nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Adabiyotlar ro'yxati - Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology nammti uz

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Bog'liq Тўплам
Adabiyotlar ro'yxati
1. Shlyakhtina A.V., Knot’ko A.V., Boguslavskii V.V. Effects at the synthesis procedure, doping
and non-stoichiometry on the order-disorder transformation in Ln
2
Ti
2
O
7
(Ln=Tm-Lu) oxygen ion
conductors // J. Solid State Ionics. 2005. V.176. P. 2297-2304.
2. Белинская Ф.А., Милицина Э.А. Неорганические ионообменные материалы на основе
труднорастворимых соединений сурьмы(V) // Успехи химии. 1980. Т. 49. Вып. 10. С. 1904 -
1936.
3. Лупицкая Ю.А., Бумистров В.А. Структура фаз, образующихся в системе Me
2
CO
3
-Sb
2
O
3
-
WO
3
при нагревании (где Me=K, Na) // Вестник Челяб. гос. универ.-та. 2008. Вып. 3. С. 39 – 43.
4. Бурмакин Е.И. Принципы целенаправленного синтеза высокопроводящих твердых
электролитов на основе сложных оксидов // Тез. докл. VI Всесоюзной конф. по электрохимии.
Черновцы. 1988. Т. 3. С. 285 - 286.
5. Ефимов А.И., Белорукова Л.П., Василькова И.В., Чечев В.П. Свойства неорганических
соединений. Справочник. Л: Химия. 1983. 392с.
6. Бурмакин, Е.И. Твердые электролиты с проводимостью по катионам щелочных
металлов / Е.И. Бурмакин. – М.: Наука, 1992. – 263 с.
7.
Чеботин,
В.Н.
Электрохимия
твердых
электролитов
/
В.Н. Чеботин, М.В. Перфильев. – М.: Химия, 1978. – 312 с.
8. Иванов-Шиц, А.К. Ионика твѐрдого тела / А.К. Иванов-Шиц, И.В. Мурин. – СПб.: Изд-во
СПб ун.-та, 2000. – 616 с.
9. Avdeev, M. Alkali Metal Cation and Proton Conductors: Relationship between Composition,
Crystal Structure and Properties / M. Avdeev, V.B. Nalbandyan, I.L. Shukaev // Solid State
Electrochemistry I, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. – 2009. – Vol. 7. – pp. 227-278.
10. West, A.R. Crystalline Solid Electrolytes I. General Considerations and the Major Materials
/ A.R. West // Solid State Electrochemistry. – 1995. – Vol. 5 – pp. 7-43.
11. Kudo, T. Survey of Types of Solid Electrolytes / T. Kudo, P.J. Gelling, and H.J.M.
Bowmeester, [et al.] // Solid State Electrochemistry. – 2006. – pp. 201-228.
12. Stewart, D.I. Pyrochlores VI. Preparative chemistry of sodium and silver antimonates and
related compounds / D.I. Stewart, O. Knop // Can. J. Chem. – 1970. – Vol. 48. – pp. 1323-1332.
13. Steele, B.C.H. Appraisal of Ce
1-y
Gd
y
O
2-y/2
electrolytes for IT-SOFC operation at 500 ºC /
B.C.H. Steele // Solid State Ionics. – 2000. – Vol. 129. – pp. 95-110.
14. Taylor, M.A. Zr-96 diffusion in polycrystalline scandia stabilized zirconia / M.A. Taylor, M.
Kilo, G. Borchardt, S. Weber, H. Scherrer // J Euro Ceram Soc. – 2005. – Vol. 25. – pp. 1591-1595.
15. Badwal, S.P.S. Oxygen-ion conducting electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells / S.P.S.
Badwal, F.T. Ciacchi // Ionics. – 2000. – Vol. 6. – pp. 1-21.
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Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology

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Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology Pdf ko'rish
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bet | 95/693 | Sana | 13.05.2024 | Hajmi | 15,56 Mb. | | #228860 |
Bog'liq ТўпламNamangan Institute of Engineering and Technology
nammti.uz
10.25.2023
Pg.82
подобные лазерные устройства не теряли главные преимущества – компактность, простоту и
легкость в управлении, определённые требования предъявляются к модуляторам
электрических импульсов. Необходимы структуры, в которых лазерные и управляющие
элементы были бы интегрированы в единую монолитную или гибридную схему. Первое, как
правило, является сложной технологической проблемой, а, второе, требует широкополосного
согласования низкоомного лазерного диода с СВЧ трактом.
Метод. В настоящей работе показаны перспективы использования в качестве источника
модулирующих импульсов фотонно - инжекционных импульсных тиристоров (ФИИТ).
Структура содержит оптически и электрически связанные обычный n
+
-p
0
-n
0
(GaAs) и опто
транзистор P-p-N(AlGaAs) –n
0
-p(GaAs). Фактически имеется вертикаль-ная схема интеграции
лазера и модулятора импульсов. Как было показано в [1,3] при включении тиристора через
встроенную в него двойную гетеро структуру протекает импульс тока в 10 А с фронтом 200 пс,
длительностью 0,5 - 5 нс и предельной частотой до 50 кГц. Тем самым, создаются условия для
эффективной модуляции усиления оптического излучения в активной области двойную гетеро
струк-турy (ДГС).
Динамика излучения полупроводникового лазера описывается скоростными
уравнениями [2]. Численное решение этих уравнений для лазера на основе двойную гетеро
структуру, встроенной в ФИИТ, даёт следующие зависимости плотности электронов N и
фотонов S в активной области ДГС-лазера от времени (см. рис.).
Плотность тока накачки j = 10
4
A/см
2
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VPN (Virtual Private Network) virtual xususiy tarmoq

