nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
sUggestIons foR fURtheR ReAdIng

210
nOnTRaDiTiOnaL MaPPing
Cartwright, William, et al. (Eds.). (1999).
Multimedia Cartography. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Cartwright, William, et al. (Eds.). (2007.
Multimedia Cartography (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer-
Verlag.
Castner, Henry W. (1983). Tactual Maps and Graphics: Some Implications for Our Study of
Visual Cartographic Communication.
Cartographica,
20(3), 1–16.
DiBiase, David, MacEachren, Alan M., Krygier, John B., and Reves, C. (1992). Animation
and the Role of Map Design in Scientific Visualization.
Cartography and Geographic
Information Systems,
19, 201–214, 265–266.
Golledge, Reginald G., and Rice, Matthew. (2005). A Commentary on the Use of Touch for
Accessing On-Screen Spatial Representations: The Process of Experiencing Haptic Maps
and Graphics.
Professional Geographer,
57, 339–349.
Harrower, Mark. (2003). Tips for Designing Effective Animated Maps.
Cartographic Per-
spectives,
44, 63–65, 82–83.
Harrower, Mark. (2004). A Look at the History and Future of Animated Maps.
Cartograph-
ica,
39(3), 33–42.
Harrower, Mark. (2007). The Cognitive Limits of Animated Maps.
Cartographica,
42, 349–
357.
Kraak, Menno-Jan. (2007). Cartography and the Use of Animation. In William Cartwright,
Michael P. Peterson, and Michael P. Gartner (Eds.),
Multimedia Cartography (pp. 317–
326). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Kraak, Menno-Jan, and Brown, Allan. (Eds.). (2001).
Web Cartography: Developments and
Prospects. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Krygier, John B. (1994). Sound and Geographic Visualization. In Alan M. MacEachren and
D. R. Fraser Taylor (Eds.),
Visualization in Modern Cartography (pp. 149–166). New
York: Pergamon.
Mitchell, Tyler. (2005).
Web Mapping Illustrated. Sebastapol, CA: O’Reilly.
Olson, Judy M. (1997). Multimedia in Geography: Good, Bad, Ugly, or Cool?
Annals of the
Association of American Geographers,
87(4), 571–578.
mathematical Projections - Tyner indb

The earth’s graticule and Projections 121
projection, the zones of best representation are around the central meridan and the
40th parallels.
goode’s Homolosine Projection
In 1923, J. Paul Goode devised the homolosine projection by combining the sinu-
soidal and homolographic projections. The homolosine is made up of the sinusoidal
from 40°N to 40°S and the homolographic from the 40th parallels to the poles,
thus combining the “best” parts of the two projections and extending the zone of
cylindrical Projections - Tyner indb

108 THe geOgRaPHiC anD CaRTOgRaPHiC FRaMeWORK
the equator, a graphic scale for each parallel can be constructed. Figure 6.17 illus-
trates such a scale for a cylindrical (Mercator) projection with an equatorial scale of
1:1,000,000.
There are many cylindrical projections. Although they all have a family resem-
blance, they may be constructed to preserve different properties. For example, there
are cylindrical equal-area, cylindrical conformal (Mercator), and several compromise
cylindrical projections. These projections vary only in the spacing of the parallels.
A subgroup of the cylindricals that is sometimes described are the
pseudocy-
lindrical projections. These projections have straight parallels with the meridians
equally spaced, but the meridians are curved.
Probably the best known projection is the Mercator projection (Figure 6.18),
which is a cylindrical conformal projection. It is also one of the most misused of
the projections. Gerardus Mercator (Gerard Kramer) created the projection in 1569
to solve a particular mapping problem. The 16th century was a time of exploration
and yet a period when few navigational aids were available to sailors. The compass
existed and the tools to determine latitude, but longitude was difficult to determine
at sea, and great circle routes were hard to follow. The navigator needed a chart that
would allow him to make a landfall, despite his relatively poor instruments. Although
a short route was desirable, finding port was more important. Mercator’s projection
was designed to show constant compass directions (rhumb lines) as straight lines,
which means that a simple protractor could be used to read and plot compass angles
(ship’s course) correctly (Figure 6.19). Because it was conformal, the shapes of small
features, such as bays and harbors, were correctly represented. This was a major
breakthrough for navigation at the period.
Unfortunately, the Mercator projection has been much abused. Because of its
rectangular shape and the neat appearance of the graticule, because it is easy to draw
and fits nicely on a page, it has been widely used for maps of the world, especially for
wall maps in schools. Many significant misconceptions were produced in the minds
of generations of students because of this projection’s severe distortion of area. Com-
monly, students would wonder why Greenland was an island, but South America
was a continent. Because areal distortion is especially great in the high latitudes,
Greenland appears to be about the same size as South America, whereas it is actually
about the size of Mexico. In addition, since many people assume that a straight line
between two points is the shortest distance on any map, erroneous ideas of distance
result. Figure 6.20 shows the relationship between a rhumb line and a great circle
Equator
miles
Equator
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
50°
50°
30°
10°
30°
10°
Cytotoxic properties of gold nanoparticles bioreduced by extracts of

