nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Log Management | 33 - Learning Kali Linux

left of the entry, you will see the date and time that the log entry was written. This is
followed by the hostname. Since
syslog
has the capability to send log messages to
remote hosts, like a central log host, the hostname is important to be able to separate
one entry from another if you are writing logs from multiple hosts into the same log
file. After the hostname is the process name and PID. Most of these entries are from
the process named
realmd
that has a PID 803.
Example 1-11. Partial auth.log contents
Oct 29 21:10:40 rosebud realmd[803]: Loaded settings from:
/usr/lib/realmd/realmd-defaults.conf /usr/lib/realmd/realmd-distro.conf
Oct 29 21:10:40 rosebud realmd[803]: holding daemon: startup
Oct 29 21:10:40 rosebud realmd[803]: starting service
Oct 29 21:10:40 rosebud realmd[803]: connected to bus
Oct 29 21:10:40 rosebud realmd[803]: released daemon: startup
Oct 29 21:10:40 rosebud realmd[803]: claimed name on bus: org.freedesktop.realmd
Oct 29 21:10:48 rosebud gdm-password]: pam_unix(gdm-password:session): session opened
for user root by (uid=0)
The challenging part of the log isn’t the preamble, which is created and written by the
syslog
service, but the application entries. What we are looking at here is easy enough
to understand. However, the contents of the log entries are created by the application
itself, which means the programmer has to call functions that generate and write out
the log entries. Some programmers may be better about generating useful and under‐
standable log entries than others. Once you have gotten used to reading logs, you’ll
start to understand what they are saying. If you run across a log entry that you really
need but you don’t understand, internet search engines can always help find someone
who has a better understanding of that log entry. Alternately, you can reach out to the
software development team for help.
Not all logs run through
syslog
, but all system-related logs do. Even when
syslog
doesn’t manage the logs for an application, as in the case of the Apache web server,
the logs are still likely to be in
/var/log/
. In some cases, you may have to go searching
for the logs. This may be the case with some third-party software that installs to
/opt
.
Summary
Linux has a long history behind it, going back to the days when resources were very
constrained. This has led to some arcane commands whose purpose was to allow
users (primarily programmers) to be efficient. It’s important to find an environment
that works well for you so you too can be efficient in your work. Here are some key
points to take away from this chapter:
Oksidlanishga qarshi qo‘shilmalar

116
nish jarayonini sekinlashtiruvchi oksidlanishga qarshi qo‘shilmalar
qo‘shish yo‘li bilan erishiladi. Oksidlanishga qarshi qo‘shilmalar
moyning oksidlanish jarayoni
boshlanishini kechiktirib, ishlash
davrini kengaytiradi, oksidlanganda hosil bo‘lgan gidrooksidlar-
ni buzib yuboradi va buning natijasida zanjirli reaksiyani to‘xta-
tib qo‘yadi, uglevodorodlarning oksidlanish mahsulotlariga ta’sir
ko‘rsatib,
yangi moddalar hosil qiladi, bu moddalar oksidlanishga
qarshi xususiyatga ega bo‘lib, oksidlanish jarayonini to‘xtatadi.
Oksidlanishga qarshi qo‘shilmalar sifatida alkinfenolli qo‘shilma-
lar ko‘proq tarqalgan bo‘lib,
ularning eng samaralisi ionol, amin
tipidagi birikmalar va tarkibida oltingugurt, azot, fosforli birikma-
lar mavjud qo‘shilmalardir.
Antikorrozion qo‘shilmalar metall detallar sirtida korro-
zion-aktiv moddalarning metallga ta’siriga to‘sqinlik qiluvchi par-
dalar hosil qiladi.
Bu pardaning qalinligi, xususiyatlari va hosil
bo‘lish tezligi qo‘shilmaning kimyoviy tarkibi va ta’sir
sharoitiga
bog‘liq. Bu parda sirtni yeyilishdan, tirnalish, qirilish va toliqib
yemirilishdan saqlaydi. Qo‘shilmalarning ikkinchi ta’sir yo‘li – bu
oltingugurtli yonilg‘ini yonish va moyni
oksidlanish natijasida ho-
sil bo‘lgan korrozion-agressiv mahsulotlarni neytrallashdir.
Antikorrozion qo‘shilmalar sifatida quyidagi birikmalar ishlati-
ladi: tributilfosfit, trifenil fosfit, oltingugurtlashgan moy va bosh-
qalar.
Me’yorlanadigan sifat ko‘rsatkichlari

|
Me’yorlanadigan sifat ko‘rsatkichlariBog'liq K. J. Matkarimov b. J. Mahmudov a. A. Norqulov avtomobillarda isMe’yorlanadigan sifat ko‘rsatkichlari. Motor moylari dvi-
gatellarning belgilangan quvvat va tejamkorligini, sifat ko‘rsat-
kichlarini yo‘qotmasdan ishonchli va uzoq vaqt ishlashini ta’min-
lashi uchun ular standartlar va texnik shartlarda belgilangan
talablarga javob berishi lozim.
Kinematik qovushoqlik. Avtomobil dvigatellarining moylash
tizimlarida ishlatiladigan motor moylarining kinematik qovushoql-
igi 100°C haroratda 6–14 mm
2
/s ga teng. Harorat pasayishi bilan
bu ko‘rsatkich tez kattalashadi, minus 20°C haroratda 1000 mm
2
/s
ga yetishi va undan oshib ham ketishi mumkin. Kinematik qovu-
shoqlik 6–3 mm
2
/s bo‘lgan moy qishda, qovushoqligi 10–14 mm
2
/s
bo‘lganlari yozda ishlatiladi.
123
Qotish harorati. Bu ko‘rsatkich ma’lum darajada moyning
haydaluvchanligini va dvigatelni ishga tushirish xossalariga uning
ta’sirini xarakterlaydi. Yozgi moylarda qotish harorati minus 15°C
dan minus 20°C gacha, qishki moylarda esa minus 25°C dan minus
30°C gacha, barcha mavsumlarda foydalaniladigan moylarning qo-
tish harorati minus 45°C gacha yetadi.
Korroziyalash xususiyati. Avtomobillarda ishlatiladigan mo-
tor moylarining yuqori sifatli markalarida korroziyalash xususiyati
yo‘q, boshqa markadagi moylarda 20 g/m
2
dan oshmasligi lozim.
Moy tarkibidagi mexanik aralashmalar va suvning miqdori.
Maxsus qo‘shilmalar qo‘shilmagan moy tarkibida mexanik ara-
lashmalar bo‘lmasligi kerak, maxsus qo‘shilmalar qo‘shilgan moy-
lar tarkibida esa massasi bo‘yicha 0,15 foizdan oshmasligi lozim.
Bunda mexanik aralashmalar ishqalanib ishlovchi detallar sirti-
ga abraziv ta’sir ko‘rsatmasligi kerak. Motor moyi tarkibida suv
bo‘lmasligi zarur. Tarkibida juda oz miqdorda suv bo‘lganida ham,
moyda mayda ko‘pik va emulsiya paydo bo‘ladi va bu detallar sir-
tidagi moy pardasining mustahkamligini yomonlashtiradi.
5. 1. 8. Motor moylarining markalanishi
Motor moylarini dvigatel turi va aniq ish sharoitidan kelib
chiqqan holda to‘g‘ri tanlash 17479. 1–85 sonli Davlat standarti
asosida amalga oshiriladi. Bu standarga ko‘ra, motor moylari yoz-
gi, qishki va barcha mavsumlarga mo‘ljallangan turlarga bo‘linadi.
Shuningdek, moylar kinematik qovushoqligi (5. 1- jadval) hamda
ishlatilish sharoiti va ekspluatatsion xossalari darajasiga ko‘ra klass
va guruhlarga ajratiladi.
Motor moylarining qishki va yozgi markalari qovushoqligiga
ko‘ra yetti klassga (6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 va 20 mm
2
/s), barcha mav-
sumlarda ishlatishga mo‘ljallangan moylar esa to‘rt klassga ajrati-
ladi va ularning qovushoqlik indeksi 125 dan kam bo‘lmaydi.
|
| |
| Chapter 7: Wireless Security Testing

