nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
2. 2. Statistikalıq proektsiya qurallarınan paydalanıw

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2. 2. Statistikalıq proektsiya qurallarınan paydalanıwBog'liq Vaxabov X, Gaypova R, Tursinov M. Geografiyanı oqıtıw metodikası
13. 2. 2. Statistikalıq proektsiya qurallarınan paydalanıw
Statistikalıq proektsiya qurallarına diafilmler, diapozitivler, kodoskoplar kiredi.
Olardan sabaq protsessinde paydalanıw oqıwshılardın’ tikkeley bilimlerin qabıllawdı
ku’sheytedi, ko’z-qaraslarının’ qa’liplesiwine imkan beredi, geografiyalıq qubılıslar
arasındag’ı baylanıs h’a’m nızamlardı teren’ tu’siniwge imkan beredi.
Geografiya ta’limi tarawında islep shıg’arılg’an diafilmler h’a’m diapozitivler
ko’binese ren’li qılıp shıg’arıladı, bul oqıwshılardın’ bilim iskerligin jedellestiredi.
Diafilmlerden paydalanıp sabaq o’tiwde oqıtıwshı to’mendegi talaplarg’a juwap
beriwi kerek;
-
statistikalıq proektsiya quralların sabaq rejesine kiritiw;
-
sabaqtın’ maqsetin islep shıg’ıw;
Diafilmde ko’rsetilgen bilimler oqıwshılar ta’repinen o’zlestiriliwi ushın
oqıtıwshı kiris so’zin a’melge asırıwı lazım. Eger ko’rsetilgen bag’darlamalarda
beriletug’ın bilimler a’piwayı h’a’m an’sat bolsa kiris so’zi qısqa, quramalı bolsa, kiris
so’zi ken’irek bolıwı lazım;
-
oqıw qurallarınan paydalanıp oqıtıwshı to’mendegi jumıslardı a’melge asırıwı
lazım; diafilm yaki diapozitivte ko’rsetilgen jerlerin teren’ u’yreniw lazım; tu’siniksiz
h’a’m biytanıs so’zlerge tu’sinik beriw lazım;
-
oqıwshılardın’ pikirlew iskerligin aktivlestiriw ushın ko’rsetilgen kinofilmge
to’mendegi tapsırmalar du’ziledi
:
sorawlarg’a juwap berin’, sızılmanı du’zin’, reje
du’zin’ h’a’m t.b;
-
ko’rsetilgen kinofilm temanın’ mazmunın ashıp beriw lazım;
-
klass penen baylanıstı u’zbewi ushın kinofilmnin’ bası h’a’m aqırı
ko’rsetilmeydi;
Geografiya sabaqlarında epidoskop h’a’m kodoskoplardan paydalanıw.
Sabaqlardın’ na’tiyjeli bolıwı ushın oqıtıwshı tu’rli dereklerden, su’wretler, sızılmalar,
kartalar, diagrammalar, kesteler h’a’m tag’ı basqa ko’rgizbeli mag’lıwmatlardı
paydalanadı. Usı materiallar epidoskop arqalı ko’rsetiledi. Epidoskoplar h’a’r qanday
dereklerden kesip alıng’an materiallardı ekranda ko’rsetip beretug’ın apparat.
Epidoskop ja’rdeminde oqıwshılardan h’a’r tu’rli tapsırmalardın’ orınlanıwın talap etiw
mu’mkin (sızılmalar, diagrammalar, jazıwsız kartalar, kesteler, olardı toltırıw h’a’m
t.b.) Epidoskop ja’rdeminde qısqa waqıt ishinde oqıwshılar sabaq ushın karta-
sızılmalar, diagrammalar, su’wretler tayarlawı mu’mkin.
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Directories in Linux - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System...

Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System with Tools On Security and Kali Hacking to Understand Computer Programming, Data Science and Command Line
Linux This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts The Underground Bible
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar Bosh sahifa Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System with Tools On Security and Kali Hacking to Understand Computer Programming, Data Science and Command Line
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Chapter 4:
Text Manipulation - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating...

Text manipulation is the process of modifying the text to suit our needs.
There are many formatting features that can be done to a document. They
include but not limited to, changing the word of every character of a word
to uppercase, maybe there is a misspelled word in a document, and we want
to change every instance of the misspelled word in the whole document.
When we manually edit the text in a document, it can be very tiresome;
moreover, we cannot eliminate the possibilities of human error. Thus it is
very vital to find a way to find a command that can be used to modify
words in a text file of any size in a document with ease. The Linux
command line comes in hand, as it allows someone to type a single
command line and edit the whole document in less than a document.
Each and every command found in the Linux operating system can perform
only one job, except that it will only do that one job and no other. The
Linux command-line tools can be linked together like bricks the way we
want and use the command lines to our advantage.
How Linux is Useful in Text Manipulation
The process of connecting the command lines is known as piping. The
symbol for a pipe is I (always remember it is not a lower-case L or any
other character, but only I) .
Another feature that Linux offers is the use of the right-angle bracket >. By
default, the Linux operating system displays commands on the screen when
we input the command in the terminal. However, when we want to create
files, we need to redirect the output of the command using the > then
followed by the name of the file. Please note if the file is written already
existed, it will be overwritten; hence, it becomes important to append the
file if you don’t want it to be overwritten. In order to append a file, you
need to use the >> to APPEND (added) to the file. In instances when you
append a file, the results will be saved at the end of the existing file. Note
only existing files can be appended.
The Linux network interface - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating...

Ping starts by sending an internet control message protocol (ICMP) across
the network; then, it will notify when there is a response or not. If the host
is able to connect to the network, it will send an ICMP success response.
However, if the user is unable to connect to the network, it will send a ping
test failed
Another tool used by Linux in the troubleshooting process is the
trace roo
t. Traceroot usually Probes the network between the local system and the
destination; hence, it will gather all information; hence, it will gather all
information about the IP router in the path. Tracetoot is useful when there is
an issue in the path, such as network issues intermediary nodes. showing
slow response then you may want to know which node is showing the slow
response .
Qarshi davlat universiteti international scientific and practical conference on algorithms and current problems of programming - bet 94

