nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Special Theory of Relativity - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

Special Theory of Relativity:
Albert Einstein’s first major theory, dating from 1905, special relativity builds on Galileo's more simplistic principle of relativity and relates what one person sees when looking at another person moving at constant speed relative to them. “Special” indicates that the theory restricts itself to observers in uniform or constant relative motion, a restriction Einstein addressed later in his General Theory of Relativity. The theory incorporates the principle that the speed of light is the same for allinertial observers, regardless of the state of motion of the source. Among other things, it reveals that the moving person appears to shrink in the direction of their motion (length contraction)and their time slows down (time dilation), effects which are ever more marked as speeds approach the speed of light. The theory also leads to some famous paradoxes like the so-called Time Travel Paradox and the Twin Paradox.
Speed of Light:
In a vacuum, light travels at a speed of exactly 299,792,458 metres per second, or about 300,000 kilometres per second, a speed which remains constant irrespective of the speed of the source of the light or of the observer (one of the cornerstones ofAlbert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity). It is the term c in Einstein’s famous equation E = mc2.
Spin:
A fundamental property of sub-atomic elementary particles that means that behave as though they are spinning or rotating (although in reality they are not spinning at all). The concept has no direct analogue in the everyday world. Particles of spin Ѕ (e.g. electrons, positrons, neutrinos and quarks) make up all the matter in the universe, while particles with integer spin (0, 1 or 2) give rise to, or mediate, the forces operating between thematter particles (e.g. photons, gluons, W and Z bosons).
Star:
A massive, luminous ball of gas or plasma, held together by its own gravity, that replenishes the heat it loses to space by means of nuclear energy generated in its core. Almost all of theelements heavier than hydrogen and helium were created by thenuclear fusion processes in stars. There are many different types of stars including binary stars, proto-stars, dwarf stars (like our nearest star which we call the Sun), supergiants, supernovas, neutron stars, pulsars,quasars, etc. There are a roughly estimated 10,000 billion billion stars (1022) in the observableuniverse.
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W
  


   
Wave-Particle Duality

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W
Wave-Particle Duality
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bet | 67/69 | Sana | 19.03.2017 | Hajmi | 172,07 Kb. | | #410 |
Wave-Particle Duality:
The idea that light (and indeed all matter and energy) is both a wave and a particle, and that sometimes it behaves like a wave and sometimes it behaves like a particle. It is a central concept ofquantum theory.
Weak Nuclear Force:
Also known as the weak interaction, it is one of the forces experienced by protons and neutrons in thenucleus of an atom, the other being the strong nuclear force. It is one of the four fundamental forces of physics (along with the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force and the strong nuclear force). It is called the weak force because it is about 1013 times weaker than the strong nuclear force and 1011times weaker than the electromagnetic force, and it is also very short range in its effect.
The weak interaction is mediated by the exchange of heavy elementary particles known as W and Z bosons. It is responsible for radioactive beta decay (as it converts neutrons into protons) and for the production of neutrinos.
White Hole:
The theoretical time reversal of a black hole, which arises as a valid solution in general relativity. While a black hole acts as a vacuum, drawing in any matter that crosses its event horizon, a white hole acts as a source that ejects matter from its event horizon.
Wormhole:
A hypothetical “tunnel” through space-time that connects widely distant regions, thus providing a kind of short-cut throughspace-time. Although there is no observational evidence for wormholes, they are known to be valid solutions under theGeneral Theory of Relativity.
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Foydalaniladigan asosiy darsliklar va o‘quv qo‘llanmalar ro‘yxati

Foydalaniladigan asosiy darsliklar va o‘quv qo‘llanmalar ro‘yxati
Asosiy adabiyotlar
1. David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jear “Fundamentals of physics!”, USA, 2011.
2. Douglas C. Giancoli “Physics Principles with applications”, USA, 2014.
3. Remizov A.N. “Tibbiy va biologik fizika” T. Ibn Sino, 2005.
4. Ulug‘murodov N.X. «Fizikadan praktikum», M., “Fan”, 2005.
5. Bozorova S. Fizika, optika, atom va yadro. Toshkent Aloqachi 2007
6. Gevorkyan A. Kurs fiziki.
7. Sultonov E. “Fizika kursi” (darslik) Fan va ta’lim 2007.
8. O.Qodirov.”Fizika kursi” (o‘quv qo‘llanma) Fan va ta’lim 2005.
9. Ulug‘murodov N.X. (2-nashr)
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Ma`ruza 17 (2 soat) - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

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Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi
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bet | 10/69 | Sana | 19.03.2017 | Hajmi | 172,07 Kb. | | #410 |
Ma`ruza 17 (2 soat)
Atomning tuzilishi. Rezerford tajribasi. Atomni yadroviy planetar modeli.
Adabiyotlar: 1, 4, 5, 9 – II bob.
Ma`ruza 18 (2 soat)
YAdro fizikasi.YAdro fizikasi tushunchalari. Atom yadrosi. Radioaktivlik.
Adabiyotlar: 1, 4, 5, 9 – II bob.
Mustaqil ish mavzusi: Nishonli atomlar, belgilar va ularning qo’llanilishi. Elementar zarrachalar. Zarralarni qayd qilishning amaliy usullari. Tezlatkichlar. Yadro reaktori.
Amaliy mashg‘ulotlarni tashkil etish bo‘yicha mavzular, ko‘rsatma va tavsiyalar
№
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Amaliy mashg‘ulotlarning nomi va mazmuni
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Ajratilgan soat
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Adabiyotga ko‘rsatma
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1
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Kirish. Xatoliklar va ularni hisoblash.
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2
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1,3,4 va h.k.
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2
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Bajarilgan ishlar hisoboti. YAkuniy nazorat.
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2
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1,3,4 va h.k.
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Laboratoriya mashg‘ulotlarini tashkil etish bo‘yicha mavzular, ko‘rsatma va tavsiyalar
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S
  


   
Second Law of Thermodynamics

S Second Law of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics: The idea that entropy (the microscopic disorder of a body) can never decrease, but rather will tend to increase over time. In practice, this results in an inexorable tendency towards uniformity and away from patterns and structures, and means, for example, that heat always flows from a hot body to a cold one, and that differences in temperature, pressure and density tend to even out in an isolated physical system (or in the universe as a whole). Simultaneity: The idea, disproved by Einstein in his Special Theory of Relativity, that events that appear to happen at the same time for one person should appear to happen at the same time for everyone in theuniverse. Download 172,07 Kb.
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Singularity (or Gravitational Singularity)

