nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Korporativ test docx

Korporativ test docx
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Korporativ test docx
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Yallig’lanish 5 ta fazadan iborat

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Yallig’lanish 5 ta fazadan iborat
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Sana | 16.01.2024 | Hajmi | 13,18 Kb. | | #138668 |
Bog'liq Yallig
Yallig’lanish (inflammaiio) organizimni bazibir yoki bir necha to’qimalarida qon aylanish, metabolism va funksiyasini yo’qotish degani.
Yallig'lanish - bu tananing immunitet tizimining tirnash xususiyati beruvchi yoki shikastlanishga bo'lgan javobidir. Tirnashtiruvchi mikroorganizmlar yoki begona narsa bo'lishi mumkin, masalan, shisha parchasi, barmoqning yumshoq to'qimalariga zarar etkazadi.
Bu shuni anglatadiki, yallig'lanish nafaqat, masalan, yara allaqachon bakteriyalar bilan kasallangan bo'lsa, boshlanmaydi. Yallig'lanish, shuningdek, tananing immunitet tizimi orqali zararga qarshi kurashishga harakat qilganda, jarohatlar paytida ham rivojlanadi.
Yallig’lanish 5 ta fazadan iborat
1-shish(tumor)
2-qizarish(rubor)
3-issiqlik(calor)
4-og’riq(dolor)
5-funsiya yo’qolishi(function laesa)
Etiologiya (jarayon kelib chiqishi)
1-mexanik (travma)
2-fizik (issiqlik, nur va h.k)
3-ximik (modda, kislota, tuz va h.k)
4-biologik(o’simlik, virus, bakteriya va h.k)
Yallig'lanish qancha davom etadi?
O'tkir yallig'lanish tananing shikastlanishga qarshi himoya reaktsiyasi bo'lib, odatda bir necha kun ichida o'tib ketadi. Biroq, ba'zi kasalliklarda immunitet tizimi noto'g'ri ravishda tananing o'z hujayralariga hujum qiladi va surunkali yallig'lanish kasalliklarini keltirib chiqaradi. Bularga, masalan, romatoid artrit, toshbaqa kasalligi va yallig'lanishli ichak kasalliklari kiradi. Ushbu kasalliklar yillar davomida yoki hatto umr bo'yi davom etishi mumkin.
1-tumor
Shish (shish) Shish - qon va to'qimalar o'rtasida suv almashinuvining buzilishi natijasida to'qimalar va to'qimalararo bo'shliqlarda suyuqlikning patologik to'planishi. Shish ko'plab kasalliklarda yuzaga keladigan tipik patologik jarayondir. Shishgan suyuqlikda suv (97%), elektrolitlar (taxminan 0,7%), oz miqdorda (3% gacha) chiqadigan oqsil mavjud va transudat deb ataladi.
2-rubor
Qizarish teri yallig'lanishining birinchi belgilaridan biridir. Bu kapillyarlarning kengayishi va terining ta'sirlangan joyiga qon oqimining ko'payishi tufayli yuzaga keladi
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1. Har bir talaba o’ziga berilgan predmet soha mavzusi bo’yicha and, or, not operatorlaridan foydalanib so’rovlar yaratishi va natijasi bilan ko’rsatib o’tishi kerak

1. Har bir talaba o’ziga berilgan predmet soha mavzusi bo’yicha and, or, not operatorlaridan foydalanib so’rovlar yaratishi va natijasi bilan ko’rsatib o’tishi kerak
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar Bosh sahifa 1. Har bir talaba o’ziga berilgan predmet soha mavzusi bo’yicha and, or, not operatorlaridan foydalanib so’rovlar yaratishi va natijasi bilan ko’rsatib o’tishi kerak
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Boshqa kanallar manbani korsatib oʻtish esdan chiqmasin!!

Boshqa kanallar manbani korsatib oʻtish esdan chiqmasin!!
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Boshqa kanallar manbani korsatib oʻtish esdan chiqmasin!!
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-MAVZU: FAZALAR QOIDASI VA UNING MAZMUNI

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-MAVZU: FAZALAR QOIDASI VA UNING MAZMUNI
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bet | 17/52 | Sana | 27.01.2024 | Hajmi | 330,13 Kb. | | #146929 |
Bog'liq Mavzu kirish. Termodinamikaning birinchi qonuni. Entalpiya. Ter-fayllar.org (2)12-MAVZU: FAZALAR QOIDASI VA UNING MAZMUNI
Fazalar qoidasi va erkinlik darajasini aniqlash
Sistemaning boshqa qismlaridan chegara sirt bilan ajralgan, ulardan o‘z termodinamik xossalari va kimyoviy tarkibi bilan farq qiladigan qismi – faza (F) deyiladi. Bir fazadan iborat sistema – gomogen sistema, bir necha fazadan iborat sistema – geterogen sistema deyiladi. Suyuq va qattiq fazalar – kondensatlangan (quyuqlashgan) fazalar deyiladi.
Komponentlar soni (K) – sistemadan ajratib olinganda mustaqil mavjud bo‘la oladigan moddalar (tarkibiy qismlar) sonini bildiradi. Masalan, NaCl ning suvdagi eritmasida ikkita – NaCl va H2O komponentlari mavjud.
Sistemaning termodinamik xossasini aniqlash uchun zarur bo‘lgan parametrlarning eng kichik soni – erkinlik darajasi deyiladi. Erkinlik darajalari soni (C) – fazlar sonini o‘zgartirmasdan turib, ma’lum chegarada o‘zgartirilishi mumkin bo‘lgan mustaqil o‘zgaruvchi kattaliklar parametrlari soniga teng.
Gibbsning fazalar qoidasi geterogen sistemalar uchun qo‘llaniladi:
φ(F, K, C) = 0
Uning matematik ifodasi quyidagilarga teng:
Agar sistema tarkibida uchuvchan birikmalar bo‘lsa, u holda bu sistema uchun ikkita parametr – bosim va harorat ahamiyat kasb etadi. Uning ifodasi quyidagicha:
C = K - F + 2
Bu yerda: C – sistemaning erkinlik darajalari soni;
K – sistemadagi komponentlar soni;
F – sistemadagi fazalar soni.
Agar sistema faqat qattiq va suyuq holatlardan iborat bo‘lsa, bosim o‘zgarmas bo‘lgani uchun erkinlik darajasi bittaga kamayadi hamda gaz fazasi hisobga olinmaydi. Uning ifodasi esa quyidagicha:
C = K - F + 1
Nazorat savollari:
1. Kimyoviy muvozanatga harorat qanday ta’sir ko‘rsatadi?
2. Harorat va kimyoviy muvozanat bog‘liqligining matematik ifodalari qanday?
3. Haroratning ortishi endotermik va ekzotermik reaksiyalar uchun qanday ta’sir qiladi?
4. Ikki komponentli fazalar diagrammasi deganda nimani tushunasiz?
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Ruza. Ideal gaz aralashmalari. Dalton qonuni. Aralashma tarkibining berilish usullari

