A-E
.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs 
B-E

8
READING PASSAGE 2
The
Development of Museums
A
The conviction that historical relics provide infallible testimony about the past is rooted in the
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when science was regarded as objective and value free. As
one writer observes: 'Although it is now evident that artefacts are as easily altered as chronicles,
public faith in their veracity endures: a tangible relic seems ipso facto real.' Such conviction was,
until recently, reflected in museum displays. Museums used to look - and some still do - much like
storage rooms of objects packed together in showcases: good for scholars who wanted to study the
subtle differences in design, but not for the ordinary visitor, to whom it all looked alike. Similarly, the
information accompanying the objects often made little sense to the lay visitor. The content
and format of explanations dated back to a time when the museum was the exclusive domain of the
scientific researcher.
B
Recently, however, attitudes towards history and the way it should be presented have altered. The
key word in heritage display is now 'experience', the more exciting the better and, if possible,
involving all the senses. Good examples of this approach in the UK are the Jorvik Centre in York; the
National Museum of Photography, Film and Television in Bradford; and the Imperial War Museum in
London. In the US the trend emerged much earlier: Williamsburg has been a prototype for
many heritage developments in other parts of the world. No one can predict where the process will
end. On so-called heritage sites the re-enactment of historical events is increasingly popular, and
computers will soon provide virtual reality experiences, which will present visitors with a
vivid image of the period of their choice, in which they themselves can act as if part of the
historical environment. Such developments have been criticised as an intolerable vulgarisation, but
the success of many historical theme parks and similar locations suggests that the majority of the
public does not share this opinion.
C
In a related development, the sharp distinction between museum and heritage sites on the one
hand, and theme parks on the other, is gradually evaporating. They already borrow ideas and
concepts from one another. For example, museums have adopted story lines for exhibitions, sites
have accepted 'theming'as a relevant tool, and theme parks are moving towards more authenticity
and research-based presentations. In zoos, animals are no longer kept in cages, but in great
spaces, either in the open air or in enormous greenhouses, such as the jungle and desert
environments in Burgers'Zoo in Holland. This particular trend is regarded as one of
the major developments in the presentation of natural history in the twentieth century.
D
Theme parks are undergoing other changes, too, as they try to present more serious social and
cultural issues, and move away from fantasy. This development is a response to market forces and,
although museums and
heritage sites have a special, rather distinct, role to fulfil, they are also
operating in a very competitive environment, where visitors make choices on how and where to
spend their free time. Heritage and museum experts do not have to invent stories and recreate
historical environments to attract their visitors: their assets are already in place. However, exhibits
must be both based on artefacts and facts as we know them, and attractively presented. Those who
are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus in a difficult position, as they
must steer a narrow course between the demands of 'evidence' and 'attractiveness', especially given
the increasing need in the heritage industry for income-generating activities.
E
It could be claimed that in order to make everything in heritage more 'real', historical accuracy must
be increasingly altered. For example, Pithecanthropus erectus is depicted in an Indonesian museum
9
with Malay facial features, because this corresponds to public perceptions. Similarly, in the Museum
of Natural History in Washington, Neanderthal man is shown making a dominant gesture to his wife.
Such presentations tell us more about contemporary perceptions of the world than about our
ancestors. There is one compensation, however, for the professionals who make these
interpretations: if they did not provide the interpretation, visitors would do it for themselves, based on
their own ideas, misconceptions and prejudices. And no matter how exciting the result, it would
contain a lot more bias than the presentations provided by experts.
F
Human bias is inevitable, but another source of bias in the representation of history has to do with
the transitory nature of the materials themselves. The simple fact is that not everything from history
survives the historical process. Castles, palaces and cathedrals have a longer lifespan than the
dwellings of ordinary people. The same applies to the furnishings and other contents of
the premises. In a town like Leyden in Holland, which in the seventeenth century was occupied
by approximately the same number of inhabitants as today, people lived within the walled town, an
area more than five times smaller than modern Leyden. In most of the houses several families lived
together in circumstances beyond our imagination. Yet in museums, fine period rooms give only
an image of the lifestyle of the upper class of that era. No wonder that people who stroll around
exhibitions are filled with nostalgia; the evidence in museums indicates that life was so much better
in the past. This notion is induced by the bias in its representation in museums and heritage centres.