nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Elektrokapilyar hodisalar - Z. A. Sulaymonova, D. A. Hazratova, S. A. Karomatov kolloid kimyo

89
Lippman o‘zi yaratgan kapilyar elektrometr yordamida tekshirdi. Keyinchalik
uning tadqiqotlari Gui (1910 yil), A.N. Frumkin (1919 yil) va boshqa
olimlarning ishlarida rivojlantirildi.
Faraz
qilaylik, simob metali simob tuzining suyultirilgan eritmasiga
tushirib qo‘yilgan bo‘lsin. Simob ionlarini suvning qutbli molekulalari o‘ziga
tortib olishi sababli simobning sirt tarangligi kamayib ketadi. endi simob tuzi
eritmasidagi simob sirtiga manfiy elktr zaryad
berib bu sirtni qutblay borsak,
simobning sirt tarangligi bilan simob sirtining zaryadi orasida bog’lanish
borligini kuzata olamiz. Simob sirtidagi musbat zaryad kamaygan sari simob
bilan eritma chegarasida sirt taranglik orta boradi. Simob sirtidagi barcha
musbat zaryadlar neytrallanibbo‘lganidan keyin, ya`ni
simob sirtining zaryadi
nolga teng bo‘lganida sirt tarnglik kattaligi maksimal qiymatga erishadi. Simob
sirtida manfiy zaryad oshirilaversa, simob bilan eritma chegarasidagi sirt
taranglik kamaya boshlaydi.
Agar abstsissalar o‘qiga simob sirtidagi
elektr zaryad qiymatlari,
ordinatalar o‘qiga simob bilan eritma orasidagi sirt taranglik qo‘yilsa, parabola
shaklidagi diagramma hosil bo‘ladi (19-rasm elektrokapillyar diagramma).
0
Bu diagrammada simob bilan eritma orasidagi sirt taranglikning maksimal
qiymati kuzatiladigan nuqtada simob sirtining elektr zaryadi nolga teng (
0
)
bo‘ladi. Bu nuqtada sirt taranglik zaryadga bog’liq bo‘lmaydi, binobarin, bu
90
erda
0
d
d
bo‘ladi. Lekin bu nuqtada elektr potensialning haqiqiy qiymati
nolga teng bo‘lmaydi, bu erda faqat sirtdagi potensial
qarama-qarshi tashqi
potensial bilan tenglashadi xolos.
partition, use the virtual partition created by

cat >>isolinux/live.cfg <
label live-demo
menu label ^Live USB with Demo Data
linux /live/vmlinuz
initrd /live/initrd.img
append boot=live username=root hostname=kali persistence-label=demo persistence
label live-work
menu label ^Live USB with Work Data
linux /live/vmlinuz
initrd /live/initrd.img
append boot=live username=root hostname=kali persistence-label=work persistence-
å
encryption=luks persistence
END
Next, we will build our custom ISO and copy it to the USB key. Then we will create and initialize the
two partitions and files systems that will be used for persistence. The first partition is unencrypted
(labeled “demo”), and the second is encrypted (labeled “work”). Assuming
/dev/sdb
is our USB
key and the size of our custom ISO image is 3000 MB, it would look like this:
#
Algoritmni oddiy tilda tavsiflash

|
Algoritmni oddiy tilda tavsiflashBog'liq informatika va axborot texnologiyalari.Algoritmni oddiy tilda tavsiflash.
Algoritmlarni ifodalanshini eng keng tarsalgan shakli, bu oddiy tilda so’zlar
bilan bayen silishdir. Bu nafasat hisoblash algoritmlarida, balki hayetiy, turmushdagi
«algoritmlar»ga ham tegishlidir.
(Savol: Algoritmni ishlab chisishda uni bir necha xil usul bilan ifodalab bersa
bo’ladi. Shulardan biz yuqorida uchtasi ko’rib chiqdik. Bo’lardan tashsari siz
yana qanday shakllarni bilasiz?)
ALGORITMNI MAXSUS TILDA IFODALASH.
Bu usulda algoritmni ifodalash uchun dasturlash tillari deb ataluvchi sun'iy tillar
so’llaniladi. Buning uchun ishlab chisilgan algoritm shu tillar yordamida bir ma'noli va
EHM tushuna oladigan ko’rinishda tavsiflanishi zarur. Uning tarkibida cheklangan
sondagi sintaksis konstruktsiyalar to’plami bor bo’lib, u bilan algoritm yaratuvchi
tanish bo’lishi kerak. Anashu konstruktsiyalardan foydalanib buyrus va ko’rsatmalar
formal ifodalarga o’tkaziladi.
Zamonaviy dasturlash tillari EHM ning ichki mashina tilidan keskin farq
siladigan va EHM bevosita ana shu tilda ishlay olmaydi. Buning uchun dasturlash
tilidan mashina tushunadigan tilga tarjima siluvchi maxsus dastur – translyatordan
foydalaniladi. Dasturni translyatsiya silish va bajarish jarayonlari vaqtlarga ajraladi.
Avval barcha dastur translyatsiya silinib, so’ngra bajarish uslubida ishlaydigan
translyatorlar kompilyatorlar deb ataladi.
Dastlabki tilning har bir operatorini o’zgartirish va bajarishni ketma-ket amalga
oshiradigan translyatorlar interpretatorlar deb ataladi.
Dasturlashning ixtiyeriy tili belgilar majmuini va algoritmlarni yozish uchun
ushbu belgilarni so’llash qoidalarini o’z ichiga oladi. Dasturlash tillari bir biridan
alifbosi, sintaksisi va semantikasi bilan ajralib turadi.
Alifbo – tilda so’llaniladigan ko’plab turli ramziy belgilar (harflar, rasmlar,
maxsus belgilar).
Tilning sintaksisi jumlalar tuzishda belgilarining bog’lanish qoidalarini
belgilaydi, semantikasi esa ushbu jumlalarning mazmuniy izohini belgilaydi.
|
| |
Turli parametrli havoni aralashtirish