Singularity (or Gravitational Singularity):
A region of space where the density of matter, or the curvature of space-time, becomes infinite and the concepts of space and time cease to have any meaning. At this point, the whole fabric of space-time ruptures and the precepts of Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (and physics in general) break down and no longer apply, similar to the way in which a calculator returns an error when asked to divide by zero. According to general relativity, the Big Bang started with a singularity, and there is a singularity at the centre of a black hole.
Space-Time:
Space-time (or spacetime or the spacetime continuum) is any mathematical model that combines space and time into a single construct. The fourth dimension of time is traditionally considered to be of a different sort than the three dimensions of space in that it can only go forwards and not back but, in Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, space and time are seen to be essentially the same thing and can therefore be treated as a single entity.
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Metodlaridan foydalanish va zamonaviy darslarni tashkil

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"Экономика и социум" №6(97) 2022 www.iupr.ru
MAKTABLARDA UMUMTA’LIM FANLARINI O’QITISHDA INTERFAOL
METODLARIDAN FOYDALANISH VA ZAMONAVIY DARSLARNI TASHKIL
ETISHNING SAMARADORLIGI
Axmedova Yulduz Qosimovna
Navoiy Davlat Pedagogika Instituti
“Geografiya va iqtisodiy bilim asoslari”
kafedrasi o`qituvchisi
Yusupova Kamola Roziq Qizi
biologiya fani o’qituvchisi
Annotatsiya: Maktablarda umumta`lim fanlarni yuqori saviyada shakllantirish,
zamonaviy darslarni tashkil etish bu jarayonda umumta`lim fanlarini o’qitish sifatini
ta`minlashda turli innovatsion metodlardan foydalanish orqali belgilangan natijalarga
erishish.
Kalit so’z: ta`lim, inovatsiya, zamonaviy dars, globallashuv, interfaol usul, ta`lim
texnologiyasi, didaktik, strategik yondashuv, dars.
THE USE OF INTERACTIVE METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF
GENERAL EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE
ORGANIZATION OF MODERN LESSONS
Akhmedova Yulduz Qosimovna
Navoi State Pedagogical Institute
"Fundamentals of Geography and Economics"
teacher of the department
Yusupova Kamola Roziq Qizi
biology teacher
Annotation: The formation of general subjects in schools at a high level, the
organization of modern lessons in this process to achieve the desired results through the
use of various innovative methods to ensure the quality of teaching general subjects.
Keywords: education, innovation, modern lesson, globalization, interactive
method, educational technology, didactic, strategic approach, lesson.
Ta’lim sohasida olib borilayotgan islohotlarning tub mohiyati ta’lim mazmuni va
shaklini takomillashtirishga qaratilgan. Fan-Texnika taraqqiyoti, jamiyatimizning
demokratlashuvi axborot miqyosining oshib borishi kabi omillar o’quvchining shaxsiy
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String Theory (Superstring Theory)

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String Theory (Superstring Theory)
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bet | 65/69 | Sana | 19.03.2017 | Hajmi | 172,07 Kb. | | #410 |
String Theory (Superstring Theory):
A theory which postulates that the fundamental ingredients of the universe are tiny strings of matter (on the tiny scale of thePlanck Length of around 10-35 metres) which vibrate in a space-time of ten dimensions. It is considered one of the most promising of the quantum gravity theories which hope to unite or unify quantum theory and the General Theory of Relativity, and apply to both large-scale structures and structures on the atomic scale.
Superstring theory (short for supersymmetric string theory) is a refinement of the more general theory of strings.
Strong Nuclear Force:
Also known as the strong interaction, this is the powerful but short-range force that holds protons andneutrons together in the nucleus of an atom despite the electromagnetic repulsion of same-chargeparticles, as well as holding together the constituent quarks which comprise neutrons and protons. It is one of the four fundamental forces of physics (along with the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force), and the most powerful, being 100 times the strength of theelectromagnetic force, about 1013 times as great as that of the weak force and about 1038 times that of gravity.
The force is mediated by elementary particles called gluons which shuttle back and forth between the particles being operated on and "glue" the particles together. Unlike the other forces, the strength of the strong force between quarks becomes stronger with distance, acting like an unbreakable elastic thread. However, it only operates over a very small distance (less than the size of the nucleus), outside of which it fades away abruptly.
Supernova:
A cataclysmic explosion caused by the collapse of an old massive star which has used up all its fuel. For a short time, such an explosion may outshine an entire galaxy of a hundred billion ordinary stars. It leaves behind a cloud of brightly coloured gas called a nebula, and sometimes a highly compressed neutron star or even a black hole.
Superposition:
The ability in quantum theory of an object, such as an atom or sub-atomic particle, to be in more than one quantum state at the same time. For example, an object could technically be in more than one place simultaneously as a consequence of the wave-like character of microscopic particles.
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Brownian motion - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

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Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi
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bet | 22/69 | Sana | 19.03.2017 | Hajmi | 172,07 Kb. | | #410 |
Brownian motion:The continuous random motion of solid microscopic particles when suspended in a fluid medium due to the consequence of ongoing bombardment by atoms and molecules.
Bulk's modulus of elasticity:The ratio of normal stress to the volumetric strain produced in a body.
Buoyant force:upward force on an object immersed in fluid.
Abiogenesis:
The study of how life on Earth could have arisen from inanimate matter. It should not be confused with evolution (the study of how living things change over time), biogenesis (the process of lifeforms producing other lifeforms) or spontaneous generation (the obsolete theory of complex life originating from inanimate matter on an everyday basis).
Absolute Zero:
The lowest temperature possible, equivalent to -273.15°C (or 0° on the absolute Kelvin scale), at which point atoms cease to move altogether and molecular energy is minimal. The idea that it is impossible, through any physical process, to lower the temperature of a system to zero is known as the Third Law of Thermodynamics.
Accretion Disk:
Diffuse material orbiting around a central body such as a protostar, a young star, a neutron star or a black hole. Gravitycauses the material in the disc to spiral inwards towards the central body with great speed, and the gravitational forcesacting on the material cause the emission of x-rays, radio waves or other electromagnetic radiation (known as quasars).
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Time Dilation - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

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Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi
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bet | 66/69 | Sana | 19.03.2017 | Hajmi | 172,07 Kb. | | #410 |
Time Dilation:
The phenomenon, predicted by Albert Einstein’s Special andGeneral Theories of Relativity, whereby, from the relative context of one observer's frame of reference, another’s time (for example, an identical clock) appear to run slower. Thus, moving clocks run more slowly compared to stationary clocks and, the closer the speed of movement approaches to the speed of light, the greater the effect. Gravitational time dilation is a related phenomenon, whereby time passes more slowly the higher the local distortion of space-time due togravity (such as near a black hole, for example).
Uncertainty Principle:
The principle in quantum theory, formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1926, which holds that the values of certain pairs of variables cannot BOTH be known exactly, so that the more precisely one variable is known, the less precisely the other can be known. For example, if the speed or momentum of a particle is known exactly, then its location must remain uncertain; if its location is known with certainty, then the particle’s speed or momentum cannot be known. Formulated another way, relating the unvertainties of energy and time, the uncertainty principle permits the existence of ultra-short-lived microscopic particles (virtual particles) in apparently empty space, which briefly blink into existence and blink out again.
Universe:
Everything that physically exists, including the entirety of space and time, all forms of matter, energy and momentum, and the physical laws and constants that govern them. The universe (or cosmos) is usually considered to have begun about 13.7 billion years ago in a gravitational singulary commonly known as theBig Bang, and has been expanding ever since. Some have speculated that this universe is just one of many disconnected universes, which are collectively denoted as the multiverse.
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Talaba bilimini baholash tartibi - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

