nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
INTERNET SESSION - Table of contents Organizers

R.V. Abrazheev D.A. Babarina
NNSU them. N.I. Lobachevsky, Russia
September 27, Friday
ORAL SESSION
SPECTROSCOPY II
(Building 3, Room 34)
Chair: Kirill V. Berezin,
Saratov State University, Russia
11.30 – 11.45
Optical clearing of skin tissue using some PEGs
Konstantin Dvoretskiy1, Berezin Kirill2, Anna Novoselova2, Vladimir Nechaev3, Anatolij Likhter4, Ilmira Shagautdinova4, Ekaterina Antonova4, Aleksej Rybakov4, Nikolaj Vybornov4, Nadezhda Emel'yanova4, Vladimir Smirnov4, Valerij Tuchin2
1Saratov State Medical University, Russia,
2Saratov National Research State University, Russia,
3Yuri Gagarin Saratov State Technical University
4 Astrakhan State University, Russia
11.45 – 12.00
The interprenation of IR spectra of triphenyl phosphite by molecular modeling
Irina Ivlieva-Peretorina1, Lev Babkov1, Nadezda Davydova2,
1Saratov State University, Russia
2I Institute of Physics, of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
12.00–12.15
geneRAlIzAtIon - Tyner indb

scale, Compilation, and generalization 83
goals of generalization
The goals of generalization are to preserve geographic patterns and to stress thematic
information. The cartographer strives for objectivity
and uniformity of treatment
in generalization. To accomplish these goals, the cartographer must be aware of the
concepts of truth and accuracy as applied to maps.
Accuracy is usually taken to mean
locational or positional accuracy. Strict positional accuracy, however, is not always
possible for thematic maps. Often, thematic maps are drawn at very small scales, so
features cannot be drawn exactly to scale or located with precision.
For example, even at a comparatively large scale (for a thematic map) of
1:1,000,000, a major road 50-feet-wide would,
if drawn to scale, be only 0.0006
inch or 0.0015 millimeter wide. Thus, to show both major and minor roads, the size
must be exaggerated even though strictly speaking this is not accurate. Often it is
desirable to show roads, rivers, and railroads. If these parallel one another through
a narrow valley, which is a common occurrence, it becomes necessary to widen the
valley. Otherwise, all three features cannot be shown. This also is not accurate. The
USGS has established accuracy standards to solve such problems in generalization for
topographic maps; this information is available at the USGS website listed in Appen-
dix B. Similar standards can be devised for thematic maps.
It is possible to be truthful, however. If one accepts the idea that the map itself is
a symbol and that the lines and other marks on it are symbols, not exact representa-
tions, then
truth means showing the essence of patterns and relationships. Because
the line representing a road in our first example is a symbol, it need not be a scale
representation of the road. Because the relative position of the linear features in our
second example is important, not the width of the valley, the fact that the valley is
represented some feet wider that it really is presents no difficulty on a thematic map.
Thematical aspects of speckle structure formation

|
Thematical aspects of speckle structure formation
|
bet | 47/138 | Sana | 22.12.2020 | Hajmi | 492,9 Kb. | | #12926 |
Thematical aspects of speckle structure formation Nataliya D. Kozintseva, Arkady S. Abdurashitov, Saratov State University, Russia Valery V. Tuchin, Saratov State University, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control RAS, Tomsk State University, Russia.
INTERNET REPORTS
Comparison of second-harmonic generation in bulk glasses. Liubov I. Vostrikova, Vitaly A. Smirnov Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, Departments of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and Informational Technologies of NSUEM, Russia
Effect of lead oxide concentration on the generation of light harmonics in glass media. V.A. Smirnov, L.I. Vostrikova, Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, Departments of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and Informational Technologies of NSUEM, Russia
|
| |
Stabilization of broad-area lasers by temporal pump modulation

|
Stabilization of broad-area lasers by temporal pump modulation
|
bet | 45/138 | Sana | 22.12.2020 | Hajmi | 492,9 Kb. | | #12926 |
Stabilization of broad-area lasers by temporal pump modulation. Dmitry Anchikov, Anton Krents, Nonna Molevich, Elizaveta Yarunova, Samara State University, Russia
Dynamics of vcsel under triangular current modulation. Elizaveta Yarunova, Anton Krents, Nonna Molevich, Dmitry Anchikov, Samara State University, Russia
Experimental investigation of non-linear spiral phase plates. Valentin Logachev, Samara National Research University, Samara, Russia Svetlana Khonina, Alexey Porfirev, Image Processing Systems Institute—Branch of the Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Samara, Russia
Research and development of visible range optical filters manufacturing process based on high transmittance metal/dielectric subwavelength gratings. Sergey Fomchenkov, Image Processing Systems Institute - Branch of the Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of the RAS, Samara, Russia
|
| |
Discussion - Oriental journal of medicine and natural sciences