Cytotoxic properties of gold nanoparticles bioreduced by extracts of Dunaliella salina Vladimir Bogatyrev, IBPPM RAS, Russia, Daniil Chumakov, IBPPM RAS, Russia, Timofey Pylaev, IBPPM RAS, Russia, Elena Avdeeva, IBPPM RAS, Russia, Lev Dykman, IBPPM RAS, Russia, Nikolai Khlebtsov, IBPPM RAS, SSU Russia
Obtaining and the specificity characterization of antibodies against the plant signaling peptide CLE41/44 by gold nanoparticle conjugates Gennady Burygin, IBPPM RAS, Russia Maria Gancheva, St Petersburg University, Russia Irina Dodueva, St Petersburg University, Russia Lev Dykman, IBPPM RAS, Russia
Test model for luminescent protein-based label synthesis Artem A. Bakal, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia Alina A. Kokorina, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia Anna S. Novoselova, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia Larisa A. Nazaryan, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia Angelina A. Shtanova, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia Milena N. Gasparyan, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia Irina Yu. Goryacheva, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
INTERNET REPORTS
Temperature sensing in second and third biological transparency windows using rare-earth-doped NaGdF4 nanoparticles D.V. Pominova, Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.Yu. Proydakova, Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences I.D. Romanishkin, Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences P.V. Grachev, Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences S.V. Kuznetsov, Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.V. Ryabova, Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Science
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“VENN DIAGRAMMASI” GRAFIK ORGANAYZERI

78
Uni qo’llash bosqichlari quyidagilardan iborat:
7-rasm. Grafik organayzerlarni qo’llash bosqichlari
Ta`lim oluvchi (talaba)lar to’rt guruhga bo’linadi
Yozuv taxtasiga topshiriqni
bajarish mohiyatini
aks ettiruvchi sxema chiziladi
Har bir guruhga o’zlashtirilayotgan mavzu (bo’lim, bob)
yuzasidan alohida
topshiriqlar beriladi
Topshiriqlar bajarilgach, guruh a’zolari orasidan liderlar tanlanadi
Liderlar guruh a’zolari tomonidan
bildirilgan fikrlarni
umumlashtirib, yozuv taxtasida aks etgan diagrammani to’ldiradi
79
Grafik organayzerni qo’llash jarayonida har bir guruh muayyan mavzuga oid
topshiriqlarni bajaradi. Ta`lim oluvchi (talaba)larning e’tiborlariga quyidagi jadvalni
taqdim etish mumkin:
Guruhlar
Diagrammaning
tartib raqami
Topshiriqlar mazmuni
1- guruh
1-diagramma
2-diagramma
3-diagramma
2-guruh
1-diagramma
2-diagramma
3-diagramma
3-guruh
1-diagramma
2-diagramma
3-diagramma
4-guruh
1-diagramma
2-diagramma
3-diagramma
Table of contents Organizers - bet 72

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Table of contents Organizers
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bet | 72/138 | Sana | 22.12.2020 | Hajmi | 492,9 Kb. | | #12926 |
International Program Committee: Wei Chen, University of Central Oklahoma (USA); Cornelia Denz, University of Münster (Germany); Kishan Dholakia, University of St. Andrews (UK); Paul M.W. French, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (UK); Elina A. Genina, Saratov State University (Russia); Kirill V. Larin, University of Houston (USA), Saratov State University (Russia); Martin Leahy, National University of Ireland, Galway; Qingming Luo, Hainan University (China); Roberto Pini, Inst. di Fisica Applicata, Sesto Fiorentino (Italy); Juergen Popp, Inst. of Photonic Technology, Jena (Germany); Alexander V. Priezzhev, Moscow State University (Russia); Lihong Wang, Caltech, Pasadena (USA); Ruikang K. Wang, University of Washington (USA); Mikhail Yu. Kirillin, Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Nizhny Novgorod (Russia), Valery P. Zakharov, Samara State University (Russia), Edik Rafailov, Aston University (UK).
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INTERNET REPORTS - Table of contents Organizers

INTERNET REPORTS
1.Simulation of induction heating of a steel design with a titanium coating and experimental study of structural changes of this bimetallic system
Aleksandr Fomin, Ivan Egorov, Saratov State Technical University, Russia
2.Optical and thermal imaging analysis of the kinetics of one- and two-cycle induction treatment of equimass titanium products at normal air pressure
Aleksandr Fomin, Andrey Shchelkunov, Aleksey Voyko, Marina Fomina,Saratov State Technical University, Russia
Conference on Internet Biophotonics XII
Chairs: Alexey N. Bashkatov, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia; Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia; Ivan V. Fedosov, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia; and Valery V. Tuchin, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia; Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia; Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control RAS, Russia
Secretary: Daria K. Tuchina, Saratov State University (National Research University of Russia), Saratov, Russia
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INTERNET REPORTS - Table of contents Organizers

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Table of contents Organizers
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INTERNET REPORTS
Functional and morphological changes in the testicular tissue of rat newborns during chronic hypoxia (experimental study), T.V. Palatova1, G.N. Maslyakova1, A.B. Bucharskaya1, E.A. Genina2, A.N. Bashkatov2, 1Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia; 2Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
A mathematical model of epidermis regeneration after ultraviolet radiation-induced damage, Mikhail Stolnitz, Saratov State University, Russia
Thermal denaturation of proteins under laser irradiation, Irina Yu. Yanina1,2, Nikita A. Navolokin3, Irina Vidyasheva1, 1Saratov National Research State University; 2National Research Tomsk State University (TSU); 3Saratov State Medical University, Russia
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September 26, Thursday - Table of contents Organizers

