nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar

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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar
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bet | 9/9 | Sana | 13.01.2024 | Hajmi | 0,94 Mb. | | #136846 |
Bog'liq SIMSIZ TARMOQ TEXNOLOGIYASIFoydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
Аsоsiy аdаbiyotlаr 1. Proletarskiy A.V., Baskakov I.V., Chirkov D.N., Fedotov R.A., Bobkov A.V., Platonov V.A. Besprovodnie seti Wi-Fi. BINOM. Laboratoriya znaniy, Internetuniversitet informatsionnix texnologiy - INTUIT.ru, 2007. 2. Semenov YU.A. Algoritmi telekommunikatsionnix setey. Chast 1. Algoritmi i protokoli kanalov i setey peredachi dannix. BINOM. Laboratoriya znaniy, Internetuniversitet informatsionnix texnologiy - INTUIT.ru, 2007. 3. Novikov YU.V., Kondratenko S.V. Osnovi lokalnix setey. Internet-universitet informatsionnыx texnologiy - INTUIT.ru, 2005. 4. A.X. Abdukadыrov, D.A. Davronbekov. Mobilnie sistemы svyazi pokoleniya 4G. - Tashkent. 2011. – 317 s. 5. V. Vishnevskiy, S. Portnoy, I. Shaxnovich. Ensiklopediya WiMAX. Put k 4G. M: Texnosfera, 2009. – 472s. 6. V.Yu. Babkov, М.А. Voznyuk, P.А. Мixaylov. Seti mobilnoy svyazi. Chastotno-territorrialnoe planirovanie/SPbGUT. – SPb, 2000. Qo’shimcha adabiyotlar 1. Vishnevskiy V., Lyaxov А., Portnoy S, Shaxnovich I. Shirokopolosnie besprovodnie setiperedachi informatsii М.: Eко-Тrendz, 2005, 592 s. 2. Grigorev V.А, Lаgutenko О.I., Raspaev Yu.А. Seti i sistemi radiodostupa М.: Eко-Тrendz, 2005, 384 s. Internet saytlar: 1. www.gov.uz – O’zbеkisтоn Rеspublikаsi хukumat portali. 2. www.lex.uz – O’zbеkisтоn Rеspublikаsi qonun xujjatlari Қонун ҳужжатлари ma’lumotlari milliy bazasi. 3.
https://www.tadviser.ru/
https://www.google.ru/search?
https://srcyrl.fibresplitter.com/news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-5g-30389873.html
https://www.google.ru/search?q=%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA
www.tuit.uz
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Ideal gaz ichki energiyasi.Issiqlik miqdori

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Ideal gaz ichki energiyasi.Issiqlik miqdori
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bet | 5/17 | Sana | 20.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,77 Mb. | | #125401 |
Bog'liq Jovliyev Sardor1.3.Ideal gaz ichki energiyasi.Issiqlik miqdori.
Ideal gazning ichki energiyasi shu gazni tashkil etuvchi molekulalarning erkinlik darajasiga va gazning haroratiga bog‘liq.Issiqlik o‘tkazuvchanlik jarayonida bir sistemadan ikkinchi sistemaga uzatilgan energiyani issiqlik miqdori deb ataladi. Issiqlik miqdori va energiya bir xil birliklarda o‘lchanadi. Mexanik harakat energiyasi issiqlik harakati energiyasiga aylanishi va aksincha bo‘lishi mumkin. Masalan, ma’lum balandlikdan tashlab yuborilgan jism Er sirtiga tushib unga absolyut noelastik tarzda urilsin. Urilish jarayonida jismning kinetik energiyasi to‘la ravishda ichki energiyaga aylanadi. Natijada jism va Er sirtining urilishda ishtirok etayotgan qismining haroratlari ortadi. Ya’ni, mexanik energiya issiqlik energiyasiga aylanadi. Issiqlik energiyasining mexanik energiyaga aylanishini esa quyidagi misolda qurish mumkin. Juda osonlik bilan sirpana oladigan porshenli silindrlik idish ichidagi gazga issiqlik miqdori berilsa, uning harorati ko‘tarila boshlaydi va (1.3) munosabatga asosan, gazni tashkil etuvchi har bir molekulaning ilgarilanma harakati natijasida erishgan kinetik energiyasi orta boshlaydi. Bu esa o‘z navbatida gazning idish devoriga ko‘rsatayotgan bosimini ortishiga olib keladi. Natijada porshen yuqoriga ko‘tarilib, mexanik ish bajariladi (1.1-rasm).
1.1-rasm 1.2-rasm
Bajarilayotgan ish porshenning potensial energiyasiga aylana boradi. Porshenni yuzi S, gazning idish devoriga ko‘rsatayotgan bosimi P bo‘lsa, porshenga ta’sir etayotgan ko‘taruvchi kuch F= PS buladi. Gazning porshenni dh balandlikka ko‘tarishdagi bajargan elementar ishi.
(1.4)
bunda dV - porshenni dx balandlikka kutarilishi natijasida gaz hajmining o‘zgarishi, gaz hajmining kengayayotgan xoli uchun dV musbat ishorada buladi. Gazning harorati qandaydir usul bilan sovitilsa yoki muvozanatda turgan porshen ustiga biror yuk qo‘yilsa, porshen pastga tusha boshlaydi, gaz hajmi kichraya boradi. Bunday xolda bajarilgan ish manfiy ishorali buladi. Demak, gazning tashqi jismlar ustida bajargan ishi musbat va tashqi kuchlarning gaz ustida bajargan ishi esa manfiy ishorali ekan.
Elementar bajarilgan ish son jihatdan 1.3-rasmda shtrixlangan yuzaga teng. Sistemaning 1 holatdan 2 xolatga o‘tishidagi bajarilgan to‘la ish 1-2 chizig‘i ostidagi yuzaga teng, ya’ni
(1.5)
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Kurs ishining dolzarbligi - I kirish II. Asosiy qism i-bob. Gazlarning issiqlik sig‘imi. Termodinamikaning 1-qonunining...