Turli parametrli havoni aralashtirish
Holati A nuqta bilan belgilanadigan havoni holati B nuqta to’g’ri kelgan havo bilan aralashtirish prossessini ko’rib chiqamiz (6.4-rasm).
6.4-rasm. Turli parametrlarga ega bo’lgan havoning aralashishini diagrammada tasvirlash
A nuqtaga to’g’ri kelgan nam havoning tarkibida 1 kg absolyut quruq havo bor deb olamiz. Holati B nuqta bilan belgilanadigan nam havoning tarkibida esa n kg absolyut quruq havo bor deb hisoblanadi. Bunda aralashmaning entalpiyasi:
Aralashmaning nam saqlashi:
bu yerdan
Bu tenglama 6.4-rasmdagi A va B nuqtalardan o’tgan to’g’ri chiziq tenglamasini ifodalaydi. Aralashmaning holati M nuqta bilan ifodalanadi, bu nuqta AB to’g’ri chiziqni ikki qismga quyidagi nisbatda bo’ladi:
MA va MB kesmalarning qiymati A va B holatlarga to’g’ri kelgan nam havolar tarkibidagi quruq havolar massalariga teskari proporsionaldir.
6.4 – rasmda ko’rsatilgan aralashmaning holati (ya’ni M nuqta) φ = 100% chiziqning tepasida joylashgan. Bunday sharoitda havo tarkibidagi suv bug’lari kondensatsiyalanmaydi. Ayrim sharoitlarda M nuqta to’yinish chizig’ining pastki qismida joylanishi mumkin, bunda turli parametrli havolarning aralashishi natijasida suv bug’lari kondensatsiyalanadi va shudring ajralishi ro’y beradi.
Adiabatik quritish jarayonida modda tarkibidagi namlik faqat havo bilan berilgan issiqlik tufayli bug’latiladi.
Agar quritilayotgan moddaning temperaturasi (uning tarkibidagi namlik ham) o’zgarmasa va 0°C ga teng bo’lsa unda havoning entalpiyalari quritilgandan keyingi I2 va quritishdan oldinga I1 teng bo’ladi, chunki namlikni bug’latish uchun havo bilan berilgan issiqlik moddadan chaqib ketgan bug’lar bilan havoga yana qaytariladi. Bunday jarayon nazariy quritish jarayoni deyiladi (I2 = I1 = I = const).
Nam havo va bug’lanayotgan namlik o’rtasida muvozanat o’rnatilgandan so’ng nam havoning temperaturasi doimiy qiymatni egallaydi va bunday holat ho’l termometrning temperaturasi tx deyiladi.
Havo temperaturasi tx va ho’l termometrning temperaturalari tx orasidagi farq quritish potensiali ε deyiladi va bu ko’rsatkich havoning moddadan namlikni yutib olish qobiliyatini bildiradi:
Quritish potensiali jarayonining tezligini xarakterlaydi.
|
(Savol: Siz bo’lardan tashsari yana qanday tillarni bilasiz? Ularning

bajarilishiga bog’liq holda hisoblash jarayoni u yoki bu tarmos bo’yicha
amalga
oshirilishi mumkin. Bunday tuzilishdagi hisoblash jarayonini algoritm tarmoslanuvchi
turdagi algoritm deb ataladi.
Ko’pgina hollarda masalalarning yechimini olishda bitta matematik boђlinishga
ko’ra unga kiruvchi kattaliklarning turli siymatlariga mos keladigan siymatlarini ko’p
martalab hisoblash to’ђri keladi. Hisoblash jarayonining bunday ko’p martalab
takrorlanadigan qismiga takrorlanishlar deb ataladi. Takrorlanishlarni o’z ichiga olgan
algoritmlar takrorlanuvchi turdagi algoritmlar deb ataladi.
Takrorlanuvchi turdagi
algoritmni yozish va chizish o’lchamlarini sezilarli
darajada sissartirish,
takrorlanadigan qismlarni ixcham ifodalash imkonini beradi.
Savol: Takrorlanuvchi turdagi algoritmga misol keltira olasizmi?
Nazorat savollari:
1.
Algoritm deb nimaga aytiladi?
2.
Masalani EHMda yechishni necha bosqichi mavjud?
3.
Algoritmni asosiy xossalarini ayting.
4.
Qanday dasturlash tillarini bilasiz?
Nazorat savollari - Z. A. Sulaymonova, D. A. Hazratova, S. A. Karomatov kolloid kimyo

133
LABORATORIYA ISHI №2
KOLLOID SISTEMALARNI TOZALASH USULLARI
Ishning maqsadi: Zollarni tozalash usuli, gidrofob va gidrofil kolloid
eritmalar qanday dializ qilinishi bilan tanishish.
Ish uchun kerak bo’ladigan asbob va reaktivlar: FeCI
3
-2%li, AgNO
3
-
1n, K
2
SO
4
-1n, BaCI
2
-2% li eritmalari, tannin-1%, jelatin-1% zollar; yod
eritmasi, kraxmall kukuni, HCI-0,1n eritmasi, temir(III)-gidroksid zoli.
1-tajriba. Jelatina zolini dializ qilish.
Kollodiydan tayyorlangan xaltachaga jelatinaning 1% li eritmasi quyiladi,
unga ozgina natriy xlorid qo’shiladi va distillangan suvga botirib quyiladi.
Oradan ikki soat o’tgandan keyin tozalovchi suvdan ozgina namuna olib
tekshiriladi, bunda xlor ionini bor-yo’qligi esa tanninning 2% li eritmasi
yordamida sinab ko’riladi. Tannin bilan jelatina aralashmasi o’ziga xos rang
beradi. So’ngra yarim soatdan keyin namuna olib sinab ko’riladi va tajriba
natijalari yozib boriladi.
2-tajriba. Kraxmal zolini dializ qilish.
Texnik tarozida 2g kraxmall tortib olinib chinni kosachaga solinadi,
5-10ml suv qo’shib shisha tayoqcha yordamida yaxshilab aralashtiriladi.
Suvga kraxmallni aralashtirib turib, qaynab turgan 100ml distillangan
suvga tez quyiladi. Hosil qilingan tiniq kraxmall zoliga 1n li kaliy sulfat
eritmasidan ozgina qo’shiladi va aralashmaning hammasi suvli dializatorga
botirib qo’yilgan kollodiy xaltachaga quyiladi. Har yarim soat o’tgandan keyin
dializatordan suyuqlikdan namuna olinib, unda sul’fat ioni va kraxmall bor-
yo’qligi sifat reaksiyasi yordamida tahlil qilinadi.
What Can be Done in the - Kali Linux Revealed

What Can be Done in the
Installer Shell
You can inspect and modify the debconf database with
debconf-get
and
debconf-set
. These commands are especially convenient for testing preseeding val-
ues.
You can inspect any file (such as the full installation log available in
/var/log/
syslog
) with
cat
or
less
. You can edit any file with
nano
, including all files be-
ing installed onto the system. The root file system will be mounted on
/target
once
the partitioning step of the installation process has completed.
Once network access has been configured, you can use
wget
and
nc
(netcat) to retrieve
and export data over the network.
Once you click Continue from the main installer failure screen ( Figure
4.26
, “
Installation Step
Failed
” [page 100]), you will be returned to a screen that you will normally never see (the Main
101
Chapter 4 — Installing Kali Linux
Menu shown in Figure
4.28
, “
Main Menu of the Installer
” [page 102]), which allows you to launch
one installation step after another. If you managed to fix the problem through the shell access
(congratulations!) then you can retry the step that failed.
Figure 4.28 Main Menu of the Installer
If you are unable to resolve the problem, you might want to file a bug report. The report must
then include the installer logs, which you can retrieve with the main menu’s “Save debug logs”
function. It offers multiple ways to export the logs, as shown in Figure
4.29
, “
Save Debug Logs
(1/2)
” [page 103].
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Kali Linux Revealed
Figure 4.29 Save Debug Logs (1/2)
The most convenient method, and the one that we recommend, is to let the installer start a web
server hosting the log files (Figure
4.30
, “
Save Debug Logs (2/2)
” [page 104]). You can then launch
a browser from another computer on the same network and download all the log files and screen-
shots that you have taken with the Screenshot button available on each screen.
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Chapter 4 — Installing Kali Linux
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(Savol: Ilmiy-texnik masalalarni EHMdan foydalanib yechish bosqichlari