115
Ushbu masalani, ishlab chiqilgan dastur yordamida yechsak quyidagiga ega bo‘lamiz.
Rasm 1. Masala kiritilgan dastur oynasi
Rasm 2. Taqsimot va yechim oynasi
Xulosa.
Ishda olingan natija amaliy xarakterga ega. Bu dasturiy ta’minot Python
dasturlash tilida yaratilgan bo‘lib, u vizuallashgan qulay interfeysga ega. Bu dasturning
to‘g‘ri ishlashi standartlashgan dasturlar orqali taqqoslab tekshirilgan.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro‘yxati.
1. F. L. Hitchcock (1941) "The distribution of a product from several sources to
numerous localities", MIT Journal of Mathematics and Physics 20:224–230
2. A. Schrijver (2012), “On the History of the Transportation and Maximum Flow
Problems”, Documenta Mathematica, Extra Volume ISMP (2012) 169–180.
3. Hamdy A.Taha.”Operations Research: An Introduction“,Prentice Hall, 7 editions 5,
USA,2006.
Ergasheva X.M. Funksiyalarni tekshirishning algoritmlari va dasturiy vositalari
Transport masalasi uchun Vogel approkimatsiya usuli

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Transport masalasi uchun Vogel approkimatsiya usuli Pdf ko'rish
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bet | 89/551 | Sana | 15.05.2024 | Hajmi | 15,84 Mb. | | #234763 |
Bog'liq Asosiy oxirgi 17.05.2023 18.20Transport masalasi uchun Vogel approkimatsiya usuli.
Transport masalasi-bu
chiziqli dasturlash masalasining maxsus bir turi bo‘lib unda tovarlarni bir nechta
manbalardan boshqa nir nechta manzillarga, manbalardagi takliflar va manzillardagi
talablarga bog‘liq ravishda shunday yetkazish talab etiladiki natijada umumiy yetkazish
xarajatlari eng kam bo‘ladi. Oddiy so‘zlar bilan aytganda, transport masalasining asosiy
maqsadi resurslarni minimal xarajatlar bilan (manbadan to belgilangan joyga) etkazib
berishdir. Bu masalaning matematik ifodasi quyidagicha.
Faraz qilaylik m-ta (A
1
, A
2
,…, A
m
) ishlab chiqarish manba’lari va bu manba’larda ishlab
chiqilgan mahsulotlarni qabul qiluvchi n-ta (B
1
, B
2
,…, B
n
) manzilllar mavjud bo‘lsin, Har bir
A
i
manbada ishlab chiqariligan mahsulot miqdori a
i
, har bir B
j
manzil qabul qiladigan
mahsulot miqdori b
j
va barcha A
i
manbalarda ishlab chiqilgan mahsulotlarning umumiy
miqdori
∑
barcha B
j
manzillar qabul qiladigan mahsulotlarning umumiy miqdoriga
teng bo‘lsin, ya’ni,
∑
∑
. Bunday transport masalasi muvozanatli masala
deyiladi. Bir birlik mahsulotni A
i
manbadan B
j
manzilga yetkazib berish narxi esa c
ij
.
Agar
x
ij
bilan A
i
manbadan B
j
manzilga yetkazib berilgan mahsulot miqdorini belgilasak, u holda A
i
manbalardagi mahsulotlar B
j
manzillarga shunday taqsimlanishi kerakki, ya’ni x
ij
larni
shunday tanlashimiz kerakki natijada umumiy yetkazib berish harajatlari eng kam bo‘lsin.
Demak bu masalani matematik tilda qisqacha qilib quyidagicha yozamiz:
∑
∑
,
∑
∑
Transport masalasi jadval ko‘rinishda quyidagicha ifodalanadi.
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Ko’rsetilgen filmde berilgen bilimlerdin’ mazmunın bekkemlew

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Ko’rsetilgen filmde berilgen bilimlerdin’ mazmunın bekkemlewBog'liq Vaxabov X, Gaypova R, Tursinov M. Geografiyanı oqıtıw metodikasıKo’rsetilgen filmde berilgen bilimlerdin’ mazmunın bekkemlew.
Sabaq
son’ında filmde alıng’an bilimler menen sabaqlıq lektsiyası arasındag’ı baylanıslar
ashıp beriledi. Filmdi ko’rip bolg’annan son’ sızılmalar, su’wretler sızıw, kesteler
toltırıw yamasa arnawlı jazba jumısın tayarlaw mu’mkin.
Oqıwshılar filmde ko’rgenlerin kitaptan tabıwları, filmde ko’rsetilgen
geografiyalıq obektlerdi kartalardan tabıwları yaki filmdegi geografiyalıq obekt,
qubılıslardı jazıwsız kartalarg’a tu’siriwleri axmiyetli orın tutadı.
Oqıtıwshının’ kinofilmlerden paydalanıp sabaq o’tiw tayarlıg’ı.
Kinofilmler
sabaqqa o’zine ta’n o’zgeshelik beredi, oqıwshılardın’ iskerligin arttıradı, geografiyalıq
qubılıslardın’ payda bolıwın baqlawg’a imkan beredi. Biraq kino filmler geografiya
sabaqlarının’ tiykarg’ı bo’limlerin ashıp bere almaydı. Ma’selen, bilimlerdi tekseriw,
u’yge wazıypa tu’sindiriw h’a’m bekkemlew.
Geografiya oqıtıwshısı kinofilmlerden paydalanıp sabaq o’tiwge tayarlıq ko’rip
atırg’anda to’mendegilerge itibar beriliwi lazım.
Sabaqtın’ ta’limli h’a’m ta’rbiyalıq maqsetlerin islep shıg’ıw, sabaqtın’
mazmunın islep shıg’ıw, sabaqta paydalanılatug’ın ekranlı h’a’m statistikalıq
ko’rgizbeler fondı menen tanıstırıw h’a’m sabaq mazmunına say keletug’ın ko’rgizbeli
qurallardı tanlaw.
Oqıwshılar filmdi ko’riw protsesinde diktordın’ so’zin qıyın qabıl qıladı, sonın’
ushın pauzalarda oqıtıwshı filmde ko’rsetilgen geografiyalıq qubılıslarg’a tu’sinik berip
o’tiwi lazım. Eger diktordın’ so’zleri yamasa filmnin’ muzıkası oqıtıwshıg’a jaqpasa, ol
filmnin’ dawısın o’shirip o’zi tu’sindiriwi lazım.
Film ko’rsetilip atırg’anda basqa oqıw qurallarınan a’lbette karta bolıwı sha’rt.
Filmnin’ mazmunı zamanago’y talap da’rejesinde bolıwı lazım. Bunı a’sirese xalıq
xojalıg’ı tarmaqların ko’rsetiwde itibarg’a alıw lazım.
Sabaqta filmlerdi ko’rsetiw na’tiyjeliligi onı qollanıw tu’rine baylanıslı.
Filmlerdi sabaqlarda turaqlı h’a’m belgilengen uaqıtlarda qollanıw mu’mkin. Filmler
turaqlı ra’wishte ko’rsetilgende oqıwshılarda ko’riw, analizlew, qabıllaw ko’nlikpeleri
qa’liplesedi, sabaqtın’ na’tiyjeliligi artadı.
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Top Seven Linux command Line tools for text

