakllantirishda Fransiyaning neft instituti, Amerikaning "Merikem" va Gollandiyaning "Komprimo" kompaniyalari litsenziyalaridan foydalanildi. Zavod bir yilda 2,5 million tonna neft va gaz kondensatini qayta ishlash quvvatiga ega. Uning avtobenzin, aviakerosin, dizel yoqilg`isi, uglevodorod eritgichi, mazut, suyultirilgan gaz, oltingugurt kabi mahsulotlari xaridorgir.
MAHSULOT SIFATINI YAXSHILASH - Bu yerda mahsulot sifatini yaxshilash, uni xalqaro standartlarga moslash dasturlari bo`yicha yuqori oktanli "AI-91", "AI-95" rusumli avtobenzinlar ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasi o`zlashtirildi. 2008 yil noyabr oyidan boshlab ekologik jihatdan toza va sovuq haroratga chidamli dizel yoqilg`ilari ishlab chiqarish yo`lga qo`yilgani yana bir yangilik bo`ldi. Bundan tashqari, "Boing" va "Aerobus" rusumli havo laynerlariga mo`ljallangan "Djet-A-1" rusumli aviatsiya yoqilg`isi ishlab chiqarila boshlandi. Xorijlik ekspertlar sinovidan a’lo darajada o`tgan bu mahsulot "O`zbekiston havo yo`llari" Milliy aviakompaniyasiga muntazam ravishda etkazib berilmoqda.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
O‘tgan 25 yil davr ichida zavod respublika iste’molchilarini respublika iqtisodiyoti tarmoqlari va aholisi uchun o‘ta zarur bo‘lgan neft mahsulotlari bilan uzluksiz ta’minlab kelmoqda
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XALQARO STANDART SERTIFIKATIGA EGA BO`LGAN MARKAZIY OSIYODAGI YAGONA KORXONA

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XALQARO STANDART SERTIFIKATIGA EGA BO`LGAN MARKAZIY OSIYODAGI YAGONA KORXONA
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bet | 4/5 | Sana | 23.05.2024 | Hajmi | 2,11 Mb. | | #251510 |
Bog'liq Buxoro neftni qayta ishlash zavodiXALQARO STANDART SERTIFIKATIGA EGA BO`LGAN MARKAZIY OSIYODAGI YAGONA KORXONA - Shuningdek, zavodimizda "Sanoat kooperatsiyasi asosida tayyor mahsulotlar, butlovchi buyumlar va materiallar ishlab chiqarishni mahalliylashtirish dasturi"ga ko`ra, respublikamizda faoliyat yuritayotgan lok-bo`yoq ishlab chiqaruvchi korxonalar uchun zaruriy xomashyo-uglevodorod eritgichi ishlab chiqarilmoqda. Zavodimiz to`rtta xalqaro standart sertifikatiga ega bo`lgan Markaziy Osiyodagi yagona korxona hisoblanadi. Bu yerda ishlab chiqarishni modernizatsiyalash, xalqaro andozalarga moslashtirish ishlari muntazam olib boriladi. Masalan, Buyuk Britaniyaning "UNIX TECHNO PLUS LTD" kompaniyasi bilan shartnoma tuzilib, dunyoning yetakchi "UOP" va "HONEYWELL" kompaniyalari bilan hamkorlikda qurilmalarni audit qilish, dastlabki iqtisodiy-texnik asoslarni yaratish bo`yicha qator ishlar amalga oshirilmoqda.
Bundan maqsad mahsulot sifatini "Evro-4,5" darajasiga olib chiqish, qolaversa, ikkinchi bosqichda mahsulot qayta ishlanish darajasini 95 foizga yetkazishdir. Zavod ma’muriyatining tuman hududiy rivojlanishiga qo`shayotgan hissasini ham alohida ta’kidlash joiz. Jumladan, "Bo`zachi" QFY hududida naslli qoramolga mo`ljallangan chorvachilik majmuasi barpo etilib, Ukrainadan 1018 bosh naslli qoramol olib kelindi. Bu yerda hozir 135 nafar ishchi-mutaxassis mehnat qilmoqda. Zavod ishlab chiqarish sexlarida ayni kunda 3300 nafar ishchi xodim faoliyat olib borayotgan bo`lsa, 2006-2013 yillar davomida 654 ta kasanachilik asosida ish o`rinlari yaratilgani diqqatga molik. - Bundan maqsad mahsulot sifatini "Evro-4,5" darajasiga olib chiqish, qolaversa, ikkinchi bosqichda mahsulot qayta ishlanish darajasini 95 foizga yetkazishdir. Zavod ma’muriyatining tuman hududiy rivojlanishiga qo`shayotgan hissasini ham alohida ta’kidlash joiz. Jumladan, "Bo`zachi" QFY hududida naslli qoramolga mo`ljallangan chorvachilik majmuasi barpo etilib, Ukrainadan 1018 bosh naslli qoramol olib kelindi. Bu yerda hozir 135 nafar ishchi-mutaxassis mehnat qilmoqda. Zavod ishlab chiqarish sexlarida ayni kunda 3300 nafar ishchi xodim faoliyat olib borayotgan bo`lsa, 2006-2013 yillar davomida 654 ta kasanachilik asosida ish o`rinlari yaratilgani diqqatga molik.
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Muallif: Virtual Maxfiy Tarmoqlarga (vpn) kirish

