nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Planar – epitaksial texnologiya - Mdya – tranzistorlar asosida imslarni tayyorlash Bajardi: Sa’dulloyev Muhammad

|
Mdya – tranzistorlar asosida imslarni tayyorlash Bajardi: Sa’dulloyev Muhammad
|
bet | 2/5 | Sana | 26.12.2023 | Hajmi | 10,16 Kb. | | #128455 |
Bog'liq Mdya – tranzistorlar asosida imslarni tayyorlash Bajardi Sa’dul-fayllar.orgPlanar – epitaksial texnologiya. Planar – epitaksial texnologiya asosida to’rtta element (kondensator C, diod D, tranzistor T va resistor R ) dan tashkil topgan sodda IMS ni tayyorlashda texnologik operatsiyalar ketma-ketligini ko’rib chiqamiz. Ishlab chiqilayotgan IMSning prinsipial sxemasi. IMS tayyorlash uchun p – o’tkazuvchanlika ega, qalinligi 0,2÷0,4 mm, bo’lgan kremniy asosdan foydalaniladi. IMS tayyorlash uchun p – o’tkazuvchanlika ega, qalinligi 0,2÷0,4 mm, bo’lgan kremniy asosdan foydalaniladi. Bunday asosda elementlar soni mingtagacha yoki yuzlarcha bo’lgan o’rta va yuqori integratsiya darajali mikrosxemalar bir vaqtda hosil qilinadi(har bir kvadratda bir xil IMS lar joylashadi). Asos sirtida termik oksidlash yo’li bilan qalinligi 0,5÷1 mkm bo’lgan Sqatlam hosil qilinadi. Shundan so’ng birinchi fotolitografiya oksid qatlamda “darcha”lar ochish uchun o’tkaziladi. Darchalar orqali 1÷2 mkm qalinlikka donor kiritmalar (surma yoki margumush) diffuziya qilinadi. Natijada bo’lg’usi tranzistorlar kollektorlari ostida elektr tokini yaxshi o’tkazuvchi n+ - soha hosil bo’ladi. Ushbu qatlam yashirin n+ - qatlam (cho’ntak) deb ataladi. U kollektor qarshiligini kamaytiradi, natijada tranzistor tezkorligi ortadi, kollektor esa ikki qatlamli n+ - n bo’lib qoladi. Shundan keyin kremniy oksidi yemiriladi, asos sirtiga qalinligi 8÷10 mkmni tashkil etuvchi n-turli epitaksial qatlam o’stiriladi va epitaksial qatlam sirtida oksid qatlam hosil qilinadi. Ikkinchi fotolitografiya yordamida oksid qatlamda ajratuvchi diffuziyani o’tkazish uchun darchalar ochiladi.Aktseptor kiritmalarni (bor) darchalar orqali qatlam oxirigacha diffuziya qilib to’rtta n – soha (sxemadagi elementlar soniga mos) hosil qilinadi. Bu n – sohalar bir-biridan p-n o’tishlar yordamida izolatsiyalangan bo’ladi. Ushbu sohalarning biri tranzistorning kollektori bo’lib xizmat qiladi. Tranzistorning bazasi, kondensator, diod va rezistor hosil qilish uchun bir-biridan izolatsiyalangan n – sohalarga akseptor kiritmalar diffuziyasi amalga oshiriladi. Buning uchun avval hosil qilingan oksid qatlamda uchunchi fotolitografiya yordamida shunday o’lchamli darchalar hosil qilinadiki, bunda hosil qilingan elementlar parametrlari talab etilgan nominallarni qanoatlantirsin.
|
| |
Mdya – tranzistorlar asosida imslarni tayyorlash Bajardi: Sa’dulloyev Muhammad - bet 3

|
Mdya – tranzistorlar asosida imslarni tayyorlash Bajardi: Sa’dulloyev Muhammad
|
bet | 3/5 | Sana | 26.12.2023 | Hajmi | 10,16 Kb. | | #128455 |
Bog'liq Mdya – tranzistorlar asosida imslarni tayyorlash Bajardi Sa’dul-fayllar.orgShundan keyin kremniy oksidi yemiriladi, asos sirtiga qalinligi 8÷10 mkmni tashkil etuvchi n-turli epitaksial qatlam o’stiriladi va epitaksial qatlam sirtida oksid qatlam hosil qilinadi. Ikkinchi fotolitografiya yordamida oksid qatlamda ajratuvchi diffuziyani o’tkazish uchun darchalar ochiladi.Aktseptor kiritmalarni (bor) darchalar orqali qatlam oxirigacha diffuziya qilib to’rtta n – soha (sxemadagi elementlar soniga mos) hosil qilinadi. Bu n – sohalar bir-biridan p-n o’tishlar yordamida izolatsiyalangan bo’ladi. Ushbu sohalarning biri tranzistorning kollektori bo’lib xizmat qiladi. Tranzistorning bazasi, kondensator, diod va rezistor hosil qilish uchun bir-biridan izolatsiyalangan n – sohalarga akseptor kiritmalar diffuziyasi amalga oshiriladi. Buning uchun avval hosil qilingan oksid qatlamda uchunchi fotolitografiya yordamida shunday o’lchamli darchalar hosil qilinadiki, bunda hosil qilingan elementlar parametrlari talab etilgan nominallarni qanoatlantirsin. Keyin tranzistor emitteri, diod katodi, kondensator qoplamasi, kollektor sohaning omik kontaktini hosil qiluvchi n+ - turli emitter sohalar hosil qilinadi. Buning uchun yangidan hosil qilingan oksid qatlamida to’rtinchi fotolitografiya yordamida zarur ko’rinishdagi “darcha”lar ochib, ular orqali n+ - turli kiritma hosil qiluvchi atomlar diffuziyasi amalga oshiriladi. IMS tuzilmasi hosil qilinuvchi texnologik jarayon elementlarga omik kontaktlar olish va elementlarni o’zaro ulash bilan yakunlanadi. Bu S qatlamda beshinchi fotolitografiyani amalga oshirish, alyuminiyni vakuumda purkash, alyuminiyni ishlatilmaydigan sohalardan olib tashlash va termik ishlov berish bilan amalga oshiriladi. Buning uchun yangidan hosil qilingan oksid qatlamida to’rtinchi fotolitografiya yordamida zarur ko’rinishdagi “darcha”lar ochib, ular orqali n+ - turli kiritma hosil qiluvchi atomlar diffuziyasi amalga oshiriladi. IMS tuzilmasi hosil qilinuvchi texnologik jarayon elementlarga omik kontaktlar olish va elementlarni o’zaro ulash bilan yakunlanadi. Bu S qatlamda beshinchi fotolitografiyani amalga oshirish, alyuminiyni vakuumda purkash, alyuminiyni ishlatilmaydigan sohalardan olib tashlash va termik ishlov berish bilan amalga oshiriladi.
|
| |
Mdya – tranzistorlar asosida imslarni tayyorlash Bajardi: Sa’dulloyev Muhammad - bet 5

