-picture Passive and active transport

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-picture Passive and active transport
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bet | 7/13 | Sana | 16.05.2024 | Hajmi | 1,48 Mb. | | #237391 |
Bog'liq Structure and function of biological membranes.2.2. 3-picture Passive and active transport.
Passive transport Passive transport is the movement of molecules across biological membranes down concentration gradients. This type of transport does not require energy. Channels form water-filled pores and thus create a hydrophilic path that enables ions to travel through the hydrophobic membrane. These channels allow downhill movement of ions, down an electrochemical gradient. Both the size and charge of the channel pore determine its selectivity. Different channels have pores of different diameters to allow the selection of ions on the basis of size. The amino acids that line the pore will be hydrophilic, and their charge will determine whether positive or negative ions travel through it. For example, Ca2+ is positively charged, so the amino acids lining the pores of Ca2+ channels are generally basic (i.e. they carry a negative charge).
Channels are not always open. They can be gated by ligands which bind to some part of the protein, either by a change in membrane potential (voltage gated) or by mechanical stress (mechanosensitive). The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is an example of a ligand-gated ion channel which opens upon binding the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a pentameric membrane protein composed of five subunits arranged in a ring, with a pore through the centre. In the closed state, the pore is blocked by large hydrophobic amino acid side chains which rotate out of the way upon acetylcholine binding to make way for smaller hydrophilic side chains, allowing the passage of ions through the pore. Opening of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allows rapid movement of Na+ ions into the cell and slower movement of K+ ions out of the cell, in both cases down the electrochemical gradient of the ion. The difference in gradients between Na+ and K+ across the membrane means that more Na+ enters the cell than K+ leaves it. This creates a net movement of positive charges into the cell, resulting in a change in membrane potential. Acetylcholine released by motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction travels across the synapse and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the plasma membrane of the muscle cells, causing membrane depolarization. This depolarization of the muscle cells triggers Ca2+ release and muscle contraction.
Carrier proteins are the other class of membrane proteins, apart from channels, which can facilitate passive transport of substances down concentration gradients. Carrier proteins transport molecules much more slowly than channels, as a number of conformational changes in the carrier are required for the transport of the solute across the membrane. A molecule such as a sugar binds to the carrier protein on one side of the membrane where it is present at a high concentration. Upon binding, the carrier changes conformation so that the sugar molecule then faces towards the opposite side of the membrane. The concentration of sugar on this side is lower, so dissociation occurs and the sugar is released. This is downhill movement and, although slower than movement through channels, it requires no energy.
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an ATP-dependent chloride ion (Cl−) channel that has an important role in regulating the viscosity of mucus on the outside of epithelial cells. ATP is used to gate the channel, but the movement of Cl− occurs down its electrochemical gradient, so does not require energy. A heritable change in the CFTR gene which results in a single amino acid deletion in the protein causes cystic fibrosis. This is a serious illness in which thick mucus accumulates in the lungs, causing a significantly lower than average life expectancy in patients who have the disease. Unimpaired ion transport is vital for our survival and health, and conditions such as cystic fibrosis highlight the need for research into these types of proteins.
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