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Ruza. Ideal gaz aralashmalari. Dalton qonuni. Aralashma tarkibining berilish usullari
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bet | 1/2 | Sana | 16.12.2023 | Hajmi | 39,68 Kb. | | #120698 |
3-MA’RUZA. IDEAL GAZ ARALASHMALARI. DALTON QONUNI.
ARALASHMA TARKIBINING BERILISH USULLARI.
Ishchi jism ko‘pincha bir necha gazlarning aralashmasidan iborat bo‘ladi. Masalan, ichki yonuv dvigatellarida tarkibiga vodorod, kislorod, uglerod II oksid, azot, karbonat angidrid va suv bug‘lari kiradigan yonish maxsulotlari ishchi jismni tashkil qiladi.
Gazlar aralashmasining barcha tarkibiy qismlari bir xil harorat va bir xil to‘la hajmga ega deb faraz qilinsa, xar qaysi komponent, barcha aralashma kabi, ideal gazning holat tenglamasiga bo‘ysunadi. Bu holda aralashmani hosil qiluvchi bir – biri bilan kimyoviy reaksiyaga kirishmaydigan komponentlarining bosimi Dalton qonuniga bo‘ysunadi.
Dalton qonuni
Dalton qonunining ta’rifi: Gazlar aralashmasining bosimi aralashma tarkibiga kiruvchi komponentlarning parsial bosimlarining yig‘indisiga teng:
P = p1 + p2 + …+pn (56)
bunda p1 + p2 + …+pn - aralashma komponentlarining parsial bosimlari.
Gazlar aralashmasidagi biror komponent aralashma haroratida bo‘lib, bir o‘zi shu aralashma egallagan hajmni to‘ldirganda ko‘rsatadigan bosimi, ayni shu komponentning (gazning) parsial bosimi deyiladi.
Dalton qonuni ideal gazlar uchungina o‘rinlidir.
Aralashma tarkibining berilish usullari
Gazlarni aralashmasining tarkibi shu aralashma tarkibiga kiruvchi xar qaysi komponentning miqdori bilan aniqlanadi. Aralashmaning tarkibi, odatda, massaviy yoki hajmiy ulushlar bilan beriladi.
Agar massasi m bo‘lgan aralashma nta komponentdan tashkil topgan bo‘lsa, u holda aralashmadan ayrim komponentlarning massaviy ulushlari quyidagiga teng:
(57)
bu yerda m1, m2, …, mn – aralashmani hosil qiluvchi komponentlarning massalari.
Ma’lumki, aralashmadagi komponentlar massalarining yig‘indisi barcha aralashmaning massasiga teng bo‘ladi:
m1 + m2 + … + mn = Mar (58)
Bu tenglik gazlar aralashmasi massaviy tarkibining tenglamasi deyiladi.
Agar massaviy ulushlarni qo‘shsak:
hosil bo‘ladi.
Demak, aralashma komponentlarining massaviy ulushlarining yig‘indisiga birga teng:
(59)
(59) tenglikka gazlar aralashmasi nisbiy massaviy tarkibining tenglamasi deyiladi.
Agar n ta komponentdan tarkib topgan aralashmaning umumiy hajmi v bo‘lsa, u holda aralashmadagi komponentlarning hajmiy ulushlari quyidagiga teng bo‘ladi:
(60)
bu yerda v1, v2, …, vn – aralashma tarkibiga kiruvchi komponentlarning parsial hajmlari.
Aralashma tarkibiga kiruvchi komponentning shu aralashma haroratidagi va bosimidagi hajmi uning parsial hajmi deyiladi.
Gazlar aralashmasidagi komponentlar parsial hajmlarining yig‘indisi aralashmaning umumiy hajmiga teng:
v1 + v2 + … + vn = Var (61)
U holda, hajmiy ulushlarning yig‘indisi birga teng bo‘ladi:
r1 + r2 + … + rn = 1 (62)
Massaviy va hajmiy ulushlar orasida quyidagi bog‘lanish bor:
(63)
bu yerda vi – komponentning hajmiy ulushi; Ri – komponentning gaz doimiysi; R – aralashmaning gaz doimiysi; gi – komponentning massaviy ulushi.
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3-maruza. Mt va Algoritmlar. Rekursiya

3-maruza. Mt va Algoritmlar. Rekursiya
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3-maruza. Mt va Algoritmlar. Rekursiya
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Omadsizlikka uchrab, keyin milliardlar topgan boylardan maslahatlar

Omadsizlikka uchrab, keyin milliardlar topgan boylardan maslahatlar
Mashhurlar hayotidan 14/02/2017 0 Sayt admini
Boy bo‘lish oson emas, pulni to‘g‘ri sarflash esa undanda qiyin. Bugun dunyoga taniqli boylar hozirgi mavqeiga o‘z-o‘zidan yetib kelmagani aniq. Ular ham qoqilishlar, yo‘qotishlar, bankrotlar bo‘lgan. Ishonmaysizmi?
Nik Vudman
Ekstremal sport turlari uchun aksessuarlar va videokameralar ishlab chiqaruvchi GoPro kompaniyasi asoschisi Nik Vudmanning umumiy mablag‘lari hozirda 1,750,000,000 AQSh dollaridan ortiqni tashkil etadi.
Avval, u juda arzon narxlanuvchi elektronikalar bilan savdo qilgan “EmpowerAll.som” internet bozorini yaratadi. Kompaniya hech qanday daromad topmagach, tez orada yopilib ketgan. Bu bo‘lajak millarderni to‘xtatib qo‘ymadi. 1999 yil Nik FunBug nomli internet-marketing kompaniyasini tashkil etdi. Saytda foydalanuvchilar totalizatorda ishtirok etish evaziga pulli sovg‘ani yutib olish imkoniyatiga ega bo‘ladi. Nik Vudman, hatto, 3 million 900 ming AQSh dollari miqdoridagi sarmoyani jalb eta oldi.
Chetdan qaraganda, hammasi bir maromda davom etayotgandi, faqat 2001 yil Nik omadsizlikka uchraganini yana bir bor tan olishga majbur bo‘ladi. Kompaniyasining ishlash funksiyasini to‘g‘ri boshqara olmagan Vudman sarmoyadorlar pulini ham boy berdi. Ikkinchi marta kompaniyasi omadsizlikka uchragan Nik syorfing bilan shug‘ullanishga ahd qildi. Ana shunda u ekstremal sportda foydalansa bo‘ladigan kamera ishlab chiqarish g‘oyasi bilan hozirgi GoPro kompaniyasini yaratdi.
Xulosa: Nik endi xotirjamlik va e’tibor bilan kompaniyani boshqara boshladi. U kamchiliklarga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik uchun ko‘proq mehnat qildi.
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Ielts ideas ultimate

Ielts ideas ultimate
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F
x - Boshqa kanallar manbani korsatib oʻtish esdan chiqmasin!!