|
Mdya – tranzistorlar asosida imslarni tayyorlash Bajardi: Sa’dulloyev Muhammad
|
bet | 5/5 | Sana | 26.12.2023 | Hajmi | 10,16 Kb. | | #128455 |
Bog'liq Mdya – tranzistorlar asosida imslarni tayyorlash Bajardi Sa’dul-fayllar.orgMDYA – tranzistorlar ichida metal – nitrid kremniy – dielektrik – yarimo’tkazgich (MNDYA) tranzistorlar alohida o’rin tutadi. Bunday tranzistorlar xotira elementi rolini bajaradi va qayta dasturlanuvchi xotira qurilmalar asosini tashkil etadi. MDYA – tranzistorlar ichida metal – nitrid kremniy – dielektrik – yarimo’tkazgich (MNDYA) tranzistorlar alohida o’rin tutadi. Bunday tranzistorlar xotira elementi rolini bajaradi va qayta dasturlanuvchi xotira qurilmalar asosini tashkil etadi. a) b) MNDYA – tranzistor tuzilmasi (a) va stok zatvor VAXi (b) Ushbu tranzistor dielektrigi ikki qatlamdan: qalinligi 2÷5 nm ni tashkil etuvchi Si va kremniy oksidi ustiga purkalgan 0,05÷0,1 mkm qalinlikdagi S kremniy nitrididan tashkil topgan.
http://fayllar.org
|
| |
1-rasm. Strug dbt 2-rasm. Sidirg’ich qurilmasining umumiy ko‘rinishi

|
1-rasm. Strug dbt 2-rasm. Sidirg’ich qurilmasining umumiy ko‘rinishi
|
Sana | 21.05.2024 | Hajmi | 4,39 Mb. | | #248631 |
Bog'liq Документ Microsoft Word
1-rasm. Strug DBT
2-rasm. Sidirg’ich qurilmasining umumiy ko‘rinishi.
3-rasm. Strug qurilma bilan ko‘mirni qazib olish texnologik sxemasi: 1-strug; 2,3,- mos ravishda strug va konveyer yuritmalari; 4-strug tortish zanjiri; 5-konveyer; 6-konveyer harakati
4-rasm. Strug rejalari, qazish organlari sxemasi:
a- konveyer plitasi va konveyerning pastki qismidan tortish zanjiri bilan; б - konveyerning to‘siqlariga plitalar va tortish zanjiri bilan; в - tortish zanjiri jangovar tomonda joylashgan va strug maxsus yo‘nalishlar bo‘ylab harakatlanadi; г- tortish zanjiri bilan, zaboyning pastki qismida vertikal ravishda egilgan
5-rasm. Avtomatlashtirilgan strug qurilma
6-rasm. Strug qurilmasi konstruksiyasi
7-rasm. Strug СО75М
asbob ushlagichlari bo‘lgan – 1.2, ikkita quyi konveyer plitalaridan - 3, ikkita oraliq – 4, o‘rta – 5, chang’i - 7, ikkita asbob ushlagichi – 8, ikkita qirg’ich qalinligi cheklagichi – 9, pastki aylanma keskich ushlagichlari – 10,11
8-rasm. Strug СН75М
1 – rama; 2, 4 – kesuvchi kallaklar; 3 – harakatlanuvchi keskich ushlagich; 5 – qiya zanzir
1-rasm.Yuklovchi-etkazuvchi mashina
Yuklovchi-etkazuvchi mashinasi ST-710 ning asosiy qismlari.
ST-710 quyidagi qismlardan tuzilgan:
1.Ishchi seksiya( strela, kovash va oldingi most);
2. Kuch beruvchi seksiya (dizel dvigatel, avtomatik transmissiya, gidromufta, operator kabinasi va orqa most);
3. Yongin baki; 4. Strela; 5. Cho‘mich; 6..Bog’lanish sharniri; 7. Orqa most;
8.Cho‘mich silindri; 9. Strela silindri; 10. Oldingi most; 11. Motor ramasi;
12. Rul silindri.
2-rasm.Yuklovchi-etkazuvchi mashinasi ST-710 ning asosiy qismlari
3-rasm.ST-710 yuklovchi-etkazuvchi mashinasining boshqaruv organlari va indikatorlarining (o‘lchash asbobi) kabinada joylashuvi.
4-rasm.Mashinaning rul boshqaruv va ishchi a’zoni ko‘tarib-tushirish sistemasi
5-rasm. Yuklovchi-etkazuvchi mashina ish joyining parametrlari.
6-rasm.Yuklovchi-etkazuvchi mashina transmissiyasi
7-rasm.Yuklovchi-etkazuvchi mashinada yuklash (pogruzka) va yukni to‘kish (razgruzka) ish jarayonlari.
|
| |
Zavarovanje in registracija vozila

6.6. Zavarovanje in registracija vozila
Slika 56: Zavarovanje vozila
Slika 57: Registracija in tehnični pregled vozila
Osebno bi se danes odločil za avtomobil na gorivno celico, saj je v gorivni celici še veliko potenciala za napredek in ker za gorivo uporabljamo vodo in zato ni izpustov emisij v okolje. Vendar je več pomanjkljivosti kot prednosti, saj je polnjenje pri nam zelo problematično, ker je v Sloveniji samo ena polnilnica v Lescah, ki je na žalost preveč oddaljena od mojega doma. Ponovno je vprašljivo tudi kolikšen je domet vožnje, čeprav proizvajalci avtomobil to že nadgrajujejo, saj so baterije močnejše, rezervoarji večji in polnjenje hitrejše. V prihodnosti pa mislim, da bodo avtomobili na vodikovo celico prva izbira ljudi. Če se bo res zmanjšala prodaja avtomobilov na notranje izgorevanje bodo avtomobili na gorivno celico pred električnimi, hibridi in celo avtomobili na plin. Cena avtomobila z zavarovanjem in registracijo je cca. 55000€ kar je krepko preko mojega proračuna za prvi avto. Mogoče kasneje, če bom imel zadostno količino denarja si bom omislil avto na gorivne celice.
|
Novosti in smer razvoja avtomobilov na gorivne celice

