nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Analizning fizik-kimyoviy usullari

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Analizning fizik-kimyoviy usullari
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bet | 5/119 | Sana | 14.06.2024 | Hajmi | 4,04 Mb. | | #263652 | Turi | Учебник |
Bog'liq 21558 2 CDEAD1DE360DB13C9B7A03EFD7ECBD40E7F94F1F Analizning fizik-kimyoviy usullari.
Analizning fizik-kimyoviy usullari moddaning kimyoviy reaksiyalari jarayonida fizik xossalarining o`zgarishini aniqlashga asoslangan.
Kimyoviy modda toza bo’lsa, o’ziga xos xususiyatlarni namoyon qiladi. Uning tarkibiga juda oz miqdorda bo’lsa ham (10-5 %) begona moddalarning yoki elementning aralashgan holda - ifloslangan bo’lishi modda xususiyatini keskin o’zgartirib yuborishi mumkin. Shuning uchun hozirgi vaqtda elementlarning tarkibiga aralashib qolgan mikro miqdordagi begona moddalrni aniqlashga to’g’ri keladi. Kimyoviy metodlar bunchalik kichik miqdorda bo’lgan elementlarni yoki moddalarni aniqlash imkoniyatiga ega emas.
Bu vazifani fizik-kimyoviy metodlar yordamida bajarish mumkin.
Fizik-kimyoviy metodlar tez bajariladi, bu o’z vaqtida texnologik jarayonni nazorat qilish uchun katta ahamiyatga ega.
Fizik-kimyoviy metodlar bir nechta afzalliklarga ega:
Analizni uzoq masofadan turib boshqarish. Masalan, rentgen-fluoressent metod bilan oydagi tuproqni analiz qilish bunga yaqqol misol bo’la oladi.
Bu metodlarda ishlatiladigan asboblar jarayonni sistemalashtirishga imkon beradi.
Namunani buzmasdan turib analiz qilish. Bu kriminalistika va tibbiyotda katta ahamiyatga ega.
Fizik-kimyoviy analiz usullarining turlari juda ko’p. Ulardan hozirgi vaqtda sanoat korxonalarida mahsulotlarning xossalarini o`rganishda, ilmiy-tekshirish laboratoriyalarida keng foydalaniladiganlari quyidagilar:
Spektral va boshqa optik analiz usullari — modda bilan elektromagnit nurlarning ta’siri natijasida turli o’zgarishlarni o’lchashga asoslangan (emission spektral analiz, atom-yutilish spektroskopiyasi, infraqizil nurlar spektroskopiyasi, spektrofotometrik analiz va boshqalar).
Elektrokimyoviy analiz usullari — elektrokimyoviy hodisalar vaqtida analiz qilinadigan eritmada o’zgaradigan elektrokimyoviy ko’rsatkichlarni o’lchashga asoslangan (potensiometrik, konduktometrik, amperometrik va boshqalar).
Ajratish va konsentrlash usuli — moddalarning ikki faza orasida taqsimlanishiga asoslangan (ekstraksiya, xromatografiya va hokazo)
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Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti Qo‘qon filiali 2023-2024 o‘quv yili uchun fanlardan fan dasturlari tayyorlanganlik holati bo‘yicha xizmat topshirig‘iga javob

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Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti Qo‘qon filiali 2023-2024 o‘quv yili uchun fanlardan fan dasturlari tayyorlanganlik holati bo‘yicha xizmat topshirig‘iga javob
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Sana | 15.02.2024 | Hajmi | 14,86 Kb. | | #156899 |
Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti Qo‘qon filiali
2023-2024 o‘quv yili uchun fanlardan fan dasturlari tayyorlanganlik holati bo‘yicha xizmat topshirig‘iga
JAVOB
O‘quv uslubiy bo‘lim boshlig’i M.Mansurov tomonidan taqdim etgan ro’yxatga binoan,Muhandislik texnologiyalari kafedrasida 2023-2024 o’quv yili bahorgi semester uchun quyidagi fanlardan fan dasturi tasdiqlanmaganligi ko‘rsatilgan.
1.Mexanika (NM, MQ, MMN, MD)
Materialshunoslik va yangi materiallar texnologiyasi yo’nalishi uchun.
2.Materiallar qarshiligi
Transport vositalari muhandisligi ta’lim yo’nalishlar
3.Nazariy mexanika
Materialshunoslik va yangi materiallar texnologiyasi yo’nalishi uchun
Ushbu fanlardan fan dasturini tasdiqlanmaganligini sababi:
Fan dasturi kompyuterdan chiqarilayotgan paytda texnik xatolik sababli tushib qolganligi.Quyidagi fan dasturi yo‘q deb keltirilgan fanlar bakalavriatni boshqa ta‘lim yo‘nalishida mavjud bo’lib, ta‘lim yo‘nalishi uchun tasdiqlanmagan fan dasturi bilan bir xilda tayyorlangan.Shu sababdan quyidagi fanlardan fan dasturlarini tasdiqlatishga ruxsat berishingizni so‘rayman.
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Bosh sahifa
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Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti Qo‘qon filiali 2023-2024 o‘quv yili uchun fanlardan fan dasturlari tayyorlanganlik holati bo‘yicha xizmat topshirig‘iga javob
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Harakatlar strategiyasini toʻrtinchi ustuvor yoʻnalishi qanday nomlanadi?

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Harakatlar strategiyasini toʻrtinchi ustuvor yoʻnalishi qanday nomlanadi?
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bet | 3/372 | Sana | 16.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,97 Mb. | | #120479 |
Bog'liq Barcha fanlardan Testlar to‘plami (1)Harakatlar strategiyasini toʻrtinchi ustuvor yoʻnalishi qanday nomlanadi?
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Ijtimoiy sohani rivojlantirish
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Jamoatchilik boshqaruvi tizimini takomillashtirishga oid masalalar Harakatlar strategiyasini qaysi ustuvor yoʻnalishida belgilangan?
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birinchi
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Ijtimoiy sohani rivojlantirish ustuvor yoʻnalishlarining qamrab olgan masalalari qaysi javobda toʻgʻri berilgan?
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xotin-qizlarning ijtimoiy-siyosiy faolligini oshirish
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O‘zbekiston Respublikasining “Yoshlarga oid davlat siyosati to‘g‘risida”gi Qonunining nechanchi moddasida yoshlarga oid davlat siyosatning asosiy yo‘nalishlari sanab o‘tilgan?
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5
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O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Sh.Mirziyoyevning 2016-yilda nashr etilgan kitobini aniqlang
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Erkin va farovon, demokratik O‘zbekiston davlatini birgalikda barpo etamiz
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O‘zbekistonda prezidentlik lavozimi qachon joriy etilgan?
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1990 yil 24 mart
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O‘zbekistonda ilk bor ko‘ppartiyaviylik asosida saylov qachon bo‘lib o‘tgan?
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1995 yil fevral
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“Yuksak ma’naviyat – yengilmas kuch” asarining qaysi bobida ma’naviyat va ma’naviy tarbiya masalalari bugungi kunda jahonda kechayotgan globallashuv sharoitida naqadar dolzarblashgani va endi bu masalalar umumbashariy muammoga aylanayotgani tahlil etiladi?
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Ma’naviyatga tahdid – o‘zligimiz va kelajagimizga tahdid
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Kompetentlikni baholash mezonlari