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Muallif: Virtual Maxfiy Tarmoqlarga (vpn) kirish
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bet | 1/5 | Sana | 06.01.2024 | Hajmi | 52,44 Kb. | | #131034 |
Bog'liq Virtual xususiy tarmoqlar Virtual xususiy tarmoqlardan amaliy foydalanish va ularni qo'llash (misol sifatida cyberchost yoki express vpn-dan foydalanish) Muallif: ... Virtual Maxfiy Tarmoqlarga (VPN) kirish
Virtual Maxfiy Tarmoq (VPN) nima?
Bir VPN, foydalanuvchilarga internetga maxfiy va xavfsiz kirish imkonini beruvchi xavfsiz tarmoqdir, ularning ma'lumotlarini shifrlab, va IP manzillarini yashirib turadi.
VPN qanday ishlaydi?
VPNlar foydalanuvchining qurilmasi va internet orasida xavfsiz tunel yaratish orqali ishlaydi, ularning ma'lumotlari xakerlardan va kuzatuvlardan himoyalanganligini ta'minlaydi.
VPN foydalanishning afzalliklari
VPN ishlatish foydalanuvchilarga onlayn maxfiylikni kuchaytirish, geo-cheklangan kontentga kirish imkoniyatini berish va jamoaviy Wi-Fi tarmoqlaridan foydalanishda himoya ta'minlash imkoniyatini berishi mumkin.
Ommabop VPN xizmatlarining misollari
Some popular VPN xizmatlari CyberGhost, ExpressVPN, NordVPN va Hotspot Shield ni o'z ichiga oladi, bu xizmatlar barcha foydalanuvchilar uchun xavfsiz va ishonchli ulanishlar taqdim etadi.
CyberGhost yoki Express VPN dan foydalanishning foydalarini tushunish
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Yaxshi Online Xavfsizlik
CyberGhost va Express VPN, onlayn faoliyatlaringizni xakerlardan va kuzatuvlardan himoya qilish uchun askariy darajadagi shifrlashni taklif qiladi.
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Geografiya cheklangan kontentga kirish
CyberGhost yoki Express VPN bilan siz geo-bloklarni o'tib, sifatli xizmatlar, veb-saytlar va ijtimoiy media platformalar kabi hududga bloklangan kontentlarga kirishingiz mumkin.
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Anonimlik va Maxfiylikni Himoya Qilish
CyberGhost yoki Express VPN dan foydalanish, internetda anonim tarzda sayohat qilishga imkon beradi, onlayn faoliyatlaringizni nazar ostida ko'rinmasdan maxfiy va xavfsiz saqlab turadi.
CyberGhostdan foydalanish
CyberGhost VPN-ni tushunish
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Konfidensial axborotlarni ruxsatsiz kirishdan hamoyalash