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I kirish II. Asosiy qism i-bob. Gazlarning issiqlik sig‘imi. Termodinamikaning 1-qonunining gaz va izojarayonlarga tadbiqi
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bet | 2/17 | Sana | 20.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,77 Mb. | | #125401 |
Bog'liq Jovliyev SardorKurs ishining dolzarbligi:ХХI asrning fan va texnika tez sur’atlarda rivojlanib borayotgan bir davrda kompyuterlar hayotimizning barcha sohalariga jadallik bilan kirib bormoqda. Shu sababli, ushbu kurs ishining dolzarbligi ham o’rta umumta’lim maktablarida fizika o’qitishda jumladan ish va termodinamika qonunlariga oid mavzularni o’qitishda yangi axborot texnologiyalaridan, kompyuterlardan foydalanishga qaratilgan. Bunday pedagogik texnologiya asosida o’qitish o’quv jarayonini jadallashtirish, o’quvchida ilmga qiziqishini oshirish, ular ijodiy faoliyatini o’stirish, bilim berishga differensial yondashish, olingan bilimlarni takrorlash, mustahkamlash va nazorat qilishni yengillashtirish kabi masalalarni hal etishga qaratilgan. Chunki turli mutaxassislar, tadbirkorlar, olimlar, ijodkorlar o’z mehnat faoliyatida kompyuterlardan keng foydalanmoqdalar. Kompyuter yordamida ajoyib mo’jizalar yaratilayotgani sir bo’lmay qoldi. Kelajakni uningsiz tasavvur qilish mumkin emasligi shu kunda barchaga ayondir. Bugun kompyuterda hisoblash, yozish, o’qish, o’rganish, gapirish, saqlash, chizish, qayta ishlash, saralash, musiqa yozish, axborotni olish va biror manzilga yuborish, taxrirlash, maketlar tayyorlash, audio va video yaratish, o’ynash mumkin. Uning imkoniyatlari kundan-kunga ko’paymoqda, shuning uchun u ishda, o’qishda, uyda va xatto dam olishda insonning eng ishonchli do’stiga aylandi. Bundan ko’rinadiki, hozirgi zamon talabiga javob bera oladigan o’quvchini tayyorlashda zamonaviy o’qituvchi ta’lim-tarbiya jarayonida innovatsion usullardan foydalana bilishi, innovatsion texnologiyalar tushunchasini, uning mazmun mohiyatini bilishi, innovatsion texnologiyalarni ta’lim maqsadini amalga oshirishdagi o’rni va rolini, innovatsion texnologiyalarni fanlar bo’yicha qo’llash prinsiplarini, o’quvchilarning mustaqil faoliyatlarini tashkil qilish va ta’minlash yo’llarini bilishi lozim.
Kurs ishining obyekti: Umumiy o’rta ta’lim maktablarida “Issiqlik miqdori, issiqlik uzatish” mavzusini o’qitish metodikasi mavzusi.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
I kirish II. Asosiy qism i-bob. Gazlarning issiqlik sig‘imi. Termodinamikaning 1-qonunining gaz va izojarayonlarga tadbiqi
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Kurs ishining predmeti - I kirish II. Asosiy qism i-bob. Gazlarning issiqlik sig‘imi. Termodinamikaning 1-qonunining...

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I kirish II. Asosiy qism i-bob. Gazlarning issiqlik sig‘imi. Termodinamikaning 1-qonunining gaz va izojarayonlarga tadbiqi
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bet | 3/17 | Sana | 20.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,77 Mb. | | #125401 |
Bog'liq Jovliyev SardorKurs ishining predmeti: Umumiy o’rta ta’lim maktablarida “Issiqlik miqdori, issiqlik uzatish” mavzusini o’qitish metodikasini tahlil qilish usullari.
Kurs ishining maqsadi: Umumiy o’rta ta’lim maktablarida “Issiqlik miqdori, issiqlik uzatish” mavzusini o’qitish metodikasini o’rganish.
Kurs ishining vazifasi: Umumiy o’rta ta’lim maktablarida “Issiqlik miqdori, issiqlik uzatish” mavzusini o’qitish.
I-bob . Gazlarning issiqlik sig‘imi. Termodinamikaning 1-qonunining gaz va izojarayonlarga tadbiqi.
1.1.Termodinamika asoslari.
Berilgan ideal gazning ichki energiyasi deganda, shu gazni tashkil etuvchi barcha molekulalarning betartib tarzdagi ilgarilanma va aylanma harakat kinetik energiyalari bilan molekulalardagi atomlarning betartib tarzdagi tebranma harakat kinetik va potensial energiyalarning yig‘indisi tushuniladi.
Bir atomli molekulaning harakati faqat ilgarilanma harakatdan iborat bo‘ladi. Lekin ikki va undan ortiq atomlardan tashkil topgan molekulalar ilgarilanma harakatdan tashkari aylanma harakatda ham ishtirok etishlari mumkin, shuningdek ular tarkibidagi atomlar esa yana tebranma harakatda ham ishtirok etishlari mumkin. Shuning uchun molekulaning to‘la energiyasi ilgarilanma, aylanma va tebranma harakat energiyalarining yig‘indisidan iborat.
To‘la energiyani xisoblash uchun erkinlik darajasi tushunchasi bilan tanishib chiqaylik. Jismning fazodagi vaziyatini to‘la ravishda ifodalash uchun zarur bo‘lgan erkli koordinatalar soniga shu jismning erkinlik darajasi deyiladi.
M oddiy nuqtaning erkinlik darajasi uchga teng ekan. Har qanday atom yoki bir atomli molekula moddiy nuqta deb qaralishi mumkin. Agar molekula bir - biri bilan elastik tarzda bog‘langan N ta atomdan tashkil topgan bo‘lsa, molekulaning berilgan vaqtda fazodagi vaziyatini to‘la aniqlash uchun 3 N ta erkin koordinata zarur bo‘ladi. Ya’ni, bunday molekulaning erkinlik darajasi 3 N ga teng. Lekin shu molekuladagi istalgan ikki atom orasidagi masofa aniq qiymatga ega bo‘lib, u vaqt o‘tishi bilan o‘zgarmasa, molekulaning erkinlik darajasi 3 N dan bitta kam bo‘ladi. Bunday masofa bir nechta bo‘lsa, 3 N shunday masofalar soniga kam bo‘ladi.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
I kirish II. Asosiy qism i-bob. Gazlarning issiqlik sig‘imi. Termodinamikaning 1-qonunining gaz va izojarayonlarga tadbiqi
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Termodinamik jarayonlar va birinchi qonuni

