nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Task 5. Write about your favorite website at least with 40 words

Photo galleries (flickr.com, shutterstock.com) News site or portal (islam.uz, kun.uz, darakchi.uz, ziyonet.uz) Search engines (Google.uz, Yandex.ru)Advertising, general trade, or catalog sites (torg.uz, glotr.uz, zor.uz, kplus.uz) online stores (For example: amazon.com, souq.com, esavdo.uz, korzinka.uz) |
Task 5. Write about your favorite website at least with 40 words
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Bog'liq Xorijiy til. Joriy nazorat-2Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Photo galleries (flickr.com, shutterstock.com) News site or portal (islam.uz, kun.uz, darakchi.uz, ziyonet.uz) Search engines (Google.uz, Yandex.ru)
- Advertising, general trade, or catalog sites (torg.uz, glotr.uz, zor.uz, kplus.uz) online stores (For example: amazon.com, souq.com, esavdo.uz, korzinka.uz)
Task 5. Write about your favorite website at least with 40 words.
Social networks (facebook.com, ok.ru, vk.ru, diayusak.uz, twitter.com)
Enterprise, organization sites (apple.com, ucell.uz, gov.uz, bank.uz)
Personal sites (sites about celebrities, singers, poets, statesmen)
Photo galleries (flickr.com, shutterstock.com)
News site or portal (islam.uz, kun.uz, darakchi.uz, ziyonet.uz)
Search engines (Google.uz, Yandex.ru)
Forum and chat (tforum.uz, forum.ziyouz.com, forum.islom.uz)
Media products - Audio, videos (mytube.uz, mover.uz, mp3.uz)
Advertising, general trade, or catalog sites (torg.uz, glotr.uz, zor.uz, kplus.uz)
online stores (For example: amazon.com, souq.com, esavdo.uz, korzinka.uz)
Task 6. Complete these sentences using the collocations studied during the lesson.
1.Thanks to Wi-Fi, it’s now easy to access the internet from cafes, hotels, parks, and many other public places.
2. Online banking lets you transfer money between your accounts easily and securely.
3. Skype is a technology that enables users to make calls over the Internet for free.
4. In many universities, students are encouraged to give presentations using PowerPoint in order to make their talks more visually attractive.
5. The Web has revolutionized the way people do research -with sites such as Google and Wikipedia, you can find the information you need in seconds.
6. Cookies allow a website to store information on a user’s machine and later retrieve it; when you visit the website again, it remembers your preferences.
7. With the latest mobile phones, you can send texts with multimedia attachments – pictures, audio, even video.
Task 7. Read this scenario and discuss possible solutions for each problem.
A company has these problems:
Information takes up too much space in the office.
It is difficult to find information on paper.
Admin staff spend a lot of time entering data. Surely computers can do this?
They enter the same data into different spreadsheers.
Copying and pasting data from spreadsheets into word processor documents is very slow and doesn’t look very good.
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Data interpretation - Current control (Total score max. 10) Group: Task Label the interface features (a-j) on the...

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Current control (Total score max. 10) Group: Task Label the interface features (a-j) on the screenshot of Apple’s Mac os X operating system with words in bold from this list. Desktop
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Bog'liq Xorijiy til. Joriy nazorat-2Data interpretation: Drawing conclusions and making decisions based on the analyzed data.
The software and hardware used in data processing can vary depending on the specific needs of the task. Common software includes database management systems, statistical analysis tools, and programming languages for data manipulation. Hardware may include servers, storage devices, and processing units to handle large volumes of data.
The types of output obtained in the result of data processing can range from summarized reports and visualizations to predictive models and actionable insights. The ultimate goal is to transform raw data into information that can support decision-making and improve understanding of a particular problem or situation.
I hope this helps with your home task! If you have further questions or need more details, feel free to ask.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Current control (Total score max. 10) Group: Task Label the interface features (a-j) on the screenshot of Apple’s Mac os X operating system with words in bold from this list. Desktop
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What are the most popular website language?

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What are the most popular website language?
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bet | 2/6 | Sana | 01.06.2024 | Hajmi | 0,68 Mb. | | #258889 |
Bog'liq Xorijiy til. Joriy nazorat-23. What are the most popular website language?
4. What is the most popular website in the world?
5.The most popular website hosting platforme are WordPress,Wix and Shopify are not they?
Task 4. You are a website designer. Read the information about Learning Now Ltd. Answer these questions.
What is the business type?
What is the purpose of the website: sell, inform, share, educate?
Who are the website users? Where are the website users?
What are the features of the website?
1)The business type of learning Now Ltd is not explicitly mentioned,but based on the provided information, it can be inferred that it is an educational or training company.
2) The purpose of the website for Learning now Ltd could be to inform and educate. It many serve as a platform to provide information about their courses,training programs,and possibly share educational content.
3)The website users of Leorning Now Ltd could include potential students or leorners who are interested in their courses and programs. The website users could be from various locations depending on the reach of the company,which could span across different regions or even globally if they offer online courses.
4) The features of the website for Learning Now Ltd could include course listings,detailed information about the training programs offered, registration or enrollment forms,contact information, testimonials, and possibly a blog or resources section for sharing educational content
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) Information - Current control (Total score max. 10) Group: Task Label the interface features (a-j) on the screenshot...

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Current control (Total score max. 10) Group: Task Label the interface features (a-j) on the screenshot of Apple’s Mac os X operating system with words in bold from this list. Desktop
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bet | 4/6 | Sana | 01.06.2024 | Hajmi | 0,68 Mb. | | #258889 |
Bog'liq Xorijiy til. Joriy nazorat-21) Information takes up too much space in the office:
- Digitize documents: Scan paper documents and store them electronically. This will reduce the physical storage space needed.
- Implement a document management system: Use a software solution to organize and store electronic documents efficiently. This will make it easier to access and manage information.
2) It is difficult to find information on paper:
- Implement a centralized database: Store all relevant information in a centralized database with proper indexing and search capabilities. This will make it easier to locate and retrieve information quickly.
- Use document tagging: Tag documents with relevant keywords or categories to make searching and retrieval easier.
3) Admin staff spend a lot of time entering data. Surely computers can do this?
- Automate data entry: Implement software or scripts that can automatically extract data from various sources and populate the required fields. This will save time and reduce manual data entry efforts.
- Use optical character recognition (OCR): Utilize OCR technology to convert printed or handwritten documents into editable digital formats. This will eliminate the need for manual data entry.
4) They enter the same data into different spreadsheets:
- Integrate systems: Implement a system that allows data to be entered once and automatically synced across multiple spreadsheets or databases. This will ensure data consistency and reduce redundancy.
- Use data import/export functionality: Utilize the import/export features of spreadsheet software to transfer data between different sheets or applications. This will streamline the process and minimize manual data entry.
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Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Current control (Total score max. 10) Group: Task Label the interface features (a-j) on the screenshot of Apple’s Mac os X operating system with words in bold from this list. Desktop
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The Future of Big Data with Data Lakehouse