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Table of contents Organizers
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September 26, Thursday
PLENARY SESSION
(Building 3, Big Physical Hall)
Chair: Valery V. Tuchin, Saratov State University
17.00-18.00
Upconverting nanoparticles applied in tissue imaging, Stefan Andersson-Engels, Irish Photonic Integration Centre (IPIC), Tyndall National Institute and Department of Physics, University College Cork, Ireland
Through tissue non-invasive sensing and imaging, Zeev Zalevsky, Bar Ilan University, Tel Aviv, Israel
JOINT POSTER/INTERNET SESSION AND INTERNET DISCUSSION
(Building 3, Big Physical Hall, Room 43)
Moderators: Dmitry Agafonov, Maxim Malovetsky, Ivan V. Fedosov, Saratov State University
18.00-19.30
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Adding Functionality with Variables and User Input

Bash Scripting
85
u
#! /bin/bash
v
# This is your second bash script. In this one, you prompt
# the user for input, place the input in a variable, and
# display the variable contents in a string.
w
echo "What is your name?"
read name
x
echo "What chapter are you on in Linux Basics for Hackers?"
read chapter
y
echo "Welcome $name to Chapter $chapter of Linux Basics for Hackers!"
Listing 8-2: A simple script making use of variables
We open with
#! /bin/bash
to tell the system we want to use the bash inter-
preter for this script
u
. We then add a comment that describes the script and
its functionality
v
. After that, we prompt the user for their name and ask
the interpreter to read the input and place it into a variable we call
name
w
.
Then we prompt the user to enter the chapter they are currently working
through in this book, and we again read the keyboard input into a variable,
this time called
chapter
x
.
In the final line, we construct a line of output that welcomes the reader
by their name to the chapter they are on
y
. We use the
echo
command and
provide the text we want to display on the screen in double quotes. Then, to
fill in the name and chapter number the user entered, we add the variables
where they should appear in the message. As noted in Chapter 7, to use the
values contained in the variables, you must precede the variable name with
the
$
symbol.
Save this file as
WelcomeScript.sh. The
.sh extension is the convention for
script files. You might have noticed we didn’t include the extension earlier;
it’s not strictly required, and it makes no difference if you leave the exten-
sion off. The extension can be a useful indicator for other people that this
file is a shell script, though.
Now, let’s run this script. Don’t forget to give yourself execute permis-
sion with
chmod
first; otherwise, the operating system will scold you with a
Permission denied
message.
kali >
Microwave-assisted synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles using spatial restrictions

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Microwave-assisted synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles using spatial restrictions
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bet | 66/138 | Sana | 22.12.2020 | Hajmi | 492,9 Kb. | | #12926 |
Microwave-assisted synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles using spatial restrictions Stepuhovitch М.S., National Research Saratov State University, Russia Vostrikova A.M., National Research Saratov State University, Russia Bakal А.А., National Research Saratov State University, Russia Tsyupka D.V., National Research Saratov State University, Russia Mordovina Е.А, National Research Saratov State University, Russia
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of human platelets in normal and individuals with cardiovascular pathology Karina Matveeva, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Russia Andrey Zyubin, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Russia Vladimir Rafalskiy, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Russia Ekaterina Moiseeva, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Russia Anna Tcibulnikova, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Russia Alina Tsapkova, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Russia Ilia Samusev, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Russia Valery Bryukhanov, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Russia
Au nanoparticles geometrical and optical properties as the key parameters towards the effective plasmonic layers mediated cell optoporation Elena Avdeeva, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms Russian Academy of Sciences IBPPM RAS, Russia Timofey E. Pylaev, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms Russian Academy of Sciences IBPPM RAS, Russia Nikolai G. Khlebtsov, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms Russian Academy of Sciences IBPPM RAS, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
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/WelcomeScript.sh - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

86
Chapter 8
This is a simple script, but it taught you how to use variables and take
input from the keyboard. These are both crucial concepts in scripting that
you will need to use in more complex scripts in future.
Your Very First Hacker Script: Scan for Open Ports
Now that you have some basic scripting skills, let’s move to some slightly
more advanced scripting that has real-world application to hacking. We’ll
use an example from the world of black hat hacking. Black hat hackers are
those with malicious intentions, such as stealing credit card numbers or
defacing websites. White hat hackers are those with good intentions, such
as helping software developers or system administrators make their systems
more secure. Gray hat hackers are those who tend to move between these
two extremes.
Before you continue, you need to become familiar with a simple yet
essential tool named nmap that comes installed on Kali by default. You’ve
likely heard the name; nmap is used to probe a system to see whether it
is connected to the network and finds out what ports are open. From the
open ports discovered, you can surmise what services are running on the
target system. This is a crucial skill for any hacker or system administrator.
In its simplest form, the syntax for running an nmap scan looks like this:
nmap
Not too difficult. The simplest and most reliable nmap scan is the TCP
connect scan, designated with the
-sT
switch in nmap. So, if you wanted to
scan IP address 192.168.181.1 with a TCP scan, you would enter the following:
chapter 12 - Tyner indb

214
CRiTiQUe OF MaPs
on all aspects of design. Finally, one must keep in mind that there is no perfect map;
the cartographer/mapmaker strives to create the best map possible given his or her
skills, data, and equipment.
mAkeoVeR 1
The cartographer’s assignment for Plate 12.1 was to make a map to illustrate an
article on poverty in the United States for a popular magazine. The magazine allows
color. Plate 12.1 is based on the default colors that are found in some spreadsheet and
mapping software programs.
Critique
•
•
. The colors have no logic; they are simply the additive and subtractive
primaries. With this scheme, the lowest value states are red, which would normally
be used for high values, and the high-value states are magenta, which can also be
used for high.
fIgURe 6.10 - Tyner indb