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VPN (Virtual Private Network) virtual xususiy tarmoq
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Bog'liq 5ffd2d83d9d2c (1) VPN (Virtual Private Network) virtual xususiy tarmoq
VPN (Virtual Private Network) virtual xususiy tarmoq sifatida taʻriflanadi. Bu texnologiya foydalanuvchilar oʻrtasida barcha maʻlumotlarni almashish boshqa tarmoq doirasida ichki tarmoqni shakllantirishga asoslangan, ishonchli himoyani taʻminlashga qaratilgan. VPN uchun tarmoq asosi sifatida Internetdan foydalaniladi.
VPN texnologiyasining afzalligi. Lokal tarmoqlarni umumiy VPN tarmogʻiga birlashtirish orqali kam xarajatli va yuqori darajali himoyalangan tunelni qurish mumkin. Bunday tarmoqni yaratish uchun sizga har bir tarmoq qismining bitta kompyuteriga filiallar oʻrtasida maʻlumot almashishiga xizmat qiluvchi maxsus VPN shlyuz oʻrnatish kerak. Har bir boʻlimda axborot almashishi oddiy usulda amalga oshiriladi. Agar VPN tarmogʻining boshqa qismiga maʻlumot joʻnatish kerak boʻlsa, bu holda barcha maʻlumotlar shlyuzga joʻnatiladi. Oʻz navbatida, shlyuz maʻlumotlarni qayta ishlashni amalga oshiradi, ishonchli algoritm asosida shifrlaydi va Internet tarmogʻi orqali boshqa filialdagi shlyuzga joʻnatadi. Belgilangan nuqtada maʻlumotlar qayta deshifrlanadi va oxirgi kompyuterga oddiy usulda uzatiladi. Bularning barchasi foydalanuvchi uchun umuman sezilmas darajada amalga oshadi hamda lokal tarmoqda ishlashdan hech qanday farq qilmaydi. Eavesdropping hujumidan foydalanib, tinglangan axborot tushunarsiz boʻladi.
Bundan tashqari, VPN alohida kompyuterni tashkilotning lokal tarmogʻiga qoʻshishning ajoyib usuli hisoblanadi. Tasavvur qilamiz, xizmat safariga noutbukingiz bilan chiqqansiz, oʻz tarmogʻingizga ulanish yoki u yyerdan biror-bir maʻlumotni olish zaruriyati paydo boʻldi. Maxsus dastur yordamida VPN shlyuz bilan bogʻlanishingiz mumkin va ofisda joylashgan har bir ishchi kabi faoliyat olib borishigiz mumkin. Bu nafaqat qulay, balki arzondir.
VPN ishlash tamoyili. VPN tarmogʻini tashkil etish uchun yangi qurilmalar va dasturiy taʻminotdan tashqari ikkita asosiy qismga ham ega boʻlish lozim: maʻlumot uzatish protokoli va uning himoyasi boʻyicha vositalar.
Ruhsatsiz kirishni aniqlash tizimi (IDS) yordamida tizim yoki tarmoq xavfsizlik siyosatini buzib kirishga harakat qilingan usul yoki vositalar aniqlanadi. Ruhsatsiz kirishlarni aniqlash tizimlari deyarli chorak asrlik tarixga ega. Ruhsatsiz kirishlarni aniqlash tizimlarining ilk modellari va prototiplari kompyuter tizimlarining audit maʻlumotlarini
tahlillashdan foydalangan. Bu tizim ikkita asosiy sinfga ajratiladi. Tarmoqqa ruhsatsiz kirishni aniqlash tizimi (Network Intrusion Detection System) va kompyuterga ruhsatsiz kirishni aniqlash tizimiga (Host Intrusion Detection System) boʻlinadi.
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Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology

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Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology Pdf ko'rish
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bet | 645/693 | Sana | 13.05.2024 | Hajmi | 15,56 Mb. | | #228860 |
Bog'liq ТўпламNamangan Institute of Engineering and Technology
nammti.uz
10.25.2023
Pg.594
* yoshlarga imtiyozli kredit olish, o‘z biznes loyihalarini yaratish va uni amalga oshirish
bo‘yicha mahorat darslari tashkillashtirish, yoshlarga hunar o‘rgatish, “Ustoz-shogird” an’anasini
targ‘ib etish, mehnat yarmarkalari, “Biznes sayohat”lar, o‘quv-seminarlari tashkil etish. E’tirof
etish o‘rinliki, mamlakatimizda olib borilayotgan yoshlarga doir davlat siyosati va uning amaliy
natijalari jahon hamjamiyatida katta qiziqish uyg‘otmoqda.
Ishonamizki, yoshlarning hayotiy muammolariga ko‘proq e’tibor qaratish, ularga mos
bo‘lgan zamonaviy ish o‘rinlarini ko‘paytirish, ezgu intilish va tashabbuslari, innovatsion
g‘oyalarini qo‘llab-quvvatlash, yoshlarning ijtimoiymaishiy sharoitlarini yaxshilash davlat
idoralarining eng asosiy, hal qiluvchi vazifasi bo‘lib qoladi.
Yoshlar – ertangi kun davomchilari. Yoshlar bilan bog‘liq muammolari mavjud bo‘lgan har
qanday millat va davlatning kelajagi yo‘q. Yoshlar muammolarini hal etish mamlakatning ijtimoiy-
iqtisodiy rivojlanishi bilan birga mamlakat xavfsizligining kafolati hamdir.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
1. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2018 yil 14 iyuldagi “Aholi bandligini ta’minlash
borasidagi ishlarni takomillashtirish va samaradorligini oshirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida”gi
Qarori. Xalq so‘z gazetasi, 2018 yil 15 iyul. 1-2- betlar.
2. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2017 yil 1 dekabrdagi “Nogironligi bo‘lgan
shaxslarni davlat tomonidan qo‘llab-quvvatlash tizimini tubdan takomillashtirish chora-tadbirlari
to‘g‘risida”gi PF– 5270-son Farmoni. xalq so‘zi gazetasi. 2017 yil 2 dekabr. 1-2-betlar.
3. Mirziyoyev Sh. O‘zbekiston yoshlariga bayram tabrigi. 2018 yil 29 iyun // Mirziyoyev Sh.
Xalqimizning roziligi bizning faoliyatimizga berilgan eng oliy bahodir. 2 jild. – T.: O‘zbekiston, 2018.
494-bet.
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Ilm-fan va texnologiyalar. 2023 №1(1)