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Kompetentlikni baholash mezonlari
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bet | 2/4 | Sana | 20.05.2024 | Hajmi | 30,5 Kb. | | #246580 |
Bog'liq mustaqil ish 4
Kompetentlikni baholashda quyidagi mezonlar qo'llaniladi:
Malaka: Muayyan sohada kerakli bilim va ko'nikmalar. Xodimning kasbiy bilimlari va tajribasi e'tiborga olinadi.
Tajriba: Ma'lum sohadagi ish tajribasi va uning natijalari. Xodimning oldingi ishlarida erishgan natijalari ko'rib chiqiladi.
Sifatli ishlash: Ish jarayonida yuqori sifat standartlariga rioya qilish. Xodimning mahsulot yoki xizmat sifatini ta'minlashdagi mahorati baholanadi.
Muammo yechish: Muammolarni tahlil qilish va ularni samarali hal qilish. Xodimning murakkab vaziyatlarda tez va to'g'ri yechim topishi muhim.
Tashabbuskorlik: Yangi g'oyalar bilan chiqish va ularni amalga oshirish. Xodimning innovatsiyalar va yangiliklarga qiziqishi va ularni joriy etishga intilishi.
Samaradorlik: Vaqt va resurslardan samarali foydalanish. Xodimning ishni o'z vaqtida va resurslarni tejash orqali bajarishi baholanadi.
Boshqaruv qobiliyati va kompetentlikni baholash usullari
Boshqaruv qobiliyati va kompetentlikni baholash uchun turli xil usullar qo'llaniladi:
Intervyu: Nomzodning qobiliyatlarini aniqlash uchun chuqur suhbat. Intervyu jarayonida rahbarlik va kompetentlikni aniqlovchi savollar beriladi.
Testlar: Boshqaruv va kasbiy bilimlarni aniqlash uchun maxsus testlar. Bu testlar orqali nomzodning bilim darajasi baholanadi.
Baholash markazlari (Assessment Centers): Nomzodlarning turli vaziyatlarda o'zlarini qanday tutishini kuzatish. Ushbu markazlar orqali real vaziyatlar yaratiladi va nomzodlar sinovdan o'tadi.
Feedback: Xodimlarning rahbariyat yoki hamkasblar tomonidan berilgan fikr-mulohazalari. Bu usul orqali xodimning jamoa ichidagi obro'si va muloqot qobiliyati baholanadi.
Portfolio: Nomzodning oldingi ishlaridagi yutuqlari va loyihalari. Portfolio orqali xodimning amaliy tajribasi va erishgan natijalari ko'rib chiqiladi.
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O'zgarishlarga moslashish - Muhammad Al-Xorazmiy nomidagi Toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universitetining map001...

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Muhammad Al-Xorazmiy nomidagi Toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universitetining map001 guruh talabasi Nuriddinov Elshodning bajargan 2- topshirig’i
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bet | 4/4 | Sana | 20.05.2024 | Hajmi | 30,5 Kb. | | #246580 |
Bog'liq mustaqil ish 4O'zgarishlarga moslashish: Tez o'zgaruvchan muhitga moslashish va yangi sharoitlarda ishlash qobiliyatini oshirish.
Muloqot qobiliyatlari: Jamoa bilan samarali muloqot qilish va boshqarish qobiliyatlarini rivojlantirish.
Strategik qaror qabul qilish: Uzoq muddatli va strategik qarorlarni samarali qabul qilish qobiliyatini rivojlantirish.
Kadrlar rezervini shakllantirish quyidagi bosqichlardan iborat:
Talantlarni aniqlash: Potentsial rahbarlarni aniqlash va ularni rivojlantirish uchun tanlab olish.
Tayyorgarlik rejalarini ishlab chiqish: Har bir rahbar uchun individual rivojlanish rejalarini tuzish.
Tayyorgarlik jarayonini amalga oshirish: Ta'lim, treninglar, mentorlik va amaliy mashg'ulotlar orqali rahbarlik ko'nikmalarini rivojlantirish.
Baholash va monitoring: Rahbarlik qobiliyatlarini muntazam baholab borish va kerakli tuzatishlar kiritish.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
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Muhammad Al-Xorazmiy nomidagi Toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universitetining map001 guruh talabasi Nuriddinov Elshodning bajargan 2- topshirig’i
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Yozda quyosh qaysi yulduz turkumlaridan o‘tadi?