Talaba bilimini baholash tartibi
Talabaning ballarda ifodalangan o‘zlashtirishi quyidagicha baholanadi: har bir JB da talaba maksimal 5 ball oladi. 9 ta JB fan bo‘limlaridan o‘tkaziladi va jami maksimal 45 ball xisobidan o‘zlashtirish baholari quyidagi jadvaldan aniqlanadi.
O‘zlashtirish, %
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Ballar
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Baho
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86-100
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39-45
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“5” a’lo
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71-85
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32-39
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“4” yaxshi
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56-70
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25-32
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“3”qoniqarli
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56 dan kam
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25 dan kam
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“2” qoniqarsiz
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№
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Ballar
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Baho
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Talabaning bilim darajasi
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1
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39- 45
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A’lo“5”
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Talabalar ma’ruza va amaliyot bo‘yicha xulosa va qaror qabul qilishi, ijobiy fikrlay olishi, mustaqil mushohada yurita olishi, olgan bilimlarini amalda qo‘llay olishi, mohiyatini tushunishi, bilishi, aytib berishi, tasavvurga ega bo‘lishi lozim.
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2
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32-39
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YAxshi“4”
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Talabalar ma’ruza va amaliyot bo‘yicha mustaqil mushohada yurita olishi, olgan bilimlarini amalda qo‘llay olishi, mohiyatini tushunishi, bilishi, aytib berishi; tasavvurga ega bo‘lishi lozim.
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3
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25-32
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qoniqarli“3”
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Talabalar ma’ruza va amaliyot bo‘yicha olgan bilimlarini mohiyatini tushunish, bilishi, aytib berishi, tasavvurga ega bo‘lishi lozim
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4
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25 dan kam
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qoniqarsiz “2”
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Talabalar ma’ruza va amaliyot bo‘yicha olgan bilimlarini mohiyatini tushunmasa, aniq tasavvurga ega bo‘lmasa, bilmasa.
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Talabaning mustaqil ishi (TMI)
Toshkent farmatsevtika institutining “Talaba mustaqil ishini tashkil etish, nazorat qilish va baholash” to‘g‘risidagi Nizom O‘zbekiston Respublikasi OO‘MTVning 2005 yil 21 fevral 34 - buyrug‘i bilan tasdiqlangan Namunaviy Nizom asosida ishlab chiqilgan.
Talabaning mustaqil ishi o‘quv rejasida muayyan fanni o‘zlashtirish uchun belgilangan o‘quv ishlarini ajralmas qismi hisoblanadi, kafedrada u uslubiy va axborot resurslari jihatidan ta’minlanadi. Talabalarning mustaqil ishi reyting tizimi talablari asosida nazorat qilinadi.
Talabaning jami mustaqil ishining umumiy xajmi 74 soatni tashkil qiladi.
O‘quv semestri yakunida talabaning mustaqil ishi joriy, oraliq va yakuniy nazoratlar jarayonida tegishli topshiriqlarni bajarishi va unga ajratilgan ballardan kelib chiqqan holda baholanadi. (Ilova 1)
Talaba mustaqil ishni tayyorlashda fanning mavzular xususiyatlarini hisobga olgan holda quyidagi shakllardan foydalanish tavsiya etiladi:
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darslik va o‘quv qo‘llanmalar bo‘yicha fan boblari va mavzularini o‘rganish;
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tarqatma materiallar bo‘yicha ma’ruzalar qismini o‘zlashtirish;
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maxsus adabiyotlar bo‘yicha fanlar bo‘limlari yoki mavzulari ustida ishlash;
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yangi texnologiyalarni, apparaturalarni, jarayonlar va texnologiyalarni o‘rganish;
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talabaning o‘quv, ilmiy-tadqiqot ishlarini bajarish bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan fanlar bo‘limlari va mavzularini chuqur o‘rganish:
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faol va muammoli o‘qitish uslubidan foydalaniladigan o‘quv mashg‘ulotlarini o‘tkazish masofaviy ta’lim.
TMI ning o‘zlashtirishi quyidagicha baholanadi. Maksimal ball 5.
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Steady State Universe - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

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Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi
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bet | 64/69 | Sana | 19.03.2017 | Hajmi | 172,07 Kb. | | #410 |
Steady State Universe:
A cosmological model developed by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold and Hermann Bondi in 1948 as the main alternative to the standard Big Bang theory of the universe. Steady state theory holds that the universe is expanding but that new matter and new galaxies are continuously created in order to maintain the perfect cosmological principle (the idea that, on the large scale, the universe is essentially homogenous and isotropic in both space and time), and therefore has no beginning and no end. The theory was quite popular in the 1950s and 1960s, but fell out of favour with the discovery of distant quasars and cosmic background radiation in the 1960s.
String:
An object with a one-dimensional spatial extent, length (unlike an elementary particle which is zero-dimensional, or point-like). According to string theory, the different fundamental particles of the standard model can be considered to be just different manifestations of one basic object, a string, with different vibrational modes. The characteristic length scale of strings is thought to be on the order of the Planck Length (about 10-35 metres, still too small to be visible in current physical laboratories), the scale at which the effects of quantum gravity are believed to become significant.
Cosmic string is a similar but separate concept which refers to one-dimensional topological defects, extremely thin but immensely dense, which are hypothesized to have formed as a result of phase changes soon after the Big Bang (analogous to the imperfections that form between crystal grains in solidifying liquids or the cracks that form when water freezes into ice). According to some theories, such cosmic strings grew as the universe expanded and were instrumental in the accretion of matterand the formation of galaxy clusters and large-scale structures in the universe.
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5-mavzu. Iqtisodiyotda zamonaviy iktining texnik ta’minoti. Reja Zamonaviy iktining texnik ta’minoti haqida tushuncha