|
Oriental journal of medicine and natural sciencesBog'liq 3. Yakubova,Dusmurodova Discussion
Despite the high incidence and burden of PHGS, this systematic review
underscores the limited scientific data available on its treatment. The identified
therapeutic approaches in the five included studies encompassed the use of ACV
alone or in combination, non-alcoholic chlorhexidine, viscous lidocaine, a mixture
of maalox and diphenhydramine, and aPDT. ACV, a well-tolerated antiviral
approved in 1982, is considered the first-line treatment for HSV infections,
including PHGS. It inhibits viral DNA replication without affecting non-infected
cells, and its main side effects include headache, malaise, and vomiting.
The diagnosis of PHGS is challenging due to the absence of a clear cluster
arrangement of vesicular lesions, a hallmark of herpes infections, and the rapid
resolution of blistering lesions, often resulting in unspecific erosions. The
diagnostic delay, often more than 72 hours from onset, may lead to complications
such as erythema multiforme, life-threatening encephalitis, dehydration, and
ocular involvement. The most common complication is dehydration due to
difficulties in eating and drinking, often requiring hospitalization. Erythema
multiforme, triggered by HSV-1, is a cell-mediated immune response causing
bullae, macules, and papules on the oral mucosa and skin.
ACV has demonstrated efficacy in reducing the duration of oral lesions, fever,
and other symptoms if administered within 3 days of onset. However, the studies
included in this review mainly focused on symptomatic therapies, such as honey,
non-alcoholic chlorhexidine rinses, hyaluronic acid gel, Mucosyte®, or aPDT.
These approaches aim to alleviate symptoms, especially pain, rather than
Page | 28
Volume 1 Issue 1
|
January 2024
|
| |
Additive primaries - Tyner indb

|
Tyner indb Pdf ko'rish
|
bet | 153/174 | Sana | 29.11.2023 | Hajmi | 16,37 Mb. | | #107721 |
Bog'liq Judith A. Tyner. Principles of map design. New York. „The Guilford Press”, 2010Additive primaries. Three basic colors of light from which other hues can be produced; they
are red, green, and blue. Contrasts with subtractive primaries.
Altitude tint. See Layer tint.
Angular deformation. Alteration in angles and shape caused by the transformation of the
sphere on a plane surface.
Animated maps. Maps that create the illusion of change, either temporal or spatial, by rapidly
displaying a series of single frames (Peterson, 1995).
Area of least deformation. The area on a projection that is most accurate. Also called the
“zone of best representation.”
Areal phenomena. Geographical phenomena that extend over defined areas. These phenom-
ena have two significant dimensions: length and width.
Associative symbol. A type of symbol midway between abstract and pictorial. Although asso-
ciative symbols are not small pictures of the object represented, they give an impression
of the nature of the object in some way. Thus, a mountain peak might be represented
by a triangle or a building by a small square or rectangle. See also Pictorial symbol;
Mimetic symbol; Abstract symbol.
Atlas. A collection of maps, bound or boxed, that conform to a uniform format.
Azimuth (magnetic). A spherical angle formed by a true north line (a meridian) and a line that
passes through the observer and the object observed. The spherical angle between any
great circle and a meridian.
Azimuthal projections. A class of projections that shows azimuths correctly from the center
point; great circles through the center point are straight lines. Also called “zenithal
projections.”
Balance, visual. The positioning of various graphic elements so that the visual weight of the
various elements is equally distributed.
Bar graph. A type of graph that shows value by means of bars whose height is proportional
to the value represented.
|
| |
Outcomes measures - Oriental journal of medicine and natural sciences

Page | 27
Volume 1 Issue 1
|
January 2024
|
ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND NATURAL SCIENCES
“Innovative World” Scientific Research Support Center www.inno-world.uz
For outcomes common to at least two studies, the summarized results are as
follows:
a) Time of healing of oral lesions: 3 days, 4 days, 6 days, and 10 days for ACV
plus honey (study 1), ACV suspension (study 2), ACV suspension plus placebo
(study 1), and placebo alone (study 2), respectively.
b) Remission of drooling: 2 days, 2 days, 4 days, and 5.5 days for ACV plus
honey (study 1), ACV suspension (study 2), ACV suspension plus placebo (study
1), and placebo alone (study 2), respectively.
c) Remission of eating difficulties: 3 days, 4 days, 7 days, and 8 days for ACV
plus honey (study 1), ACV suspension (study 2), placebo alone (study 2), and ACV
suspension plus placebo (study 1), respectively.
d) Remission of drinking difficulties: 3 days, 3 days, 6 days, and 8 days for ACV
plus honey (study 1), ACV suspension (study 2), placebo alone (study 2), and ACV
suspension plus placebo (study 1), respectively.
e) Pain scores: A statistically significant reduction was reported for all tests
(ACV plus honey; non-alcoholic chlorhexidine rinses plus Mucosyte®;
TAT + aPDT) (studies 1, 4, 5) compared to control (ACV plus placebo; non-
alcoholic chlorhexidine rinses; TAT) (studies 1, 4, 5).
Finally, the time points for re-evaluation were not consistent among the
included studies, but the majority of studies (1, 2, and 4) scheduled the final visit
approximately 7 days after the initiation of therapies. One study (3) did not
report the time of follow-ups, while one study (5) examined the patients
immediately after post-op and then after 2 and 4 weeks, 3 and 6 months.
partial improvement. A significant statistical difference was noted between group