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Konfidensial axborotlarni ruxsatsiz kirishdan hamoyalash
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bet | 3/4 | Sana | 20.02.2024 | Hajmi | 9,69 Kb. | | #159103 |
Bog'liq Axborotlarni stenografik ximoyalash usullari Zamonaviy kompyuter-fayllar.orgKonfidensial axborotlarni ruxsatsiz kirishdan hamoyalash
Bu kompyuter steganografiyasini ishlatish sohasi konfidensial axborotlarni himoyalash muammosini echishda eng samarali hisoblanadi. Masalan, tovushning eng kam ahamiyatli kichik razryadlari yashiriladigan xabarga almashtiriladi. Bunday uzgarish kupchilik tomonidan tovushli xabarni eshitish paytida sezilmaydi.
Monitoring va tarmok zaxiralarini boshqarish tizimlarini engish
Sanoat shpionlik tizimlarining monitoring va tarmoq zaxiralarini boshqarish harakatlariga qarshi yo‘naltirilgan stenografik usullar lokal va global komp'yuter tarmoklari serverlaridan axborotning o‘tishida nazorat o‘rnatish xarakatlariga karshi turishga imkon beradi.
Dasturiy ta’minotni nikoblash
Komp'yuter steganografiyasining xozirgi vaqtda ishlatiladigan boshka bir sohasi dasturiy ta’minotni niqoblashdir. Qachonki, dasturiy ta’minotni kayd qilinmagan foydalanuvchilar tomonidan ishlatilishi o‘rinsiz bo‘lsa, u standart universal dastur mahsulotlari (masalan, matnli muxarrirlar) ostida niqoblanishi yoki mulьtimedia fayllari (masalan, komp'yuter o‘yinlarining musiqiy ilovasi)ga yashirilishi mumkin.
Mualliflik huquqlarini himoyalash
Stenografiyadan foydalaniladigan yana bir sohalardan biri — bu mualliflik huquqlarini himoyalash hisoblanadi. Komp'yuterli grafik tasvirlarga maxsus belgi quyiladi va u kuzga ko‘rinmay qatadi. Lekin, maxsus dasturiy ta’minot bilan aniqlanadi. Bunday dastur mahsuloti allakachon ba’zi jurnallarning komp'yuter versiyalarida ishlatilayapti. Stenografiyaning ushbu yo‘nalishi nafakat tasvirlarni, balki audio va videoaxborotni ham qayta ishlashga muljallangan. Bundan tashkari uning intellektual egaligini himoyalashni ta’minlash vazifasi ham mavjud.
Hozirgi vaqtda komp'yuter stenografiyasi usullari ikki asosiy yo‘nalish buyicha rivojlanmokda:
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Table 5. Modal verbs - 1. it products. Mobile phones

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1. it products. Mobile phones
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bet | 14/30 | Sana | 19.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,97 Mb. | | #243722 |
Table 5. Modal verbs.
TYPE
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MODAL VERBS
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EXAMPLES
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Ability
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Can, could
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David can speak three languages.
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Permission
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Can, could, may
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Can I open the window, please?
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Advice
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Should
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He should try to lose some weight.
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Obligation
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Must, have to
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You must memorize all of these rules about conditionals.
You have to take off your shoes before you get into the mosque.
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Possibility
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Might, may, could, can
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It looks very nice, but it might be very expensive.
She may be coming to see us tomorrow.
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The negative word NOT should be used after the modal verb for making negative questions with modal verbs:
Modal + NOT + Subject + Main Verb + ….
Shouldn’t we wait for him?
Couldn’t you do your task later?
Can’t you be relatives?
(generally short form is used as an answer )
Task 2. Fill in the gaps with proper modal verbs given in the box.
Would Must Can Should May need Could Might May have to
1. Hello ......... I speak to Lola, please?
2. ............... I go out, please?
3. ............... I go there right now? – Sure.
4. Do you think I ................ go to the bank today?
5. Don’t you .................. to clean your room? It is messed up.
6. .................. you like something to drink?
7. ............. be they late?
8. ..................... I come in?
9. ................. you help me to bring this box, please?
10. Does Tom .................................... finish his job today?
1. May 2. Can 3. Can 4. Should 5. Need 6. Would 7. Might8. May 9. Could
10. Have to
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Table 3. Polite - 1. it products. Mobile phones