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5-mavzu. Iqtisodiyotda zamonaviy iktining texnik ta’minoti. Reja Zamonaviy iktining texnik ta’minoti haqida tushuncha
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Sana | 04.10.2024 | Hajmi | 1,47 Kb. | | #273544 |
Bog'liq 5-mavzu. Iqtisodiyotda zamonaviy iktining texnik ta’minoti-azkurs.org
5-mavzu. Iqtisodiyotda zamonaviy iktining texnik ta’minoti
5-mavzu. Iqtisodiyotda zamonaviy IKTining texnik ta’minoti. Reja 1.Zamonaviy IKTining texnik ta’minoti haqida tushuncha 2.Zamonaviy kompyuter texnologiyalarining rivojlanish tendensiyalari. Axborot komoplekslari va texnologiyalarining texnik ta’minoti o’z ichiga oladiganlari: axborot kiritish va qayta ishlash uchun mo’ljallangan kompyuter texnikasi, axborotlarni uzatish hamda almashishni ta’minlovchi aloqa komunikatsiya asbob uskunalari, axborotni qayta ishlovchi mutaxassilarni ishini avtomatlashtirishga mo’ljallangan tashkiliy texnik vositalarini o’z ichiga oladi. Axborot tizimlari va texnologiyalarining hozirgi holati quyidagi tendentsiyalar bilan tavsiflash mumkin.
Jamiyatning deyarli barcha turlarida ma’lumotni o’z ichiga olgan ko’plab sanoat tarmoqlari bo’yicha ko’plab ma’lumotlar bazalari mavjudligi.
Foydalanuvchi interfeysi elementlari, ekspert tizimlari, tizimlari axborot tizimlarida mashina tarjimasi vositalari
Ushbu axborot resurslariga ommaviy foydalanuvchining interfaol kirishini ta’minlaydigan texnologiyalaryaratish.
E’tiboringiz uchun rahmat.
http://azkurs.org
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
5-mavzu. Iqtisodiyotda zamonaviy iktining texnik ta’minoti. Reja Zamonaviy iktining texnik ta’minoti haqida tushuncha
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Absolute humidity - Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi

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Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi
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bet | 17/69 | Sana | 19.03.2017 | Hajmi | 172,07 Kb. | | #410 |
Absolute humidity:
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The ratio of water vapor in a sample of air to the volume of the sample.
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Absolute zero:
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The temperature of - 273.16 or 0 K at which molecular motion vanishes.
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Absorptance:
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The ratio of the total absorbed radiation to the total incident radiation.
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Acceleration:
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The rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
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Acceleration due to gravity:
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The acceleration imparted to bodies by the attractive force of the earth or any other heavenly body.
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Achromatic:
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capable of transmitting light without decomposing it into its constituent colors.
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Acoustics:
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The science of the production, transmission and effects of sound.
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Ўқув услубий қўлланмалар (3 та) - Тошкент фармацевтика институти январь ойи учун ресурслар рўйхати

Ўқув услубий қўлланмалар (3 та)
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“Sanoat farmatsiyasi” va “Biotexnologiya” yo‘nalishi
4-kurs bakalavr talabalari uchun “Biofaol moddalar texnologiyasi”
fanidan kurs ishini bajarish bo‘yicha
USLUBIY KO‘RSATMA
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Ismailova M.G. - Abzalova N.A.
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2017
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Тошкент фармацевтика институти
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Ўқув услубий қўлланма
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24
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“Biofaol moddalar texnolo-giyasi” fanining o‘quv fani sifatidagi vazifasi, mutaxas-sislik mahoratini egallash, korxona sharoitida tayyor dori vositalarini ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasi bo‘yicha umu-miy ko‘nikmalar hosil qilish, hamda ularni texnologiya nuqtai-nazardan tayyorlash uslubini takomillashtirish, sifatini baholash, saqlash sharoitlarini belgilash va shu kabilar bayon qilingan.
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“Biofaol moddalar texnologiyasi”
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Курс иши услубий кўрсатма БФМ.pdf
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kutubxonauz1@umail.uz
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pharmi.uz
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“Sanoat farmatsiyasi” fakulteti
“Sanoat farmatsiyasi” va “Biotexnologiya” yo‘nalishi
3-kurs bakalavr talabalari uchun “Umumiy kimyo texnologiyasi”
fanidan mustaqil ishlarni bajarish bo‘yicha
USLUBIY KO‘RSATMA
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Po‘latova F.O. Abzalova N.A.
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2017
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Тошкент фармацевтика институти
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Ўқув услубий қўлланма
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18
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«Umumiy kimyo texnologi-yasi” fani bo‘yicha tala-balarni mustaqil ishini baja-rishini tashkil etish, nazorat qilish va uni baholash tartibi ishlab chiqilgan. «Umumiy kimyo texnologiyasi” fanidan mustaqil ishni tashkil etishdan maqsad talaba-larning mavzularni chuqur-rorq o‘rganishi, bilimlari va malakasini mustahkamlashni ta’minlash. Mustaqil ish topshiriqlari muvoffaqiyatli yakunlanishi uchun quyidagi talablar bajarilishi to`g`risida keltirilgan:
-maqsad (bilimni mustah-kamlash, yangi bilimlarni o‘zlashtirish, ijodiy faollikni oshirish, amaliy ko‘nikma va malakalarini shakllantirish va h.k.) aniq asoslanishi;
-vazifa va topshiriqlarning aniq-ravshan belgilanishi;
- topshiriqlarni bajarish algoritmi va metodlaridan talabalarniing yetarli darajada xabardor bo‘lishi;
|
“Umumiy kimyo texnologiyasi”
|
ТМИ Методичка УКТ.pdf
|
kutubxonauz1@umail.uz
|
pharmi.uz
|
|
5320500- “BIOTEXNOLOGIYA” va
5510600- “SANOAT FARMATSIYASI”
yo’nalishidagi 3-kurs talabalariga
“UMUMIY KIMYOVIY TEXNOLOGIYA”
fanidan laboratoriya mashg’ulotlari uchun o’quv – uslubiy qo’llanma
|
Po‘latova F.O.
|
2017
|
Тошкент фармацевтика институти
|
Ўқув услубий қўлланма
|
40
|
Ushbu o`quv-uslubiy qo`llan-ma Sanoat farmatsiyasi fa-kultеti biotеxnologiya va sa-noat farmatsiya yo`nalishlari 3-kurs talabalariga «Umumiy kimyoviy tеxnologiya» fani-dan laboratoriya mashg’u-lotlari uchun mo`ljallangan. Bu qo`llanmada kimyoviy sanoatda ishlab chiqariladi-gan asosiy noorganik va or-ganik moddalarni laborato-riya sharoitida sintеz qilish uslubi bеrilgan.
O`quv qo`llanma 5 ta laboratoriya mashg`ulotdan iborat bo`lib, mavzu bo`yicha har bir mashg`ulot maqsadi, nazariy qismi, uslubiy qismi, mustaqil bajarish uchun topshiriq, nazorat savollari, pedagogik texnologiya usullari va adabiyotlar ro`yxatini o`z ichiga olgan.
|
“Umumiy kimyo texnologiyasi”
|
УКТ услубий қўлланма лаб 2017.pdf
|
kutubxonauz1@umail.uz
|
pharmi.uz
|
|
Мажмуа (2та) - Тошкент фармацевтика институти январь ойи учун ресурслар рўйхати