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Termodinamik jarayonlar va birinchi qonuni
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bet | 7/17 | Sana | 20.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,77 Mb. | | #125401 |
Bog'liq Jovliyev SardorTermodinamik jarayonlar va birinchi qonuni.
Keling termodinamikaning 1-qonunidagi bir qancha jarayonlarini ko’rib chiqaylik.
Izotermik jarayon (dT = 0)
Dastlab biz juda ham oddiy tizimni tanlaymiz: 1.3-rasmda tasvirlangan harakatlanuvchi porshen bilan siqilayotgan ideal gazning massasini qarab chiqamiz.
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1.3-rasm. Ideal gaz qo`zg`aluvchan porshen bilan yopilgan.
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Dastlab biz ideallashgan jarayon ya’ni (qo’shimcha issiqlik va bajarilayotgan ish) o’zgarmas haroratda olib borilayotgan tajribadagi berilayotgan issiqlik yoki bajarilgan ishni ko’rib chiqamiz.Ushbu jarayon izotermik jarayon deb ataladi.(Nemis tilida “bir xil harorat” degan ma’noni anglatadi.) Agar sistema ideal gaz bo’lsa,
PV=nRT (1.7)
bo’ladi. Shuningdek gazning belgilangan qiymati o’zgarmas haroratda saqlangan PV=const .Shunday qilib bosim P vahajm V ning PV diagrammadagi grafigi izotermik jarayon uchun 1.5- rasmdagi AB ga o`xshab qiya bo`ladi. Qiyalikdagi har bir nuqta , misol uchun A nuqta uning bosim P va hajm V ni berilgan momentdagi sistemaning miqdorini ifodalaydi. Pastroq haroratda boshqa izotermik jarayon 1.4- rasmdagi A’ B’ ga o`xshashegrilik orqali ifodalanadi. (Bunda PV=nRT=const qachonki T pastroq bo`lganda 1.5-rasmda tasvirlangan egriliklar izotermik jarayonni ifodalaydi)1.
Biz issiqlik manbayi bilan kontakdagi gazni aniqlaymiz (tananing massasi shunchalik katta bo`ladiki, bunda uning harorati issiqlik bizning sistemamiz bilan almashilganda sezilarli darajada o`zgarmaydi. Biz shuningdek siqilish jarayoni (hajm kamayishi) yoki kengayish (hajm oshishi) juda sekin bajarilganini ko`rishimiz mumkin. Shuning uchun mazkur jarayon bir xil o`zgarmas tempeaturada muvozanat miqdorlarining turlari ko`rib chiqiladi1.
Agarda gaz 10-6- rasmda belgilangan A nuqta orqali ifodalangan miqdorda bo`lsa va Q issiqlik miqdori sistemaga berilganda bosim va hajm o`zgaradi hamda sistemaning miqdori diagrammadagi boshqa berilgan B nuqta orqali ifodalanadi. Agarda harorat o`zgarmas qolsa gaz kengayadi va muhitdagi W ishni bajaradi. (u 1.4- rasmdagi porshenga kuch beriladi va u ma`lum masofaga siljiydi). Harorat va massa o`zgarmas saqlansa, ichki energiya o`zgarmaydi1:
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Shundan termodinamikaning birinchi qonuni orqali dU=Q-W=0 hosil bo`ladi. Shuning uchun W=Q ya`ni izotermik jarayonda gaz orqali bajarilgan ish issiqlik miqdoriga teng bo`ladi.
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10-4. PV diagrammada ideal gazning izotermik jarayonda ikki xil temperaturada pasayishi
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O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi mirzo ulug’bek nomidagi - bet 4

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O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi mirzo ulug’bek nomidagi
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bet | 4/4 | Sana | 14.12.2023 | Hajmi | 77,27 Kb. | | #118574 |
Bog'liq Raqamlashtirish haqida to’liq ma’lumot Biznesni raqamlashtirish Aqlli elektrotizim Elektr ishlab chiqarishning o'sishi bilan bir qatorda, korxonalar va xususiy iste'molchilar ushbu resursning iste'molini optimallashtirishlari kerak. Optimallashtirish, albatta, Smart Grid kontseptsiyasini amalga oshirishga yordam beradi.
Energetikada blokcheyn-loyihalarni amalga oshirish
Blokcheyn asosida energotizimlarning zarur komponentalari:
aqlli uy - bu yuqori texnologiyali tizim bo'lib, u barcha kommunikatsiyalarni bir-biriga birlashtirish va uni sun'iy in-tellekt, programlanadigan va egasining barcha ehtiyojlari va xohishlari uchun moslashtirishi mumkin;
aqlli hisoblagich - masofadan ma'lumotlarni uzatish funktsiyasi bilan elektr energiyasini o'lchash qurilmasi. Barcha xarajatlar ko'rsatkichlari avtomatik ravishda tizimning o'zi tomonidan chiqariladi, keyin ma'lumot asosiy serverga o'tkaziladi.
sensor texnologiyasi - teginishga javob beruvchi qurilmalar. Blok-energiya tizimida bu jarayonlarni tartibga solish bo'yicha barcha operatsiyalarni bajarish uchun zarur;
smartfonlar uchun aqlli ilovalar - energiya nazorati va uzatilishi amalga oshiriladigan dasturlar.1
Xulosa
Raqamli transformatsiya kuchli etakchilikni talab qiladi - faqat bu katta o'zgarishlarning harakatlantiruvchisi bo'lishi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, kompaniyaning qaysi qismlarini o'zgartirmoqchi ekanligingizni aniq tushunishingiz kerak. Dunyo bo'ylab kompaniyalar tajriba o'tkazmoqdalar va raqamli transformatsiyaning afzalliklaridan foydalanmoqdalar. Kompaniya alohida yoki hamkorlikda ishlaydimi, ichki yoki tashqi ish jarayonlarini amalga oshiradimi yoki mijozlarni tushunadimi va ularga xizmat ko'rsatadimi, raqamli texnologiyalar barcha imkoniyatlarni taqdim etadi.
Muhim eslatma: Tadqiqotda ishtirok etgan kompaniyalarning hech biri transformatsiya uchun ushbu barcha to'qqiz yo'nalishga murojaat qilmaydi. Ammo eng ilg'or menejmentga ega firmalar doimo raqamli asrda ularga ishonchli ishlashlariga yordam beradigan yangi usullarni izlaydilar.
Foydalanilgan manbaalar:
kd43.ru.
www.xs.uz
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Erkinlik darajasi - I kirish II. Asosiy qism i-bob. Gazlarning issiqlik sig‘imi. Termodinamikaning 1-qonunining...

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I kirish II. Asosiy qism i-bob. Gazlarning issiqlik sig‘imi. Termodinamikaning 1-qonunining gaz va izojarayonlarga tadbiqi
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bet | 4/17 | Sana | 20.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,77 Mb. | | #125401 |
Bog'liq Jovliyev Sardor1.2.Erkinlik darajasi.
Ikki atomli molekula erkinlik darajasi. Ikkala atom orasidagi masofa vaqt o‘tishi bilan o‘zgarmasa, bunday molekulaning erkinlik darajasi 3 N - 1 =3·2 - 1 = 5 ga va aksincha, atomlar bir-biri bilan elastik ravishda boglangan bo‘lsa, yani masofa vaqt o‘tishi bilan o‘zgarib tursa, 6 ga teng bo‘lishi kerak.
Molekula inersiya markazining fazodagi vaziyati X,Y,Z koordinatalari bilan aniqlanadi.
Atomlar orasidagi masofa o‘zgarmas bo‘lsa, molekulaning fazodagi vaziyatini aniqlash uchun zarur bo‘lgan koordinatalar x,y,z va α, β, lardan iborat bo‘ladi va bunday molekulaning erkinlik darajasi 5 ga teng.
Shunday qilib bir atomli molekulaning erkinlik darajasi 3 ga teng, ikki atomli molekula erkinlik darajasi 5 ga yoki 6 ga teng va xokazo. Demak ilgarilanma harakat erkinlik darajasi hamma vaqt 3 ga teng, aylanma va tebranma harakat erkinlik darajalari kuzatilayotgan molekulaning harakteriga qarab turli qiymatlarga ega bo‘lishi mumkin. Molekulaning erkinlik darajasi i ni ilgarilanma, aylanma va tebranma harakatlar erkinlik darajalarining yig‘indisidan iborat deb qarash mumkin:
(1.1)
Ilgarilanma harakat erkinlik darajasi 3 ga teng ekanligini etiborga olib, ilgarilanma harakatning har bir erkinlik darajasiga energiya to‘g‘ri keladi degan xulosaga ega bo‘lamiz. Umuman, ilgarilanma, aylanma va tebranma harakatning birortasi ikkinchisidan ustun ravishda ajralib turmaydi.
Statistik fizikaning muxim qonunlaridan biri - energiyaning erkinlik darajasi bo‘yicha bir xilda taqsimlanish qonuni ilgarilanma, aylanma va tebranma harakatning har bir erkinlik darajasiga o‘rtacha kinetik energiya to‘g‘ri kelishini ko‘rsatadi.
Demak, erkinlik darajasi i ga teng bo‘lgan molekulaning o‘rtacha kinetik energiyasi
(1.2)
ifoda orqali aniqlanadi. Lekin i ni aniqlashda quyidagilarga etibor berilishi kerak. Molekula ilgarilanma yoki aylanma harakatda qatnashayotgan bo‘lsa, u faqat kinetik energiyaga ega buladi. Molekuladagi atomlar tebranma harakatda ham qatnashayotgan bo‘lsa, tebranma harakat ham kinetik energiyaga, ham potensial energiyaga ega bo‘ladi va bu kinetik energiyaning o‘rtacha qiymati potensial energiyaning o‘rtacha qiymati bilan bir xil buladi. SHuning uchun tebranma harakatning har bir erkinlik darajasiga 2 energiya to‘g‘ri keladi.
(9.2) munosabatdan foylanaib, berilgan ideal gazning ichki energiyasini aniqlash mumkin. Misol uchun bir mol ideal gazning ichki energiyasi quyidagiga teng:
(1.3)
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
I kirish II. Asosiy qism i-bob. Gazlarning issiqlik sig‘imi. Termodinamikaning 1-qonunining gaz va izojarayonlarga tadbiqi
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Zamonaviy simsiz texnologiyalarda fure o'zgartirishlari