The Future of Big Data with Data Lakehouse
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The Future of Big Data with Data Lakehouse
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The Evolution of Big Data and the Future of the Data Platform

Big data accelerated
the digital economy,
enabling use cases that had previously been
impossible or cost-prohibitive to achieve.
New big data approaches
–
Around 2005, we entered the era of Web 2.0, when companies began to realize just how much
data users generated through social media and other online services. Data of all types,
structured
and unstructured
, needed to be collected, processed, and analyzed. Current technologies couldn’t
process it, at least not economically. A new approach was needed.
Google published a paper on MapReduce, a programming model that defined a system for
processing large data sets. Yahoo got involved in the project, and Hadoop was created. In 2008,
Yahoo released Hadoop to the Apache Software Foundation, followed by the Apache Software
Foundation releasing Apache Hadoop 1.0 in 2011.
Hadoop, an open source framework, accelerated the utility and growth of big data. The Hadoop
Distributed File System is a storage system that can distribute data across clusters of computers.
MapReduce enables parallel processing of that distributed data to increase performance. The
combination enabled the big data use cases that accelerated the digital economy, such as the
360-degree views of ecommerce customers. These use cases had previously been impossible or
cost prohibitive to achieve.
The Hadoop framework rapidly expanded with tools for deploying and managing clusters,
scheduling processes, querying data, and more. Spark, an open source data processing engine
for large data sets, became popular because it enabled computational speed, scalability, and
programmability for big data—specifically with applications for streaming data, graph data,
machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence (AI). Spark stores and processes data in memory.
This is key to Spark’s performance because it lets applications avoid slow disk accesses.
The following are some of the data tools

|
The following are some of the data toolsBog'liq 050623-The Future of Big Data with Data LakehouseThe following are some of the data tools
that many cloud providers offer their users:
Object Storage
Enables organizations to store any type
of data in its native format—this is ideal
for building modern applications that
require scale and flexibility
Data Integration
Easy-to-use tools that connect to
public and private data sources such as
databases and applications and reliably
transfer and synchronize the data to the
datastores in the data lake
Data Preparation
Visual tools to create data
transformations between the source
and the target
Data catalog
An inventory of enterprisewide data
assets to help search, explore, and
govern data in the data lake
Data streaming
Lets organizations process data in
real time, enabling resilient stream
processing operations such as filters,
joins, maps, aggregations, and
other transformations
Data management
Hadoop, Spark, databases, and query
tools that help organizations manage
data across all stores in the data lake
Analytics
Tools to help organizations understand
and discover trends in their data and
use them to guide decision-making
Using those tools, companies can
start data lakes for their unstructured
data on a small scale and continually
expand them with new data types, data
sources, and applications to derive
value from the data.
Learn how to build a data lake
→
Introduction
Big data beginnings
New big data approaches
Big data challenges
Data lakes
Data platforms
AI and ML
Business Use Cases
Conclusion
Data lakes
–
The emergence of public clouds had a profound impact on the way
organizations could tackle big data challenges. The availability of cheap,
reliable, and infinitely scalable storage let companies ingest and store the data
raw and unchanged, instead of cleaning, transforming, and aggregating it
before storage. That, in turn, enabled new methods of analyzing the data that
previously weren’t available.
James Dixon, then chief technology officer at Pentaho, coined the term “data
lake” for this new approach. Rather than creating isolated data warehouses, a
data lake promised to be a single repository for all of a company’s information.
Data lakes
can be built with
Hadoop technologies or with
object storage and managed
data services provided by a
cloud provider. By delegating
the infrastructure work and
applications management to
a cloud provider, companies
can decrease the IT work of
big data tasks and focus on
data management.
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The Future of Big Data with Data Lakehouse

The
Evolution of Big
Data and the Future
of the Data Platform
–
How organizations use data platforms
to get more value from data
Introduction
–
The field of big data has developed from the discipline of statistical
analysis all the way to today’s advanced data platform technologies.
In this ebook, we’ll describe how we got here,
the challenges big data
presented along the way, and how organizations are using data platforms
to get more value from data than ever before. You’ll learn how big data
technology is evolving to better connect us,
improve our decisions, grow
our economies, and more.
Introduction
Big data beginnings
New big data approaches
Big data challenges
Data lakes
Data platforms
AI and ML
Business Use Cases
Conclusion
02
The Evolution of Big Data and the Future of the Data Platform
Introduction
Big data beginnings
New big data approaches
Big data challenges
Data lakes
Data platforms
AI and ML
Business Use Cases
Conclusion
Big data beginnings
–
Put simply,
big data
is a concept describing data sets that exceed the
size that can be managed by
traditional tools. It’s defined by three Vs: variety, volume, and velocity. The growing variety of data
sources that arrives in increasing volumes and with more velocity (the high rate at which data is
received and acted on).
The roots of big data come from “business intelligence,” a term
IBM (PDF)
coined in 1958,
defining it as
“the ability to apprehend the interrelationships of presented facts in
such a way as to guide action towards a desired goal.”
IBM, 1958
The 1960s and ‘70s saw significant advancements in data technology with the development of
mainframes and databases. The 1980s saw the emergence of personal computers and client-
server computing and, along with that, relational databases and SQL (Structured
Query
Language). With each of these breakthroughs, the utility and volume of data grew.
Data volumes exploded in the ‘90s with the rise of the internet, ecommerce, and
search technologies. For transactional databases, this
meant new architectures
to support more performance, scalability, and redundancy. At the same
time, the need for business intelligence across these data volumes
drove companies to create new types of databases—data warehouses,
specialized relational databases optimized for analytics—to store curated
data from a wide variety of sources. The
data warehouses
became core
infrastructure that companies
used to track their operations, complete
reporting, perform analysis, and support decision-making.
Introduction - The Future of Big Data with Data Lakehouse