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Yozda quyosh qaysi yulduz turkumlaridan o‘tadi?
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bet | 372/372 | Sana | 16.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,97 Mb. | | #120479 |
Bog'liq Barcha fanlardan Testlar to‘plami (1)Yozda quyosh qaysi yulduz turkumlaridan o‘tadi? * Egizaklar, qisqichbaqa, arslon
Yulduzli osmon nechta Yulduz turkumiga ajratilgan?* 88
Yuqoriga tik otilgan jismning tezligi 2 s o’tgach ikki marta kamaydi. U qanday tezlik bilan otilgan?* 40
Yеr Quyоsh аtrоfida аylаnаyоtgаnda mоddiy nuqtа bо`lаdimi? * Mоddiy nuqtа bо`ladi
Zamonaviy ta’lim vositalarini kanday guruhga ajratish mumkin:* INTERAKTIV vositalar va INTERAKTIV bo‘lmagan vositalar:
Zamonaviy tadqiqotchilarning fikriga kо‘ra о‘qituvchining eng muhim shaxsiy va kasbiy sifati bu?bolalarni sevish
Zaryadlari +q va 4q bo‘lgan ikkita sharcha bir – biridan d masofada turibdi. Bu zaryadlar oralig‘iga uchinchi +q zaryadni qo‘yilganda sistema muvozanatda qoladi. Birinchi zaryaddan uchinchi kiritilgan zaryadgacha bo‘lgan masofa x1 ni toping?* 1/3(d)
Zaryadlari +q va 4q bo’lgan ikkita sharcha bir – biridan d masofada turibdi. Bu zaryadlar oralig`iga uchinchi +q zaryadni qo’yilganda sistema muvozanatda qoladi. Birinchi zaryaddan uchinchi kiritilgan zaryadgacha bo’lgan masofa x1 ni toping?* 1/3(d)
Zonali plastinkani birinchi kim tayyorlagan?* 1875 yil Sore
α - zarralar manbai, qo`rgoshin kollimator, oltin zar, ZnS bilan qoplangan ekran, mikroskop. Bu asboblar qaysi tajribada ishlatilgan?* Rezerford, atom tuzilishini aniklashda
α-yemirilishda yadrodan α-zarra uchib chiqadi va massa soni ... ga kamayadi. * 4
β-yemrilish nazariyasini kim yaratgan? * italyan fizigi E.Fermi
γ-nurlanishda yadroning zaryadi o‘zgaradimi? * o‘zgarmaydi
o‘qish.
О‗quv jarayonida kompyuterlar asosan quyidagicha foydalanilmoqda…* passiv, faol, interfaol
О‘qituvchi shaxsini ifodalovchi asosiy xususiyat? kasbiy layoqat va kompetensiya
О’quv jarayonida kompyuterlar asosan quyidagicha foydalanilmoqda… *passiv, faol, interfaol
Уakuniy nazorat —………………….. * o‘qish tugallangandan keyin davlat attestatsiyasi shaklida o‘tkaziladi
Уig`uvchi linzadan buyumgacha bo`lgan masofa 1 m, tasvirdan linzagacha 25 sm. Linzaning fokus masofasi qanchaga teng? * 20 sm
http://hozir.org
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Neft va gazni qayta ishlash texnologiyasi

Neft va gaz kondensatining kimyoviy tarkibi va fizikaviy xususiyatlarining farqlanishi.
Neftning qayta ishlash maxsuloti bo’lgan benzin yoqilg’isi fraksiyasini oktan soni nimaga teng?
Neft va gaz kondensatini qayta ishlash necha xil yo’nalishda amalga oshiriladi?
Neftdan olingan kerosin va dizel yoqilg’isi fraksiyalari tarkibidagi oltingugurt birikmalari qaysi usul bilan tozalanadi?
Ajratib olingan og’ir aromatik uglevodorodlar qanday jarayonga yuboriladi?
Mazut – neftni qayta ishlashdan qoladigan qoldiq maxsulot xaqida tushuntiring?
Neft va neft maxsulotlarini xaydash natijasida qanday yoqilg’ilar olinadi?
Suyuq yoqilg’i, engil neft maxsuloti fraksiyalarini tarkibi qanday aniqlanadi?
Benzin fraksiyasi qanday xaroratda olinadi?
Neft maxsulotini to’g’ridan-to’g’ri xaydash usuli sxemasini tushuntirib bering.
Nima maqsadda benzin fraksiyasini katalitik riforming jarayoniga beriladi?
Riforming jarayonida asosan qanday kimyoviy reaksiyalar sodir bo’ladi?
Jarayonda qanday katalizatorlar ishlatiladi?
AVT qurilmalaridan olingan benzinning oktan soni nimaga teng?
Katalitik riformingdan benzinning oktan soni nechaga ko’tariladi?
Riforming jarayoni yana qanday maqsadda amalga oshiriladi?
Riforming jarayoni natijasida qanday maxsulot qo’shimcha xosil bo’ladi?
Riforming jarayonida dastlab ishlatilgan katalizatorlarni ayting.
Alyumoplatina (AP) katalizatori nechanchi yilda ixtiro etilgan?
Riforming jarayoni sanoatda qanday xarorat va bosimda olib boriladi?
Neftni dastlabki qayta ishlash turlari va xosil bo’luvchi uglevodorodlar tarkibi.
Neft maxsulotlarini tozalashda adsorbsion usulning moxiyati.
Neft maxsulotlarini seolit yordamida tozalash.
Neft maxsuloti tarkibidagi uglevodorod komponentlari.
Adsorbent xususiyatini namoyon etuvchi qanday moddalarni bilasiz?
Neft maxsuloti chiqqindilarni tozalash usullari.
I/o systems

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I/o systems
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bet | 1/4 | Sana | 20.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,78 Mb. | | #246532 |
Bog'liq 1-M.I I/O Systems Bajardi: Baxtiyorov Shahriyor Tekshirdi: Atoyev Suhrob Overview - Management of I/O devices is a very important part of the operating system - so important and so varied that entire I/O subsystems are devoted to its operation. ( Consider the range of devices on a modern computer, from mice, keyboards, disk drives, display adapters, USB devices, network connections, audio I/O, printers, special devices for the handicapped, and many special-purpose peripherals. )
- I/O Subsystems must contend with two ( conflicting? ) trends: (1) The gravitation towards standard interfaces for a wide range of devices, making it easier to add newly developed devices to existing systems, and (2) the development of entirely new types of devices, for which the existing standard interfaces are not always easy to apply.
- Device drivers are modules that can be plugged into an OS to handle a particular device or category of similar devices.
I/O Hardware - I/O devices can be roughly categorized as storage, communications, user-interface, and other
- Devices communicate with the computer via signals sent over wires or through the air.
- Devices connect with the computer via ports, e.g. a serial or parallel port.
- A common set of wires connecting multiple devices is termed a bus.
Polling - One simple means of device handshaking involves polling:
- The host repeatedly checks the busy bit on the device until it becomes clear.
- The host writes a byte of data into the data-out register, and sets the write bit in the command register ( in either order. )
- The host sets the command ready bit in the command register to notify the device of the pending command.
- When the device controller sees the command-ready bit set, it first sets the busy bit.
- Then the device controller reads the command register, sees the write bit set, reads the byte of data from the data-out register, and outputs the byte of data.
- The device controller then clears the error bit in the status register, the command-ready bit, and finally clears the busy bit, signaling the completion of the operation.
- Polling can be very fast and efficient, if both the device and the controller are fast and if there is significant data to transfer. It becomes inefficient, however, if the host must wait a long time in the busy loop waiting for the device, or if frequent checks need to be made for data that is infrequently there.
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L I S T E N I N G - Authentic practice tests