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Zamonaviy simsiz texnologiyalarda fure o'zgartirishlari
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bet | 2/9 | Sana | 13.01.2024 | Hajmi | 0,94 Mb. | | #136846 |
Bog'liq SIMSIZ TARMOQ TEXNOLOGIYASIZamonaviy simsiz texnologiyalarda fure o'zgartirishlari
Ushbu maqola zamonaviy yuqori tezlikdagi simsiz ulanish texnologiyalarini
ko'rib chiqishga bag'ishlangan bo'lib, ushbu texnologiyalarni turli geografik
sharoitlarda qo'llash masalalariga alohida e'tibor qaratilgan.
Simsiz tarmoqlar an'anaviy kabel texnologiyalaridan foydalanish qiyin, amaliy va
amaliy bo'lmagan hollarda lokal kompyuter tarmoqlari o'rtasida ma'lumot almashishni amalga oshiradi. Simsiz yuqori tezlikdagi radio kirish texnologiyasidan samarali foydalanishga misol moliyaviy kamchiliklar, kabel ishlarini bajarish uchun uzilish yo'qligi, shuningdek boshqa fizik-geografik sharoitlar mavjud bo'lgan lokal tarmoqlar segmentlari o'rtasidagi aloqani ta'minlash kiradi. Har qanday simsiz tarmoqning asosi uning protokoli hisoblanadi. Protokol tarmoq topologiyasini, adreslashni, yo'naltirishni, tarmoq tugunlarining ma'lumotlar kanaliga kirish tartibini va boshqalarni tartibga soladi. Simsiz ma'lumotlarni uzatish protokollarining xilma-xilligini ko'p jihatdan tasniflash mumkin. Keyinchalik, ko'rib chiqilayotgan protokollarning ta'sir doirasini oshirish tartibiga ko'ra tasnifi beriladi. WPAN (Wireless personal area network- simsiz
shaxsiy tarmoq) turli xil qurilmalarni ulash uchun ishlatiladi. Simsiz shaxsiy
tarmoqlarning diapazoni bir necha o'n santimetrdan bir necha metrgacha. WPAN turli xil tarmoq texnologiyalari yordamida joylashtirilishi mumkin, masalan: Bluetooth, ZigBee, 6lowpan va boshqalar.
Simsiz LAN (Wireless personal area network- simsiz lokal tarmoq) – simsiz
texnologiyalar asosida qurilgan likal tarmoq. Simsiz lokal tarmoqlar yuqori darajadagi dasturlar uzluksiz bajarish uchun zarur bo'lgan xususiyatlarni osongina ta'minlaydi.
Shunday qilib, ushbu tarmoqlarning foydalanuvchilari elektron pochta xabarlariga
yoki serverdan video oqimlariga katta hajmdagi qo'shimchalarni olishlari mumkin.
Ushbu texnologiyalarning diapazoni bir necha yuz metrga yetadi. Bularga quyidagi
protokollar kiradi: UWB, ZigBee, Wi-Fi. bunday texnologiyalar bir necha kilometrga yetadi. Ushbu protokolga misol WiMAX. WWAN (Wireless Wide Area Network –simsiz keng tarmoq) – simsiz kompyuter tarmoqlarining turli xil turlari, ularning asosiy xususiyati keng qamrov zonasidir. Masofa bir necha o'nlab kilometrni tashkil qiladi.
Bularga quyidagi protokollar kiradi: GSM, CDMAone, iDEN, PDC, GPRS va UMTS.
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III-bob.UMUMIY O’RTA TA’LIM MAKTABLARIDA “ISSIQLIK MIQDORI” MAVZUSINI O’QITISH