|
“Immunobiologik preparatlar texnologiyasi”
fani bo‘yicha
O‘ Q U V –U S L U B I Y M A J M U A
|
Tashmuxamedova SH.S., Ubaydullaeva X.A.
|
2017
|
Тошкент фармацевтика институти
|
majmua
|
110
|
Ushbu o`quv-uslubiy maj-muada Immun sistema haqi-da tushuncha uning tuzilishi, funksiyalari roli ahamiyati haqida ma`lumot keltirilgan.
|
“Immunobiologik preparatlar texnologiyasi”
|
Иммунобиол МАЖМУА.pdf
|
kutubxonauz1@umail.uz
|
pharmi.uz
|
|
«Biotexnologiyasi» fanidan O‘QUV-USLUBIY MAJMUA
|
To`rayeva D.T.
Ussubbaeva Sh.M.
|
2017
|
Тошкент фармацевтика институти
|
мажмуа
|
239
|
Ushbu o`quv-uslubiy maj-muada Farmatsevtik biotexno-logiya tarixi. Yangi biotexno-logik preparatlar va maxsu-lotlar bozori. Biofarmatsevtika: hozirgi holati va kelajakdagi samarasiBiotexnologiya ob-yektlari va usullari. Biotex-nologik obyektni tanlash Bio-texnologiya sanoatida qo'llani-ladigan jarayonlar va quril-malar Rekombinant DNK texnologiyasi
|
«Biotexnologiyasi»
|
Biotexnologiya. pdf
|
Kutubxonauz1@umail.uz
|
pharmi.uz
|
Видео (2 та) - Тошкент фармацевтика институти январь ойи учун ресурслар рўйхати

Видео (2 та)
|
Noorganik kimyoda fizil-kimyoviy usullar. Vodorod, gidridlar.Davriy jadvaldagi s-blok metallar
|
Тўхтаев Х.Р.
|
2017
|
Тошкент фармацевтика институти
|
Видео
|
30 мин
|
Noorganik kimyoda fizil-kimyoviy usullar. Vodorod, gidridlar.Davriy jadvaldagi s-blok metallar
|
Анарганик, аналитик физик коллод кимё
|
Аналитик1.mp4
|
kutubxonauz1@umail.uz
|
pharmi.uz
|
|
Davriy jadvaldagi d-blok metallari. Xrom va marganes birikmalari
|
Тўхтаев Х.Р.
|
2017
|
Тошкент фармацевтика институти
|
Видео
|
30 мин
|
Davriy jadvaldagi d-blok metallari. Xrom va marganes birikmalari
|
Анарганик, аналитик физик коллод кимё
|
Аналитик2.mp4
|
kutubxonauz1@umail.uz
|
pharmi.uz
|
|
Betalaktamidlar.Penitsillinlar. Sefolosparinlar va aminoglikozidlar taxlili.
|
Алиходжаева М.И.
|
2017
|
Тошкент фармацевтика институти
|
Видео
|
30 мин
|
Betalaktamidlar.Penitsillinlar. Sefolosparinlar va aminoglikozidlar taxlili.
|
Фармацевтик кимё
|
Farmatsevtikkimyo 1 ziyinet
|
kutubxonauz1@umail.uz
|
pharmi.uz
|
|
Monotsiklik va bitsiklik terpenlar, ularning steriozomeriyasi. Sifatini nazorat qilish usullari
|
Алиходжаева М.И.
|
2017
|
Тошкент фармацевтика институти
|
Видео
|
30 мин
|
Monotsiklik va bitsiklik terpenlar, ularning steriozomeriyasi. Sifatini nazorat qilish usullari
|
Фармацевтик кимё
|
Farmatsevtikkimyo2ziyinet
|
kutubxonauz1@umail.uz
|
pharmi.uz
|
Аудио (1 та)
|
|
Лолазор романи
|
Мурод Муҳаммад Дўст
|
1998
|
Тошкент фармацевтика институти
|
Аудио
|
60 мин
|
“Лолазор” романи поёнига етаётган аср ўзбек адабиё-тининг жиддий ҳодисаси бўлиб, у миллий романчи-лигимиз тараққиётида муҳим босқич ҳисобланади. Бу асар романга хос тафаккур имкониятларини – тасвир ва талқин ранг-баранглиги, инсонга ёндошув, уни ба-диий қайта кашф этув усулларининг чексиз-чегара-сиз эканини исботлаб берди.
|
Тиллар кафедраси
|
Lolazor.mp3
|
kutubxonauz1@umail.uz
|
pharmi.uz
|
Fanni o‘qitishda qo‘llaniladigan axborot va pedagogik texnologiyalar

|
Fanni o‘qitishda qo‘llaniladigan axborot va pedagogik texnologiyalar
|
bet | 12/69 | Sana | 19.03.2017 | Hajmi | 172,07 Kb. | | #410 |
Fanni o‘qitishda qo‘llaniladigan axborot va pedagogik texnologiyalar
Talabalarga fizika fanini o‘qitishda kompyuter, axborot va boshqa zamonaviy texnologiyalarni qo‘llab, bilimini oshirish va shu orqali Kadrlar tayyorlash milliy dasturi talablariga javob beradigan ilmiy salohiyati etuk mutaxassis kadrlar tayyorlash jarayonini amalga oshirish. O‘qitish jarayonida o‘quv dasturlarini kompyuter orqali o‘qitishni joriy etish, laboratoriya ishlarini bajarishda olingan natijalarga kompyuterdan foydalanib Basic, exsel va Pascal tillarida tuzilgan dasturlar asosida matematik ishlov berish, turli biotexnologik jarayonlarni modellash va ularni kompyuter vositasida echish.
|
| |
Izofunksional oqsillar - Biokimyo pmd