6.3. Novosti in smer razvoja avtomobilov na gorivne celice
Vozila na gorivno celico, pa je področje, kjer so proizvajalci avtomobilov razvijali tehnologijo že več let. Leta 2015 pa so v Evropo prispeli prvo serijski avtomobili na gorivno celico »Mirai«, ki jih je proizvedlo podjetje Toyota.
Slika 48: Toyotina »Mirai«
Toyota (Mirai): Mirai naznanja začetek nove dobe vozil. Z uporabo vodika – pomembnega vira energije v prihodnosti – za gorivo, ki ustvarja električno energijo, je Mirai prijazen okolju, njegova priročnost in vozni užitki pa so takšni, kot bi jih pričakovali od vsakega avtomobila.
Mirai uporablja sistem Toyotinih gorivnih celic (TFCS), ki zajema tako tehnologijo gorivnih celic kot tudi hibridno tehnologijo ter vključuje Toyotin novi sklad gorivnih celic in vodikovi jeklenki pod visokim pritiskom. Sistem TFCS je energetsko učinkovitejši od motorjev z notranjim zgorevanjem in med vožnjo ne proizvaja CO2 ali onesnaževalcev. Vozniki lahko pričakujejo enako mero praktičnosti kot pri vozilih z bencinskim motorjem, obilno avtonomijo in napajanje z vodikom, k bi bo trajalo okrog tri minute.
Slika 49: Motor na gorivne celice (Toyota-Mirai)
Toyota uporablja novo generacijo membranskih gorivnih celic, ki razvijajo 3kW moči na liter prostornine (do sedaj je bilo običajno 1,5). Zmogljivosti so po inovacijah povsem zadostne- do stotice pospeši v dobrih 12 sekundah in doseže 170km/h.
BMW: je oznanil javnost, da bo leta 2020 na trg poslal prvi vodikov avtomobil. Spremenjeni športni avto i8 ter avtomobil serije 5 gran tourismo, katerega bo poganjal enak motor s 180 kW.
Slika 50: BMW serija 5 Gran Tourismo 2020 Slika 51: BMW i8 na gorivno celico
Na mestu, kjer je nameščen motor z notranjim izgorevanjem pa bo v avtomobil nameščenih okoli 200 do 400 gorivnih celic. Gorivo pa bo shranjeno v podolgovatem rezervoarju, ki se bo nahajal v prostoru, kateri je namenjen kardanski osi.
Slika 52: Podolgovati valjasti rezervoar za gorivo
Že sama predstavitev tega avtomobila napoveduje revolucijo na področju prometa in ekologije, je pa v naslednjih treh letih treba zgraditi še mrežo vodikovih polnilnih postaj. Vse več je vodikovih polnilnic, torej bo po mojem mnenju tudi ta koncept avtomobila , avtomobil prihodnosti.
Slika 53: Prva polnilna postaja z vodikom v Sloveniji-Lesce
|
Prednosti in slabosti predelave avtomobila na plin

7.1. Prednosti in slabosti predelave avtomobila na plin
PREDNOSTI
|
SLABOSTI
|
Zmanjšanje co2 in emisij
|
Stroški predelave
|
Predelava je preprosta
|
Zavzame nekaj več prostora v prtljažniku
|
Privarčujemo pri gorivu-nižje cene energenta
|
Potrebnih je več servisov
|
Subvencije in popusti
|
Ni toliko polnilnic
|
7.2. Moja izbira avtomobila predelanega na plin
Moja izbira avtomobila s plinsko predelavo je Fiat Punto Grande Fun 1.4 8V. Avtomobil ima prevoženih 110336 km, kar je po mojemu mnenju solidno (mogoče malo preveč) za 7 let star avtomobil. Kombinirana vožnja oz. povprečna vožnja znaša 6,1 litrov/100km in se mi zdi da je to prevelika poraba za predelan avtomobil. Prostornina motorja znaša 1368 ccm, kar mi bo prihranilo nekaj denarja pri registraciji. Motor pa ima moč 57kW oz. 78KM in mi tako za prvi avtomobil ustreza. Poraba vozila je zardi plinske predelave malo nižja, kot pri navadnih bencinskih avtomobilih vendar bi vozilo moral glede na podane podatke pregledati še v živo in oceniti realno vrednost avtomobila. Avto ima vso potrebno opremo, ki je navedena na spletni strani (Slika: ): zavorni sistem ABS, športni volan, servo volan…
Sliki 59 in 60: Osnovni podatki o vozilu
|
Predelava avtomobila na plin

|
Predelava avtomobila na plin
|
bet | 28/32 | Sana | 04.04.2021 | Hajmi | 9,09 Mb. | | #14120 |
7.0. Predelava avtomobila na plin
Predelavo vozila na plin lahko naredi le pooblaščena oseba, katera uspešno opravi potrebno šolanje. Ta preveri celotno delovanje sistema in izda certifikat o ustreznosti sistema. Najpogosteje in najenostavneje se predeluje vozila z bencinskim motorjem, ki za pogon uporabljajo neosvinčeni bencin. Manj pogoste pa so predelave na dizelski pogon saj je potrebnih več komponent za predelavo.
Predelava na bencinskem motorju zajema:
Dodatni jekleni rezervoar z večnamenskim ventilom za shranjevanje plina, ki je nameščen v prtljažniku,
Polnilni ventil, ki se ga najpogosteje namesti na spodnji del zadnjega odbijača ali v primer, da je za vratci, ki pokrivajo priključek za polnjenje z bencinom dovolj prostora, lahko tudi na tem mestu,
Slika 58: Posoda za gorivo se vgradi na mesto za rezervno kolo, indikator nivoja plina pa v potniško kabino. Sistem je nameščen na sesalnem delu motorja.
Dovodne plinske cevi, ki povezujejo rezervoar prek električnega varnostnega ventila z motornim prostorom, v katerem je nameščen uparjalnik, ki utekočinjen plin uparja v plinasto stanje in nadzoruje pretok plina,
filter na dveh mestih,
stikalo za preklop s kontrolno ploščo in kazalom nivoja plina,
računalnik za optimalno doziranje plina, kar zmanjšuje porabo in povečuje zmogljivost vozila.
Predelava avtomobila stane okoli 720 do 1900 €. Vozilo je potrebno po predelavi homologirati.
Vzdrževanje: Vgrajeno plinsko napravo je potrebno za nemoteno delovanje tudi redno servisirati. Zadostuje že enkratni servisni poseg na vsakih 15.000 prevoženih km, kjer se izvede čiščenje plinskega filtra in pregled cevnih povezav ter računalniška kontrola delovanja celotnega sistema. S predelavo na plinski pogon privarčujemo pri gorivu, a je vzdrževanje dražje.
|
| |
Avtomobil na gorivno celico