Page | 26
Volume 1 Issue 1
|
January 2024
|
ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND NATURAL SCIENCES
“Innovative World” Scientific Research Support Center www.inno-world.uz
A and group C in total and partial recovery, with group C demonstrating full
improvement of these abilities [19].
Study 5
Regarding HSV quantification, a significant reduction was observed in all study
groups (group A: topical antiviral therapy (TAT); group B: antimicrobial
photodynamic therapy (aPDT); group C: combination therapy with TAT + aPDT)
during each follow-up. Group C exhibited a statistically higher reduction than
both group A and group B. Pain scores significantly decreased in all groups, with
Group C reporting a statistically higher decrease compared to both Group A and
Group B. In relation to biomarkers, both IL-6 and TNF-α showed a statistically
significant reduction after 2 weeks. Group C demonstrated a statistically higher
reduction both between groups and within groups at every time point [20].
Results of syntheses
Acyclovir (ACV) was employed either in combination or alone in four of the
included studies (1, 2, 3, and 5). In combination, ACV was paired with honey (1),
fluids and analgesics (3), and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) (5).
When ACV was used alone (study 2), it significantly shortened the duration of
all clinical manifestations and the infectivity of affected children compared to
placebo.
The combined use of honey and oral ACV (study 1) yielded more favorable
outcomes, including the earlier disappearance of herpetic oral lesions, drooling,
and eating difficulty; lower pain scores; better eating and drinking ability; and
significantly less need for analgesics, compared to acyclovir alone in children with
primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (PHGS).
ACV therapy in conjunction with aPDT (study 5) contributed to the reduction of
pain scores and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in herpetic gingivostomatitis
among children.
One study (4) utilized non-alcoholic chlorhexidine alone or in combination
with other substances, such as hyaluronic acid or verbascoside and sodium
hyaluronate (Mucosyte®).
When non-alcoholic chlorhexidine was used in combination with Mucosyte®, a
significant improvement in pain scoring and lesion severity was noted compared
to non-alcoholic chlorhexidine alone and non-alcoholic chlorhexidine plus
hyaluronic acid, respectively.
Study 3 reported the use of fluids and analgesics alone or in combination with
viscous lidocaine and a mixture of maalox and diphenhydramine, but the authors
did not provide any comparison among the described therapies.
Finally, the studies (4 and 5) that included adolescent patients involved topical
therapies and/or non-pharmacological treatments, while the studies (1, 2, and 3)
that focused on pediatric subjects primarily employed ACV, except for study 3,
which reported mixed therapies.
mAPPIng comPAnIes And oRgAnIzAtIons

233
Appendix c
glossary
“When I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful
tone, “it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor
less.”
—L
ewis
Carroll,
Through the
Looking Glass (1896)
These definitions are the generally accepted meanings of the terms used and are
intended to provide the reader with a working knowledge of the terms.
Abstract symbol. Also called “arbitrary symbol.” A type of symbol that is not visually or
conceptually related to the object represented. Such symbols are frequently geometric
shapes, such as circles, squares, and triangles.
RegIonAl mAP socIetIes - Tyner indb

230 aPPenDiCes
tools
Color
ColorBrewer
www.colorbrewer.org
Cartograms
Cartogram Central
www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/Cartogram_Central/index.html
World Mapper
www.worldmapper.org
Type
TypeBrewer
www.typebrewer.org
Map Projections
www.csiss.org/map-projections/index.html
www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_projections.html
mapthematics.com/Projections
general
ESRI
Mapping Center
mappingcenter.esri.com
U.s. goVeRnment AgencIes
Bureau of the Census
www.census.gov
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
www.nasa.gove/home/indes/index.html
National Atlas
www.nationalatlas.gov
National Geospatial-Intellegence Agency (NGA)
www1.nga.mil/pages/default.aspn
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
www.noaa.gov
U.S. Board of Geographical Names (a part of USGS)
geonames.usgs.gov/index.html
United States Geological Survey (USGS)
www.usgs.gov/pubprod
softwARe comPAnIes
Adobe
Illustrator
www.adobe.com/products/illustrator
appendix B. Resources 231
Atlas GIS
rpmconsulting.com/atlas/software.html
CorelDraw
www.corel.com
ESRI
www.esri.com
MapInfo
www.mapinfo.com
MAPublisher
www.avenza.com/products.mapub.html
Ortelius
www.mapdiva.com
onlIne mAPPIng
Google Earth
earth.google.com
Google Maps
maps.google.com/
MapQuest
www.mapquest.com
Navteq
www.navteq.com
AzImUthAl eQUIdIstAnt - Tyner indb

229
Appendix B
Resources
A major part of knowing where to look is knowing what to look
for.
—M
ark
M
onmonier
,
Mapping It
Out (1993)
cARtogRAPhIc oRgAnIzAtIons
Association of American Geographers, Cartography Specialty Group
www.csun.edu~hfgeg003/csg
British Cartographic Society
www.cartography.org.uk
Journal:
The Cartographic Journal
Canadian Cartographic Association
www.cca-acc.org
Journal:
Cartographica
Cartography and Geographic Information Systems Society (CaGIS)
www.cagis.org
Journal:
CaGIS Journal
International Cartographic Association (ICA)
cartography.tuwein.ac.at/ica
North American Cartographic Information Society (NACIS)
www.nacis.org
Journal:
Cartographic Perspectives
A QUICK LOOK AT WILDCARDS - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Getting Started with the Basics
13
example, suppose I want to see all the processes running on my Linux sys-
tem. In this case, I can use the
ps
(processes) command followed by the
aux
switches to specify which process information to display, like so:
kali >
ps aux
This provides me with a listing of
all the processes running in this
system—but what if I just want to find one process to see if it is running?
I can do this by piping the output from
ps
to
grep
and searching for a
keyword. For instance, to find out whether the apache2 service is running,
I would enter the following.
kali >
ps aux | grep apache2
root 4851 0.2 0.7 37548 7668 ? Ss 10:14 0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
root 4906 0.0 0.4 37572 4228 ? S 10:14 0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
root 4910 0.0 0.4 37572 4228 ? Ss 10:14 0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
--
snip--
This command tells Linux to display all my services and then send
that output to
grep
, which will look through the output for the keyword
apache2 and then display only the relevant output, thus saving me consid-
erable time and my eyesight.
Modifying Files and Directories - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