@TATU1K Kanali uchun
Boshqa kanallar manbani korsatib oʻtish esdan chiqmasin!!
49. Agarda hom ashe sarflash masalasida biror bir hom asheni to’liq ishlatilish talab qilinsa shu
hom ashega qanday chegara qo’yiladi
.
#chegaraviy shart tenglama ko’rinishadi bo’ladi
.
qatъiy tengsizlik ko’rinishida beriladi
.
tengsizlik ko’rinishida beriladi
.
Eъtiborga olinmaydi
++++
50. Quyidagilarning qaysi biri to’g’ri?
.
#Qoldiqlarsiz ochish racional bo’ladi
.
Qoldiqlarsiz ochish racional bo’lishi mumkin
.
Qoldiqlarsiz ochish racional bo’lmaydi
.
Ochishning rafional usuli qoldiqlarsiz buladi
++++
51. Umumiy holatdagi chiziqli dasturlash masalasining mumkin bo’lgan echimlar to’plami X
vektor quyidagi qaysi shartni qanoatlantiradi?
.
#
0
,
0.
AX
A X - Boshqa kanallar manbani korsatib oʻtish esdan chiqmasin!!

@TATU1K Kanali uchun
Boshqa kanallar manbani korsatib oʻtish esdan chiqmasin!!
.
.
4
,
4
2
2
2
1
1
3
2
x
x
x
x
++++
61. Korhona ikki turdagi mahsulot ishlab chiqaradi. A turdagi mahsulotni ishlab chiqarish uchun
2 kg hom ashyo sarflanadi. B mahsulotni ishlab chiqarish uchun esa 1 kg mahsulot ketadi.
Korhona zahirasida jami 60 kg hom ashe zahirasi mavjud. Agarda A mahsulotning sotilish narhi
3 birlik va B mahsulotning narhi 1 birlik bo’lsa va A mahsulot ishlab chiqarilishiga 25 birlik B
mahsulot ishlab chiqarilishiga esa 30 birlik chegara qo’yilgan bo’lsa. Masalaning maqsad
funkciyasi qanday ko’rinishda bo’ladi
.
#
1
2
1
2
,
3
NO 
10 
     
[11] 
 Cloning

[11]
Cloning
…
Should we continue developing cloning technology? …
1. Cloning can be used to cure currently
incurable diseases.
2. Scientists believe they can clone cells to
help people in wheelchairs walk again.
3. It could solve fertility problems. Many
couples cannot have a biological child for
certain reasons. They would be able to use
their own genes to create a child.
4. Reproductive cloning could be used to bring
back our departed loved ones.
5. It could be used to clone endangered
species and restore ecological balance.
6. Scientists could clone livestock to end world
hunger.
7. Amazing people like Einstein could be
cloned.
8. Cloning body parts can become a life-saver.
When a crucial body organ such as kidney
or heart fails to perform its normal functions,
it can be replaced with a cloned organ
substitute.
YES
1.
Human cloning is “playing God”. Man should
not duplicate unique individuals just for the
purpose of study or medical advancement.
2. Only a small percentage of cloned embryos
survive.
3. Clones may age very quickly.
4. Cloning confuses family relationships.
5. Dangerous people like Hitler could be
cloned.
6. Because of cloning, dictators and many
other vicious people might never die.
7. When you are dealing with genes, there is
always a risk that mutation could occur. This
could result in deaths and extreme
abnormalities.
8. By bringing in an entirely new group of
people, who we know very little about and
have had no research on, we could be
introducing many new diseases into the
human race that we have no treatments for.
NO 
2 
     
[3] 

Online Education

[3]
Online Education
…
Is online education a good substitute for face-to-face education? …
1. There is no need for commuting to campus,
which not only reduces traffic and air
pollution, but also
allows the students to
save time and money.
2. There are no geographic location
constraints.
3. You can learn at your preferred pace and
study at your convenience.
4. Students can
work full-time or part-time
while taking classes.
5. There is no accommodation cost, and tuition
fees are often lower.
6. You could work with students from all over
the world.
7. There is no discrimination
among students
due to race, nationality, age, clothes, etc.
8. It is better for those who are introverted
as well as those who require more time to
understand the points and learn the lessons.
9. The video and audio instructions that are
provided can be rewound and seen and
heard again and again if you do not
happen to understand
the topic the first
time around.
10. You do not have to depend on anyone for
anything.
11. Through discussion boards, you are able
to interact with others and clear your
doubts, if any.
YES
1. It would be difficult to develop
relationships
with classmates.
2. There is no personalized attention and
feedback from the instructors.
3. There is no campus atmosphere to create
social interaction.
4. Students may be required to learn new or
advanced computer skills.
5. Additional cost of high-speed Internet would
have to be paid.
6. Traditional instructors, who believe in
lectures and
handouts, may find it tough
to adapt to the new system.
7. The assessments are only knowledge-
based, not practicality-based.
8. It would not be suitable for those who are
not organized and self-disciplined.
9.
Though
you will be communicating
regularly with faculty, nothing can replace
face-to-face interaction and team work.
10.
E-learning requires using a computer and
other such devices. This
means that
eyestrain, bad posture and other physical
problems may affect the learners.
NO 
1 
     
[2] - Ielts ideas ultimate

[2]
Vegetarianism
… Should we all become vegetarian? …
1. Eating a vegetarian
diet could be a good
way to treat high blood pressure without
medication.
2. Vegetarians tend to be healthier overall, and
even live longer.
3. If you are trying to lose weight, being a
vegetarian can
be a good part of your
program.
4. It is unethical to kill innocent animals for
food when there are plenty of other options
available to give us nutrition.
5. Things like beans, nuts, and soy can all
provide a vegetarian
with the protein that
they need to function.
6. Raising livestock requires enormous
quantities of water.
Being a vegetarian
conserves a great deal of water, which is
beneficial to the entire planet.
7. Meat food products are the most expensive
forms of food items.
8. Vegetarian eating
usually increases intake
of wholesome foods such as vegetables,
fruit, beans, legumes and whole grains,
which is a great opportunity to get plenty of
antioxidants, dietary fiber, vitamins and
minerals.
9.
T
he self-control
needed to eat in a
vegetarian way can be extended to other
situations requiring self-control, commitment
and dedication.
10. Meat industry is a huge producer of waste
and pollution.
YES
1. There are some
types of vitamins and
minerals that can only be obtained through
animal meat, such as vitamin B-12,
omega-3 and other omega fatty acids,
all of which are vital to good health.
2. Vegetarian diets are not well-balanced.
3. Eating out as a vegetarian can sometimes
be a real
challenge as most restaurant
menus are geared towards meat eaters.
4. Meal choices are very limited for
vegetarians.
5. Animals kill in order to feed themselves, and
humans are no exception. Eating meat is a
natural part of life.
6. Protein is what gives us the energy that we
need to move, breathe, and do just about
anything. Trying
to find alternatives to
protein can be time consuming, expensive,
and unappetizing. Meat, however, is readily
available, cost effective, and quite tasty.
Muhammad al-Xorazmiy nomidagi Toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti rektori Mahkamov Baxtiyor shuhratovich ga xat amaliyot b