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III-bob.UMUMIY O’RTA TA’LIM MAKTABLARIDA “ISSIQLIK MIQDORI” MAVZUSINI O’QITISH
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bet | 14/17 | Sana | 20.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,77 Mb. | | #125401 |
Bog'liq Jovliyev SardorIII-bob.UMUMIY O’RTA TA’LIM MAKTABLARIDA “ISSIQLIK MIQDORI” MAVZUSINI O’QITISH.
Mavzu: Issiqlik miqdori.
Darsning maqsadi:
1)ta’limiy maqsadi: O’quvchilarga Issiqlik miqdori haqida tushuncha berish;
2)tarbiyaviy maqsadi: O’quvchilarni vatanimiz fiziklarining fizika sohasida erishilgan yutuqlar orqali vatanparvarlik ruhida tarbiyalash;
3)rivojlantiruvchi maqsadi: O’quvchilarni mustaqil va ijodiy fikrlashga o’rgatish, issiqlik miqdori va unga doir masala yechishni o’rganish.
Ta’lim usuli va yo’li: Bellashuv, o’qituvchi bayoni, mustaqil fikrlash, amaliy ish, o'yinlar, munozara, umumlashtirish.
Kompetensiya:Axborotlar bilan ishlash
Dars jihozi: tarqatma materiallar, formula va kattaliklar yozilgan ko’rgazmalar, plakatlar,darslik.
I.Tashkiliy qism ( 2 daqiqa).
a) tozalikka e’tibor berish;
b) salomlashish ;
c) davomatni aniqlash;
d) o'quvchilarni guruhlarga bo'lish.
II.O’tilganlarni takrorlash ( 10 daqiqa)
Ichki energiya haqidagi tushunchalarni "Raketa o'yini" metodi orqali umumlashtirish va so’rash. "Fizika ingliz tilida" metodi.
III. Yangi mavzu bayoni (15 daqiqa)
Issiqlik almashinuvi jarayonida jism olgan yoki yo'qotgan ichki energiya miqdorini belgilovchi fizik kattalik issiqlik miqdori deyiladi.
Issiqlik miqdori Q harfi bilan belgilanadi. Birligi XBSda joul qabul qilingan.
Oziq - ovqat mahsulotlarining energiya miqdorini kaloriyalarda hisoblash qabul qilingan.
Bunda 1 kaloriya~4,2 joul.
Massasi 1 kg bo'lgan moddaning temperaturasini 1°C ga o'zgartirish uchun kerak bo'lgan issiqlik miqdorini tavsiflovchi fizik kattalikka moddaning solishtirma issiqlik sig'imi deyiladi.
Solishtirma issiqlik sig'imi c harfi bilan belgilanadi. Solishtirma issiqlik sig'imining birligi qilib Xalqaro birliklar sistema(SI)da [ c ]= J/kg×°C qabul qilingan.
Issiqlik almashinuvi jarayonida agar issiqlik yo'qolmasa, issiq jism chiqargan issiqlik miqdori sovuq jism tomonidan olgan issiqlik miqdoriga teng bo'ladi.
Issiqlik uzatilish jarayonida jismning temperaturasi t1 qiymatdan t2 qiymatga o'zgargan bo'lsa, jism olgan yoki yo'qotgan issiqlik miqdori quyidagi formulaga ko'ra hisoblanadi:
Q=cm(t2-t1)
bu yerda m -jism massasi, c-proporsionallik koeffitsienti bo'lib, unga moddaning solishtirma issiqlik sig'imi deyiladi, t1 - jismning boshlang'ich temperaturasi, t2- jismning oxirgi temperaturasi.
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Policies to strengthen institutional frameworks include

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Policies to strengthen institutional frameworks includeBog'liq 34. FS-Green-TechnologyPolicies to strengthen institutional frameworks include: the formation of a Green Technology Council and a
Cabinet Committee on Green Technology for high-level policy coordination among ministries, chaired by the
prime minister; the establishment of a Malaysia Green Technology Agency to coordinate and oversee initiatives
and programmes; a review of legal mechanisms and the creation of new legislation that is in line with national
goals; and a revision of institutional clarity so that all agencies are aware of their roles and responsibilities.
Policies to encourage the growth of green technology sectors include: support for higher-learning and research
institutions for R&D; increased foreign and domestic investment; establishment of a Green Technology Fund;
feed-in tariffs legislation to support renewable energy in power generation; and the recognition of green prod-
ucts through standards, ratings and labelling programmes. Various industry programmes inform SMEs about new
green technologies, strategic green technology hubs throughout the country, and funding mechanisms.
Other fiscal incentives for renewable energy include: “pioneer status”, which provides exemptions from income
tax (25 per cent from 2009 onwards) on 100 per cent of statutory incomes for ten years
3
; investment tax allow-
ances on qualifying capital expenditure incurred within five years of the first expenditure; and import duty and
sales tax exemptions for one year on imported machinery, equipment, materials, space parts and consumables
that are used for renewable energy by both importers and third-party distributors.
3
Kementerian Tenaga Teknologi Hijau Dan Air, Incentive for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy in Malaysia (Putrajaya, 2009).
Available from http://seda.gov.my/pdf/PTM%20Incentives.pdf (accessed 31 January 2012).
Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap for Asia and the Pacific :
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Categories of green technology

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Categories of green technologyBog'liq 34. FS-Green-TechnologyCategories of green technology
Green technology covers a broad area of production and consumption technologies. The adoption and use of
green technologies involves the use of environmental technologies for monitoring and assessment, pollution
prevention and control, and remediation and restoration. Monitoring and assessment technologies are used to
measure and track the condition of the environment, including the release of natural or anthropogenic materi-
als of a harmful nature. Prevention technologies avoid the production of environmentally hazardous substances
or alter human activities in ways that minimize damage to the environment; it encompasses product substitution
or the redesign of an entire production process rather than using new pieces of equipment. Control technolo-
gies render hazardous substances harmless before they enter the environment. Remediation and restoration
technologies embody methods designed to improve the condition of ecosystems, degraded through naturally
induced or anthropogenic effects.
2
Sectors of green technology
•
Agriculture
o Organic agriculture
•
Energy
o Renewable energy technology
o Efficiency technology
•
Water and waste management
o Recycling technology
o Sewage treatment and solid waste management
o Water purification
•
Building
o Sustainable building material
o Building performance technology
•
Transportation
o Rail transport
o Electric vehicle
Country experience: Green technology policy in Malaysia
In Malaysia, green technology has been recognized as a driver for future economic growth, energy security,
climate change mitigation and adaptation. In April 2009, the Malaysian prime minister proclaimed his vision of a
Green Malaysia and demonstrated his commitment to climate change mitigation and energy security by esca-
lating the advancement of green technology through the creation of the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology
and Water. The prime minister further enunciated his vision by developing Putrajaya and Cyberjava as pioneer
townships in green technology that were to become a showcase for the development of other townships across
the country.
The national green technology policy was developed in cooperation with all relevant parties to strengthen the
institutional frameworks and policy coherence. The policy was designed to generate benefits in four areas:
energy, environment, economy and social conditions. Progress will be monitored by a variety of indicators.
Green technologies are to be developed in four core sectors: energy, buildings, water and waste management,
and transport. Additionally, work is underway to develop a green technology roadmap for Malaysia.
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Organic agriculture - Fs green Technology 01 02

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Fs green Technology 01 02Bog'liq 34. FS-Green-TechnologyOrganic agriculture
Organic agriculture, according to the Codex Alimentarius Commission, is “a holistic production management
system that avoids use of synthetic fertilizer, pesticides and genetically modified organisms, minimizes pollution of
air, soil and water and optimizes the health and productivity of interdependent communities of plants, animals
and people.”
11
Box 3: Codex Alimentarius Commission
The Codex Alimentarius Commission, working under the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, develops
food standards, guidelines and codes of practice since its foundation in 1963 by FAO and WHO. The programme
aims to protect the consumer health, promote fair trade practices and facilitate the coordination of all food
standards work undertaken by international government and non-government organizations.
Source: World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization, Understanding the Codex Alimentarius, third edition (Rome,
2006). Available from ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Publications/understanding/Understanding_EN.pdf (accessed 06 March 2012).
7
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Financing an Inclusive and Green Future: A Supportive
Financial System and Green Growth for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok, 2010). Available
from www.unescap.org/publications/detail.asp?id=1393 (accessed 31 January 2012).
Stakeholders
Governments
• National/federal
• Regional/state/provincial
• Local/municipal
Private sector business
• Transnational
• National
• Local/micro-enterprise
(including producers and users)
International development
institutions
• Multilateral banks
• Bilateral aid agencies
• Other agencies (Global
Environment Facility, World
Trade Organization,
United Nations, OECD)
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Elektron ta’lim resurslari - I kirish II. Asosiy qism i-bob. Gazlarning issiqlik sig‘imi. Termodinamikaning 1-qonunining...