6.0. Avtomobil na gorivno celico
6.1. Zgodovina
Avtomobil z gorivno celico nima ravno zgodovine, saj začetek sega 20 let nazaj, ko je Chrysler predstavil prvi koncept in tako so vsi večji proizvajalci začeli ustvarjati svoje prototipe. Daimler je naredil veliko konceptov, ter danes omogoča po vseh velikih mestih v Evropi, prevoz z avtobusom na gorivno celico.
Toyota je leta 2013 na sejmu na Japonskem predstavila prvi avtomobil na vodikovo gorivno celico s svojim modelom Mirai.
Slika 45: Toyoto Mirai
6.2. Delovanje gorivne celice
Pri avtomobilu z gorivno celico pravzaprav govorimo o vozilu na električni pogon, ki ga poganja elektromotor na izmenični tok z močjo 100 kW. Elektriko pa pridobiva iz vodikovih gorivnih celic, ki jo s pomočjo pretvornika pretvarja v izmenični tok. Elektriko dobiva iz vodikovih gorivnih celic in jo s pomočjo inverterja pretvarja v izmenični tok.
Delovanje: Vodikova gorivna celica je sestavljena iz dveh elektrod, med katerima je elektrolit (talina ali raztopina). Na anodo dovajamo vodik, na katodo pa kisik. Vodik se nato razcepi na protone in proste elektrone. Molekula vodika nam da dva prosta elektron, ki tečejo na katodo in proizvedejo električni tok.
Slika 46: Delovanje gorivnih celic
Vodik nam služi kot sredstvo za skladiščenje in prenos energije. Prostega vodika ni na zemlji, temveč ga pridobivamo iz vode, nafte ali zemeljskega plina. Vodik pa pridobivamo s kemijskim procesom elektroliza.
Gorivne celice so naprava, ki iz goriva (vodika) s pomočjo elektrokemijskega procesa proizvaja elektrika. Podobne so bateriji a ker gorivne celice ves čas oskrbuje svež dotok vodika in kisika, se ne morejo izprazniti.
Slika 47: Shema vozila na gorivne celice
|
Prednosti in slabosti vozil na gorivne celice

|
Prednosti in slabosti vozil na gorivne celice
|
bet | 26/32 | Sana | 04.04.2021 | Hajmi | 9,09 Mb. | | #14120 |
PREDNOSTI
|
SLABOSTI
|
Velika količina goriva (vodika)
|
Zahtevno ravnanje z vodikom
|
Brez izpustov CO2 (edini izpust je H2O-voda)
|
Dokaj majhen obseg vožnje
|
Dober izkoristek
|
Visoka cena
|
Lažje vzdrževanje
|
Majhno število polnilnic (v SLO samo ena)
|
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
|
Dolgotrajno polnjenje in omejenost delovanja polnilnic-polnilnica lahko v določenem času napolni omejeno število avtomobilov
|
6.5. Moja izbira avtomobila na gorivne celice
Pri avtomobilu na gorivno celico nimam velike izbire vozil, zato je moja izbira avtomobila na vodikovo celico Toyota Mirai. Mirai vsebuje sistema Toyotinih gorivnih celic, ki ima možnost načina gorivne celice in hibrida. Avtomobil je zelo varno zasnovan, kar mi je všeč na avtomobilu. Pri avtomobilu so zagotovili da zrak ne uhaja, v primeru, puščanja to sistem takoj zazna in prekine dotok vodika. Ima tudi posebno obliko, ki spominja na vodno kapljo in je opremljen z napredno varnostno tehnologijo kot je zaznavanje trčenja z radarjem, ki oddaja valove, nadzor mrtvih kotov ter nadzor speljevanja in pospeševanja. Mirai ima 4 vrata, 4 sedeže, sprednji pogon s 112 kW. Za avtomobili pa bi moral odšteti 53.700 €.
Slika 55: Toyota Mirai
Slika 54: Toyota Mirai
|
| |
Mat Clark ielts speaking - bet 11

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
14
The speed of speech
Use of discourse markers/ linking phrases/ connectives
The amount of self-correction
Fluency and Coherence 6
According to the marking system, the examiner will award a 6 in this section if the
candidate produces the following features:
Be able and willing to produce long responses to most questions.
Produce a range of different linking words/ phrases.
Linking phrases are sometimes used incorrectly.
Use some ―marker‖ language (eg, redundant language).
There is some hesitation/ repetition/ self-correction.
So from the above, it is clear that a Fluency 6 is the score where candidates begin to
produce native-speaker style language features in longer answers.
A Fluency 5 lacks most of these features.
Fluency and Coherence 7
The examiner will award 7 in this section if the candidate can produce the following:
Can produce long responses easily.
Produces a wide range of linking words, phrases and connectives.
Uses different linkers in a flexible ways.
Responses are relevant to the topic.
There is some hesitation/ repetition/ self-correction (but these do not
affect understanding and meaning).
From the above it can be concluded that a Fluency 7 is awarded when the responses
are usually long and they contain a larger quantity of linking devices (redundant language
etc.)
Problems with Grammatical Range and Accuracy

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
20
There is a section later in this book which gives advice and activities on tenses and sentence
structures.
4.
Pronunciation (1~9)
With effect from August 1st 2008, the marking scale of pronunciation will change in
all IELTS speaking tests worldwide. Examiners will now be able to award band score 1~9
instead of the older system 2-4-6-8.
Candidates' pronunciation will be marked in the same way, but for the higher scores
(7-8-9) there are one or two areas that have become more emphasized in the marking
criteria; these are discussed below.
The most common myth about the ―Pronunciation‖ section is that many people place
too much importance on accent. The pronunciation score is influenced by accent but there
are other important factors which influence the score.
―Pronunciation‖ covers the following language aspects:
How easily the examiner understands what is being said
Word stress
Sentence stress
Intonation
Evidence of first language accent
Grammatical Range and Accuracy 6

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
19
A wide range of sentence structures and tenses.
Many examples of sentences without grammar errors.
Some small grammar errors.
The description of a Grammar score 7 is quite simple. The main point here is that the
candidate must produce many examples of sentences which do not contain errors. Most
basic sentence structures must be correct. There must be examples of complex sentence
structures and many examples of subordinate clause structures. Modals (would, could,
should, may) should also be used correctly. There must be a range of different tenses
(usually used correctly).
Grammatical Range and Accuracy 8
The 8 score in this section is quite simple to describe:
Wide range of grammar structures and features.
Wide range of complex sentence structures used correctly.
Most sentences contain no grammar errors.
There may be occasional grammar errors but these are probably
careless mistakes and do not affect meaning.
An 8 score is awarded when the candidate can produce examples of most complex
sentence structures and can produce most tenses correctly and use them in the right way.
There are a few mistakes.
Mat Clark ielts speaking - bet 13