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1. it products. Mobile phones
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bet | 5/30 | Sana | 19.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,97 Mb. | | #243722 |
Table 3. Polite question forms - Would you mind…?
Direct question/ Statement
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Polite question form
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Explanation
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Be more careful
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Would they mind being more careful?
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Statements become questions with would you mind, the –ing form is used
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Turn the music down
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Would you mind turning the music down?
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The would you mind question form is unusual because we use the–ing form of the verb after it
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Can we watch something else?
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Would you mind if we watched something else?
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When the question is a yes/no question, we use if with the would you mind question form
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Task 2. Turn the direct questions into polite questions following the example. 1. Does Peter live here? Could you tell me if Peter lives here ?
2. Do your parents like jazz? Do you know if your parents like jazz?
3. When does the bus leave? Could you tell me Do you know if your parents like jazz?
4. Why do the shops close on Sunday? I’d like to knowwhy the shops close on Sunday.
5. Which jacket should I buy? Could you tell me which jacket I should buy?
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Task 1 - 1. it products. Mobile phones

Task 1. Study the grammar materials and do the following tasks.
There are four types of conditional sentences.
It’s important to use the correct structure for each of these different types, because they express varying meanings.
Pay attention to verb tense when using different conditional modes.
Use a comma after the if-clause when the if-clause precedes the main clause.
Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and their consequences. We use them to communicate that something is true or happens only if something else is true or happens—that is, only under a certain condition. Complete conditional sentences contain a conditional clause (often referred to as the if-clause) and the consequence. Consider the following sentences:
If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens.
I would travel around the world if I won the lottery.
When water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.
What are the different types of conditional sentences?
There are four different types of conditional sentences in English. Each expresses a different degree of probability that a situation will occur or would have occurred under certain circumstances (See table 4).
1. Zero conditional sentences
2. First conditional sentences
3. Second conditional sentences
4. Third conditional sentences
1. **Zero Conditional Sentences**: These sentences express general truths or facts. They use the simple present tense in both the if-clause and the main clause.
Example: If you heat ice, it melts.
2. **First Conditional Sentences**: These sentences express real or possible situations in the present or future. They use the simple present tense in the if-clause and the future tense (often with "will" or "going to") in the main clause.
Example: If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
3. **Second Conditional Sentences**: These sentences express unreal or improbable situations in the present or future. They use the simple past tense in the if-clause and the conditional tense (with "would" or "could") in the main clause.
Example: If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.
4. **Third Conditional Sentences**: These sentences express unreal situations in the past. They use the past perfect tense in the if-clause and the conditional perfect tense (with "would have" + past participle) in the main clause.
Example: If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
Remember, it's essential to use the correct structure and verb tense for each type of conditional sentence to convey the intended meaning accurately. Let me know if you need more examples or explanations!
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Task 3. Choose the correct forms to complete the following questions. There are direct and polite questions

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Task 3. Choose the correct forms to complete the following questions. There are direct and polite questions
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Task 3. Choose the correct forms to complete the following questions. There are direct and polite questions. 1. I don’t know the answer. How many times ______________ to tell you? a) I do have b) do I have c) I have 2. I don’t know _______________________ so unhappy. a) why he’s always b) whether he’s always c) why is he always
3. Do you have any idea when _____________________? a) the results will be punished b) will the results be published c) will be the results published 4. How many people __________________ for the party? a) called you b) did you call c) you called 5. I wonder ____________________________________. a) how long will this cold weather last b) how long this cold weather will last c) how this cold weather will last 6. Did she tell you how often _______________________? a) should you take the vitamins b) do you take the vitamins c) you should take the vitamins 7. I’d like to know _________________ for the experiment. a) if I can use the new product b) whether can I use the new product c) if I can use the new product 8. Could you tell me why ____________________________? a) you are leaving b) do you leave c) are you leaving 9. Can I ask you how long _________________________here? a) you have been living b) have you lived c) have you been living 10. Why __________________________? a) shouldn’t I call her b) I shouldn’t call her c) I wouldn’t call her 3. VIDEOCONFERENCE
Task 1. Read and translate the given text orally.
P icture 3.1.
A new study from Stanford University has investigated the effects on our health of extended spells of video-conferencing. Researcher and communications expert Jeremy Bailenson dubbed the phenomenon "Zoom fatigue," but acknowledged the condition is not restricted to just that platform. In the past year, most of us have spent extended periods of time online using an array of video- conferencing platforms. The coronavirus pandemic has meant tools like Zoom, FaceTime, Skype and Google Hangouts have been the only way we have been able to see and chat to loved ones. Many companies have relied heavily on video- conferencing for meetings, and educators have used them to teach their lessons online.
Mr Bailenson outlined several factors that make video-conferencing so fatigue-inducing. He said it is not just tiredness and eye-strain from staring at a computer screen for hours and hours. It is also brought about by "cognitive overload" and feeling pressure to be perpetually switched on. We constantly feel we need to be in touch with friends or available for bosses, customers or students. Bailenson cautioned this leads to burnout and stress and can heighten your chance of developing moderate to severe depression. He said this anxiety can adversely affect your self-confidence. This is because of the large number of faces staring at you in meetings. Bailenson likens this to the stresses of public speaking.
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Task 6. Complete this text about basic principles of mobile telephony

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Task 6. Complete this text about basic principles of mobile telephony
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Task 6. Complete this text about basic principles of mobile telephony with the following words.
Mobile phones, also called (1) cellular phones, or cell phones for short, need a network of towers or antennas to transmit calls. In a cellular system, a city is divided into smaller sections or (2) cells where the (3) base stations usually occupy a central position. When you are outside your service provider’s (4) coverage area, your telephone may become out of (5) range unless your telephone allows (6) roaming i.e. the ability to use another service provider’s network.
2. ASKING POLITE QUESTIONS (with can/could)
Task 1. Study the grammar materials.
An important feature of the English language is the ability to ask questions in a polite way. Polite questions are useful in situations such as business, you might
be asking a client some difficult questions (personal questions, for example), or situations when you need somebody, who you do not know, to help you; possibly you are on the phone asking for train tickets or booking a hotel room, for example. When speakers of English use polite question forms, theytake direct questions or statements and use a different sentence structure. Sometimes the word order is different in polite questions, sometimes other words are used (See table 1).
Table 1. Polite question forms - Could you…?
Direct statement/question
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Polite question form
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Explanation
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Open the door
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Could you open the door?
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One way of making an imperative/statement more formal/polite is by using the construction could you. When we use statements in this way, the word order stays the same.
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Where is the garage?
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Could you tell me where the garage is?
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With conventional questions without an auxiliary verb, the word order changes in the polite question form. With could you, the verb is moved to the end of the question. Also, you will notice the addition of tell me when we adapt direct questions in this way
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Is there more cheese?
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Could you tell me if there is anymore cheese?
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If the question is a yes/no question and we use the could you tell me construction, the word if is used and the word order changes to that of an affirmative sentence
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Where do you live?
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Could you tell me where you live?
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When we change questions with an auxiliary verb (do/did, for example) with the polite question form could you, the auxiliary verb is removed.
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Table 4. Types - 1. it products. Mobile phones

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1. it products. Mobile phones
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Table 4. Types of conditionals.
TYPE
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FUNCTION
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EXAMPLE
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Zero conditional
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Express a fact or habit
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If you mix blue and yellow
paint, it turns green.
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First conditional
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Express a realistic future consequence
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If we work hard, we will be
prepared.
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Second conditional
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Express an unlikely or
impossible future consequence
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If I were you, I would study more.
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Third conditional
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Express an unrealistic
past consequence
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If you have called me, I would have told you about it.
| Third type of conditionals (Second conditionals) if + past simple, ...would + infinitive
(We can use “were” instead of “was” with ‘I’ and ‘he/she/it’. This is mostly done in formal writing).
It has two uses.
First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I’m imagining some dream for example.
If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery)
If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't happen)
Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:
If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to call him).
If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.
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Front End Online course…

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Front End Online course…
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Bog'liq Front End Online course Front End Online course… Front End: Fountdation: - Kompyuter haqida umumiy tuchunchalar…
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