nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Kislotаlаrning fizik xossаlаri - 1-Amaliy mashg’ulot. Mavzu: Kimyoviy birikmalarning asosiy sinflari, oksidlar,...

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1-Amaliy mashg’ulot. Mavzu: Kimyoviy birikmalarning asosiy sinflari, oksidlar, kislotalar, gidroksidlar, tuzlar, ularning struktura tuzilishlari, dissotsiyalanishi, olinish usullari, kimyoviy xossalarini о‘rganish
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bet | 8/17 | Sana | 27.09.2024 | Hajmi | 280,34 Kb. | | #272667 |
Bog'liq 1-Amaliy mashg’ulotKislotаlаrning fizik xossаlаri. Oddiy shаroitdа kislotаlаr suyuq vа qаttiq moddаlаr holidа bo’lishi mumkin. Mаsаlаn: HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4, CH3COOH, lаr suyuq, H2C2O4, H3BO3 lаr esа qаttiq moddlаrdir. Kislotаlаrning deyarli hаmmsi suvdа eriydi. Ularning eritmalari nordon ta'mli bo'ladi, o'simlik va hayvon to'qimalarini yemiradi, lakmusning ko'k rangini qizilga o'zgartiradi. Kislotаlаrning kimyoviy xossаlаri. Ularning eng muhim kimyoviy xossalari quyidagilar hisoblanadi:
1. Kislotalarning metallarga ta'siri: a) suyultirilgan H2SO4, konsentrlangan va suyultirilgan xlorid kislota aktivlik (Beketov N.) qatorida vodoroddan chapda turgan metallarning ko'pchiligi bilan reaksiyaga kirishib, vodorodni siqib chiqaradi:
Ca +H2SO4 = CaSO4 +H2↑ suyul. Ba + 2HCl = BaCl2+H2↑
b) aktivlik qatorida vodoroddan o'ngda turgan metallarga suyultirilgan xlorid kislota, sulfat kislota va konsentrlangan xlorid kislota ta'sir qilmaydi;
d) suyultirilgan nitrat kislota aktivlik qatorida vodorodgacha va vodoroddan keyin turgan metallardan simobgacha bo'lgani bilan reaksiyaga kirishadi. Bunda metallarning aktivligi temperatura va sharoitga qarab nitrat kislotadagi NO3- ionini NO, N2O, N2 va NH3 gacha qaytaradi:
3Mg + 8HNO3= 2NO + 3Mg(NO3)2+ 4H2O 4Mg+ 10HNO3=N2O + 4Mg(NO3)2+ 5H2O
5Mg + 12HNO3=N2+5Mg(NO3)2+ 6H2O 4Mg + 10HNO3=NH4NO3 + 4Mg(NO3)2+ 3H2O
e) konsentrlangan nitrat kislota aktivlik qatorida vodorodgacha va undan keyingi turgan metallarni oksidlaydi (azotning oksidlanish darajasi +4 gacha qaytariladi).
Zn + 4HNO3 = 2NO2 + Zn(NO3)2 + 2H2O
f) konsentrlangan sulfat kislota ham aktivlik qatorida vodorodgacha va undan keyin simobgacha turgan metallarni oksidlaydi. Reaksiya davomida SO42- (oksidlanish darajasi + 6 bo'lgan oltingugurt) metallning aktivligi va temperatura sharoitiga qarab SO2, S va H2S gacha qaytariladi:
Cu+2H2SO4=CuSO4+SO2+2H2O 3Zn + 4H2SO4= 3ZnSO4+ S + 4H2O
4Zn + 5H2SO4 = 4ZnSO4 +H2S + 4H2O
2. Kislotalar asoslar, asosli va amfoter oksidlar bilan reaksiyaga kirishib, tuz va suv hosil qiladi:
asosli oksid Na2O + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 +H2O
amfoter oksid ZnO+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2O
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
1-Amaliy mashg’ulot. Mavzu: Kimyoviy birikmalarning asosiy sinflari, oksidlar, kislotalar, gidroksidlar, tuzlar, ularning struktura tuzilishlari, dissotsiyalanishi, olinish usullari, kimyoviy xossalarini о‘rganish
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Kislotаli oksidlаr - 1-Amaliy mashg’ulot. Mavzu: Kimyoviy birikmalarning asosiy sinflari, oksidlar, kislotalar,...

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1-Amaliy mashg’ulot. Mavzu: Kimyoviy birikmalarning asosiy sinflari, oksidlar, kislotalar, gidroksidlar, tuzlar, ularning struktura tuzilishlari, dissotsiyalanishi, olinish usullari, kimyoviy xossalarini о‘rganish
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bet | 4/17 | Sana | 27.09.2024 | Hajmi | 280,34 Kb. | | #272667 |
Bog'liq 1-Amaliy mashg’ulot2. Kislotаli oksidlаr. Аsoslаr yoki asosli oksidlаr bilаn o’zаro tа’sir yetib, tuz hosil qilаdigаn oksidlаr kislotаli oksidlаr deyilаdi. Kislotаli oksidlаr аngtdridlаr hаm deyilаdi. Metаlloidlаr vа oksidlovchilik xossаsi kuchli bo’lgаn metаllmаslаrning oksidlаri kislotаli oksidlаrgа misol bo’lа olаdi:
SO2, SO3, CO2, N2O3, N2O5, P2O5, NO2, CrO3, SiO2, Cl2O7 vа hokozo. Ko’pchilik kislotаli oksidlаr suvdа erib,o’shа yelementning kislorodli kislotаsini g’osil qilаdi.
Mаsаlаn:
Bа’zi kislotаli oksidlаr suvdа erimаydi mаsаlаn SiO2. Kislorodli kislotаlаrdаn suv аjrаtib olinsа, kislotаli oksid hosil bo’lаdi. Hosil bo’lgаn oksid kislotаning аngidridi deyilаdi (аngidrid so’zi suvsiz degаn mа’noni bildirаdi).
1. Kislotаli oksidlаr аsoslаr bilаn reаksiyagа kirishib tuz vа suv hosil qilаdi:
2. Kislotаli oksidlаr аsosli oksidlаr bilаn birikib, tuz hosil qilаdi:
3. Аmfoter oksidlаr. Kilotаlаr bilаn аsosli oksid sifаtidа, аsosli oksidlаr bilаn esа kislotаli oksid sifаtidа reаksiyagа kirishib, tuz vа suv hosil qilаdigаn oksidlаr аmfoter oksidlаr deyilаdi. Аmfoter oksidlаrgа qo’yidаgilаr misol bo’lа olаdi: ZnO, SnO, SnO2, PbO, As2O3, Cr2O3, Al2O3, Sb2O3, MnO2, PbO2, Fe2O3 vа hаkozo. Bаrchа аmfoter oksidlаrning аmfoterlik xossаlаri bir xil emаs. ZnO kislotа vа ishqorlаrdа oson eriydi. Demаk, bu oksidning kislotа vа аsos xossаlаri bir xil. SnO2 ning kislotаli xossаsi kuchliroq, аsosli xossаsi esа kuchsizroqdir. Fe2O3 ning esа аsosli xossаsi kuchliroqdir. Аmfoter oksidlаrning аmfoterlik xossаsini Al2O3 vа Sb2O3 misolidа ko’rib chiqаmiz.
Al2O3 vа Sb2O3 xlorid kislotа bilаn аsosli oksid sifаtidа, ishqor bilаn esа kislotаli oksid sifаtidа reаksiyagа kirishib, tuz vа suv hosil qilаdi. Bа’zi elementlаrning gidroksidlаridа аmfoterlik xossа nаmoyon bo’lаdi.
Bu reаksiyadа аlyuminiy gidroksid kislotа sifаtidа H3AlO3 ko’rinishidа reаksiyagа kirishаdi. Al(OH)3 kislotаli muhitdа аsos sifаtidа, аsosli muhitdа esа kislotа sifаtidа ionlаnаdi.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
1-Amaliy mashg’ulot. Mavzu: Kimyoviy birikmalarning asosiy sinflari, oksidlar, kislotalar, gidroksidlar, tuzlar, ularning struktura tuzilishlari, dissotsiyalanishi, olinish usullari, kimyoviy xossalarini о‘rganish
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Karrali nisbatlar qonunini - 1-Amaliy mashg’ulot. Mavzu: Kimyoviy birikmalarning asosiy sinflari, oksidlar, kislotalar,...

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1-Amaliy mashg’ulot. Mavzu: Kimyoviy birikmalarning asosiy sinflari, oksidlar, kislotalar, gidroksidlar, tuzlar, ularning struktura tuzilishlari, dissotsiyalanishi, olinish usullari, kimyoviy xossalarini о‘rganish
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bet | 14/17 | Sana | 27.09.2024 | Hajmi | 280,34 Kb. | | #272667 |
Bog'liq 1-Amaliy mashg’ulotKarrali nisbatlar qonunini.
J.Dalton 1804-yilda karrali nisbatlar qonunini kashf qildi. Agar ikki element bir-biri bilan bir necha kimyoviy birikma hosil qilsa, bu birikmalardagi bir elementning bir xil massasiga to'g'ri keluvchi boshqa element massalari o'zaro kichik butun sonlar nisbatida bo'ladi.
Bu qonuni quyidagi misollar orqali tushuntiramiz.
1. SO2 va SO3 birikmalari tarkibida bir xil massali oltingugurtga turli massali kislorod to’g’ri keladi. 32g S ga birinchi birikmada 32 g kislorod, ikkinchi birikmada esa 48 g kislorod to’g’ri keladi. Bu ikki birikma tarkibidagi kislorodlar nisbati 32:48 bo’lsa, sonlarni qisqartirsak 1:1.5 nisbatda bo’ladi.
2. Quyidagi birikmalarda bir xil massadagi azotga kislorod massalarining nisbati qanday o’zgaradi? N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2, N2O5.
N2O birikmada 28g azotga 16g kislorod to’g’ri keladi. NO birikmada 14g azotga 16g kislorod, N2O3 birkmada 28g azotga 48g kislorod, NO2 birikmada 14g azotga 32g kilorod, N2O5 birikmada 28g azotga 8Og kislorod to’g’ri kelsa, 14g massadagi azotga qanchadan kislorod to’g’ri kelishini hisoblab topamiz.
1-birikmada 14g azotga 8g kislorod,
2-birikmada 14g azotga 16g kislorod,
3-birikmada 14g azotga 24g kislorod,
4-birikmada 14g azotga 32g kislorod,
5-birkmada 14g azotga 40g kislorod to’g’ri keladi.
Kislorodlar nisbatini topsak, 8:16:24:32:40 bo’lsa, sonlarni qisqartirsak 1:2:3:4:5 nisbatda bo’ladi, quyidagi jadva orqali ifodalash mumkin.
Modda
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% tarkibi
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Og’irlik nisbati
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N
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O
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N
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O
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N2O
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63,7
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36,3
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1
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0,57
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1
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NO
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46,7
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53,3
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1
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1,14
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2
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N2O3
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36,9
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63,1
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1
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1,71
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3
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NO2
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30,5
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69,5
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1
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2,28
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4
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N2O5
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25,9
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74,5
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1
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2,80
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5
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
1-Amaliy mashg’ulot. Mavzu: Kimyoviy birikmalarning asosiy sinflari, oksidlar, kislotalar, gidroksidlar, tuzlar, ularning struktura tuzilishlari, dissotsiyalanishi, olinish usullari, kimyoviy xossalarini о‘rganish
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Aralash oksidlarga - 1-Amaliy mashg’ulot. Mavzu: Kimyoviy birikmalarning asosiy sinflari, oksidlar, kislotalar,...

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1-Amaliy mashg’ulot. Mavzu: Kimyoviy birikmalarning asosiy sinflari, oksidlar, kislotalar, gidroksidlar, tuzlar, ularning struktura tuzilishlari, dissotsiyalanishi, olinish usullari, kimyoviy xossalarini о‘rganish
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bet | 3/17 | Sana | 27.09.2024 | Hajmi | 280,34 Kb. | | #272667 |
Bog'liq 1-Amaliy mashg’ulot5. Aralash oksidlarga Pb2O3, Pb3O4, Mn3O4, Fe3O4 larni misol qilib keltiramiz. Hozirgi kunda ularni tuzsimon oksidlar deyiladi. Tuzsimon oksidlarning tuzilish formulalarini quyidagicha yozish mumkin:
Oksidlаrni nomi, formulаsi, tuzilishi vа gibridlаnish turi.
Oksidlаrning olinishi. Oksidlаr quyidаgi usullаr bilаn olinаdi:
Metаll yoki metаlloidlаrning kislorod bilаn birikishi (bu prosess yonish yoki oksidlаnish deyilаdi):
S + O2 = SO2 4P + 5O2 = 2P2O5
2Mg + O2 = 2MgO 4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3
Murаkkаb moddаlаrning kisloroddа yonishi:
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O 2C2H2 + 5O2 = 4CO2 + 2H2O
Gidroksidlаrning pаrchаlаnishi:
Tuzlаrning pаrchаlаnishi:
vа hаkozo.
1. Аsosli oksidlаr. Kislotаlаr yoki kislotаli oksidlаr bilаn o’zаro tа’sir etishib, tuz hosil qilаdigаn oksidlаr аsosli oksidlаr deyilаdi. Ishqoriy vа ishqoriy yer metаllаrining oksidlаri (Na2O, K2O, CaO, MgO, BaO vа hаkozo) suvdа yaxshi eriydi. Аsosli oksidlаrgа qo’yidаgilаr misol bo’lаdi: CuO, MnO, FeO, CrO, Mn2O3, Ag2O. Metаll oksidlаrining hаmmаsi hаm аsosli oksidgа misol bo’lаvermаydi. Аyrim metаllаr hаm kislotаli, hаm аsosli, hаm аmfoter oksid hosil qilishi mumkin. Mаsаlаn, CrO аsosli, Cr2O3 аmfoter, CrO3 kislotаli, MnO аsosli, MnO2 аmfoter MnO3 vа Mn2O7 kislotаli oksidlаrdir vа hokаzo. Oksid tаrkibidа ion bog’lаnish kuchsizlаnib, kovаlent bog’lаnish kuchаygаn sаri oksidning xаrаkteri o’zgаrib, аvvаl аmfoter keyin kislotаli xossаlаrni nаmoyon qilаdi, boshqаchа qilib аytgаndа, elementlаrning oksidlovchilik xossаsi ortishi bilаn uning xаrаkteri аmfoter yoki kislotаli oksid xossаsigа o’tib borаdi. Mаsаlаn, K2O, CaO, Al2O3, SiO2, N2O5, SO3, Cl2O7 qаtoridа oksidning kislotаlik xossаsi ortib borаdi.
Аsosli oksidlаrning xossаlаri.
1. Аsosli oksidlаr kislotаlаr bilаn reаksiyagа kirishib tuz vа suv hosil qilinаdi. Mаsаlаn:
2. Аsosli oksidlаr suv bilаn o’zаro tа’sir ettishib, аsos hosil qilаdi. Mаsаlаn:
3. Аsosli oksidlаr kislotаli oksidlаr bilаn reаksiyagа kirishib tuz hosil qilаdi
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
1-Amaliy mashg’ulot. Mavzu: Kimyoviy birikmalarning asosiy sinflari, oksidlar, kislotalar, gidroksidlar, tuzlar, ularning struktura tuzilishlari, dissotsiyalanishi, olinish usullari, kimyoviy xossalarini о‘rganish
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Intellektual transport tizimi itt tashkil topishi va rivojlanish tarixi

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Intellektual transport tizimi itt tashkil topishi va rivojlanish tarixi
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Sana | 25.05.2024 | Hajmi | 20,7 Kb. | | #253358 |
Bog'liq VARIANT
1-Variant
1)Intellektual transport tizimi
2)ITT tashkil topishi va rivojlanish tarixi
3)eSafety Forum hamda ERTICO tarif bering
2-Variant
1)CONNECT, SIMBA hamda IP PREVENT tariff bering.
2)Avtomobil transportida qollanilayolgan asosiy texnologiyalarni nimalardan iborat?
3)Jahon amaliyotida ITT iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy xarakterdagi muammolarni hal qilish bu?
3-Variant
1) Avtotransportda axborot boshqaruv tizimi.
2)Axborot tizimlarining rivojlanish bosqichlari.
3)Axborot tizimi tushunchasi
4-Variant
1)Axborot tizimi qanday xususiyatlar bilan belgilanadi.
2)Boshqaruv tuzilmasining axborot tizimidagi roli
3)Axborot tizimlarini joriy etishdan nimani kutish mumkin
5-Variant
1)Avtomatlashtirilgan ofislarga nimalar kiradi
2)Zamonaviy sun’iy yo’ldoshlarini ishlash tamoyillari
3) Zamonaviy sun’iy yo’ldosh navigatsiyasining asosiy
tushunchalari nimalardan iborat
6-Variant
1)Intellek-tual transport tizimi tarifi
2)ITT quyi tizimi tarifi
3)ITT arxitekturasi
7-Variant
1)Bortdagi ITTga tarif
2)ITT infratuzilmasi tushintirishlari
3)Intellek-tual transport tizimi tushintirishlari
8-Variant
1)ITT quyi tizimi tushintirishlari
2)ITT funktsional arxetekturasi
3)ITTning ierarxik tuzilishi
9-Variant
1)ITT fizik arxetikturasi
2)Turli sun’iy yo‘ldosh navigatsiyasi tizimlari
3)Sun'iy yo'ldosh aloqa tizimlarining tuzilishi va
Tasnifi
10-Variant
1)Sun'iy yer yo'ldoshlarining ko'rish zonalari
2)Sun'iy yo'ldosh aloqa tizimlarini tashkil
etishning asosiy tuzilmasi
3)Sun'iy yo'ldosh transponderlarining orbitalarda
Joylashishi
11-Variant
1) SYATda qaysi turdagi ma'lumotlar uzatiladi.
2) Yuklarni tashishda avtomatlashtirilgan
dispetcherlik ish faoliyati nmalardan iborat.
3) Yo’l harakatini avtomatlashtirilgan
boshqarish tizimi
12-Variant
Baxtsiz hodisa haqida o'z vaqtida
ma'lumot berish.
2) YTH jarayonini ro‘yxatdan o‘tkazish
Qurilmasi.
3)| Yo'l harakati qoidalariga rioya
etilishini nazorat qilish.
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The Concept of TCP Ports - Chapter 9: Web Site and Server Maintenance

The Concept of TCP Ports
Now that we’ve seen how host names are assigned, let’s consider another important concept that applies to the Uniform Resource Locator your users will see.
The TCP/IP protocol suite carries with it the concept of a TCP port. When your user’s browser connects to your Web server to fetch your CI home page, it connects to a particular host name – that of your server – and as part of the connection process it requests a particular TCP “port” number. By default, for the Web the relevant port number is 80. When you install Web server software, you can configure it to operate on any port number you choose. The vast majority of Web servers operate on the default port of 80. Other Internet services have their own assigned default port numbers; for instance, the remote login protocol Telnet is assigned port 23. By assigning different port numbers to different kinds of services, a single physical server box can handle multiple kinds of Internet services without conflict.
For your main Web presence, it’s a good idea to stick with the convention of using port 80. It is possible to run more than one Web server “process” or “service” on a single server, in which case you may wish to choose other port numbers, such as 8000, for secondary servers.
With this discussion, we can see how your server name choice, TCP port choice, and file name choices combine to determine the URL of a document on your server:
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Every URL for a Web page begins with http:// though many browsers allow users to omit that prefix.
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Next comes the address of the server. This is a host name within a domain. In the diagram’s example, the server’s address is www.smallville.org.
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Optionally, the host name may be followed by a colon and a TCP port number, for example www.smallville.org:80. You will only specify a TCP port other than 80 if you have installed a Web server that listens on the port in question. (If you publish a URL with a port number for which there is no corresponding Web server, your users’ browsers will display errors.)
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Next comes the path to the specific file on the server. As you’ll recall from Chapter 4, this path name begins at the start of the server’s hierarchy, as specified in a server configuration file, not the absolute root of the server hard disk.
Thus, we might offer all of these URLs:
http://www.smallville.org/
http://www.smallville.org/events.html
http://www.smallville.org:8000/
http://www.smallville.org:8000/events.html
The first two examples assume a server on TCP port 80. The second two explicitly refer to a server on port 8000.
If you never deviate from the default of port 80, you will never need to publish URLs with a port number in them, and your users will never encounter such URLs when traversing your site.
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Domain Names and IP Addresses

Every host computer – server or otherwise – on the Internet is assigned an IP address. IP addresses are four-part, all-numeric “handles” that are easily used by networks. For instance, the Community Information site for East Lansing, Michigan has a host name of www.ci.east-lansing.mi.us; it has a corresponding IP address of 205.153.190.140.
In general, each computer on the Internet has its own host name and its own IP address. However, it’s possible for a single computer to have more than one host name. For instance, you may want to register both ci.smallville.mi.us and www.ci.smallville.mi.us as host names for your Web server. This allows users who guess your host name to find the computer either way. In this case, your server administrator simply creates an “alias” in your DNS tables so that both host names correspond to the same IP address.
In this example, the Web server for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, jpl.nasa.gov, has been assigned the IP address 137.78.160.21. Normally the only people who have to worry about IP addresses are the administrators of servers or networks. If an organization handles its own IP address administration, it will be assigned a pool of IP addresses to use when new computers are installed. If IP administration is handled by an organization’s ISP, new addresses will be assigned by the ISP’s domain administrator, and given to the administrator of each new server as it is installed.
It’s also possible for a single physical computer to have more than one IP address associated with it. This may be done to support virtual hosts, or it may be done if the server has more than one LAN (Ethernet) adapter installed for performance reasons. In the most common case, you will only have one IP address per server (or other computer) you install.
Generally speaking, you never want to publish the IP address of your Web server – or any other server. Let the DNS map the friendly host names to IP addresses for you and your users. Users should see friendly, domain-style host names, not IP addresses, in the URLs your publish and in the “Location” box on their Web browsers.
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The Domain Name System (DNS) and Your Domain

The Domain Name System, or DNS, is a remarkable distributed database that provides a mechanism for naming hosts on the Internet. It’s called the Domain Name System because it divides the global Internet into a number of administrative domains, each of which can be sub-divided according to the desires of its administrators.
At the top of the hierarchy are, appropriately enough, a series of “top-level” domains many of which will be familiar to you:
Each of these top-level domains has its own meaning which dates back to the beginning of the Internet:
.com Commercial entity, typically a corporation or small business.
.net Traditionally, an Internet service provider. Today, anyone who wishes to register a .net domain is able to do so, regardless of whether they represent a computer network of any sort.
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Database server - Chapter 9: Web Site and Server Maintenance

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Chapter 9: Web Site and Server Maintenance
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bet | 10/28 | Sana | 21.03.2017 | Hajmi | 430 Kb. | | #805 |
Database server: If you offer a live database, you need database software such as MS-Access, SQL Server, Oracle, Informix, or FileMaker Pro to host the actual database content. It is quite common to run a database on an external box for performance and/or security reasons. In order to communicate with your middleware and in turn your Web server, you will want to run a database that supports the ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) standard. Note that many database products now are shipped with built-in Web middleware.
Backup software: You will want to periodically back up your entire server software environment, and you will want to back up your Web content frequently as well. Backup software allows you to automate this task. You may want to run backup software on the Web server and on each of the servers with production services, or you may want to install a single, centralized network backup service that is capable of accessing all production disk volumes and backing them up as a batch.
Keep in mind that your choices as to what services to run, as well as your how many servers to use, are not carved in stone. You can always add new server hardware, and re-allocate production services among server boxes, as time goes on.
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Installing Your Server Operating System

Installing Your Server Operating System
If you buy a system that comes with the operating system installed, and if you choose not to do a re-install for learning purposes, you are ready to configure and run your server when you take it out of the box.
If you buy a system that doesn’t have your desired operating system installed, you will need to install it from scratch. Typically you will work from a series of installation CD-ROMs. You may have to begin the process with a bootable floppy if the system arrives totally “bare.”
Because the Toolkit includes demonstration applications that run under Windows NT, we include complete instructions on installing Windows NT Server 4.0 software. This chapter is extremely comprehensive, including annotated screen shots of every step along the process of installation. However, because not all sites will install this operating system, we omit that material from the printed book. You will find this material on the Toolkit CD and Web site under Software.
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Server Administration Roles

Server Administration Roles
Many Web publishing shops make a basic distinction between the “Webmaster” and the “System Administrator.” The Webmaster has primary responsibility for organizing and placing content on the server, for coordinating content provider tasks, for connecting the server to external databases, and for analyzing server logs. The System Administrator is responsible for the administration of the hardware, the server operating system, the maintenance of authorized users, system backup, network management, and security.
Keep in mind that these are vague conventions, not hard rules. In some sites, the Webmaster and the System Administrator are the same person. In others, a team of a dozen people may be responsible for different aspects of site management. In fact, a site may not use these labels to describe staff members. In any event, the project manager will have to decide who on the team has what responsibilities, and who is granted what level of system administrator privileges on the various servers deployed. (See Chapter 2 for a further discussion of the many roles in a Web publishing project.)
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Interfacing to Databases - Chapter 9: Web Site and Server Maintenance

Interfacing to Databases
Besides the basic Web server software, you may need to install additional software to round out your server’s capabilities. For instance, if you are going to connect to a live database, you will need to install the database software, whether it be Oracle, Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, or some other database. Your scenario may call for the server software and database software to reside on a single piece of server hardware, or you may choose to run your database software on a separate box.
Whether your database resides on the same box or a separate one, you will need to be able to interface your Web server software with your database. Fortunately, a standard known as ODBC provides a standard way to interface with most popular databases. Database “middleware” tools such as Cold Fusion provide the glue to connect your Web server to any ODBC-compliant database. If you choose to run a Windows NT server with Active Server Pages under Microsoft’s IIS, you will be able to interface directly with an Access or SQL database. The Toolkit demonstration software assumes this model.
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Log Analysis - Chapter 9: Web Site and Server Maintenance

Log Analysis
Most people who run Web sites want to know their “hit” counts – how often the site in general, and certain pages in particular, are visited. Your Web server generates log files that hold information about every HTTP transaction: every time a file is fetched from the server, a log entry documents the date and time as well as the host name of the user’s computer. Log analysis tools convert your logs from almost incomprehensible raw data into useful summaries of activity.
Log analysis tools allow you to summarize and analyze your traffic patterns across time, presenting tabular and graphical reports that greatly assist you in tuning your content and your site. Examples of the kinds of reports you can get include:
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A list of the most popular pages on your site.
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A list of the least popular pages on your site. If a page you think should be popular isn’t, you can tune your site’s layout and link structure to improve its visibility so more users will find it. Some tools offer “path analysis,” showing what hyperlinks users follow through your site.
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A report showing how users arrive at your site. Your logs contain “referrer” information that says what Web site a user visited before they followed a link to your site. You can tell which directories, search engines, personal or other kinds of sites are the most popular starting points from which your users find your content.
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A graph showing activity across days, weeks, or months.
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A list of the most popular domains from which your users visit your site.
These tools vary from free, public domain tools to commercial packages costing from $100 or so to $10,000 tools. Extremely expensive log analysis tools feature real-time data analysis and sophisticated multi-server analysis functions that are required by only the busiest commercial sites on the planet. Most community information sites could choose to spend no more than $250 for an adequate solution.
Here is a sample graph from a popular tool, Webtrends.
Here is a list of some of the most popular log analysis tools:
Tool | Vendor | Vendor Web Site | Notes | |
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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar - Spark avtomobilini dvegatelini taqsimlash valining texnik xususiyatlari

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Spark avtomobilini dvegatelini taqsimlash valining texnik xususiyatlari
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bet | 11/11 | Sana | 17.05.2024 | Hajmi | 1,95 Mb. | | #239854 |
Bog'liq Vishlab chiqarish kursavoy mirjalol12Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
1.Sh.E. Tursunov, A.D. Gapirov
Mashinasozlik texnologiyasi asoslari”
fanidan kurs ishini bajarish boʻyicha
2.Omirov A., Qayumov A. Mashinasozlik texnologiyasi. Oʻquv qoʻllanma. - Toshkent, Oʻzbekiston
3. Sabirov B.A., ХоjayevО.Х., Mavlonov F.X. «Мashinasozlik texnologiyasi asoslari fanidan kurs ishini bajarish boʻyicha oʻquv qoʻllanma», UrDU,
4. Malov A.N. Spravochnik texnologa mashinostroitelya. T–2,M
5. Luginin. N. G. temir yo'l vagonlarini ta'mirlash texnologiyasi, M.: transport,1972
6. Harakatlanuvchi tarkibga texnik xizmat ko'rsatish va ta'mirlashni mexanizatsiyalash va avtomatlashtirish. V. Y. Altuxov, A. F. Trofimenko Tomonidan Yaratilgan., M.: Transport, 1989.
7. Temir yo'l vagonlarini ta'mirlash. Ostida. tahririda Y. A. Norkin, I. N. Vojdaev. , M.: yo'llar va aloqa vazirligi, 1962.
8. Yormatov G'.Yo., Yuldashev O.R., Hamrayev A.L. Hayot faoliyati xavfsizligi. Darslik. Toshkent, Aloqachi: 2009. -346bet
9. Yoʻldoshev U. U.Usmonov, O.Qudratov, “Mehnatni muxofaza qilish”,
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Server Scenarios - Chapter 9: Web Site and Server Maintenance

Let’s consider some possible server scenarios. Note as you consider these examples that the choices of WAN links are shown as examples only; any one of these servers could handle relatively high-speed or low-speed links.
Here are some scenarios of some typical server environments.
Here, the site has chosen the Interjet server appliance from a vendor called Whistle. The Interjet provides all of the server functions, both Web and ancillary, the site needs. The Interjet even includes routing functionality. This scenario would be very appealing to a library with little technical staff whose ISP is willing to support a server appliance.
Here we are running Windows NT Server as our operating system, with Microsoft’s Internet Information Server, or IIS, as our Web server software. We are also running Microsoft’s SiteServer, a collection of Web publishing tools that assist in managing large, complex sites. We rely on FrontPage for posting content to the server. This is a fairly typical Microsoft-oriented configuration. It would be easy to extend this server to run other Microsoft tools, such as Active Server Pages and a live database. Our DNS services are provided off-premises by our ISP. Our e-mail services are handled by a separate server at our site, which might or might not be a Microsoft-based server.
Here we’ve chosen a server from a traditional vendor of Unix hardware. We’re running Netscape’s FastTrack server. Our content providers publish to the server either via FTP or via Netscape’s “One Button Publish” extensions. We are relying on separate server boxes at the library to provide DNS and e-mail services.
Here we’ve chosen a Macintosh as our server. We’re running Apple’s conventional operating system at version 8.5 along with Appleshare IP extensions. Our Web server software is WebStar, which we’ve coupled with middleware from Lasso to offer live content managed by the popular FileMaker Pro database software, with the database software and Web server both on the same physical server.
This scenario exploits the most popular Web server package, Apache, and the Linux operating system, which is enjoying increasing popularity as an alternative to proprietary Unix systems (and Windows NT). This scenario is appealing because it relies on an operating system and on server software that are free.
Although in this example we show DNS and e-mail being provided by separate servers, Linux comes with built-in DNS and e-mail capabilities, so it would be just as easy to run those services on the same box as our Web content. Here we might choose not to do so for several possible reasons:
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DNS and e-mail were already running on separate servers on site.
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We don’t want any performance problems with our Web server.
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We don’t want an outage in DNS or e-mail to force us to take down the Web server for service.
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We want different staff to work on the Web server than the DNS and e-mail, and we don’t want to give “superuser” or “root” permission to other services for our Webmaster.
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A Search Engine for Your Site

If your site grows to include a large number of pages, no matter how good a job you do of making the site navigable, navigation can be made easier with a local search engine. You may want to consider acquiring such a tool for your site. Here are your options:
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Install a free tool, such as the ICE indexer and search engine. Written by Christian Neuss and made available to anyone at no charge, ICE is written in the language Perl and is suitable for use on servers with up to several thousand documents. For a tutorial on installing and using ICE, see:
www.webreference.com/dev/dndcgi/start.html
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Some Web server software packages may come bundled with their own search engine. For instance, Microsoft’s SiteServer includes a search engine capable of indexing content on your own server as well as crawling other servers you wish to index.
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You could acquire a commercial search engine. For instance, Infoseek markets its search engine under the “Ultraseek” brand name, and Altavista markets its engine as well. Fees for using these engines vary with the size of the site. Both vendors’ products are available for Unix or Windows NT servers. Both vendors offer evaluation copies of their products for free download and use during a limited evaluation period. Altavista also offers free use of their product to index sites with up to 3000 documents. Note that these products can be rather expensive; be sure to pursue any non-profit, governmental, or library discounts. See www.infoseek.com and/or www.altavista.com.
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You could use Excite for Web Servers, an older version of the search engine used on the Excite service and available for a variety of versions of Unix servers. This tool is available for free and offers much of the functionality users of the global Excite service are used to. See: www.excite.com/navigate/download.html.
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In lieu of installing a search engine on your site, you can leverage the index of a global search engine. For instance, Altavista allows a user to limit a search to a particular domain. For instance, to look for information on events at www.smallville.org, you would submit a search of the form events host:www.smallville.org. The search would return all pages in the index that have the word “events” from the Smallville Web site. In order to leverage the central index, you could install on your server a CGI script that appends the appropriate “host:” information to each query, after which the request is funneled to www.altavista.com for processing. Or you could accomplish this on the client side by using a “bookmarklet” in JavaScript. For details on how to implement this approach, see:
www.webreference.com/js/column35/search.html
An excellent general resource on picking a search engine for your site is:
www.searchtools.com
There you will find information on the currently-available free and commercial alternatives, as well as case studies showing how some sites evaluated alternatives and chose their search engines.
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-rasm: Oddiy gaz taqsimlash valning tuzilishi

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-rasm: Oddiy gaz taqsimlash valning tuzilishi
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bet | 3/11 | Sana | 17.05.2024 | Hajmi | 1,95 Mb. | | #239854 |
Bog'liq Vishlab chiqarish kursavoy mirjalol122-rasm: Oddiy gaz taqsimlash valning tuzilishi
Ishlab chiqarish turini aniqlash.
Ishlab chiqarish turi va unga toʻgʻri keladigan ishni tashkil etish shakli
texnologik jarayonning xarakteri va uning tuzilishini aniqlaydi. Shuning
uchun ham ishlab chiqarish turini aniqlash – detalga mexanik ishlov berish texnologik jarayonini loyihalashni boshlangʻich qismining asosiy
bosqichidir.
Har bir mashinasozlik korxonasi bir yil davomida ishlab chiqarishga
kerak bo‘lgan mahsulot va zahira detallarining ma'lumotiga ega. Bu ma'lumot ishlab chiqarish dasturi deb ataladi va unda ma'lumotni turi, soni, o‘lchami va materiali to‘g‘risida ham yetarlicha axborot bor. Korxonaning umumiy ishlab chiqarish dasturiga asosan tsexlar bo‘yicha ishlab chiqarish dasturi tuziladi. Har bir mahsulot umumiy ko‘rinishining chizmasi, detallarning ishchi chizmasi, yig‘uv chizma, spesifikasiyalar va texnik talablar bilan boyitiladi. Ishlab chiqarish dasturining hajmi, mahsulot tasnifi, jarayonning texnik va iqtisodiy shartlariga asosoan shartli ravishda uchta ishlab chiqarish turi mavjud: donali, seriyali, yalpi. Har bir ishlab chiqarish turi o‘ziga xos tashkiliy shaklga ega. Shuni aytish kerakki, bitta korxonada har-xil ishlab chiqarish turlari bo‘lishi mumkin.
Ishlab chiqarish turi va unga to‘g‘ri keladigan ishni tashkil qilish shakli
tehnologik jarayonni tasnifini hamda uning tuzilishini aniqlaydi. Shuning
uchun ham ishlab chiqarish turini aniqlash detalga mexanik ishlov berish
tehnologik jarayonni loyihalashni boshlang‘ich asosiy bosqichidir. Ishlab
chiqarish turini jadvallar usuli bilan aniqlaganda detalning og‘irligi va yillik ishlab chiqarish dasturi talab qilinadi.
Mashinasozlikda ishlab chiqarish turlari operatsiyalarga biriktirish
koeffitsienti bilan xarakterlanadi. Bu koeffitsient mexanika tsexida ma’lum muddatda (masalan, bir oiyda) bajariladigan texnologik operatsiyalar sonining shu uchastkadagi ish joiylari soniga nisbati bilan aniqlanadi . Talabalar kurs ishini yozgi malakaviiy amaliyot davrida toʻplagan konstruktorlik-texnologik materiallari, ya’ni texnologik jarayonning bazaviiy varianti bo‘iyicha ham bajarishlari mumkin.
GOST 3.1121-84 bo‘yicha operatsiyalarga biriktirish koeffitsienti ko.b.ning
quiyidagi qiiymatlari qabul qilingan:
ommaviiy ishlab chiqarish – ko.b. 1;
yirik seriyali – ko.b. 210 ;
o‘rta seriyali – ko.b. 1020 ;
mayda seriyali – ko.b. 2040 ;
donabay yoki yakka tartibda – ko.b. 10 .
Kurs ishini va kurs loyihasini bajarishda ishlab chiqarish turini
jadvallardan foiydalangan holda detalning yillik ishlab chiqarish hajmi va
massasi bo‘iyicha aniqlash mumkin.
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12- amaliy mashg‘ulot. Boshqaruvni uzatish buyrug'i va zanjir buyruqlarini amaliy o'rganish Ishdan maqsad

12- amaliy mashg‘ulot. Boshqaruvni uzatish buyrug'i va zanjir buyruqlarini amaliy o'rganish Ishdan maqsad
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Mexanika ttsexining planirovkasini ishlab chiqish

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Mexanika ttsexining planirovkasini ishlab chiqish
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bet | 9/11 | Sana | 17.05.2024 | Hajmi | 1,95 Mb. | | #239854 |
Bog'liq Vishlab chiqarish kursavoy mirjalol12Mexanika ttsexining planirovkasini ishlab chiqish
Gaz taqsimlash vallarni tayyorlash va remont qilish ttsexi toʻrt burchakli bir qavatli binoda joylashgan. Ustaxonalar va ta'mirlash va yordamchi bo'limlarning asosiy o'lchamlari (uzunligi, kengligi, balandligi, yo'llari orasidagi kenglik) ishlab chiqarish liniyalari va ushbu liniyalardagi pozitsiyalar soni, asbob-uskunalar va mexanizatsiyani joylashtirish, ish joylarini oqilona joylashtirish shartlaridan hisoblanadi. va kerakli kenglikdagi o'tish joylari kengligiga qaraladi.
Gaz taqsimlash vallarni ta'mirlash ustaxonalarining asosiy o'lchamlarini hisoblashda shuni hisobga olish kerakki, ttsexlar ko'prikli kranlar, elektr domkrat va kuzovni ko'tarish joylarida tayanchlar, ta'mirlanayotgan avtomobillarni ishlab chiqarish liniyasi pozitsiyalari bo'ylab harakatlantirish uchun konveyerlar, egilishlar, ta'mirlash va boshqalar bilan jihozlangan.
Oqim linyalari pozitsiyalari boʻylab harakatlantirish uchun konveyerlar, kontavatorlar, ta’mirlash va toʻg’ri agregatlar, payvandlash postlari va boshqa texnik uskunalar bilan jihozlangan asosiy maydonlarni egallaydi.
Lc = (Fпл - 1) lBkB+lст+(Фпл - 1) l1+lT+lП+2l2 ; 8.
Bu erda,
Fpl- ishlab chiqarish linyasining oldi qismi 1 ta yoʻlda ta’mirlash pozitsiyalar soni;
Lst- Detallarni koʻtarish va almashtirish pozitsiyasining uzunligi;
L1- Oraliq intervallar ( 1-1.5 m);
Lp- Yong’in yoʻlining kengligi ( tsex 160 m dan koʻp boʻsa boʻladi);
L2- Ttsexlarning har ikki tamondagi soʻngi devorlargacha boʻlgan masofa (3- 4.5 m)
Tsex binosining kengligi quyidagi formula boyicha aniqlanadi:
VST=(Pp-1)*b1+2*b2 9.
Bu yerda: Pp- yollar soni oqim linyalari
b1 – qoshni remont yollarining orasidagi masofa (7-8m)
b2 – binoning gorizontal devordan yoki ustunlardan yaqin atrofdagi ta’mirlash yoʻligacha boʻlgan masofa (5m)
Bino uzunligi va kengligining qiymatlari ustunlar orasidagi masofani ma'lum miqdorda tashkil etuvchi tegishli standartlar talablari bilan bog'liq bo'lishi kerak.
Tsex binosining kengligi pol trusslari va ustki kranlarning standart strukturalarini hisobga olgan holda ishlab chiqilgan. Agar ikkita ta'mirlash yo'li bo'lsa, ishxonaning kengligi odatda 18 m, uchta yo'lning kengligi 24 m.
Tsex binosining balandligi ta'mirlanadigan jihozlarning balandligi, ishlatiladigan uskunalarining o'lchamlari va koʻprik kranlarining konstruksiyasi bilan belgilanadi.
Binoning pol sathidan tross mahkamlangan joyigacha bo'lgan umumiy balandligi formula bilan aniqlanadi:
НTS=Н1+Н2 8.4
uchun tsex va ishlab chiqarish maydonlarining maydoni uskunalarning har bir birligi yoki bitta ish joyi (ta'mirlash joyi) bo'yicha aniqlanadi. Bu yerda: H1-yerdan kran yolining temir yol boshigacha bolgan masofa
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Gaz taqsimlash valni ishlab chiqarishning xususiyatlari

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Gaz taqsimlash valni ishlab chiqarishning xususiyatlari
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bet | 7/11 | Sana | 17.05.2024 | Hajmi | 1,95 Mb. | | #239854 |
Bog'liq Vishlab chiqarish kursavoy mirjalol12Gaz taqsimlash valni ishlab chiqarishning xususiyatlari
Detalning murakkabligi ishlab chiqarish jarayoniga yuqori talablarni qo'yadi. Ushbu mahsulot sezilarli yuklarga, shu jumladan ishqalanishga bardosh berishi kerakligi sababli, u ayniqsa kuchli issiqqa bardoshli materiallardan - molibden va xrom qo'shilgan po'latlardan yasalgan. Ishlab chiqarish operatsiyalari avtomatik yoki ishlab chiqarish liniyalarida amalga oshiriladi.
Bu detalning sifati dvigatelning ishlash muddatini oshirishga ta'sir qiladi. Taqsimlash vallar marganets yoki xrom vanadiyli po'latdan yasalgan:
Olti va sakkiz silindrli dvigatellar uchun 30G marganets po'latdan foydalaniladi; to’rt s silindrli dvigatellar uchun - xrom vanadiyli po'lat 40HFA. Po'latni tanlash konstruksiya xususiyatlariga va umumiy yuklarga bog'liq. Materiallar prototiplash bosqichida tanlanadi. Ba'zi hollarda boshqa po'latlardan foydalanish mumkin.
Gaz taqsimlash valni ishlab chiqarish dasturining hisob kitobi:
Dastlabki ma’lumotlar:
SPARK avtomobilining gaz taqsimlash vali m=2.3 kg, Na=1100 ta(yillik ishlab chiqarishlar soni) ekanligini inobatga olib, quidagilarni hisoblaymiz,
Gaz taqsimlash valining yillik ta’mirlash dasturi:
Nyil=N (4.1)
Na=1100 ta ( 4.2)
Chorak dastur quidagi formula boʻyicha aniqlanadi;
Nchorak= (4.3)
=275 ta (4.4)
Oylik dastur quidagi formula boʻyicha aniqlanadi;
; (4.5)
= 92 ta tirsakli val (4.6)
Kundalik dastur quidagi formula boʻyicha aniqlanadi;
= ta (4.7) gaz taqsimlash val
Bu erda Dr formula boʻyicha aniqlanadigan yillik ish kunlar soni;
Dr=Dk-Ddam-Dbayram; (4.8) 5 kunlik ish kuni
Dr=365-102-15=248 kun;
Uskunalarni tanlash va ularning hisob kitobi
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-rasm: Zagatovka olish usulini tanlash

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-rasm: Zagatovka olish usulini tanlash
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bet | 6/11 | Sana | 17.05.2024 | Hajmi | 1,95 Mb. | | #239854 |
Bog'liq Vishlab chiqarish kursavoy mirjalol123-rasm: Zagatovka olish usulini tanlash
Vallar, odatda, sirpanish podshipniklarga o'rnatiladi.Dumalash
podshipniklarini tarkibiy va monolit gaz taqsimlash val
konstruksiyalarida qo‘llash mumkin. Zamonaviy dvigatellaming gaz taqsimlash vallari ko‘p
hollarda to'liq tayanchli qilib bajariladi, ya’ni o‘zak bo'yinlarining soni /+1 ta
boʻlgan, bunda: /—val krivoshi plarining soni. Valning bunday konstruksiyalari
katta bikrlikni, shuning uchun blok-karter, o'zak podshipniklar va taqsimlash valning o'zini ham qulay sharoitda ishlashini ta’minlaydi
Maxsus Gaz taqsimlash valni ishlab chiqarish mashinasozlik kabi iqtisodiy jihatdan muhim sanoatga xizmat qiladi. Har qanday transport vositasining ishlashini uning "yuragi" - dvigatelsiz tasavvur qilib bo'lmaydi, uning asosiy elementi gaz taqsimlash val mexanizmi. O'z navbatida, gaz taqsimlash val mexanik energiyani momentga aylantirishga yordam beradigan ushbu tizimning asosiy komponenti hisoblanadi.
Chizmalar bo'yicha gaz taqsimlash val ishlab chiqarish
Dizayni va maqsadiga ko'ra, bizning ustaxonamizda ishlab chiqarilishi butunlay tsiklik bo'lgan gaz taqsimlash val detal qattiq, yig'ma yoki kompozit bo'lishi mumkin. Qattiq bo'lganlar eng qimmat hisoblanadi va eksklyuziv uskunalar mexanizmlarida qo'llaniladi - masalan, qimmatbaho sport avtomobillari. Ommaviy iste'molchilar uchun mo'ljallangan kamroq ixtisoslashgan avtomobil sanoatida pre fabrik taqsimlash detal talabga ega. Katta o'lchamli uskunalar ishlab chiqarishda - xususan, kemasozlikda quyma talabga ega.
Mijoz chizmalariga ko'ra zavodda vallarni ishlab chiqarish
Chizma shunchaki mahsulotni ishlab chiqarish uchun grafik "pasport" emas. Uni rentgen nurlari bilan solishtirish mumkin, chunki 3D modellashtirish dasturida olingan tasvir valning barcha strukturaviy elementlarining shaklini iloji boricha aniqroq aks ettiradi, shuningdek ularning o'lchamlarini ko'rsatadi. Bu katta gaz taqsimlash valni ishlab chiqarish uchun ham, kichikroq detallar uchun ham muhimdir.
Mutaxassislar detalning tuzilishini yaxshiroq tushunishlari uchun uni va uning elementlarini turli proektsiyalarda va hatto bo'limda ko'rsatish mumkin. Chizma, shuningdek, texnik ijrochilarga mahsulot ishlab chiqarishning o'ziga xos xususiyatlarini "ko'rsatishi" mumkin: bardoshlik, markazdan og'ishlar, sirt tarangligi va boshqalar.
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Ishlab chiqarish turini aniqlash, gaz taqsimlash vallarning zagotovka turini tanlash va uni tayyorlash usulini aniqlash

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Ishlab chiqarish turini aniqlash, gaz taqsimlash vallarning zagotovka turini tanlash va uni tayyorlash usulini aniqlash
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bet | 4/11 | Sana | 17.05.2024 | Hajmi | 1,95 Mb. | | #239854 |
Bog'liq Vishlab chiqarish kursavoy mirjalol12Ishlab chiqarish turini aniqlash, gaz taqsimlash vallarning zagotovka turini tanlash va uni tayyorlash usulini aniqlash
Texnologik jarayonlarni ishlab chiqishda muhim bosqichlardan biri ishlab chiqarish turini aniqlash hisoblanadi. Shu sababli bu ish texnologik jarayonni loyihalashni boshlang‘ich bosqichida bajariladi. Ishlab chiqarish turi mahsulotni ishlab chiqarish uchun texnologik jarayonini tuzishda va korxona ishini tashkil etishga juda katta ta’sir etadi.
Ishlab chiqarish turining tavsifi. 1-jadval
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Ishlab chiqarish turini aniqlash, gaz taqsimlash vallarning zagotovka turini tanlash va uni tayyorlash usulini aniqlash
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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar

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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar
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bet | 7/7 | Sana | 18.05.2024 | Hajmi | 40,04 Kb. | | #241317 |
Bog'liq tarmoq (1)Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
https://thenationaltv.com/Bihar/the-fifth-layer-of-the-open-systems-interconnection-osi-model-is-named-session-layer
https://wikipedia.org
Peter John Down, Frank Edward Taylor. Why Distributed Computing?: An NCC Review of Potential and Experience in the UK. — NCC Publications, 1976. — 188 с.
Carl A. Sunshine. Computer Network Architectures and Protocols. — Springer Science & Business Media, 2013-06-29. — 542 с. — ISBN 978-1-4613-0809-6.
A. Hasman. Education and Training in Health Informatics in Europe: State of the Art, Guidelines, Applications. — IOS Press, 1995. — 288 с. — ISBN 978-90-5199-234-2.
Olga Wais. 11 Best FTP Clients for Mac in 2021. Only One Winner! (англ.). Eltima Software. Дата обращения: 18 апреля 2021.
Computer Pioneers - Bachman, Charles. history.computer.org. Дата обращения: 22 ноября 2020.
Data networks, open system communications and security. www.itu.int. Дата обращения: 22 ноября 2020.
Andrew L. Russell. Open Standards and the Digital Age: History, Ideology, and Networks. — Cambridge University Press, 2014-04-28. — 325 с. — ISBN 978-1-139-91661-5.
Keith Shaw. The OSI model explained and how to easily remember its 7 layers (англ.). Network World (14 October 2020). Дата обращения: 22 ноября 2020.
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Dialogni boshlash - Bajardi: 210-21- guruh talabasi To’laganov Ikromjon Tekshirdi

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Bajardi: 210-21- guruh talabasi To’laganov Ikromjon Tekshirdi
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bet | 2/7 | Sana | 18.05.2024 | Hajmi | 40,04 Kb. | | #241317 |
Bog'liq tarmoq (1)Dialogni boshlash: Seans sathi, ma'lumot almashishni boshlash uchun aloqani o'rnatadi va boshlashni boshqaradi. Bu, aloqa o'rnatilgandan so'ng, uning davom etishini va to'xtashini boshqarish uchun kerak bo'lgan protokollar bilan aloqani o'rnatishni o'z ichiga oladi.
Dialogni boshqarish: Aloqani boshqarish uchun seans sathi kerak bo'lgan protokollar yordamida ma'lumotlarni almashish va tarqatishni amalga oshiradi. Bu, ma'lumot paketlarini yuborish va qabul qilishni o'z ichiga oladi.
Dialogni to'xtatish: Aloqani to'xtatish kerak bo'lgan protokollar bilan aloqani to'xtatadi. Misol uchun, foydalanuvchi brauzerda veb-saytni yopib, unga qaytishi bilan aloqani to'xtatadi.
Dialogni davom ettirish: Aloqani davom ettirish kerak bo'lgan protokollar bilan aloqani davom ettiradi. Misol uchun, foydalanuvchi veb-saytdagi bir nechta sahifalar orasida o'chib qaytsa, aloqani davom ettirish protokollaridan foydalanadi.
Dialogni tanlash: Agar bir nechta muhitlar orasida aloqa olsangiz, seans sathi aloqalarini tanlash uchun protokollar yordam beradi.
Dialogni boshqarish: Seans sathi aloqalarini boshqarish uchun kerak bo'lgan turli xil amallarni bajarish uchun protokollar mavjud.
Seans sathi, veb-brauzer va server o'rtasidagi foydalanuvchi muhitini yashirish, aloqa davomida ma'lumotlar almashishni shifrlash, va foydalanuvchining tarmoqda amalga oshirgan harakatlarini boshqarish uchun juda muhimdir.
Sathning faoliyati – muloqot, dialog, ma’lumot almashish. Sath bo’yicha misollar Network File System, Apple Talk Session Protocol.
Seans sathi (session layer), tarmoq protokollarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan va o'z ichiga olgan muhim vazifalarni bajaradi:
Ma'lumot almashishning boshlanishi va yakunlanishi: Seans sathi aloqasi, foydalanuvchi tomonidan ma'lumot almashishni boshlashda va uni yakunlashda ishtirok etadi. U, aloqani boshlash va to'xtatish uchun kerak bo'lgan protokollar bilan aloqani boshqaradi.
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