This configuration allows us to start the
hostapd
service. We provide the SSID as well
as the radio channel to be used. We are also telling
hostapd
to broadcast the SSID and
not expect that the client specifically ask for it. You also need to provide the encryp‐
tion
and authentication parameters, depending on your needs. We’ll be using WEP
for this. You can see a start-up of
hostapd
in
Example 7-11
. What you’ll see is a
-B
parameter, which tells
hostapd
to run in the background as a daemon.
The final
parameter is the configuration file. Since we are providing it, there is no default, and
so it doesn’t much matter where the configuration file is stored.
Example 7-11. Starting hostapd
root@savagewood:/# hostapd -B /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf
Configuration file: /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf
Using interface wlan0 with hwaddr 9c:ef:d5:fd:24:c5 and ssid
"FreeWiFi"
wlan0: interface state UNINITIALIZED->ENABLED
wlan0:
AP-ENABLED
From the configuration and the start-up messages, you will see that the name of the
SSID was
FreeWiFi
, which you can see being advertised in
Figure 7-8
. This means
that our Kali Linux systems is successfully advertising the SSID as expected. This will
allow users only to connect to our wireless AP. It doesn’t
let users do anything after
they have connected. To do that, we need a second interface to send the traffic out to.
There are a few ways to do that. You could bounce through a cellular connection, a
second wireless network, or just run out to a wired interface.
Figure 7-8. List of SSIDs including FreeWiFi
Going Rogue | 227
Even if we have
a second network interface, though, we need to do a couple of other
things. To start, we need to tell the Linux kernel that it’s okay to pass traffic from one
interface to another. Unless we set that kernel parameter,
the operating system will
not allow the traffic to go anywhere after it has entered the system. We can do that by
running
sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward
. To make this change permanent, the file
/etc/
sysctl.conf
needs to be edited to set that parameter. That will allow Linux to accept the
packets in and forward
them out another interface, based on the routing table the
operating system has.
With all this in place, you can have your very own AP for whatever purpose you
would like. This can include just keeping track of the clients that attempt to connect
to you. This may give you a sense of potentially malicious users. To do more compli‐
cated and potentially
malicious things of our own, we should get a little extra help.
Depressor qo‘shilmalar - K. J. Matkarimov b. J. Mahmudov a. A. Norqulov avtomobillarda ishlatiladigan ashyolar

K. J. Matkarimov b. J. Mahmudov a. A. Norqulov avtomobillarda ishlatiladigan ashyolar
K. J. Matkarimov b. J. Mahmudov a. A. Norqulov avtomobillarda is
|
Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar Bosh sahifa K. J. Matkarimov b. J. Mahmudov a. A. Norqulov avtomobillarda ishlatiladigan ashyolar
|
| Chapter 2: Network Security Testing Basics

between the physical layer of the system and the network. You take your network
interface and plug a cable into it, connecting it on the other end into a jack. That’s all
the physical layer. In our cake, the pistachio sits directly on the plate, with nothing
between.
Our next layer, which has to pass through icing and jam so the operating system can
distinguish between one layer and another, is dulce de leche (think caramel made
from milk). This is our
data layer
. The addressing of this layer is done using the
media access control (MAC) address. This address includes 3 bytes that belong to the
vendor (sometimes referred to as the
organizationally unique identifier
, or OUI). The
other 3 bytes, since the entire MAC address is 6 bytes long, are the unique identifier
for your network interface. The two components together are the MAC address. Any
communication on your local network has to happen at this layer. If I want to talk to
you from my dulce de leche to your dulce de leche (because who else would under‐
stand dulce de leche but another dulce de leche), I would need to use the MAC
address because it’s the only address that your network interface and my network
interface understand. The address is physically wired into the interface itself, which is
why it’s sometimes called the physical address. In
Example 2-1
, you can see a MAC
address in the second column from the output of the program
ifconfig
.
Example 2-1. MAC address
ether 52:54:00:11:73:65 txqueuelen
1000
(
Ethernet
)
The next layer we come across, again crossing through our icing and jam to clearly
distinguish one from the other, is Nilla wafer (vanilla), and our
network layer
. At the
Nilla wafer layer (network), we address using IP addresses. This is also the address
that enables us to pass outside our local network. The MAC address never passes out‐
side the local network. The IP address does, though. Since we can communicate with
different bakeries, all having cakes designed exactly like ours, using IP addresses, this
is the layer that enables routing. It’s the routing address that allows us to get direc‐
tions from one bakery to another by using the IP address.
Example 2-2
shows an IP
address, which is comprised of 4 bytes, sometimes known as
octets
because they are
each 8 bits long. This is a version 4 IP address. Version 6 IP addresses are 16 bytes
(128 bits) long. As with the earlier example, this is from the output of
ifconfig
.
Example 2-2. IP address
inet 192.168.86.35 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.86.255
The fourth layer in our cake is the teaberry layer (
transport
). Yes, it’s going to be a
strangely flavored cake, but stay with me. Plus, if you don’t know what teaberry is,
you should find it. Teaberry gum is very good. So, the teaberry layer gives us ports.
This is another form of addressing. Think about it this way. Once you get to the bak‐
O‘t oldirish harorati - K. J. Matkarimov b. J. Mahmudov a. A. Norqulov avtomobillarda ishlatiladigan ashyolar