Cambridge University Press & Assessment
978-1-009-45473-5 — IELTS 19 Academic Student's Book with Answers with Audio
with Resource Bank
Excerpt
More Information
www.cambridge.org
© in this web service Cambridge University Press & Assessment
Listening
11
P A R T 2
Questions 11320
Questions 11315
Choose the correct letter,
A
,
B
or
C
.
Stanthorpe Twinning Association
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Authentic practice tests - bet 5

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Authentic practice testsBog'liq @ieltsbank Cambridge-IELTS-199
Expert user
– Has fully operational command of the language: appropriate, accurate
and fluent with complete understanding.
8
Very good user
– Has fully operational command of the language with only occasional
unsystematic inaccuracies and inappropriacies. Misunderstandings may occur in
unfamiliar situations. Handles complex detailed argumentation well.
7
Good user
– Has operational command of the language, though with occasional
inaccuracies, inappropriacies and misunderstandings in some situations. Generally
handles complex language well and understands detailed reasoning.
6
Competent user
– Has generally effective command of the language despite some
inaccuracies, inappropriacies and misunderstandings. Can use and understand fairly
complex language, particularly in familiar situations.
5
Modest user
– Has partial command of the language, coping with overall meaning
in most situations, though is likely to make many mistakes. Should be able to handle
basic communication in own field.
4
Limited user
– Basic competence is limited to familiar situations. Has frequent
problems in understanding and expression. Is not able to use complex language.
3
Extremely limited user
– Conveys and understands only general meaning in very
familiar situations. Frequent breakdowns in communication occur.
2
Intermittent user
– Has great difficulty understanding spoken and written English.
1 Non-user
– Essentially has no ability to use the language beyond possibly a few
isolated words.
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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati

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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati
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bet | 119/119 | Sana | 14.06.2024 | Hajmi | 4,04 Mb. | | #263652 | Turi | Учебник |
Bog'liq 21558 2 CDEAD1DE360DB13C9B7A03EFD7ECBD40E7F94F1F Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati.
T.M.Babayev. “Yuqori molekulyar birikmalar”.Toshkent-2015. 412 b.
M.I.Nazarbayev., A.Z.Sobirjonov. “Biofizika”.Toshkent-2018. 128 b.
Р.Р.Вильданов., Ғ.Б.Эшонқулов. “Оптик нурланишнинг когерентлик эффектлари”. Ўқув қўлланма. -T.: “Университет”. 2009. 68b.
R.R.Vildanov, G’.B. Eshonqulov. “Lazerli fizika va lazerli texnologiya: Optik signallarni qabul qilish va qayta ishlash asoslari” O’quv qo’llanma. T.: “Universitet”, 2005. 56 b.
А.Б. Мигдал. “Квантовая физика для больших и маленьких”. М.: Наука. 1989. 144 b.
N.Raximov, R.Rasulov. “Nanofizika va nanoelektronika asoslari”. Namangan-2012. 118 b.
H.O.Abdullayev, S.U.Abdulboriyev. “Nanotexnologiyaga kirish”. Uslubiy qo’llanma. Namangan-2012. 20 b.
A.Quvatov. “Fizikaviy tadqiqot usullari”. Laboratoriya ishlari uchun o’quv qo’llanma. Toshkent-2006. 9 b.
G’.Murodov, H.Xushvaqtov.“Spektroskopiya asoslari”. Toshkent 2015. 50 b
A.T.Teshaboyev, S.Z.Zaynobiddinov, Q.A.Ismoilov. “Nanozarralar fizikasi, kimyosi va texnologiyalari”. Toshkent-2014. 219 b.
A.T.Teshaboyev, S.Z.Zaynobiddinov, Sh.Ermatov. “Qattiq jism fizikasi”. Toshkent-“Moliya”-2001. 238 b.
A.T.Teshaboyev, S.Z.Zaynobiddinov, E.Musayev. “Yarimo’tkazgichlar va yarimo’tkazgichli asboblar texnologiyasi”. Toshkent-2006. -22 b.
A.T.Teshaboyev, S.Z.Zaynobiddinov, S.Vlasov, V.Abduazimov. “Yarimo’tkazgichlar sirt fizikasi”. Toshkent-2010. -25 b.
S.Zaynobiddinov, Sh.Yo’lchiyev, D.Nazirov, M.Nosirov. “Yarimo’tkazgichlarda atomlar diffuziyasi”. Toshkent-2012. -68 b.
T.M.Mo’minov, A.B.Xoliqulov. “Atom yadrosi va zarralar fizikasi”. Toshkent-2009. -67 b.
Terishga berildi 12.09.22. Bosishga ruxsat berildi 12.11.22. Bichimi 84x108 1/32 Times new roman garniturasida offset usulida chop etildi. Nashr bosma tabog’i 32,0. Shartli bosma tabog’I 32,0.
Alisher Navoiy nomidagi O’zbekiston Milliy kutubxonasi
“FA’N VA TA’LIM” nashriyotida chop etildi.
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During the visit to Malatte, in France, members especially enjoyed
A

11 During the visit to Malatte, in France, members especially enjoyed
A going to a theme park.
B experiencing a river trip.
C visiting a cheese factory.
12 What will happen in Stanthorpe to mark the 25th anniversary of the
Twinning Association?
A A tree will be planted.
B A garden seat will be bought.
C A footbridge will be built.
13 Which event raised most funds this year?
A the film show
B the pancake evening
C the cookery demonstration
14 For the first evening with the French visitors host families are advised to
A take them for a walk round the town.
B go to a local restaurant.
C have a meal at home.
15 On Saturday evening there will be the chance to
A listen to a concert.
B watch a match.
C take part in a competition.
Internet security