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Muhammad al-Xorazmiy nomidagi Toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti rektori Mahkamov Baxtiyor shuhratovich ga
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Sana | 16.05.2024 | Hajmi | 14,17 Kb. | | #237714 |
Bog'liq xat amaliyot b
“ ”. .2024
Muhammad al-Xorazmiy
nomidagi Toshkent
axborot texnologiyalari
universiteti rektori
Mahkamov Baxtiyor
SHuhratovich ga
Ariza
Hurmatli Baxtiyor Shuhratovich.Sizdan shuni so’rab qolamanki 4-bosqich “Telekomminikatsiya texnologiyalari” yo’nalishi 415-20-guruh talabasi Qobilov Behruz Murodillo o’g’lini o’quv amaliyotinini Qashqadaryo viloyati Mirishkor tumani 9-sonli umumiy ta’lim maktabiga Telekommunikatsiya va Axborot texnologiyalari bo’yicha ____dan_____gacha bizga yuborishingizni so’rayman.
O’quv amaliyotini o’tash uchun hamma zarur sharoitlar mavjud.
Hurmat bilan 9-sonli umumiy
ta’lim maktab direktori Baxtiyor Normurodov
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Muhammad al-Xorazmiy nomidagi Toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti rektori Mahkamov Baxtiyor shuhratovich ga
|
Preface - Ielts ideas ultimate

[1]
Zoos
… Do their advantages exceed their disadvantages? …
1. By bringing people and animals together,
zoos foster an appreciation of animals. This
could motivate people to protect them.
2. Zoos save endangered species by bringing
them into a safe environment, where they
are protected from poachers, habitat loss,
starvation, and predators.
3. Many zoos also have breeding programs for
endangered species. In the wild, these
individuals might have trouble finding mates
and breeding.
4. In a good zoo, animals are never bored, are
well cared-for, and have plenty of space.
5. A visit to a zoo is a wholesome family
activity.
6. Seeing an animal in person is a much more
personal and memorable experience than
seeing it in a wildlife documentary.
7. Some zoos help rehabilitate animals and
take in exotic pets that people no longer
want or are no longer able to care for.
8. They allow researchers and scientists to
obtain a better understanding of the way
animals live. This could be helpful in saving
more of them.
9. Having zoos means that all animals are
cared for and do not suffer from illness or
malnutrition.
10. Zoos can be educational, teaching children
and adults about animals and the way they
live.
YES
1. We do not have the right to breed, capture
and confine animals, even if they are
endangered. Being a member of an
endangered species does not mean the
individual animals have fewer rights.
2. Animals suffer from stress and boredom in
captivity.
3. Removing animals from the wild will further
endanger the wild population because the
remaining ones will have more difficulty
finding mates.
4. If people want to see wild animals in person,
they can observe them in the wild or visit a
sanctuary.
5. Sanctuaries also rehabilitate animals and
take in unwanted exotic pets, without
breeding, buying and selling animals like
zoos do.
6. If zoos are teaching children anything, it is
that imprisoning animals for our own
entertainment is acceptable.
7. Studies have shown that animals kept in
zoos do not live as long as those in the wild.
8. Animals sometimes escape their
enclosures, endangering themselves as well
as people.
9. If zoo-born animals are released into the
wild, they will have a very difficult time
adapting to the environment.
SOLUTIONS 
     
[21] 

Waste / Garbage / Landfills

[21]
Waste / Garbage / Landfills
20
1. One of the most important reasons is our
consumer and materialistic culture.
2. Products are not made to last.
3. As the prices have decreased thanks to
mass
production, if something breaks, we
throw it away and buy a new one.
4. Advertisers are also to blame:
We are persuaded to follow the latest
trend. Clothes which have been worn
only a few times
and gadgets that are
still perfectly usable are discarded
because of what the fashion dictates.
They create demand for things we do
not need.
5. Most foodstuff is
sold in non-biodegradable
packaging.
6. People do not recycle.
7. When population rises, the demand for
manufactured products grows, which in turn
increases waste.
CAUSES
1. Companies should make goods that last
longer.
2. They should
not use so much packaging, or
at least use biodegradable kinds.
3. We should not be brainwashed by
advertisers and buy what we do not need.
4. Households should separate waste so that a
part of it could be recycled.
5. More collection banks for glass, paper and
plastic bottles need to be established.
6. People need
to be educated and informed
about the advantages of recycling and the
threats of having countless landfills.
7. Consumers need to avoid purchasing over-
packaged products.
8. We should reconsider our consumption
habits and only buy what we think is
necessary and useful.
SOLUTIONS
1. Methane gas is produced during the process of organic matter decay. It is 20 times more effective than
carbon dioxide in trapping solar radiation and causing global warming.
2. Landfills seriously impact air quality in their vicinity.
3. A huge percentage of landfill toxins infiltrate the soil, reach waterways, and eventually end up in the
domestic water
and the foods that we consume, causing many diseases.
4. Landfills render the soil and land where they are located unusable. It also destroys the adjacent
soil because the toxic chemicals spread into the surrounding soil, upsetting the land ecosystems.
5. Landfill gases, together with a substantial amount of landfill waste, can easily start a fire.
EFFECTS of Landfills
participate in team sports, competitions, and

[5]
Organic Food
…
Should we only live on organic food? …
1. Organic farming is environmentally-friendly
because:
the use of chemical pesticides and
fertilizers is minimal, if any.
no super-insects
are created by
pesticides.
it keeps animals healthy. There would
be far fewer sick or infertile aquatic
and land creatures due to chemical
exposure.
there would be no soil erosion or water
contamination.
2. Compared to non-organic food, organic food
contains
little hydrogenated fat, which can
lead to heart diseases.
3. Organic farming is animal-friendly. It will
ensure that animals are given a free-range
condition and provided with natural diet.
4. Organic food often has higher nutritional
value compared to conventional food. This
might be due to the absence of fertilizers
and pesticides, which allows
plants to
produce phytochemicals to boost resistance
against weeds and bugs.
5. Organic foods taste better as foods often
lose their natural taste in the process of
genetic modification.
6. It is far healthier as chemicals, which are
used in
the form of pesticides and
fertilizers, would not enter your body.
YES
1. Compared to non-organic food, organic
produce usually goes bad far faster
because:
it does not contain any form of
preservatives.
it does not undergo any irradiation
procedures.
2. Organic food is more expensive than non-
organic food.
3.
Even
organic food
production requires a
small amount of chemicals. So what is the
point?
4. There are no consensual reports that link
organic food to health benefits.
5.
Non-organic foods are just as nutritious as
organic ones.
6. The bacteria (e.g. E. coli) level is higher in
organic produce, which can be harmful for
children as well as pregnant
women as they
have vulnerable immune systems.
Gen muxandisligi yordamida noyob oqsillarni sintezlash 018-61-guruh