122
sil bo‘lishiga qarshi kurash dvigatelning issiqlik holatini normal
ushlab turishni ta’minlashga qaratilgan ekspluatatsion tadbirlarga
asoslangan.
O‘rtacha haroratli zonada, yuqori haroratli zonadan farqli o‘la-
roq, moy ishqalanishni va detallarning yemirilishini kamaytira-
di, shuningdek, porshen va silindr orasidagi tirqishni zichlaydi.
Moyning 200–300°C haroratgacha qizigan detallar sirtini yupqa
parda bilan qoplashi bu zonaga xosdir. Bunday sharoitda moy
tarkibidagi uglevodorodlar va boshqa komponentlarning kimyoviy
turg‘unligi yetarli bo‘lmay qoladi. Ular oksidlanadi va bug‘lanuv-
chanligi yomon, qovushoqligi yuqori, moyda erimaydigan mahsu-
lot (asfaltenlar va smolalar) hosil qiladi va detallarga yupqa yalti-
roq qatlam (loksimon cho‘kma) ko‘rinishida o‘tiradi.
Loksimon cho‘kma porshen halqalarida va ariqchalarida, por-
shen yubkasida, shatun va boshqa detallardagi tirqishlarni to‘ldirib
qo‘yadi. Natijada dvigatelning issiqlik rejimi buziladi va buning
oqibatida porshen halqalari kuyadi.
Dvigatelning past haroratli zonasida ish rejimining nisbatan
yengilligiga qaramay, bu zonada ham moylarning oksidlanishi ku-
zatiladi. Moyning oksidlanishi natijasida moyda qisman eriydigan
organik kislotalar hosil bo‘ladi. Hosil bo‘lgan organik kislotalar
dvigatel detallarini korroziyalashga olib keladi.
Security Testing - Learning Kali Linux

Security testing isn’t entirely about popping boxes. In fact, you might suggest that the
majority of security testing isn’t penetration testing. There are just so many areas of
protecting systems and software that aren’t related to what would commonly be
thought of as penetration testing. Before we start talking about what we can do with
Kali Linux when it comes
to network security testing, we should go over what secu‐
rity is so you can better understand what testing means in this context.
When professionals, and certainly certification organizations, talk about security,
they make reference to what is commonly known as the
triad
. Some will add ele‐
ments, but at the core of information security are three fundamentals:
confidentiality,
integrity, and availability. Anything that may impact one of these aspects of systems
or software impacts the security of that software or system. Security testing will or
should take all of those aspects into consideration and not the limited view that a
penetration test may provide insight into.
As you may know, the triad is generally represented as an equilateral triangle. The tri‐
angle is equilateral because all three elements are considered to have equal weight.
Additionally, if
any of the elements are lost, you no longer have a triangle. You can see
a common representation in
Figure 2-1
, where all three sides are the same length.
Every one of these elements is considered crucial for information to be considered
reliable and trustworthy.
These days, because businesses and people rely so heavily on
information that is stored digitally, it’s essential that information be available, be con‐
fidential when necessary, and have integrity.
Figure 2-1. The CIA triad
Most businesses run on secrets. People also have secrets:
their social security number,
passwords they use, tax information, medical information,
and a variety of other
pieces of data. Businesses need to protect their intellectual property, for one thing.
They may have many trade secrets that could have negative impacts on the business if
the information were to get out of the organization. Keeping this information secret,
regardless of what it is, is
confidentiality
. Anytime that
information can be removed
from the place where it is kept safe, confidentiality has been breached. This is the pri‐
Yeyilishga va tirnalishga qarshi qo‘shilmalar

118
pardalar hosil qiluvchi sirt-aktiv moddalar bo‘ladi. Bunday qo‘shil-
malar jumlasiga tarkibida passiv oltingugurt va fosfor kislotasi efiri
bo‘lgan birikmalar kiradi.
Tirnalishga qarshi qo‘shilmalar ishlatilganida, ularning parcha-
lanishidan hosil bo‘lgan mahsulot yuqori ishqalanish haroratida
metallga ta’sir etadi. Natijada sof metallga nisbatan yemirilish-
ga qarshiligi kam, erish harorati past birikmalar hosil bo‘ladi va
ishqalanayotgan sirtlarning bir-biriga yopishishining oldini oladi.
Tirnalishga qarshi qo‘shilma sifatida oltingugurt, fosfor va xlordan
foydalanish mumkin.
Moyning qovushoqligini oshiradigan qo‘shilmalar. Surkov
moylarining qovushoqlik-harorat xususiyatlariga, yuqori qovu-
shoqlik xususiyatiga ega bo‘lishi va past haroratlarda oquvchan-
ligi yaxshi bo‘lishini ta’minlash maqsadida ular yuqori molekular
birikmalar yordamida quyultiriladi. Bunday qo‘shilmalar jumlasi-
ga poliizobutilenlar, polivinilalkilli efirlar, polimetakrilatlar va
boshqalar kiradi. Poliizobutilenlar moyning qovushoqligi va qo-
vushoqlik indeksini oshirish bilan bir paytda moyning moylash
xususiyatini ham yaxshilaydi. Moy qovushoqligini oshirishda poli-
metakrilatlardan keng foydalaniladi. Ular yordamida quyultirilgan
moyning qovushoqligi turli xil haroratlarda yaxshi bo‘ladi va past
haroratlarda dvigatelni ishga tushirishni yengillashtiradi. Shu bilan
birga, bu moylarni barcha mavsumlarda ishlatish mumkin.
Quyultirilgan moylarning kamchiligi shundaki, ular 100°C dan
yuqori haroratlarda polimerisizlantiriladi, ammo ularga antifriksion
qo‘ shil malar qo‘shib bu jarayon to‘xtatiladi.
| Chapter 1: Foundations of Kali Linux

The first task you may want to perform is updating all the metadata in your local
package database. These are the details about the packages that the remote reposito‐
ries have, including version numbers. The version information is needed to deter‐
mine whether the software you have is out-of-date and in need of upgrading. To
update your local package database, you tell
apt
you want to update, as you can see in
Example 1-7
.
Example 1-7. Updating package database using apt
root@rosebud:~# apt update
Get:1 http://kali.localmsp.org/kali kali-rolling InRelease [30.5 kB]
Get:2 http://kali.localmsp.org/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 Packages [15.5 MB]
Get:3 http://kali.localmsp.org/kali kali-rolling/non-free amd64 Packages [166 kB]
Get:4 http://kali.localmsp.org/kali kali-rolling/contrib amd64 Packages [111 kB]
Fetched 15.8 MB in 2s (6437 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
142 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.
Once your local package database has been updated,
apt
will tell you whether you
have updates to what you have installed.
In this case, 142 packages are in need of
updating. To update all the software on your system, you can use
apt upgrade
. Just
using
apt upgrade
will update all the packages. If you need to update just a single
package, you can use
apt upgrade packagename
, where
packagename
is the name of
the package you want to update. The packaging format used by Debian and, by exten‐
sion, Kali, tells
apt
what the required packages are. This list
of dependencies tells Kali
what needs to be installed for a particular package to work. In the case of upgrading
software, it helps to determine the order in which packages should be upgraded.
If you need to install software, it’s as easy as typing
apt install packagename
. Again,
the dependencies are important here.
apt
will determine
what software needs to be
installed ahead of the package you are asking for. As a result, when you are asking for
a piece of software to be installed,
apt
will tell you that other software is needed. You
will get a list of all the necessary software and be asked whether you want to install all
of it. You may also get a list of optional software packages.
Packages may have a list of
related software that can be used with the packages you are installing. If you want to
install them, you will have to tell
apt
separately that you want to install them. The
optional packages are not required at all.
Removing packages uses
apt remove packagename
. One of the issues with removing
software is that although there are
dependencies for installation, the same software
may not necessarily get removed—simply because once it’s installed, it may be used
by other software packages.
apt
will, though, determine whether software packages
are no longer in use. When you
perform a function using
apt
, it may tell you that
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar

|
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar
|
bet | 138/160 | Sana | 13.01.2024 | Hajmi | 1 Mb. | | #136728 |
Bog'liq Optik aloqa asoslari (N.Yusupov, R.Isayev)Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar
Optical Switching. Tarek S. El-Bawab. Springer. 2006.
Optical. Switching. Networks. Martin Maier. Cambridge. University. Press. 2008.
Убайдуллаев P.P. Волоконно-оптические сети. M.: Эко-Трендз. 2001. 267 с.
Three All-Optical Network Types. IBM, 1995, http://www. research, ibm. com/wdm/motive/roadmap.html.
J. Hudgings & J. Nee. «WDM All-Optical Networks EE228A Project Report», EE228A Project Report, 1996.
http://www-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/~jnee/ee228a/.
L.A Backman. «Applications in Optical Communications: Optical Transmission of Millimeter-Wave Signals; and, An All-Optical Wavelength-Routed Switching Network». Ph.D. thesis. University of California, Berkeley, 1996.
A. Budman, E. Eichen, J.Schalafer, R. Olshansky and F. McAleavey. «Multigigabit Optical Packet Switch for Self-routing Network with Subcarrier Addressing», in OFC’92 (San JOse, CA) 1192, paper Tu04, pp. 90—91.
D.J. Blumenthal, P.R. Prucnal and J.R. Sauer. «Photonic Packet Switches: Architecture and Experimental implementations». Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.82, no.lI, November, 1994, pp. 1650—1665.
Dawning James N. Fiber optik communication. Pablisher: Cengage learning Sep, 2004. — 444 p.
Гольдштейн Б.С., Соколов H.A., Яковский Г.Г. Сети связи: учебник для ВУЗов. СПБ.: Бхв— Петербург. 2010. — 400 с.
Гордиенко В.Н., Тверецкий М.С. Структура и интерфейсы фотонной сети. № 1, 2011. стр. 26-29.
www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi
|
| |
| Chapter 1: Foundations of Kali Linux

name>
. If you are unsure of the package name, you can get it from the list of packages
installed you can use
dpkg
to obtain.
Each software package may include a collection
of files including executables, docu‐
mentation, default configuration files, and libraries as needed for the package. If you
want to view the contents of a package, you can use
dpkg -c
, where the
filename
is the full name of the
.deb
file. In
Example 1-9
, you can see the partial con‐
tents of a log management package,
nxlog
. This package is not provided as part of the
Kali repository but is provided as a free download for the community edition. The
contents of this package include not only the files,
but also permissions, including the
owner and group. You can also see the date and time associated with the file from the
package.
Example 1-9. Partial contents of nxlog package
root@rosebud:~# dpkg -c nxlog-ce_2.9.1716_debian_squeeze_amd64.deb
drwxr-xr-x root/root
0
2016-07-05 08:32 ./
drwxr-xr-x root/root
0
2016-07-05 08:32 ./usr/
drwxr-xr-x root/root
0
2016-07-05 08:32 ./usr/lib/
drwxr-xr-x root/root
0
2016-07-05 08:32 ./usr/lib/nxlog/
drwxr-xr-x root/root
0
2016-07-05 08:32 ./usr/lib/nxlog/modules/
drwxr-xr-x root/root
0
2016-07-05 08:32 ./usr/lib/nxlog/modules/processor/
-rw-r--r-- root/root
5328
2016-07-05 08:32 ./usr/lib/nxlog/modules/processor/
pm_null.so
-rw-r--r-- root/root
42208
2016-07-05 08:32 ./usr/lib/nxlog/modules/processor/
pm_pattern.so
-rw-r--r-- root/root
9400
2016-07-05 08:32 ./usr/lib/nxlog/modules/processor/
pm_filter.so
-rw-r--r-- root/root
24248
2016-07-05 08:32 ./usr/lib/nxlog/modules/processor/
pm_buffer.so
-rw-r--r-- root/root
11096
2016-07-05 08:32 ./usr/lib/nxlog/modules/processor/
pm_norepeat.so
One thing to take into account is that
packages that you get in
.deb
files are generally
created for a particular distribution. This occurs because there are usually dependen‐
cies that the person or group creating the package knows the distribution can supply.
Other distributions may not have the right versions to satisfy the requirements for the
software package. If that’s the case, the software may not run correctly.
dpkg
will error
if the dependencies aren’t satisfied. You can
force the install by using
--force-install
as
a command-line parameter in addition to
-i
, but although the software will install,
there is no guarantee that it will function correctly.
dpkg
has other capabilities that enable you to look into software packages, query
installed
software, and more. The options listed previously will more than get you
started. With the extensive number of packages available in the Kali repository, it
would be unusual,
though not impossible, that you would need to do any external
installations. It’s still useful to know about
dpkg
and its capabilities, however.
UDP (Unified Data Protection)

144
ma’lumotlarni himoya qilishning barcha funksiyalari uchun yagona
boshqaruv konsoli;
to
‘
liq global deuplikatsiya;
juda moslashuvchan, ammo kuchli ma’lumotlarni himoya qilish va
mavjudlik rejalari;
VMware va Hyper-V uchun agentsiz zaxiralash (Windows va Linux virtual
mashinalarida);
jismoniy tizimlarni qo
‘
llab-quvvatlash (Windows va Linux);
o
‘
rnatilgan replikatsiya va yuqori mavjudligi;
disk tasvirlarini lenta tashuvchisiga ko
‘
chirish, shuningdek disk va lenta
tashuvchilardan granulyar tiklash;
tashkilot
ichida, uning tashqarisida va bulutda ma'lumotlarni himoya qilish.
Arcserve UDP yangi tizim bo‘lsa-da, u juda yaxshi o‘rnatilgan, tasdiqlangan
zaxira, replikatsiya, yuqori mavjudlik va to‘liq global deuplikatsiyani bir tizimda
birlashtirish texnologiyalariga asoslangan. Arcserve UDP dan foydalanish oson va
qimmat professional texnik xizmat ko‘rsatishni talab qilmaydi. Bu ish
stansiyasidan masofaviy arxivlash saytiga qadar ideal yechimdir.
Droper / Yuklab oluvchilar

123
DDoS (taqsimlangan xizmatni rad etish) hujumlarini amalga oshiradigan
troyanlar hujumlarda botnetlar yordamida server yoki tarmoqqa juda ko'p so'rovlar
yuboradi.
Misol uchun 2020 yil iyun oyi o'rtalarida Amazon o'z serverlariga rekord
darajadagi hujumni qaytardi. Uch kundan ortiq vaqt davomida Amazon Web
Services juda ko'p so'rovlar bilan bombardimon qilindi, tezligi sekundiga 2,3
terabayt (katta botnet) teng edi.
Botnetlar zombi deb ataladigan kompyuterlardan tashkil topgan. Botnet va
DDoS hujumlarining natijasi veb-saytlarga yoki hatto butun tarmoqlarga kirish
imkonsizligidir.
Raqamli qurilmalarda axborotning dasturiy himoyalari - bet 61