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
17
―vocabulary gaps‖ this may reduce the score to 5 in some cases.
Lexical Resource 7
A score of 7 in this section requires examples of the following items:
A range of vocabulary to talk about a wide variety of topics in detail.
Examples of uncommon words.
Some use of idiomatic language.
Some examples of collocation.
Ability to successfully explain ―vocabulary gaps‖
Some vocabulary may still be used incorrectly.
The Lexical Resource 7 score is quite different to the 6 score because it needs some
examples of complex vocabulary skills (a 6 doesn't require this). One of the most common
reasons why candidates fail to score 7 is because they don't include idiomatic vocabulary.
Idiomatic vocabulary can cover many aspects including slang, idiomatic sayings and phrasal
verbs. (There is a section on vocabulary later in the book which offers examples of idioms
for many topics). Another reason why candidates fail to score 7 in this section is because
there are no examples of uncommon vocabulary or collocations.
Mat Clark ielts speaking - bet 22

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
27
One useful tip to remember about the Part One topics and questions is that they are
designed so that every candidate in any country has an equal opportunity to fully answer
ALL questions.
For example, you might be asked: ―What food is popular in your country?‖ or ―What
food do you like eating?‖ You will NOT be asked: ―How do you make Chinese dumplings?‖
or ―Do you prefer noodles or rice?‖
From the list of topics we can see that there are approximately 50 Part One topics
(and this list is increasing every year). If there are five possible questions for each Part One
topic then we can conclude that there are potentially 250+ questions in Part One.
This presents a problem. Most candidates prepare for their speaking test by preparing
―specific answers‖ for ―specific questions‖. It seems an almost impossible task to prepare
250+ answers. Even if this was possible, it would take an enormous effort and use up most
of a student's preparation time and energy.
Most people who prepare in this way focus on the ―content‖ of each answer and as
we have already seen, content does not increase your score. Within the content they may be
learning vocabulary for each question, but vocabulary only influences part of your score.
Also it would be very difficult to learn 250+ sets of vocabulary.
Obviously, this is not a realistic preparation method for Part One of the test. We need
to find an alternative way to effectively prepare for these topics and questions.
Most people are unaware that this huge list of topics and questions can actually be
broken down into sub-groups. By this, I mean the questions themselves not the topics.
Look at the following Part One topic/question frame.
Fluency and Coherence 8 - Mat Clark ielts speaking

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
16
about something else.
Look at the following example:
“What sports do you like?”
“I don't like sports. I like computer games. My favorite computer game is
Counter Strike and this game is very popular in China now. I like Counter Strike
because...”
This situation happens quite often in the speaking test. If it happens once or twice,
the examiner probably won't change your score. If it happens frequently then your ―Fluency
and Coherence‖ will be reduced.
Mat Clark ielts speaking - bet 128

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
186
You may think this is not a very good way to impress your examiner, but this is
exactly what native speakers do when they forgot a word.
When you paraphrase you need to first let the examiner know that you have forgotten
the word ( or you don’t know the word in English).
Use the following linking phrases to begin paraphrasing:
I can’t remember the English word; I’ll have to explain what I mean here.
Actually, I can’t seem to remember the word; let me try to put it into plain words.
The word has slipped my mind; I’ll try to paraphrase it for you.
Use the following language to explain your word:
Well what it is…it is a kind /type of… In some ways it’s similar to…
It’s actually something like a…
Continue your paraphrasing with:
And it’s made from… It’s often found…
It’s used by…. It involves…
One of the most unique features of X is that… And I should also mention that…
Then ― remember‖ the word:
Oh… I think I’ve just remembered it; the word I’m looking for is X.
Zavarovanje in registracija vozila

|
Zavarovanje in registracija vozila
|
bet | 30/32 | Sana | 04.04.2021 | Hajmi | 9,09 Mb. | | #14120 |
7.3. Zavarovanje in registracija vozila
Slika 61: Zavarovanje vozila
Slika 62: Registracija in tehnični pregled vozila
Odločitev za nakup avtomobila s plinsko predelavo ali pa avtomobil z notranjim izgorevanjem samo predelati na plinski pogon se mi zdi razumna…ampak ima preveč negativnih stvari in se zaradi tega osebno nebi odločil za predelavo. Avtoplin je bistveno cenejši kakor bencin. Vzdrževanje in servis je tudi cenejši ter motor ima tudi daljšo življenjsko dobo ter še vedno deluje na bencin, tako da v primeru celotne porabe plina lahko preklopimo na bencinski pogon in se peljemo dalje. Kljub vsem prednostim, ki jih ima vozilo je slabost to da rezervoar zavzame nekaj prostora v prtljažniku ali pa zavzame prostor, kjer se nahaja rezervna pnevmatika. Cena avtomobila s predelavo na plin + zavarovanje +registracija je cca. 5600€ in to je zame predrago za avto s takšno močjo motorja in cenovnega razreda. Moja ocena: 3.0
|
| |
Mat Clark ielts speaking - bet 129

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
187
I usually buy books and DVDs or stuff like that.
I might buy a book or whatever.
I might go to the park or wherever.
I might go with my classmates or whoever.
Do not use too many list completers in your speaking test. A good guideline would be
4 or 5 examples across the whole interview.
Quantities
Vague language is very common with numbers when expressing quantity, frequency
or the time. Lower numbers are often expressed by phrases such as: a couple of, a few.
Whereas, larger numbers are rounded up with: about, around or replaced with: lots of, loads
of.
I usually get up at around three of four o’clock.
It costs around 15 yuan or so.
It’s about a 1,000 yuan.
The weather caused loads of/ lots of problems.
With vague language, ― a couple‖ does not usually mean ―two‖; it can mean ―up to
three‖ or even ―four‖. When you do not want to give accurate numbers, you can use the
following:
There were about 30 odd students in my class.
There were about 30 or so people at the party.
She’s not that old. I’d say she’s about 40-ish.
There are a lot of / lots of / loads of choices.
I’ve been to Beijing a couple of / a few times.
I think I saw about / around 10 or so.
Mat Clark ielts speaking - bet 130

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
188
As a rule, if this happens two or three times in Part One, there will be no problem. If it
happens more than 4 times, then the examiner will reduce your fluency score (usually by
one point, i.e. 5 will be reduced to 4).
In Part Two, it is unlikely that you will need the examiner to repeat anything because
the examiner doesn’t actually say much. However, if there is a word on the topic card that
you don’t understand , then the examiner is allowed to quickly explain that word to you
(usually by replacing it with an easier word or giving an example). You can avoid this
problem by checking all the topic cards featured in this book.
In Part Three the rules are less strict. The examiner will explain vocabulary, change
the wording of questions or simplify the questions whenever necessary. This shouldn’t
happen very often because when Part Three begins the examiner should have a very clear
idea of your language level and he/she will ask the questions in a way in which you should
be able to understand quite easily.
Mat Clark ielts speaking - bet 131