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Gen muxandisligi yordamida noyob oqsillarni sintezlash 018-61-guruh
|
bet | 1/7 | Sana | 09.10.2024 | Hajmi | 20,78 Kb. | | #274191 |
Bog'liq Gen muxandisligi yordamida noyob oqsillarni sintezlash fayllar org (2)
Gen muxandisligi yordamida noyob oqsillarni sintezlash
018-61-guruh Shoturayeva Muxlisa Genetik muhandislik - bu yangi, inqilobiy texnologiya. Jinlar Ushbu hayot dasturi biologik tuzilmalar bo'lib, ularda DNK tarkibidagi va bu yoki boshqa tirik organizmga xos xususiyatlarni aniqlaydi. O'tkazish genlar tananing dasturini o'zgartiradi - oluvchi va uning hujayralari turli xil moddalarni ishlab chiqara boshlaydi, bu esa ushbu organizmda yangi xususiyatlarni yaratishni boshlaydi.
Genetik muhandislik - bu yangi, inqilobiy texnologiya. Jinlar Ushbu hayot dasturi biologik tuzilmalar bo'lib, ularda DNK tarkibidagi va bu yoki boshqa tirik organizmga xos xususiyatlarni aniqlaydi. O'tkazish genlar tananing dasturini o'zgartiradi - oluvchi va uning hujayralari turli xil moddalarni ishlab chiqara boshlaydi, bu esa ushbu organizmda yangi xususiyatlarni yaratishni boshlaydi.
Ushbu usul bilan tadqiqotchilar kerakli yo'nalishlar va xususiyatlarni o'zgartirishlari mumkin, masalan: ular turli xil pomidorni ko'proq saqlash davri yoki gerbitsidlarning ta'siriga chidamli turlicha. Genetik muhandislik - bu genotiplarni qayta qurish bo'yicha tadqiqotlar olib boriladigan biotexnologiya usulidir. Genotip nafaqat mexanik miqyos, balki organizmlarning evolyutsiyasi jarayonida ishlab chiqilgan murakkab tizim. Genetik muhandislik sizga genetik ma'lumotlarni bitta tanadan ikkinchisiga sinov naychasidagi operatsiyalar orqali boshqasiga o'tkazishga imkon beradi.
Ushbu usul bilan tadqiqotchilar kerakli yo'nalishlar va xususiyatlarni o'zgartirishlari mumkin, masalan: ular turli xil pomidorni ko'proq saqlash davri yoki gerbitsidlarning ta'siriga chidamli turlicha. Genetik muhandislik - bu genotiplarni qayta qurish bo'yicha tadqiqotlar olib boriladigan biotexnologiya usulidir. Genotip nafaqat mexanik miqyos, balki organizmlarning evolyutsiyasi jarayonida ishlab chiqilgan murakkab tizim. Genetik muhandislik sizga genetik ma'lumotlarni bitta tanadan ikkinchisiga sinov naychasidagi operatsiyalar orqali boshqasiga o'tkazishga imkon beradi.
|
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Tavsiya etiladigan adabiyotlar

|
Tavsiya etiladigan adabiyotlar
|
bet | 4/4 | Sana | 17.01.2024 | Hajmi | 148,6 Kb. | | #139308 |
Bog'liq 5-lecturesTavsiya etiladigan adabiyotlar
O’zbеkiston Rеspublikasi «Axborotlashtirish to’g’risida»gi qonuni «Xalq so’zi» 2004
O’zbеkiston Rеspublikasi «Еlеktron xujjatlar aylanishi to’g’risida»gi qonuni «Xalq so’zi» 2004
O’zbеkiston Rеspublikasi oliy ta'limining mе'yoriy xujjatlari.T:2002, 138 b.
C.Волков и др «Платежные механизми современного Interneta». Мир Internet 2000, №5, стр. 22-28.
|
| |
NO 
3 
     
[4] 

Home-schooling

[4]
Home-schooling
…
Should children be taught at home by their parents? …
Parents could have the opportunity to:
1.
Plan the curriculum and their children's
schooling schedule.
2.
demonstrate to their
children that
education is fun.
3.
create strong bonds with their children.
4.
adopt teaching methods that suit their
children
’s learning style.
5.
spend extra time with their children on
difficult concepts and
move ahead
after their children master them.
6.
create a flexible schedule, which is not
possible for children enrolled in public
schools.
7.
Shelter their children from violence,
drugs,
and any negative behavior
children in public schools frequently
encounter.
8.
provide their children with personal
interaction, which cannot be
provided
in large classes.
9.
spend extra time helping their children
develop any special talents they
possess, including musical, athletic,
etc.
10. draw closer to their spouse as they
home-school their children together.
11. enjoy spending
more time with their
children.
12. take their children on vacation when
public schools are still in session.
13.
have control over their children’s diet.
14.
YES
Parents would be required to:
1.
be around their children all day long.
This can be difficult when children
become restless and misbehave.
2.
frequently explain
their reasons for
home-schooling their children to
friends and relatives who are confused
about their decision.
3.
constantly attempt to be effective
teachers by preparing themselves,
reviewing
numerous curriculum
programs, etc.
4.
constantly motivate their children.
5.
give up their job, effectively reducing
the family income.
6.
buy books, computers, and other
educational tools, which could be very
costly.
It limits
your child’s opportunities to
NO 
5 
     
[6] 