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Internet security
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Sana | 18.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,62 Mb. | | #122864 |
Bog'liq Internet security Reja: 1. What is meant by internet security? 2. Why is security important on the internet? 3. Why is internet security essential? What is internet security? - Definition and meaning Internet security is a term that describes security for activities and transactions made over the internet. It’s a particular component of the larger ideas of cybersecurity and computer security, involving topics including browser security, online behavior and network security. We spend a large proportion of our lives online, and some of the internet security threats we can encounter include Hacking, where unauthorized users gain access to computer systems, email accounts, or websites. Viruses or malicious software (known as malware) which can damage data or make systems vulnerable to other threats. Identity theft, where criminals can steal personal and financial information. Individuals and organizations can protect themselves from these kinds of threats by practicing internet security. What are the most common internet security threats? To ensure privacy and security on the internet, it’s important to be aware of different types of internet attacks. Common internet security threats include: Phishing Phishing Phishing is a cyber-attack involving disguised emails. Hackers try to trick email recipients into believing that a message is genuine and relevant – a request from their bank or a note from a co-worker, for example – so that they click on a link or open an attachment. The goal is to deceive people into handing over their personal information or downloading malware. Phishing is one of the oldest internet security threats, dating back to the 1990s. It has remained popular to this day since it is one of the cheapest and easiest ways for criminals to steal information. In recent years, phishing techniques and messages have become increasingly sophisticated. Hacking and remote access Hackers are always looking to exploit a private network or system's vulnerabilities so they can steal confidential information and data. Remote access technology gives them another target to exploit. Remote access software allows users to access and control a computer remotely – and since the pandemic, with more people working remotely, its usage has increased. The protocol which allows users to control a computer connected to the internet remotely is called Remote Desktop Protocol, or RDP. Because businesses of all sizes so widely use RDP, the chances of an improperly secured network are relatively high. Hackers use different techniques to exploit RDP vulnerabilities until they have full access to a network and its devices. They may carry out data theft themselves or else sell the credentials on the dark web. Thank you for your attention!
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O‘zbekiston Respublikasi aksiyadorlik tijorat

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Prepare for the exam with practice tests from Cambridge

Prepare for the exam with practice tests from Cambridge Inside you’ll find four authentic examination papers from Cambridge University Press &
Assessment. They are the perfect way to practise – EXACTLY like the real exam.
Why are they unique? All our authentic practice tests go through the same design process as the IELTS test. We
check every single part of our practice tests with real students under exam conditions, to
make sure we give you the most authentic experience possible.
Students can take these tests on their own or with the help of a teacher to familiarise
themselves with the exam format, understand the scoring system and practise exam technique.
Further information IELTS is jointly managed by the British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and Cambridge University
Press & Assessment. Further information can be found on the IELTS official website at
ielts.org.
WHAT IS THE TEST FORMAT? IELTS consists of four components. All candidates take the same Listening and Speaking
tests. There is a choice of Reading and Writing tests according to whether a candidate is
taking the Academic or General Training module.
Academic For candidates wishing to study at
undergraduate or postgraduate levels,
and for those seeking professional
registration.
General Training For candidates wishing to migrate to an
English-speaking country (Australia, Canada,
New Zealand, UK) and for those wishing to
train or study below degree level.
Speaking - Authentic practice tests

Cambridge University Press & Assessment
978-1-009-45473-5 — IELTS 19 Academic Student's Book with Answers with Audio
with Resource Bank
Frontmatter
More Information
www.cambridge.org
© in this web service Cambridge University Press & Assessment
Introduction
7
HOW IS IELTS SCORED?
IELTS results are reported on a nine-band scale. In addition to the score for overall language
ability, IELTS provides a score in the form of a profile for each of the four skills (Listening,
Reading, Writing and Speaking). These scores are also reported on a nine-band scale. All
scores are recorded on the Test Report Form along with details of the candidate’s nationality,
first language and date of birth. Each Overall Band Score corresponds to a descriptive
statement which gives a summary of the English-language ability of a candidate classified at
that level. The nine bands and their descriptive statements are as follows:
20-dars. Ma’lumotlar ombori haqida tushuncha

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20-dars. Ma’lumotlar ombori haqida tushuncha
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Sana | 15.05.2024 | Hajmi | 7,44 Kb. | | #234456 |
Bog'liq 20-dars
20-DARS. MA’LUMOTLAR OMBORI HAQIDA TUSHUNCHA
Ma’lumotlardan foydalanish, ya’ni ularni ma’lum bir texnologiya
asosida yig‘ish, saqlash, qayta ishlash va uzatish muhim masalalardan
hisoblanadi. Ma’lumot resurslarini shunday tashkil etish lozimki, undan
foydalanish maksimal qulaylik va foyda keltirsin. Masala yechishga
harakat qilish, ma’lumotlarni ishlash jarayonidagi yangicha yondashish,
yangi texnologiyani keltirib chiqardi. Mazkur texnologiyaning asosini
ma’lumotlar ombori va banklari tashkil etadi.
Ma’lumotlar ombori (MO) – kompyuter xotirasiga kiritilgan ma’lum
bir strukturaga ega, o‘zaro bir-biri bilan bog‘langan va tartiblangan
ma’lumotlar majmuasidir.
Ma’lumotlar modeli – bu ma’lumotlarning o‘zaro bog‘langan
tuzilishlari va ular ustida bajariladigan operatsiyalar to‘plamidir.
Ma’lumki, aynan bir axborotni mashina ichki muhitida joylashtirish
uchun ma’lumotlarni turli xil tuzilishlari va modellaridan foydalanish
mumkin. Ulardan qaysi birini tanlash MO yaratayotgan foydalanuvchining
zimmasiga yuklatilgan bo‘lib, u ko‘plab omillarga bog‘liq.
MO tuzishning asosiy usullari quyidagilardan iborat:
Ierarxiv (shajara) model– bu modelda ma’lumotlar daraxtsimon
ko‘rinishda saqlanadi. Ishlash birligi yozuvdir;
Tarmoq model – bu modelda daraxtsimon bog‘lanish bo‘lsada,
tugunlardagi tarmoqlanishlarga cheklanish yo‘q;
Realyatsion (o‘zaro bog‘langan) model – bu modelda ma’lumotlar
jadval ko‘rinishda saqlanadi.
Ma’lumotlarni ikki xil usuldan foydalanib olish mumkin. Bular
tuzilmalashtirilmagan va tuzilmalashtirilgan.
Tuzilmalashtirilmagan – bu ma’lumotlarni tasvirlash usuli haqida
kelishuv bo‘lmasa, u holda ular tuzilmalashtirilmagan deyiladi.
Tuzilmalashtirilgan – bu ma’lumotlarni tasvirlash usullari haqidagi
kelishuv bo‘lsa, u holda ular tuzilmalashtirilgan deyiladi.
Ma’lumotlarni tuzilmalashtirilmaganiga quyidagicha misol keltirish
mumkin: o‘quvchi (Familiyasi, ismi, otasining ismi, yashash manzili,
telefon raqami) haqidagi axborotdan iborat ma’lumotlarga quyidagicha
yozilgan axborotni ko‘rsatish mumkin: Familiyasi – Nazarov, Ismi – Nodir,
Otasining ismi – Axmedovich, Yashash manzili – Navoiy shahar, Telefon
raqami +998947777777.
Ushbu ma’lumotlarni jadval ko‘rinishga keltirsak tuzilmalashtirilgan
ma’lumotga aylanadi:
T/r
|
Familiyasi
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Ismi
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Otasining
ismi
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Yashash manzili
|
Telefon raqami
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1.
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Nazarov
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Nodir
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Axmedovich
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Navoiy shahar
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+998947777777
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Books – Subject Locations

Media **IMAGE ID: 242820988**
The library contains many sources of information useful to students taking courses in Media. This subject guide is intended to help you make the best use of those resources. If you need any further assistance using the library, please ask - staff are here to help.
Books – Subject Locations
The books relating to Media can be found at the following locations within the library:
Journalism - 070
Media – 302.23
Broadcasting – 384
TV Engineering – 621.388
Video Recording – 621.38833
Cinematography – 778.53
TV & Video Production – 778.59
Films – 791.43
Screenplays – 791.437
Radio – 791.44
Television – 791.45
Scriptwriting - 808
Journals
Current copies of journals are on display within the library. Back copies can be borrowed overnight for a fully-refundable deposit of £2 upon return.
American Cinematographer
Broadcast
Media Magazine
Screen
Screen International
Sight & Sound
Electronic Resources
The Library subscribes to a number of online journal databases that provide students with access to thousands of current and historical journal articles. The Library also purchases eBooks, which can be accessed via the online library catalogue.
Journal Databases
Academic Search Elite – Full-text general subject database (covering majority of subjects).
Online Journals
Screen
eBooks
MyiLibrary – Access key text purchased by the Library.
Issues Online – Up-to-date eBooks covering topical issues, such as body image and equality.
Subject-specific Free Resources
Below are websites that may be a use to students studying a course in Media.
All Movie
BAFTA
BBC Writer's Room - Scriptwriting
BBFC - British Board of Film Classification
BFI - British Film Institute
British Media Online
British Universities Film and Video Council
Broadcast
Broadcasting Act 1990
Broadcasting Act 1996
IMDB - Internet Movie Database
Useful Websites
Below are general interest websites that may help students with their studies.
Directory of Open Access Journals – Free database of Open Access Journals.
Google Books – Search millions of books and preview or read for free.
Google Scholar – Search engine of peer reviewed and non-peer reviewed journals and scholarly texts.
Project Gutenberg – Free eBooks for download or online access.
Ted Talks – A collection of short, informative talks on a wide range of topics.
YouTube EDU – YouTube educational videos.
Free Useful Apps
Below are some free mobile apps that may help students with their studies.
RefMe – A free web and mobile app to help with citations, referenced and bibliographies.
iOS - https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/refme-referencing-made-easy/id553222694?mt=8
Android - https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.refme&hl=en_GB
Genius Scan – Free app that enables the user to scan and email documents.
iOS – https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/genius-scan-pdf-scanner/id377672876?mt=8
Android - https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.thegrizzlylabs.geniusscan.free&hl=en
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Did not attempt the test

Cambridge University Press &
Assessment
978-1-009-45473-5 — IELTS 19 Academic Student's Book with Answers with Audio
with Resource Bank
Frontmatter
More
Information
www.cambridge.org
© in this web service Cambridge University Press & Assessment
Introduction
8
MARKING THE PRACTICE TESTS
Listening and Reading
The answer keys are on pages 120 –127.
Each question in the Listening and Reading tests is worth one mark.
Questions which require letter / Roman numeral answers
For questions where the answers
are letters or Roman numerals, you should write
only
the
number of answers required. For example, if the answer is a single letter or numeral, you
should write only one answer. If you have written more letters
or numerals than are required,
the answer must be marked wrong.
Questions which require answers in the form of words or numbers
• Answers may be written in upper or lower case.
• Words in brackets are
optional
– they are correct, but not necessary.
• Alternative answers are separated by a slash (/).
• If you are asked to write an answer using a certain number of words and/or (a) number(s),
you will be penalised if you exceed this. For example, if a question
specifies an answer
using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS and the correct answer is ‘black leather coat’,
the answer ‘coat of black leather’ is
incorrect
.
• In questions where you are expected to complete a gap, you should only transfer the
necessary missing word(s) onto the answer sheet. For example, to complete ‘in the . . .’,
where the correct answer is ‘morning’, the answer ‘in the morning’ would be
incorrect
.
• All answers require correct spelling (including words in brackets).
• Both US and UK spelling are acceptable and are included in the answer key.
• All standard
alternatives for numbers, dates and currencies are acceptable.
• All standard abbreviations are acceptable.
• You will find additional notes about individual answers in the answer key.
Writing
The sample answers are on pages 128 –138. It is not possible for you to give yourself a mark
for the Writing tasks. We have provided sample answers (written by candidates), showing
their score and the examiners’ comments. Additional sample and model answers can be
downloaded from the Resource Bank. These sample and model
answers will give you an
insight into what is required for the Writing test.
Cambridge University Press & Assessment
978-1-009-45473-5 — IELTS 19 Academic Student's Book with Answers with Audio
with Resource Bank
Frontmatter
More Information
www.cambridge.org
© in this web service Cambridge University Press & Assessment
Introduction
9
Listening
4 parts, 40 items, approximately 30 minutes
Academic Reading

Cambridge University Press & Assessment
978-1-009-45473-5 — IELTS 19 Academic Student's
Book with Answers with Audio
with Resource Bank
Frontmatter
More Information
www.cambridge.org
© in this web service Cambridge University Press & Assessment
Introduction
6
Writing
This test consists of two tasks. It is suggested that candidates spend about 20 minutes on
Task 1, which requires them to write at least 150 words, and 40 minutes on Task 2, which
requires them to write at least 250 words. Task 2 contributes twice as much as Task 1 to the
Writing score.
Task 1 requires candidates to look at a diagram or some data (in a graph, table or chart)
and to present the information in their own words. They are assessed
on their ability to
organise, present and possibly compare data, and are required to describe the stages of a
process, describe an object or event, or explain how something works.
In Task 2, candidates are presented with a point of view, argument or problem. They are
assessed on their ability to present a solution to the problem, present and justify an opinion,
compare and
contrast evidence and opinions, and evaluate and challenge ideas, evidence
or arguments.
Candidates are also assessed on their ability to write in an appropriate style. More
information on assessing the Writing test, including Writing assessment criteria (public
version), is available at ielts.org.
Sample Business Plan Private Communications Corporation (pcc)

Company Overview 2
Business Description 2
Product Description 3
Industry Background 4
Competitive Analysis 5
Direct competitors 5
Potential competitors 5
Internet telephony 5
Market Analysis 6
Market definition 6
Total market size 6
Proprietary online service usage 6
Target Segment of the Market 6
Market need 6
Estimated segment size 7
Marketing Plan 7
Positioning 7
Pricing 7
Customer value proposition 8
Distribution 8
Advertising and promotion 8
The Management 9
Financial Plan 12
Capital requirements 12
Summary financial projections 12
Assumptions 12
Financial Attachments 13
Sales: 13
Pricing: 13
Cost of Goods Sold: 13
Income Statement: 13
Balance Sheet: 14
Company Overview
Private Communications Corporation ("PCC") was incorporated under the laws of the State of Florida on November 8, 1996. Its headquarters are located in Berkeley, California. The Company was formed for the purpose of developing and marketing a unique phone service product, more specifically described below. The Company has filed a petition with the Internal Revenue Service seeking to qualify as an "S Corporation" for tax purposes, in accordance with relevant provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. Although the Company anticipates that it will qualify, it has yet to receive confirmation of approval.
The Company was founded by Edward R. Defty and Andrew P. Laszlo who along with Paul Hoff and Ann Meceda are actively managing the Company. The management team, together with certain members of Cohen, Berke, Bernstein, Brodie & Kondell, P.A., a commercial law firm located in Miami, Florida, own 100% of the Company's issued and outstanding common stock.
The Company has developed a unique product (the "Product") which is designed to permit people to talk and socialize over an ordinary telephone, with complete anonymity and privacy. People can converse openly, yet without having to reveal their phone numbers, true identities or other personal information. The Product is being targeted initially at users of online chat rooms and online and off-line dating match services. Generally, it will be marketed through strategic alliances with proprietary on-line service providers (OSPs), Internet service providers (ISPs), chat rooms and dating match services. Additionally, the Company will promote the Product through targeted advertisements distributed over the Web and through more traditional print media.
The Company has scheduled the public launch of the Product for early April 1997, following the completion of a beta test, which is currently underway.
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1. Write affirmative sentences using there is or there are

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1. Write affirmative sentences using there is or there are
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Sana | 11.01.2024 | Hajmi | 16,07 Kb. | | #135127 |
Bog'liq ingliz tili
1. Write affirmative sentences using there is or there are.
There are five shops.
There are a lot of restaurants.
There is a building.
There are some parks.
There is a library.
There is a bus station.
There is a sports centre.
2. Choose the correct words.
There is a TV.
There are four chairs in the living room.
Are there any windows in the kitchen?
Is there a teacher in the classroom?
There aren’t any pencils on the table.
There isn’t any milk in the fridge.
Is there a bookcase?
3. Complete the questions and short answers using the correct form of there is or there are.
Is there a tree in this park? No, there isn’t.
Is there an internet café in your city? Yes, there is.
Are there any hospitals near here? No, there aren’t.
Are there any buildings next to your school? Yes, there are.
Is there a shop in this street? No, there isn’t.
Is there a cinema in your town? Yes, there is.
Are there any students in the school? No, there aren’t.
4. Circle the best answer for these sentences.
We’re going to play tennis this morning.
Shall I wear this shirt or that one?
Can I have a look at those trousers?
Let’s go to that new club in the centre.
5.Write the word to fill the gaps. Use this / that / these / those.
I’m really busy this morning.
That cake you made last week was delicious.
Let me introduce you. Sue, this is Tom.
I’m going to take back these shoes I bought last week.
Are you going to watch this DVD with us?
First you need to chop up those tomatoes over there.
Hello, this is Nick speaking.
Yes, that’s right. I completely agree with you.
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.
The film was boring so I left the cinema.
The boy wasn’t scared because the dog didn’t look very dangerous.
Some sentences are sometimes very confusing.
My neighbor is always interested in listening to my jokes.
Lawrence isn’t an amazing person.
Josephine was surprised when she got the job.
The festival is next Saturday and I feel excited.
It was a frightening experience for all of us.
The situation was really scaring.
Julio was very annoyed yesterday afternoon.
She was upset. It has been a very frustrating day.
I don’t like George because he is boring.
You must see this film. It is very entertaining.
The roller coaster wasn’t exciting for them.
My boyfriend was very disappointed when he failed the exam.
Lorena, the golfer, said it was a disappointing situation when she ended up in the pool.
He forgot his wallet. He told me that it was an embarrassing moment when he realized that he had no money with him.
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Backspace - tugmachasi qanday vazifada ishlatiladi?

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Backspace - tugmachasi qanday vazifada ishlatiladi?
|
bet | 8/372 | Sana | 16.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,97 Mb. | | #120479 |
Bog'liq Barcha fanlardan Testlar to‘plami (1)Backspace - tugmachasi qanday vazifada ishlatiladi?
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Kursordan chap tomondagi belgini o’chirish uchun ishlatiladi
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Monitor bu ... ... ... ... ... qurilmasi
|
Ekranga matnli va grafikli ma’lumotlarni chiqarish
|
Skaner qurilmasining vazifasi nima?
|
Qog’ozdagi matnli va grafikli ma’lumotlarni kompyuterga rasm shaklida kiritish uchun mo’ljallangan qurilma
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Printer bu ... ... ... ... ... qurilmasi
|
Qog’ozga matnli va grafikli ma’lumotlarni chiqarish
|
| |
Printerlarning turlari to’g’ri berilgan qatorni toping
| |
Ignali(matrisali), Siyohli(oqimli yoki purkagichli), Lazerli
| |
MS WORD hujjatlarini xotirada saqlash usuli to’g’ri ko’rsatilgan qatorni toping
|
Fayl-Soxranit (Soxranit kak...)
|
MS EXCEL qanday dastur?
|
Elektron jadvallar hosil qilish va ularni qayta ishlash uchun mo’ljallangan dastur
|
Pedagogikaning dolzarb masalalari
|
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Boshqaruvga tayyor bo'lishning to'rt guruhi