Features of vim
❖
Runs on very low memory.
❖
It supports very many files and encodings.
❖
It is compatible across all Unix systems
❖
Grep command - The command is one of the frequently used commands due to its high
speed in most Unix based systems. With other programs, a grey command can be used with
other programs to read inputs in various. In a file or a standard output, grep can be used to
find strings or matched regular extensions.
❖
Sort command - As its name suggests, it used in sorting a file alphanumerically as it will
arrange the lines following a specific order. The command arranges files in ASCII by default.
Ways in which sort command sorts lines
1. Sort command arrange lines one at a time
2. The sort command program prints all lines of inputs in an argument ordered list
3. The sort command supports sorting of lines in alphabetically, by the use of reverse
order, numerically or even by word of mouth.
4. The command can also ignore case sensitive and return on if the line is sorted or not
5. The entire input key is assumed to be a sort key by default, and the blank space is
taken by the field separator
Features of a sort command
❖
The lines that are starting with numbers will come before lines that start with alphabets
❖
Lines whose first letter appears first on the alphabet list are placed before lines whose first
letter comes later in the alphabet list.
❖
Lines beginning with a letter that appears earlier in the alphabet will come before lines
starting with a letter that appears later on the alphabet
❖
Lines that begin with an uppercase letter will be placed before lines starting with a
lowercase letter of the same word
Example:
Suppose you are creating a file with the name file.txt
$ cat > file.txt
Emailing
Client
command
variable
Investitsiyaviy loyihalar turlari

150
6. Qaror qabul qilish mas'uliyati borasida muhim bo’lgan boshqa turdagi loyihalar.
3. Investitsiyaviy loyihalar tahlilining jihatlari.
Investitsiyaviy loyihani amalga oshirish natijasida kutilgan ijobiy samaraga erishish uchun, asosiy
talablarga amal qilinishini nazorat qilib borish zarur. Ushbu talablarga rioya qilish tahlili, loyihani
muvoffaqiyatli amalga oshishini, unga o’z vaqtida o’zgartirishlar kiritilishini yoki, ijobiy natijaga
erishish mumkin bo’lmagan taqdirda, loyihadan voz kechish to’g`risida habar beradi. Eng muhimi
bunday tahlil ko’p aspektlar nuqtai nazaridan amalga oshiriladi, chunki mavjud talablardan bittasining
bo’lsa ham hisobga olinmasligi loyiha ishtirokchilari uchun salbiy natijalarga olib kelishi mumkin.
Loyihani tizimlashtirish uchun quyidagi aspektlarni ajratish qabul qilingan:
- tijorat tahlili;
- texnik tahlil;
- ijtimoiy tahlil;
- institutsional tahlil;
- ekologik tahlil;
- moliyaviy tahlil;
- iqtisodiy yoki jamiyat samaradorligi tahlili.
Tijorat tahlili.
Tijorat tahlilining maqsadi – ishlab chiqarilishi mo’ljallangan mahsulot va xizmatlar bozorlari,
hamda ishlab chiqarish uchun lozim bo’lgan moddiy va moliyaviy resurslar bozorlari nuqtai nazaridan
loyiha istiqbollarini baholashdir. Umuman olganda loyihaning muvoffaqiyati yoki inqirozga uchrashi,
loyiha mahsuloti iste'molchilari, loyiha xizmatlaridan foydalanuvchilar, resurslarni yetkazib beruvchi
va potensial investorlarga bog`liq bo’ladi.
Tijorat tahlili har doim bozorlarni o’rganishdan boshlanadi. Loyiha mahsuloti, uni amalga oshirish
uchun lozim bo’lgan moddiy, mehnat va moliyaviy resurslarning joriy kon'yunkturasini o’rganib
bo’lgandan so’ng, tegishli bozorlarni rivojlanish tendensiyalari aniqlanadi va loyihaga tegishli
ko’rsatkichlar dinamikasi prognoz (bashorat) qilinadi.
Ichki institutsional sharoitlarning tahlili

156
davomida, korxona bunday vazifalarni bajarish uchun
yetarli tajribaga egaligi, mutaxassislarni jalb
qilish zaruriyati va boshqa tashkiliy masalalar muhokama qilinadi.
Loyihani muvoffaqiyatli amalga oshishiga korxonaning o’ylab amalga oshirilgan ichki siyosati
yordam berishi mumkin. Tahlilning bu qismi, korxona rivojlanishi strategiyasi va uni amalga oshirish
taktikasini o’rganishga yo’naltirilgan bo’ladi. Mazkur strategiya va taktikaning loyiha maqsadlariga
muvofiq kelishiga alohida e'tibor qaratiladi.
Korxona mustahkamligini baholash uchun, uning bozordagi o’rnini,
rentabelligini, moliyaviy
barqarorligini aniqlash imkonini beruvchi moliyaviy tahlil uslublaridan foydalaniladi.
Loyihani amalga oshirish natijalariga ta'sir ko’rsatishi mumkin bo’lgan tashqi institutsional
sharoitlarning tahlili, quyidagi ikkita asosiy yo’nalishda amalga oshiriladi:
- barcha pog`onalardagi davlat siyosatining tahlili. Amaldagi qonunlar va tartibga solish
siyosatining loyiha natijalariga ta'siri baholanadi. Xususan, atrof muhitni himoya qilish, soliqqa tortish,
narxlarni tartibga solish, dotatsiyalar,
xalqaro savdo qoidalari, valyuta ayirboshlash siyosati va
hokazolar ko’rib chiqiladi;
- investitsiya qabul qiluvchi korxonaning boshqa korxonalar, jamoat tashkilotlari, siyosiy
partiyalar,
hokimiyat institutlari, tarmoq muassasalari va boshqa tashkilotlar bilan o’zaro
munosabatlarining tahlili. Bundan asosiy maqsad loyiha uchun foydali bo’lgan o’zaro munosabatlarni
va ularni rivojlantirish yo’nalishlarini aniqlashdir.
Texnologiya tanlash - Microsoft Word 04 Kishlok xujaligida investitsion jarayonlar

155
Institutsional tahlilning maqsadi – loyihani amalga oshirishning ichki va tashqi institutsional
sharoitlari sifatini baholash, hamda investitsiya qabul qiluvchi tashkilot imkoniyatlarini kengaytirish
bo’yicha zaruriy tadbirlarni ishlab chiqishdan iboratdir.
Oxir oqibatda vaqtinchalik qurilmalar va maishiy xonalarni barpo etish, qurilish chiqindilarini olib
tashlash, yangi ob'ekt hududini obodonlashtirish kabi xarajatlar ham muhim bo’ladi. Bunday
tadbirlarni amalga oshirishning aniq grafigi yo’qligi va mas'ul shaxslar borasidagi noaniqlik ob'ektni
topshirish muddatlarini ancha orqaga surishi va boshqa muammolarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin.
Commands for process management - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating...