Recycling

[6]
Recycling
…
Should recycling be encouraged? …
1. Recycling reduces consumption of energy.
Transporting raw
materials and processing
them require a significant amount of
energy.
For instance,
recycling paper
consumes less energy than processing
trees. The same thing is true when it comes
to recycling or re-purposing wood.
2. It reduces air and water pollution. A major
source of pollution
today is industrial waste
that comes from factories producing plastics
and cans. If both products are reused,
instead of manufactured from scratch,
pollution can be reduced significantly.
3. Recycling could mitigate global warming.
A large proportion of our waste is burned,
which contributes to global warming. By
minimizing
our waste, recycling could go a
long way in helping us prevent global
warming from worsening.
4. Recycling decreases the amount of waste in
landfills. It enormously reduces the
possibility of landfill sites overflowing, which
contributes mightily to environmental
degradation and
causes land and water
pollution.
5. It raises environmental awareness. When
everyone becomes accustomed to
recycling, people will be more eco-
conscious and would participate more in
eco-friendly activities.
6. Recycling can help you save money.
There
are companies that pay cash for
your trash,
like old water bottles, electronics
and other things.
7. It can minimize logging.
YES
1. Recycling results in more pollution and
energy consumption. Recycling tons of
garbage will require waste to be
transported, sorted, cleaned and processed
in
separate factories, all of which need
energy.
2. Recycling will produce pollutants, including
toxic chemicals after breaking down the
waste materials. This can hurt the
environment further if not planned well.
3. Recycling is not always cost-effective.
Recycling costs can go thrice
as high as
the cost of putting garbage in landfills. The
process is also labor intensive and the
manpower requirement is high.
4. The jobs created by recycling include
sorting garbage, cleaning toxins and doing
other manual and back-breaking labor,
which can result in low
income and poor
quality of life in the community.
5. Recycling does not guarantee quality
products.
6. Recycling can be harmful for us. For
instance, bleaching is required to recycle
paper, which involves a harsh chemical that
is harmful to our health.
7. Recycling can give
people a false sense of
security. People might not realize that the
only real benefit of recycling is reducing the
damage from human folly.
8. Recycling sites are always unhygienic,
unsafe and unsightly.
Sanoat korxonasi rentabelligini oshirishni asosiy omillari - bet 3

|
Sanoat korxonasi rentabelligini oshirishni asosiy omillari
|
bet | 3/5 | Sana | 16.11.2023 | Hajmi | 0,88 Mb. | | #99684 |
Bog'liq Sanoat korxonasi rentabelligini oshirishni asosiy omillariRentabellikni tahlil qilishning eng muhim tomoni ularga ta’sir etuvchi omillarni o‘rganishdir. Tahlil jarayonida ayrim omillarning ta’sir etishini o‘rganish davomida har bir omilning: tovar aylanishi, foyda va asosiy aylanma mablag‘larining o‘rtacha qoldig‘i o‘zgarishning ta’sir etish darajasini alohida aniqlash lozim. Tovar aylanishi bo‘yicha rentabellik darajasi rejaga nisbatan 0,135% oshgan. Bunga tovar aylanishining hisobot yilida rejaga nisbatan 10576 ming so‘mga kamayishi sabab bo‘lgan. Hisobot yilida tovar aylanishga shartli hisoblangan rentabellik darajasi 3,624% (4415,7 x 100 / 121824) ni tashkil etdi. Bu esa rentabellik darajasining 0,28% (3,624-3,334) ga ko‘payishiga olib keldi, lekin yalpi foyda miqdorining rejaga nisbatan 188,0 ming so‘mga kamayishi rentabellik darajasining 0,155% (3,469-3,624) pasayishiga olib keldi. Hisoblarning to‘g‘riligini tekshirish +0,29-0,155=+0,135%. Asosiy va aylanma mablag‘lari bo‘yicha hisoblangan rentabellik darajasi hisobot yilida rejaga nisbatan 0,83% (9,85-10,68) kam bajarilgan
|
Reja
|
Ҳақиқатда
|
Фарқи
|
Режанинг бажарилиши, %
|
1. Foyda
|
4415,7
|
4227
|
-188
|
95,7
|
2. Asosiy va aylanma mablag‘larning o‘rtacha yillik qoldig‘i, ming so‘m
|
41316
|
42897
|
+ 1581
|
103,8
|
shu jumladan:
|
|
|
|
|
a) asosiy fondlarning o‘rtacha yillik qoldig‘i, ming so‘m
|
9192
|
8801
|
-391
|
95,7
|
b) rsjalashtirilgan aylanma mablag‘larning o‘rtacha yillik qoldig‘i, ming so‘m
|
30696
|
30797
|
+101
|
100,3
|
v) rsjalashtirilmagan ay-lanma mablag‘larning o‘rtacha yillik qoldig‘i, ming so‘m
|
1428
|
2299
|
+871
|
160,9
|
3. Asosiy va aylanma mab-lag‘larga nisbatan hisob-langan rentabellik darajasi, %
|
10,68
|
9,85
|
-0,83
|
X
|
4. Tovar aylanishi, ming so‘m
|
132400
|
121824
|
-10576
|
92,0
|
5 . Tovar aylanishiga nisbatan hisoblangan rsntabellik darajasi,%
|
3,334
|
3,469
|
+0,135
|
X
|
|
| |
Bu usulda rentabellik darajasiga ta’sir ko‘rsatuvchi quyidagi omillar aniqlanadi

|
Bu usulda rentabellik darajasiga ta’sir ko‘rsatuvchi quyidagi omillar aniqlanadi
|
bet | 4/5 | Sana | 16.11.2023 | Hajmi | 0,88 Mb. | | #99684 |
Bog'liq Sanoat korxonasi rentabelligini oshirishni asosiy omillariBu usulda rentabellik darajasiga ta’sir ko‘rsatuvchi quyidagi omillar aniqlanadi: Bu usulda rentabellik darajasiga ta’sir ko‘rsatuvchi quyidagi omillar aniqlanadi: • foyda miqdorining o‘zgarishi; • asosiy fondlarning o‘rtacha yillik qiymatining o‘zgarishi; • rejalashtirilgan aylanma mablag‘larning o‘rtacha yillik qiymatining o‘zgarishi; • rejalashtirilmagan aylanma mablag‘lar o‘rtacha yillik qiymatining o‘zgarishi. Yuqoridagi omillarning rentabellik darajasiga ta’sirini tahlilning asosiy usullaridan biri bo‘lgan zanjirli bog‘lanish usuli bilan quyidagacha aniqlanadi.
Ko‘rsat-kichlar bogla-nishlar
|
Foyda ming so‘m
|
Asosiy fond-larning o‘r-tacha yillik qoldiga, ming so‘m
|
Rejalashtiril-gan aylanma mablag‘larning o‘rtacha yillik qoldig‘i, ming so‘m
|
Rejalashtiril-magan aylanma mablag‘larning o‘rtacha yillik qoldivd, ming so‘m
|
Rentabsllik darajasi,
%
|
Rentabellik darajasi ta’sir ko‘rsatdi
(+, -)
|
I
P III IV
V
|
4415
4227 4227 4227 4227
|
9192 9192 8801 8801 8801
|
30696 30696 30696 30797 30797
|
1428 1428
1428 1428 2299
|
10,68 10,23 10,32 10,30 9,85
|
-0,45 +0,09 -0,02
-0,45
| Jadvaldan ko‘rinib turibdiki, rentabellik darajasining pasayishiga daromad miqdorining rejaga nisbatan kam bo‘lishi, rejalashtirilgan va rejalashtirilmagan aylanma mablag‘larning rejaga nisbati ko‘payishi salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Faqat asosiy fondlarning rejaga nisbatan kam bo‘lishi rentabellik darajasining bir muncha o‘sishiga olib keldi. Ta’sir ko‘rsatuvchi omillar quyidagacha aniqlanadi. Hulosa qilib aytganda, korxonada rentabellik darajasini ko‘tarish uchun imkoniyatlar mavjud, u ham bo‘lsa foyda miqdorini yildan yilga oshirish, asosiy va aylanma mablag‘lardan samarali foydalanish.
|
| |
Sanoat korxonasi rentabelligini oshirishni asosiy omillari - bet 2