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Raqamli qurilmalarda axborotning dasturiy himoyalariBog'liq Raqamli qurilmalarda axborotning dasturiy himoyalari qo\'llanma
142
5. Arcserve UDP zaxiralash tizimi haqida ma’lumot.
Arcserve – korporativ va o‘rta bozor korxonalari uchun ma’lumotlarni
himoya qilish, replikatsiya va tiklash yechimlari provayderidir. Arcserve 1983-
yilda Cheyenne Software sifatida tashkil etilgan. O‘sha paytda Computer
Associates nomi bilan tanilgan dasturiy ta‘minot sotuvchisi
CA Technologies
1996-yilda Cheyenni sotib oldi va Arcserve mahsulotini shu brend ostida ishlab
chiqish va sotishda davom etdi. Arcserve birinchi navbatda boshqa dasturiy
ta'minot dasturlarini zaxiralash va tarmoqdagi ma’lumotlar yo‘qolmasligini
ta’minlash uchun ishlatiladigan mahsulot sifatida ishlab chiqilgan. Birinchi
versiyaning asosiy vazifasi tizimdagi barcha ma'lumotlarni avtomatik ravishda
nusxalash edi, shunda elektr uzilishlari va jihozlarning noto‘g‘ri ishlashi kabi
hodisalar uni yo‘q qilmasligi yoki o‘chirilmasligi kerak edi. 90-yillarning
boshlarida Arcserve sotuvlari katta o‘sishi bilan Cheyenne kompaniyasining eng
yaxshi mahsulotiga aylandi. Cheyenne 1993-yilda Arcserve asosiy dasturining
takomillashtirilgan versiyasini chiqardi va Original Equipment Manufacturers
(OEMs) orqali tarqatishni boshladi.
Arcserve UDP (Unified Data Protection) – ma’lumotlarini zaxiralash va
tiklash uchun zamonaviy tizimdir. Ushbu tizim bilan tanishish va amalda sinab
ko‘rish uchun
www.arcserve.com
saytidan osongina yuklab olish mumkin hamda
uni hech qanday litsenziya kalitlarisiz bir oy davomida bemalol boshqarish
mumkin.
21.8-rasm.
www.arcserve.com
saytining bosh sahifasi.
143
www.arcserve.com
saytining Mahsulotlar (Products) bo‘limidan Arcserve
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Таvsiyalalar - Raqamli qurilmalarda axborotning dasturiy himoyalari

127
Ishonchliligini tekshirmasdan havolalarda foydalanmaslik, chunki infektsiya
ehtimoli bor. Soxta veb-saytlarga murojaat qilmaslik, zararli dasturlarning
osongina (fonda) o'rnatilishi mumkin, bunda zararli dastur uy tizimiga yuklab
olinadi.
Xavfli manbalardan dasturlarni yuklab olmaslik. Google Play do'konida va
Apple do'konida mavjud bo'lmagan mobil qurilmalarga ilovalarni o'rnatmang.
Barcha fayl kengaytmalari sozlamasidan foydalanish. Masalan .jpg
kengaytmali tasvir .exe kengaytmali bajariladigan fayl bo’lishi mumkinligi oshkor
bo’ladi.
Troyanlarning qurilmaga foydalanuvchining yordami bilan kirish ehtimolligi
yuqori. Internetni ko'rib chiqishda ehtiyot bo'lish, shubhali elektron pochta
qo'shimchalarini ochmaslik va faqat ishonchli manbalardan dasturlarni o'rnatish
orqali bu tahdidlarni oldini olish mumkin. Troyanlardan ishonchli himoya vaqtida
yangilangan operatsion tizim va doimiy ishlaydigan antivirus tomonidan
ta'minlanadi.
Troyan va boshqa onlayn tahdidlardan himoya qilish uchun xavfsizlik
yechimlari:
Kaspersky Internet Security
Kaspersky Total Security
Troyan Virus Removal
Xavfsiz ishga tushirish - Raqamli qurilmalarda axborotning dasturiy himoyalari

Xavfsiz ishga tushirish – Windows 10 qurilmaning yaxlitligini, ishga
tushirish va yuklash moslamalarini tekshirishi mumkin.
Windows yadrosi himoyasi – Windows 10 da zararli dasturlarning buferlarni
to‘ldirish va boshqa past darajadagi hujumlarni amalga oshirishni
qiyinlashtiradigan bir qator yaxshilanishlar mavjud. Shuningdek, u ma’lum bir
kompyuterda ishlashi mumkin bo’lgan kodni tekshiradi.
AppLocker bilan qurilma himoyasi – agar kod yaxlitligi to‘liq amalga
oshirilmasa yoki uning funksionalligi barcha kerakli ssenariylarni qamrab olmasa,
AppLocker dan maxsus kod yaxlitligi xususiyatiga qo‘shimcha sifatida foydalanish
mumkin.
Microsoft Edge –Windows 10 dagi yangi brauzer o‘zidan oldingilariga
qaraganda xavfsizroq, chunki u uchinchi tomon ikkilik kengaytmalarini qo‘llab-
quvvatlamaydi, faqat 64 bitli jarayonlarni ishlaydi, Universal Windows ilovasi
sifatida ishlab chiqilgan va xavfsizlikni sozlash bo‘yicha vazifalarni
soddalashtiradi.
Mavzu yuzasidan nazorat savollari: 1. Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF) metodologiyasining konsepsiyasi?
2. MSF metodologiyasi qanday tamoyillarga asoslanadi?
3. Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF) metodologiyasi bosqichlari.
4. Microsoftning bulutli texnologiyalariga nimalar kiradi? 5. MS Windowsda quyi xavfsizlik tizimlariga misollar keltiring.
6. MS Windows operatsion tizimiga integratsiya qilingan axborotni dasturiy
himoyalash usullarini sanab bering.
121
19-MAVZU: TROJAN VA TARMOQ VIRUSLARIGA HIMOYA DASTURLARI Reja: 1. Troyan virusi tarixi.
2. Tarmoq virusining turlari.
3. Viruslardan himoyalanish tavsiyalari.
Kalit so‘zlar: Troyanlar, Droper / Yuklab oluvchilar, Rootkitlar, Ekspluatatsiyalar, Bank troyanlari, IM qurtlari (IM-Worm), P2P qurtlari (P2P- Worm).
Troyan virusi tarixi - Raqamli qurilmalarda axborotning dasturiy himoyalari