24
Ilm-fan va texnologiyalar. 2023 №2(1)
MAKTABDA MOBIL TA’LIM TIZIMIDA BULUTLI TEXNOLOGIYALARDAN
FOYDALANISH
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ОБЛАЧНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В СИСТЕМЕ МОБИЛЬНОГО
ОБУЧЕНИЯ В ШКОЛЕ
THE USE OF CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MOBILE LEARNING SYSTEM
AT SCHOOL
Ismoilova Mahsuma Narziqulovna
Бухоро давлат университети Axborot texnologiyalari fakulteti katta o’qituvchisi
Исмоилова Махсума Нарзикуловна
старший преподаватель, факультет Информационных технологий, Бухарский
государственный университет
Ismoilova Mahsuma Narziqulovna
Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Information Technology, Bukhara State University
https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-0496-9217
Annotatsiya
Hozirgi kunda onlayn va masofaviy ta’limga talab oshayotgan davrda mobil ta’limga ham
ehtiyoj tug’ildi. Maqola zamonaviy mobil qurilmalar ulardan ta’lim olishda foydalanish, uning
imkoniyatlariga bag’ishlangan. Maqolada mobil ta’lim har joyda va har qanday sharoitda ham qulay
bo’lib, ta’lim oluvchilar mobil qurilmalardan behuda emas, balki ta’lim olishda foydalanishi, bunda
mobil ilovalar qo’l kelishi haqida fikrlar bayon qilingan. Butun dunyoda ta’limda mobil ilovalar va
shu bilan birgalikda bulutli texnologiyalardan foydalanish jadal sur’atlar bilan o‘sib bormoqda.
Mobil ta'lim texnologiyalari bugungi kunda juda ko'p texnik vositalarni talab qilmaydi, ammo
dasturiy resurslarga talab juda yuqori bo’lib qolmoqda. Ushbu maqola mobil ilovalar va bulutli
texnologiyalardan foydalangan holda ta'lim berish jarayoniga bag'ishlangan. Maqolada ta’limda
qo‘llaniladigan mobil ilovalarning afzalliklari va bulutli hisoblashning imkoniyatlari muhokama
qilinadi. Mobil qurilmalarning ta’lim jarayonida qo’llanishi va ulardan foydalanishni tahlil qilish
orqali samarali ta'lim dasturlarini ishlab chiqish mumkin. Xususan, mazkur maqolada ta’lim
jarayonida mobil ta'limning amal qilinishi kerak bo’lgan tamoyillari tahlil qilingan. Muallif
maqolada ta’lim jarayoniga mobil texnologiyalarni qo’llash masalasi jarayonida bulutli
texnologiyalarning ahamiyatli tomonlarini ham ochib beradi va ushbu texnologiyalarni ta’lim
jarayoniga qo’llash davomidagi yutuq va kamchiliklarni ko’rsatib berilgan.
VIsUAl VARIABles of cARtogRAPhIc symBols

Basics of symbolization 137
pattern, texture, and orientation (Figure 7.5). The other variables of location, crisp-
ness, transparency, resolution, and perspective height have less acceptance.
Form or shape is the primary distinguishing variable. Differences in shape are not
normally used to symbolize differences in quantity, but to identify kinds of objects—
for example, circles for towns, stars for capital cities, and the like. In other words,
shape differentiates between nominally classified phenomena (Figure 7.6).
Viewing and Modifying Environment Variables

Managing User Environment Variables
73
BASH_ALIASES=()
BASH_ARGC=([0] = "0")
BASH_ARGV=()
--
snip
--
Now the list of variables will fill up one screen, line by line, and then stop.
When you press
enter
, the terminal advances to the next line, taking you
to the next variable, so you can scroll through by pressing or holding
enter
.
As you might recall from Chapter 2, whenever you use the
more
command
for output, you can enter
q
to quit (or exit) and return to the command
prompt.
find / -user root -perm -4000 - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

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L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t hBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackersfind / -user root -perm -4000
With this command, we ask Kali to start looking at the top of the file-
system with the
/
syntax. It then looks everywhere below / for files that are
owned by root, specified with
user root
, and that have the
SUID
permission
bit set (
-perm -4000
).
When we run this command, we get the output shown in Listing 5-2.
/usr/bin/chsh
/usr/bin/gpasswd
/usr/bin/pkexec
/usr/bin/sudo
/usr/bin/passwd
/usr/bin/kismet_capture
--
snip
--
Listing 5-2: Finding files with the
SUID
bit set
The output reveals numerous files that have the
SUID
bit set. Let’s navi-
gate to the /usr/bin directory, where many of these files reside, and then run
a long listing on that directory and scroll down to the sudo file, as shown in
Listing 5-3.
kali >
cd /usr/bin
kali >
ls -l
--
snip
--
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 176272 Jul 18 2018 stunnel4
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 26696 Mar 17 2018 sucrack
u
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 140944 Jul 5 2018 sudo
--
snip
--
Listing 5-3: Identifying files with the
SUID
bit set
Note that at
u
, the first set of permissions—for the owner—has an
s
in place of the
x
. This is how Linux represents that the
SUID
bit is set. This
means that anyone who runs the sudo file has the privileges of the root user,
which can be a security concern for the sysadmin and a potential attack vec-
tor for the hacker. For instance, some applications need to access the /etc/
shadow file to successfully complete their tasks. If the attacker can gain con-
trol of that application, they can use that application’s access to the pass-
words on a Linux system.
Linux has a well-developed system of security that protects files and
directories from unauthorized access. The aspiring hacker needs to have a
basic understanding of this system not only to protect their files but also to
execute new tools and files. In some cases, hackers can exploit the
SUID
and
SGID
permissions to escalate privileges from a regular user to a root user.
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sUggestIons foR fURtheR ReAdIng

146
chapter 8
symbolizing geographic Data
Excellence in statistical graphics consists of complex ideas
communicated with clarity, precision, and efficiency.
—E
dward
R. T
ufte
,
The Visual
Display of Quantitative
Information (1983)
As we saw in the previous chapter, visual variables are used to determine symbol
types to represent geographic phenomena and to vary their design. However, a num-
ber of kinds of symbols are used on maps. I will discuss symbolizing data at points,
along lines, over areas, and as volumes.
symBolIzIng dAtA At PoInts
Two kinds of data are symbolized at points: those that actually occur at points, such
as locations of places on small-scale maps, and data that are aggregated at a point,
such as totals for counties or other enumeration areas. In one sense, this is a function
of scale. Cities, for example, actually cover area, but even a sprawling city like Los
Angeles is merely a point on a small-scale world map.
Both qualitative and quantitative data may be shown by point symbols.
Qualita-
tive symbols may be pictorial, associative, or geometric and most often use the vari-
ables of shape and hue. Qualitative maps tend to be fairly straightforward.
Quantita-
tive point symbols may also be pictorial, associative, or geometric and most often use
the variables of size and location (Figure 8.1).
Chapter 5
Summary - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

60 Chapter 5
Summary Linux’s use of permissions to protect a user’s or group’s files and directories
from other users in the system can be used for offensive and defensive pur-
poses. You should now know how to manage these permissions and how to
exploit weak points in this security system—in particular,
SUID
and
SGID
bits.
E XERCISES Before you move on to Chapter 6, put the knowledge you learned from this
chapter to the test by completing the following exercises:
1. Select a directory and run a long listing on it. Note the permissions on the
files and directories.
2. Select a file you don’t have permission to execute and give yourself execute
permissions using the
chmod
command. Try using both the numeral method
(
777
) and the UGO method.
3. Choose another file and change its ownership using
chown
.
4. Use the
find
command to find all files with the
SGID
bit set.
6 P R O C E S S M A N A G E M E N T At any given time, a Linux system typically
has hundreds, or sometimes even thousands,
of processes running simultaneously. A process is simply a program that’s running and using
resources. Examples of a process include a terminal,
web server, any running commands, any databases, the
GUI interface, and much more. Any good Linux administrator—and par
ticularly a hacker—needs to under stand how to manage their processes to
optimize their systems. For example, once a hacker takes control of a target
system, they might want to find and stop a certain process, like an antivirus
application or firewall. To do so, the hacker would first need to know how to
find the process. The hacker might also want to set a scanning script to run
periodically to find vul nerable systems, so we’ll also look at how to schedule
such a script.
In this chapter, you’ll learn to manage those processes. First, you’ll
learn to view and find processes and how to discover which processes
are using the most resources. Then, you’ll learn to manage processes by
62 Chapter 6
running them in the background, prioritizing them, and killing them if
necessary (no blood involved). Finally, you’ll learn to schedule processes to
run on specified days and dates and at specific times.
Finding the Greediest Processes with top

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Finding the Greediest Processes with topBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackersFinding the Greediest Processes with top
When you enter the
ps
command, the processes are displayed in the order
they were started, and since the kernel assigns PIDs in the order they have
started, what you see are processes ordered by PID number.
In many cases, we want to know which processes are using the most
resources. This is where the
top
command comes in handy because it dis
plays the processes ordered by resources used, starting with the largest.
Unlike the
ps
command, which gives us a onetime snapshot of the pro
cesses,
top
refreshes the list dynamically—by default, every 3 seconds.
You can watch and monitor those resourcehungry processes, as shown in
Listing 63.
kali >
top
top - 15:31:17 up 2 days, 6:50, 4 users, load average: 0.00, 0.04, 0.09
Tasks: 176 total, 1 running, 175 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 1.3 us, 0.7 sy, 0.0 ni, 97.4 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi 0.0 si 0.0
MiB Mem : 1491220 total, 64848 free, 488272 used, 938100 buff/cache
MiB Swap : 1046524 total, 1044356 free, 2168 used. 784476 avail MEM
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
39759 root 20 0 893180 247232 11488 S 0.7 16.6 1:47.88 ruby
39859 root 20 0 27308 16796 14272 S 0.3 1.2 1:47.88 postgres
39933 root 20 0 293936 61500 29108 S 0.7 4.1 1:47.88 Xorg
--
snip
--
Listing 6-3: Finding the greediest processes with
top
System administrators often keep
top
running in a terminal to monitor
use of process resources. As a hacker, you may want to do the same, espe
cially if you have multiple tasks running on your system. While you have
top
running, pressing the H or ? key will bring up a list of interactive com
mands, and pressing Q will quit
top
. You’ll use
top
again soon to manage
your processes in “Changing Process Priority with nice” on page 65 and
“Killing Processes” on page 66.
|
| |
Granting the Root User’s Group Permissions SGID

|
Granting the Root User’s Group Permissions SGIDBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackersGranting the Root User’s Group Permissions SGID
SGID
also grants temporary elevated permissions, but it grants the permissions
of the file owner’s group, rather than of the file’s owner. This means that,
with an
SGID
bit set, someone without execute permission can execute a file if
the owner belongs to the group that has permission to execute that file.
The
SGID
bit works slightly differently when applied to a directory: when
the bit is set on a directory, ownership of new files created in that directory
goes to the directory creator’s group, rather than the file creator’s group.
This is very useful when a directory is shared by multiple users. All users in
that group can execute the file(s), not just a single user.
The
SGID
bit is represented as
2
before the regular permissions, so a new
file with the resulting permissions
644
would be represented as
2644
when
the SGID bit is set. Again, you would use the
chmod
command for this—for
example,
chmod 2644
filename
.
The Outmoded Sticky Bit
The sticky bit is a permission bit that you can set on a directory to allow a
user to delete or rename files within that directory. However, the sticky bit
is a legacy of older Unix systems, and modern systems (like Linux) ignore
it. As such, I will not discuss it further here, but you should be familiar with
the term because you might hear it in the Linux world.
Special Permissions, Privilege Escalation, and the Hacker
As a hacker, these special permissions can be used to exploit Linux systems
through privilege escalation, whereby a regular user gains root or sysadmin
privileges and the associated permissions. With root privileges, you can do
anything on the system.
One way to do this is to exploit the
SUID
bit. A system administrator or
software developer might set the
SUID
bit on a program to allow that pro-
gram access to files with root privileges. For instance, scripts that need to
change passwords often have the
SUID
bit set. You, the hacker, can use that
permission to gain temporary root privileges and do something malicious,
such as get access to the passwords at /etc/shadow.
Let’s look for files with the
SUID
bit set on our Kali system to try this
out. Back in Chapter 1, I introduced you to the
find
command. We’ll use
its power to find files with the
SUID
bit set.
As you’ll remember, the
find
command is powerful, but the syntax is
bit more complicated than some of the other location commands, such as
locate
and
which
. Take a moment to review the
find
syntax in Chapter 1, if
you need to.
Controlling File and Directory Permissions
59
In this case, we want to find files anywhere on the filesystem, for the
root user or other sysadmin, with the permissions
4000
. To do this, we can
use the following
find
command:
kali >
|
| |
Setting the Priority When Starting a Process

66
Chapter 6
Give this a try on a process you have currently running and then run
ps
to see how it changes, if at all.
Changing the Priority of a Running Process with renice
The
renice
command takes absolute values between –20 and 19 and sets
the priority to that particular level, rather than increasing or decreasing
from the level at which it started. In addition,
renice
requires the PID of the
process you are targeting rather than the name. So, if
slowprocess
is using
an inordinate amount of resources on your system and you want to give it
a lower priority, thus allowing other processes a higher priority and more
resources, you could
renice
the
slowprocess
(which has a PID of 6996) and
give it a much higher
nice
value, like so:
kali >
renice 19 6996
As with
nice
, only the root user can
renice
a process to a negative value
to give it higher priority, but any user can be nice and reduce priority with
renice
.
You can also use the
top
utility to change the
nice
value. With the
top
utility running, simply press the R key and then supply the PID and the
nice
value. Listing 64 shows the
top
utility running. When I press the R key and
supply the PID and
nice
value, I get the following output:
top - 21:36:56 up 21:41, 2 users, load average: 0.60, 0.22, 0.11
Tasks: 128 total, 1 running, 127 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 1.5 us, 0.7 sy, 0.0 ni, 96.7 id, 1.1 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
KiB Mem: 511864 total, 500780 used, 11084 free, 152308 buffers
KiB Swap: 901116 total, 14444 used, 886672 free, 171376 cached
u
PID to renice
|
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME COMMAND
5451 root 20 0 1577m 19m 14m S 5.3 3.9 42:46.26 0LLYDBG.EXE
2766 root 20 0 55800 20m 5480 S 2.6 4.0 1:01.42 Xorg
5456 root 20 0 6356 4272 1780 S 1.3 0.8 13:21.69 wineserver
7 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.3 0.0 0:30.12 rcu_sched
5762 root 20 0 174m 20m 17m S 0.3 4.1 0:04.74 gnome-terminal
Listing 6-4: Changing a
nice
value when
top
is in use
When I press the R key, I’m asked for the PID
u
with the text
renice
PID [value] to value
. The output should then change to reflect the new
priorities.
-16.15
 
Spectroscopic researches of the behavior of the dyes of the fluorescein's family in the solutions of reverse micelles

|
-16.15
Spectroscopic researches of the behavior of the dyes of the fluorescein's family in the solutions of reverse micelles
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16.00-16.15
Spectroscopic researches of the behavior of the dyes of the fluorescein's family in the solutions of reverse micelles O.I.Volkova, A.A.Kuleshova, A.M.Saletsky, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
16.15-16.30
The interaction of the fluorescent probe eosin with glycated human serum albumin Vyacheslav Kochubey, Saratov State University, Russia Alexander Pravdin, Saratov State University, Russia Andrei Melnikov, Saratov State Technical University, Russia Asya Hairusheva, Saratov State Technical University, Russia Gennady Melnikov, Saratov State Technical University, Russia
|
|
Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
-16.15
Spectroscopic researches of the behavior of the dyes of the fluorescein's family in the solutions of reverse micelles
|
-17.00
 
Coffee break - Table of contents Organizers

|
Table of contents Organizers
|
bet | 92/138 | Sana | 22.12.2020 | Hajmi | 492,9 Kb. | | #12926 |
16.30-17.00
Coffee break
ORAL SESSION II
(Building 10, Hall 108)
Chair: Alexander B. Pravdin,
Saratov State University, Russia
17.00-17.15
Quantitative assessment of water content in the human skin and its dynamics using optical techniques B.P. Yakimov, Department of Physics of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia D.A.Davydov, Department of Physics of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia G.S. Budylin,Faculty of Physics of Higher School of Economics, Russia V.V. Fadeev, Department of Physics of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University E.A. Shirshin, Department of Physics of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University and Institute of spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
17.15-17.30
|
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Conventional Raman spectroscopy and autofluorescence analysis of human skin for advanced glycation end-products detection in patients with kidney failure

|
Conventional Raman spectroscopy and autofluorescence analysis of human skin for advanced glycation end-products detection in patients with kidney failure
|
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Conventional Raman spectroscopy and autofluorescence analysis of human skin for advanced glycation end-products detection in patients with kidney failure Ivan Bratchenko, Samara University, Russia Lyudmila A. Bratchenko, Samara University, Russia Dmitry N. Artemyev, Samara University, Russia Oleg O. Myakinin, Samara University, Russia Vladimir N. Grishanov, Samara University, Russia Daria Y. Pimenova, Samara State Medical University, Russia Peter A. Lebedev, Samara State Medical University, Russia Valery P. Zakharov, Samara University, Russia
17.30-17.45
Comparative study of multivariative analysis methods of blood Raman spectra classification Lyudmila Bratchenko, Samara University, Russia Ivan A. Bratchenko, Samara University, Russia Marina V. Komarova, Samara University, Russia Dmitry N. Artemyev, Samara University, Russia Oleg O. Myakinin, Samara University, Russia Alexander A. Moryatov, Samara State Medical University, Russia Sergey V. Kozlov, Samara State Medical University, Russia Valery P. Zakharov, Samara University, Russia
17.45-18.00
|
|
Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Conventional Raman spectroscopy and autofluorescence analysis of human skin for advanced glycation end-products detection in patients with kidney failure
|
fIgURe 7.11 - Tyner indb

fIgURe 7.11.
This map represents a volume, amount of rainfall, although the data are col-
lected at points and represented by lines.
144 sYMBOLizaTiOn
Certain conventions in symbols are firmly established. An especially strong con-
vention is the use of blue for water, although some water features actually appear
green or brown. There is no rule, other than common usage, that requires these
conventions to be followed, but readers sometimes object or are confused if the con-
ventions are not observed. The cartographer should follow established conventions
unless there is good reason to depart from them. Cartographic design and symbolism
would stagnate without innovation, but the meaning of symbols should always be
clear, especially if unconventional marks are used. Conventions will be discussed in
the context of specific symbol types.
If more than one type of symbol is used on a map to distinguish between cat-
egories, to illustrate a relationship between two or more distributions, or merely to
display base map and thematic information, it is important that the symbols chosen
be compatible. They must be clearly distinguished from one another, they must not
interfere with the recognition of the complete pattern, and they must not overlap one
another to the point of elimination. The symbols must also be compatible with any
background colors or tones or they will be undecipherable (Figure 7.12).
For the meaning of symbols to be clear and unambiguous for the reader, the sym-
bols must be identified in a legend. Any symbol used on the map must be explained in
the legend unless its meaning is so obvious that no confusion could result. As noted
in Chapter 2, the appearance of the symbol on the map and in the legend must be
identical or the map will be confusing to the reader.
The next chapter treats the symbolization of various types of geographical phe-
nomena and provides more detailed guidelines on the selection, use, and design of
specific symbols.
fIgURe 7.12.
Symbols must be compatible with the background. Here it is difficult to distin-
guish the symbols against the dark tone.
Basics of symbolization 145
|
fIgURe 7.7 - Tyner indb

Basics of symbolization 141
symBol selectIon And desIgn
Symbolizing the content of a thematic map is a complex process. No simple step-by-
step guidelines or system can be provided, although there have been efforts at creating
design algorithms for some map elements. Symbolization cannot be executed inde-
pendently of other cartographic elements. There is no simple correspondence between
dimensions of geographic phenomena and dimensions of map symbols. Although
four categories of spatial phenomena exist, as we have seen, only three kinds of mark
can be used to represent those categories on a two-dimensional map. Any geographic
phenomenon can be interpreted in a variety of ways and can be represented with a
different symbol. Figure 7.9 shows the same data with a variety of different measure-
ments and symbolization.
The mapmaker must solve two problems in symbolization: symbol selection
and symbol design.
Selection involves determining, according to the cartographer’s
concept of the phenomenon, the best general type of symbol to represent it.
Design
involves consideration of the characteristics of the phenomenon, the visual variables
of symbols, and the quality and level of measurement of the data to create the best
symbol design for a particular purpose. Bear in mind that there is no single best way
to represent the data.
fIgURe 10.4 - Tyner indb

Cartograms and Diagrams 195
It is also possible to create multivariate cartograms that combine a cartogram
with the principles of the bivariate choropleth.
Distance-by-Time Cartograms
Distance-by-time cartograms have also been called
linear cartograms and
distance
cartograms, but since conventional maps are scaled according to distance units, the
latter is somewhat inaccurate and misleading. These cartograms vary map distances
according to the time needed to travel the real-world distance. This is not a new
concept; some primitive peoples normally made their maps according to a time scale,
rather than a distance scale, because the length of time needed to travel between two
points was of more importance than the actual geographic distance. Today, anyone
who has traveled an expressway or freeway route during light traffic and rush-hour
traffic can appreciate the value of expressing distances in terms of time. Two places
can be exactly the same number of miles from a given point, but one might be 1 hour
away and the other 30 minutes away because of the nature of the roads, amount of
traffic, presence or absence of traffic lights, and nature of the terrain. In fact, on some
freeways the time to get to the next interchange or the airport is posted on flashing
roadside signs.
Two kinds of cartograms are used to represent time; one is linear and shows time
from point to point and may be either directional or not, and the other shows time
from a center point.
Figure 10.7 illustrates a linear cartogram scaled for time along a specific route.
Walking time is used as the scale. It can be seen that uphill segments are longer than
downhill segments. These cartograms are most useful if they show direction of travel;
(B) Potter Pass
8500´
(A) Trail Head
6000´
( )
C
Twin Lakes
6000´½½
C
B
A
Actual Distance by trail 3 Miles
C
C
B
B
A
A
½ hr.
½ hr.
1 hr.
1 hr.
(Direction of travel)
Walking
Time
DIRECTIONAL CARTOGRAM
tABle 7.2. comparison of Visual Variables by cartographer

138 sYMBOLizaTiOn
The form may be
representational, such as an airplane to designate airports,
trees to symbolize forests, or a pick and shovel to represent a mine. These shapes
have also been called
pictorial,
replicative, or
mimetic symbols. A subgroup of pic-
torial symbols gives an impression of movement or action; these are called
dynamic
symbols. Examples are bomb bursts, flames, arrows, and the like. In other instances
a geometric shape is used to represent types of objects; the form of the symbol has
no relationship to the form of the object symbolized. Thus, a square can be used
to represent an airport, a star a capital city, or a triangle a mine. These are called
abstract,
arbitrary, or
geometric symbols. In still other instances the form of the sym-
bol may suggest in some way the feature symbolized: a triangle for a mountain peak
or regularly spaced green dots for an orchard. These have been called
associative or
semimimetic symbols. Although the pictorial–associative–abstract description is a
useful device for visualizing symbols, there is considerable overlap between the cat-
egories, which might better be thought of as points on a continuum than as mutually
exclusive categories.
Linear symbols are not usually thought of as having shape other than the con-
tour of the feature represented. However, the form of the line symbol can be varied
by making it solid, broken, dotted, and so on. Linear symbols may also be classed as
pictorial, associative, and abstract.
Shape does not directly apply to area symbols because the shape of the polygon
corresponds to the area represented; however, the symbol may be made up of a vari-
ety of smaller marks that themselves have shape and form patterns. In such cases, the
symbol that is applied may be a tree, a dot, or a line, and these can be seen to have
pictorial, associative, and abstract elements. Some books use cartograms as examples
of shape, but in this book cartograms are considered as a separate type of map.
Size is normally used to show the magnitude of the data represented, that is, for
ordinal, interval, and ratio representations; it is not appropriate to use size to distin-
POINT SYMBOLS
LINE SYMBOLS
AREA SYMBOLS
tABle 8.1. Bay Area Population

154 sYMBOLizaTiOn
ating meridians. The squares cannot be oriented to the meridians without creating a
“tipsy” appearance; therefore they must be lined up with the borders of the map. The
same problems are encountered with triangles and other geometric figures.
Segmented proportional symbols or
pie charts are used in combination with pro-
portional or point symbols to show a breakdown of total value, such as independent
voters as a percent or proportion of total voters. These will be described in Chapter
9 on multivariate data.
Proportional spheres and Cubes
If the range of data is so great that the largest circle overwhelms the map and the
smallest figures are insignificant (Figure 8.10), a three-dimensional figure such as
a sphere, a pyramid, or a cube can be used. For such symbols, the
volume of the
symbol, not the area, is proportional to the quantity represented. These figures can
result in very attractive maps, but readers have difficulty in interpreting some of these
symbols.
Proportional spheres are probably the most difficult to interpret. First, the same
problem arises as with circles, that is, estimating and comparing sizes. Second, because
the symbols only simulate the third dimension and are placed on a two-dimensional
map, readers have a tendency to compare or estimate areas rather than volumes. The
procedure of creating proportional spheres is similar to that for creating graduated
circles except that the cube root of the quantity is used instead of the square root
because the volume of a sphere is represented by the formula
V =
π
R
3
.
Columns or piles of blocks whose volumes are proportional to the amount repre-
sented are also used. While these are striking, some users have difficulty visualizing
fIgURe 7.10 - Tyner indb