|
Sanoat korxonasi rentabelligini oshirishni asosiy omillari
|
bet | 2/5 | Sana | 16.11.2023 | Hajmi | 0,88 Mb. | | #99684 |
Bog'liq Sanoat korxonasi rentabelligini oshirishni asosiy omillarijadvaldan ko‘rinib turibdiki, tahlil qilinayotgan korxonadagi rentabellik shahar korxonalarining o‘rtacha rentabelligidan yuqori bo‘lgan. Biroq bu korxona rentabellik darajasi shunga o‘xshash ilg‘or savdo korxonaning ko‘rsatkichlariga nisbatan orqada qolgan. Ilg‘or korxonada rentabellik darajasi 3,68% ni tashkil etgan. Bu raqamlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, tahlil qilinayotgan xo‘jalikda rentabellik darajasini oshirish uchun katta imkoniyatlar borligidan dalolat beradi. Shuning uchun ham tahlilning asosiy vazifasi quyidagilardan iborat: jadvaldan ko‘rinib turibdiki, tahlil qilinayotgan korxonadagi rentabellik shahar korxonalarining o‘rtacha rentabelligidan yuqori bo‘lgan. Biroq bu korxona rentabellik darajasi shunga o‘xshash ilg‘or savdo korxonaning ko‘rsatkichlariga nisbatan orqada qolgan. Ilg‘or korxonada rentabellik darajasi 3,68% ni tashkil etgan. Bu raqamlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, tahlil qilinayotgan xo‘jalikda rentabellik darajasini oshirish uchun katta imkoniyatlar borligidan dalolat beradi. Shuning uchun ham tahlilning asosiy vazifasi quyidagilardan iborat: • rentabellik darajasiga ta’sir etgan asosiy omillarni aniqlash va o‘rganish; • rsntabellikni oshirish imkoniyatlarini qidirib topish va ulardan foydalanishga oid tadbirlarni ishlab chiqish. Rentabellikni tahlil qilishning eng muhim tomoni ularga ta’sir etuvchi omillarni o‘rganishdir. Tahlil jarayonida ayrim omillarning ta’sir etishini o‘rganish davomida har bir omilning: tovar aylanishi, foyda va asosiy aylanma mablag‘larining o‘rtacha qoldig‘i o‘zgarishning ta’sir etish darajasini alohida aniqlash lozim. Tovar aylanishi bo‘yicha rentabellik darajasi rejaga nisbatan 0,135% oshgan. Bunga tovar aylanishining hisobot yilida rejaga nisbatan 10576 ming so‘mga kamayishi sabab bo‘lgan. Hisobot yilida tovar aylanishga shartli hisoblangan rentabellik darajasi 3,624% (4415,7 x 100 / 121824) ni tashkil etdi. Bu esa rentabellik darajasining 0,28% (3,624-3,334) ga ko‘payishiga olib keldi, lekin yalpi foyda miqdorining rejaga nisbatan 188,0 ming so‘mga kamayishi rentabellik darajasining 0,155% (3,469-3,624) pasayishiga olib keldi. Hisoblarning to‘g‘riligini tekshirish +0,29-0,155=+0,135%.
|
| |
OSI pog‘onasi, vazifalari, asosiy protokollari

|
OSI pog‘onasi, vazifalari, asosiy protokollari
|
bet | 2/3 | Sana | 20.11.2023 | Hajmi | 6,71 Kb. | | #101779 |
Bog'liq Osi pog’onasi, vazifalari, asosiy protokollari-genderi.orgOSI pog‘onasi, vazifalari, asosiy protokollari.
Fizikaviy qism
Bog‘lovchi qism
Tashqi qism
Transport qism
Sessiya qism
Daraja qism
Ilova qism
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, yoki ochiq tizimlar o‘rtasida aloqalar modeli, tarmoqlar orasida axborot almashuvini tushuntiruvchi tizimlar uchun standart bo‘lib, 7 ta qismga bo‘linadi:
Fizikaviy qism Fizikaviy qism - tarmoqning qurilishi, fizikaviy interfeysi, yordamchi vositalar va bog‘lovchi tizimlar orasidagi aloqalarni ta'minlaydi. Bog‘lovchi qism Bog‘lovchi qism - tarmoq uchun bo‘g‘lanishni boshqaradi va aloqani yo‘nalishga bog‘laydi. Misol uchun Ethernet yoki Wi-Fi. Tashqi qism (Internet) Tashqi qism (Internet) - IP protokollari va aloqa tarmoqlarini yozish uchun foydalaniladigan protokollar (misol uchun ICMP, IGMP) uchun standartlashtirilgan tizimlar va tashqi aloqalar bilan ishlaydi. Transport qism Transport qism - aloqaning transport protokollari, ya'ni ma'lumotlarni portlar va sessiyalar bo'yicha yo‘nalishini boshqaradi. TCP (Transport Control Protocol) va UDP (User Datagram Protocol) misollarini kiritish mumkin. Sessiya qism Sessiya qism - aloqalarni boshqarish, aloqalarni ochish va yopish, avtomatik ravishda qayta aloqani tiklashni o‘z ichiga oladi. Daraja qism Daraja qism - aloqalarni muvaffaqiyatli ko‘rsatish uchun tarmoq va qurilishlar uchun muhim ma'lumotlarni ta'minlaydi. Ilova qism Ilova qism - aloqalarning loyihalari, tarmoqlar va yozuvlar orasida ma'lumot almashishni ta'minlaydi. OSI pog‘onalarning o‘zaro ishlashi jarayonlari va xizmatlari.
OSI modelining afzalliklari
OSI modeli kompyuter tarmoqlari foydalanuvchilari va operatorlariga yordam
beradi:
O'z tarmog'ini yaratish uchun zarur bo'lgan apparat va dasturiy ta'minotni
aniqlash.
Tarmoq orqali aloqa qiladigan komponentlar ketidan jarayonni tushunish va
etkazish.
Muammolarni qaysi tarmoq qatlami keltirib chiqarayotganini aniqlash va har-akatlarni shu qatlamga qaratish orqali muammolarni bartaraf etishni amalga oshirish
OSI modeli tarmoq qurilmalari ishlab chiqaruvchilari va tarmoq dasturlari sotu-vchilariga yordam beradi:
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Sanoat korxonasi rentabelligini oshirishni asosiy omillari - bet 5