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
189
Let’s talk about music now. What types of music do you like listening to? (Why) (Use
a mix of Part One ―Types of‖ and ―Liking‖ structures)
How much time do you spend listening to music?(Use Part one ―It depends‖ structure)
Where do you usually listen to music?(Use Part One ―It depends‖ structure)
OK, now I’m going to give you a topic and I’d like you to talk about it for one to two
minutes. Before you talk you’ll have one to two minutes to think about what you are going
to say and you can make some notes if you wish, do you understand?
I’d like you to describe the type of clothes you like wearing.(One minute preparation)
OK, so remember you have one to two minutes for this so don’t worry if I stop you.
I’ll tell you when the time is up…Can you start speaking now please?
Topic Card - Mat Clark ielts speaking

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
190
Do you think you will continue to live in this place for a long time?
Now let’s move on to talk about films. How often do you watch films?
What type of films do you like watching?
Do you prefer watching films alone or with someone else?
Is it better watching films at home or in the cinema?
Let’s talk about birthdays now. Do you usually spend your birthday with your friends
or with your family?
What do children generally do on their birthdays in China?
Are birthdays important?
What is the most important birthday or age which is celebrated in China?
OK, now I’m going to give you a topic and I’d like you to talk about it for one to two
minutes. Before you talk you’ll have one to two minutes to think about what you are going
to say and you can make
some notes if you wish, do you understand?
I’d like you to describe some help which you received in the past. (One
minute
preparation)
OK, so remember you have one to two minutes for this so don’t worry if I stop you.
I’ll tell you when the time is up... Can you start speaking now please?
Topic Card - Mat Clark ielts speaking

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
191
Interview 3
Good afternoon, my name is... Can you tell me your full name please?
OK, can I see your ID card please?
In this first part I’d like to ask you some questions about yourself. So first of all let’s
talk about what you do. Do you work or are you a student?
What are you studying?
Why did you choose this college/ university?
What’s good about where you’re studying?
What would you like to do after your studies?
Now let’s move on to talk about collecting things. Have you ever collected anything?
What things do people collect in your country?
Why do people collect in your country?
Would you like to start collecting something new in the future?
Now let’s talk about weather. What’s the weather like where you live?
What do you do when the weather is bad?
Whay type of weather do you like best?
Would you like to have that type of weather all year round?
OK, now I’m going to give you a topic and I’d like you to talk about it for one to two
minutes. Before you talk you’ll have one to two minutes to think about what you are going
to say and you can make
some notes if you wish, do you understand?
I’d like you to describe your childhood home. (One minute preparation)
OK, so remember you have one to two minutes for this so don’t worry if I stop you.
I’ll tell you when the time is up... Can you start speaking now please?
Topic Card
Describe your childhood home.
You should say:
Where this place is located
What type of house it is
How long you lived there
What you liked about this place.
Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
192
OK, we’ve been talking about your childhood home that and now I’d like to discuss
with you one or two more general questions related to this. So first of all let’s consider
different kinds of houses. Are houses nowadays different to houses in the past?
What kinds of houses will be common in the future?
What are the advantages of living in an old house?
Why do some people like to move to a different house?
Farg’ona politexnika instituti Mehanika-mashinasozlik fakulteti - bet 2

Bolt, vint, shpilka, gayka, shaybalar sezilarli
yeyilganda yangisiga almashtiriladi.
Yirik
detallarni vint, shpilka yordamida
biriktirganda, masalan, elektrodvigatelni
separator staninasiga o`rnatishda, faqat teshik
qayta tiklanib, shpilka va vintlar yangisiga
almashtiriladi. Ichki rezbali kichik teshiklar
qayta tiklanganda, teshik
DSt
bo`yicha keyingi
katta o`lchamga moslashtirilib, qayta teshiladi
va yangi rezba chiqariladi.
Rezbali birikmalarda detallar o`zaro zichroq
yopishishi uchun ular orasiga ip-gazlama,
karton yoki qog’oz zichlagichlar surik bo`ktirib
qo`yiladi. Detallarni biriktirganda odatda bolt
kallaklari bir tomonda, rezbali qismi ikkinchi
tomonda bo`lishi lozim. So`ngra gaykalar engil
tortilib, detallar holati tekshirilib, gaykalar
mahkam tortiladi. Gaykalar ochilib ketmasligi
uchun kontrgayka, maxsus shayba, tojli
gaykalar va shplintlar ishlatiladi.
Shponkali birikmalarda
shponkalar ezilishi, ishchi
yuzalar yeyilishi mumkin. Bunday shponka
yangisiga almashtiriladi. Shponka ariqchasi
yeyilganda, ariqchasi standart bo`yicha keyingi
katta o`lchamgacha kengaytiriladi va
chuqurlashtiriladi. Prizmasimon va segmentli
shponkalarda balandligi bo`yicha, ponasimon
shponkalarda esa kengligi bo`yicha tirqish bo`lishi
lozim.Tirqish qiymati shup bilan nazorat qilinadi.
Ajralmaydigan birikmalarni
ta`mirlash. Ajralmaydigan birikmalarga
parchin mixli, payvand va kavsharlangan
birikmalar misol bo`ladi. Parchin mixli
birikmalarda quyidagi nuqsonlar uchraydi:
parchin mixlar susayadi, sterjeni egiladi, kallagi
yeyiladi; teshiklar kengayadi.
Parchin mixli birikmalarni ajratish uchun uning
kallagi zubilo bilan chopiladi va sterjen borodok
bilan urib chiqariladi yoki parmalanadi. Buning
uchun kallakda uning balandligiga teng teshik
parmalandi. Kallak urib sindiriladi va sterjen
borodok bilan uchirib chiqariladi. Teshiklar qayta
parmalanadi, teshikka yangi sterjen o`rnatiladi,
detallar zich yopishtiriladi. Sterjen bir uchi detalga
zich yopishtirilib, ikkinchi uchi urib yeyiladi va
so`ngra kallakka to`g’ri shakl beriladi.
|
Part Three Question Type 7 : Solutions

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
183
Give a brief statement to explain the solution. Now offer a solution to the second
problem.
Now taking into
account the second challenge, the only way to get to the bottom of
this dilemma would be to…
So the complete answer might look like this :
― what are the problems associated with the increase in car use ? ―
(See answer to previous problems)
How could these problems be solved ?
―In my view, there are a number of actions that could be taken. When dealing with the
first problem, the easiest way to work it out would be to develop
new technology for car
engines which does not cause serious air poluttion, maybe some
special kind of exhaust
filter. Taking on the second problem, the most successful way to confront this would be to
invest heavily on research into alternative energy resources. In fact, I have heard that we
have already produced a car which runs on water.‖
If
you are confident enough, you might want to develop these points further, but
don’t do it if you are not sure that you have the vocabulary
to continue producing good
quality language. It is better to produce a medium length that is accurate in its language than
a longer answer that contains many mistakes.
Go back to problems question section and practise your ―solution‖ structure for the
problems that you thought about for each example question.
Zaključek - Izbira avtomobila