14
Chapter 1
When you press
enter
, Linux will go into
interactive mode and wait for
you to start entering content for the file. This can be puzzling because
the prompt disappears, but if you simply begin typing, whatever you enter
will go into the file (in this case,
hackingskills). Here, I entered
Hacking
is the most valuable skill set of the 21st century!
. To exit and return to
the prompt, I press
ctrl
-D. Then, when I want to see what’s in the file
hackingskills, I enter the following:
kali >
cat hackingskills
Hacking is the most valuable skill set of the 21st century!
If you don’t use the redirect symbol, Linux will spit back the contents of
your file.
To add, or
append, more content to a file, you can use the
cat
command
with a double redirect (
>>
), followed by whatever you want to add to the end
of the file. Here’s an example:
kali >
cat >> hackingskills
Everyone should learn hacking
Linux once again goes into interactive mode, waiting for content to
append to the file. When I enter
Everyone should learn hacking
and press
ctrl
-D, I am returned to the prompt. Now, when I display the contents of
that file with
cat
, I can see that the file has been appended with
Everyone
should learn hacking
, as shown here:
kali >
cat hackingskills
Hacking is the most valuable skill set of the 21st century! Everyone should
learn hacking
If I want to
overwrite the file with new information, I can simply use the
cat
command with a single redirect again, as follows:
kali >
cat > hackingskills
Everyone in IT security without hacking skills is in the dark
kali >
cat hackingskills
Everyone in IT security without hacking skills is in the dark
As you can see here, Linux goes into interactive mode, and I enter the
new text and then exit back to the prompt. When I once again use
cat
to see
the content of the file, I see that my previous words have been over written
with the latest text.
Hacker Challenge: Using grep, nl, tail, and head

|
Hacker Challenge: Using grep, nl, tail, and headBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackers23
Hacker Challenge: Using grep, nl, tail, and head
Let’s say you want to display the five lines immediately before a line that
says
# Step #6: Configure output plugins
using at least four of the commands
you just learned. How would you do it? (Hint: there are many more options
to these commands than those we’ve discussed. You can learn more com-
mands by using the built-in Linux command
man
. For example,
man tail
will
show the help file for the
tail
command.)
There are many ways to solve this challenge; here, I show you which
lines to change to do it one way, and your job is to find another method.
Step 1
kali >nl /etc/snort/snort.conf | grep output
34 # 6) Configure output plugins
512 # Step #6: Configure output plugins
518 # output unified2: filename merged.log, limit 128, nostamp,
mpls_event_types, vlan_event_types
520 # output unified2: filename snort.log, limit 128, nostamp,
mpls_event_types, vlan_event_types
521 # output alert_unified2: filename snort.alert, limit 128, nostamp
522 # output log_unified2: filename snort.log, limit 128, nostamp
525 # output alert_syslog: LOG_AUTH LOG_ALERT
528 # output log_tcpdump: tcpdump.log
N O T E
Your line numbers may differ slightly as the snort.conf file gets updated.
We can see that the line
# Step #6: Configure output plugins
is line 512,
and we know we want the five lines preceding line 512 as well as line 512
itself (that is, lines 507 to 512).
Step 2
kali >tail -n+507 /etc/snort/snort.conf | head -n 6
nested_ip inner, \
whitelist $WHITE_LIST_PATH/white_list.rules, \
blacklist $BLACK_LIST_PATH/black_list.rules
###################################################
# Step #6: Configure output plugins
Here, we use
tail
to start at line 507 and then output into
head
, and we
return just the top six lines, giving us the five lines preceding the
Step #6
line, with that line included.
|
| |
Finding the Head - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