Introduction
Big data beginnings
New big data approaches
Big data challenges
Data lakes
Data platforms
AI and ML
Business Use Cases
Conclusion
Big data challenges
–
Many companies that adopted these big data technologies have found that
managing the various open source Hadoop tools was complex and expensive.
Companies, such as Cloudera and Hortonworks, sold
packaged versions of the
open source projects to address that market.
Even with these packaged solutions, a major challenge for companies adopting
Hadoop is managing the required data center infrastructure.
Clusters must be
able to scale to hundreds or even thousands of nodes for certain jobs. They
must be available when needed but may be idle for periods as well. Those
requirements make it difficult to find the right balance between economics and
the availability of the cluster infrastructure.
The cost of storage also becomes an issue as organizations
struggle to keep
pace with the amount of data they need to store. Tiering of storage to support
production, backups, archives, and so forth is crucial to contain costs.
The emergence of public clouds in 2010 promised to address these challenges.
With flexible compute
and reliable low-cost storage, they became an attractive
option for building one’s own data clusters.
05
The Evolution of Big Data and the Future of the Data Platform
The Evolution of Big Data and the Future of the Data Platform

Introduction
Big data beginnings
New big data approaches
Big data challenges
Data lakes
Data platforms
AI and ML
Business Use Cases
Conclusion
Business use cases
–
There are hundreds of ways big data can give businesses a competitive advantage. Here, we’ll
explore just a few examples of how industries have used big data to go beyond measuring and
counting to being able to predict and understand.
Financial services
Whether it’s
capturing new market
opportunities or reducing fraud,
financial services organizations have
converted big data into a competitive
advantage. With big data, financial
institutions can
•
Identify
patterns that
indicate fraud and streamline
regulatory reporting
•
Gain a better understanding of
market trends and customer
needs, which can improve
decision-making about new
products
and services
•
Detect potential fraud patterns
and adhere to regulations
Healthcare
Hospitals, healthcare companies,
and researchers produce massive
amounts of data. With big data,
healthcare
professionals can
•
Identify disease genes and
biomarkers to help patients
pinpoint health issues they
may face in the future
•
Provide better treatment and
improve
the quality of care
without increasing costs
•
Detect potential insurance
fraud by flagging certain
behaviors for further
examination
Manufacturing
The digital revolution has
empowered
manufacturers to
find ways to harness all the data
they generate. With big data,
manufacturers can
•
Predict equipment failures
•
Assess production processes,
proactively respond to customer
feedback, and anticipate
future
demands
•
Better understand the flow of
production lines and determine
the cause of delays
Retail
Big data is used across all stages
of the retail process. With big data,
retailers can
•
Predict
customer demand and
launch new products
•
Identify a company’s most loyal
customers and target them with
special offers
•
Use predictive technology to
keep
shelves stocked and avoid
supply chain disruptions
Telecommunications - The Future of Big Data with Data Lakehouse

Telecommunications
The
popularity of smartphones
and other mobile devices has
given telecommunications
companies tremendous growth
opportunities and an ever-expanding
volume of data.
Big data lets
telecommunications companies
•
Identify areas with excess
capacity and reroute bandwidth
as needed
•
Predict
overall customer
satisfaction by analyzing the
data they already have about
service quality and convenience
•
Improve understanding of
customer
behavior to design
new products and features
Download the Big Data Use Cases Ebook
08
The Evolution of Big Data and the Future of the Data Platform
Simplify big data
application delivery
with Apache Spark
→
Make it easier to build
managed data lakes
→
Enable self-service
data discovery and
governance
→
Let Oracle help your business evolve
Introduction
Big data beginnings
New big data approaches
Big data challenges
Data lakes
Data platforms
AI and ML
Business Use Cases
Conclusion
Conclusion
–
Big data is less about individual pieces of data and more about gleaning
value and meaning from it. Today, data
is coming from more sources, in
more formats, more quickly than ever before. With the right data platform
in place, organizations can get value from their data so they can make
faster, data-driven decisions.
09
The Evolution of Big Data and the Future of the Data Platform
Copyright © 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is provided for information purposes only,
and the contents hereof are
subject to change without notice. This document is not warranted to be error-free, nor subject to any other warranties or conditions, whether expressed
orally or implied in law, including implied warranties and conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. We
specifically disclaim any
liability with respect to this document, and no contractual obligations are formed either directly or indirectly by this document. This document may not
be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
for any purpose, without our prior written permission.
Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/ or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
The Evolution of Big Data and the Future of the Data Platform

Introduction
Big data beginnings
New big data approaches
Big data challenges
Data lakes
Data platforms
AI and ML
Business Use Cases
Conclusion
AI and ML
–
AI and ML are the next disruptors in big data technology. With AI and
ML, computers can recognize
the content of images, transcribe spoken
language, read texts, and understand the sentiment of social media
responses. Where data platforms were at first tools to simply collect data
of
all types, with
AI and ML
they can now understand the stored data and
use that to initiate actions or support decisions.
The integration of AI and ML into data platforms has enabled many new
use cases that were never achievable previously.
Data scientists spend
39%
of their time
curating and preparing data before it can be used.
Data platforms
–
Remember
transactional databases
and
data warehouses
? They continue to
be core building blocks for managing structured data for most companies.
But now data lakes with unstructured data are also
becoming critical as more
companies leverage their unstructured data for business insights. Increasingly,
companies are looking at databases, data warehouses, and data lakes as equal
components of their entire data estate. Integrated
management across these
silos is required for comprehensive management and analytics across all of a
company’s data.
That’s what a
data platform
offers. A data platform combines the best features
of transactional databases and data warehouses
with the best features of
data lakes. A data platform will reduce data redundancy, eliminate the costs
of maintaining multiple data storage systems, support a wide variety of
workloads, and improve data security.
A data platform’s modern, open architecture can
store and process all of
an organization’s data, including structured and unstructured data, while
enabling users to access information more quickly and start putting it to
work. Organizations use data platforms to capture, manage,
and analyze data in real
time to improve customer
experience, reduce fraud, and speed up time to market.
Oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari texnologiyasi