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Sanoat korxonasi rentabelligini oshirishni asosiy omillari
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bet | 5/5 | Sana | 16.11.2023 | Hajmi | 0,88 Mb. | | #99684 |
Bog'liq Sanoat korxonasi rentabelligini oshirishni asosiy omillariJadvaldan ko‘rinib turibdiki, rentabellik darajasining pasayishiga daromad miqdorining rejaga nisbatan kam bo‘lishi, rejalashtirilgan va rejalashtirilmagan aylanma mablag‘larning rejaga nisbati ko‘payishi salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Faqat asosiy fondlarning rejaga nisbatan kam bo‘lishi rentabellik darajasining bir muncha o‘sishiga olib keldi. Ta’sir ko‘rsatuvchi omillar quyidagacha aniqlanadi. Hulosa qilib aytganda, korxonada rentabellik darajasini ko‘tarish uchun imkoniyatlar mavjud, u ham bo‘lsa foyda miqdorini yildan yilga oshirish, asosiy va aylanma mablag‘lardan samarali foydalanish. Xulosa Xulosa Savdo korxonalarining rentabelligi xo‘jalik faoliyatining natijalarini to‘la va har tomonlama tasvirlab beradi. Rentabellik savdo korxonalari ishi samaradorligini ifodalovchi asosiy ko‘rsatkichdir. Rentabellik korxonalar o‘z daromadlari bilan hamma harajatlarni qoplaydilar va savdo korxonasi uchun hamda butun halq xo‘jaligini rivojlantirish manfaati uchun sarflanuvchi qo‘shimcha foyda kasb etadilar. Iqtisodiy tahlil qilishda rentabellik darajasini bir qancha usulda aniqlash mumkin. Savdo korxonasining asosiy ko‘rsatkichlaridan biri bo‘lgan foyda korxonaning samaradorligini bildirmaydi, chunki foyda summasi faqat yalpi daromad va muomala harajatlarigagina bog‘liq bo‘lmay, balki tovar aylanish hajmiga ham bog‘liqdir. Shu sababli foydaning mutlaq miqdori bilan bir qatorda uning ko‘rsatkichi, rentabellik darajasi ham aniqlanadi. Rsntabellik savdoda foiz hisobidagi foydaning tovar aylanishiga nisbatan hisoblab chiqiladi. Adabiyotlar: Adabiyotlar: 1.Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг Фармони. Ўзбекистон иқтисодиётида хусусий секторнинг улуши ва аҳамиятини тубдан ошириш чора-тадбирлари тўғрисида. «Халқ сўзи», 2003 йил 28 январь. №23, (3135). 2.И.А.Каримов «Озод ва обод ватан, эркин ва фаровон хаёт приовард максадимиз» Т.: «Узбекистон» 2000. 3.Бланк И.А. «Торговый менеджмент», «Украинско-финский институт менеджмента и бизнеса». Киев 1997 г. 4Лукашевич В.В. «Основы менеджмента в торговле», Москва, «Экономика» 1998 г. 5.Хисрик Р., Джексон Р. «Торговля и менеджмент», Москва, «Филин» 1995 г. 6.Гревнов А.И. и др. «Совершенствование управления торговлей», Москва, «Экономика» 1990 г. 7.Торговое дело: Экономика, маркетинг, организация. М.: Инфра-М, 2002, С.560 8.Том Хопкинс. Исскуство торговать. М.:2002, С.416 9.Петров П.В., Соломатин А.Н.Экономика товарного обращения. М.: Инфа-М, 2001, С.220 10.Поведение потребителя. Практикум. Минск. Новое знание, 2002, С.123
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Mehnat gigienasi - O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy ta’lim, fan va innovatsiyalar vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi

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O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy ta’lim, fan va innovatsiyalar vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi
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bet | 2/12 | Sana | 11.01.2024 | Hajmi | 298,5 Kb. | | #134970 |
Bog'liq 1-amaliyotMehnat gigienasi – tibbiyot fanining bir qismi bo‘lib, ish sharoitlarining inson sog‘ligiga va ish qobiliyatiga ta’sirini o‘rganadi, shuningdek, mehnat sharoitlarini sog‘lomlashitirish hamda ishlab chiqarishni yuksaltirishga yo‘naltirilgan sanitariya-gigiena, oldini olish va davolash tadbirlarini ishlab chiqadi.
Ish joyi – ish bilan bog‘liq holda bevosita yoki bilvosita ish buyuruvchining nazoratida ishchi faoliyat qiladigan yoki bo‘ladigan joy.
Ish zonasi – ishchi vaqtinchalik yoki doimiy bo‘ladigan, er sathidan 2 metr balandlikdagi makon.
Ish qobiliyati – ishning qiyinligi va og‘irlik darajasiga bog‘liq bo‘lib, mehnat faoliyatining samaradorligini va inson organizmining funksional zo‘riqish darajasini aniqlaydi. Ish qobiliyati ma’lum vaqt oralig‘ida ishchining funksional imkoniyatlari, ishning soniy va sifat miqdorlari bilan belgilanadi.
Mehnat sharoitlari – insonning sog‘ligi va ish qobiliyatiga ta’sir etuvchi ishlab chiqarish muhiti va mehnat jarayoni omillarining birligidir. Mehnat sharoitlari gigienik tasniflanishga asosan quyidagi turlarga bo‘linadi: optimal; ruxsat etilgan; zararli; ekstremal (xavfli).
Optimal mehnat sharoitlarida maksimal ish unumdorlik va organizmning minimal zo‘riqishi yuzaga keladi. Har qanday mehnat sharoitlarida muhit va mehnatning zararli omillari darajasi (miqdori) gigienik me’yorlardan ortiq bo‘lmasligi zarur.
Ruxsat etilgan mehnat sharoitlarida muhit va mehnat omillarining gigienik me’yorlari ruxsat etilgan miqdordan (“PDK”- “REM”) ortiq bo‘lmasligi kerak.
Zararli mehnat sharoitlari ishlab chiqarishdagi zararli omillar miqdorini ruxsat etilgan gigienik me’yorlardan biroz ortiqcha bo‘lishi bilan xarakterlanadi va bunday sharoit vaqt o‘tishi bilan sekin-asta inson sog‘ligini yomonlashuviga olib keladi yoki uning nasliga salbiy ta’sir etadi.
Ekstremal mehnat sharoitlari – ish vaqtida zararli va xavfli omillar ta’sirida og‘ir kasalliklarni keltirib chiqarishi yoki inson hayotiga real xavf tug‘dirishi bilan xarakterlanadi.
Ishlab chiqarishdagi zararli omillarni inson organizmiga ta’sir chegarasi ish joyi maydoni va holati bilan baholanadi.
Mehnat sharoitlarini asosan turt guruh omillarga ajratish mumkin.
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