102 THe geOgRaPHiC anD
CaRTOgRaPHiC FRaMeWORK
1.
Equivalence of area. Maps that preserve area scale are called
equal-area or
equivalent projections.
2.
Preservation of angles or of shape of small areas. Projections that have this
proporty
are called conformal or
orthomorphic projections.
3.
Linear scale. Projections that preserve the linear scale for some part of the
map are called
equidistant projections.
4.
Direction, specifically azimuths. These projections are called
azimuthals or
zenithals.
There are various other properties, such as showing great circles as straight lines
and the like, but these have no specific category. A last category is a
compromise
group that has no special properties, but presents a good general appearance that is
not terribly distorted in any of the properties.
eQUiVaLenT PROJeCTiOns
A uniform area scale is maintained on equivalent or equal-area projections. Equiva-
lence is obtained by matching stretching with compression. That is, if there is stretch-
ing in one dimension, there must be equal compression in the orthogonal (at right
angles) dimension. To do this, angles may be distorted, which means that shape is
sacrificed. The shapes in Figure 6.11 all have the same area. It is possible to maintain
equivalence throughout the projection.
COnFORMaL PROJeCTiOns
These
are also called orthomorphic projections. Often conformal projections are
incorrectly described as true-shape projections, but the shape quality is limited. Con-
formal projections preserve angles with infinitely short sides; therefore, only small
features, such as a bay or peninsula, retain correct shape; larger areas, such as coun-
tries or continents, are distorted in overall configuration.
Conformality is achieved by meeting two conditions: (1) parallels and meridians
must cross at right angles, and (2) scale must be the same in all directions about a
Interaction of bistable neurons leading to the complex network dynamics

Interaction of bistable neurons leading to the complex network dynamics Andrey Andreev1, N.S. Frolov1, A.N. Pisarchik2, 1Innopolis University, Russia; 2Technical University of Madrid, Spain
Synchronization of cerebral and peripheral blood circulation: stress-induced changes Olga N. Pavlova1, A.S. Abdurashitov1, O.V. Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya1, A.N. Pavlov1,2, 1Saratov State University; 2Saratov State Technical University, Russia
Detection of early gastric cancer with wavelet tools Olga N. Pavlova1, E. Borisova2, A.N. Pavlov3, O.V. Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya1, 1Saratov State University, Russia; 2Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria; 3Saratov State Technical University, Russia
Using artificial neural networks for classification of kinesthetic and visual imaginary movements by MEG data
S.A. Kurkin1, P. Chholak2, G. Niso2, V.A. Maksimenko1, N.S. Frolov1, Elena Pitsik1, A.N. Pisarchik1, 1Innopolis University, Russia; 2Technical University of Madrid, Spain
The technique for detection the precursors to start of the limb movement using EMG signals S.A. Kurkin, V. Khorev, E. Pitsik, V. Maksimenko, Innopolis University, Russia
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DECISION
MAKING - Tyner indb

Putting it all Together 215
The map has a large north arrow that serves no purpose and is incorrect for a
map with radiating meridians, which can be seen on many north–south state borders.
No date is provided and no source of information. While a scale is not strictly neces-
sary on a map of this type, since no measurements will be made, it would be useful
for general dimensionality. The categories were selected
by the software and have
ambiguities. That is, the first category goes up to 9.4 and the second begins with 9.4;
therefore, states could be put in either category. In addition, abbreviations are used in
the
title and legend, which isn’t desirable, but can be done if space is an issue.
Makeover: Plate 12.2
•
•
. The colors have been changed to a sequential scheme
with the lightest hues representing the lowest values and the darkest hues representing
the highest values. The categories have remained at six, although five or seven could
have been used, especially if the mapmaker wanted to show the variation within the
highest states or wanted to group the states with less than 10% poverty. A source is
given so that the reader can obtain detailed data and a date has been added to the
title. A simple scale has been added that gives a sense of relative sizes. Because space
is not a problem in the layout, abbreviations have been omitted. No projection name
has been provided because there is little distortion on this conic equal-area projec-
tion.
fIgURe 11.4 - Tyner indb

Continuity and Change in the Computer era 209
design considerations
As with the other map types discussed in this chapter, one must ask if the map will
add to the act of communication. The principles of good design apply to Web maps
just as they do to paper maps or any other graphic, but there are a few additional
considerations that result from the medium. Web maps are always viewed on a com-
puter monitor; therefore, one must be aware of the variety of computers and moni-
tors that might be used. There are differences between PC and Macintosh computers
and their display capabilities. Laptop monitors and many new desktop monitors are
LCD, high resolution, and wide screen. They are 32-bit, meaning they can display
over 16 million colors. Older systems may be only 8-bit and lower resolution and can
display only 256 colors. Although desktop computers commonly have large monitors,
22 inches or more, “netbooks,” supersmall laptop computers, with screens as small
as 8 inches, are becoming popular and, increasingly, cell phones are used to access
the Web. Thus, since the cartographer has no control over the computer system and
monitor, it is best to use Web-safe colors as described in Chapter 4. ColorBrewer
indicates if color schemes are optimal on computer monitors.
As with paper maps, color harmony is important for Web maps. Because it is
easy to include color backgrounds on Web pages, one should be careful that the map
and its background are compatible, and that the lettering is legible on the background
and doesn’t hurt the user’s eyes. The basic guidelines apply, but because of resolution,
such things as white lettering on a black background becomes even more difficult
to read, and red lettering on an emerald green background seems to vibrate and is
annoying to the reader.
Resolution has implications for type, as we saw with animated maps. In general,
larger type and type without large differences between thick and thin must be used.
Nothing smaller than 10 point should be used. TypeBrewer provides guidelines for
the use of type on monitors.
Because monitor sizes vary widely, if a scale is used on the map, it must be a
graphic scale. Representative fractions and verbal scales are meaningless when the
size of the map changes with the size of the monitor. The guidelines for type also
apply, small point sizes cannot be used on the scale. Finally, the scale cannot be bro-
ken down into small units. It will usually be a simple reference to show relative sizes
and distances, not exact measurements.
In the layout of the “page” it is desirable to keep the map “above the fold” as it
is called in newspaper graphic design. This means keeping the map toward the top of
the page so that it will not be cut off by some monitors.
It must be remembered that once a map is on the Web, it may be used in ways
the designer did not intend; the designer loses control of the map, and since many
consider
the Web to be public domain, some users will copy it without giving credit.
security 
v
newIDS - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

52
Chapter 5
x
The owner of the file
y
The size of the file in bytes
z
When the file was created or last modified
{
The name of the file
For now, let’s focus on the seemingly incomprehensible strings of letters
and dashes on the left edge of each line. They tell us whether an item is a
file or directory and what permissions, if any, are on it.
The first character tells you the file type, where
d
stands for a directory
and a dash (
–
) indicates a file. These are the two most common file types.
The next section defines the permissions on the file. There are three sets
of three characters, made of some combination of read (
r
), write (
w
), and
execute (
x
), in that order. The first set represents the permissions of the
owner; the second, those of the group; and the last, those of all other users.
Regardless of which set of three letters you’re looking at, for files, if
you see an
r
first, that user or group of users has permission to open and
read that file or directory. A
w
as the middle letter means they can write to
(modify) the file, and an
x
at the end means they can execute (or run) the
file or access the directory. If any
r
,
w
, or
x
is replaced with a dash (
-
), then
the respective permission hasn’t been given. Note that users can have per-
mission to execute only either binaries or scripts.
Let’s use the third line of output in Listing 5-1 as an example:
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 33685504 June 28 2018 hashcat.hcstat
The file is called, as we know from the right end of the line,
hashcat.hcstat.
After the initial
–
(which indicates it’s a file), the permissions
rw-
tell us that
the owner has read and write permissions but not execute permission.
The next set of permissions (
r--
) represents those of the group and
shows that the group has read permission but not write or execute permis-
sions. And, finally, we see that the rest of the users also have only read per-
mission (
r--
).
These permissions aren’t set in stone. As a root user or file owner, you
can change them. Next, we’ll do just that.
E XERCISES - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

50
Chapter 5
Different Types of Users
As you know, in Linux, the root user is all-powerful. The root user can do
basically
anything on the system. Other users on the system have more lim-
ited capabilities and permissions and almost never have the access that the
root user has.
These other users are usually collected into
groups that generally share
a similar function. In a commercial entity, these groups might be finance,
engineering, sales, and so on. In an IT environment, these groups might
include developers, network administrators, and database administrators.
The idea is to put people with similar needs into a group that is granted
relevant permissions; then each member of the group inherits the group
permissions. This is primarily for the ease of administering permissions
and, thus, security.
The root user is part of the root group by default. Each new user on the
system must be added to a group in order to inherit the permissions of that
group.
Chapter 4
Now you can search for the package you’re looking for. Simply click 
the Search

Adding and Removing Software
47
Resolving deltas: 100% (9/9), Done.
Checking connectivity... Done.
Listing 4-7: Cloning bluediving with git clone
The
git clone
command copies all the data and files from that location
onto your system. You can check to see that they’ve been successfully down-
loaded by using the long listing command
ls –l
on the target directory,
like so:
kali >
ls -l
If you’ve successfully cloned
bluediving to your system, you should see
something like the following output:
total 80
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Jan 10 22:19 bluediving
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 5 11:17 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 5 11:17 Documents
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 5 11:17 Downloads
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 5 11:17 Music
--
snip--
As you can see, bluediving has been successfully
cloned to the system,
and a new directory named
bluediving has been created for its files.
Summary
In this chapter, you learned a few of the many ways to download and install
new software on your Linux system. Software package managers (like apt),
GUI-based installers, and git clones are
the most common and crucial
methods for an aspiring hacker to know. You’ll soon find yourself becom-
ing familiar with each of them.
ls -l
on the directory and looking at the hashcat.hcstat line. Navigate to the 
directory and run that command now:
kali >ls -l