122
aylanadi. ‘Orqa eshiklar’ qurilmada zararli kod va
buyruqlarni bajarish va veb-
trafikni kuzatish imkonini beradi.
Ekspluatatsiyalar
Ekspluatatsiyalar - kompyuterdagi ilovadagi zaiflikdan foydalanish imkonini
beruvchi ma'lumotlar yoki kodlarni o'z ichiga olgan dasturlar.
Rootkitlar
Rootkitlar tizimdagi muayyan ob'ektlar yoki harakatlarni
yashirish uchun
mo'ljallangan. Maqsad zararli dasturlarni aniqlashning oldini olish va zararlangan
kompyuterda ishlash vaqtini oshirishdir.
Antiviruslarni taqlid qiluvchi troyanlar

124
2018-yil yanvar oyida Kasperskiy laboratoriyasi tadqiqotchilari Skygofree
troyanini topdilar, bu WhatsApp messenjeridagi xabarlarni kuzatishi, ularni o‘qishi
va o‘g‘irlashi mumkin.
Ransomware troyanlari kompyuterdagi ma'lumotlarni o'zgartirishi natijasida,
noto'g'ri ishlashiga olib kelishi yoki ma'lum ma'lumotlarga kirishni bloklashi
mumkin. Buzg'unchilar faqat kerakli to'lovni olgandan keyin kompyuterni qayta
tiklashga yoki ma'lumotlarni qulfdan chiqarishga va'da berishadi.
SMS troyanlar tarix (‘istoriya) qoldiqlari kabi ko'rinishi mumkin, ammo ular hali
ham faol va jiddiy xavf tug'diradi va turli usullarda ishlashi mumkin. Masalan,
Android uchun zararli dastur Faketoken tizimdagi standart SMS ilovasi sifatida
niqoblangan holda qimmat xalqaro raqamlarga ommaviy SMS xabarlar yuboradi.
Smartfon egasi ushbu pochta ro'yxati uchun pul to'lashi kerak. Boshqa SMS
troyanlari qimmat premium SMS xizmatlariga ulanadi.
Zaxira nusxasini yaratish oynasida

141
4.
Yuqori darajadagi xavfsizlik – AWS sanoatdagi yetakchi xavfsizlik
texnologiyalari va amaliyotlari bilan maʼlumotlar va ilovalarni yuqori darajada
himoya qiladi.
5.
Rentabellik – AWS dan foydalanish pullik modeli bilan IT infratuzilma
harajatlarini optimallashtirishga yordam beradi.
6.
Boshqa xizmatlar bilan integratsiya – AWS boshqa xizmatlar va ilovalar
bilan integratsiyalashishi mumkin, bu ular o‘rtasida ma’lumotlarni almashishni
osonlashtiradi va samaradorlikni oshiradi.
21.7-rasm. Amazon Web Services platformasi xizmatlari.
Amazon Web Services
asosiy xizmatlariga quyidagilar kiradi:
Amazon EC2 – bulutdagi virtual serverlar;
Amazon S3 – kengaytiriladigan bulutli saqlash;
Amazon Aurora – yuqori samarali boshqariladigan aloqa ma’lumotlar
bazasi;
Amazon DynamobDB – boshqariladigan NoSQL ma’lumotlar bazasi;
Amazon RDS – MySQL, Oracle va boshqalar uchun boshqariladigan
relyatsion ma’lumotlar bazasi xizmati;
Amazon Lambda – serverlarga aralashmasdan kodni bajarish;
Amazon
virtual xususiy buluti – izolyatsiyalangan bulutli manbalar.
yalash deyiladi. 
Rezinaning yeyilishga chidamliligi

256
Rezina buyumlarning yeyilishi sirpanish rejimida (transportyor
lentalari harakati) va dumalash rejimida (shinalar harakati) ro‘y
berishi mumkin. Ammo shinalarni ishlatish vaqtida dumalanish
ishqalanishidan tashqari sirpanish ishqalanishi ham hosil bo‘ladi
(masalan, transport vositalari tormozlanganida). Shunga
asosan
yeyilishga chidamlilikni sinash ishlari yoki sirpanish rejimida,
yoxud sirpanuvchanlik bilan birga boradigan dumalanish rejimida
o‘tkaziladi.
Rezinaning yeyilishga chidamliligini aniqlash davlat standarti
talablari asosida maxsus МИ–2 jihozida aniqlanadi. Bu usul ning
mohiyati o‘zgarmas ma’lum tezlikda aniqlanayotgan diskning
abraziv yopishtirilgan yuzasiga o‘zgarmas normal kuch (32,5 kPa)
ta’sirida siqib qo‘yilgan namunalarni yedirishdan iborat.
Yeyilishga chidamlilik ko‘rsatkichi
eskirishning solishtirma
ko‘rsatkichi deb ataladi va bu ko‘rsatkich vaqt birligi ichida sina-
layotgan namuna
hajmining kamayishi, ya’ni yeyilish miqdori bilan
ifodalanadi. Avtomobil pokrishkalari protektorlarini tayyorlashda
ishlatiladigan rezinalar uchun bu ko‘rsatkich: yengil avtomobillar
uchun 0,08 mm
3
/j va yuk avtomobillari uchun 0,14 mm
3
/j dan ortiq
bo‘lmasligi lozim.
Ishqalanish ishqalanayotgan sirtlarning
yeyilishiga va ular
o‘lchamlarining o‘zgarishiga olib keladi. Ishqalanish – ishqala nish
koeffitsiyenti
bilan tavsiflanadi, ya’ni ishqalanish koeffitsiyenti
qanchalik katta bo‘lsa, ishqalanish jadalligi ham shuncha yuqori
bo‘ladi.
Ishqalanish koeffitsiyenti rezina
tarkibi va u ishqalanadigan
abraziv material sirtiga bog‘liq. Ishqalanish va yeyilish turlariga
qarab yeyiluvchanlikning yoki unga teskari bo‘lgan kattalik, ya’ni
yeyilishga bo‘lgan qarshilik (chidamlilik)
koeffitsiyentining son
qiy matlari har xil bo‘ladi.
Avtomobillarning tormozlanish imkoniyatlari ham ishqalanish
koeffitsiyenti bilan uzviy bog‘liq. Avtomobil yo‘llarining qoplama
turi va yo‘l sharoitiga bog‘liq holda ishqalanish koeffitsiyenti 0,1–
0,8 oralig‘ida bo‘ladi.
257
Avtomobil shinasining asfalt-beton qoplama bilan ilashishi
protektor va quruq asfaltbeton orasidagi
ishqalanish koeffitsi-
yenti 0,6–0,8 bo‘lishini ta’minlaydi. Ammo oz miqdorda yomg‘ir
yog‘ishi protektor va asfaltbeton orasidagi ishqalanish koeffitsi-
yentini ikki barobarga kamaytiradi. Yo‘llardagi loy qoldiqlari ish-
qalanish koeffitsiyentini yanada yomonlashtiradi. Yo‘l muzlagan
paytlarda bu koeffitsiyent 0,1 ga teng bo‘ladi. Bunday sharoitlarda
avtomobilni boshqarishda noqulayliklar yuzaga keladi.
10. 5. Rezina materiallar xususiyatlarining
EEM áwladları - 1-lekciya. Informaciyalıq texnologiyalardıń tiykarǵı túsinikleri