|
L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t hBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackersFinding the Head
If you just want to view the beginning of a file, you can use the
head
com-
mand. By default, this command displays the first 10 lines of a file. The
following command, for instance, shows you the first 10 lines of snort.conf:
kali >head /etc/snort/snort.conf
#-------------------------------------------------
# VRT Rule Packages Snort.conf
#
# For more information visit us at:
--snip--
# Snort bugs:bugs@snort.org
If you want to see more or fewer than the default 10 lines, enter the
quantity you want with the dash (
-
) switch after the call to
head
and before
the filename. For example, if you want to see the first 20 lines of the file,
you would enter the command shown at the top of Listing 2-2.
Text Manipulation
21
kali >head -20 /etc/snort/snort.conf
#-------------------------------------------------
# VRT Rule Packages Snort.conf
#
# For more information visit us at:
--snip--
# Options : --enable-gre --enable-mpls --enable-targetbased
--enable-ppm --enable-perfprofiling enable-zlib --enable-act
live-response --enable-normalizer --enable-reload --enable-react
Listing 2-2: Displaying the first 20 lines of snort.conf in the terminal window
You should see only the first 20 lines of snort.conf displayed in your
terminal window.
Finding the Tail
The
tail
command is similar to the
head
command, but it’s used to view the
last lines of a file. Let’s use it on snort.conf:
kali >tail /etc/snort/snort.conf
#include $SO_RULE_PATH/smtp.rules
#include $SO_RULE_PATH/specific-threats.rules
#include $SO_RULE_PATH/web-activex.rules
#include $SO_RULE_PATH/web-client.rules
#include $SO_RULE_PATH/web-iis.rules
#include $SO_RULE_PATH/web-miscp.rules
#Event thresholding and suppression commands. See threshold.conf
Notice that this command displays some of the last
include
lines of the
rules files, but not all of them, because similar to
head
, the default for
tail
is to show 10 lines. You can display more lines by grabbing the last 20 lines
of snort.conf. As with the
head
command, you can tell
tail
how many lines
to display by entering a dash (
-
) and then the number of lines between the
command and the filename, as shown in Listing 2-3.
kali >tail -20 /etc/snort/snort.conf
#include $SO_RULE_PATH/chat.rules
#include $SO_RULE_PATH/dos.rules
#include $SO_RULE_PATH/exploit.rules
--snip--
#Event thresholding or suppression commands. See theshold.conf
Listing 2-3: Displaying the last 20 lines of snort.conf in the terminal window
Now we can view nearly all the
include
lines of the rules files on one
screen.
|
| |
File Creation with touch - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Getting Started with the Basics
15
Let’s create
newfile with
touch
:
kali >
touch newfile
Now when I then use
ls –l
to see
the long list of the directory, I see that
a new file has been created named
newfile. Note that its size is
0
because there
is
no content in newfile.
Creating a Directory
The command for creating a directory in Linux is
mkdir
, a contraction of
make directory.
To create a directory named newdirectory, enter the following
command:
kali >
mkdir newdirectory
To navigate to this newly created directory, simply enter this:
kali >
cd newdirectory
Copying a File
To copy files, we use the
cp
command. This creates
a duplicate of the file in
the new location and leaves the old one in place.
Here, we’ll create the file
oldfile in the root directory with
touch
and
copy it to
/root/newdirectory, renaming it in the process and leaving the ori-
ginal
oldfile in place:
kali >
touch oldfile
kali >
cp oldfile /root/newdirectory/newfile
Renaming the file is optional and is done
simply by adding the name
you want to give it to the end of the directory path. If you don’t rename the
file when you copy it, the file will retain the original name by default.
When we then navigate to
newdirectory, we
see that there is an exact
copy of
oldfile called
newfile:
kali >
cd newdirectory
kali >
ls
newfile oldfile
Renaming a File
Unfortunately, Linux doesn’t have a command intended solely for renaming
a file, as Windows and some other operating systems do, but it does have the
mv
(move) command.
16
Chapter 1
The
mv
command can be used to move a file
or directory to a new loca-
tion or simply to give an existing file a new name. To rename
newfile to
newfile2, you would enter the following:
kali >
mv newfile newfile2
kali >
ls
oldfile newfile2
Now when you list (
ls
) that directory, you see
newfile2 but not
newfile,
because it has been renamed. You can do the same with directories.
The Device Directory /dev - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

The Device Directory /dev Linux has a special directory that contains files representing each attached
device: the appropriately named /dev directory. As your first introduction,
navigate to the /dev directory and then perform a long listing on it. You
should see something like Listing 10-1.
kali >
cd /dev kali >
ls -l total 0
crw------- 1 root root 10, 175 May 16 12:44 agpgart
crw------- 1 root root 10, 235 May 16 12:44 autofs
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 160 May 16 12:44 block
--
snip --
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 May 16 12:44 cdrom -> sr0
--
snip --
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 60 May 16 12:44 cpu
--
snip --
Listing 10-1: A long listing of the /dev
directory The devices are displayed in alphabetical order by default. You may
recognize some of the devices, such a cdrom and cpu, but others have
rather cryptic names. Each device on your system is represented by a file
in the /dev directory, including devices you’ve probably never used or even
realized existed. On the off chance you do, there is a device file waiting to
be used for it.
If you scroll down this screen a bit, you should see more listings of
devices. Of particular interest are the devices sda1, sda2, sda3, sdb, and
sdb1, which are usually the hard drive and its partitions and a USB flash
drive and its partitions.
--
snip --
brw-rw---- 1 root root 8, 0 May 16 12:44 sda
brw-rw---- 1 root root 8, 1 May 16 12:44 sda1
brw-rw---- 1 root root 8, 2 May 16 12:44 sda2
brw-rw---- 1 root root 8, 5 May 16 12:44 sda5
Filesystem and Storage Device Management
103 brw-rw---- 1 root root 8, 16 May 16 12:44 sdb
brw-rw---- 1 root root 8, 17 May 16 12:44 sdb1
--
snip --
Let’s take a closer look at these.
cat hackingskills - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

|
L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t hBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackerscat hackingskills
Hacking is the most valuable skill set of the 21st century!
If you don’t use the redirect symbol, Linux will spit back the contents of
your file.
To add, or append, more content to a file, you can use the
cat
command
with a double redirect (
>>
), followed by whatever you want to add to the end
of the file. Here’s an example:
kali >
cat >> hackingskills
Everyone should learn hacking
Linux once again goes into interactive mode, waiting for content to
append to the file. When I enter
Everyone should learn hacking
and press
ctrl
-D, I am returned to the prompt. Now, when I display the contents of
that file with
cat
, I can see that the file has been appended with
Everyone
should learn hacking
, as shown here:
kali >
cat hackingskills
Hacking is the most valuable skill set of the 21st century! Everyone should
learn hacking
If I want to overwrite the file with new information, I can simply use the
cat
command with a single redirect again, as follows:
kali >
cat > hackingskills
Everyone in IT security without hacking skills is in the dark
kali >
cat hackingskills
Everyone in IT security without hacking skills is in the dark
As you can see here, Linux goes into interactive mode, and I enter the
new text and then exit back to the prompt. When I once again use
cat
to see
the content of the file, I see that my previous words have been over written
with the latest text.
File Creation with touch
The second command for file creation is
touch
. This command was origi-
nally developed so a user could simply touch a file to change some of its
details, such as the date it was created or modified. However, if the file
doesn’t already exist, this command creates that file by default.
Getting Started with the Basics
|
| |
F I L E S Y S T E M A N D S T O R A G E