a) When we enter ps command we will get total processes that are running.
The first line describes the names of the
process and the PID that is
assigned to them.
What is PID?
Like User I'd (UID) we have discussed before PID is a number that is
assigned to a particular process. These are not permanent and will get
collapsed
when the process ends, unlike permanent UID.
b) The second line describes the initiation time of the process and the
percentage of the system power it is consuming. This is important for
hackers because whenever a process is taking a lot of system power one can
end it easily using the kill command which
we will describe in the next
section.
c) The third line can be used to declare priorities for the processes. For
example, when you are performing exploitation and backup at the same
time you can give priority to one of them as you wish to give more system
resources. This will help hackers when they are doing injections to a lot of
databases or networks.
And at last, we will learn about the termination of processes. A lot of
processes can decrease the system efficiency and will make Linux buggy.
So, for a certain interval of time, you need to kill some processes by using
the kill command. Kill command will stop
all the processes at once by
using killall or will just end the process you want to.
Below is a command that explains how kill works:
vulnerhost @ example: kill example process
d) You can even restart the killed processes for once using the same
command. This just acts like a recycle bin for the processes.
vulnerhost @ example :
restart exampleprocess
With this, we have completed our brief explanation about process
management and for hackers, this is important and can help them use their
resources efficiently.
In this chapter, we have given a brief introduction
to important building
structures of Linux that are user management, file management,
and process
management. In the next chapter, we will learn about scripting and in
Ochiq foydalanish shartlari

139
3. Nashrning tezkorligi. Olimlarni doimo ortiqcha byurakratik
cheklovlarsiz va maxsus talablarsiz o‘z ishlarini nashr etuvchi jurnallar
jalb qilib kelgan.
4. Martaba yoki karyera uchun muhimligi (ilmiy karyera bo‘yicha
ko‘tarilishda, lavozim yoki attestatsiyani saqlab qolishda jurnalning
muhimligi). Ko‘pgina oliygohlar va ITI uchun xodimni attestatsiyadan
o‘tkazishda ham publikatsiyalar soni talab etiladi, ham ularning aynan
qayerda chop etilgani muhim hisoblanadi. Nashrlarning soni va joyi
lavozim bo‘yicha ko‘tarilishda ham katta ahamiyatga ega.
5. Jurnalning ahamiyatliligi (jamiyat uchun ahamiyatliligi).
Mualliflar o‘z maqolalarini chop etishda jurnal ilmiy jihatdan
ma’lumotlar yetkazishda qanchalik nufuzliligiga ham e’tibor qiladilar.
Bundan tashqari, jurnalning katta tirajda chiqishi, jamiyatga o‘tkaza
oladigan ta’siri jihatdan ham ahamiyatga ega bo‘lishi va boshqalar.
a) General search - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System...

vulnerhost @ example: find file beatles.mp3
By this, the find command will start searching the required file and will
give the results. If nothing is found for the name, then the empty screen will
be displayed.
There is also an option with an asterisk that will show every file with the
extension. Suppose we only give .mp3 extension
as a file name using
asterisk then find command will search every mp3 extension that is present
in the directory.
Although find is used extensively to search for things in a Linux system it is
often slow. The reason for this is that it starts
from the root directory to
search the file name. For this reason, there
is another command called as
locate that will reduce the search time. We will learn about locating in the
next section.
b) Database lookup
Linux contains system files and databases that exist with them. As
explained earlier it is difficult to search every
application database due to
their length and huge numbers. For this exact reason database lookup is
introduced in Linux.
This will search and input the database files that
are present according to
the search term. Before using the locate command you need to use
updated
so that everything will be refreshed to display the fresh results.
Below is the command for locating command. You can use the file directory
that you prefer or command will search all directories that are present.
vulnerhost @ example: updated
vulnerhost @ example: locate songs.mp3
Process Management System - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating...

The blocking state explains that a particular process cannot be run anymore.
They may have been killed on purpose or can be crashed due to errors and
warnings. Whatever the reason may be blocked state initiated the killing of
the process .
Processes, Procedures, and Programs
We have already discussed processes in detail. Procedures are processes
that are aligned systematically and linearly. Whereas programs are a set of
procedures that can be combined to create a good system software.
There are some important characteristics of processes
that hackers should
be aware of. We will explain some of them below:
There are two types of processes. The first of them are mutually exclusive
processes and the second one is synchronization processes.
Mutually exclusive processes are little skeptical processes because you
cannot run them in the background or correlation with others. For example,
like a recovery software or like using a printer to print papers.
Synchronization processes are usual processes that are that can be run in the
background. You can consider a media player process for this example.
Nazorat savollari - M. A. Raxmatullayev, B. I. Ganiyeva

136
saqlagan holda muallifga havola berish imkonini beruvchi ommabop
Internet orqali tekin kirish» tushuniladi.
«Открытый доступ» (Ochiq foydalanish) harakatining o‘zi ilmiy
jurnallarning narxi keskin ko‘tarilab ketganligi bois paydo bo‘ldi. Bu o‘z
navbatida, ko‘pgina universitetlar, ITI, kutubxonalarning jurnallarga
obuna
bo‘lishdan voz kechishiga olib keldi. Statistikaning
ko‘rsatishicha, so`nggi paytlarda ilmiy jurnallarga obuna narxining
o‘sishi yiliga 10% gacha bo‘lgan ko‘rsatkichni tashkil etmoqda. Bir
jiddiy ilmiy jurnalga yillik obunaning o‘rtacha narxi 1000 AQSH
dollaridan oshib ketmoqda. Kutubxonalar uchun ham davriy nashrlar
uchun obunaga o‘z budjetidan mablag‘ ushlab qolish qiyinlashib
bormoqda. Ilmiy tadqiqotlar turlari va yangi ilmiy tadqiqot
yo‘nalishlarining paydo bo‘lishi, bilimlarning eksponensial o‘sishi
jurnallar
nomlarining
tez
ko‘payishiga
olib
kelmoqda.
Globalizatsiyaning umumiy chaqiriqlari va Internet tarqalishi ham jahon
bilimlar manbayiga kirishda teng huquqli imkoniyatlarni taqozo
etmoqda.
Mazkur harakatning maqsadi resurslar mualliflari va egalaridan
hamkasabalar tadqiqotlariga ilm-fan taraqqiyoti va bashariyatning butun
jahon taraqqiyoti uchun erkin kirish imkoniyatini rag`batlantirishlariga
erishishdan iborat.
Berlin Deklaratsiyasi «Internet ilmiy bilimlar va ijtimoiy fikrlarning
global bazasiga funksional birlashtirish vositasi»ga aylantirilishini e’lon
qildi, shu munosabat bilan ko‘rib chiqish lozim bo‘lgan ilmiy siyosat,
tadqiqot
institutlari,
qo‘llab-quvvatlovchi agentlik va fondlar,
kutubxonalar, arxivlar va muzeylar uchun mas`uliyatli chora-tadbirlarni
aniqlash zarurligini ta’kidladi. IFLA federatsiyasining ma’lumotlariga
ko‘ra, 300 ga yaqin universitet, ilmiy tadqiqot markazlari, ilmiy fondlar,
akademik va kutubxona assotsiatsiatsiyalari ochiq kirish bo‘yicha Berlin
Deklaratsiyasiga imzo chekdilar, butundunyo ta’lim va fan organlari
hamda siyosiy tashkilotlar davlat tadqiqotlariga ochiq kirish prinsiplarini
oshkora qo‘llab-quvvatladilar. Ochiq kirishga qo‘shilgan hissa original
ilmiy
natijalar,
birlamchi
ma’lumotlar va metama’lumotlarni,
boshlang‘ich materiallar, tasviriy va grafik materiallarni, raqamli
taqdimotlarini va ilmiy multimediyaviy qo‘llanmalarni o‘z ichiga oladi.
Loyihani amalga oshirish muddatlari