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I kirish II. Asosiy qism i-bob. Gazlarning issiqlik sig‘imi. Termodinamikaning 1-qonunining gaz va izojarayonlarga tadbiqi
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bet | 17/17 | Sana | 20.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,77 Mb. | | #125401 |
Bog'liq Jovliyev SardorElektron ta’lim resurslari
www.pedagog.uz
www.apkpro.ru/content/view
www.prometeus.nsc.ru/contents/books/slasten
4. www.relarn.ru/conf/conf2007
http://vilenin.narod.ru/Mm/Books/
http://www.allmath.ru/
http://www.ziyonet.uz/
http://window.edu.ru/window/
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
I kirish II. Asosiy qism i-bob. Gazlarning issiqlik sig‘imi. Termodinamikaning 1-qonunining gaz va izojarayonlarga tadbiqi
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Fs green Technology 01 02

Fs green Technology 01 02
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Green technology - Fs green Technology 01 02

Key points
•
Encouraging the diffusion of green technology requires a combination of voluntary approaches,
government incentives and a comprehensive regulatory framework.
•
Policy signals stimulate private investments in R&D.
•
Least developed countries and small island developing states need special measures and support to
promote green technologies.
Green technology explained
There is no commonly accepted or internationally agreed definition of green technology. The term can be
broadly defined as technology that has the potential to significantly improve environmental performance
relative to other technology. It is related to the term “environmentally sound technology”, which was adopted
under the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Agenda 21, although it is no longer
widely used. Based on Agenda 21, environmentally sound technologies are geared to “protect the environ-
ment, are less polluting, use all resources in a more sustainable manner, recycle more of their wastes and prod-
ucts, and handle residual wastes in a more acceptable manner than the technologies for which they were
substituted.”
1
Other related terms for green technology include: climate-smart, climate-friendly and low-carbon
technology.
How it works
In terms of pollution, green technology includes both process and product technologies that generate low or no
waste and increase resource- and energy-efficiency. They also cover "end-of-the-pipe" technologies for treating
pollution. Green technology does not only mean individual technologies but also systems, including know-how,
procedures, goods and services and equipment, as well as organizational and managerial procedures.
Fact Sheet - Green technology

Policies to improve human resource capacity include: several policies centre on training and education, such
as financial and fiscal incentives for students pursuing studies in green technology disciplines at both the under-
graduate and graduate levels; retraining and apprenticeship schemes for green jobs; a grading and certifica-
tion mechanism for green technology-related skills; and brain gain programmes to strengthen local expertise.
Source: Kementerian Tenaga Teknologi Hijau Dan Air, “The national green technology policy”, PowerPoint presentation (2010). Available
from http://portal.ppj.gov.my/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=17335&folderId=27605&name=DLFE-4709.pdf (accessed 06 March 2012).
Box 1: Recent developments in eco-design in Europe
Eco-design, which is often referred to as cradle-to-cradle design (C2C), is a policy tool aimed at improving the
environmental performance of products throughout their lifecycle by introducing specific requirements in their
design stage. Eco-design can take a variety of forms, such as guidelines, checklists, indicators and life-cycle
assessment. While eco-labelling helps to disclose information on the products in order to assist consumers in
making informed decisions, eco-design, in contrast, directly influences the way the product is designed, manu-
factured, packaged, transported, used and disposed. Eco-design can play a critical role in greening markets by
singling out inefficient products and pulling them out of the market.
In the European Union, concerted efforts are being made to establish and update eco-design through the
Ecodesign Directive. The Ecodesign Directive sets minimum energy efficiency requirements and other environ-
mental standards for 32 indicative product groups, including electronic appliances and office lighting, based on
a life-cycle approach.
4
The implementing measures vary depending on the respective product groups. Nine
new broad product groups may be added for the period 2012 to 2014, depending on their energy saving poten-
tial and market volume. These groups under consideration include windows, steam boilers (less than 50MW),
power cables, enterprises servers, storage and ancillary equipment, and smart appliances/meters. According to
the working plan, these priority product groups are estimated to achieve energy savings of 1,157 TWh per year
by 2030.
Source: European Commission,
Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Establishment of the
Working Plan for 2012-2014 under the Ecodesign Directive, Draft (Brussels, 2012). Available from
www.ebpg.bam.de/de/ebpg_medien/wp2_2011-12_wd_kom.pdf (accessed 06 March 2012).
Policies to strengthen institutional frameworks include

|
Policies to strengthen institutional frameworks includeBog'liq 34. FS-Green-TechnologyPolicies to strengthen institutional frameworks include: the formation of a Green Technology Council and a
Cabinet Committee on Green Technology for high-level policy coordination among ministries, chaired by the
prime minister; the establishment of a Malaysia Green Technology Agency to coordinate and oversee initiatives
and programmes; a review of legal mechanisms and the creation of new legislation that is in line with national
goals; and a revision of institutional clarity so that all agencies are aware of their roles and responsibilities.
Policies to encourage the growth of green technology sectors include: support for higher-learning and research
institutions for R&D; increased foreign and domestic investment; establishment of a Green Technology Fund;
feed-in tariffs legislation to support renewable energy in power generation; and the recognition of green prod-
ucts through standards, ratings and labelling programmes. Various industry programmes inform SMEs about new
green technologies, strategic green technology hubs throughout the country, and funding mechanisms.
Other fiscal incentives for renewable energy include: “pioneer status”, which provides exemptions from income
tax (25 per cent from 2009 onwards) on 100 per cent of statutory incomes for ten years
3
; investment tax allow-
ances on qualifying capital expenditure incurred within five years of the first expenditure; and import duty and
sales tax exemptions for one year on imported machinery, equipment, materials, space parts and consumables
that are used for renewable energy by both importers and third-party distributors.
1
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Earth Summit Agenda 21: The United Nations Programme of Action from Rio
(Rio de Janeiro, 1992). Available from www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21 (accessed 31 January 2012).
2
United Nations Environment Programme, Environmentally Sound Technologies for Sustainable Development, Revised Draft (Osaka,
Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, 2003). Available from www.unep.or.jp/ietc/techtran/focus/sustdev_est_background.pdf
(accessed 05 March 2012).
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Challenges to green technology adoption