Controlling File and Directory Permissions
55
So, if you want to remove the write permission from the user that the
file
hashcat.hcstat belongs to, you could enter the following:
kali >
chmod u-w hashcat.hcstat
This command says to remove (
-
) the write (
w
)
permission from hashcat
.hcstat for the user (
u
).
Now when you check the permissions with
ls –l
again, you should see
that the
hashcat.hcstat file no longer has write permission for the user:
kali >
ls -l
total 32952
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Dec 5 10:47 charsets
-r-xr-xr-- 1 root root 33685504 June 28 2018 hashcat.hcstat
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 33685504 June 28 2018 hashcat.hctune
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 5 10:47 masks
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 5 10:47 OpenCL
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Dec 5 10:47 rules
You can also change multiple permissions with just one command. If
you want to give both the user and other users (not including the group)
execute permission, you could enter the following:
kali >chmod u+x, o+x hashcat.hcstat
This command tells Linux to add the execute permission for the user
as well as the execute permission for others for the
hashcat.hcstat file.
Conference on Microscopy and Low-Coherence Methods XII

|
Conference on Microscopy and Low-Coherence Methods XII
|
bet | 68/138 | Sana | 22.12.2020 | Hajmi | 492,9 Kb. | | #12926 |
Chair: Kirill Larin, University of Houston, USA
Secretary:Georgy G. Akchurin, Saratov State University, Institute of Precise Mechanics and Control of the RAS
International Program Committee:Shoude Chang, National Research Council (Canada); Mary Dickinson, Baylor College of Medicine (USA); Christoph K. Hitzenberger, University of Vienna (Austria); Igor V. Meglinski, University of Oulu (Finland); Valery V. Tuchin, Saratov State University
|
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Building 10, Main Conference Hall (or Building 3, Big Physical Hall

|
Building 10, Main Conference Hall (or Building 3, Big Physical Hall
|
bet | 69/138 | Sana | 22.12.2020 | Hajmi | 492,9 Kb. | | #12926 |
Building 10, Main Conference Hall (or Building 3, Big Physical Hall)
Chair: Vladislav Toronov, Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
14.00-14.20
Invited
Interplay among temperature, thermal-stress and strain fields in laser-assisted modification of collagenous tissues studied by speckle-contrast technique and optical coherence elastography
Vladimir Zaitsev, Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Russia; Olga I. Baum, Alexey V. Yuzhakov, Alexander P. Sviridov, Maria L. Novikova, Institute of Photon Technologies, FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics”, RAS, Moscow, Russia; Alexander L. Matveyev, Lev A. Matveev, Alexander A. Sovetsky, Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Russia; Emil N. Sobol, IPG Medical Corporation, Marlborough, Massachusetts, USA
|
| |
USER
The user who invoked the process
PID

USER The user who invoked the process
PID The process ID
%CPU The percent of CPU this process is using
%MEM The percent of memory this process is using
COMMAND The name of the command that started the process
In general, to perform any action on a process, we must specify its PID.
Let’s see how to use this identifier to our advantage.
Filtering by Process Name When we inquire about or perform an action on processes, we usually don’t
want all of the processes displayed on the screen. It’s simply a problem of
too much information. Most often, we want to find information on a single process. To do so, we can use the filtering command
grep
, which I intro
duced in Chapter 1.
To demonstrate, we’ll use the Metasploit exploitation framework, the
most widely used exploitation framework and nearly every hacker’s good
friend. This comes installed on your Kali system, so start Metasploit with
the following:
kali >msfconsole Once the exploitation framework has been started, let’s see whether
we can find it in the list of processes. Metasploit has now taken over this
terminal, so open another terminal. Now, use the
ps aux
command and
then pipe it (
|
) to
grep
looking for the string
msfconsole
, as in Listing 62.
kali >ps aux | grep msfconsole 1:36 ruby /usr/bin/msfconsole
root 39892 0.0 0.0 4304 940 pts/2 S+ 15:18 0:00 grep msfconsole
Listing 6-2: Filtering a ps search to find a particular process From the filtered output in this listing, you should see all the processes
that match the term
msfconsole
. Here, you see the
msfconsole
program itself
from /usr/bin/msfconsole, and then you should see the
grep
command you
used to look for
msfconsole
. Notice that the output did not include the column
header list from
ps
. Since the keyword,
msfconsole
, is not in the header, it is not
displayed. Even so, the results are displayed in the same format.
From this, you can learn some important information. If, for example,
you need to know how many resources Metasploit is using, you can consult
64 Chapter 6
the third column (the CPU column), to see that it’s using 35.1 percent of
your CPU, and consult the fourth column to see that it’s using 15.2 percent
of your system memory. That’s quite a bit. It’s a demanding beast!
Granting Permissions - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Controlling File and Directory Permissions
51
Granting Ownership to a Group
To transfer ownership of a file from one group to another, we can use the
chgrp
(or change group) command.
Hackers are often more likely
to work alone than in groups, but it’s not
unheard of for several hackers or pentesters work together on a project, and
in that case, using groups is necessary. For instance,
you might have a group
of pentesters and a group of security team members working on the same
project. The pentesters in this example are the root group, meaning they
have all permissions and access. The root group
needs access to the hack-
ing tools, whereas the security folk only need access to defensive tools such
as an intrusion detection system (IDS). Let’s say the root group downloads
and installs a program named newIDS; the root
group will need to change
the ownership to the security group so the security group can use it at will.
To do so, the root group would simply enter the following command:
kali >
chgrp
u
Giving Root Execute Permission on a New Tool

56
Chapter 5
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Dec 5 11.17 Public
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Dec 5 11.17 Templates
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Dec 5 11.17 Videos
We can see
newhackertool at u, along with the
rest of the contents of the
root directory. We can see that our
newhackertool doesn’t have execute per-
mission for anyone. This makes it impossible to use. It might seem strange
that by default, Linux won’t let you execute a file you downloaded, but over-
all this setting makes your system more secure.
We can give ourselves permission to execute
newhackertool by
entering
the following:
kali >
chmod 766 newhackertool
Now, when we perform a long listing on the directory, we can see that
our
newhackertool has execute permission for the owner:
kali >
chmod 766 newhackertool
kali >
ls -l
total 80
--
snip--
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Dec 5 11.17 Music
-rwxrw-rw- 1 root root 1072 Dec 5 11.17 newhackertool
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Dec 5 11.17 Pictures
--
snip--
As
you now understand, this grants us (as the owner) all permissions,
including execute, and grants the group and everyone else only read and
write permissions (4 + 2 = 6).
Chapter 8
A Crash Course in Bash

|
Chapter 8
A Crash Course in BashBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackers82
Chapter 8
A Crash Course in Bash
A shell is an interface between the user and the operating system that enables
you to manipulate files and run commands, utilities, programs, and much
more. The advantage of a shell is that you perform these tasks immediately
from the computer and not through an abstraction, like a GUI, which allows
you to customize your task to your needs. A number of different shells are
available for Linux, including the Korn shell, the Z shell, the C shell, and
the Bourne-again shell, more widely known as bash.
Because the bash shell is available on nearly all Linux and UNIX distri-
butions (including macOS and Kali), we’ll be using the bash shell, exclusively.
The bash shell can run any system commands, utilities, or applications
your usual command line can run, but it also includes some of its own built-
in commands. Table 8-1 later in the chapter gives you a reference to some
useful commands that reside within the bash shell.
In earlier chapters, you used the
cd
,
pwd
,
set
, and
umask
commands. In
this section, you will be using two more commands: the
echo
command, first
used in Chapter 7, which displays messages to the screen, and the
read
com-
mand, which reads in data and stores it somewhere else. Just learning these
two commands alone will enable you to build a simple but powerful tool.
You’ll need a text editor to create shell scripts. A text editor is a pro-
gram that can edit plain, unformatted text, like Notepad in Windows or
TextEdit in macOS. You can use whichever Linux text editor you like best.
Popular hacker choices include vi, vim, emacs, gedit, kate, and so on. I’ll be
using Leafpad in this book, as I have in previous chapters. Using a different
editor should not make any difference in your script or its functionality.
|
| |
Your First Script: “Hello, Hackers-Arise!”

Bash Scripting
83
Next, enter the
echo
command, which tells the system to simply repeat
(or
echo) back to your monitor whatever follows the command.
In this case, we want the
system to echo back to us
"Hello, Hackers-Arise!"
,
as done in Listing 8-1. Note that the text or message we want to echo back
must be in double quotation marks.
#! /bin/bash
# This is my first bash script. Wish me luck.
echo "Hello, Hackers-Arise!"
Listing 8-1: Your “Hello, Hackers-Arise!” script
Here, you also see a line that’s preceded by a hash mark (
#
). This is a
comment, which is a note you leave to yourself
or anyone else reading the
code to explain what you’re doing in the script. Programmers use com-
ments in every coding language. These comments are not read or executed
by
the interpreter, so you don’t need to worry about messing up your code.
They are visible only to humans. The bash shell knows a line is a comment
if it starts with the
#
character.
Now,
save this file as HelloHackersArise with no extension and exit your
text editor.
Setting More Secure Default Permissions with Masks

Controlling File and Directory Permissions
57
Resulting
permissions
umask
6 6 6
0 2 2
6 4 4
New files
−
7 7 7
0 2 2
7 5 5
New directories
−
Linux base permissions
Figure 5-1: How a umask value of 022 affects the permissions
on new files and directories
For example, if the
umask
is
set to
022
, a new file with the original default
permissions of
666
will now have the permissions
644
, meaning the owner
has both
read and write permissions, and the group and all other users
have only read permission.
In Kali, as with most Debian systems, the
umask
is preconfigured to 022,
meaning the Kali default is 644 for files and 755 for directories.
The
umask
value is not universal to all users on the system. Each user
can
set a personal default
umask
value for the files and directories in their
personal
.profile file. To see the current value when logged on as the user,
simply enter the command
umask
and note what is returned.
To change the
umask
value for a user, edit the file
/home/username/.profile and, for example,
add
umask 007
to set it so only the user and members of the user’s
group have
permissions.
E XERCISES - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

79
E XERCISES
Before you move on to Chapter 8, try out the skills you learned from this chapter
by completing the following exercises:
1. View all of your environment variables with the more command.
2. Use the echo command to view the HOSTNAME variable.
3. Find a method to change the slash (/) to a backslash (\) in the faux
Microsoft cmd PS1 example (see Listing 7-2).
4. Create a variable named MYNEWVARIABLE and put your name in it.
5. Use echo to view the contents of MYNEWVARIABLE.
6. Export MYNEWVARIABLE so that it’s available in all environments.
7. Use the echo command to view the contents of the PATH variable.
8. Add your home directory to the PATH variable so that any binaries in your
home directory can be used in any directory.
9. Change your PS1 variable to "World's Greatest Hacker:".
8
B A S H S C R I P T I N G
Any self-respecting hacker must be able
to write scripts. For that matter, any self-
respecting Linux administrator must be
able to script. Hackers often need to automate
commands, sometimes from multiple tools, and this
is most efficiently done through short programs they
write themselves.
In this chapter, we build a few simple bash shell scripts to start you off
with scripting. We’ll add capabilities and features as we progress, eventually
building a script capable of finding potential attack targets over a range of
IP addresses.
To become an elite hacker, you also need the ability to script in one of
the widely used scripting languages, such as Ruby (Metasploit exploits are
written in Ruby), Python (many hacking tools are Python scripts), or Perl
(Perl is the best text-manipulation scripting language). I give a brief intro-
duction to Python scripting in Chapter 17.
|
How Not to Add to the PATH Variable

How Not to Add to the PATH Variable
One mistake commonly made by new Linux users is assigning a new direc-
tory, such as /root/newhackingtool, directly to the
PATH
variable in this way:
kali >PATH=/root/newhackingtool
kali >echo $PATH
/root/newhackingtool
If you use this command, your
PATH
variable will only contain the /root/
newhackingtool directory and no longer contain the system binaries direc-
tories such as /bin, /sbin, and others that hold critical commands. When
you then go to use any of the system commands, you’ll receive the error
command not found
, as shown next, unless you first navigate to the system
binaries directory when you execute the command:
kali >ls
bash: ls: command not found
Remember that you want to append to the
PATH
variable, not replace it.
If you’re in doubt, save the contents of the variable somewhere before you
modify it.
Creating a User-Defined Variable
You can create your own custom, user-defined variables in Linux by simply
assigning a value to a new variable that you name. This may be useful when
you are doing some more advanced shell scripting or find you’re often using
a long command that you get tired of typing over and over.
78
Chapter 7
The syntax is straightforward: enter the name of your variable, followed
by the assignment symbol (
=
) without a space, and then the value to put in
the variable, as shown here:
kali >MYNEWVARIABLE="Hacking is the most valuable skill set in the 21st century"
This assigns a string to the variable
MYNEWVARIABLE
. To see the value in
that variable, use the
echo
command and the
$
content symbol with the vari-
able name, as we did earlier:
kali >echo $MYNEWVARIABLE
Hacking is the most valuable skill set in the 21st century
Just like our system environment variables, user-defined variables must
be exported to persist to new sessions.
If you want to delete this new variable, or any variable, use the
unset
command. Always think before deleting a system variable, though, because
your system will probably operate much differently afterward.
kali >unset MYNEWVARIABLE
kali >echo $MYNEWVARIABLE
kali >
As you can see, when you enter
unset MYNEWVARIABLE
, you delete the vari-
able along with its value. If you use
echo
on that same variable, Linux will
now return a blank line.
Summary
You might find environment variables foreign, but it’s worth getting to know
them. They control how your working environment in Linux looks, acts,
and feels. You can manage these variables to tailor your environment to
your needs by changing them, exporting them, and even creating your own.
In some cases, they may be useful for covering your tracks as a hacker.
Managing User Environment Variables
|
Jadval 4 - O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta‘lim vazirligi jizzax politexnika instituti

74
Komputerda qayta ishlanadigan ma‘lumotlar o‘z kundalik turmushida
ishlatiladigan barcha axborotlarni oladi. Turli kasb egalari o‘zlariga kerakli bo‘lgan
ma‘lumotlar bilan ish yuritadi. Bunday ma‘lumotlarning eng asosiylari sonli
(raqamli) va belgili (matnli) axborotlar xisoblanadi. Odatda, xar qanday axborot
tizimini yaratish uchun bu ikki turdagi ma‘lumot shakli etarlidir, chunki
foydalanuvchiga etqazilmoqchi bo‘lgan barcha axborot raqamlar yoki so‘zlardan
iborat bo‘ladi.
Ma‘lumotlarning turlari: Belgili ma‘lumot, sonli ma‘lumot, mantiqiy
ma‘lumotlar (Masalan, ―lampa yoniq‖ (TRUE) yoki ―lampa uchirilgan‖ (FALCE).
Jadval 15 - O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta‘lim vazirligi jizzax politexnika instituti

108
Ushbu misol Mathcad ishlashining xususiyatlarini namoyish qiladi.
1.Formulalar kitobda qanday yozilsa Mathcad da ham shunday yoziladi.
2.Qaysi amalni birinchi bajarishni Mathcad o‘zi aniqlaydi.
3.― =― belgisi yozilgandan keyin Mathcad natijani chiqaradi.
4.Operatorlar kiritilgandan so‘ng kiritish maydonchasi deb nomlangan
to‘g‘ri to‘rtburchakni ko‘rsatadi.
5.Ekrandagi ifodalarni tahrir qilish mumkin.
9.3. Mathcad dasturida grafiklar.
MathCadda funksiya va grafiklar. O‘zgaruvchi va funksiyalarni aniqlash.
Mathcadda o‘zgaruvchi va funksiyalarni aniqlash mumkin.
Masalan t o‘zgaruvchini aniqlash uchun t: kiritish lozim natijada hosil
bo‘ladi, bo‘sh maydonchaga ixtiyoriy son kiriting. Shu bilan t o‘zgaruvchini
aniqlash tugaydi t
10
:
. Ana shu tartibda har qanday o‘zgaruvchini aniqlash
mumkin. Bu yerda ―:=‖o‘zlashtirish operatori vazifasini bajaradi, yani = dan o‘ng
tarafdagi qiymatni ―=‖ dan chap tarafdagi o‘zgaruvchiga o‘zlashtiradi. Biz
bilamizki dasturlash tillarida lokal va global o‘zgaruvchi tushunchasi mavjud, bu
yerda ham bu tushuncha bor. Agar o‘zgaruvchi t:= ko‘rinishda aniqlansa u lokal
o‘zgaruvchi bo‘ladi. Global o‘zgaruvchi esa quyidagicha aniqlanadi
10
t
.
Misol keltiramiz,