shakllari funksional xossalari jihatidan bir-biridan ma’lum darajada farq
qiladi. Masalan, HbF kislorodga HbAdan ko‘ra ko‘proq yaqin bo‘ladi
va HbAdan kislorodni ajratib olishi mumkin:
HbA .O
2
+ HbF
→
HbA + HbF .O
2
HbF odamning embrional rivojlanishi davri uchun xarakterlidir (fetal
gemoglobin); homiladorlikning so‘nggi haftalari va tug‘ruqdan keyingi
dastlabki haftalarda u asta-sekin HbAga almashib boradi. Homila qoni
bilan ona qoni aralashmaydi; homila onasining qon tomirlaridan
platsentada homilaning qon tomirlariga kislorod diffuziyalanib o‘tishi
hisobiga kislorod bilan ta’minlab boradi. Fetal gemoglobinning
kislorodga ko‘proq yaqin bo‘lishi ona bilan homila tomirlari orasida
kislorod konsentratsiyalarining farqi kam bo‘lganida diffuziya yuzaga
chiqaverishini mumkin qilib qo‘yadi.Mioglobin gemoglobinlar bilan
kamroq darajada yaqin bo‘ladi: tuzilishi va kislorodni biriktirib olish
xossasi jihatidan u gemoglobin protomerlariga juda o‘xshash, lekin
qonda aylanib yuradigan va o‘pkadan (yoki platsentadan) to‘qimalarga
kislorod yetkazib beradigan gemoglobindan farq qilib, mioglobin
muskullarda qo‘zg‘almay turadi va gemoglobindan mitoxondriylarga
kislorod yetkazib berishda, shuningdek, muskullarda kislorod rezervi
hosil qilishda oraliq vositachi bo‘lib xizmat qiladi.Izofunksional oqsillar,
umuman olganda, bir xildagi funksiyani ado etib boradigan oqsillar
oilasidir, lekin bu oila ba’zi a’zolarida alohida bir kichikroq xususiyatlari
bo‘lishi fiziologik jihatdan muhim ahamiyat kasb etishi mumkin. Bir
turdagi organizmlarda topiladigan oqsilning ko‘pdan-ko‘p molekulyar
shakllari izooqsillar deb ataladi; har xil biologik turlarga mansub
organizmlarning bularda bir funksiyalarni bajarib boradigan oqsillari
(gomologik oqsillar) izooqsillar qatoriga kiritilmaydi. Masalan, odam
gemoglobini bilan quyon gemoglobini, garchi bir xilda funksiyani ado
etib boradigan bo‘lsada, izooqsillar emas.
Mustaqil ish uchun talablar 1

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Магистрлик диссертацияси (3 та) - Тошкент фармацевтика институти январь ойи учун ресурслар рўйхати

Магистрлик диссертацияси (3 та)
|
Development of the technology of homeopathic tablets used for neuroses (Composition: Valerian D3, Passiflora D3, St. John's wort C3)
|
Kim M. A.
|
2017
|
Тошкент фармацевтика институти
|
Магистрлик диссертацияси
|
78
|
An important factor in the development of homeopathy in Uzbekistan and around the world is that more than 70% of homeopathic medicinal products are derived from medicinal plant material. The composition shown in the form of individual (homo-preparations) or complex homeopathic remedies is widely used in homeopathy.
|
тиббиёт ва фармацевтика
|
Kim Marat Anatolyevich.pdf
|
kutubxonauz1@umail.uz
|
pharmi.uz
|
|
Создание и исследование углерод-лигниновых комбинированных энтеросорбентов
|
Ражабова Парвина Амановна
|
2015
|
Тошкент фармацевтика институти
|
Магистрлик диссертацияси
|
83
|
Основными задачами лекарственной поли-тики РУз включены: развитие фармацев-тической науки и ис-пользование её дости-жений в практике; государственная под-держка отечественного производства лекар-ственных средств, отвечающих междуна-родным стандартам качества; снижение импортозависимости, развитие отечест-венного производства лекарственных сред-ств, выход произ-водства лекарственных средств,
|
тиббиёт ва фармацевтика
|
Ражабова Парвина Амановна.pdf
|
kutubxonauz1@umail.uz
|
pharmi.uz
|
|
Тут барги ва ипак қурти ғумбаги асосида суртма технологиясини ишлаб чиқиш
|
Хусенова Ш.Ш.
|
2017
|
Тошкент фармацевтика институти
|
Магистрлик диссертацияси
|
87
|
Маҳаллий ўсимлик хомашёларидан тери яллиғланиши ва диабетик оёқ кафт синдроми касаллигини олдини олиш ва даволашда комплекс таъсир кўрсатадиган самадор препаратлар номенклатурасини кенгайтириш долзарб масалалардан бири ҳисобланади.
|
тиббиёт ва фармацевтика
|
Хусенова шахноза шухратовна .pdf
|
kutubxonauz1@umail.uz
|
pharmi.uz
|
|
Intellektual tizimlar haqida umumiy ma’lumot

12
1.
Ekspert Tizimlari masalani echish uchun yuqori sifatli tajriba va bilimni
qabul qiladi;
Ekspert tizimlari asosliligini qarab chiqamiz, inson tafakkurini va Sun’iy
intellekt tizimini solishtirish 1.1- jadvalda keltirilgan
1.1-
jadval. Ekspert tizimlari asosliligini qarab chiqamiz, inson tafakkurini va
Sun’iy intellekt tizimini solishtirish
Biologik faol peptidlar - Biokimyo pmd

43
Bradikinin – polipeptid bo‘lib quyidagi tuzilishga ega:
H-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gli-Fen-Ser-Pro-Fen-Arg-OH
Kallidin – dekapeptid bo‘lib, faol bo‘lmagan plazmin oqsilidan
kininogen hosil bo‘ladi va bradikinindan oxirgi aminokislota qoldig‘i
bilan farq qiladi:
H-Liz-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gli-Fen-Ser-Pro-Fen-Arg-OH
Hamma hayvon to‘qimasida va qisman o‘simliklarda kichik
molekulali tripeptid glutation ko‘p miqdorda tarqalgan bo‘ladi. Glutation
(
γ
-glutamil-tsistein-glitsin) qaytarilgan va oksidlangan shakllarda
bo‘ladi. Ularni qisqartirilgan holda quyidagicha GSH, G - S - S - G
yoziladi. Ba’zi peptidlar xotira, qo‘rqish, uyqu va boshqa hodisalarning
biokimyoviy mexanizmida ishtirok etadi. Hozirgi vaqtda 150 dan ortiq
neyrpeptidlar ma’lum bo‘lib ular asosan bosh miyada uchraydi. Ularning
ikkita vakili
enkefalinlar va endorfinlar
deyiladi. Bular metionin-
enkefalin va leytsin-enkefalinga bo‘linadi.
Bu peptidlar asosan C-oxirgi aminokislota bilan farq qilib, og‘riq
qoldiruvchi ta’siriga ega va ular dorivor modda (preparatlar) sifatida
ishlatiladi. Enkefalinlar – pentapeptidlar bo‘lib, B-lipotrop aminlarni
fragmenti hisoblanadi.
Shunday qilib, oqsillar organizmda juda ko‘p xilma-xil vazifalarni
bajaradi: organizmning qurilishi va unda sodir bo‘ladigan hamma
biologik jarayonlar albatta oqsillar faoliyati bilan bog‘liq.
II BOB. TIZIMGA QO‘YILADIGA TALABLAR VA ULARNI ISHLAB