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Boshqaruvga tayyor bo'lishning to'rt guruhi
|
bet | 3/4 | Sana | 20.05.2024 | Hajmi | 30,5 Kb. | | #246580 |
Bog'liq mustaqil ish 4 2. Boshqaruvga tayyor bo'lishning to'rt guruhi
Boshqaruvga tayyor bo'lish to'rtta guruhga bo'linadi:
Nazariy tayyorgarlik: Boshqaruv fanlari va nazariy bilimlarni o'rganish. Ushbu bosqichda rahbarlik nazariyalari va strategik boshqaruv prinsiplari o'rgatiladi.
Amaliy tayyorgarlik: Amaliyot davomida bilim va ko'nikmalarni rivojlantirish. Xodimlar amaliy mashg'ulotlarda ishtirok etish orqali boshqaruv qobiliyatlarini oshiradi.
Psixologik tayyorgarlik: Rahbarlik vazifalari uchun psixologik jihatdan tayyorlanish. Bu bosqichda stress boshqaruvi, muammolarni hal qilish va muloqot qobiliyatlari rivojlantiriladi.
Strategik tayyorgarlik: Uzoq muddatli rejalashtirish va strategik qarorlar qabul qilish uchun tayyorlanish. Bu bosqichda rahbarlarning kelajakni ko'ra bilish va strategik fikrlash qobiliyatlari rivojlantiriladi.
Boshqaruvga tayyorgarlik jarayoni quyidagi yo'nalishlarda olib boriladi:
Ta'lim va treninglar: Rahbarlik va boshqaruv bo'yicha maxsus kurslar va treninglar. Bu jarayonda nazariy va amaliy bilimlar beriladi.
Mentorlik va coaching: Tajribali rahbarlar tomonidan yosh rahbarlarga ko'maklashish. Mentorlar o'z tajribalarini ulashadi va rahbarlik ko'nikmalarini rivojlantiradi.
Loyihalar va amaliyotlar: Yosh rahbarlarni turli loyihalarda ishtirok ettirish. Bu orqali amaliy tajriba orttirish imkoniyati yaratiladi.
Feedback va baholash: Xodimlar tomonidan berilgan fikr-mulohazalar va rahbarning ish faoliyatini baholash. Bu jarayon orqali rahbarlik qobiliyatlarini baholash va rivojlantirish imkoniyati yaratiladi.
Boshqaruvga tayyorgarlikda alohida e'tibor quyidagi masalalarga qaratiladi:
Innovatsion fikrlashni rivojlantirish: Rahbarlarning yangi g'oyalar va innovatsiyalar kirita olish qobiliyatini rivojlantirish.
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TRUE 
if the statement agrees with the information
 
FALSE

TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this
1
People had expected Andy Murray to become the world’s top tennis player for at
least five years before 2016.
2
The change that Andy Murray made to his rackets attracted a lot of attention.
3
Most of the world’s top players take a professional racket stringer on tour with them.
4
Mike and Bob Bryan use rackets that are light in
comparison to the majority
of rackets.
5
Werner Fischer played with a spaghetti-strung racket that he designed himself.
6
The weather can affect how professional players adjust the strings on their rackets.
7
It was believed that the change Pete Sampras made to his rackets contributed to
his strong serve.
Cambridge University Press &
Assessment
978-1-009-45473-5 — IELTS 19 Academic Student's Book with Answers with Audio
with
Resource Bank
Excerpt
More Information
www.cambridge.org
© in this web service Cambridge University Press & Assessment
Reading
Questions 8 –13
Complete the notes below.
Choose
ONE WORD ONLY
from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8
–13 on your answer sheet.
The tennis racket and how it has changed
•
Mike and Bob Bryan made
changes to the types of
8
used on
their racket frames.
•
Players were not allowed to use the spaghetti-strung racket because of the
amount of
9
it created.
•
Changes to rackets can be regarded as being as important as players’ diets or
the
10
they do.
•
All rackets used to have natural
strings made from the
11
of animals.
•
Pete Sampras had metal
12
put
into the frames of
his rackets.
•
Gonçalo Oliveira changed the
13
on his racket handles.
p. 121 19
Daraxt topologiyasi - Af dcmotor m1(1),m2(2),m3(3),m4(4)

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Af dcmotor m1(1),m2(2),m3(3),m4(4)
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bet | 4/4 | Sana | 15.12.2023 | Hajmi | 0,59 Mb. | | #119561 |
Bog'liq Tarmoq
Daraxt topologiyasining afzalliklari:
yulduz va shina topologiyalarni amalga oshirish murakkab bо‘lgan holarda foydalanish foydali;
tarmoqni osonlik bilan kengaytirish imkonini beradi;
ushbu topologiyada yulduz topologiyani loyihalash tugunlarni osonlik bilan boshqarish imkonini beradi;
xatoliklarni aniqlash va tuzatish xususiyatlarini ta’minlaydi;
har bir yulduz kabel asosiy kabelgan kabellar orqali ulanadi;
yulduz topologiyadagi tarmoqni buzilishi qolgan tarmoqlar ishiga xalaqit bermaydi.
Daraxt topologiyasining kamchiliklari:
asosiy kabelga yetkazilgan ixtiyoriy buzilish butun tarmoq faoliyatiga ta’sir qiladi;
ushbu topologiya tarmoqni osonlik bilan kengaytirish
imkonini bersada, butun tarmoqni boshqarish murakkab
jarayon hisoblanadi;
tarmoqni kengaytirish imkoniyati foydalanilgan
asosiy kabel turiga bog‘liq.
.
Qutisimon bog‘lanish.
Gibrid topologiya
Gibrid topologiyaning afzalliklari:
tarmoqning boshqa sektori ishiga ta’sir qilmasdan xatoliklarni aniqlash va tuzatish imkoniyatini ta’minlaydi;
qо‘shimcha tugunllarni osonlik bilan qо‘shish imkoniyati;
tashkilotlarga о‘z talabidan kelib chiqib tarmoqni loyihalashtirish imkonini beradi;
kо‘plab topologiyalarni о‘zida mujassamlashtirish imkoniyatini beradi.
Gibrid topologiyaning kamchiliklari:
о‘zida kо‘plab topologiyalarni mujassamlashtirgani bois, arxitekturani juda ham aniqlik bilan loyihalash talab etiladi;
gibrid topologiyada kо‘p sonli tarmoq kabellaridan foydalanilgani bois yuqori narxga ega.
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