8.0. Zaključek
Za zaključek bom še podal svoje mnenje in ocenil moje delo.
V seminarski nalogi sem moral opisati vrste motorjev, ki obstajajo v današnjem času, njihove prednosti in slabosti, novosti posameznih motorjev in izbrati po en avto za vsak motor in ga opisati ter podati svoje osebno mnenje. Moje ugotovitve in mnenja so, da prevladujejo avti na notranje izgorevanje saj jih splošno pozna in so prisotni najdalj časa in se zato »bojijo« vsega novega in nerazumljivega. Velik problem je tudi, da je nad avtomobilnim trgom monopol, ki ga imajo v lasti veliko oljna podjetja, ki pa ne želijo napredek tako imenovanih okolju prijaznih avtomobilov oz. avtomobilov, ki ne peljejo na bencin ali dizel saj bi jih to peljalo v propad. Veliko ljudi pa ima rado avtomobilizem in motorje na splošno. Zato takšni ljudje stojijo za svojimi okusi in izbiri vozil, ki pa niso v skladu z naravo oz. okoljem. Veliko problematiko sodobnih avtomobilov predstavlja mišljenje ljudstva, ki pa je »zastarelo« in okolju (ter »denarnici«) neprijazno.
Velika števila ljudi si lahko kupi električni avto, tudi hibridnega ali pa ga celo predela na plin, vprašanje katero si ga postavljajo je to, ali bom imel kaj od tega, koliko mi bo to koristilo, bom na koncu res privarčeval več kot pri bencinskem ali dizelskem avtomobilu. To je nekaj vprašanj, ki si ga zastavljajo večina ljudi pri nakupu vozila, zato je potrebno da bodo takšni avtomobili prispeli med ljudmi še nadgradnje, izboljšave ter nekaj časa.
Moja izbira avtomobila bo »bencinar« saj kljub svoji višji porabi od dizla ustreza mojemu stilu življenja, ko pa me ne oviral denar in bodo avtomobili prihodnosti že zadosti napredovali se pa bom brez težav odločil za enega od njih.
V to seminarsko nalogo sem vložil veliko dela in časa vendar me je pritegnila in sem brez problema raziskoval in brskal po spletu. Tema je bila zelo zanimiva in poučna saj sem se naučil veliko novih stvari in uvidel kaj se dogaja v avtomobilizmu danes. Doumel sem koliko dela in uporabe znanja, ki sem ga naučil v šoli je potrebno v tem svetu. Pri iskanju podatkov sem se moral zelo potruditi, ker o določenih temah in stvareh piše zelo malo. V seminarski nalogi sem poskušal napisati čim več s svojimi lastnimi besedami, ko sem našel iskan podatek.
|
Tenis - Program: Ekonomski tehnik

2.1.2.4 Tenis
Tenis je šport, ob katerem se prijetno razgibamo in sprostimo. Prav tako je primeren za vsakogar, ne glede na spol in starost. V njegov prid govori raziskava, ki dokazuje, da tenis razvija pozitivne osebne lastnosti, kot so družabnost, ustvarjalnost, tekmovalnost, odločnost, koncentracijo in samozavest.
Izhaja iz Anglije, od koder se je iz poznega 19. stoletja razširil po vsem svetu, kjer je danes na milijone privržencev in gledalcev. Kot športno panogo jo uporabljajo rekreativci, saj je ukvarjanje s tenisom v današnjem času možno tako v zimskem, kot seveda v poletnem obdobju. Razmerje med tekmovalnim ukvarjanjem z njim in rekreativnim je 15% : 85 % v korist rekreativnega, pri čemer je še posebej priljubljen med poslovneži (v zadnjem času ga vsaj v letnem času nadomešča golf).
Tenis je igra z manjšo žogo, ki jo z loparji udarjajo čez mrežo, nameščeno na sredini igrišča (travnatega, peščenega, asfaltnega ali iz umetnih snovi, v dvoranah lahko tudi parketnega).
Pomembno je, da si za igrišča izberemo igrišča izven mesta oziroma tista, ki niso obdana z dimniki iz tovarn ali v bližini prometa polnega z avtomobili, prav tako so bolj primerna mehka in ne trda teniška igrišča (najprimerjnejša so travnata igrišča, ki pa jih je pri nas zelo malo).
|
Summary of Part Three Question Types

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
184
4.
Additional Tips
Giving example
Paraphasing
Vague language
Asking for help
Example interview scripts
Suggested futher reading
4.1.
Giving examples
Sometimes you can finish your answer with an example structure but you do not need
to do this with every question; one or two times in the speaking test is more than enough.
Look at the previous answer to the ―problem‖ question.
―It’s university accepted that there a few hazards involved with the increase in the use
of private cars. Essentially, one fundamental concern is probably that it leads to an increase
in pollution. This fact is unmistakably perturbing because
we are facing huge global
pollution problems at the moment.
Additionally, another major cause for concern has to be the fact that cars consume
huge amounts of our energy resources. And the underlying repercussions of this are that we
will soon be confronted with a global energy crisis.‖
It would be quite easy to add an example to this answer:
― Actually I think this idea is best illustrated with the example of oil which is running
out at an alarming rate.‖
You don’t get extra marks simply for adding an example. However, your score will be
influenced because you have used a complex linking structure:
― Actually I think this idea is best illustrated with the example of…‖
Use the following structures to introduce an example:
In fact, this concept can be illustrated by the example of…
As
a matter of fact, this point can be demonstrated with the case of…
In actual fact, this notion can be confirmed by the example of…
Kompyuter tizimlarida dasturlash kasbi bo‘yicha O‘quv dasturi toshkent-2023