154
Hisob davri
qadamlarga bo’linadi; har bir qadam uchun har bir pul oqimi bo’yicha
qiymatlar
aniqlanadi. Pul oqimlarining qadam qiymatlari yig`indisi, keyinchalik loyiha samaradorligi va amalga
oshirish mumkinligini aniqlash uchun asos bo’lib hisoblanadi.
Hisob davri, odatda, vaqt bo’yicha loyihani amalga oshirishning hayotiy sikli bilan bir xil bo’ladi.
Shu bilan birga loyihaning identifikatsiya va ishlab chiqish bosqichlarida loyihani boshlash va
tugallash muddatlarini belgilash alohida e'tiborni talab qiladi, chunki loyiha bo’yicha qaror qabul qilish
sifati ko’p jihatlari bilan aynan muddatlarni to’g`ri belgilashga bog`liqdir.
Hisob davrining boshlanishi sifatida, odatda, investitsiyaviy bosqich boshlanishi qabul qilinadi. Bu
degani, barcha hisob-kitoblar kredit taqdim etish shartnomasi imzolangan vaqtdan yoki loyihani
moliyalashtirish uchun birinchi transh o’tkazilgan vaqtdan boshlanadi.
Agarda loyiha shaxsiy
mablag`lar hisobiga moliyalashtiriladigan bo’lsa, hisob davri boshi sifatida loyihani amalga oshirish
maqsadida kiritilgan birinchi moliyaviy qo’yilma vaqti qabul qilinadi. Boshqacha qilib aytganda,
loyihani amalga oshirishni boshlash bilan bog`liq bo’lgan, investitsiya ob'ektida ro’y
bergan pul
oqimlaridagi birinchi o’zgarish hisob davrining boshlanishidir.
Hisob davrining tugashi esa, odatda, loyihani likvidatsiya qilish (tugatish) jarayonidagi so’nggi
hatti-harakat vaqtiga to’g`ri keladi.
Loyihani tabiiy tarzda tugatilishi, loyiha bo’yicha xarid qilingan
uskunalar xizmat davrining
tugashi yoki loyihada ishlab chiqarilayotgan mahsulot savdosining to’xtatilishi kabi, oldindan
rejalashtirilgan sharoitlar sababli bo’lishi mumkin.
Loyihani tugatishning rejalashtirilmagan sabablariga esa avariyalar,
halokatlar, chuqur iqtisodiy
inqirozlar, bozor kon'yukturasidagi kutilmagan o’zgarishlar kiradi. Albatta, loyiha samaradorligini
tahlil
qilishda, bunday holatlarning yuzaga kelishi mumkinligi faqatgina tavakkalchiliklarni
baholashda hisobga olinadi va hisob davri tugallanishiga hech qanday ta'sir ko’rsatmaydi.
Step 9
On the boot menu that appears, use the down arrow keys for scrolling down
to Graphical install and hit enter.
Step 10

You will be asked your keymap, for example, you can choose the Arabic
keyboard. *Note this will depend on the language that you understand.
Step 14
Kali will delete the hardware on your computer, then click continue but do
not configure the network yet .
Step 15
You will set the computer hostname which will act as your computer name.
Click continue
Step 16
On the next window set your preferred root password on the main account.
Then confirm the inputted password and click continue.
Step 17
Linux will now determine the disk partitions then you will be presented
with a dialogue box, select the first option and continue and make sure that
all files to be on one file and hit continue. Then confirm the desired changes
to be made by selecting Finish partitioning and make changes to the disk
and confirm the changes. The OS will now install and can take a duration of
up to 30 minutes.
Step 18
Then select no when asked about the network mirror
Step 19
The installer will ask whether to install the GRUG and accept it. The
installation process is completed by now, and a success notification will be
displayed
The OS will restart, and then you can log in using the password you heard
the set.
Storage management
Storage management refers to the process of managing computer storage
devices. Linux has many tools that can be used to manage storage drives
and hardware devices. Linux can perform the following in regards to
storage management:
sorting the file| using the sort comman d

$ sort filename.txt
Command:
$ sort file.txt
Output
❖
Client
❖
Command
❖
Emailing
❖
Variable
❖
Cut command - This command is used while removing characters, bytes, and fields
from files. By default, the command output sorted output leaving the unchanged original
file. Various parameters are considered while determining the files to be cut.
❖
Uniq command - The command is used in removing duplicate text in lines of already
sorted lines. Hence the duplicate lines must be on their own lines for them to be identified
and sorted. This command is typically used with a unique command.
❖
SED command - The command manipulates text based on special commands that are
written using the sed language in Unix systems. The sed language is used in creating sed
scripts that use the hashing or file extension. Mostly, sed is used while replacing text.
❖
Less command - This command is used in the buffering the output on the screen.
❖
Diff command - This is a simple to use command. It is used in comparing text
sources, then output the differences of the tex t
Managing networks
Network management is the process of using tools to administrate, run and
manage a computer network. Network management is mostly about the
capability and efficiency of the data transfer channels. However, there is no
precise definition of network management, as it is an extensive topic. The
main areas in network management are
❖
Network administration
It involves the tracking of many computer resources, such as monitoring the
transition lines, hubs, switches, routers, and servers. You can monitor the
performance and updating the associated software-mostly network
management software, network operating system and software applications
that are distributed and used by network users.
Like any other OS, you need to be connected to a network. It can be your
internet service provider network, your company’s network or even WIFI.
You will then be required to learn how to connect Linux OS to a network.
c) Find the execution file - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating...

them with certain software. You can also search execution files in Linux
with a command called. This will display the path of the system file.
Below is the command example for this:
vulnerhost @ example: exec demon.ex e
In
the next section, we will discuss in detail about compression
technologies present in Linux. Let us go!
15) File Compression
Users use compression technologies to reduce the file size. Compressed
files can also be encrypted easily to store sensitive information and can be
opened with only a password. Winrar is
the most famous compression
utility present in windows. However, Linux is open source and uses other
software's which we will explain below in detail.
a) gzip
The usage of gzip is pretty simple and straightforward. All we need to do is
enter the following set of commands with the file name we are trying to
compress. This utility is mainly used to compress configuration files as it is
good at making a set of small files into a compressed package fastly. Below
are the commands:
vulnerhost @ example: gzip start beatles.mp3
file
compressed successfully
b)tar
Tar is another famous compression utility tool that is very famous in Linux.
It also works as gzip utility but has additional integration capabilities that
gzip doesn't offer. The best thing about tar is it compressed and integrates at
the same time. Thus, for hackers who are trying to exploit and compress a
lot of files at the same time, this is the best choice.
Below we will give
some commands that will help us understand how it functions. Take a look
at it:
vulnerhost @ example: tar start beatles.avi
file compressed successfully
By this, we have completed a brief overview
of various file management
system concepts in Linux. In the next section,
we will discuss process
management in detail. It is obvious by now that Linux runs by processes.
Learning about the process can help us work more efficiently. Let's dive
into it in detail.
Texnik tahlil - Microsoft Word 04 Kishlok xujaligida investitsion jarayonlar

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Microsoft Word 04 Kishlok xujaligida investitsion jarayonlarBog'liq 9FGpxRXF4oZVzQ4RAFkIWArGCd7lguGpnEliCPmRTexnik tahlil.
Texnik tahlilning asosiy masalalari bo’lib loyihaning optimal miqyosi, uning tarkibiy qismlari,
joylashuvi, amalga oshirish muddatini aniqlash, texnologiya tanlash va boshqa texnik va texnologik
masalalar xizmat qiladi. Ko’pgina hollarda eng qulay variantni tanlashda moliyaviy tavsiflarga asosiy
e'tibor berilishiga qaramasdan, ekologik tavsiflar ham muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi.
Texnik tahlilda moliyaviy, ekologik, tijorat va boshqa tahlillarning natijalaridan foydalanilganligi
sababli, tahlilning ushbu turi har doim boshqa tahlillar bilan parallel ravishda olib boriladi.
Loyiha miqyosi, deyarli barcha hollarda o’zgaruvchan kattalik bo’lib, loyihani ishlab chiqish
jarayonida aniqlanadi. Qishloq xo’jaligi va sanoatda, loyiha miqyosi, birinchi navbatda mahsulotga
bo’lgan talabga bog`liqdir. Loyihani amalga oshiruvchi tashkilot imkoniyatlari ham muhim ta'sir
ko’rsatishi mumkin. Ayrim hollarda foydalanilishi mo’ljallangan hududiy yoki tabiiy resurslar
bo’yicha jismoniy cheklanishlar xal qiluvchi rolni o’ynashi mumkin.
Amaliyotda tekshirilgan texnologiyalarning mavjud bo’lmaganligi, odatda bosqichma-bosqich
yondashuvdan foydalanishga olib keladi. Bunday yondashuv tadqiqotlar va moslashuvdan boshlangan
holda, keyinchalik namunaviy loyiha va bir oz tajriba orttirilgandan so’ng to’liq miqyosdagi
loyihagacha o’sib boradi. Shuningdek miqyos moliyaviy ko’rsatkichlarga ham bog`liq bo’lishi
mumkin (misol uchun, loyiha ekspluatatsiyasi yoki uskunalarni davriy yangilash xarajatlari hajmiga).
So’nggi natijani maksimumga olib keluvchi miqyos esa har doim optimal sanaladi.
Afsuski, loyiha miqyosini tanlash jarayoni faqatgina texnik nuqtai nazardan ko’rib chiqiladi, va
unda loyihaning moliyaviy va iqtisodiy jihatlari (aspektlari) e'tiborga olinmaydi. Bunday holatda,
tanlangan miqyos natijalarni maksimumga olib kelishga yordam berishiga ishonish qiyin.
|
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Nazorat savollari - Microsoft Word 04 Kishlok xujaligida investitsion jarayonlar

160
22. Investitsiyaviy loyihalar samaradorligini baholash usullari
Xozirgi vaqtda investitsiyaviy loyihalashtirish amaliyotida loyihalar samaradorligini baholashda
eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan diskontlashgan mezonlar quyidagilardir:
1.Sof joriy qimmatlilik (nef present value)NPV.
2.Foydalilik indeksi (profitability index)PI.
3.Xarajatlarga daromadlarning nisbati (Benetit to cost ratio) B/Cratio.
4. Loyiha daromadliligining ichki normasi (internal rate of return) IRR.
5.Xarajatlarni qoplash davri (payback period)PBP.
6. Ichki rentabellik stavkasining modifitsirlangan usuli.
7. Investitsiya samaradorligi koeffitsientini hisoblash usuli.
Qo‘shimcha belgilar kiritamiz:
B
t
- t yildagi loyihaning daromadi;
C
t
- t yildagi loyiha xarajatlari;
tq1,...n - loyihaning amal qilish yillari.
1. Loyihaning sof hozirgi qiymati usuli (NPV) investitsion loyihani amalga oshishi natijasida
korxonani bozor qiymati o‘sishi mumkin bo‘lgan sof joriy qiymatni aniqlashga asoslangan.
Sof joriy qiymat – bu investitsion loyihani amalga oshirganda vujudga kelgan va joriy
qiymatlarga diskontlangan pul tushumlari summasi bilan ushbu loyihani amalga oshirish uchun zarur
bo‘lgan barcha xarajatlarning diskontlangan joriy qiymati summasi orasidagi farq.
Проблемы - download

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Qidiruv: Проблемы | 115-а. Менчинская Н. А. Проблемы ученя и умственного развития школьника. М. 1998. С. 182-191 Ball, Barbara. "Teaching and learning mathematics with an interactive whiteboard." Micromath (Spring 2003): 4-7 Referat 44,39 Kb. 1 | o'qib | | Toshkent tibbiyot akademiyasi huzuridagi pedagog kadrlarni qayta tayyorlash va ularning malakasini oshirish tarmoq markazi «система повышения квалификации педагогических кадров в вузах узбекистана: опыт, проблемы и перспективы развития» Сборник 1,3 Mb. 78 | o'qib | | Kichik biznesni boshlashdagi muammolar Проблемы при открытии малого бизнеса Problems in starting a small busines Hamma narsa eng mayda detallarigacha hisoblab chiqilgandek tuyulsa ham, shunday ko'rinadi 108,98 Kb. 1 | o'qib | | Некоторые вопросы цифровой трансформации экономики в азербайджане – предпосылки, проблемы, риски Açar sözlər: iqtisadiyyatın rəqəmsal transformasiyası, rəqəmsal transformasiyanın Konsepsiyası, rəqəmsal transformasiyanın elementləri, İKT, innovativ texnologiyalar, rəqəmsal transformasiya riskləri 56,1 Kb. 3 | o'qib | | Pctv systems tvcenter Файл read me для программы версии 1 01/2011 Pctv systems tvcenter. Если у вас возникли проблемы при работе с программным обеспечением, обращайтесь к руководству пользователя, а также читайте этот файл 40,51 Kb. 1 | o'qib |
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Web of Science ning qidiruv imkoniyatlari

115
4.
SAME
Manzilli qidiruv (Address qatori), bir abzatsdagi
berilgan so‘zlar (oldindan belgilangan so‘zlar).
So‘rov shakli: polit* SAME institut* SAME USA
Qidiruv natijalari AQShdagi siyosiy (siyosiy va
siyosiy-iqtisodiy) polit* (polit*) so‘zi ishtirok
etgan) institutlar va tashkilotlar (institut* institute
va institution so‘zlarini topishga yordam beradi.
5.
( )
Agar qidiruv so‘rovi bir nechta so‘z tuzilishi va
mantiqiy operatorlarga ega bo‘lsa ularni () simvoli
orqali guruhlashtirish qulay.
So‘rov
shakli
(sarlavha
bo‘yicha
(Title)):
(«weapons of mass destruction» OR WMD) (terror*
OR agent)
Maqsad va vazifalari - M. A. Raxmatullayev, B. I. Ganiyeva

132
tijorat maqsadlarda ishlab chiqilgan elektron axborotlariga kirishni
kengaytirish; turli mamlakatlar milliy elektron axborot manbalariga
xalqaro kiruvini kengaytirish; elektron axborotlar uchun EIFL
tarmog‘ini litsenziyalash modelini ishlab chiqish.
4-maqsad. Konsorsium a’zolarini ularning talablariga javob
beradigan ta’lim, maslahat va marketing dasturlari va xizmatlari bilan
ta’minlashdan iborat. Maqsadi quyidagilarni o‘z ichiga oladi: a’zolarni
konsorsiumning muammo va yechimlari haqidagi zaruriy bilimlarni
olishlari uchun ta’lim va tarmoq imkoniyatlari bilan ta’minlash;
maslahat xizmatlari bilan ta’minlash.
5-maqsad. Rivojlanayotgan axborot muhitida milliy konsorsiumlar
va kutubxonalarning ta’siri va o‘zgarishi masalalarida elektron axborot
manbalarga kirish va foydalanish uchun baholashning muvofiq
modelini, texnologik standartlari va amallarini ishlab chiqishga qiziqish
uyg‘otish. Maqsadi quyidagilarni o‘z ichiga oladi: elektron axborotlar,
intellektual mulkchilik huquqlari va boshqalar uchun yangi iqtisodiy
modellarni himoya qilish; axborotlardan yakka hokim bo‘lib foydalanish
(monopol), patentlashtirish, boshqarish huquqlari, axborotlarni tarqatish
va baholash haqidagi tanqidiy takliflarni tahlil qilish, tekshiruvdan
o‘tkazish; a’zo-kutubxonalar va ularning foydalanuvchilari axborot
talablariga javob beruvchi distributiv harakatlarni rag‘batlantirish.
Iqtiboslik keltirilgan - M. A. Raxmatullayev, B. I. Ganiyeva

116
belgisi
ichiga
olinadi.
Masalan,
«energy
conservation» so‘rovi bo‘yicha qidiruv natijasi aniq
«energy conservation» so‘z birikmasi mavjud
yozuvlarni o‘z ichiga oladi.
SCOPUS
http://www.scopus.com
Scopus ma’lumotlarning analitik bazasi dunyodagi yirik yagona
referativ ma’lumotlar bazasini taqdim etib, taxminan 4000 xalqaro
nashriyotlarning 20 000 dan ziyod nomdagi ilmiy-texnik va meditsinaga
oid
jurnallarini
indekslaydi.
Kundalik
yangilanadigan
Scopus
ma’lumotlar bazasi yetakchi ilmiy nashriyotlar jurnallari birinchi
sonining birinchi tomi yozuvlarini ham o‘z ichiga olgan.
Ta’lim va trening xizmatlari ta’minoti

119
Texnologik yechimlarning yaxshilanishi
Samarali texnologik strategiyalar ishlab chiqishda birgalikda
ishlashlari uchun konsorsium a’zolariga qulay sharoitlar yaratib berishi
mumkin.
Bu quyidagilarda aks etadi:
- Kuchli umumiy texnologik infrastruktura ishlab chiqish (misol
uchun: Internet bandwidth - "internet halqasi");
- Texnologik axborotlardan hamkorlikda foydalanish va loyihalar
tekshiruvidagi sarf-xarajatlarga barham berish imkoniyati;
- Raqamlashtirish bo‘yicha lokal dasturlar va boshqa loyihalarni
qo‘llab-quvvatlashni kuchaytirish;
- Elektron axborotlarning hamkorlikdagi markazlashtirilgan arxivini
yaratish.
Nazorat savollari - M. A. Raxmatullayev, B. I. Ganiyeva

118
Kutubxonaning o‘z kuchi bilan erishishiga nisbatan taqqoslaganda
elektron axborotlarni standart litsenziyalashning qulay sharoitlari;
Konsorsium a’zolarining milliy axborot zaxiralariga xalqaro
kirishni kengaytirish;
Bosma va elektron kutubxona kolleksiya (ma’lumot bazasi)
yaratish va ulardan birgalikda foydalanish uchun qulay boshqaruv;
Ancha nozik narx-navo siyosati imkoniyatining kengayishi;
Vositachilarsiz, nashriyotlar bilan bevosita ishlash hisobiga
xarajatlarni kamaytirish;
Alohida kutubxonalar olishi mumkin bo‘lmagan maslahat va
yo‘riqnomalar olishning qonuniy shakl va vositalariga kirish
imkoniyatini ta’minlashi.
Rahbarlik boshqarish va moliyalash

133
keng vakolatga ega. Bajaruvchi tarmoq shtatlari va maslahatchilar
guruhini boshqaradi.
Review Strategy dasturi.
Dastlab EIFL tarmoq uch yillik
tarqaluvchi programma sifatida o‘rnatiladi va ikkinchi yilning yakunida
programma yutuqlarining darajasini aniqlash hamda uning uzluksiz,
uzoq yillar faoliyat ko‘rsatishi baholanadi.
Tushumlar
. EIFL tarmoqni o‘z-o‘zini ta’minlovchi tashkilot
sifatida shakllantirish uzoq yillik maqsad hisoblanadi. Boshlang‘ich uch
yil davomida moliyaviy ko‘mak boshqa imkoniyati yetarli manbalardan
va a’zolik to‘lovlardan qo‘shimcha moliyalash bilan birgalikda asosan
Soros jamg‘armasidan olinadi.
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Milliy kutubxonasi va O‘zbekiston
Kutubxonalar Assotsiatsiyasi dunyoda birinchilardan bo‘lib faol harakat
qilib, 2001-yil konsorsiumga a’zo bo‘ldi. «Ustoz» jamg‘armasi,
YUNESKO, Xalqaro bank, TEMPUS loyihasi, OO‘MTV, TATU va
boshqa tashkilotlar ko‘magida konsorsium dasturlari respublikada
mashhur bo‘lib, 84 ta Axborot-kutubxona muassasalari uning a’zosiga
aylandi. 2010-yildan davlat O‘zbekiston Milliy kutubxonasining talabini
qo‘llab-quvvatlab, har yillik registratsiya badallarini to‘lab kelmoqda.
2009-yildan e’tiboran O‘zbekistonda har yili dunyoning mashhur
Springer, EBSCO Information Services, OUP, ProQuest kabi noshirlik
kompaniyalari bilan hamkorlikda «ELEKTRON KUTUBXONA
TARMOQLARIDA ILMIY-TA’LIMIY AXBOROTLAR YАRATISН
VA ULARDAN FOYDALANISН TEXNOLOGIYАLARI» nomli
ilmiy-metodik seminar o‘tkazilib, xalqaro EIFL konsorsiumi Bosh
Assambleyasida muhokama etilgan yangi resurslar, texnologiyalar,
usullar borasida taqdimotlar o‘tkaziladi.
A’zolar orasida hamkorlik aloqalarini o‘rnatish

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aniqlangan va muhokama qilingan bo‘lishi kerak. Vazifalari bir xil
bo‘lgan kutubxonalar ham (masalan, akademik yoki boshqa ilmiy-
texnika kutubxonalari) har xil imkoniyatlarga va xarakteristikalarga ega
bo‘lishi mumkin.
- Yon berish g‘ururi zarur. Bir tomondan konsorsiumning barcha
a’zolari konsorsiumdan samara olishlarini bilishlari va his etishlari
kerak. Boshqa tomonidan esa, bu ma’lum vaqt, sabr-bardosh talab
qiladi. Oxir-oqibat, hech qanday kutubxona juda katta yuk olib
borilayotganini his qilmasligi, ularning hech birining xohishi e’tiborsiz
qolmasligi kerak. Har bir guruhning ichida e’tirozlar bo‘lishi ehtimoldan
holi emas, ammo bu e’tirozlarni avval boshdan ochiqchasiga muhokama
qilish orqali kamaytirish mumkin.
Uzatishlar trankingi - Informatikaning asosiy atamalari

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Informatikaning asosiy atamalari
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Bog'liq Информатикадан изохли лугатUzatishlar trankingi – (transmission trunking) - Tranking aloqani tashqil qilishda kanallarni dinamik ajratish usuli. Kanal abonentga faqat cheklangan vaqtga ajratiladi va uzatkich ishlashi tugashi bilan darhol bo‘shatiladi. Pauzadan keyingi aloqa seansi istalgan bo‘sh kanal orqali tashqil qilinishi mumkin. Bunday rejim trankingli tizimlarning o‘tkazish qobiliyatini oshirish imkonini beradi, birok, yuklama maksimal qiymatdan ortgan vaqtda, ayniksa tig‘iz vaqtlarda, axborotni uzatishda kechikishlar bo‘lishi va buning oqibatida so‘zlashuvlarning qulayligi pasayishi mumkin.
Uzatishning asinxron rejimi (asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)) - Kommutatsiya kanallariga ega tarmoqlarda barcha turdagi (ma’lumotlar, ovoz va video) trafikning bir xil paytda yuqori tezlikda uzatish texnologiyasi; kommutatsiyalanadigan tarmoqlari uchun standart. Ma’lumotlar cheklangan uzunlikdagi (53 bayt) paketlar (“uyalar”)ga aylantiriladi. Protokol bog‘lanishlar uchun mo‘ljallangan: ma’lumotlarning uzatilishidan oldin ma’lumotlarni
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jo‘natuvchi va oluvchi o‘rtasida virtual bog‘lanish (kommutatsiyalanadigan yoki doimiy) tashqil kilinadi, bu esa marshrutlash tartiblarini osonlashtiradi. Turli o‘tkazish qobiliyatiga ega tarmoqlarda (sekundiga 2 dan 620 Mbitgacha) ma’lumotlar va sarlavhadan iborat 53 baytli uyalarning kafolatlangan almashuvi uchun vositalar mavjud. Protokol nomidagi “asinxron” atamasi bitta bog‘lanishdagi uyalar aloqa kanalidan istalgan vaqtda (ya’ni nomuntazam ravishda) foydalanishi mumkinligini bildiradi. Ma’lumotlar uzatishning asinxron rejimi (MUAR) dizayni apparatli ta’minot darajasida dasturiy ta’minotga qaraganda osonroq tashqil etilishi sababli, ma’lumotlarga ishlov berish va kommutatsiyasining yuqori tezlikda (sekundiga 10 Gbitgacha) bajarilishi mumkin. MUAR sinxron optik tarmoqlar (SONET) va boshqa ba’zi tarmoqlar bilan birga keng polosali ISDN bog‘lanishning asosiy tarkibiy bulagidir.
Uzatuvchi muhit (transmission media) - Elektr energiya yoki elektromagnit nurlanishning fizik tashuvchisi. Qo‘shimcha signallarni uzatishda, tovush yoki ma’lumotlar uzatishda foydalaniladigan, xar xil turdagi simlar yoki optik-tolali kabellar. Odatda, mis simlar - o‘ralgan juft, koaksial va tvinaksial optik-tolali kabellardir. Bir, ikki, turt, ko‘p simli va tasmali optik-tolali kabellar mavjud. Axborotni uzatish uchun foydalaniladigan turli xil yer-usti radioaloqa vositalari, yo‘ldoshli, kabelli va optik-tolali liniyalar majmui.
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