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Challenges to green technology adoptionBog'liq 34. FS-Green-TechnologyChallenges to green technology adoption
Generally, green technology is more expensive than the technology it aims to replace, because it accounts for
the environmental costs that are externalized in many conventional production processes. Because it is relatively
new, the associated development and training costs can make it even more costly in comparison with estab-
lished technologies. The perceived benefits are also dependant on other factors such as supporting infrastruc-
ture, technology readiness, human resources capabilities and geographic elements. Hence, what could be a
feasible green technology in one country or region may not be in another.
Adoption and circulation of these technologies can be constrained by a number of other barriers. Some may be
institutional, such as the lack of an appropriate regulatory framework; others may be technological, financial,
political, cultural or legal in nature.
From a company’s perspective, the following are likely barriers to adopting green technologies:
6
•
High implementing costs
•
Lack of information
•
No known alternative chemical or raw material inputs
•
No known alternative process technology
•
Uncertainty about performance impacts
•
Lack of human resources and skills.
4
INFORSE-Europe website “ECO-Design for Energy Efficiency: Framework Directive with Implementation Measures” (July 2010). Available
from www.inforse.dk/europe/eu_ecodesign.htm (accessed 16 January 2012).
5
R. Luken and F. Van Rompaey, “Drivers for any barriers to environmentally sound technology adoption by manufacturing plants in nine
developing countries”, Journal of Cleaner Production (2008), vol.16, No.1, pp. 67-77.
Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap for Asia and the Pacific :
Fact Sheet - Green technology
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Savol-javob Kompyuter qaysi tildan olingan va qanday ma’noni bildiradi? Inglizcha: computer – “hisoblayman” Savol

5 ta xossasi bor: Diskretlilik, aniqlilik, tushunarlilik, ommaviylik, natiyjaviylikГлавная->Создать слайд yoki CTRL+M hotkeyslari ishlatiladi Kompyuterning asosiy qurilmalariga nimalar kiradi Monitor, klaviatura, tizimli platasi, sichqonchaTroyan, Chernobil virusi, I Love You, Chuvalchang Antivirus dasturlariga misollar ayting Kasperskiy, Eset Nod32, Avast Free, Windows defender |
Savol-javob Kompyuter qaysi tildan olingan va qanday ma’noni bildiradi? Inglizcha: computer – “hisoblayman”
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Sana | 22.05.2024 | Hajmi | 13,82 Kb. | | #249901 |
Bog'liq SavolBu sahifa navigatsiya:
- 5 ta xossasi bor: Diskretlilik, aniqlilik, tushunarlilik, ommaviylik, natiyjaviylik
- Главная->Создать слайд yoki CTRL+M hotkeyslari ishlatiladi Kompyuterning asosiy qurilmalariga nimalar kiradi Monitor, klaviatura, tizimli platasi, sichqoncha
- Troyan, Chernobil virusi, I Love You, Chuvalchang Antivirus dasturlariga misollar ayting Kasperskiy, Eset Nod32, Avast Free, Windows defender
Savol-javob
Kompyuter qaysi tildan olingan va qanday ma’noni bildiradi? Inglizcha: computer – “hisoblayman”
Operatsion tizim turlarini ayting? Windows, Unix, Linux, MacOT, Android, iOS
Algoritmning nechta xossasi bor nomlari qanday?
5 ta xossasi bor: Diskretlilik, aniqlilik, tushunarlilik, ommaviylik, natiyjaviylik
Wordta yaratilgan hujjatga dastur tomonidan qanday nom beriladi? Документ1.docx
Excelda yaratilgan hujjatga dastur tomonidan qanday nom beriladi? Книга1.xlsx
Power point dasturida yangi slayd yaratish uchun qanday buyruq bajariladi? Главная->Создать слайд yoki CTRL+M hotkeyslari ishlatiladi
Kompyuterning asosiy qurilmalariga nimalar kiradi? Monitor, klaviatura, tizimli platasi, sichqoncha
Virus deb nimaga aytiladi? Kompyuterni zararlovchi maqsus yozilgan dastur
Antivirus deb nimaga aytiladi? Kompyuterni viruslardan himoyalash maqsadida yozilgan dastur
Virus nomlarini ayting? Troyan, Chernobil virusi, I Love You, Chuvalchang
Antivirus dasturlariga misollar ayting? Kasperskiy, Eset Nod32, Avast Free, Windows defender
Kompyuter tarmoqlari nechta turga bo’linadi va nomlari qanday? Global, local, mintaqaviy tarmoq
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Iqtisodiy geografik omillar

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Iqtisodiy geografik omillar
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bet | 7/59 | Sana | 21.01.2024 | Hajmi | 0,56 Mb. | | #142301 |
Bog'liq TURIZM DARSLIK Iqtisodiy geografik omillar
Xalqaro turizm rivojiga iqtisodiy geografik omillarning ta’siri ikki shaklida ko‘zga tashlanadi, ya’ni u yoki bu rayonga turistlar oqimining ko‘plab kelishiga ta’sir etuvchi obyekt sifatida, hamda turizm rivoji uchun asosiy vosita sifatida.
Birinchi holda biror bir mamlakat iqtisodiyoti xalq xo‘jaligi tarmoqlari yuksak darajada rivojlangan bo‘lib, aholi uchun kerakli bo‘lgan xilma-xil tovarlar ishlab chiqarish, hamda bu tovarlarga odamlarning qiziqishining yuqori bo‘lishi;
Ikkinchi holda turistik kompaniyalar tomonidan turli darajada rivojlangan texnologiyalarni turistlarga ko‘rsatish uchun olib borilsa. Masalan, Yaponiyada turistlarni radio va fototovarlar ishlab chiqaradigan
korxonalarga olib borishadi. Chexiyada turistlarni shisha ishlab chiqarish korxonalariga, Bolgariyada gullar vodiysiga olib boradilar. Chunki bunday joylarni ko‘rsatish turistlarning yanada ko‘plab kelishiga ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi.
Aholining etnik xususiyatlari.Xalqaro turizm rivojiga aholining etnik xususiyatlarining ta’siri kattadir. Sayyoramizda yashayotgan turli xil millat va ellatlar bir-birlaridan irqi, dini, tili, madaniyati, urf-odatlari, milliy an’analari bilan farq qiladilar. Xalqlar o‘rtasidagi bunday an’analarni ko‘rishga har qanday odam qiziqadi. Bu esa o‘z navbatida xalqaro turizm rivojiga ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi.
Turli millat va elatlar orasida bo‘lish ularni bir-biriga yaqinlashtiradi, xalqlarning bir-biriga harmati ortadi, ularga hurmat va ehtirom bilan qarash imkoniyati vujudga keladi. Xalqaro turizm xalqlar milliy madaniyatining saqlanib qolishiga, ularning yanada taraqqiy etishiga yordam beradi.Madaniy-tarixiy obidalar.
Madaniy tarixiy obidalar etnik omillar bilan uzviy ravishda bog‘liq. Arxitektura-me’moriy yodgorliklari, muzeylar, rasmlar galereyasi, milliy hunarmandchilik turli tarixiy voqealarni o‘zida mujassamlashtirgan haykallar, turistlarni o‘ziga so‘zsiz jalb qiladi. Chunki chet el turistlari o‘zlari borgan joyda eng avvalo, tarixiy va me’moriy obidalarni ko‘rishga harakat qilishadi. Jumladan, Anglyaga borgan sayyohlarning 2 mlndan ortig‘i bu yerda buyuk kishilarning ko‘milgan joylarini ziyorat qilishga intilishadi. O‘zbekistonda turistik resurslarning 70 foizini arxitektura me’moriy yodgorliklari tashkil qiladi.
Xorijiy turistlarni mahalliy hamda antiqa ishlangan suvenirlar ham qiziqtiradi. Shu sababli mahalliy suvenirlarni ishlab chiqarishni to‘g‘ri tashkil qilish turizmdan keladigan foydaning ortishiga olib keladi.
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Rekreatsiya va turizm geografiyasi - bet 5