Bog'liq Mustaqil ishini tayorlash bo\'yicha NAMUNA
II BOB. TIZIMGA QO‘YILADIGA TALABLAR VA ULARNI ISHLAB CHIQISH. KERAKLI DASTURIY MAXSULOTLAR, QURULMALAR VA MODULLARNI ISHLAB CHIIQSH 2.1. Sun’iy intellekt asosida o‘zini-o‘zi boshqara oladigan sumo robot mashina uchun ishlatiladigan texnik vositalar Sun’iy intellekt asosida o‘zini-o‘zi boshqara oladigan robot mashina modelini
ishlab chiqish uchun kerakli texnik vositalar va ularning tasnifi 2.1-jadvalda
keltirilgan.
2.1 - jadval. Kerakli texnik vositalar
T/r Nomi
Soni
1 Arduino mega
1
2 Tower pro Mg 996r Servo
4
3 HC-SR04 kichik o‘lchamdagi ultratovush sensori
2
4 Motor driver – L298N
2
5 Batareyka 2200mAh
1
6 Ky-033-line tracking sensor
5
7 GP2Y0A41 Masofa Sensorlari
2
8 Ulash uchun simlar
-
1. Arduino—professional boʻlmagan robototexnika ishqibozlari
(foydalanuvchilar) uchun dasturiy va texnik taminotlar yigʻindisi. Arduino mutloq
ochiq arhitektura. Arduinoda barcha loyihalar qismlari (Asosan dasturiy taminot)
ochiq tarqatiladi. U oʻzining platasi va IDE-dasturlash muhiti ga ega. Arduino platasi
- bu mahsus oʻzida microcontroller va boshqa elektronik qurilmalarni
mujassamlashtirgan elektron qurilma. Uning ishlatilish maqsadiga qarab hozirgi
kunda bir-turlari mavjud (2.1 - rasm). Arduino platformasini boshqa
mikrokontrollerlardan farqi dastur yozish uchun maxsus dastur yuklovchi vosita
shart emas, oddiy usb kabel orqali amalga oshiriadi.
16
2.1- rasm. Hozirgi kunda ko‘p ishlatiladigan Arduino platalari turlari.
Arduino
-
bu
unchalik
katta
bo‘lmagan
plata
bo‘lib
o‘zining protsessori (mikrokontrolleri)
va xotirasiga ega bo‘lgan
qurilma hisoblanadi.
Arduino ning ko‘plab turlari mavjud bo‘lib bularga misol qilib: Arduino
Yun,Arduino Uno, Arduino Duemilanove,Arduino Diecimila,Arduino Nano,
Arduino Mega, Mega 2560, Mega ADK, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Micro va h.k
larni olishimiz mumkin. Arduino robototexnika va elektronikiga qiziquvchi va
izlanuvchi yoshlarga juda qo‘l keladi chunki bu qurilmada kichik va katta bo‘lgan
dastur, algoritmlar yaratgan holda xar hil qurilmalar, robotlar va boshqa qiziq
amaliyotlarni bajarsa bo‘ladi.
Texnik xususiyatlari:
•
Arduino ning Uno turi texnik ko‘rsatkichlari;
•
Mikrokontroller: ATmega328;
•
Ishlash kuchlanishi: 5 V;
•
Kirish kuchlanishi(tavsiya etilgani): 7-12 V;
•
Kirish kuchlanishi(eng yuqori): 6-20 V;
•
Raqamli kirish/chiqish: 14 ta;
•
Analog kirish: 6 ta;
17
•
Kirish/chiqish orqali o‘zgarmas tok: 40 mA;
•
3.3 V kiritish uchun o‘zgarmas tok: 50 mA;
•
Flesh xotira: 32 KB(ATmega328) undan 0.5 KB yuklovchi sifatida
foydalaniladi;
•
Tezkor xotira: 2 KB(ATmega328);
•
EEPROM: 1 KB(ATmega328);
•
Chastota: 16 MGs.
Mustaqil ish uchun talablar 1 - bet 2

6
MUNDARIJA
KIRISH .......................................................................................................................... 7
I BOB. SUN’IY INTELLEKT TUSHUNCHASI VA SUN’IY INTELLEKT
ASOSIDA BOSHQARILADIGAN TIZIMLAR TASNIFI ...................................... 9
1.1.
Sun’iy intellekt xakida tushuncha. Ma’lumotlar va bilimlarni tasvirlash
modellari ..................................................................................................................... 9
1.2. Intellektual tizimlar haqida umumiy ma’lumot ................................................. 11
1.3. Sun’iy intellekt ustida izlanishlarolib borayotgan jahondagi yirik kompaniyalar
.................................................................................................................................. 13
II BOB. TIZIMGA QO‘YILADIGA TALABLAR VA ULARNI ISHLAB
CHIQISH. KERAKLI DASTURIY MAXSULOTLAR, QURULMALAR VA
MODULLARNI ISHLAB CHIIQSH ....................................................................... 15
2.1. Sun’iy intellekt asosida o‘zini-o‘zi boshqara oladigan sumo robot mashina uchun
ishlatiladigan texnik vositalar ................................................................................... 15
2.2. Sun’iy intellekt asosida o‘zini-o‘zi boshqara oladigan sumo robot mashina uchun
quyiladigan tizim talablari ........................................................................................ 17
2.3. Sun’iy intellekt asosida o‘zini-o‘zi boshqara oladigan sumo robot mashinaning
algoritmi. .................................................................................................................. 18
Sun’iy intellekt asosida o‘zini-o‘zi boshqara oladigan sumo robot

25
XULOSA
Ushbu CSP1312-Individual loyiha 1 ishida Mikrokontrollerlar yordamida
Sun’iy intellect asosida o‘zini-o‘zi boshqara oladigan robot mashina tizimini
boshqaruvchi qurilmasini yaratish masalasi qo‘yilgan bo‘lib, ishni bajarish
davomida quyidagi natijalarga erishildi:
•
Mikrokontrollerlar va ularning modellari haqida nazariy ma’lumotlar
keltirildi.
•
Dasturiy ta’minotni amalga oshirish texnologiyalari tahlil qilindi.
•
Mikrokontrollerlarga dastur yozish qurilmasi ishlab chiqildi va bunda
Frizing, Arduino uno va Codevision dasturlash texnologiyalaridan foydalanildi.
•
Dasturiy ta’minotni ishlash mexanizmi va funksional imkoniyatlari
tavfsilotlari keltirildi.
•
Qurilmaning faoliyati o‘rganib tahlil qilindi.
•
Yaratilgan dasturiy ta’minotdan foydalanish qo‘llanmasi yaratildi va
asosiy kodlar ilovaga kiritildi.
Berilgan masala oxiriga etkazildi va ko‘zlangan natijaga erishildi.
FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR

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FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR
1.
2018-yil 9-yanvar kuni Oʻzbekiston Prezidenti Shavkat Mirziyoyev
raisligida axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalarini yanada rivojlantirish va
xavfsizligini ta’minlash boʻyicha amalga oshirilayotgan chora-tadbirlar
natijadorligiga bag‘ishlangan yig‘ilishdagi ma’ruzalari.
2.
Axborot tizimlari va texnologiyalari. Akad.S.Gulomov va boshkalar. T.
"Shark", 2000y.
3.
S.S. Gulomov va boshk. Iktisodiy infarmatika.T.: "Uzbekiston" ,1999y
4.
Axborot texnologiyalar sohasida kadrlar tayyorlash tizimini
takomillashtirish to‘g‘risida O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti qarori. Xalq so‘zi
(2005-y 3-iyun)
5.
Edward H.R., Burnett R.E. Business Communication. –New Jersey:
Prentice Hall, 2003.
6.
Бернард Марр, Мэтт Уорд. Искусственный интеллект на практике.
Вильямс 2007.
Foydalanilgan Internet resurslari.
7.
http://sunny.ccas.ru/library.html – Jahon kutubxonalari serveri. 45ta
mamlakatning 1000 ortiq kutubxonalariga kirishni ta’minlaydi.
8.
http://www.intel.ru – Zamonaviy texnik vositalarni ishlab chiqish va
tarqatish bilan shug‘ullanuvchi AQSh Intel firmasining serveri.
9.
http://www.mesi.ru – Moskva iqtisodiyot, statistika va informatika
universitetining serveri.
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ILOVA
#include
LiquidCrystal lcd(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7);
// Creates an LCD object. Parameters: (rs, enable, d4,
d5, d6, d7)
const int trigPin = 9;
const int echoPin = 10;
long duration; int
distanceCm,
distanceInch; void
setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);
(width and height) of the display
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(trigPin,
LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin,
HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10)
;
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digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin,
HIGH); distanceCm=
duration*0.034/2;
distanceInch = duration*0.0133/2;
lcd.setCursor(0,0); // Sets the location at which
subsequent text written to the LCD will be displayed
lcd.print("Distance: "); // Prints string "Distance" on
the LCD lcd.print(distanceCm); // Prints the distance
value from the sensor lcd.print(" cm"); delay(10);
lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("Distance: ");
lcd.print(distanceInch); lcd.print(" inch"); delay(10);
}
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Inson tafakkur tizimi - Mustaqil ish uchun talablar 1

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Mustaqil ish uchun talablar 1Bog'liq Mustaqil ishini tayorlash bo\'yicha NAMUNAInson tafakkur tizimi
SI tizimi
Kamchiliklari.
1.
Barqaror emas
2.
Qiyin o‘tkazuvchi (ifodalovchi)
3.
Qiyin hujjatlashtiriluvchi
4.
Oldindan aytib bo‘lmaydigan
5.
Qimmatli
Ustunliklari.
1.
Doimiy
2.
Oson ifodalanuvchi
3.
Oson hujjatlashtiriluvchi
4.
Doim bir xil
5.
Maqbul
Ustunliklari.
1.
Ijod qiluvchi
2.
Moslashuvchan
3.
Hissiy idrokdan foydalanadi
4.
Har tomonlama
5.
Keng qamrovli bilimdan foydalanadi
Kamchiliklari.
1.
Sun’iy oldindan dasturlashtirilgan
2.
Aytib turish kerak
3.
Belgili idrokdan foydalanadi
4.
Tor yo‘nalishli
5.
Maxsus bilimdan foydalanadi.
Bu tizimlarni afzalliklari va kamchiliklarini tahlil qilib, inson eskpert asosiy
afzalliklari, u ko‘p sohada, masalan, ijodkorlikda, topqirlikda, ma’lumot uzatishda
va umuman mazmunan Sun’iy intellektdan ustunlikka ega.
13
1.2-rasm. Dialogli komponentlar.
Ekspert tizimlari evristikani ishlatishga majbur, chunki bu erda echiladigan
masalalar odatda qiyin bo‘ladi va oxirigacha tushunib bo‘lmasligi, matematik
yozuvga tushmasligi mumkin.
1.3. Sun’iy intellekt ustida izlanishlarolib borayotgan jahondagi yirik
kompaniyalar
Sun’iy intellekt har qadamimizda uchraydi. Hozirda smartfondan tortib
avtomobilgacha sun’iy intellekt bilan ta’minlanmoqda. Ko‘plab jahonga taniqli
kompaniyalar “aqlli mashina” yaratish yo‘lida izlanayotibdi. Quyida sun’iy intellekt
yaratayotgan o‘n kompaniyani e’tiboringizga havola etamiz.
1.
Numenta
2011 yildan beri mavjud, ammo biror yangilik yaratganligi
xususida darak yo‘q. Yaqinda IBM kompaniyasi Numenta izlanishlariga homiylik
qilishini e’lon qildi. Kompaniya qishloq xo‘jaligi ekinlari maydonini kosmosdan
turib o‘rganadi.
2.
Scaled Inference
Bu jamoa Googlening sobiq hodimlaridan tashkil
topgan. Yaqinda hizmat ko‘rsatish va dasturiy ilovalar mavzuidagi sun’iy intellekt
yaratish loyihasi qisqa muddatda 8 mln dollar investisiya to‘pladi.
3.
Amazon
Bu kompaniya savdo maqsadida internetdan foydalanishni
boshlab bergan ilk qaldirg‘ochlardan. Hozir dunyo miqyosida faoliyat yuritayotgan
onlayn-tijorat markazi sanaladi. Muvaffaqiyatli tijorat yuritish, savdoni tez tahlil
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etish va tushumni oshirish maqsadida korporatsiya injenerlari sun’iy intellekt ishlab
chiqargan.
4.
Nuance
AQShda ancha yillardan beri faoliyat yuritmoqda. Nutqi va
eshitishida nuqsoni bor kishilar uchun sun’iy intellekt yaratish yo‘lida izlanadi.
Uning dasturi inson nutqini anglash va jonli tarzda qayta tiklashga qaratilgan.
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III BOB. SUN’IY INTELLEKT ASOSIDA O‘ZINI-O‘ZI BOSHQARA

8
Yoki, bilimlarga ega bo‘lish va ularni ishlata olish qobiliyatimi? Yoki, g‘oyalar
ustida ishlash, yangi g‘oya topish va ularni boshqalarga еtkaza bilish qobiliyatimi?
Albatta, bularning bari - intеllеkt dеb atalmish qobiliyatning tarkibiy
qismlaridir. Amalda, intеllеktni oddiygina ta’riflash qiyin. Lеkin, asosiysi, intеllеkt
- ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlay olish, tushunish va umumlashtirish qobiliyatidir.
Dеmak, Sun’iy intеllеktning asosiy faoliyati shundan iboratki, u kompyutеrni
yanada foydaliroq va aqlliroq bo‘lishiga, intеllеkt asosini tashkil etuvchi
printsiplarni aniqroq bilishga harakat qilishdadir. Sun’iy intеllеkt mutaxassislarga,
ayniqsa, murakkab axborotlar tizimlari yaratuvchilari va foydalanuvchilariga
yordam bеradi, qiyin masalalarni еchishda ko‘maklashadi.