Basics of symbolization 143
and emphasis. The specific purpose of the map must also be known. What exactly
will the map show? What is its theme? What will it be used for?
Another vital concern is the
nature of the data. What is their level of measure-
ment? Are they sequential or bipolar (diverging from a central value). Lower levels
of information cannot be portrayed by higher levels of symbolism. That is, data that
are in ranked form cannot be symbolized on an interval scale. If it is desirable for the
reader to be able to make estimates of value, the data must be collected with this end
in mind. The quality of the data is reflected in the quality of the map. A good map
cannot be made with poor data.
In addition, the visual variables do not work equally well for all types of data.
As we have seen, form works best with qualitative data and lightness works best with
quantitative data. Table 8.4 shows visual variables and the data types with which
they work best.
Map users vary widely in their map-reading abilities. Map interpretation is a
skill that must be learned; it is not inborn, although some people seem to grasp the
concepts more quickly than others. Since maps are, at least implicitly, aimed at a
specific type of user, the symbolism chosen should suit the presumed abilities of that
user. Usually, the cartographer does not have a personal acquaintance with the pro-
posed user or group of users, so knowledge of these abilities is inferred from place of
publication. Even among users with roughly equivalent abilities, perceptions must be
considered. A major area of cartographic research has been the perceptual abilities
of users. Many studies were carried out in the 1970s and 1980s on how readers per-
ceive symbols and how well symbols communicate information. Maps made for the
visually impaired have different requirements than those prepared for readers with
normal sight. Since the advent of the computer, animations and interactive maps have
been studied.
20
20
20
20
20
40
80
80
80
80
60
60
60
40
40
40
40
40
40
ANNUAL RAINFALL
in inches
Viewing Processes - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Viewing Processes In most cases, the first step in managing processes is to view what processes
are running on your system. The primary tool for viewing processes—and
one of the Linux administrator’s best friends—is the
ps
command. Run it in
your command line to see what processes are active:
kali >
ps PID TTY TIME CMD
39659 pts/0 00:00:01 bash
39665 pts/0 00:00:00 ps
The Linux kernel, the inner core of the operating system that con
trols nearly everything, assigns a unique process ID (PID) to each process
sequentially, as the processes are created. When working with these processes
in Linux, you often need to specify their PIDs, so it is far more important to
note the PID of the process than the name of the process.
Alone, the
ps
command doesn’t really provide you with much infor
mation. Running the
ps
command without any options lists the processes
started (said to be invoked) by the currently loggedin user (in our case,
root) and what processes are running on that terminal. Here, it simply says
that the bash shell is open and running and that we ran the
ps
command.
We want and need far more information than that, particularly on those
processes run by other users and by the system in the background. Without
this information, we know very little of what is actually taking place on our
system.
Running the
ps
command with the options
aux
will show all processes
running on the system for all users, as shown in Listing 61. Note that you
don’t prefix these options with a dash (
-
) and that everything is in lower
case; because Linux is casesensitive, using uppercase options would give
you significantly different results.
kali >
ps aux USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.4 202540 6396 ? Ss Apr24 0:46 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Apr24 0:00 [kthreadd]
root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Apr24 0:26 [ksoftirqd/0]
--
snip --
root 39706 0.0 0.2 36096 3204 pts/0 R+ 15:05 0:00 ps aux
Listing 6-1: Using the aux options to see processes for all users As you can see, this command now lists so many processes, they likely
run off the bottom of your screen. The first process is
init
, listed in the
Process Management
63 final column, and the last process is the command we ran to display,
ps aux
.
Many of the details (
PID
,
%CPU
,
TIME
,
COMMAND
, and so on) may be different on
your system but should have the same format. For our purposes, here are
the most important columns in this output:
fIgURe 10.7 - Tyner indb

196
nOnTRaDiTiOnaL MaPPing
otherwise, time must be averaged in both directions, and this is inaccurate. The fig-
ure shows the route in two directional segments; segment A–B going westward is
longer than the same segment going eastward because it is uphill on the westward
journey and downhill on the eastward journey. Such charts can be a useful addition
to hiking trail maps.
These cartograms are simple to construct; the most time-consuming aspect is the
fieldwork because seldom does one find charts showing travel time. The route must
be traversed, preferably more than once, to determine the average travel time. A scale
is chosen, for example, 1 inch represents 1 hour, and usually the route itself is highly
generalized.
The
center point cartogram (Figure 10.8) shows times from a center point and
the cartogram can be read only that way. Direction is important; times to and from
the center point might differ significantly. Times cannot be determined between any
other points on the map; they are all related to the center. The time scale can be for
average times or only apply to a specific time of day if freeway routes are the subject.
A center point cartogram shows the same information as an isochronic (lines of equal
time) map, but the isochrones are converted to concentric circles.
The first step in creating a center point cartogram is construction of an isochronic
map. Travel times must be determined from the center point to all relevant points.
An isochronic line connects all points the same time away from the center (Figure
10.9). These lines are then converted to concentric circles that distort the geographic
base by removing some locations from the center and pulling others closer. On some
of these maps the distorted base is shown; on others only the concentric circles are
shown with place-names labeled to act as orienting points for the reader. Another
variation of the distance-by-time cartogram simply uses lines radiating from the cen-
ter point to the other points of interest. Again, the geographic base is distorted.
SACRAMENTO
Redding
Alturas
Eureka
Reno
Carson City
Francisco
San
Oakland
Fresno
Monterey Bakersfield
Los Angeles
Santa
Barbara
San Diego
2 hrs.
DRIVING
TIMES FROM SACRAMENTO
fIgURe 10.8.
Center point cartogram.
Cartograms and Diagrams 197
NIR fluorescence of skin: the role of oxidation processes

|
NIR fluorescence of skin: the role of oxidation processes
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bet | 90/138 | Sana | 22.12.2020 | Hajmi | 492,9 Kb. | | #12926 |
NIR fluorescence of skin: the role of oxidation processes Evgeny Shirshin, Moscow State University, Russia B.P. Yakimov, Moscow State University, Russia A.N. Semenov, Moscow State University, Russia M. Kroeger, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany J. Schleusener, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany J. Lademann, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany V.V. Fadeev, Moscow State University, Russia G. Puppels, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands M.E. Darvin, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany A.V. Priezzhev, Moscow State University, Russia
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