nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
-jadval: Aktsiz solig'i tushumlari, 2018

4
Bu miqdorga (15 milliard Saudiya rioli) elektr energiyasi tarifini oshirishdan tushgan 1,10 milliard Saudiya rioli daromadlari kiradi.
©Xalqaro valyuta jamg'armasi. Qayta taqsimlash uchun emas
4
•
Besh yulduzli
(5,2%) boshqa mehmonxonalarga ham joriy etildi.Bu soliq taxminan 5,0 milliard SAR daromad keltirdi.
Olingan yig'imlar va yangi yig'imlar o'rnatilishi 29 milliard Saudiya rialini (YaIMning 1%) tashkil etadi.To'lovlar hajmini oshirish rejalashtirilgan.
•
$500 dan
ortiq chiqish va qaytarish imkonini beruvchi 3 oylik o'sish. Viza to'lovlarining oshishi .2,3 mlrd. daromad keltirdi
yer maydoni (oq)
Ushbu to'lovlardan biri investorlarni uy-joy hajmini ko'paytirish zarurati tufayli uni bo'sh qoldirish o'rniga o'z erlarini o'zlashtirishga undashdir.
Mehmonxona va mehmonxona kvartiralarida joylashtirish soliqqa tortiladi
Masalan, oq yer uchun to'lovlar o'z egalarini rivojlantirish uchun rag'bat sifatida qo'llanilgan (va agar ularning maqsadiga erishilsa, hukumat ularni undirmaydi),
Agar kelganlar Shohlikni tark etishda davom etsa.
,
yoki toÿlov bildirishnomasi olingan kundan boshlab 12 oy ichida oÿz yerlarini oÿzlashtirishi. Bu toÿlovlar bir milliard Saudiya rioli daromad keltirdi
2020-yil iyulgacha. Viza muddatini uzaytirish vaqtida toÿlovlar toÿliq yil davomida oldindan toÿlanishi kerak, bu uy xoÿjaliklarining likvidligiga va/yoki sezilarli taÿsir koÿrsatishi mumkin.
-f Fiskal konsolidatsiyaga erishish bo'yicha so'nggi sa'y-harakatlarning bir qismi sifatida noneft daromadlari bo'yicha qator islohotlar amalga oshirildi

1
1
Operatsion kompaniyalar quyidagi segmentlarga bo'lingan: yirik soliq to'lovchilar, yirik soliq to'lovchilar, kichik va o'rta soliq to'lovchilar. Ushbu hisobotning maqsadlari uchun "yirik" soliq to'lovchilarga
havolalar eng yirik soliq to'lovchilar va yirik soliq to'lovchilarni o'z ichiga oladi va kichik soliq
to'lovchilarga havolalar, agar boshqacha ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa, kichik va o'rta soliq to'lovchilarni o'z ichiga oladi.
1.235
2018 yil 1 yanvar
127.435
2019 yil 31 mart
1.791
I
8.588
Eng yirik soliq toÿlovchi (ÿ 200 million Saudiya
riali)
194
173.208
Kichik va o'rta soliq to'lovchilar (>40 million
Saudiya riyali)
7.941
92 535
1.882
147 815
Bunga zid.
1.262
83.359
2018 yil 31 dekabr
operatsion kompaniyalar
8.898
158.
137.139
Yirik soliq to'lovchilar (ÿ 40 million Saudiya riyali,
> 200 million Saudiya rioli)
8.442
2018 yil 31 oktyabr
Jami
manba: Zakot va daromad solig'i bo'yicha bosh organ.
162.428
©Xalqaro valyuta jamg'armasi. Qayta taqsimlash uchun emas
Jamoatchilik iqtisodiy faoliyat shakli bo'lib, hukumat tomonidan taqdim etiladigan har qanday tovarlar yoki xizmatlar QQSga tortilmaydi. Bajarildi
Qo'shilgan qiymat solig'i (QQS) joriy etilgan birinchi keng qamrovli soliqdir
Raqobatbardosh ish haqi bilan malakali ishchi kuchi mavjudligini ta'minlash muhim ahamiyatga ega

©Xalqaro valyuta jamg'armasi. Qayta taqsimlash uchun emas
Innovatsion xorijiy davlatlar iqtisodiyotga integratsiyalashuvi kerak.
Muayyan kompaniyalar emas, balki yangi tarmoqlarda ham raqobatni saqlab qolish uchun.
18
Xalqaro valyuta jamg'armasi
Mintaqada mavjud imkoniyatlar va boshqa Fors ko'rfazi hamkorlik kengashi mamlakatlarida davom etayotgan rivojlanish rejalari bilan hamqadam bo'lish. Va loyihalarni jalb qilishda
Eksport bozorlaridagi muvaffaqiyat taraqqiyotni o'lchash uchun tashqi mezon sifatida ishlatilishi kerak. Siyosat sektorlarni rag'batlantirishga qaratilgan bo'lishi kerak
Agar kerakli muvaffaqiyatga erishilmasa. Qirollik uchun yangi bo'lgan va global bozorlarda o'xshashliklarga ega bo'lgan tarmoqlarda,
Raqobatbardosh eksportga yo‘naltirilgan ishlab chiqarishlarda ishchilarni zarur ko‘nikmalar bilan ta’minlash orqali. Shohlik uchun buni hisobga olish muhim
Ushbu investitsiyalarni baholashda ehtiyot bo'ling.
(neftdan tashqari) 2018-yilda - 2019 yil IV modda bo'yicha maslahatlashuv uchun tanlangan masalalar to'g'risidagi...

©Xalqaro valyuta jamg'armasi. Qayta taqsimlash uchun emas
Namunadagi atigi uchta davlat (Indoneziya, Qozog‘iston va Buyuk Britaniya) o‘qishga kirish chegarasini qo‘llaydi
•
Boshqalar Vengriyada 8% (Yaponiya) dan (27%) gacha, garchi ikkinchi mamlakatda ba'zi mahsulotlarga pasaytirilgan stavkalar qo'llaniladi.
Cheklash
•
Qo'shilgan qiymat soliqqa tortishning standart stavkasi
hisoblanadi
Ajoyib. past, ya'ni
5
Samaradorlik darajasiga erishildi
Qirollik joriy etishning birinchi yilida rivojlangan va rivojlanayotgan bozor mamlakatlarida qayd etilgan o'rta darajaga yetdi.
Mamlakatlarda standartlashtirilgan qo'shilgan qiymat solig'i stavkalari
Jumladan 40 ta rivojlangan, rivojlanayotgan bozor va neft eksport qiluvchi mamlakatlar qoÿshilgan qiymat soligÿi bilan tavsiflanadi.
Qirollik quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oladi (1-chizma):
boshqa. Samaradorlik darajasida bo'lgan ko'plab mamlakatlar allaqachon qiymat solig'i samaradorligiga nisbatan qo'shilgan
Saudiya Arabistoni Qirolligida amal qiladi.
C Detailed questions - Topical News Lessons

© one
stopenglish.com 2002 3 This page can be photocopied.
D Vocabulary practice
Complete the table
V
ERB
N
OUN
punish
____________
____________
accusation
operate
____________
____________
organisation
____________
theft
decide
____________
divide
____________
____________
treatment
E Grammar – The Passive.
Read the notes below, and then answer the following questions.
The past simple passive form:
Was started
Were started
(regular)
Was eaten
Were eaten
(irregular)
Examples of the past simple passive:
a)
The women were accused of having abortions
b)
The nurse was sent to prison
Uses
• bii) (He/she) sent the nurse to prison,
• In sentence b the nurse is the subject of the sentence. In bii the person who sends her to prison is
the subject. In the passage the writer
chooses to use the passive, as the nurse is more important in
subject position.
Portuguese nurse who ran abortion clinic jailed
L E V E L O N E
-
E L E M E N TA RY
© one
stopenglish.com 2002 4 This page can be photocopied.
1. Underline all of the examples of the past simple passive in the text.
2. Complete each sentence in the passive.
a) The police arrested many protesters.
Many protesters were arrested (by the police)
b) They sent the protesters to jail.
The protesters __________________
c) The scientists discovered a new cure for the disease.
A new cure _______________
d) The teacher told students to read this book.
Students ________
________
e) They built this library in 1987.
The Library __________
_____
f) Someone fixed the broken window.
The broken window _____________
F Discussion
Should abortion be legally available everywhere? Why do some
people think abortion should
be illegal?
Portuguese nurse who ran abortion clinic jailed
L E V E L O N E
-
E L E M E N TA RY
©
Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2005
Taken
from the news section in
www.onestopenglish.com
to'lovlar qo'llanildi - 2019 yil IV modda bo'yicha maslahatlashuv uchun tanlangan masalalar to'g'risidagi hisobot...

|
2019 yil IV modda bo'yicha maslahatlashuv uchun tanlangan masalalar to'g'risidagi hisobot Xalqaro valyuta jamg'armasi Vashington, dcBog'liq [9781513513638 - IMF Staff Country Reports] Volume 2019 (2019) Issue 291 (Sep 2019) Saudi Arabia Selected Issues (1)to'lovlar qo'llanildi. Moliyaviy to'lovlar uchun to'lovlar birinchi marta 2011 yilda chet ellik ishchilar soni Saudiya ishchilari sonidan ortiq bo'lgan
kompaniyalarda bir musofir uchun oyiga 200 Saudiya rial qiymatida qo'llanilgan. Ushbu to‘lovlardan tushgan daromadlar Inson resurslarini rivojlantirish
jamg‘armasi tomonidan amalga oshirilayotgan turli mehnat bozori va o‘quv dasturlari xarajatlarini qoplashga yo‘naltirildi. 2018-yil yanvar oyida to‘lovlar
oyiga 400 Saudiya rialiga (chet ellik ishchilar soni saudiyaliklar soniga teng yoki undan kam bo‘lgan kompaniyalarda har bir musofirga 300 Saudiya rioli),
so‘ngra oyiga 600 Saudiya rialiga (500) oshirildi. Oyiga Saudiya riyali) 2019-yil yanvarida. 2020-yil yanvar oyida bu to‘lovlarni oyiga 800 Saudiya riyoliga
(oyiga 700 Saudiya riyali) oshirish rejalashtirilgan. Shuningdek, 2017-yil iyul oyidan boshlab chet elliklarning oilalariga yig‘imlar undirildi. kishi boshiga
oyiga 100 Saudiya riyolini tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 2018-yil iyul oyida u 200 Saudiya riyoliga ko‘tarildi. Uni yana oyiga 400 Saudiya riyaligacha oshirish
rejalashtirilgan.
14- 2018-yilda jami selektiv soliq tushumlari 4,12 milliard Saudiya riyolini tashkil etdi ( YaIMning 4,0 %). Ushbu daromadlarning asosiy qismi (70%)
tamaki hosilalari (3-jadval).Ammo, alkogolsiz ichimliklar va energiyaga selektiv soliqlarning qo‘llanilishi. ichimliklar bo'shliqni yaratadi, agar uni qo'llashning
asosiy maqsadi sog'liq muammolarini hal qilish bo'lsa, qamrov. Boshqa shirin ichimliklar soliqdan ozod qilingan va sog'liq va daromadlarga salbiy ta'sir
ko'rsatishi mumkin bo'lgan alternativalar mavjud. Ushbu bo‘shliqni bartaraf etish uchun
barcha shirinlikli ichimliklar (va elektron sigaretlar) uchun aktsiz solig‘i uzaytirilishi
2019-yil dekabr oyida e’lon qilingan edi. Bu XVFning bu boradagi avvalgi tavsiyalariga
mos keladi.Thow 2018, boshq. va boshq.da soliqlar bo‘lgan 17 davlat ro‘yxati
keltirilgan. Shirin ichimliklar bo'yicha, U amalga oshirilgan soliqlar o'rtacha 10%
atrofida baholanishini ta'kidlaydi.Shuning uchun Qirollikda aktsiz solig'i stavkasi ancha
yuqori. Bundan tashqari, tamaki kontrabandasi va kontrabandasi bilan bog'liq muammo ham bo'lishi mumkin. Ko'rfaz hamkorlik kengashining barcha
mamlakatlarida aktsiz solig'i hali qo'llanilmagan, ammo bu muammo emas. ushbu soliq daromadlar va sog'liq uchun kerakli ta'sirga erishish uchun.
Va
boshqa hududlar. Masalan, 2018 yilda zakot yig‘imlari 31 foizga oshgan.
|
|
Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
2019 yil IV modda bo'yicha maslahatlashuv uchun tanlangan masalalar to'g'risidagi hisobot Xalqaro valyuta jamg'armasi Vashington, dc
|
-modda. Soliq toʻlovchilarni hisobga qoʻyish

(5-q.)
Faoliyatini boshqa alohida boʻlinmalar orqali amalga oshirish chogʻida chet el yuridik
shaxsini hisobga qoʻyish, agar ushbu moddaning uchinchi qismida boshqacha qoida nazarda
tutilmagan boʻlsa, hisobga qoʻyish toʻgʻrisidagi ariza asosida amalga oshiriladi. Chet el yuridik
shaxsini soliq organlarida hisobdan chiqarish xuddi shunday tartibda amalga oshiriladi.
(6-q.)
Hisobga qoʻyish toʻgʻrisidagi ariza chet el yuridik shaxsi tomonidan u Oʻzbekiston
Respublikasi hududida oʻz faoliyatini boshlagan kundan eʼtiboran oʻttiz kalendar kundan
kechiktirmay soliq organiga beriladi. Hisobdan chiqarish toʻgʻrisidagi ariza bunday shaxs
tomonidan u Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi hududida oʻz faoliyatini tugallagan kundan eʼtiboran oʻn
besh kalendar kundan kechiktirmay beriladi.
(7-q.)
Hisobga qoʻyish (hisobdan chiqarish) toʻgʻrisidagi ariza berilayotganda chet el yuridik
shaxsi mazkur ariza bilan bir vaqtning oʻzida soliq organiga hisobga qoʻyish (hisobdan chiqarish)
uchun zarur boʻlgan hujjatlarni taqdim etadi. Bunday hujjatlarning roʻyxati Oʻzbekiston
Respublikasi Davlat soliq qoʻmitasi tomonidan tasdiqlanadi.
(8-q.)
Chet el yuridik shaxsni Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining soliq rezidenti sifatida soliq
organida hisobga qoʻyish (hisobdan chiqarish) soliq organi tomonidan bunday chet el yuridik
shaxsining oʻzini Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining soliq rezidenti deb eʼtirof etishi toʻgʻrisidagi
(Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining soliq rezidenti maqomidan voz kechishi haqidagi) arizasi asosida
amalga oshiriladi.
(9-q.)
Oʻzbekiston Respublikasida tovar-xomashyo birjalarida va (yoki) tashkillashtirilgan
savdolarda aksiyadorlik jamiyatlarining aksiyalarini sotib oladigan norezident boʻlgan yuridik
shaxslarni hisobga qoʻyish tartibini Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi Davlat soliq qoʻmitasi belgilaydi.
Boshqaruvchi funksiya - M. L. Tursunxodjayev Tashkent davlat texnika universiteli

qilinadi: om bor va sexlarda zaxiralarni boshqarish; transportni
boshqarish; yuklarni
tanlash va komplektlash; jo ‘natilgan tovarlar
hisobi va boshqalar.
D oim iy darajagacha d a vriyligi belgilangan tizim (T S
strategiyasi)
~ bu holatda buyurtm a teng vaqt oraliqiaridan keyin
qaytariladi. Qoldiq buyurtm a nuqtasi
darajasigacha kamayganda
belgilangan m uddatdan ilgari navbatdan tashqaridagi buyurtma
beriladi.
Axborot infratuzilm asi - M. L. Tursunxodjayev Tashkent davlat texnika universiteli

internetning axborot resurslarini ta ’minlash,
shuningdek, sanab
o ‘tilgan sohalar bilan bog‘liq bo'lgan turii xil hodisalar va bu
faoliyat sohalarini tartibga soluvchi qoidalar (rasm iylari kabi
norasmiylari ham ) kiradi.
Axborot logistikasi
— lo g istik an in g b ir ta rm o g ‘i b o 'iib ,
m a’lumotlar oqimini tashkil etadigan materiallar oqimini kuzatishda
hamda ta ’minot, ishlab chiqarish va sotish jarayonlarini bog‘lab
turadigan b o ‘g ‘in hisoblanadi.
Axborot oqimi
— bu m a ’lum ketm a-ketlikda, belgilangan
yo'nalishda harakatlanayotgan ham da boshlang‘ich,
oraliq va oxirgi
nuqtalari belgilab qo‘yilgan axborotdir.
Axborot ta ’minoti
— moddiy oqim larning harakati xususida
m a’lu m otlar yig‘ish, logistik jarayonlarni kom pyuterlar bilan
ta ’minlash.
Bajaruvchi yoki operativ tizimlar
— boshqaruvning u yoki
bu organlari asosida tashkil etiladi va m oddiy oqim larni operativ
boshqarish, uiar harakatining grafik va rejalari
bajarilishi ustidan
nazorat, yuklar harakatini boshqarish va boshqalar bilan bog‘liq
m asaialarni yechadi.
mavjudligi ishlab - M. L. Tursunxodjayev Tashkent davlat texnika universiteli

G LO SSA RIY
«A niq va v a q tid a » — m o d d iy o q im la r n i
o p e r a tiv
b o sh q arishn in g axborot ta ’m in o ti tizim i. B uyurtm a kartasi
«KANBAN» iste’molchi haqida to 'liq axborotni o ‘z ichiga oladi.
Asosan, bu axborot quyidagilardan iborat b o ‘ladi: detaining
n o m la n is h i va sh ifri; q a d o q id is h la rn in g sp etsifik atsiy asi
(xususiyati), ularning turi va ularga
solinadigan detallar soni;
m ahsulotni ishlab chiqaruvchi — uchastka va iste’m olchi —
uchastkalarning nomJanishi; m ahsulotni ishlab chiqarish davo-
miyligini hisobga olgan holda aniqlanadigan yetkazib berish vaqti.
T ex n o lo g ik z an jir b o ‘y ich a h a r b ir u c h astk a «K A N BA N »
kartasida ko‘rsatilgan buyurtm a b o ‘yicha ishlaydi. Ishlab chiqa
rish ustidan nazorat m uom alada b o ‘lgan kartalarni ro'yxatdan
o ’tkazish yo‘li bilan amalga oshiriladi.
Axborot jarayoni
- bunda axborot o ‘zgarishlarining aniq
ketma-ketligiga ega bo‘lgan asosiy obyekt sifatida ko‘rib chiqiladi.
Bu holatda axborotni yig‘ish, tahlil qilish,
qayta shakJlantirish,
saqlash, qidirish va tarqatish m uhim o ‘rin tutadi.
B ashorat qilish - M. L. Tursunxodjayev Tashkent davlat texnika universiteli

3. M oddiy resurslar bashorati — bu m ateriallarga b o ‘lgan
ehtiyojni, korxonaning tovar siyosati o ‘zgarishi m um kinligini
hisobga olgan holda aniqlash maqsadida amalga oshiriladi.
4. Xomashyoga qo ‘yilgan narxlar o ‘zgarishini
bashorat qilish
— bu narxlar o ‘sib ketishi mumkin b o ‘lgan m ateriallar zaxirasini
tashkil etish maqsadida qo‘llaniladi.
Birlamchi ehtiyoj
- sotishga moMjallangan tayyor m ahsulot-
larga, bog‘lovchilarga va detallarga ham da xarid
qilinadigan ehtiyot
qismlariga bo'lgan ehtiyoj tushuniladi. Birlamchi ehtiyoj hisobi
m atem atik statistika va bashorat qilish
uslublari yordam ida amalga
oshiriladi, bu uslublar kutilayotgan ehtiyojni aniqlash imkonini
beradi. Ehtiyojlam i n o to ‘g‘ri baholash
yoki noaniq bashorat qilish
xavfi sug'urta zaxirasini oshirish yo‘li bilan qoplanadi.
M oddiy ishlab chiqarish - M. L. Tursunxodjayev Tashkent davlat texnika universiteli

rning yuk avtomobili bo‘lib, ularda 2012-yili 220,6 mln. tonnaga
yaqin yuk tashildi (jami transport turlarida tashilgan umumiy
yuk hajmining 24,7%i avtomobil transportida tashilgan).
Korporatsiyaning « 0 ‘ztashishtrans« savdo transport birlashmasi
va «O'zbekavtotur» firmasi xalqaro yuk tashish va yolovchilar
qatnoviga xizmat ko‘rsatadi. Oxirgi yiilarda Avstriya, Germ aniya,
Eron, Xitoy, Turkiya va boshqa mamlakatlarga ko‘p million tonna
yuk yetkazib b erild i. Keyingi yiilarda k o rp o ratsiy a aholiga
avtotransport xizmati ko‘rsatishi rivojlanmoqda. Shaharlararo yuk
tashishni « 0 ‘zavtotrans» ishlab chiqarish birlashmasi korxonalari
« 0 ‘zavtotranstexnika» (TIB), « 0 ‘zavtotrans» korxonalari bajarib
kelmoqda.
. Tarm oq korxonalari uchun m uhandis-texnik xodimlar 12 ta
mutaxassislik bo‘yicha Toshkent avtomobil va y o lla r institutida,
Q o‘qon, Buxoro, Urganch, Toshkent avtomobil va y o lla r kollej-
larida tayyorlanadi. « 0 ‘zavtotrans« korporatsiyasi huzurida 15 ta
avtomobil o ‘quv kornbinati va ulam ing 100 ta filiali ishlaydi.
Avtomobil transporti tizim ida 0 ‘zbekiston hissadorlik sug‘urta
kompaniyasi yolovchilam i sug‘urta qilish ishlari bilan shug‘ul-
lanadi.
, Transport masalasi va uni yechish tartibi

Bular tegishli tem ir yo‘l tarifining o ‘sishiga to ‘sqinlik ko'rsat-
moqda.
Turii yig‘im larning ta rif m e’yorlarining darajasini oqilona
tartibga solish yo‘li bilan, shuningdek yuklarni tashish bilan bogliq
ravishda q o 'sh im c h a x izm atlarg a talab larn i rag ‘b a tla n tirish
mumkin.
Masalan, nisbatan tem ir yoTlarda yuklarni qo ‘riqlash uchun
ketadigan harbiylashgan b o ‘linm alarni qisqartirish yo‘li
bilan
yuklarni q o ‘riqlashning kafolatlangani xuddi bu xizmatga b o ig a n
talabni oshirishi mumkin.
Turii transportlardagi tariflar tizimi o ‘zining xususiyatlariga
egadir. Ularni qisqacha tavsiflashga o ‘taylik:
Tem ir yo‘l transportida yuklarni tashish qiymatini aniqlash
uchun umumiy, mutlaq, imtiyozli va mahalliy tariflar qo‘llaniladi.
Um um iy tariflar bular asosiy tarif turlari hisoblanadi.
Ulam ing yordamida yuklarning asosiy
qismini tashish qiymati
aniqianadi.
M utlaq tariflar deb, asosiy tarifga nisbatan maxsus ustam alar
va ch eg irm alar bilan o ‘zg artirish lar belgilanadi. Bu tariflar
oshirilgan yoki kamaytirilgan bo‘1 ishi mumkin.
Ular, odatda, aniq yuklarga oid qo'llaniladi.
M utlaq tariflar sanoatning joylashtirilishiga ta ’sir ko‘rsatadi,
chunki ular yordamida ayrim xomashyo turlarini
tashishni tartibga
solish m um kin, masalan, ko‘mir, kvarsit, ruda va h.k. Mutlaq
tarif yordam ida yilning turii davrlarida yuk tashish qiym atini
oshirish
yoki tu sh irish bilan, te m ir y o ‘llardagi yuk tashish
darajasining notekisliklarining bir m arom da boMishiga erishish
mumkin. Ana shu maqsadlar uchun q at’iy yo‘nalishlar bo £yicha
bo ‘sh vagonlar va konteynerlam ing harakati bilan yuk tashish
tariflarini kamaytirish yo‘li bilan ham erishish mumkin.
Im tiyozli tariflar m a ’lum m aqsadlardagi
yuklarni tashish
uchun, shuningdek, tem ir yo‘llarning o ‘zi uchun qo'llaniladi.
Mahalliy tariflam i ayrim tem ir yo‘l boshliqlari belgilaydilar.
Bu tariflar yuklarni tashish miqdorlarini o ‘z ichiga olgan bo ‘lib,
turii yig‘imlardan iborat ham da ular ushbu tem ir yo‘l doirasida
harakatda bo‘ladi.
96
Tashish haqidan tashqari tem ir y o lla r yuklarni qabul qilib
oluvchilar va qo'shim cha ravishda ko‘rsatilgan
xizmatlar hamda
yuklarni tashish bilan b o g liq b o ig a n y ig im larn i oladilar. Bu
yi'imlar tem ir y o lla r tom onidan quyidagi jarayonlar uchun olinadi:
yuklarni saqlash, tortish yoki yukning og‘irligini hisobga olish,
vagonlarni yuklash uchun qo‘yish yoki olib ketish, ularni har xil
kemiruvchi
hayvonlarga qarshi dorilash, yuklarni kuzatib borish,
yuklash-tushirish ishlari, shuningdek, boshqa jarayonlar uchun
olinadi.
Yuklarni tem ir yoMlarda tashishdagi to ‘lov
miqdorlariga bogliq
boladigan asosiy omillarni sanab o ‘taylik:
J o ‘natish turlari - M. L. Tursunxodjayev Tashkent davlat texnika universiteli

— yuklarni tashishdagi ishbay tariflar;
— yuklarni tashishda to ‘lanadigan avtotonna soatiar tarifi;
— yuk avtomobillaridan vaqtbay asosida foydalanish tariflari;
— kilometrlar b o ‘yicha hisob-kitobiar tariflari;
— harakat tarkibini olib borganlik haqidagi tariflar;
— shartnom a tariflari.
Tarif to ‘lovlarining miqdoriga quyidagi omillar ta ’sir ko'rsatadi:
— yuk tashish masofasi;
— yukning og‘irligi;
— yuk og‘irligining hajmi, bunda avtomobilning yuk ko‘tarish
im kon iy atlarid an t o ‘liq foydalanish hisobga olinadi. U shbu
ko‘rsatkichlar bo ‘yicha avtomobil transportiga tanlanadigan yuklar
to ‘rtta tabaqaga bolin ad i:
— avtomobilning yuk ko‘tarish imkoniyati;
— umumiy bosilgan yo‘li;
— avtomobildan foydalanish vaqti;
— avtomobillar xillari;
— yuk tashish amalga oshriladigan hudud, shuningdek, boshqa
qator omillar.
Avtomobil transporti bilan yuk tashish tariflarining har biri
barcha om illami hisobga olmasdan, balki ularning ayrimlarini,
ya’ni aniq yuk tashish sharoitidagi eng m uhim larini o ‘z ichiga
oladi.
Masalan, yuk tashish qiymatini ishbay usulda hisoblashda yuk
tashish masofasi. shuningdek, yukning og‘irligi, uning tabaqaliligi,
avtomobilning yuk tashish imkoniyatlaridan foydalanish darajasi
hisobga olinishi kerak. Yuk avtom obillaridan foydalanishdagi
vaqtbay tariflar b o ‘yicha hisob-kitob qilishda avtomobilning yuk
ko‘tarish imkoniyatlari, ulardan foydalanish vaqti va umumiy bosib
o ‘tgan y o ii hisobga olinadi.
H am m a hollarda ham avtomobildan foydalanish miqdoriga yuk
tashish amalga oshiriladigan hudud ta ’sir ko‘rsatadi.
Bular hududlar b o ‘yicha yuklarni tashish tannarxi darajasining
turg‘un farqlari bilan tushuntiriladi. Tarif qiymatlariga o lzgarti-
rishlar
Glossariy mikroiqtisodiyot

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Glossariy mikroiqtisodiyot
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bet | 1/16 | Sana | 16.05.2024 | Hajmi | 44,25 Kb. | | #238308 |
Bog'liq Glossariy mikroiqtisodiyot
Aim.uz
GLOSSARIY
Mikroiqtisodiyot -alohida iqtisodiy subyektlar (iste’molchilar, ishchilar, investorlar, firmalar va boshqa) faoliyatini o‘rganadi. Mikroiqtisodiyot – bozor sharoitida konkret tovar va xizmatlarni ishlab chiqarish va iste’mol hajmi, narhlarning shakllanishi, resurslarning tarmoqlararo qayta taqsimlanishi, iste’molchilarning tovar sotib olishi, ishlab chiqaruvchilarning esa uni ishlab chiqarish, sotish va shu kabi boshqa savollarni o‘rganadi.
Resurslar - inson uchun kerakli bo‘lgan mahsulotlarni ishlab chiqarishda foydalaniladigan moddiy ne’matlar va xizmatlar yig‘indisidir.
Ehtiyoj - shaxsni xayot faoliyatini ushlab turish uchun shart bo‘lgan obyektiv ehtiyojlar. Ehtiyojlar birlamchi (oziq – ovqat mahsulotlari) va ikkilamchi (tafakkurni kuchaytirish) bo‘lishi mumkin.
Bozor - alohida, mustaqil qaror qabul qiluvchi xo‘jalik yurituvchi subyektlar hamda sotuvchi va xaridorlar o‘rtasidagi o‘ziga xos shakldagi munosabatlar yig‘indisidir.
Uy xo‘jaliklari - moliyaviy masalalarni birgalikda xal qiluvchi, bir tom ostida yashaydigan shaxslardan iborat xo‘jalik birligidir. Uy xo‘jaliklari iste’molchilar sektoriga tegishlidir.
Firma - ishlab chiqarish faoliyati bilan shug‘ullanadigan, asosiy ishlab chiqarish muammolarini shaxsan o‘zi xal qiladigan iqtisodiy subyektdir. Firma ishlab chiqaruvchi sektoriga tegishlidir.
Mehnat – aqliy va jismoniy qobiliyat orqaliiqtisodiy ne’matlarni yaratish bo‘yicha insonning faoliyati.
Investitsion resurslar -ilgari inson mehnati orqali yaratilgan ne’matlar.
Real kapital – iste’molchilar uchun xizmatlar ko‘rsatishda tovarlar ishlab chiqarish va tashishda foydalaniladigan binolar, stanoklar, mashinalar, asbob – uskunalar, vositalar, inshoatlar va boshqalar.
Moliyaviy kapital – (ular, obligatsiyalar, bank depozitlari va pullari) ishlab chiqarish omillariga kirmaydi, chunki real ishlab chiqarish bilan bog‘liq emas, faqatgina real kapitalga erishishda foydalaniladigan bir vosita bo‘lib xizmat qiladi.
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Suv transporti - M. L. Tursunxodjayev Tashkent davlat texnika universiteli

1. Magistral darvo yo‘llari yoki xalqaro davlatlar o ‘rtasidagi
tashqi savdoni amalga oshirishga xizmat qilish (D unay, Oder,
Reyn, A m ur).
2. Rayonlararo — davlat ichidagi yirik rayonlararo tashish
(Volga, Missisipi, Amudaryo).
3. Mahalliy, ya’ni rayonlararo yuklarni tashishni amalga oshi
rish.
Daryo transporti bir necha davlatlarda mavsumiy ish ko'rsa-
tishiga qaramay, transportning boshqa
turlariga qaraganda ancha
samaraliroqdir. M asalan, katta daryolarda kemachilikni tashkil
qiiishning birinchi bosqichidagi xarajatlar tem ir yo ‘lni tashkil
qilishdagi xarajatlardan 8—10 marta arzon.
Magistral daryolarda
yuklarni tashish tem ir yo‘l narxlaridan 55
%,
avtotransportdan
3 - 5 barobar arzon bo'ladi. 2010-yilga kelib, 0 ‘zbekistonda suv
yo ‘llarining um um iy uzunligi 2800 km ga yetdi. A m udaryo,
Panjdan M o‘ynoqqa qadar paroxodlar qatnovi amalga oshirildi.
Daryo suvining kamayishi va Orol dengizining qurib borishi
natijasida suv yo‘llari keskin qisqardi,
am m o shunga qaramay,
2010-yili daryo transportida 1420 ming t yuk tashildi. O 'rta Osiyo
paroxodchiligi Turkm aniston, 0 ‘zbekiston, Tojikiston o ‘rtasida
taqsim landi. 1994-yili m ay oyida 0 ‘zbekiston Respublikasida
joylashgan daryo floti bo'linm alarini boshqarish tartibi qayta tashkil
etildi. 0 ‘rta Osiyo paroxodchiligi 0 ‘zbekistondagi bo'linm alari
negizida «Termiz daryo porti», «Qoraqalpog‘iston daryo floti» ishlab
chiqarish birlashmalari tashkil etildi. « 0 ‘zavtotrans«
korporatsiyasi
huzurida daryo floti ishini muvofiqlashtirish b o ‘yicha boshqarm a
tuzildi. RespubUkada Termiz daryo porti, Shorlovuq, T o ‘rtko‘l,
B eruniy, Q oratog‘, X o‘jayli bandargohlari,
A m udaryo orqali
T o ‘rtk o ‘l-X onqa, C halish-B eruniy suzm a k o ‘priklari, X o‘jayli
kema ta ’mirlash zavodi ishlab turibdi. Termiz porti 2,5 m ln. t
yuk qabul qilish, jo ‘natish quw atiga ega. Afg‘onistonning Xayraton
bandargohi orqali eksport-im port yuklari yetkazib berishda xalqaro,
shuningdek, biijalar, zemlesoslar, suzuvchi port kranlari va boshqa
yordamchi kemalar, texnika vositalari bor. Respublika suv yo‘lla-
rining um um iy uzunligi 1000 km ga yaqin. Xalq xo‘jaligi yuklari,
asosan, Termiz — Xayraton, Shorlovuq — T o ‘rtk o ‘l, X o‘jayli —
105
T o ‘rtko‘1, X o‘jayli — Beruniy, Q oratog‘ — Taxiatosh yo‘nalish-
larida iashiladi. 0 ‘zbekistonning port
va bandargohlari tem ir
yoTlari bilan bo g‘langan. D aryo floti u chun m utaxassislar
C horjo'y daryo texnikum i va Odessa floti injenerlari institutida
tayyorlanadi.
A - Kirish
B. Noneft daromadlari bo‘yicha islohotlar – yaqindan qarash

3
©Xalqaro valyuta jamg'armasi.
Qayta taqsimlash uchun emas
3
Zakot - kambag'al yoki muhtojlar manfaati yoki boshqa xayriya maqsadlari uchun mol-mulkning ma'lum bir foizini majburiy ajratma.
2017 yil iyul, va yaqinda uning qo'llanilishi 2019 yil dekabr oyida shirin ichimliklar va elektron sigaretlarga uzaytirilishini e'lon qildi;
va bajarildi
HS kodlari, shuningdek, dori vositalari va tibbiy buyumlar bo'yicha 100 ga yaqin mahsulot tayyorlandi.
Bojxona
to'lovlari formada va
•
Markaziy bank, avvalgidek, ba'zan Davlat investitsiya fondidan dividendlar olib turardi.
•
2018 yil yanvar oyidan boshlab chet ellik ishchilarga moliyaviy kompensatsiya to'lash
uchun to'lovlarni
oshirish, shuningdek,
mehmonxonalar, vizalar, kinoteatrlar va oq yerlar uchun turli to'lovlar va soliqlarni o'rnatish.
mintaqaviy tuzatish koeffitsiyentiari

yuk tashish suv kamchihgining m untazam tizimi orqali amalga
oshiriladi.
Bunday hollarda yuklar belgilangan jadval orqali harakat qiladi
va e ’lon qilingan tarif b o ‘yicha pul to ‘planadi.
Shunday hollarda yuklarni tashishda yuk kemalarining ishlari
doimiy suzish hududlari bilan bog‘lanm asdan doimiy portlarda
tushirish va yuklash bilan, m a’lum yuk turi bilan cheklanmay
yuk tashish fraxt m e’yori (kirakashlik tariflari) bo ‘yicha to ‘planadi.
Havo transporti.
Asosiy afzalliklari: tezligi, alohida rayonlarga
yetkazish imkoniyati. Kamchiliklariga yuk ta ’riflarining yuqoriligi
va meteosharoitlar kiradi (yetkazib berish jadvaliga rioya qilish
im koniyatini tushiradigan meteosharoitlar).
6.4. Transport vositalari va ularning
moddiy-texnika bazasi
Transport odam lar va yuklarni tashishda b o lad ig an moddiy
ishlab chiqarish tarm og‘idir. Ijtimoiy ishlab chiqarish tuzilmasi
m oddiy x izm atlar ishlab chiqarishga kiradi. Ijtim o iy ishlab
chiqarishda transportning o ‘rni 6.2-chizm ada ko ‘rsatilgan.
Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authors - bet 67

82
Agriculture
Each growing season, farmers might make as many as 50 key decisions–about what crop to grow,
when to plant, whether or not to use fertilizer and so on. Any of these can end up affecting crop
yield, as well as the bottom line. In the past, farmers made these important decisions based on
historical patterns, tradition or even by talking shop with neighboring growers and other people in
the know. Today, agricultural operations generate more location-based data than almost any other
industry, with data flowing from a number of sources. These can include machine telemetry,
weather stations and ground sensors, soil samples, ground observations and satellites and drones.
With GIS, agriculture companies can collect, maintain and analyze data to maximize resources,
monitor crop health and safety and improve yield.
Havo yo‘l transporti - M. L. Tursunxodjayev Tashkent davlat texnika universiteli

Amerika m am lakatlarida vakolatxonalari ochildi. 1993—1999-
yillarda 19 ta yangi xalqaro m arshrutlarda samolyotlar qatnovi
yo‘lga qo‘yildi. 1991—1999-yillarda xalqaro marshrutlarda tashilgan
yolovchi soni 30 mingdan 245 mingga yetdi. « 0 ‘zbekiston havo
yo‘llari» milliy
aviakompaniyasi G erm aniya, Fransiya, Rossiya
firmalari bilan turii sohalarda ham korlik qilmoqda. 1993-yilda
shunday ham korlik natijasida Yevropaning yirik «Eirbas industri»
konsemidan « 0 ‘zbekiston havo yo‘llari»
milliy aviakompaniyasi
sotib olgan Eirbas A -3 10-300 aerobuslari xalqaro m arshrutlari
yo'lovchilarga xizmat ko‘rsata boshladi. « 0 ‘zbekiston havo yollari»
milliy aviakompaniyasi quyidagi havo kemalariga ega: qishloq
xo'jaligi ishlariga m o ‘ljallangan A N -2, milliy havo yo ‘llarida
qatnaydigan AN-24, YaK-40, xalqaro toifadagi IL-86, TU-154,
A -3 10, V-767
kabi samolyotlar, vertolyotlar parkida M I-2, M I-
8, KA-26 kabi m ashinalar bor.
Viloyat markazida aeroportlar TU -154, Samarqand, N am an
gan, Urganch, Termiz aeroportlari IL-62, IL-72, Nukus aeroporti
IL -8 6 , A -3 10 aerobuslarini qabul qilishga qodir.
T oshkent,
Samarqand, Termiz aeroportlari xalqaro maqomga ega. Respublika
hukum ati qaroriga ko‘ra U chquduqda jahondagi eng ilg‘or ando-
zalarga mos keladigan katta yangi aeroport
qurishga tayyorgarUk
boshlangan.
Respublika aviatsiya transporti uchun uchuvchilar, texnika
xizmati tarkibi, yerdagi xizmat xodimlari milliy aviakompaniyaning
uchish-o‘quv texnika markazida va Toshkent
aviatsiya institutida
tayyorlanadi.
Open-source projects aimed at time-series data

86
plants, our homes, our cars, etc. — is getting instrumented for measurement of time series data.
These sensors are looking at pressure, temperature, speed, heart rate, volume, light, and so much
more, and quite often, some action needs to be taken as a result of changes over time in that data.
The sensors all around us are continuously collecting and monitoring data to help us (or programs)
make better decisions.
Instrumentation of everything is the way of the future, and a time-series database and associated
tools will be necessary to collect, analyze, and act on data when it is still meaningful. And then in
the IT world, the virtualization of our systems has created a strong use case for the InfluxData
Platform. It started with virtual machines, so instead of having one server, you have five. Then
VLANs came along, so now there are multiple LANs talking to multiple VMs on one machine.
Now we have containers, so maybe there is one server running six VMs and 40 containers. Then
each of those containers has a set of microservices.
What has happened is that the whole software infrastructure is ephemeral; everything is virtual,
portable, temporary, up and down. However, we still need a real-time view of what’s happening
within these systems. Thus, the software is being instrumented to provide real-time situational data,
or what’s called observability. It provides a system of record to capture all those metrics and events
that are coming off the software infrastructure and the hardware infrastructure and stores them all in
one place. Now it’s possible to see what is happening with the infrastructure. And if something
happens that is a concern, there is an awareness of it and the system has a record of it. Taking this a
step further, it’s possible to correlate events and metrics to understand why an SLA is or is not
being met.
Instrumentation of everything is the way of the future, and a time-series database and associated
tools — such as the InfluxData Platform — will be necessary to collect, analyze and act on data
when it is still meaningful. The idea of measuring everything is to become more data-driven as a
business, to be able to make better business decisions and take timely actions based on events,
metrics, or other time-based data. This is happening across all industries as companies use their
digital transformations to change the way they do business.
See more at:
https://www.networkworld.com/article/3268838/internet-of-things/in-the-iot-
world-general-purpose-databases-cant-cut-it.html
Transportation and logistics

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Transportation and logisticsBog'liq 4 PROFESSIONAL ENGLISHTransportation and logistics
Moving people and things around often involves enormous logistical challenges. Consider a
hospital that wants to provide its patients with the best and fastest route to their facilities at a
particular moment, a municipal government that wants to establish optimal bus and light rail routes,
a manufacturer that wants to ship its products as efficiently and cost-effectively as possible, or an
oil company that wants to plan its pipeline locations. In each of these scenarios, the analysis of
location-based data is vital in making informed business decisions.
Energy
Energy exploration is a highly spatial enterprise, with data from satellite images, surface geology
mapping and subsurface remote sensing determining the economic viability of pursuing operations
in a certain site. Energy and utility companies are dealing with massive proliferation of
geographical data, because industrial sensors are now everywhere – from airborne-mounted lasers
to surface data sensors during drilling to pipelines monitors. Mapping and spatial analytics provide
the necessary insight for making decisions that help achieve compliance, ensure accurate site
selection and locate resources.
Retail
As consumer reliance on smartphones accelerates and wearables become more common, brick-and-
mortar retailers can use geospatial technology to get a better picture of customer behavior, both past
and present. This is because geospatial data goes beyond location–the geometry of a point on a map
– to include attribution about those geometries, such as customer demographics or where people
spend the most time within stores. All of this data can be used to inform decisions on store
locations, merchandise mix and arrangements and other aspects of the customer experience.
Defense and intelligence operations
Geospatial technology has changed defense and intelligence operations in every part of the world,
wherever military personnel are deployed. Defense leaders, analysts and other staff rely on accurate
GIS data to carry out mission-critical activities strategically and successfully, with efficient
collaboration across all phases of planning and operational activities. GIS aids situational
assessment (provides complete visual displays of tactical information to personnel in command or
in the field), land operations (reveals terrain conditions, elevations, routes, vegetation cover,
facilities and population centers), air operations (conveys weather and visibility data to pilots;
guides troops, supplies and targeting) and maritime operations (reveals currents, wave conditions,
tides and weather).
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TOPIC IV. NETWORKING MEDIA and HARDWARE

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TOPIC IV. NETWORKING MEDIA and HARDWAREBog'liq 4 PROFESSIONAL ENGLISHTOPIC IV. NETWORKING MEDIA and HARDWARE
How a National 5G Network Idea Materialized in Trump White House
By Don Reisinger
The race to be the top 5G network provider in the U.S. is on among the country’s biggest carriers.
But private wireless service providers were blindsided by recently leaked national security
document that floats the idea of building a secure national 5G work. The document, obtained by
U.S. news website Axios, indicates that President Donald Trump’s national security advisers has
proposed building a secure national 5G network to ward off Chinese cyber-attacks. However, soon
after the news broke, critics that included Federal Communications Commission Chairman Ajit Pai
and top executives with private sector wireless service providers derided the proposal as an
impractical and even irresponsible idea. This slide show will discuss what implications a national
5G network to the ongoing development of private sector.
A 5G Primer
Over the past few years, industry watchers have working on the development of Fifth Generation
wireless protocol technology specification, called simply 5G. When the technology is deployed it
will support higher capacity data transmission to accommodate a broader set of devices and
services. Most importantly, it will deliver speeds at 1 Gbps which promises to reduce transmission
latency over a network to about 4ms. That will ensure connected devices, including self-driving
cars, will be able to communicate with each other far more quickly than currently possible and
support a host of technical advances.
What the Private sector is doing to implement 5G
To ensure people across the globe will be able to take advantage of 5G, the wireless industry is
working to agree on specifications for hardware and software to get the technology up and running.
Wireless service providers can start building their networks until the specifications are approved.
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Federal government - Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authors

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Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authorsBog'liq 4 PROFESSIONAL ENGLISHFederal government
Timely and accurate geospatial intelligence is critical for federal agencies making decisions that
impact safety and security, infrastructure, resource management and quality of life. GIS enables
safety and security efforts with operational support and coordination for defense, disaster response,
law enforcement, national security and first responder services. Regarding infrastructure, GIS helps
manage resources and assets for highways, ports, public transportation and airports. Federal
agencies are also using GIS to better understand current and historical data for the management of
agriculture, forestry, mining, water and other natural resources.
State and local government
State and local governments make daily decisions that directly affect residents and visitors. From
operations such a pothole repair and utility operations to land value assessments and property
development, mapping applications are used to analyze and interpret GIS data to enable these
critical decisions. Additionally, the population and landscape of cities and towns can change
dramatically in relatively short periods of time. To adapt to these changes and offer the level of
service people have come to expect in their day-to-day lives, state and local governments are
embracing modern GIS technology for a variety of essential applications, including traffic and road
conditions, environmental quality, disease outbreaks, utility distribution (i.e. electricity, water, and
sewer systems), managing parks and other public land and permitting (for camping, hunting,
boating, etc.).
See
more
at:
http://www.eweek.com/storage/seven-industries-being-transformed-by-
geospatial-information-systems
TOPIC II. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
How MarkLogic Data Hub Service Makes Mass Data Useful
By Chris Preimesberger
MarkLogic, a rising NoSQL database provider that’s regularly taking business away from larger
vendors, launched the MarkLogic Data Hub Service, a new way to give users what the company
calls “automatic elasticity” in the cloud for their enterprise workloads.
MarkLogic claims that the Data Hub Service provides a fast and cost-effective way for enterprises
to integrate, store, analyze and secure mission-critical data in the cloud. None of this is ever easy,
despite what company marketers will tell you.
The Data Hub Service, which works specifically alongside MarkLogic’s NoSQL database, can
integrate large swaths of business and user data in a cost-efficient manner. Curated data in the hub
then is able to fuel analytical and transactional applications, IoT analysis, knowledge graphs,
artificial intelligence and machine learning.
The Data Hub technology on which the service is built integrates data with a high level of
enterprise-grade data security and reliability. By offering the Data Hub as a service, enterprises
looking for greater data agility, security and governance in the cloud can leapfrog multiple point
services – and save time and money.
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Leapfrogging Database as a Service

85
In the IoT world, general-purpose databases can’t cut it
By Linda Musthaler
We live in an age of instrumentation, where everything that
can
be measured
is
being measured so
that it
can be analyzed and acted upon, preferably in real time or near real time. This
instrumentation and measurement process is happening in both the physical world, as well as the
virtual world of IT.
In
the IT world, events are being measured to determine when to autoscale a system’s virtual
infrastructure. For example, a company might want to correlate a number of things taking place at
once — visitors to a website, product lookups, purchase transactions, etc. — to determine when to
burst the cloud capacity for a short time to accommodate more sales or other kinds of activity.
Much of this data is time-series data, where it’s important to stamp the precise time when an event
occurs, or a metric is measured. The data can then be observed and analyzed over time to
understand what changes are taking place within the system.
Time-series
databases can grow quite large, depending on how many events or metrics they are
collecting and storing. Consider the case of autonomous vehicles,
which are collecting and
evaluating an enormous number of data points every second to determine how the vehicle should
operate. A general-purpose database, such as a Cassandra or a MySQL, isn’t well suited for time-
series data. A database that is purpose-built to handle time-series data has to have the following
capabilities, which general-purpose databases don’t have.
The database needs to be able to ingest data in almost real time. Some applications – like the
one for the autonomous vehicle – could conceivably produce
millions or hundreds of
millions of data points per second, and the database must handle the ingest.
You have to be able to query the database in real time if you want to use the database to
monitor
and control things, and the queries have to be able to run continuously. With a
general-purpose database, queries are batches and not streaming.
Compression of data is important and is relatively straight forward if the database is
specifically designed for time-series data.
You have to be able to evict data as fast as you ingest it. Time-series
data is often only
needed for a specific period, such as a week or month, and then it can be discarded. Normal
databases aren’t constructed to remove data so quickly.
And finally, you have to be able to “down sample” by removing some but not all data. Say
you are taking in data points every millisecond. You need that data to be high resolution for
about a week. After that, you can get rid of much of the data, but keep some at a resolution
of one data point per second. In time-series data, high resolution is very important at first,
and then lower-resolution data is often fine for the longer term.
Uslubiy yo’naltirilgan ADP - O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi guliston davlat universiteti...

70
Sanoat sohasi uchun muammoli yo’naltirilgan ADP.
Korxonalarni avtomatlashtirilgan boshqarish tizimining faol tatbiq etilishi 70-80
yillarga to’g’ri keladi. KABT o’sha davrning apparat bazasi – ES EHM, SM EHM va
boshqa meynfreymlardan iborat edi.
Birinchidan,
ular ishlab chiqarishning takomillashgan uslublari (kompleks ishlab
chiqarish grafigi, materiallar, quvvatlarga ehtiyoj) bilan nafaqat rejalashtirish, ish
rejasini bajarishni nafaqat nazorat qilish (zaxirlarni, mijozlar buyurmalari, buyurtma –
naryadlar, sotib olishga buyurtmalar va hokazolar), balki bir qator noishlab chiqarish
vazifalari, servis-xizmat nazorati, tayyor mahsulotni taqsimlash va marketingni ham
amalga oshiradi.
Ikkinchidan,
ular meynfreymlarga emas, ―mijoz-serviz arxitekturasiga
yo’nanaltirilgan, ko’p vazifali, ko’p foydalaniladigan operattsion tizimlar (UNIX
turidagi) va ma’lumotlar bazasi asosida quriladi, CASE-texnologiyasi bazasida ishlab
chiqariladi va foydalanuvchi grafik interfeysga ega bo’ladi.
O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi guliston davlat universiteti axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi - bet 64

78
Tugma ustida sichqonchani bossak u bilan buyruqning assotsirlanib bajarilishiga olib
keladi. Bu panel betidagi obektlari bwyicha ajralganga adaptirlash xususiyatiga ega,
uning tugmalar tarkibi doymiy va ishchi beti bwylab kursorni almashtirishda
wzgarmaydi. U Help menyu buyrug’idagi Marle sistemasi ma’lumotli chaqiruvda twla
wzgaradi.
Asosiy uskunalar panelida konmatnli uskunalar paneli joylashgan. Uning kwrinishi
kursor ishchi betining qaysi betda joylashganiga va bu sohada akslanishiga bog’liq.
Konmatnli uskunalar panelining 5 kwrinishi mavjud: Ikki wlchovli grafik uchun
ajratilgan, uch wlchovli ajratilgan, animatsion grafik uchun ajratilgan, chiqarish sohasi
uchun va ishchi betning kiritish sohasi uchun bunda shxirgi holatda konmatn menyu
kwrinishi Marle buyrug’ining standart satematikasi ezmasi eki Maple ning standart
notatsiyasidagi buyruqning ezmasidan foydalanishda ajraladi.
Buyruqni ezish uchun Maplening standart notatsiyasini qwllanishda ishchi betning
kiritish sohasi konmatnli uskunalar paneli ko’rsatilgan.
Interfeys oynasining kwp qismini ishchi soha egallaydi. Aynan unda buyruqlar kiritilib
ularning bajarilish natijalari akslanadigan ishchi betlar joylashgan. Maple hujjatlari
hisoblangan bir qancha ishchi betlar bilan bir vaqtda ishlab va ochadigan interfeys
qwshimchasi kwp hujjatli hisoblanadi.
Bundan tashqari Marle qwshimchasi ishchi beti orasida ulanadigan unda boshqa
ishchi betlarga eki ma’lumot fayllarga giper murojaatini bog’liq qiladi, lekin bu haqida
biz swnggi Maple da ishni hujjatlashtirish seansidagi savollarga bag’ishlangan
bwlimda aniqroq aytib wtamiz.
Interfeysning pastki qismida Maple sistemasi ijrochisiga bog’liq ba’zi parametrlar
akslanadigan holat qatori joylashgan. Shuningdek uskunalar paneli tugmalari eki
tanlangan menyu buyruqlariga bog’liq qisqacha ma’lumot joylashgan.
Ishchi betning barcha jarayonlari uchun ishdash paytida (grafikning buyruq bajarilish
natijalari chiqarishda, kiritish sohasidagi buyruqlar) berilgan jarenda qwllanadigan
yuuyruqlarning mavjud majmui konmatnli menyu tasvuirlanishi mumkin. Buning
uchun Ushbu bo’ektlarning ustida sichqoncha ko’rsatkichini joylab va uning wng
tugmasini bosish etarli. Sichqoncha ko’rsatkichi enida kwpincha foydalaniladigan
buyruqlarning berilgan ob’ektiga qwllaniladigavn majmui bilan kichik panel menyusi
g’arazli konmatni hosil bo’ladi.
Documents Float Idea of a U.S. National 5G Network

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Government Fears Chinese Cyber-Spying
According to Axios, national security officials were driven to propose the network over about
hacking by China. In the document, the officials said that they were concerned with China’s rapid
development of 5G network technology and the possibility of the country spying on America
through Chinese-manufactured U.S. telecom infrastructure. By nationalizing 5G networks, the
documents reasoned, China could be kept out of the equation and the U.S. secured.
Security Officials Worry About Chinese Advances in AI, Algorithms
Oddly, the documents also said that China’s advances in artificial intelligence might also be a
reason to develop a national 5G network. According to Axios, national security officials wrote that
China is leading the “algorithm battles”. They feared that not having a government-controlled 5G
network would leave the U.S. far behind China in the broader use of artificial intelligence around
the world. Exactly how that would happen wasn’t clear from the documents.
The problem with Going It Alone
Although in theory, a national 5G network could appeal to those who are seeking a more secure
national wireless network, in practice it might not go so well. That’s because 5G is a set of
standards and not an actual network. Those standards are agreed upon by organizations and
companies around the globe and everyone generally plays by the rules. By creating an entirely
different network with different equipment, the U.S. would have what amounts to a unique network
in a world where uniqueness only increases costs and can limit device availability. None of this
would appeal to U.S. wireless service providers, handset makers or the people and businesses that
are eager to get access to 5G.