(Savol: Ilmiy-texnik masalalarni EHMdan foydalanib yechish bosqichlari bir-biri bilan o’zaro bog’langanmiq Agar bog’langan bo’lsa uni biror bir misol keltirish orqali ifodalab bering.) ALGORITMNING ASOSIY XOSSALARI.
Algoritm quyidagi asosiy xossalarga ega: uzluklilik, anislik, natijaviylik va
ommaviylik.
UZLUKLILIK. Dastlabki berilgan ma'lumotlarni natijaga aylantirish jarayoni
uzlukli ravishda amalga oshiriladiki, bunda vaqtning har bir keyingi keladigan
dasisasidagi misdor (kattalik)larning siymati vaqtning shundan oldingi dasisasida
bo’lgan misdorlar siymatidan ma'lum bir qoidalar bo’yicha olinadi.
ANIQLIK. Algoritmning har bir qoidasi anis va siymatli bo’lishi zarurki, bunda
vaqtning biror dasisasida olingan misdorlar siymati vaqtning shundan oldingi
dasisasida olingan misdorlar siymati bilan bir siymatli anislangan bo’ladi.
NATIJAVIYLIK. Algoritm masalaning yechimiga chekli sondagi sadamlar
ichida olib kelishi yoki masalani «yechib bo’lmaydi» degan xabar bilan tugashi kerak.
OMMAVIYLIK. Masalaning yechish algoritmi shunday yaratilishi kerakki, uni
fasat boshlang’ich ma'lumotlar bilan farqlanadigan masalalarni yechish uchun ham
so’llanishi kerak. Bunda boshlang’ich ma'lumolar algoritmni so’llash sohasi deb
ataladigan birorta sohadan olinadi. Masalan, yuqoridagi 1 – misolda koptok o’rniga
boshqa narsani tik irђitilsa va uning boshlang’ich tezligi ma'lum bo’lsa, shu algoritm
bilan u erishadigan balandlik anislangan.
(Savol: Algoritmning asosiy xossalari nimalardan iboratq Algoritm tuzishda asosiy xossalarni inobatga olish shartmiq) ALGORITMNI TAVSIFLASH USULLARI VA ULARGA MISOLLAR.
Algoritmni ishlab chisishda uni bir necha xil usul bilan ifodalab bersa bo’ladi.
Shulardan uchtasi keng tarsalgan. Bo’lar:
1.
Algoritmni oddiy tilda tavsiflash;
2.
Algoritmni tuzim ko’rinishda ifodalash;
3.
Algoritmni maxsus (algoritmik) tilda yozish.
(Savol: Algoritmni maxsus tilda ifodalash shartmi? Uni oddiy til bilan

Mashinaga bog’liq tillar, o’z navbatida, mashina
tillari va mashinaga
mo’ljallangan tillarga ajratiladi.
Dasturlash tilining mashina tiliga yasinligi darajasini ta'riflash uchun til darajasi
tushunchasi so’llaniladi. Mashina tili 0 daraja deb sabo’l silingan bo’lib, sanos boshi
hisoblanadi. Odamning tabiiy tili eng yuqori darajadagi til deb karaladi.
Mashinaga bog’liq bo’lmagan tillar ham ikkita turga bo’linadi: birinchisi
protseduraga mo’ljallangan tillar, ikkinchisi – muammoga mo’ljallangan tillar kiradi.
Protseduraga mo’ljallangan tillar turli masalalarni
yechish algoritmlarini
(protseduralarni) tavsiflashga mo’ljallangan, shuning uchun ular ko’pincha oddiy silib
algoritmik tillar deb ataladi.
Ushbu tillar yechilayetgan masalalar xususiyatlarini to’la hisobga oladi va
EHMning turiga deyarli bog’liq emas. Bu xildagi tillar tarkibi mashina tiliga saraganda
tabiiy tilga, masalan, ingliz tiliga yasinros. Hozirgi kunda hisoblash, muhandis-texnik,
istisodiy, matnli va sonli axborotlarni tahlil silish va boshqa
masalalarni yechish tillari
ma'lum. Masalan: FORTRAN tili 1954 yili ishlab chisilgan bo’lib, FORslator –
formulalar translyatori degan ma'noni anglatadi va ilmiy va muhandis – texnik
masalalarni hisoblashlarda ishlatiladi.
ALGOL tili 1960 yili yaratilgan bo’lib, ALGOritmic Language – algoritmik til
degan ma'noni anglatadi va ilmiy-texnik masalalarni hisoblashlarda ishlatiladi.
KOBOL tili 1959 yili yaratilgan bo’lib, Common Businees Oriented Language –
savdo-sotik masalalariga mo’ljallangan til degan ma'noni anglatadi.
Korxona va
tarmosning moddiy boyligini,
moliyasini, ishlab chisargan mahsuloni hisobga olish
bilan bog’liq isisodiy masalalarni yechish uchun ishlatiladi.
PASKAL tili 1971 yilda e'lon silingan bo’lib, frantso’z
olimi Blez Paskal
nomiga quyilgan. Turli xildagi masalalar yechimini olishda tartiblangan (strukturaviy)
dasturlar tuzishda ishlatiladi.
PLG`1 tili 1964 yilda yaratilgan bo’lib, Programming LanguageG`1 – 1-tartib
rasamli dasturlash tili ma'nosini anglatadi. Ushbu til universal tillar turkumiga kiradi.
Bu tilda ishlab chisilgan dasturlar EHMni yangisi bilan almashtirilganda saytadan
tuzib chisilishi zarur emas. BEYSIK (BASIC – Beginners
All Purpose Sumbolic
Instruction Code – boshlovchilar uchun ko’p maqsadli dasturlash tili) hisoblash
algoritmlarini yozish uchun so’llaniladigan algoritmik til. Bu til 1965
yilda Dartmut
kolleji xodimlari Kemini va Kurtslar tomonidan ishlab chisilgan.
part of a volume group - Kali Linux Revealed