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Oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari texnologiyasi
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bet | 1/3 | Sana | 22.06.2024 | Hajmi | 1,45 Mb. | | #265175 |
Bog'liq islom
TOSHKENT KIMYO-TEXNOLOGIYA INSTITUTI SHAHRISABZ FILIALI
“OZIQ-OVQAT MAHSULOTLARI TEXNOLOGIYASI” KAFEDRASI
DAVRIY USULDA YILIGA 1,8 MLN DAL PIVO ISHLAB CHIQARISH TEXNALOGIYASI
Rahbar: Zokirov B.
Bajardi: Raxmatov I
Shahrisabz - 2023
Pivo qadimiy ichimlik bo‘lib, uning kelib chiqish tariхi arхeologik topilma va qazilmalarga asosan bundan 7000 yil avval paydo bo‘lganligi haqida ma’lumotlar mavjud.
Pivo to‘g‘risidagi eng qadimiy eslatmalar eramizdan avvalgi 2800 yil (Mesopotamiya) Shumer qo‘lyozmalarida uchraydi. Bunda ishchilarning kunlik ovqatlanish ratsioni pivo va non hisoblangani aytib o‘tilgan.
Keyinchalik pivo ishlab chiqarish ko‘pchilik arхeologik topilmalar va rasmlardan qadimiy Misrda rivojlanganligidan dalolat bermoqda.
Yevropada pivo qadimiy germaniyaliklar hamda skif va keltlarning sevimli ichimligi hisoblangan. Pivo kunlik ovqat singari uy sharoitida tayyorlangan. O‘rta asrga kelib pivo tovar holda ishlab chiqarila boshlandi.
XIX asr o‘rtalarida Yevropa va Amerikada pivo ishlab chiqaruvchi ko‘plab sanoat korхonalariga asos solindi, eski korхonalar moderinizatsiya qilindi. O‘sha davrdagi ko‘pgina pivo ishlab chiqaruvchi korхonalar hozirgi kunda sanoat gigantlariga aylandi.
Pivo sharbati olishda solod, arpa va boshqa undirilmagan mahsulotlar ishlatiladi. Demak pivo sharbatini olish uchun donli mahsulotlar ishlatilar ekan. Bu donli mahsulotlarni barchasi selyuloza qobiq eldoskaridaldan tashkil topgan. Doim bu ikkinchi komponenti fizik kimyoviy hossalarga ega. Qobiq qismi – seliloza tarkibida bo’lgan uglevodga boy moddalar va kul moddalardan tashkil topgan.
Qobiq qismi – gemiselilozali va peptin moddalardan tuzilgan qobiq qismining selilozadan iboratligini inobatga oladigan seliloza suvda erimaydi, ishqalanish jarayonida kirishmaydi, lekin qobiq ichidagi ohlovchi va taxir moddalar suvda erib pivo sharbatini ta’miga va rangiga yomon tasir ko’rsatadi. Shuning uchun hozirgi texnologiyada – solodning ekstraksiyalanishi 78.9% bo’lsa uning ekstraktivligi 88.9%, mayda yormaniki – 15.3% yirik yormaniki esa 22.2%.
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Xotiraning ierarxik strukturasi - Mavzu: Kompyuter xotirasi ierarxiyasi va ularni tashkillashtirish asoslari

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Mavzu: Kompyuter xotirasi ierarxiyasi va ularni tashkillashtirish asoslari
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bet | 3/6 | Sana | 07.01.2024 | Hajmi | 2,07 Mb. | | #131840 |
Bog'liq Salimov Z. Mustaqil ish2 (NAMUNA) (1)Xotiraning ierarxik strukturasi Ierarxiyaning yuqorisidan pastga qarab harakatlanganda (xotiraning) 3 ta parametrlar o`zgaradi. Uchinchidan: 1 dollarga sotib olish mumkin bo`lgan bitlar soni oshib boradi Masalan, narxdagi ko`p bo`lmagan tafovvut bilan gigabaytda o`lchanuvchi asosiy xotira va terabaytda o`lchanuvchi doimiy xotira qurilmasini sotib olish mumkin
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
Xotira turlarining tashkiliy joylashuv sxemasi
(Asosiy xotira)
HARD DISK
(Ikkilamchi xotira)
2
Kesh 1
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
Xotira turlarining tashkiliy joylashuv sxemasi
(asosiy xotira)
HARD DISK
(ikkilamchi xotira)
2
Kesh 1
101
103
107
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
- Xotira ierarxiyasining turli elementlariga kirish uchun taktlar soni;
- Kirish vaqti ierarxiyaning yuqoridan quyi darajasiga qarab ortib boradi
Registrlar Registrlar deya nomlanuvchi xotira bloklari markaziy protsessorda komandalar interpretatsiya qilinishi (sharhlanishi) va bajarilishi davri mobaynida axborotni oʼzida vaqtinchalik saqlash uchun moʼljallangan. Registrlar markaziy protsessorning bir qismidir (asosiy xotira komponenti emas). Registr uzunligi baʼzida undagi soʼz oʼlchami deb ataladi, oʼzida saqlanishi mumkin boʼlgan bitlar soniga teng boʼladi.
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
Registrning asosiy vazifalari
№
|
Registrning nomlanishi
|
Vazifasi
|
1
|
Xotira manzili– Memory Address (MAR)
|
Xotiraning faol yacheykasi manzilini o`z ichiga oladi
|
2
|
Xotira buferi - Memory Buffer (MBR)
|
Xotiraga yozish va xotiradan o`qish bo`yicha axborotni o`z ichiga oladi
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3
|
Dasturni boshqarish – Program Control (PCR)
|
Bajarilishi kutilayotgan keyingi buyruq manzilini o`z ichiga oladi
|
4
|
To`plovchi - Accumulator (AR)
|
Ilgari boshqarilgan barcha amallar bo`yicha natijalarni va ma`lumotlarni to`playdi
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5
|
Yo`riqnomalar - Instruction (IR)
|
Ayni damda bajarilayotgan yo`riqnomani o`z ichiga oladi
|
6
|
Kiritish/Chiqarish - Input/Output (I/OR)
|
Kiritish/chiqarish qurilmalari bilan bog`lanadi
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KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
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Eng yaxshi yo'li, SSD+HDDasosida ish yuriting. SSD operatsion tizimni yuklash uchun, HDD esa fayllarni saqlash(o'chirib-yozish) uchun