|
Kompyuter tizimlarida dasturlash kasbi bo‘yicha O‘quv dasturi toshkent-2023
|
bet | 1/61 | Sana | 18.01.2024 | Hajmi | 1,11 Mb. | | #140532 |
Bog'liq 30610501 Kompyuter tizimlarida (1) (1)
O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY TA’LIM, FAN VA INNOVATSIYALAR VAZIRLIGI
PROFESSIONAL TA’LIMNI RIVOJLANTIRISH INSTITUTI
BOSHLANG‘ICH PROFESSIONAL TA’LIMNING
30610501 – Kompyuter tizimlarida dasturlash kasbi bo‘yicha
O‘QUV DASTURI
Toshkent-2023
O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY TA’LIM, FAN VA INNOVATSIYALAR VAZIRLIGI
PROFESSIONAL TA’LIMNI RIVOJLANTIRISH INSTITUTI
BOSHLANG‘ICH PROFESSIONАL TА’LIMNING
30610501 – Kompyuter tizimlarida dasturlash kasbi bo‘yicha
Axborot texnologiyalari fanidan
O‘QUV DASTURI
Kvalifikasiya(lar) nomi: Dasturchi
O‘quv rejadagi tartib raqami: 2.01
Ajratilgan soat: 60
Toshkent – 2023
O‘quv dasturi Professional ta’limini rivojlantirish instituti Aloqa va axborotlashtirish, telekommunikatsiya texnologiyalari boʻyicha O‘quv-metodik birlash Ma’lumotlar bazasi sining 2023-yil 9avgustdagi 4-sonli majlis bayoni bilan ma’qullangan.
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy ta’lim, fan va innovatsiyalar vazirligi huzuridagi Oliy va o‘rta maxsus, kasb-hunar ta’limi yo‘nalishlari bo‘yicha o‘quv-uslubiy birlashmalar faoliyatini Muvofiqlashtiruvchi kengashining 2023-yil ”11” Avgustdagi 4-son yig‘ilishida ma’qullangan va Vazirlikning 2023-yil ”25” Avgustdagi 391-son buyrug‘i bilan TASDIQLANDI VA JORIY ETILDI.
Tuzuvchilar:
|
G. Jo‘raqulova
|
Professional ta`limni rivojlantirish instituti, Raqamli ta’lim texnologiyalari boshqarmasi bosh mutaxassisi
|
|
I.Sharapov
|
Professional ta`limni rivojlantirish instituti, Professional ta’limni innovatsion rivojlantirish boshqarmasi bosh mutaxassisi
|
|
N. Dadamatova
|
Yuqori Chirchiq kasb- hunar maktabi maxsus fan o‘qituvchisi
|
|
|
| |
Pronunciation 6 - Mat Clark ielts speaking

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
21
Examiner can fully understand candidate's language (may have
occasional problems).
Examples of correct word and sentence
stress used to emphasize or
focus meaning.
Use of intonation to emphasize important meaning.
Able to vary speed of delivery to affect meaning.
Able to divide utterances in ―chunks‖ (see below)/
There maybe some mispronounced words.
A first language accent may still be present.
Pronunciation 8
The candidate will be awarded 8 in this section if the following requirements can be
met:
The examiner understands everything clearly and easily.
The candidate uses pronunciation features
to emphasize and alter
meaning efficiently throughout the interview.
Intonation, word stress and sentence
stress are used efficiently
throughout the interview.
Fully
able to use variation of speed, volume
and pitch to efficiently
emphasize meaning.
There may be evidence of a first language accent but this does not
affect meaning or understanding.
May have occasional minor problems with sentence intonation.
Mat Clark ielts speaking - bet 10

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
13
The Marking System
The IELTS speaking test is marked according to a
carefully designed marking
system. All speaking examiners use exactly the same marking system and use it in the same
way.
The marking system is divided into four sections:
Fluency and Coherence
Lexical Resource (Vocabulary)
Grammatical
Range and Accuracy
Pronunciation
This marking system is a printed document which the examiner refers to whilst
listing to your spoken English. The sections are divided into scores in the following way:
downloaded.>
Each box in the table contains a very detailed description of the features required for
that score in that section. The box for ―Fluency and Coherence 7‖ contains a 50-word
detailed description of all of the things a candidate must do to get a score of seven in this
section. Directly above and below the examiner can see the description for 8 and 6, in this
way the examiner can listen to your language in the interview and decide carefully which
description best fits your language.
It is important to understand this because many people do not realize that, for
example, a score of 7 for ―Lexical Resource‖ can only be awarded if your vocabulary
exactly fits the description in that box.
The descriptions are written in professional linguistic terms so it would not be very
useful to reproduce them here. Instead, the following section will translate into simple terms
the language features a candidate must produce to achieve scores of 6, 7 and 8.
Kodlashtirish - Informatsion texnologiyalar

|
Informatsion texnologiyalar
|
bet | 63/78 | Sana | 13.12.2023 | Hajmi | 262,61 Kb. | | #117946 |
Bog'liq O`zbekiston respublikasiKodlashtirish uchun tez-tez ishlatiladigan iboralar to‘plamini o‘z ichiga oluvchi kitob yoki jadvallardan foydalaniladi. Bu iboralardan har biriga, ko‘p hollarda, raqamlar to‘plami bilan beriladigan ixtiyoriy tanlangan kodli so‘z to‘g‘ri keladi. Axborotni kodlash uchun xuddi shunday kitob yoki jadval talab qilinadi. Kodlashtiruvchi kitob yoki jadval ixtiyoriy kriptografik o‘zgartirishga misol bo‘ladi. Kodlashtirishning axborot texnologiyasiga mos talablar — qatorli ma’lumotlarni sonli ma’lumotlarga aylantirish va aksincha o‘zgartirishlarni bajara bilish. Kodlashtirish kitobini tezkor hamda tashqi xotira qurilmalarida amalga oshirish mumkin, lekin bunday tez va ishonchli kriptografik tizimni muvaffaqiyatli deb bo‘lmaydi. Agar bu kitobdan biror marta ruxsatsiz foydalanilsa, kodlarning yangi kitobini yaratish va uni hamma foydalanuvchilarga tarqatish zaruriyati paydo bo‘ladi.
Kriptografik o‘zgartirishning ikkinchi turi shifrlash o‘z ichiga — boshlang‘ich matn belgilarini anglab olish mumkin bo‘lmagan shaklga o‘zgartirish algoritmlarini qamrab oladi. O‘zgartirishlarning bu turi axborot- kommunikatsiyalar texnologiyalariga mos keladi.
Bu yerda algoritmni himoyalash muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Kriptografik kalitni qo‘llab, shifrlash algoritmining o‘zida himoyalashga bo‘lgan talablarni
kamaytirish mumkin. Endi himoyalash obyekti sifatida faqat kalit xizmat qiladi. Agar kalitdan nusxa olingan bo‘lsa, uni almashtirish mumkin va bu kodlashtiruvchi kitob yoki jadvalni almashtirishdan yengildir. Shuning uchun ham kodlashtirish emas, balki shifrlash axborot-kommunikatsiyalar texnologiyalarida keng ko‘lamda qo‘llanilmoqda.
Sirli (maxfiy) aloqalar sohasi kriptologiya deb aytiladi. Ushbu so‘z yunoncha
«kripto» — sirli va «logus» — xabar ma’nosini bildiruvchi so‘zlardan iborat. Kriptologiya ikki yo‘nalish, ya’ni kriptografiya va kriptotahlildan iborat.
Kriptografiyaning vazifasi xabarlarning maxfiyligini va haqiqiyligini ta’minlashdan iborat.
|
| |