part of a volume group, or an association of several physical volumes. Physical volumes are real
partitions (or virtual partitions exported by other abstractions, such as a software RAID device or
an encrypted partition).
With its lack of distinction between “physical” and “logical” partitions, LVM allows you to create
“virtual” partitions that span several disks. The benefits are twofold: the size of the partitions is
no longer limited by individual disks but by their cumulative volume, and you can resize existing
partitions at any time, such as after adding an additional disk.
This technique works in a very simple way: each volume, whether physical or logical, is split into
blocks of the same size, which LVM correlates. The addition of a new disk will cause the creation
of a new physical volume providing new blocks that can be associated to any volume group. All of
the partitions in the volume group can then take full advantage of the additional allocated space.
Introduction to LUKS To protect your data, you can add an encryption layer underneath your file system of choice. Linux
(and more particularly the dm-crypt driver) uses the device mapper to create the virtual partition
(whose contents are protected) based on an underlying partition that will store the data in an
encrypted form (thanks to LUKS). LUKS standardizes the storage of the encrypted data as well as
meta-information that indicates the encryption algorithms used.
We will be setting up LUKS as part for our ”nuke” feature later in “
Adding a Nuke Password for
Extra Safety
” [page 250].
Encrypted Swap Partition When an encrypted partition is used, the encryption key is stored in memory (RAM),
and when hibernating, a laptop will copy the key, along with other contents of RAM,
to the hard disk’s swap partition. Since anyone with access to the swap file (including
a technician or a thief) could extract the key and decrypt your data, the swap file must
be protected with encryption.
Because of this, the installer will warn you if you try to use an encrypted partition
alongside an unencrypted swap partition.
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Chapter 4 — Installing Kali Linux
Setting Up Encrypted Partitions The installation process for encrypted LVM is the same as a standard installation except for the
Special Cases and More - Kali Linux Revealed

Figure 4.27 The Log Screen of the Installer
The second and third consoles ( CTRL+ALT+F2 and CTRL+ALT+F3, respectively) host shells that you
can use to investigate the current situation in more detail. Most of the command line tools are
provided by BusyBox so the feature set is rather limited, but it is enough to figure out most of the
problems that you are likely to encounter.
Figure 4.30 - Kali Linux Revealed

Figure 4.30 Save Debug Logs (2/2)
4.6. Summary
In this chapter, we focused on the Kali Linux installation process. We discussed Kali Linux’s mini-
mum installation requirements, the installation process for standard and fully encrypted file sys-
tems, preseeding, which allows unattended installations, how to install Kali Linux on various ARM
devices, and what to do in the rare case of an installation failure.
Summary Tips:
• The installation requirements for Kali Linux vary from a basic SSH server with no desktop,
as little as 128 MB RAM (512 MB recommended) and 2 GB disk space, to the higher-end kali-
linux-default metapackage, with at least 2048 MB of RAM and 20 GB of disk space. In addition,
your machine must have a CPU supported by at least one of the amd64, i386, or arm64 ar-
chitectures.
• Kali can easily be installed as the primary operating system, alongside other operating sys-
tems through partitioning and boot loader modification, or as a virtual machine.
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Kali Linux Revealed
• To guarantee the confidentiality of your data, you can set up encrypted partitions. This will
protect your data if your laptop or hard drive is lost or stolen.
• The installer can also be automated through debconf preseeding, a function that allows you
to provide unattended answers to installation questions.
• A preseed file is a plain text file in which each line contains the answer to one Debconf
question. A line is split across four fields separated by white space (spaces or tabs). You can
preseed answers to the installer with boot parameters, with a preseed file in initrd, with a
preseed file on the boot media, or with a preseed file from the network.
• Kali Linux runs on a wide variety of ARM-based devices such as laptops, embedded comput-
ers, and developer boards. ARM installation is fairly straightforward. Download the proper
image, copy it to an SD card, USB drive, or embedded multi-media controller (eMMC) mod-
ule, plug it in, boot the ARM device, find your device on the network, log in, and change the
SSH password and SSH host keys.
• You can debug failed installations with virtual consoles (accessible with the CTRL+ALT and
function keys),
debconf-get
and
debconf-set
commands, reading the
/var/log/syslog
log file, or by submitting a bug report with log files retrieved with the installer’s “Save debug
logs” function.
Now that we have discussed Linux fundamentals and Kali Linux installation, let’s discuss configu-
ration so you can begin to tailor Kali to suit your needs.
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Chapter 4 — Installing Kali Linux
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Working with Several - Kali Linux Revealed

5.3.2. Configuring SSH for Remote Logins
SSH allows you to remotely log into a machine, transfer files, or execute commands. It is an indus-
try standard tool (
ssh
) and service (
sshd
) for connecting to machines remotely.
While the
openssh-server package is installed by default, the
SSH service is disabled by default and
thus is not started at boot time. You can manually start the SSH service with
systemctl start
ssh
or configure it to start at boot time with
systemctl enable ssh
.
The SSH service has a relatively sane default configuration, but given its powerful capabilities and
sensitive nature, it is good to know what you can do with its configuration file,
/etc/ssh/sshd_
config
. All the options are documented in
sshd_config(5)
(see section
6.1.1
, “
Manual Pages
”
[page 128])
The default configuration allows password-based logins. If this is not wanted, you can disable this
by setting PasswordAuthentication to no. Doing so will mean that and SSH key will need to be
generated. The SSH service listens by default on port 22 but you can change this with the Port
directive.
To apply the new settings, you should run
systemctl reload ssh
.
Unattended Installations

instance,
/cdrom/preseed.cfg
when installing from a DVD-ROM, or
/hd-media/preseed.cfg
when installing from a USB key).
You may not preseed answers to language and country options as the preseeding file is loaded later
in the process, once the hardware drivers have been loaded. On the positive side,
live-build
makes it easy to put a supplementary file in the generated ISO images (see section
9.3
, “
Building
Custom Kali Live ISO Images
” [page 241]).
With a Preseed File Loaded from the Network
You can make a preseed file available on the network through a web server and tell the installer
to download that preseed file by adding the boot parameter preseed/url=http://
server
/preseed.cfg
(or by using the url alias).
However, when using this method, remember that the network must first be configured. This
means that network-related debconf questions (in particular hostname and domain name) and
all the preceding questions (like language and country) cannot be preseeded with this method.
This method is most often used in combination with boot parameters preseeding those specific
questions.
This preseeding method is the most flexible one as you can change the installation configuration
without changing the installation media.
Delaying the Language - Kali Linux Revealed

• The fourth and final field contains the value for the expected answer. Note that it must be
separated from the third field with a single space; additional space characters are consid-
ered part of the value.
The simplest way to write a preseed file is to install a system by hand.
Then the
debconf-get-selections --installer
command will provide the answers you provided to the
installer. You can obtain answers directed to other packages with
debconf-get-selections
.
However, a cleaner solution is to write the preseed file by hand, starting from an example and
then going through the documentation. With this approach, only questions where the default
answer needs to be overridden can be preseeded. Provide the priority=critical boot parameter to
instruct Debconf to only ask critical questions, and to use the default answer for others.
parted
to actually create the partition. The

always, use caution when formatting any disk. You could lose valuable information if you format
the wrong disk or partition.
#
mkfs.ext4 -L persistence /dev/sdb3
mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Creating filesystem with 3049472 4k blocks and 762528 inodes
Filesystem UUID: cedc7589-a002-4aae-8963-f5197d6d9d4a
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
#
mount /dev/sdb3 /mnt
#
echo ”/ union” >/mnt/persistence.conf
#
ls -l /mnt
total 20
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 May 10 13:31 lost+found
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root
8 May 10 13:34 persistence.conf
#
umount /mnt
The USB key is now ready and can be booted with the “Live USB Persistence” boot menu entry.
9.4.3. Setting Up Encrypted Persistence on a USB Key
live-boot
is also able to handle persistence file systems on encrypted partitions. You can thus
protect the data of your persistent directories by creating a LUKS encrypted partition holding the
persistence data.
The initial steps are the same up to the creation of the partition but instead of formatting it with
an ext4 file system, use
cryptsetup
to initialize it as a LUKS container. Then open that container
and setup the ext4 file system in the same way as in the non-encrypted setup, but instead of using
the
/dev/sdb3
Adding Persistence to the Live ISO with a USB Key

9.4.2. Setting Up Unencrypted Persistence on a USB Key
In this section, we assume that you have prepared a Kali live USB key by following the instructions
at section
2.1.4
, “
Copying the Image on a DVD-ROM or USB Key
” [page 19] and that you have used
a USB key big enough to hold the ISO image (roughly 4 GB) and the data of the directories that you
want to persist. We also assume that the USB key is recognized by Linux as /dev/sdb and that it
only contains the two partitions that are part of the default ISO image (/dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdb2).
Be very careful when performing this procedure. You can easily destroy important data if you
re-partition the wrong drive.
To add a new partition, you must know the size of the image that you copied so that you can make
the new partition start after the live image. Then use
Debconf Preseeding of - Kali Linux Revealed

Debconf Preseeding of
Installed Packages
You can provide Debconf preseed files (see section
4.3.2
, “
Creating a Preseed File
”
[page 97] for explanations) as
preseed/*.cfg
files. They will be used to configure
the packages installed in the live file system.
244
Kali Linux Revealed
9.3.4. Using Hooks to Tweak the Contents of the Image
live-build
offers hooks that can be executed at different steps of the build process. Chroot
hooks are executable scripts that you install as
hooks/live/*.chroot
files in your config tree
and that are executed within the chroot. While
chroot
is the command that lets you temporar-
ily changes the operating system’s root directory to a directory of your choice, it is also used
by extension to designate a directory hosting a full (alternate) file system tree. This is the case
here with
live-build
, where the chroot directory is the directory where the live file system is
being prepared. Since applications started in a chroot can’t see outside of that directory, the
same goes with the chroot hooks: you can only use and modify anything available in that ch-
root environment. We rely on those hooks to perform multiple Kali specific customizations (see
kali-config/common/hooks/live/kali-hacks.chroot
).
Binary hooks (
hooks/live/*.binary
) are executed in the context of the build process (and not
chrooted anywhere) at the end of the process. You can modify the content of the ISO image built
but not of the live file system since at this point, it has already been generated. We use this feature
in Kali to make some changes to the default isolinux configuration generated by live-build. For
example, see
kali-config/common/hooks/live/persistence.binary
where we add the boot
menu entries enabling persistence.
9.3.5. Adding Files in the ISO Image or in the Live Filesystem
Another very common customization is to add files either in the live file system or in the ISO
image.
You can add files to the live file system by putting them at their expected location be-
low the
includes.chroot
config directory. For example, we provide
kali-config/common/
includes.chroot/usr/lib/live/config/0031-kali-password
, which ends up as
/usr/lib/
live/config/0031-kali-password
in the live file system.
Live-Boot Hooks
Scripts installed as
/lib/live/config/
XXXX
-
name
are executed by the init script
of the live-boot package. They reconfigure many aspects of the system to be suited
for a live system. You can add scripts of your own to customize your live system at
run-time: it’s notably used to implement a custom boot parameter for example.
You can add files to the ISO image by putting them at their expected location below the
includes.
binary
config directory. For example, we provide
kali-config/common/includes.binary/
isolinux/splash.png
to override the background image used by the Isolinux bootloader (which
is stored in
/isolinux/splash.png
in the filesystem of the ISO image).
245
Chapter 9 — Advanced Usage
|
-tajriba. Temir (III) gidroksid zolini dializ qilish

134
ioni bor-yo’qligi sinab ko’riladi. Eritmada xlor ionlari miqdori (sifat jihatdan)
kamayib borishi va xaltachadagi kolloid eritma o’zgarishi kuzatib boriladi.
Nazorat savollar.
1. Aralashmalardan kolloid eritmalar qanday tayyorlanadi?
2. Dializ nima va u qanday maqsadlarda qo’llaniladi?
3. Kolloid elektrolit eritmalari yarim o’tkazgich pardalar orqali bir xil tezlikda
diffuzlanib o’tadimi?
4. Kolloidlarni unga aralashgan elektrolitlardan
dializ yordamida batamom
tozalab bo’ladimi?
5. Dializ vaqtida kolloid eritmalardan qanday o’zgarishlar yuz beradi?
6. Dializ tezligi qanday omillarga bog’liq?
LABORATORIYA ISHI №3
DISPERS SISTEMALARNING ELEKTR XOSSALARI. ZARRACHA
ZARYADINI ANIQLASH. ELEKTROFOREZ, ELEKTROOSMOS
Ishning maqsadi:
1.
Eletroforez hodisasini o‘rganish.
2. Kolloid zarrachalar zaryadining ishorasini va harakat tezligini aniqlash
usuli bilan tanishish.
Ish uchun kerak bo’ladigan asbob va reaktivlar: 100 ml li silindr, gil,
shisha nay, distillangan suv,
misdan yasalgan elektrodlar, batareya, 0,05n li
kaliy yodid, 0,05n li kumush nitrat eritmalari.
1-tajriba. Elektroforezni kuzatish.
Ishning borishi: O‘lchami 8x15 sm va 4 sm qalinlikdagi loy parchasiga 2
dona 1,5 –2 sm diametrli shisha nay tiqiladi. Shisha naylarga yaxshilab yuvilgan
qumdan 0, 5 sm qalinlikda solinadi. So‘ngra qum yuzasidan 2 –3
sm yuqori
balandlikda turadigan qilib suv solinadi. Ikkala nayga misdan iborat elektrod
tushiriladi va ular batareyaga (2V) ulanadi. Bir necha minut o‘tar –o‘tmas
elektroforez hodisasi kuzatiladi. Musbat elektrod
tushirilgan naydagi suv
135
loyqalanadi. Chunki loy zarrachalari sekin-asta ko‘tarilib, suvda suspenziya
hosil qiladi. Bu nayda suv kamaya boradi.
Loy zarrachalarining manfiy
ekanligidan dalolat beradi.
§ 15. DISPERS SISTEMALARNING BARQARORLIGI VA

93
beriladi. 1 l gidrofob kolloidni cho‘ktirish uchun bir necha millimol elektrolit
sarf etilsa etarli, lekin bir litr gidrofil kolloidni cho‘ktirish uchun bir necha mol
elektrolit kerak bo‘ladi. Bu vaqtda elektrolitning faqat birgina ioni emas, balki
ikkala ioni ham koagulyatsiya uchun xizmat qiladi.
Umuman gidrofil kolloidlarni barqarorligi ikki omilga bog’liq:
birinchi omil – kolloid zarrachaning elektr zaryadi;
ikkinchi omil – kolloid zarrachaning sol`vat qavat bilan qoplanganligi.
Demak, bu holda koagulyatsiyani amalga oshirish uchun kolloidni
zaryadsizlash va sol`vat qobiqni yemirish zarur bo‘ladi. Buni amalga oshirish
uchun avval kolloidga elektrolit qo‘shib, uni neytral holatga keltiriladi; bu holda
cho‘kma hosil bo‘lmaydi (ya`ni koagulyatsiya jarayoni bo‘lmaydi); so‘ngra
sol`vat qobiqni emirish uchun spirt, atseton yoki tannin kabi moddalar qo‘shiladi
faqat shundan keyingina liofil kolloid cho‘kmaga tushishi mumkin.
Gidrofil kolloidlarning koagulyatsiyasi shu tarzda sodir bo‘lishi ham
mumkin; cho‘kmaga tushgan liofil zol qo‘shimcha erituvchi qo‘shilganida
qaytadan eritma holatiga aylanadi. Lekin oqsillardan kelib chiqqan ba`zi liofil
kolloidlardan cho‘kmaga tushgan oqsil qayta erimasligi mumkin. Bunday
koagulyatsiya qaytmas koagulyatsiya deb yuritiladi.
§ 14. ELEKTROKINETIK POTENTSIAL VA UNGA TA`SIR ETUVCHI

83
φ
0
= φ
δ
+ (φ
0
- φ
δ
)
AV – siyqalanish tekisligi.
Shtern nazariyasi kolloid zarrachalarning qayta zaryadlanish hodisasini
tushuntira oldi, chunki Shtern fikricha, qo‘sh elektr qavatning tuzilishiga qarshi
ionlar tabiati katta ta`sir ko‘rsatadi. Agar eritmaga elektrolit qo‘shilsa, diffuz
qavat qisqarib qarshi ionlar adsorbsiya qavatga ko‘proq yig’ila boshlaydi,
buning natijasida qo‘sh elektr qavat Gel’mgol’ts va Perren sxemasiga yaqin
tuzilishga ega bo‘lib qoladi, bunda (dzeta-potentsial) ξ – potentsial qiymati
kamayadi. Agar eritma suyultirilsa, diffuz qavat, aksincha kattalashadi va ξ –
potentsial ko‘payadi.
Qo‘sh elektr qavat tuzilishiga qarshi ionlarning xilma xil valentlikka ega
ekanligi ham katta ta`sir ko‘rsatadi, chunki Shtern fikricha diffuz qavatning
qalinligi va adsorbsiya qavatdagi ionlar soni ularning valentligiga bog’liqdir.
Qarshi ionning valentligi qancha katta bo‘lsa, diffuz qavat shuncha yupqa va ξ –
potentsial shu qadar kichik qiymatga ega bo‘ladi.
Elektr-kinetik potentsialga noindiferent elektrolit ta`siri

86
Sistemaga qo‘shilgan noindifferent elektrolitning ioni kristallik
panjarasiga ta`sir eta boshlaganda ξ – potentsial oshadi, elektrolitning
kontsentratsiyasi oshganda esa ikkilamchi elektr qavat siqilib, ξ – potentsial
kamayadi va maksimumga o‘tadi.
Noindifferent elektrolit qo‘shilganda kolloid zarracha qayta zaryadlanishi
mumkin.
Masalan, buni AgJ zolini misolida ko‘rish mumkin. Zolni stabilizatori
sifatida AgNO
3
olingan bo‘lsin. Elektrolit qo‘shishdan oldin zolning potentsiali
aniqlangan ioni Ag
+
, qarshi ioni NO
3
-
bo‘lib, zolimiz musbat zaryadga ega.
Sistemaga KJ ni ortiqcha miqdorda qo‘shilsa, potentsiali aniq ion J
-
bo‘lib,
qarshi ion esa K
+
bo‘ladi, zol manfiy zaryadga ega bo‘lib qoladi.
Dispersion muhitdagi AgNO
3
qo‘shilgan KJ bilan reaktsiyaga kirishib,
sistemada qo‘shimcha miqdorda manfiy zaryadli dispers faza hosil bo‘ladi.
Zolning bunday qayta zaryadlanishida nafaqat ξ – potentsial, balki φ
0
-
potentsial ham o‘zgaradi. Sistemaga begona ionli elektrolit qo‘shilganda faqat
ξ – potentsial o‘zgaradi.
Elektr – kinetik potentsial - Z. A. Sulaymonova, D. A. Hazratova, S. A. Karomatov kolloid kimyo

85
adsorbsion qavat qalinligiga tenglashishga xarakat qiladi. Natijada ξ – potentsial
nolga tenglashguncha kamayadi, bu esa sistemani izoelektrik holatiga olib keladi
(ya`ni musbat va manfiy zaryadlar tenglashadi).
Ikkinchi holatda, ya`ni elektrolit stabilizatorning ikkala ionidan
bo‘lmagan elektrolit qo‘shilganda kolloid zarrachaning qarshi ionlari ekvivalent
miqdorda qo‘shilganda elektrolit ionlari bilan almashinadi. Almashinish
ionlarning valentligiga bog’liq bo‘ladi.
-rasm. Ideal aralashmalar uchun suyuqlik – bug’ muvozanat diagrammasi

10.1-rasm. Ideal aralashmalar uchun suyuqlik – bug’ muvozanat diagrammasi.
a – aralashma ustidagi komponent parsial bosimi va umumiy bosim izotermalari; b – t-x, y diagrammalar; c – y-x diagramma.
OB va CA to’g’ri chiziqlar komponentlar parsial bosimi ( va ) ni, AB esa – suyuqlik ustidagi umumiy bosim o’zgarishini ifodalaydi. OA va CB vertikal kesmalar toza komponentlar to’yingan bug’i bosimi ( va ) ni ko’rsatadi.
Dalton qonuniga ko’ra, bug’dagi komponentning parsial bosimi, undagi shu komponent mol ulushiga proporsionaldir:
; (10.3)
bu yerda – sistema umumiy bosimi; , – bug’ aralashmasidagi A va B komponentlarning mol ulushlari.
Muvozanat sharoiti uchun:
; (10.4)
bundan
yoki (10.5)
Odatda, haydash va rektifikatsiya jarayonlari izobarik jarayonda o’tkaziladi. Shuning uchun, P = const bo’lgan holatdagi binary aralashmani ko’rib chiqamiz.
Bunda muvozanat chizig’ini t-x,y yoki y-x koordinatlarda tasvirlash mumkin. Agar, temperature ma’lum bo’lsa, va x, y kattaliklari hisoblab topilsa, sistemadagi muvozanatni ifodalovchi diagrammani qurish mumkin. Diagrammadagi pastki chiziq (10.1b-rasm) suyuq aralashmaning qaynash temperaturasini, yuqori chiziq esa – bug’ aralashmani kondensatsiyalash temperaturasini ifodalaydi. x = 0 va x = 1,0 da ordinata o’qlaridagi kesmalar, qiyin va yengil uchuvchan komponentlar qaynash temperaturasini ko’rsatadi.
Suyuqlikning ma’lum tarkibi x1 bo’yicha bug’ tarkibini aniqlash uchun suyuqlik konsentratsiyasiga tegishli abssissa o’qidagi nuqtadan qaynash chizig’i bilan kesishguncha vertikal chiziq o’tkaziladi. So’ng esa, kesilish nuqtasidan bug’ kondensatsiyalanish chizig’i bilan kesishguncha gorizontal chiziq o’tkaziladi. Kesilish nuqtasining abssissa o’qidagi qiymati bug’ning muvozanat tarkibi ni beradi.
10.1b-rasmdan ko’rinib turibdiki, bir xil qaynash temperaturasida bug’dagi yengil uchuvchan component konsentratsiyasi uning suyuqlik bug’lari muvozanat konsentratsiyasidan katta bo’ladi. “Suyuqlik – bug” sistemaning bu xossasi Konovalovning birinchi qonuniga bo’ysunadi, ya’ni eritma bilan muvozanatda bo’lgan bug’ doim o’zida shunday komponentni ortiqcha ushlaydi, bunda eritmaga shu komponentdan qo’shilganda uning qaynash temperaturasi kamayadi. Masalan, etil spirtiga suv qo’shilsa, sistemaning qaynash temperaturasi pasayadi. Konovalovning 1 – qonuniga binoan, eritmaning qaynashi davrida suv bug’i fazasining spirt bug’lari bilan boyishi sodir bo’ladi.
Rektifikatsiya jarayonini hisoblash uchun y-x diagrammadan foydalanish qulaydir (10.1v-rasm).
funksiya quyidagi tenglamaga mos keladi:
(10.6)
hamda suyuq va bug’ fazalar muvozanat tarkiblari orasidagi bog’liqlikni ifodalaydi.
Komponentlar nisbiy uchuvchanligi:
ma’lum bo’lsa, ideal aralashmalar muvozanat chizig’ini hisoblash va qurish mumkin.
(10.7)
Faqat yengil uchuvchan komponentlardan tarkib topgan suyuqlik bilan shu komponentdan tarkib topgan bug’ muvozanat holatida bo’ladi. Muvozanat chizig’ining eng chetki nuqtalari kvadratning qarama-qarshi burchaklarida joylashgan. Kvadrat diagonali va muvozanat egri chizig’i suyuq va bug’ fazalarning mavjud bo’lish sohalarini chegaralaydi.
|
Dastgohli operatsiyalarni tuzish

135
Texnologik
jarayonni
loyihalashda
operatsiyani
bajarish
uchun
kerak
bo„ladigantexnologik vositalar sifatida dastgohlar, moslamalar, kesuvchi va o„lchov
asboblarini tanlash kerak bo„ladi. Ularning to„g„ri tanlanishi ish unumining oshishiga
va ishlanayotgan yuza sifatining yaxsxilanishiga olib keladi.
O„lchov asbobini tanlash - O„zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o„rta maxsus ta‟lim vazirligi a. A. Safoev, E. A. Normatov,...

137
Umuman mexanik ishlov berish ketma-ketiligni tanlashda quyidagi asosiy
yondoshuvlarga amal qilish kerak;
- pardozlash operatsiyalarini texnologik jarayonni oxiriga joylashtirish kerak;
- tayyorlashda brak paydo bo„lshi mumkin bo„lgan operatsiyalarni imkoni
boricha texnologik jarayonni boshlanishiga ko„chirish uchun xarakat qilinishi kerak;
- teshiklarni parmalash hamma vaqt mexanik ishlov berishni oxirigi ko„chiriladi,
asosviy yuza vazifasini o„tovchi teshiklar bundan mustasno;
- ishlov berish turlari bo„yicha joylashgan sexlardja (masalan frezalash sexi,
tokarlik sexi va boshqalar) detallarni tashish yo„llarini uzayib ketishini oldini olish
uchun ishlov berish turlari bo„yicha operatsiyalar guruhlanishi kerak. (tokarlik
operatsiya, frezalash operatsiyasi va boshqalar).
Partiya o„lchami qancha katta bo„lsa

146
Qayd etish joizki, chilangarlik –yig„ish ishlarini asosiy qismini (50-85 %) katta
jismoniy mehnat va yuqori malakali ishchi talab qiladigan qo„l ishlari tashkil etadi
Chilangarlik yig„ishni katta mehnat sarfi nafaqat mashina tayyorlashni umumiy
mehnat sarfini oshirishga, balki yig„ishda tayyor detali va qismlarni to„planib qolishi
sababli korxona iqtisodiy ko„rsatkichlarini pasaytiradi.
Yuqorida keltirilgan sabablar yig„ishni sifatini va unumdorligini oshirish
muammosini zamonaviy mashinasozlikni texnik taraqqiy etishini birinchi navbatdagi
va muhim vazifalarga aylantiradi.
partitioning step (Figure

partitioning step (Figure
4.20
, “
Guided Partitioning with Encrypted LVM
” [page 90]) where you
will instead select “Guided - use entire disk and set up encrypted LVM.” The net result will be a
system that cannot be booted or accessed until the encryption passphrase is provided. This will
encrypt and protect the data on your disk.
Figure 4.20 Guided Partitioning with Encrypted LVM
The guided partitioning installer will automatically assign a physical partition for the storage of
encrypted data, as shown in Figure
4.21
, “
Confirm Changes to the Partition Table
” [page 91]. At
this point, the installer will confirm the changes before they are written on the disk.
90
Kali Linux Revealed
Figure 4.21 Confirm Changes to the Partition Table
This new partition is then initialized with random data, as shown in Figure
4.22
, “
Erasing Data on
Encrypted Partition
” [page 92]. This makes the areas that contain data indistinguishable from the
unused areas, making it more difficult to detect, and subsequently attack, the encrypted data.
91
Chapter 4 — Installing Kali Linux
Figure 4.22 Erasing Data on Encrypted Partition
Next, the installer asks you to enter an encryption passphrase (Figure
4.23
, “
Enter Your Encryp-
tion Passphrase
” [page 93]). In order to view the contents of the encrypted partition, you will
need to enter this passphrase every time you reboot the system. Note the warning in the installer:
your encrypted system will only be as strong as this passphrase.
92
Kali Linux Revealed
Figure 4.23 Enter Your Encryption Passphrase
The partitioning tool now has access to a new virtual partition whose contents are stored en-
crypted in the underlying physical partition. Since LVM uses this new partition as a physical
volume, it can protect several partitions (or LVM logical volumes) with the same encryption key,
including the swap partition (see sidebar “
Encrypted Swap Partition
” [page 89]). Here, LVM is not
used to make it easy to extend the storage size, but just for the convenience of the indirection
allowing to split a single encrypted partition into multiple logical volumes.
End of the Guided Partitioning with Encrypted LVM
Next, the resulting partitioning scheme is displayed (Figure
4.24
, “
Validating Partitioning for En-
crypted LVM Installation
” [page 94]) so you can tweak settings as needed.
93
Chapter 4 — Installing Kali Linux
Figure 4.24 Validating Partitioning for Encrypted LVM Installation
Finally, after validating the partition setup, the tool asks for confirmation to write the changes on
the disks, as shown in Figure
4.25
, “
Confirm Partitions to be Formatted
” [page 95].
94
Kali Linux Revealed
Figure 4.25 Confirm Partitions to be Formatted
Finally, the installation process continues as usual as documented in section
4.2.1.14
, “
Configuring
the Package Manager (
apt
)
” [page 84].
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Nasadkali absorberlar - Tasdiqlayman

|
Tasdiqlayman
|
bet | 49/98 | Sana | 18.06.2021 | Hajmi | 3,89 Mb. | | #15109 |
Nasadkali absorberlar. Turli shaklli qattiq nasadkalar bilan to’ldirilgan vertikal silindrsimon kolonalarning tuzilishi soda, ixcham va yuqori samarador bo’lgani uchun sanoatda ko’p ishlatiladi. Odatda, nasadkalar qatlami teshikli panjaralarga joylashtiriladi. Gaz faza teshikli panjara ostiga yuboriladi va undan o’tib, qatlam orqali yuqoriga qarab harakatlanadi.
Suyuqlik faza absorberning yuqori qismidan taqsimlash moslamasi yordamida purkaladi va nasadka qatlamida gaz fazasi bilan o’zaro ta’sir etadi. Qurilma samarali ishlashi uchun suyuq faza bir tekisda purkalishi va taqsimlanishi zarur. Bu turdagi absorberlarda nasadkalar ham suyuqlikni bir me’yorda taqsimlashga salmoqli hisssa qo’shadi. Nasadkalar quyidagi talablarga javob berishi kerak: katta solishtirma yuziga ega bo’lishi; gaz oqimiga ko’rsatadigan gidravlik qarshiligi kichik bo’lishi; ishchi suyuqlik bilan yaxshi ho’llanishi; absorber ko’ndalang kesim yuzasi bo’ylab suyuqlikni bir tekisda taqsimlashi; ikkala faza ta’siri ostida yemirilmaydigan bo’lishi; yengil va arzon bo’lishi kerak.
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Yupqa qatlamli absorberlar

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Yupqa qatlamli absorberlar
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bet | 48/98 | Sana | 18.06.2021 | Hajmi | 3,89 Mb. | | #15109 |
Yupqa qatlamli absorberlar ixcham va yuqori samaralidir. bu absorberlarda fazalarning to’qnashish yuzasi oqib tushayotgan suyuqlik yupqa qatlami yordamida hosil bo’ladi. Yupqa qatlamli qurilmalar guruhiga trubali, list – nasadkali, ko’tariladigan qatlamli absorberlar kiradi.
Trubali absorberlarda suyuqlik vertikal trubalarning tashqi yuzasidan pastga qarab oqib tushsa, gaz faza esa qarama – qarshi yo’nalishda yuqoriga qarab harakatlanadi. Qolgan turdagi absorberlarda ham fazalarning harakat yo’nalishi trubali absorberlarnikiga o’xshashdir.
Trubali absorberlar tuzilishiga qarab qobiq – trubali issiqlik almashinish qurilmasiga o’xshaydi. Qurilmadan hosil bo’lgan issiqlikni ajratib olish uchun trubalar ichiga suv yoki boshqa sovuqlik eltkich yuboriladi.
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-yil 15-martdagi “Umumiy o‘rta ta'lim to‘g‘risidagi nizomni tasdiqlash haqida”gi 140-son Qaror, qaysi davlat organi tomonidan qabul qilingan?

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-yil 15-martdagi “Umumiy o‘rta ta'lim to‘g‘risidagi nizomni tasdiqlash haqida”gi 140-son Qaror, qaysi davlat organi tomonidan qabul qilingan?
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bet | 56/92 | Sana | 14.05.2024 | Hajmi | 154 Kb. | | #231818 |
Bog'liq Texnologiya fanidan test topshiriqlari to`plami2017-yil 15-martdagi “Umumiy o‘rta ta'lim to‘g‘risidagi nizomni tasdiqlash haqida”gi 140-son Qaror, qaysi davlat organi tomonidan qabul qilingan?
*a) O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasi tomonidan.
b) O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisi tomonidan.
s) O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti tomonidan.
d) O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Xalq ta'limi vazirligi tomonidan.
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasining “Umumiy o‘rta va o‘rta maxsus, kasb-hunar ta'limining davlat ta'lim standartlarini tasdiqlash to‘g‘risida”gi 187-son qarori qabul qilingan sanani aniqlang?
*a) 2017-yil 6-aprelda.
b) 2017-yil 15-martda.
s) 2017-yil 16-aprelda.
d) 2017-yil 26-iyunda
Yaponiyada boshlang‘ich ta'lim qaysi sinflarni o‘z ichiga oladi?
*a) 1-6-sinflar
b) 1-4-sinflar
s) 1-5-sinflar
d) 1-8-sinflar
“Dzyuku” ya'ni “mahorat maktablari” qaysi davlatda mavjud?
*a) Yaponiya
b) Janubiy Koreya
s) Singapur
d) Fransiya
Fransiyada 6 yillik boshlang‘ich ta'limning nomlanishini ko‘rsating.
*a) 1-sinf “tayyorlov sinfi”, 2-3-sinf “elementar sinf”, 4-5-sinf “o‘rta sinf”
b) 1-sinf “elementar sinf”, 2-3-sinf “tayyorlov sinfi”, 4-5-sinf “o‘rta sinf”
s) 1-sinf “tayyorlov sinfi”, 2-3-sinf “o‘rta sinf”, 4-5-sinf “elementar sinf”
d) 1-2-3-sinf “elementar sinf”, 4-5-sinf “o‘rta sinf”.
O‘qituvchi kompetensiyasi piramidasi nimalardan iborat?
*a) Xulq-atvor, bilim, malaka, munosabat, motiv
b) Kasbiy mahorat va malaka
s) Kasbiy bilim, tushuncha
d) Kasbiy mahorat, tajriba, bilim, ko‘nikma.
Yangilikni joriy qilish necha guruhga bo‘linadi va ular qaysilar?
*a) 3 ta: texnik- texnologik, mahsuliy, ijtimoiy
b) 2 ta: mahsuliy, ijtimoiy
s) 3 ta: g‘oya, ishlanma, innovatsiya
d) 4 ta: ijtimoiy, texnik, ishlanma, mahsuliy
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Bosh sahifa
-yil 15-martdagi “Umumiy o‘rta ta'lim to‘g‘risidagi nizomni tasdiqlash haqida”gi 140-son Qaror, qaysi davlat organi tomonidan qabul qilingan?
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