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1-lekciya. Informaciyalıq texnologiyalardıń tiykarǵı túsinikleri
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bet | 4/4 | Sana | 17.05.2024 | Hajmi | 211,96 Kb. | | #239611 |
Bog'liq 1 lekciyaEEM áwladları
Kompyuterler óziniń elementler bazaları boyınsha áwladlarǵa ajıratılǵan.
I áwlad (1945 - 1956 jıllar) kompyuterleri elementler bazaları elektron lampalar ekenligi menen xarakterlenedi. Bul áwlad mashinaları úlken zallardı iyelegen halda, júzlep elektr energiya sarplap, tonnalap awırlıqqa iye jáne sekundına 1-2 mıń ámeldi orınlaǵan, yadınıń kólemi 1-2 mıń sózdi (maǵlıwmattı) saqlaydı. Bul áwlad mashinalarına "Ural-1", "Ural-2", "BESM-1", "BESM-2","M-1", "M-2", "M -20" sıyaqlı mashinaların mısal etip keltiriw múmkin.
II áwlad (1957 - 1968 jıllar) kompyuterleri elementler bazaları tranzistorlardan ibarat bolıp, operativ yadı sekundına 10-20 mıń ámeldi orınlaw, yadınıń kólemi 4-8 mıń sózdi saqlaydı. Ekinshi áwlad esaplaw mashinaları esaplawdan basqa islep shıǵarıw protsesslerin basqarıw, ekonomikalıq máselelerdi sheshiw, háripler menen isley alıw "qábileti"ne de iye boldı. Bul áwlad mashinalarına "BESM-3", "BESM-4", "Ural-16", "Minsk-22", IBM-608, "BESM-6" mısal etip keltiriw múmkin.
III áwlad (1969 - 1980 jıllar) kompyuterlerdiń elementler bazaları integral sxemalardan ibarat bolıp, operativligi sekundına 10 mıńnan baslap, eń aqırǵı mashinalar 2-2,5 million ámel orınlawǵa shekem jetti. Yadınıń kólemi de 8-10 mıń bayttan (bul áwlad yad ólshemi xalıq aralıq ólshem baytlarda beriletuǵın bolǵan) 8 million baytlarǵa shekem jetti. Bul áwlad mashinalarına ES - "ES-1010", "ES-1020", "ES-1030", "ES-1035", "ES-1050", "ES-1060", "ES-1066" lardı mısal etip kórsetiw múmkin.
IV áwlad (1981 - 1990 jıllar) kompyuterleriniń elementler bazaları úlken integral sxemalar. Olardıń operativligi sekundına 6,5 million ámel orınlawǵa shekem jetti, yadınıń kólemi 64 Mb baytqa shekem keńeydi. Bul áwlad mashinalarına Super EEMler, "Elbrus" esaplaw mashinası, "IBM PC" sıyaqlı kompyuterlerdi kórsetiw múmkin.
V áwlad (1990 jıllardan baslanǵan) kompyuterlerdiń elementler bazaların júdá úlken integral sxemalar quraydı. Bul áwlad kompyuterleri házir keń qollanıladı. Bul áwlad kompyuterleri elektron hám jaqtılıq nurları energiyasınan paydalanıwǵa, dúzilisi bolsa lazer texnikasına, nurlanıwshı diodlarǵa tiykarlanǵan. Ámel orınlaw tezligi sekundına 1 mlrd shekem, yadınıń kólemi 10 mln 3-4 milliard (Gbayt)qa jetti.
Jeke kompyuterlerdiń jaratılıwı texnikada revolyutsiyalıq xarakterge iye boldı, olar ǵalabalıq esaplaw mashinalarına aylanıp qaldı.
Házirgi waqıtta islep shıǵarıw hám kúndelikli turmısta dúnyada 100 millionlap jeke kompyuterler isletilmekte.
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JN va ON - Microsoft Word 03 Kishlok xujaligida buxalteriya xisobi va solikka tortish \

Talabaning semestr davomida fan bo‘yicha to‘plagan umumiy bali har bir nazorat turidan
belgilangan qoidalarga muvofiq to‘plagan ballari yig‘indisiga teng.
ON va
YaN turlari kalendar tematik rejaga muvofiq dekanat tomonidan tuzilgan reyting nazorat
jadvallari asosida o‘tkaziladi.
YaN semestrning oxirgi 2 haftasi mobaynida o‘tkaziladi.
JN va
ON nazoratlarda saralash balidan kam ball to‘plagan va uzrli sabablarga ko‘ra nazoratlarda
qatnasha olmagan talabaga qayta topshirish uchun, navbatdagi shu nazorat turigacha, so‘nggi joriy va oraliq
nazoratlar uchun esa yakuniy nazoratgacha bo‘lgan muddat beriladi.
Talabaning semestrda
JN va
ON turlari bo‘yicha to‘plagan ballari ushbu nazorat turlari umumiy
balining 55 foizidan kam bo‘lsa yoki semestr yakuni joriy, oraliq va yakuniy nazorat turlari bo‘yicha
to‘plagan ballari yig‘indisi 55 baldan kam bo‘lsa, u akademik qarzdor deb hisoblanadi.
Talaba nazorat natijalaridan norozi bo‘lsa, fan bo‘yicha nazorat turi natijalari e'lon qilingan vaqtdan
boshlab bir kun mobaynida fakultet dekaniga ariza bilan murojaat etishi mumkin. Bunday holda fakultet
dekanining taqdimnomasiga ko‘ra rektor buyrug‘i bilan 3 (uch) a'zodan kam bo‘lmagan tarkibda
apellyasiya komissiyasi tashkil etiladi. Apellyasiya komissiyasi talabalarning arizalarini ko‘rib chiqib, shu
kunning o‘zida xulosasini bildiradi.
Baholashning o‘rnatilgan talablar asosida belgilangan muddatlarda o‘tkazilishi hamda
rasmiylashtirilishi fakultet dekani, kafedra mudiri, o‘quv-uslubiy boshqarma hamda ichki nazorat va
monitoring bo‘limi tomonidan nazorat qilinadi.
MAVZU. TAYYOR MAHSULOTAR VA TOVARLAR HISOBI

17.3. Mehnat haqi hisobini xujjatlarda rasmiylashtirish
17.4. Mehnatga haq to`lashning sintetik va analitik hisobi
17.5. Mehnat ta`tili hamda kasallik varaqasi bo`yicha haq to`lash
17.6. Ish haqidan ajratma va to`lovlar hisobi
17.7. Ish haqi fondining ishlatilishi ustidan nazoratni tashkil etish
maksimal yuklanishga nisbatan % hisobida) shinaning

252
10. 2- rasm. Shinadagi havo bosimi Р
sh
ning (me’yordagi bosimga
nisbatan % hisobida) shinaning ish muddati τ
sh
ga ta’siri.
Rezinaning qattiqligi. Qattiqlik rezina buyumlarning asosiy
fizikaviy va ekspluatatsion xossalaridan biri bo‘lib, u davlat stan
dartlari va texnik shartlarda har bir material (metall, mineral, plast-
massa va boshqalar) uchun ko‘rsatilgan.
Qattiqlik deganda, materialning sirtiga boshqa qattiq material-
ning botish yoki tirnashiga ko‘rsatiladigan qarshiligi tushuniladi.
Qattiqlikni aniqlash orqali tayyorlangan rezina sifati to‘g‘risi-
da fikr yuritish mumkin. Chunki bu ko‘rsatkich vulkanizatsiyalov-
chi modda, to‘ldirgich va plastifikator qanday miqdorda olingani
va aralashtirilganini tavsiflovchi asosiy ko‘rsatkichlardan biridir.
Qattiqlik vulkanizatsiya qilingan rezina materiallari uchun aniqla-
nadi, uning miqdoriga qarab esa rezinaning elastikligi haqida ham
ma’lum tushuncha olish mumkin.
Rezina buyumlarning qattiqligi har xil shakldagi boshqa bir
(o‘tkir) materialning ularga juda qattiq botish chuqurligi bilan
o‘lchanadi.
Rezinaning qattiqligi rezina aralashmasi tarkibiga kiruvchi
kauchuk, vulkanizatsiyalovchi modda, to‘ldirgich hamda plasti-
fikatorlarning miqdori va xossalariga bog‘liq. Rezina aralashma-
253
si tarkibiga aktiv tezlatkich moddalar (tiazol, tiuram, sulfenamid)
qo‘shish va ular miqdorini oshirish bilan rezinaning vulkanizatsiya
darajasini ko‘paytirish mumkin. Bu, o‘z navbatida, rezina qattiqli-
gini oshirishga olib keladi. Plastifikatorlar esa rezina qattiqligini
kamaytiradi.
Rezinalar qattiqlik darajasiga ko‘ra uch guruhga bo‘linadi
(10. 3- jadval).
10. 3- jadval
«Kompyuter injineringi» fakulteti «Informaciyalıq texnologiyaları servisi» baǵdarı III kurs 306-21 topar studenti Abdireymov Sultannin‘

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«Kompyuter injineringi» fakulteti «Informaciyalıq texnologiyaları servisi» baǵdarı III kurs 306-21 topar studenti Abdireymov Sultannin‘
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Sana | 13.01.2024 | Hajmi | 4,22 Mb. | | #136337 |
Bog'liq MB tittle
ÓZBEKSTAN RESPUBLIKASÍ
INFORMACIYALÍQ TEXNOLOGIYALARÍ HÁM KOMMUNIKACIYALARÍN RAWAJLANDÍRÍW MINISTRLIGI
MUXAMMED AL-XOREZMIY ATINDAǴÍ
TASHKENT INFORMACIYALÍQ TEXNOLOGIYALARÍ UNIVERSITETI NÓKIS FILIALÍ
« Kompyuter injineringi » fakulteti
«Informaciyalıq texnologiyaları servisi» baǵdarı
III kurs 306-21 topar studenti
Abdireymov Sultannin‘
«Mag’liwmatlar bazasi»
páninen
ÁMELIY JUMISI
Tayarlaǵan ________________ S.Abdireymov
Qabıllaǵan ________________ D.Qonarbaev
Nókis – 2023
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«Kompyuter injineringi» fakulteti «Informaciyalıq texnologiyaları servisi» baǵdarı III kurs 306-21 topar studenti Abdireymov Sultannin‘
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Qattiqligiga ko‘ra rezinalarning guruhlarga bo‘linishi

254
po‘latdan ishlangan kesik konusli uchi o‘tkir metall bo‘lib,
u kor-
pusdan 25 ± 0,05 mm tashqariga chiqib turadi.
10. 3- rasm. Shor A (TM–2) qattiqlik o‘lchagich asbobi
(a – tashqi ko‘rinishi; b –
tuzilishi):
1 – igna;
2 – shayba;
3 – tishli g‘ildirak;
4 – tishli reyka;
5 – prujina;
6 – kallak;
7 – plastinka;
8 – strelka;
9 – shkala;
10 – korpus;
11 – asbobni
tekshirish uchun nazorat maydonchasi.
Asbob komplekti ichida prujinali nazorat maydoncha
11 bo‘lib,
u o‘rtasida kichik teshikchasi bo‘lgan shayba bilan tugaydi. Qat-
tiqlikni o‘lchagichning plastinka va shaybasi nazorat maydoncha
tekisligi bilan to‘qnashganida, asbob ignasi maydonchaning shayba
teshigi ichiga kiradi. Asbob kallagiga bosilganida, strelka maydon-
cha yon tomonida joylashgan shkaladan qattiqlik sonini ko‘rsatadi.
Shor A qattiqlik o‘lchagich asbobining ishlash tartibi quyi-
dagicha: sinaladigan buyum tekis
metall yoki shisha tekislik
ustiga qo‘yiladi. Nina uchi sinaladigan rezina namunasi bilan
to‘qnashtiriladi. So‘ngra qattiqlikni o‘lchagich kallagi qo‘l bilan
sekin bosilib, asbob shaybasi va plastinkasi sinaladigan rezina
255
namunasi tekisligi bilan to‘liq to‘qnashtiriladi. Bunda shayba va
plastinka tekisligi sinalayotgan namuna tekisligiga parallel bo‘lishi
lozim, aks holda, igna sirtga vertikal bo‘lmaydi. Ignaning namu-
naga botish chuqurligi qattiqlik o‘lchagich shkalasidan strelkaning
ko‘rsatishiga qarab shartli birliklarda belgilab olinadi. Sinalayot-
gan namunaning qalinligi 6 mm dan kam bo‘lmasligi lozim.
Xom rezinadan buyumlar tayyorlashni osonlashtirish maqsadi-
da
unga maxsus ishlov beriladi, ya’ni kauchuk zarur miqdorgacha
yumshatiladi. Bunday rezinaning qattiqligini o‘lchashda qattiqlik
o‘lchagich asbobi ignasi namunaga uzluksiz ko‘rinishda botadi,
natijada asbob ko‘rsatkichi pasayib boradi va bir necha daqiqa
vaqt o‘tgach nolga yaqinlashadi. Vulkanizatsiyalash jarayonida
rezinaning plastikligi kamaya boradi va so‘nggi bosqichda butun-
lay yo‘qoladi, rezinaning qattiqligi va elastikligi yangi oltingugurt
porsiyalari reaksiyaga kirishishi natijasida ortib boradi va
tayyor
vulkanizatsiyalangan rezinada ma’lum miqdorga erishadi.
Texnik talablarga binoan, qattiqlik o‘lchagich asbobining igna-
si vulkanizatsiyalangan rezina materialida sezilarli iz qoldirmasa,
bunday rezinaning vulkanizatsiyalash rejimi to‘g‘ri tanlangan hi-
soblanadi.
Rezina materialning haddan tashqari yuqori qattiqlikka ega
bo‘lishi ham nonormal hol bo‘lib,
bu holat ortiqcha vulkanizatsi