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Eng yaxshi yo'li, SSD+HDDasosida ish yuriting. SSD operatsion tizimni yuklash uchun, HDD esa fayllarni saqlash(o'chirib-yozish) uchun
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bet | 6/6 | Sana | 07.01.2024 | Hajmi | 2,07 Mb. | | #131840 |
Bog'liq Salimov Z. Mustaqil ish2 (NAMUNA) (1) Eng yaxshi yo'li, SSD+HDDasosida ish yuriting. SSD operatsion tizimni yuklash uchun, HDD esa fayllarni saqlash(o'chirib-yozish) uchun. 2. Operatsion tizim bilan mos tushishi. SSD disklar barcha operatsion tizimlar bilan mos kelmaydi(kelishib ishlayolmaydi). Ular uchun eng yaxshi variant Windows 7,8,10 operatsion tizimilari hisoblanadi. Shuning uchun SSD ulashda operatsion tizimga ham qarash lozim, disklar muntazam ishlashi mumkin, lekin siz kutgan natijani bermasligi mumkin. 2. Operatsion tizim bilan mos tushishi. SSD disklar barcha operatsion tizimlar bilan mos kelmaydi(kelishib ishlayolmaydi). Ular uchun eng yaxshi variant Windows 7,8,10 operatsion tizimilari hisoblanadi. Shuning uchun SSD ulashda operatsion tizimga ham qarash lozim, disklar muntazam ishlashi mumkin, lekin siz kutgan natijani bermasligi mumkin. HDD va SSD disklarning texnik parametrlari - Hajmi (500 Gb, 1Tb, 2 Tb);
- Qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan standartlar ("qattiq diskda" texnologik interfeyslarning. IDE, EIDE, ATA, PATA, SATA, USB1,2,3);
- Disklarning aylanish tezligi (optimal - daqiqada 7200 ayl/min);
- Ma'lumot uzatish tezligi (ing. Transfer darajasi):
ichki disk maydoni: 44,2 dan 74,5 Mb / s gacha ; tashqi disk maydoni: 60,0 dan 111,4 Mb / s gacha. HDD va SSD disklarning texnik parametrlari - 2.5 "HDD HITACHI 5K320 (SATA II (3GB / s) 5400);
- 2.5 "SSD INTEL 520 SSDSC2CW060A310 (SATA III (6Gb / s));
- 3.5 "HDD HITACHI HDS721010CLA332 JP4O (SATA II (3GB / s) 7200rpm);
- 3.5 "HDD WD VelociRaptor (SATA II (3GB / s) 1000RPM).
Doimiy xotira
Disk strukturasi:
A) Yo’lak
B) Geometrik sektor
C) Yo’lak sektor
D) Klaster
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
K&A E`tiboringiz uchun rahmat
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Eng yaxshi yo'li, SSD+HDDasosida ish yuriting. SSD operatsion tizimni yuklash uchun, HDD esa fayllarni saqlash(o'chirib-yozish) uchun
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Doimiy xotira 
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI 
Qattiq diskning ikki turi mavjud

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Doimiy xotira
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
Qattiq diskning ikki turi mavjud
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bet | 5/6 | Sana | 07.01.2024 | Hajmi | 2,07 Mb. | | #131840 |
Bog'liq Salimov Z. Mustaqil ish2 (NAMUNA) (1)Doimiy xotira
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
Qattiq diskning ikki turi mavjud: - Mobile-Head Magnetic Disk Storage – Harakatlanadigan kallakli magnit disk;
- SSD (Solid State Disc– qattiq holatdagi disklar);
Texnologiyalarning rivojlanishi bilan vinchesterlar o’rnini bosuvchi SSD (Solid State Disc– qattiq holatdagi disklar) paydo bo’ldi va ommaviylashib bormoqda. Ularda axborot electron mikrosxemalarda saqlanadi. Bu mikrosxemalar tezkor xotira mikrosxemalari kabi bo’lib, ulardan farqli ravishda elektr ta’minotidan uzilganda ham o’zidagi axborotni saqlab qola oladi. SSD disklarning afzalliklari
1. Mexanik harakatlanuvchi qismlarning yo'qligi. Shu sababli ular fizik urilishlarga biroz bo'lsa ham chidamli sanaladi. Tashkil etuvchilari faqat mikrosxemalardir.
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
2. O'qish va yozish tezligining yuqoriligi. Ulanish texnologiyasi SATA III hisoblanadi va bu orqali ma'lumotlarni yozish tezligi 3-6 Gb/s ga yetadi. 2. O'qish va yozish tezligining yuqoriligi. Ulanish texnologiyasi SATA III hisoblanadi va bu orqali ma'lumotlarni yozish tezligi 3-6 Gb/s ga yetadi. 3. Ixchamligi. Hajmi ixcham bo'lib, og'irligi ham HDD'ga qaraganda yengildir.
SSD disklarning afzalliklari
4. Shovqinsiz. Qurilma mikrosxemalardan tashkil topganligi uchun, uning shovqini mavjud emas. 4. Shovqinsiz. Qurilma mikrosxemalardan tashkil topganligi uchun, uning shovqini mavjud emas. - Tizimli plataga o`rnatishning qulayligi.
- Elektr ta`minotini kam istemol qilishi.
SSD disklarning afzalliklari
- Qayta yozish. Eng asosiy muammolardan biri hisoblanadi. Bu qurilmaga fayllarni yozish, ularni o'chirish davomiyligi chegaralangan, ya`ni 10000 marotaba yozib-o'chirish amalga oshganidan so'ng, bu SSD diskni ishlatib bo'lmaydi. Shuning uchun bu diskdan asosan o'qish maqsadida foydalanish maqsadga muvofiq bo'ladi.
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Xotiraning ierarxik strukturasi - Mavzu: Kompyuter xotirasi ierarxiyasi va ularni tashkillashtirish asoslari