102
Chapter 10
Hackers commonly use external media to load data, hacking tools, or even
their OS. Once you’re on your target system, you need to understand what
you’re working with, where to find confidential or other critical files, how to
mount a drive to the target, and whether and where you can put those files
on your system. We cover all of these topics, plus how to manage and moni-
tor storage devices, in this chapter.
We begin with the directory known as
/dev, which you’ve probably
already noticed in the directory structure:
dev is short for
device, and every
device in Linux is represented by its own file within the
/dev directory. Let’s
start out by working with
/dev.
Yes
and click 
Continue - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

1
G E T T I N G S TA R T E D W I T H
T H E B A S I C S
By our very nature, hackers are doers. We
want to touch and play with things. We
also want to create and, sometimes, break
things. Few of us want to read long tomes of
information technology theory before we can do what
we love most: hacking. With that in mind, this chapter
is designed to give you some fundamental skills to get
you up and running in Kali . . . now!
In this chapter, we won’t go into any one concept in great detail—we’ll
cover just enough to let you play and explore in the operating system of
hackers: Linux. We will save more in-depth discussions for later chapters.
Introductory Terms and Concepts - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Introductory Terms and Concepts
Before we begin our journey through the wonderful world of Linux Basics
for Hackers, I want to introduce a few terms that should clarify some con-
cepts discussed later in this chapter.
2
Chapter 1
Binaries
This term refers to files that can be executed, similar to
executables in Windows. Binaries generally reside in the /usr/bin or
usr/sbin directory and include utilities such as
ps
,
cat
,
ls
, and
ifconfig
(we’ll touch on all of four of these in this chapter) as well as applica-
tions such as the wireless hacking tool aircrack-ng and the intrusion
detection system (IDS) Snort.
Case sensitivity
Unlike Windows, the Linux filesystem is case sensi-
tive. This means that Desktop is different from desktop, which is different
from DeskTop. Each of these would represent a different file or directory
name. Many people coming from a Windows environment can find this
frustrating. If you get the error message “file or directory not found”
and you are sure the file or directory exists, you probably need to check
your case.
Directory
This is the same as a folder in Windows. A directory pro-
vides a way of organizing files, usually in a hierarchical manner.
Home
Each user has their own /home directory, and this is generally
where files you create will be saved by default.
Kali
Kali Linux is a distribution of Linux specifically designed for
penetration testing. It has hundreds of tools preinstalled, saving you
the hours it would take to download and install them yourself. I will be
using the latest version of Kali at the time of this writing: Kali 2018.2,
first released in April 2018.
root
Like nearly every operating system, Linux has an administrator
or superuser account, designed for use by a trusted person who can do
nearly anything on the system. This would include such things as recon-
figuring the system, adding users, and changing passwords. In Linux,
that account is called root. As a hacker or pentester, you will often use
the root account to give yourself control over the system. In fact, many
hacker tools require that you use the root account.
Script
This is a series of commands run in an interpretive environ-
ment that converts each line to source code. Many hacking tools are
simply scripts. Scripts can be run with the bash interpreter or any of
the other scripting language interpreters, such as Python, Perl, or Ruby.
Python is currently the most popular interpreter among hackers.
Shell
This is an environment and interpreter for running commands
in Linux. The most widely used shell is bash, which stands for Bourne-
again shell, but other popular shells include the C shell and Z shell. I
will be using the bash shell exclusively in this book.
Terminal
This is a command line interface (CLI).
With those basics behind us, we will attempt to methodically develop
the essential Linux skills you’ll need to become a hacker or penetration tes-
ter. In this first chapter, I’ll walk you through getting started with Kali Linux.
Getting Started with the Basics
|
aircrack-ng --help - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Getting Started with the Basics
9
When you enter this command, you should see a short description of
the tool and guidance on how to use it. In some cases, you can use either
-h
or
-?
to get to the help file. For instance, if I needed help using the hacker’s
best port-scanning tool, nmap, I would enter the following:
kali >
nmap -h
Unfortunately, although many applications support all three options
(
--help
,
-h
, and
-?
), there’s no guarantee the application you’re using will.
So if one option doesn’t work, try another.
Referencing Manual Pages with man
In addition to the help switch, most commands and applications have a
manual (man) page with more information, such as a description and syn-
opsis of the command or application. You can view a man page by simply
typing
man
before the command, utility, or application. To see the man page
for aircrack-ng, for example, you would enter the following:
kali >
man aircrack-ng
NAME
aircrack-ng - a 802.11 WEP / WPA-PSK key cracker
SYNOPSIS
aircrack-ng [options] <.cap / .ivs file(s)>
DESCRIPTION
aircrack-ng is an 802.11 WEP and WPA/WPA2-PSK key cracking program.
It can recover the WEP key once enough encrypted packets have been
captured with airodump-ng. This part of the aircrack-ng suite deter-
mines the WEP key using two fundamental methods. The first method is
via the PTW approach (Pyshkin, Tews, Weinmann). The main advantage
of the PTW approach is that very few data packets are required to
crack the WEP key. The second method is the FMS/KoreK method. The
FMS/KoreK method incorporates various statistical attacks to dis-
cover the WEP key and uses these in combination with brute forcing.
Additionally, the program offers a dictionary method for determining
the WEP key. For cracking WPA/WPA2 pre-shared keys, a wordlist (file
or stdin) or an airolib-ng has to be used.
This opens the manual for aircrack-ng, providing you with more
detailed information than the
help
screen. You can scroll through this
manual file using the
enter
key, or you can page up and down using the
pg
dn
and
pg
up
keys, respectively; you can also use the arrow keys. To exit,
simply enter
cd ..
kali >
pwd - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

