Instances - The General Ontology for Linguistics Description (gold) wg 4 suggested revisions (as of 3 July 2005)...

Instances:
6.2.1 CoreCase: {?Grammatical cases}
Category of case that includes Nominative, dative, instrumental, ergative absolutive.
6.2.2 LocationalCase/ MotionCase:
{We suggest combining these two and defining them in feature based terms when a language needs to distinguish between motions vs. locations
Category of case that denotes that the referent of the noun it marks is a location.
Category of case that denotes motion involving the referent of the noun it marks.
6.2.3 ? (SemanticCase): Instrumental, Genitive, Possessive, Comitative, Partitive*,
(in the semantic sense. This is a core case in Finnic (marks the object) - which shows why Case should be described in terms of features. One way to deal with the Finnic case is to say that Finnic "partitive" is not a prototypical partitive, but rather combines (GOLD) features of partititve and Accusative. )
Barry Blake, Case.
6.2 (continued):CaseFeature values entailed by CoreCase
Core
|
Argument
|
Adjunct
|
Possession
|
Miscellaneous
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Nom
|
Acc
|
Dat
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Erg
|
Abs
|
Benef
|
Malef
|
Partitive
|
Vocative
|
|
|
Abess
|
Comit
|
Instrum
|
Genitive
|
Possessor
|
|
Figure 3. Entailment relations among CoreCase feature values
(where??
Affective case (Georgian) - corresponds to Ru, Ger. locative (mir gefällt das) - "experiencer datives", stimulus
Instances:
6.2.4 AbessiveCase:
AbessiveCase expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning of the English preposition 'without' (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 3,35; Gove, et al. 1966: 3).
6.2.5 AbsolutiveCase:
AbsolutiveCase in ergative-absolutive languages mark referents that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative-accusative languages (Anderson 1985: 181; Crystal 1985: 1; Andrews and Avery 1985: 138).
6.2.6 AccusativeCase:
AccusativeCase in nominative-accusative languages marks certain syntactic functions, usually direct objects (Hartmann and Stork 1972: 3,156; Crystal 1980: 11,246; Andrews and Avery 1985: 75; Anderson; 1985: 181; Mish et al. 1990: 50).
6.2.7 AdjunctCase:
Core case that marks relations between adjuncts and verbs.
6.2.8 ArgumentCase:
Core cases that mark the relation between arguments and the verb, those which denote subject, object and indirect object.
6.2.9 BenefactiveCase:
BenefactiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause (Crystal 1980: 43; Gove, et al. 1966: 203).
6.2.10 ComitativeCase:
ComitativeCase expresses accompaniment. It carries the meaning 'with' or 'accompanied by' (Anderson, Stephen 1985: 186; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 42;Dixon, R. 1972: 12; Gove, et al. 1966: 455).
6.2.11 DativeCase:
DativeCase marks 1) Indirect objects (for languages in which they are held to exist) or 2) nouns having the role of recipient (as of things given), beneficiary of an action, or possessor of an item (Crystal 1980: 102; Gove, et al. 1966: 577).
6.2.12 ErgativeCase:
ErgativeCase in ergative-absolutive languages generally identifies the subject of transitive verbs in the translation equivalents of nominative-accusative Languages such as English (Crystal 1980: 134; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 78; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 67; Andrews and Avery 1985: 138).
6.2.13 GenitiveCase:
GenitiveCase is used to mark the noun whose referent is the possessor of the referent of another noun (Crystal 1980: 161; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 9495,180; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 82,172; Anderson 1985: 185; Mish et al. 1990: 511; Fleming 1988: 10).
6.2.14 InstrumentalCase:
InstrumentalCase indicates that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause (Crystal 1980: 187; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 114; Mish et al. 1990: 627).
6.2.15 MalefactiveCase:
Opposite of BenefactiveCase; used when the marked noun is negatively affected in the clause.
6.2.16 MiscellaneousCase:
Core cases which do not fit into the other core groupings.
6.2.17 NominativeCase:
NominativeCase identifies clause subjects in nominative-accusative languages. It is usually the unmarked case. Nouns used in isolation often have this case (Crystal 1980: 242; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 147; Mish et al. 1990: 801; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 224).
6.2.18 PartitiveCase:
PartitiveCase expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part. This case may be found in items such as the following: existential clauses, nouns that are accompanied by numerals or units of measure, or predications of material from which something is made. It often has a meaning similar to the English word 'some' (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 161; Richards, Platt, and Weber 1985: 208; Quirk, et al. 1985: 249; Gove, et al. 1966: 1648; Sebeok 1946: 1214).
6.2.19 PossessedCase:
PossessedCase is used to mark the noun whose referent is possessed by the referent of another noun.
6.2.20 PossessionCase:
Case that marks the members in a possessive relation.
6.2 (continued):CaseFeature values entailed by LocationalCase
LocationalCase
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Ablative
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Lative
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Essive
|
|
Cont
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In
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Inter
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Sub
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Super
|
|
Ad
|
In
|
Inter
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Sub
|
Super
|
|
|
Cont
|
El
|
Ill
|
Inter
|
Sub
|
Super
|
Per
|
Del
|
|
Figure 4. Entailment relations among LocationalCase feature values
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