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Rekreatsiya va turizm geografiyasi
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bet | 5/59 | Sana | 21.01.2024 | Hajmi | 0,56 Mb. | | #142301 |
Bog'liq TURIZM DARSLIKDavolash-sog’lomlashtirish turizmi Markaziy, Sharqiy va G’arbiy Yevropada keng tarqalgan. Mazkur dam olish turi bo’yicha Chexiya birinchi o’rinda turadi Chexiyadagi eng mashhur sog’lomlashtirish markazi bo’lib Karlovi – Vari hisoblanadi.Mazkur kurortga bir yilda 70 ta davlatdan 50 ming turist keladi. Chexiyadan so’ng davolanish- sog’lomlashtirish turizmi salmog’i bo’yicha Vengriya turadi. Bu yerda suvlar bilan davolash mashxur. Vengriyaning 22ta shaxrida va 62ta
qishlog’ida shifobaxsh buloqlari mavjud. Turistlar asosan Budapesht shaxri va Balaton ko’liga kelishadi. Balaton ko’liga yiliga 100ming kishi keladi.Polshada balneologik va iqlimiy kurortlar keng tarqalgan. Ularga dengiz bo’yida joylashgan balneologik va balchiq kurortlar kiradi . G’arbiy Yevropa davlatlarida jaxonga mashxur kurortlar joylashgan. Ularga Baden Baden va Visbaden (Germaniya,) Vishi (Fransiya) Bat (Buyuk Britaniya, Spa (Belgiya) va x.k Ispaniya, Partugaliya va Gretsiyada iqlimiy dengiz bo’yi kurortlari keng tarqalgan. Avstriya va Shveytsariyada tog’ kurortlari mavjud.
Amerikada dam olish-sog’lomlashtirish turizmi bo’yicha AQSH yetakchi.AQSH da balneologik kurortlar keng tarqalgan; Mammot– Sprinchi, Xiber–Sprinche kurortlari mineral suvlarga asoslangan va Arkanzats shtatida joylashgan. Dengizbo’yida Long –Bich (Nьyu–York atrofida), Xatteras Atlantika qirg’og’ida va hokazo. Markaziy Amerikada ham dengiz kurortlari mavjud.
Yaqin Sharqda davolash - sog’lomlashtirish kurortlari O’lik dengiz atrofida joylashgan. Bu yerda asosan teri kasalliklari (psoriaz) davolanadi. Xorijiy Osiyo davlatlarida davolash–sog’lomlashtirish turizmi yaxshi rivojlanmagan.
Savol va topshiriqlar
Rekreatsiya va turizm fanining farqi?
Rekreatsion geografiyaning obekti va predmetimi nima ?
Rekreatsiya va turizm geografiyasining vazifalarinimalardamn iborat?
Rekreatsiya va turizm geografiyasining maqsadi nimadan iborat?
Turizm geografiyasining boshqa fanlar bilan qanday aloqadorligi mavjud.
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mavzu. Rekreatsiya va turizm geografiyasi fanining o’rganish obyekti, predmeti, maqsadi va vazifalari

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mavzu. Rekreatsiya va turizm geografiyasi fanining o’rganish obyekti, predmeti, maqsadi va vazifalari
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bet | 2/59 | Sana | 21.01.2024 | Hajmi | 0,56 Mb. | | #142301 |
Bog'liq TURIZM DARSLIK mavzu. Rekreatsiya va turizm geografiyasi fanining o’rganish obyekti, predmeti, maqsadi va vazifalari
Reja:
Rekreatsiya va turizm haqida tushuncha.
Rekreatsiya va turizm geografiyasining obyekti va predmeti
Rekreatsiya va turizm geografiyasining vazifalari.
Rekreatsiya va turizm geografiyasining maqsadi.
Turizm geografiyasining boshqa fanlar bilan aloqadorligi.
Rekreatsiya va turizm haqida tushuncha
Turizm terminini birinchi bo’lib 1830-yilda V.Jekmo tomonidan qo’llanilgan edi. Bu tushuncha fransuz tilida ,,tour”, sayohat ma’nosida ishlatilgan. Turizm va turist tushunchalari o’z navbatida bir ma’nodagi tushuncha sifatida qarash noo’rindir. Turizm keng ma’nodagi xizmatlar yig’indisidan iborat soha hisoblanadi.
Bu termin va tushunchalarga Bern universiteti professorlari Xunziker va Krapflar aniqroq baho beradi. Jumladan, turist - bu o’zi yashayotgan joydan boshqa joyga, hududga, mamlakatga, mamlakatidan tashqariga bo’sh vaqtlarida dam olish, sog’lig’ini tiklash, sog’lomlashtirish, mehmonga borish, diniy va ish yuzasidan haq to’lanadigan maqsadlaridagi tashrifidir, deb ta’rif beradi.
A.Soliyevva M.Usmonovlar(2005) turizm tushunchasiga quyidagicha ta’rif beradi: ,,aholining o’zi yashab turgan mintaqa, hudud, o’lka yoki biror mamlakatning diqqatga sazovor joylarini ko’rish maqsadida uyushtirilgan rekreatsion faoliyat turiga sayohat, ya’ni turizm” hisoblanadi. 1963-yilda Birlashgan Millatlar
Tashkilotining (BMT) Xalqaro turizmga oid Rim konfrensiyasiga muvofiq turist deb, bir mamlakatdan ikkinchi mamlakatga safarga borib, kamida 24 soat ichida o’sha yerda turib, turistik xizmatidan foydalangan kishiga aytiladi.
Xizmat ko’rsatish sohalari orasida rekreatsiya xizmati so’nggi yillarda keng rivojlanmoqda. Rekreatsiya(sayohat, hordiq chiqarish, sanatoriya – kurort) xizmati mehnat qilish jarayonida sarflangan kuch, energiyani tiklashda muhim omil hisoblanadi.
Rekreatsiya xizmati nirivojlanishi uchun zarur bo’lgan omillar:
kundalik ehtiyojlardan orttirilgan mablag’;
rekreatsiya resurslari;
rekreatsiya xo’jaligi bo’lishi;
Rekreatsiya resurslari ikki xil, ya’ni tabiiy hamda madaniy-tarixiy rekreatsiyaga bo’linadi. Tabiiy rekreatsiya resurslariga tabiiy sharoit va tabiiy boyliklar zaminida vujudga kelgan sharsharalar, g’orlar, buloqlar, so’lim tog’ yonbag’irlari kiradi. Tabiiy muhiti keskin o’zgargan, tig’iz infrastruktura sharoitida aholining tabiat qo’ynida, maxsus dam olish maskanlarida hordiq chiqarishga ehtiyoji kuchaymoqda. Issiq avjiga chiqqan yoz oylarida tekisliklarda yashovchi aholi tog’ maskanlariga oshiqadi.
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