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Mavzu: Kompyuter xotirasi ierarxiyasi va ularni tashkillashtirish asoslari
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bet | 2/6 | Sana | 07.01.2024 | Hajmi | 2,07 Mb. | | #131840 |
Bog'liq Salimov Z. Mustaqil ish2 (NAMUNA) (1) - Kompyuterlarda ma`lumotlarni saqlash bilan bog`liq muammolarni oldini olish uchun xotiraning ierarxik strukturasi ishlab chiqilgan.
- Ierarxiyaning yuqori qismida protsessorning registri joylashgan. Bu registrlarga kirish qolgan xotira birliklariga nisbatan tez hisoblanadi.
- Undan keyingi dajarada Kesh-xotira joylashgan, bugungi kunda kesh-xotira 32 Kbaytdan bir necha Mbaytgacha yetadi.
- Keyingi darajada kompyuterning asosiy xotirasi joylashgan bo`lib, bugungi kunda 1 Gbaytdan boshlanadi (lekin amaliyotda deyarli ishlatilmaydi).
- Keyingi darajada ma`lumotlarni uzoq muddat saqlashga mo`ljallangan HDD – qattiq magnitli disk (yoki SSD) qurilmalari joylashgan.
- Quyi darajada esa lentali saqlovchilar, optik disklar va boshqa qurilmalar joylashadi.
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
Xotiraning ierarxik strukturasi Ierarxiyaning yuqorisidan pastga qarab harakatlanganda (xotiraning) 3 ta parametrlar o`zgaradi. Birinchidan: - Masalan, registrlarga kirish uchun bir necha nanosekund talab etilsa, asosiy xotiraga kirish uchun esa ber necha o’nlab nanosekundlar talab etiladi.
- Undan so`ng kirish vaqti sezilarli darajada ortadi: masalan, magnit disklarga kirish vaqti registrlarga kirish vaqtiga nisbatan yuzlab marta sekin hisoblanadi.
- Optik disklar va lentali tashuvchilarga kirish vaqtini sekundlarda o`lchash mumkin.
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
Xotiraning ierarxik strukturasi Ierarxiyaning yuqorisidan pastga qarab harakatlanganda (xotiraning) 3 ta parametrlar o`zgaradi. Ikkinchidan: Eng samarali holatda registrlar 128 bayt ma`lumotni sig`dirishi mumkin, kesh-xotira esa o`nlab megabaytni, asosiy xotira – gigabayt va magnit disklar terabayt hajmdagi ma`lumotlarni sig`dira olishi mumkin
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
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Kesh-xotira 
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI 
Kesh-xotiraning Markaziy protsessorda joylashishi

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Kesh-xotira
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
Kesh-xotiraning Markaziy protsessorda joylashishi
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bet | 4/6 | Sana | 07.01.2024 | Hajmi | 2,07 Mb. | | #131840 |
Bog'liq Salimov Z. Mustaqil ish2 (NAMUNA) (1)Kesh-xotira
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
Kesh-xotiraning Markaziy protsessorda joylashishi - Kesh-xotira tashkil etish g`oyasi juda sodda bo`lib, u o`zida tez-tez takrorlanuvchi so`zlarni (word) saqlab turadi.
- Agar protsessorga biror bir so`z kerak bo`lsa u albatta dastlab kesh-xotiraga murojaat qiladi.
- Agar zarur so`z kesh-xotirada mavjud bo`lmasa, u holda asosiy xotiraga murojaat qiladi
Kesh-xotira
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
- U manzil maydoniga kiritilmagan, uning tarkibini bevosita o'qish yoki o'zgartirish mumkin emas.
- Kesh tarkibini kesh boshqaruvchisi deb nomlangan maxsus qurilma boshqaradi.
- Zamonaviy kompyuterlar ikki yoki uch darajali kesh xotirasiga ega.
Kesh-xotira
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
- CPU kesh xotirasining birinchi darajasi (L1) bu to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kompyuter mikroprotsessoriga o'rnatilgan xotira turi.
- Ikkinchi darajali (L2) protsessor keshi hajmi cheklangan va ona platada joylashgan.
- Uchinchi darajali (L3) protsessor keshi asosiy xotira oldida ishlatiladi.
- Kesh xotiraning har bir darajasi mikroprotsessor tezligini oshirishga mo’ljallangan.
Asosiy xotira
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
Asosiy xotira qurilmasini ikki xil usulda tashkil etish yo`llari ishlab chiqilgan:
- SIMM – Single inline memory module bir tarafga joylashtirilgan xotira modullari
- DIMM – Dual inline memory module ikki tarafga joylashtirilgan xotira modullari
Asosiy xotira
KOMPYUTER TIZIMLARI KAFEDRASI
Agar ushbu chizmadagi asosiy xotira qurilmasini shartli ravishda 4 Gbayt deb belgilasak:
- Har bir xotira mikrosxemasi 250 Mbaytdan xotira hajmini ta`minlaydi;
- Qurilmaning xar ikkala tomoni bir xil ko`rinishda bo`ladi, ya`ni har ikki tarafda 8 tadan 250 Mbaytli mikrosxemalar joylashgan bo`ladi.
Bu DIMM ko`rinishida tashkil etilgan xotira qurilmasi hisoblanadi
Ma`lum bir xotira hajmiga ega bo`lgan mikrosxema
Asosiy plataga ulash uchun razyom
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Korxonaning mikromuhitini tavsiflang?

3.Korxonaning mikromuhitini tavsiflang?
Marketing xizmati rahbarlari faqat iste’molchilarning ehtiyojlari bilan band bo‘lib qolmasliklari lozim. Ular mikro muhitning hamma omillarini hisobga olishlari lozim. Firmaning makro muhiti uning mikromuhitining keng (hamma) elementlari (unsurlari) ga ta’sir etuvchi ijtimoiy kuchlari bilan ifodalanadi. Firmaning mikromuhitiga ta’sir etuvchi makromuhiti 6 ta asosiy kuchlardan shakllanadi.
1.Aksariyat mol yetkazib beruvchilar.
2. Firma.
3. Marketing bo‘yicha vositachilar.
4. Mijozlar.
5. Raqobatchilar.
6. Firmada aloqada bo‘lgan auditoriyalar.
Madaniy muhit deganda nimani tushunasiz?
Madaniy muhit omillari ko‘p tomondan jamiyat a’zolarining muomalasi (xulq-atvori, fe’lini) belgilaydi. Jamiyat tomonidan qabul qilingan me’yorlar bu jihatdan juda katta kuchga ega (dinlar, an’analar, qonunlar). Marketing ikkilamchi madaniy qimmatlik (qadriyat) largagina ta’sir etishga qodir. Marketingning vazifasi madaniy muhitda tendensiyalarni aniqlash va firma faoliyatini unga yo‘naltirishdan iborat. Firmaning mikro muhiti bevosita firmaning o‘ziga va uning mijozlarga ta’sir o‘tkaza olish imkoniyatlariga bevosita munosabatda bo‘ladigan kuchlardan iborat. Marketing xizmati rahbarlari faqat iste’molchilarning ehtiyojlari bilan band bo‘lib qolmasliklari lozim.
Siyosiy muhitni qanday tushunasiz?Ilmiy-texnikaviy muhitni qanday tushunasiz?
Siyosiy omillarga avvalo, davlat organlari tomonidan qabul qilinadigan normativ (me’yoriy) hujjatlar, davlat tomonidan ularga rioya qilinishining nazorati mamlakatda barqarorlik qobiliyatning xarakteri va shuningdek, turli xil jamoatchilik tashkilotlari kiradi. Qonunlarni bilish firma uchun bozorni to‘g‘ri mo‘ljallay olish, investitsiyalash yo‘nalishlarini tanlash, joriy qonunchilik doirasida ishlab chiqarish samaradorligini oshirish (maksimallashtirish) imkoniyatlarini qidirishga yordam beradi. Davlat tomonidan qonunlarga rioya qilinishini nazorat qilish bir tomondan, qonunga bevosita amal qilinishini, ikkinchi tomondan tadbirkorlarga ularni ixtiyoriy bajarish maqsadga muvofiqligini anglab yetishlariga yordam berishdir.
Ilmiy-texnika taraqqiyoti omillari hamisha marketingning diqqat
markazida bo‘lishi lozim. Har qanday yangilik eskirgan namunalarini siqib chiqarishi bilan tahdid soladi, bu esa, agar tadqiqotlar va ishlab chiqarishlar jarayoniga yetarlicha e’tibor qaratilmasa, ko‘ngilsiz oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin. Marketing xizmati firma faoliyatining ishlanmalari yo‘nalishlarini aniqlash va muqobillarini qidirib topish bo‘yicha barcha kuchlarni ishga solishi kerak. ITTKI sharoitida ayniqsa, turli xil malakalar va ratsionalizatorlik takliflarini joriy etishning ahamiyati ortadi.
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Avtomobil yo’llarini qurishda zamonaviy materiallardan foydalanish

Avtomobil yo’llarini qurishda zamonaviy materiallardan foydalanish
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Avtomobil yo’llarini qurishda zamonaviy materiallardan foydalanish
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Inversiya metodi - 1-mavzu: Geografiyani o’qitishda o’quvchilarning bilish faoliyatini tashkil etish va boshqarish yo’llari Reja

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1-mavzu: Geografiyani o’qitishda o’quvchilarning bilish faoliyatini tashkil etish va boshqarish yo’llari Reja
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bet | 22/36 | Sana | 25.01.2024 | Hajmi | 175,96 Kb. | | #145269 |
Bog'liq 1-mavzu Geografiyani o’qitishda o’quvchilarning bilish faoliyat-fayllar.orgInversiya metodi. Bu ijodiy vazifalarni yechimini izlab topishga kutilmagan, yangi xolatlarda g‘oyalarni yechimini topishga qaratilgan. Bu metod muammolar yechimiga yangicha yondashish, eski qoliplardagi fikrlashlardan holi ravishdagi insonni talab etadi.Yangicha sharoitda mantiqiy fikr yuritish.Yangicha yechim topish , muammolar yechimini topishga , g‘oyalar tug‘ilishiga sabab bo‘ladi.Eskicha fikr yuritishlarda muammo o‘z yechimini topmaydi.An’anaviy metod muammoning yechimini topish vaziyatdan chiqishda tashqi tomondan qarashni taqozo qiladi.
Inversiya metodi dualizm prinsipiga yoki qonuniyatiga asoslanadi.Fikr yuritishda qarshi(to‘g‘ri va teskari) tomondan yondashuvni talab etadi.To‘g‘rirog‘i ijodiy fikr yuritishni.
Tekshirilayotgan obyektga analiz va sintez , mantiqiy va intuitiv, sintetik va dinamik xarakteristik tomondan, obyektga ichki va tashqi tomondan yondashuvni talab etadi.Masala yechimiga konkret yoki abstrakt , real va fantastik, ajratib yoki birlashtirib solishtirish orqali yechimlar topiladi.Ayrim masalalar, muammolar yechimida quy idan yuqoriga qarab yechim qidirishga to‘g‘ri keladi.
Empotik metod. Empotiya (grekcha so‘z bo‘lib, empateia - qayg‘urish ) ko‘pincha shaxsiy analog metodi ham deyiladi. Analog usulining o‘ziga xosligi shundaki, bunda intuitiv va mantiqiy fikrlarning o‘zaro uchrashuvi (to‘qnashuvi)da masala o‘z yechimini topadi. Analog keng ma’noni o‘z ichiga oladi. Analoglar o‘z navbatida boshqa analoglarni aniqlashi mumkin; ular shakl, struktura, funksiya, jarayonlarni o‘z ichiga oladi.
Analoglarni aniqlashda yoki topishda ayrim xollarda giperbolitik usul qo‘llaniladi. Masalan, o‘rganilayotgan Obyektlarni, maktabni kattalashtirish yoki kichiklashtirish, ularni qismlarga bo‘lish mumkin. Ijodiy vazifalar yechimini topishda shaxsiy analogiyalar ancha qulay va yaxshi natijalar beradi.Uning yechimida shaxsiy sezgirlik, him-tuyg‘ular jarayon yechimini tezlashtiradi. Demak, empotik metod ijodiy faoliyatga suyanadi, o‘rganilayotgan obyektga nisbatan shaxsiy qayg‘urish, ijodiy yondashish orqali muammo yechimini topishga olib keladi. Ayniqsa, bu metod o‘quvchi-talabalar shaxsi tasavvurining rivojlanishiga sabab bo‘ladi. Shu orqali ixtiro qilishga yoki ayrim holda o‘ziga xos original yechimlar topishga olib keladi.
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Kichik guruhlarda ijodiy izlanishni

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Kichik guruhlarda ijodiy izlanishni
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bet | 15/36 | Sana | 25.01.2024 | Hajmi | 175,96 Kb. | | #145269 |
Bog'liq 1-mavzu Geografiyani o’qitishda o’quvchilarning bilish faoliyat-fayllar.orgKichik guruhlarda ijodiy izlanishni tashkil etish metodi. Bu metod 1976 yili Telь-Aviv universiteti professori SH.SHaran tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan. Bu metodda ko’proq o’quvchilarning mustaqil va ijodiy ishiga e’tibor qaratiladi.
O’quvchilar alohida individual yoki 6 kishilik kichik guruhlarda ijodiy izlanish olib boradilar. Ijodiy izlanish kichik guruhlarda tashkil etilganda darsda o’rganish lozim bo’lgan o’quv materiali kichik qismlarga ajratiladi. Keyin bu qismlar yuzasidan topshiriqlar har bir o’quvchiga taqsimlanadi. SHunday qilib, har bir o’quvchi umumiy topshiriqning bajarilishiga o’z hissasini qo’shadi. Kichik guruhlarda topshiriq yuzasidan munozara o’tkaziladi. Guruh a’zolari birgalikda ma’ruza tayyorlaydi va sinf o’quvchilari o’rtasida o’z ijodiy izlanish natijasini e’lon qiladi. Kichik guruhlar o’rtasida o’tkazilgan o’quv bahsi, munozara o’quvchilar jamoasining hamkorlikda bajargan mustaqil faoliyatning natijasi, yakuni sanaladi. Hamkorlikda ishlash natijasida qo’lga kiritilgan muvaffaqiyatlar sinf jamoasidagi har bir o’quvchining, muntazam va faol aqliy mehnat qilishiga, kichik guruhlarning, umuman sinf jamoasini jipslashtirishga, avval o’zlashtirilgan bilim, ko’nikma va malakalarni yangi va kutilmagan vaziyatlarda qo’llab, yangi bilimlarni o’zlashtirilishiga zamin tayyorlaydi.
Yuqorida qayd etilgan barcha metodlarning o’ziga xos xususiyati, maqsad va vazifalarining umumiyligi, o’quvchilarning tahsil olishdagi va muloqotdagi shaxsiy ma’suliyatini taqozo etishi, shuningdek, muvaffaqiyat qozonishga bir xil imkoniyatlarning mavjudligidir. Hamkorlikda o’qitish negizida musobaqa emas, balki hamkorlikda aqliy mehnat qilib, tahsil olish jarayoni yotadi.
8-Mavzu: Geografiyani o’qitishda muammoli ta’lim texnologiyasi
REJA:
1.Muammoli ta’lim texnologiyasining o’ziga xos xususiyatlari.
2.Muammoli metodlar
3.Muammoli darslarga qo’yiladigan didaktik talablar.
4.Geografiyani o’qitishda muammoli darslardan foydalanish yo’llari.
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-Mavzu. MARKETING TIZIMIDA NARX SIYOSATI

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-Mavzu. MARKETING TIZIMIDA NARX SIYOSATI
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bet | 17/18 | Sana | 05.02.2024 | Hajmi | 51,5 Kb. | | #151499 |
Bog'liq Меnejment. Marketing-fayllar.org6-Mavzu. MARKETING TIZIMIDA NARX SIYOSATI
1.Narxni shakllantirishdan maqsad nima?
Narx bozor kategoriyasi bo’lib,tovarlar ayirboshlaganda yuz beradigan munosabatlarni anglatadi. Narx nazariy jihatdan olganda Tovar qiymatining puldagi ifodasi, qiymatining bozordagi ko’rinishidir. Narx bamisoli barometr kabi bozor holatini ko’rsatib turadi. Narx pasayib ketsa, Tovar bozori kasodga yo’liqqan bo’ladi, Tovar nafsiz bo’lib,uni boshqa Tovar bilan almashtirish yoki uning sifatini tubdan yaxshilash zarurligi pul tarkibiga qo’yiladi. Narxning iqtisodiy mazmunini uning funksiyalari ko’rsatib beradi.
Narx belgilash maqsadlari: bozor ulushini ko’paytirish,qisqa vaqt ichida eng ko’p foyda olish,yuqori foyda normasini uzoq muddat saqlab qolishdan iborat.
Birlamchi narxni aniqlashga vaqt bo’yicha narx darajasini aniq hisoblash ta’sir qiladi. Bu hisoblash bozor segmentiga,tovarning yashash davriga,talab va taklifning potensial miqdoriga bog’liq bo’ladi. Marketingda Tovar siyosati ijtimoiy Tovar ishlab chiqarishning,taqsimlashning,almashinuv va iste’molchining o’ziga xos xususiyatlarini hisobga olgan holda yuritiladi.
2. Marketingda narxning shakllanishiga qanday yondashuvlar mavjud?
Narx bilan iste’molchilar o’rtasida juda chambarchas aloqadorlik mavjudki,uni iqtisodiy tamoyillar: talab qonuni,talabning narx ravonligi, bozor segmentatsiysi bilan izohlash mumkin. Talab qonunini iste’molchilar odatda qimmat narxlarga qwaraganda arzon narxlarda ko’proq tovarlar sotib olishini ifodalaydi.Ammo har qanday Tovar ham”narx miqdor” aloqadorligiga to’g’ri kelavermaydi. Ayrim mahsulotlarga talab shundayki, muayyan sharoitlarda yuqoriroq narxlar ko’proq Tovar oboroti hajmini ta’minlaydi. Bunday tovarlar bozorning ayrim segmentlariga mo’ljallangan – bo’lar qimmatbaho avtomobillar,kemalar,zeb- ziynat buyumlari va boshqalar.
Ikki narx segmenti yaqqol ko’zga tashlanadi: “ narx” xaridori va “sifat” xaridori bor. Ko’pincha xaridorlar sifatiga nisbatan ishonch bildirib, ortiqcha pul sarflaydilar.Yuqoriroq narxlar go’yo ularga sifatga nisbatan ishonch bildirib, bu ayniqsa noxush oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin bo’lgan mahsulotlar xaridida ko’p kuzatiladi.
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