8
Chapter 1
boot initrd.img.old mnt sbin vmlinuz
dev lib opt srv vmlinuz.old
etc lib64 proc tmp
home lost+found root usr
This command lists both the files and directories contained in the
directory. You can also use this command on any particular directory, not
just the one you are currently in, by listing the directory name after the
command; for example,
ls /etc
shows what’s in the
/etc directory.
To get more information about the files and directories, such as their
permissions, owner, size, and when they were last modified, you can add
the
-l
switch after
ls
(the
l
stands for
long). This is often referred to as
long listing. Let’s try it here:
kali >
ls -l
total 84
drw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Dec 5 11:15 bin
drw-r--r-- 2 root root 4096 Dec 5 11:15 boot
drw-r--r-- 3 root root 4096 Dec 9 13:10 dev
drw-r--r-- 18 root root 4096 Dec 9 13:43 etc
--
snip
--
drw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Dec 5 11:15 var
As you can see,
ls -l
provides us with significantly more information,
such as whether an object is a file or directory, the number of links, the
owner, the group, its size, when it was created or modified, and its name.
I typically add the
-l
switch whenever doing a listing in Linux, but to
each their own. We’ll talk more about
ls -l
in Chapter 5.
Some files in Linux are hidden and won’t be revealed by a simple
ls
or
ls -l
command. To show hidden files, add a lowercase
–a
switch, like so:
kali >
ls -la
If you aren’t seeing a file you expect to see, it’s worth trying
ls
with the
a
flag When using multiple flags, you can combine them into one, as we’ve
done here with
-la
instead of
-l -a
.
Getting Help
Nearly every command, application, or utility has a dedicated help file in
Linux that provides guidance for its use. For instance, if I needed help
using the best wireless cracking tool, aircrack-ng, I could simply type the
aircrack-ng
command followed by the
--help
command:
kali >
Figure 4 - Integration of Iot technologies into the Smart Grid

Sensors
2022
,
22
, 2475
7 of 17
pointed out; the authors preferred to detail the functionalities of the Middleware for each
single service offered by the RESTful Web Service Interface and requested by the Web User.
Before this description, Section
4.1
provides an overview of a particular syntax defined to
allow the Web User to univocally identify each element of the IEC 61850 data model.
4.1. Definition of a Syntax for the Web User
In Section
3
, it was noted that each piece of information in the IEC 61850 Server is
maintained according to the hierarchical data model structure shown by Figures
1
and
2
; in
Figure 6 - Integration of Iot technologies into the Smart Grid

Sensors
2022
,
22
, 2475
11 of 17
Web User will receive the topic “BCU1M19/C1/LBAYMMXU1/A/SDO”, and through
the relevant subscription, the Web User will receive the details (in JSON format) about
the Structured Data Objects and the relevant content, as shown by Figure
8
. As can be
seen, the JSON content reflects the data model structure shown by Figure
3
. As previously
noted, the JSON frame is received by the Web User according to a sequence of steps very
similar to those shown by Figure
5
.
6.
&: Through this operator, the Web User may request the publication of several
elements. For example, he may specify the string “ied1/Inverter/getAllLogicalNodes
& ied1/Battery/getAllLogicalNodes” in the POST request; in this way, the Web User
requires knowledge of the structure of the Logical Nodes contained in the Inverter
and Battery logical devices of the IED “ied1”.
Sensors
IEC61850 Web Platform - Integration of Iot technologies into the Smart Grid

Sensors
2022
,
22
, 2475
6 of 17
Sensors
2022
,
22
,
x FOR PEER REVIEW
6 of 18
Figure 4.
Architecture of the proposed IEC 61850 Web Platform.
The term Web User is used in this paper to refer to a generic application running on
a generic device which consumes the services offered by the IEC 61850 Web Platform. It
is constrained neither to be IEC 61850 compliant nor to implement the IEC 61850 commu-
nication stack. The only constraints are the adoption of RESTful-based communication
and the MQTT-based exchange of information.
The RESTful Web Service Interface shown by Figure 4 accepts requests submitted by
a registered and authenticated Web User.
The Middleware module inside the IEC 61850 Web Platform performs all
the opera-
tions needed to fulfil each request coming from a Web User. These requests may require
data exchange with the available IEC 61850 Servers; for this reason, the Middleware in-
cludes an IEC 61850 Client used for the access to the IEC 61850 Servers.
Communication
between an IEC 61850 Client and IEC 61850 Servers occurs according to the standard IEC
61850 communication protocol and services (i.e., using the IEC 61850 communication
stack) [15]. The Middleware includes a particular module named MQTT Publisher, which
is in charge of publishing information taken from the IEC 61850 Server,
through an MQTT
Broker, using the MQTT protocol. The Middleware is made up of a local repository shown
by Figure 4 (i.e., Local SCL Repository), used to store ICD files containing the SCL de-
scription of the data model maintained by each IEC 61850 Server involved in the data
exchanges with Web Users. This description is needed by the IEC 61850 Web
Platform to
accomplish the services offered, as explained in the remainder of this section. The use of
this local repository is not mandatory, but it is very useful because it avoids remote que-
ries to the IEC 61850 Server when information about the SCL
description of the relevant
data model is needed.
Communication between a Web User and the IEC 61850 Web Platform may be syn-
chronous (based on RESTful web services) or asynchronous (based on MQTT Pub-
lish/Subscribe Pattern), as shown in Figure 4.
The Web User uses synchronous communication to interact with the Web Service
Interface to request one of the services offered by the IEC 61850 Web Platform.
POST re-
quests are realized using the JSON format. For each Web User’s request through the REST-
ful Web Service Interface, the IEC 61850 Web Platform will send a relevant response. Each
Web User needing to use the IEC 61850 Web Platform through synchronous communica-
tion must be previously registered (by user credentials in terms of
username and pass-
word) and authenticated (through the use of a signed token which is held by the Web
User).
Accessing the asci web Server

Accessing the PSS Web Server:
(this document also available on the web at http://pss.uvm.edu/dept/server/servaccess.html)
The PSS Departmental Web server is available for serving departmental documents over the Internet. Application forms are necessary for the creation of accounts and directory space on the server, and are available from Craig Donnan, or on the web at http://pss.uvm.edu/dept/servapp.htm.
Undergraduate students may post information using the account and permission of a faculty member only.
Process for Uploading documents to the server:
-
Apply and be approved for space and access to the server (see above)
-
Craig Donnan will be contacted with the notification of your approval, will create an account, and will contact you when complete.
-
Access the server in one of two ways:
-
Microsoft Network. When the account is created, Craig Donnan will arrange with you to set up an icon on the desktop of your computer in Windows 95. When booting the computer to connect to the PSS server, be sure to log in at the Microsoft Networking prompt using the Username that Craig has given you. Password at this point is not required
-
Clicking on the drive icon on the desktop, or by mapping your own drive to \\ursa\pss will provide you with a password prompt. Type the password provided with your account. The drive will open and you will see a series of folders. Your web files should be stored in: /website/htdocs/your_directory, where 'your_directory' is the folder provided with your account. Please only work with files or directories in your folder.
-
FTP. It is possible to upload files to your account using FTP from any computer on the Internet here at UVM or elsewhere in the world. However, you need to request this type of access from Craig.
-
To access using FTP:
-
Start the FTP software
-
Open a connection to: ursa.uvm.edu
-
You will not see a directory listing. Change directories to the directory name provided by Craig by using the CHDIR command or button.
-
The directory listing will be your files. Upload files, by selecting the files you wish to upload and choose a BINARY file transfer. Downloading simply occurs in reverse.
-
Do not share the directory name that Craig provides to untrusted individuals.
The PSS server currently runs additional Web software that allows:
-
Counters
-
Rotating images
-
Guestbook
-
Database access via the web using the Cold Fusion product
-
Web Conferencing using the Webboard product
-
Other programs can be installed by contacting Craig Donnan (x60150) or craig.donnan@uvm.edu
For assistance in creating HTML documents, see the files that have been developed by Hope Greenberg at: http://www.uvm.edu/~hag/workroom.html
Undergraduates can create web pages for themselves via their Zoo accounts. Again, Hope Greenberg's information is of assistance.
|
A Tour of Kali - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

4
Chapter 1
The Terminal
The first step in using Kali is to open the
terminal, which is the command
line interface we’ll use in this book.
In Kali Linux, you’ll find the icon
for the terminal along the left of the desktop. Click this icon to open the
terminal. Your new terminal should look like the one shown in Figure 1-3.
Figure 1-3: The Kali terminal
This terminal opens
the command line environment, known as the
shell,
which enables you to run commands on the underlying operating systems
and write scripts. Although Linux has many different shell environments,
the
most popular is the bash shell, which is also the default shell in Kali and
many other Linux distributions.
To change your password, you can use the command
passwd
.
The Linux Filesystem
The Linux filesystem structure is somewhat different from that of Windows.
Linux doesn’t have a physical drive (such as the
C: drive)
at the base of the
file system but uses a logical filesystem instead. At the very top of the file-
system structure is
/, which is often referred to as the
root of the filesystem,
as if it were an upside-down tree (see Figure 1-4).
Keep in mind that this is
different from the root user. These terms may seem confusing at first, but
they will become easier to differentiate once you get used to Linux.
Getting Started with the Basics
5
/
/root
Superuser’s
home
directory
/boot
Kernel
image
/home
User
directories
/etc
System
configuration
files
/mnt
General-
purpose
mount point
/proc
View of
internal
kernel data
/dev
Special
device files
/sys
Kernel’s
view of the
hardware
/bin
Binaries
/sbin
Binaries
/lib
Libraries
/usr
/bin
More
binaries
/sbin
More
binaries
/lib
More
libraries
Figure 1-4: The Linux filesystem
The root (
/) of the filesystem is at the top of the tree, and the following
are the most important subdirectories to know: