nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Korxonada marketing boshqaruvining axborot tizimlari

201
bosqichlari marketing faoliyati kommunikatsion jarayonning ajralmas qismi bo’ladi.
Ularni amalga oshirish ko’p mehnat talab qilishni tegishli malakaga ega
bajaruvchilarning mavjudligi va katta moliyaviy harajatlar bilan bog’liqdir.
Marketingning axborot ta’minoti.
Marketingning axborot ta’minoti aniq
foydalanuvchilarning axborotga ehtiyojini qanoatlantirishning, uni olish, ishlab
chiqish, jamlash va foydalanish uchun qulay ko’rinishda topshirishning maxsus
usullari va vositalarini qo’llashga asoslangan jarayondir.
Marketing tadbirlarini bajarish uchun zarur axborotlar majmuasini odatda
marketing axborotlar tizimi
deb ataladi. Uni shakllanishi va faoliyat yuritishi
marketingning axborotli ta’minlanishi tizimiga suyanadi.
Rivojlangan MAT o’z ichiga quyidagi tizimlarni oladi:
1. Ichki axborotlar;
2. Tashqi axborotlar;
3. Marketing tadqiqotlari axborotlari.
Belgilanishi bo’yicha marketing axborotlarini quyidagilarga bo’lish mumkin:
domen D
i - Axborot tizimlari

85
Satrlar ustunlardan farqliroq o’z nomlariga ega emas, ularning jadvalda
joylashish tartibi aniqlanmagan va satrlar soni mantiqan chegaralanmagan bo’ladi.
Satrni tartib raqamiga ko’ra tanlab olib bo’lmaydi. Faylda har bir satr o’z raqamiga
ega bo’lsa ham, bu narsa satrni tavsiflamaydi. Bu raqam satr jadvaldan olib
tashlanganda o’zgaradi. Mantiqan satrlar o’rtasida “birinchi” va “oxirgi” degan
tushuncha yo’q.
Relyatsion tizimlarning qo’llanilishi murakkab siljishlar zaruriyatini bartaraf
qildi. CHunki ma’lumotlar endi bir fayl ko’rinishida emas, balki mustaqil to’plamlar
asosida tuzilib, ma’lumotlarni tanlab olish uchun amaliy to’plamlar nazariyasi –
relyatsion algebra amallari qo’llaniladi.
Axborot tizimlari - bet 61

83
5.4 Relyatsion ma’lumotlar bazasi va uning imkoniyatlari
Relyatsion model
(inglizcha reletion – munosabat) o’tgan asrning 70- yillari
boshida Amerika olimi E.F.Kodd tomonidan yaratilgan. Modelning soddaligi va
egiluvchanligi ma’lumotlar bazalari tuzuvchilarini e’tiborini o’ziga tortdi. 80-yillarga
kelib keng taraqqiy eta boshladi va relyatsion MBBTlar sanoat standarti darajasiga
ko’tarildi.
Model
relyatsion
algebrasi
tushunchalari
tizimiga
tayanadi.
Bu
tushunchalarning eng muhimlari jadval, satr, ustun, munosabat va birlamchi kalitlar
sanaladi, bajariladigan amallar esa jadvallar bilan ish olib borishda aks etadi.
Relyatsion modellarda axborot to’g’ri to’rtburchakli jadvallar ko’rinishida aks
ettiriladi. Har bir jadval ustun va satrlardan tashkil topgan bo’ladi va ma’lumotlar
bazalari ichida o’zining takrorlanmas nomiga ega.
Jadval
real olam axborotini – mohiyatini aks ettiradi, uning har bir satri
(yozuvi) esa ob’ektning aniq bir nusxasini – nusxa mohiyatini aks ettiradi. Jadvalning
har bir ustuni ushbu jadvalda o’ziga xos nomga ega. Jadval kamida bir ustunga ega
bo’lishi kerak.
Ma’lumotlarning relyatsion modeli yuqorida ko’rib chiqilgan tarmoqli va
ierarxiklardan foydalanuvchi uchun qulay bo’lgan jadvalli tasavvurlar va
ma’lumotlarga kirishning oddiy tuzilishi bilan farq qiladi. Ma’lumotlarning relyatsion
modeli oddiy ikki o’lchamli jadval -
munosabat (model ob’ektlari) larning
yig’indisidir. Relyatsion modeldagi relyatsion bog’liqdagi ikki jadvallar orasidagi
mantiqiy aloqalar jadval munosabatlariga tegishli bir xil atributlarning mazmun
jihatidan tengligiga ko’ra o’rnatiladi.
Jadval-munosabat
relyatsion modellarning universal ob’ekti hisoblanadi. Bu
relyatsion modeli turli MBBTlardagi ma’lumotlarini mosligini ta’minlash imkonini
beradi. Relyatsion modellarni ishlash operatsiyalari munosabatlar algebrasi va
relyatsion hisob-kitoblarning universal apparatidan foydalanishga asoslangan.
Jadval
relyatsion model ma’lumotlari (ob’ekti)ning asosiy turi hisoblanadi.
Jadvalning tuzilishi ustunlarning yig’indisi bilan belgilanadi. Jadvalning har bir
satrida tegishli ustunga mos keluvchi bittadan mazmun joylashgan bo’ladi. Jadvalda
ikkita bir xil satr bo’lishi mumkin emas. Satrlarning umumiy soni chegaralanmagan.
Ma’lumotlarning mustaqilligi -

82
mo’ljallangan ma’lumotlarga ishlov berishning murakkab tizimlarini yaratish
imkonini beradi.
Ma’lumotlar bazalarini loyihalashtirishda quyidagi tavsiflarni solishtirish va
tahlil qilishga asoslangan MBBTni asoslab tanlab olish muhim vazifa hisoblanadi:
-
dasturiy texnik bazasi (EHM turi va modeli, hisoblash vositalari
konfiguryatsiyasiga qo’yiladigan talablar, OT versiyasi);
-
ma’lumotlar bazalarining turlari (amaliy, muammoli, lokal, integrellashgan,
taqsimlangan);
-
foydalanuvchilarning malakalari (MBBT bilan ishlash uchun maxsus
tayyorgarlikga ega bo’lmagan foydalanuvchi, mutaxassisligi dasturchi bo’lmagan
darajadagi ma’lumotlar bazasi bilan ishlashga tayyorgarligi bo’lgan muammoli
sohasining mutaxassisi – foydalanuvchi, amaliy dasturchi, ma’lumotlar bazalarining
administratori);
-
ma’lumotlar bazalari bilan foydalanuvchilarning muloqat qilish vositalari
(dasturlash tillarini o’z ichiga oluvchi ma’lumotlar ustida ish olib borish va tasvirlash
tili);
-
ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlash rejimi (paketli, interaktiv, tarmoqli);
-
ma’lumotlarni mantiqiy va fizik mustaqilligi;
-
ma’lumotlar bazalari axborot strukturalarining asosiy xossalari (mantiqiy
tuzilishi - MBBT vositalari orqali amal qiladigan va tashkiliy tuzilmasini
o’zgartirmasdan uni modifikatsiya qilish imkoniyati, ma’lumotlar turini kengaytirgan
holda qarshiliksiz ishlov berishda);
-
havfsizlik darajasini ta’minlash va ma’lumotlarning to’laqonligi;
-
xizmat ko’rsatishning standart vositalari mavjudligi (ma’lumotlar bazalarini
kuzatishni doimiy dasturiy modullarini va ma’lumotlar lug’atini, ma’lumotlar
bazalarini engillashtiradigan (yukini tushiradigan), qayta tashkil etadigan va qayta
strukturalashtiradigan, tiklaydigan jurnalni yuritish, kiritish va hisobotlar
generatorlari va h.k.);
-
ishlatish tavsiflari (loyihachilar haqida, sarmoya egalari haqida, moddiy-
texnik ta’minotga bo’lgan talablar, tarqatish shakli).
Tanlab olingan MBBT bir qator talablarni qondira olishi kerak. Bularga
muammo sohasining barcha vazifalarini samarali bajarilishi; xotira resurslaridan
samarali foydalanish uchun saqlanayotgan ma’lumotlar hajmini minimallashtirish;
samarali axborot qarorlarini qabul qilishga imkon yaratish; havfsizlikni ta’minlash
jarayonini boshqarish; xodimlarga nisbatan ma’lumotlar bazalarini ishlatish bilan
bog’liq qulaylikni yaratilishi, EHM ni ishlatish mulojaasini soddalashtirish.
Umumiy olganda zamonaviy MBBT lar quyidagi talablarga javob berishi
lozim:
ma’lumotlarning mustaqilligi;
talablarning kuchli tili;
javob (sado berish) ning qisqa vaqti;
ma’lumotlar va kataloglarni qayta tashkil etishni qisqartirish yoki ulardan
voz kechish.
Axborot 
mahsulotlari - Axborot tizimlari

|
Axborot tizimlari Pdf ko'rish
|
bet | 125/155 | Sana | 19.05.2024 | Hajmi | 2,86 Mb. | | #243546 |
Bog'liq 21-Axborot-tizimlari-2013-oquv-qollanma-R.X.Alimov-va-bosh abdumajidAxborot
mahsulotlari
va
xizmatlari
marketingida
kompyuter
texnologiyalarini qo’llash – davr talabi.
Marketing
ma’lumotlarini
doimo
kuzatish va saqlash tizimida axborotlarni yig’ish boshqa marketing operatsiyalari
orasida katta o’rinni egallaydi, chunki u axborotlarning xususiyatlari bo’yicha turli-
tuman manbalar bilan bog’liqdir.
Marketing
korxonaning ishlab chiqarish va sotish faoliyatini boshqarish
tamoyili sifatida tashkil qilinadi. SHuning uchun iste’molchilarning talablarini
qanoatlantirish va eng katta foyda olish maqsadlarida bozor ehtiyojlarini har
taraflama o’rnatish nuqtai nazaridan muhitning quyidagi qismlari haqidagi bilimlarga
suyanadi:
- tovar va xizmatlar bozori;
- tovarlar va xizmatlarni ishlab chiqarish;
- ishlab chiqarish va sotish bozori bilan bog’liq tashqi makroiqtisodiy
ko’rsatkichlar.
Marketing
boshqarish
tizimidagi
axborotlarni
shakllantirish
va
foydalanishning asosiy tamoyillari quyidagilardir:
1. Axborotlarning muhimligi marketing muhitining holatini, vaqtning har bir
lahzasida aks ettirilishini bildiradi.
2. Ma’lumotlarning ishonchliligi, ishlab chiqarish, bozor va tashqi muhitni
ob’ektiv holati va rivojlanishini aniq katta tiklanishiga asoslangan.
3. Ma’lumotlarning relevantligi axborotlarni shakllantirgan talablarga to’liq
mosligini va keraksiz ma’lumotlar bilan ishlashdan qutilishga imkon beradi.
4. Tavsiflarning to’liqligi marketing muhitining holati va rivojlanishiga
ta’sirini shakllantiruvchi va ko’rsatuvchi barcha omillarning ob’ektiv hisobi uchun
muhimdir.
5. Ma’lumotlarning maqsadga muvofiqligi ularni ichki va tashqi bozorlarda
mahsulotlarni ishlab chiqarish va sotish sohasidagi aniq maqsadlar va vazifalarga
qaratadi.
6. Muvofiqlashtirilganlik va axborot birligi xulosalarda ziddiyatlar, birlamchi
va ishlab chiqilgan ma’lumotlarda moslashtirilganlik imkoniyatini yo’qotuvchi
ko’rsatkichlar tizimini ishlab chiqishni talab qiladi.
|
| |
Marketing faoliyatida avtomatlashtirilgan axborot

|
Marketing faoliyatida avtomatlashtirilgan axborot Pdf ko'rish
|
bet | 124/155 | Sana | 19.05.2024 | Hajmi | 2,86 Mb. | | #243546 |
Bog'liq 21-Axborot-tizimlari-2013-oquv-qollanma-R.X.Alimov-va-bosh abdumajid14.4 Marketing faoliyatida avtomatlashtirilgan axborot
tizimlari va texnologiyalari
Marketing faoliyatining axborot va kommunikatsion ta’minlanishi.
Har bir
korxonaning marketing tizimida axborot asosiy ahamiyatga ega, chunki har qanday
marketing faoliyati tovarlar ishlab chiqarish bozorida vujudga kelgan aniq vaziyatli
bilishga asoslanadi. Ko’pgina marketing tadqiqotlari va tadbirlarining maqsadi
axborotlarga erishishga qaratilgandir. Bu tadbirlarning bajarilishi marketing
faoliyatining ob’ekti haqidagi dastlabki bilimlarni talab qiladi, amalga oshirish
jarayonining o’zi esa joriy ta’sirlarga tuzatishlar kiritish va bo’lg’uvsi marketing
dasturlarini ishlab chiqish maqsadlarida ob’ekt bilan teskari aloqani o’rnatish uchun
zarur bo’lgan yangi ma’lumotlarni yaratadi. Tovarni sotish bozori tomon
harakatlantirishni tashkil qilish vazifasi bu erda misol bo’lib xizmat qilishi mumkin,
uni echishdan oldin mahsulotning taklif qilinayotgan turiga nisbatan talabni
sinchiklab o’rganish, iste’molchilarning harid qilish qobiliyatlarini baholash,
raqobatdagi firmalarning bozordagi faoliyatini tahlil qilish kerak [20,24].
Zarur marketing axborotlarining yo’qligi, noaniq va muhim bo’lmagan
ma’lumotlardan foydalanish jiddiy iqtisodiy xatolarning sababi bo’lishi mumkin.
Marketing axborotlaridan foydalanishdan maqsad boshqaruv qarorlarini
qabul qilish jarayonida noaniqliklar darajasini aniqlashdan, kamaytirishdan iboratdir.
Bu esa o’z o’rnida turli – tuman axborotlarning katta hajmini yig’ish, saqlash, uzatish
va ishlab chiqishni talab qiladi.
Axborotlarga asoslanib va yangi axborot ehtiyojlarini yaratib, zamonaviy
marketing axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalanmasdan, rivojlangan axborot bazasi va
kommunikatsiya tizimlarini yaratmasdan samarali marketing faoliyatini yuritish
mumkin emas.
|
| |
Axborotlar bazasini tashkil etish va yuritishning dasturiy

80
Foydalanuvchining amaliy dasturlari universal algoritmlash tillaridan birida
yaratiladi. Bunday dasturlarda, odatda ularda ishlab chiqiladigan ma’lumotlardan
mustaqil bo’lishi ta’minlanmagan. Ayrim joylarda bitta muammoli sohasining turli
masalalariga oid axborot massivlarida ma’lumotlar takrorlanadi. Bu xol turli
masalalar bo’yicha bir hil ma’lumotlarni bir necha marta kiritishga olib keladi va
dastlabki ma’lumotlarga o’zgartirishlar kiritganda ancha muammolarni keltirib
chiqaradi. SHuningdek, amaliy dasturlar MBBTda universal algoritmik tilda
yaratilishi mumkin.
R-Bank tizimida to’lov hujjatlarining elektron va qog’ozdagi nusxasini

199
Biz axborot texnologiyalarining bank tizimida mijozlarga xizmat ko’rsatish
jarayonida qo’llanilishini qo’rib chiqdi. Ularning ishlashi, tuzilishi axborotlar
uzatilishi va axborotlarning qayta ishlanishi jarayonlari bilan tanishib chiqdik. AT
larini bank sohasida qo’llash: bank xizmatlari sifatining oshishiga, bank
operatsiyalarining tez va bexato bajarilishiga, hujjatlarni qayta ishlashga ketadigan
harakatlarning qisqarishiga va vaqtning tejalishiga, ish samaradorligining oshishiga
olib keladi.
SHunday qilib, bank mijozlarga elektron tizimlar orqali ko’rsatadigan xizmat
turlariga:
«Bank-Mijoz» - mijozlarga masofaviy elektron xizmat ko’rsatish dasturi;
«Zamonaviy mulkdor»-qimmatli qog’ozlarning elektron savdosi tizimi;
plastik kartalar bilan naqd pulsiz hisob kitoblar tizimi kiradi.
«Bank-Mijoz» (R-Bank) tizimi mijoz va bank ishini engillashtirib, vaqtni
va qator harajatlarni tejaydi. Bu tizim mijoz uchun hisob raqamini o’zi nazorat qilib
turishga, bank bilan aloqada bo’lish, xabarlar olish, elektron hujjatlarni yuborish
imkoniyatini beradi. Respublikamizda elektron to’lovlar hisobiga pul aylanishi
tezlashadi va iqtisodiyotni barqaror rivojlanishi yuzaga keladi. Bu esa, halq turmush
farovonligini oshiradi, kelajakda mamlakatimiz iqtisodiyoti rivojlangan davlatlar
qatoriga kirib borishini ta’minlaydi.
векторной IR-компенсацией. 
 Основная часть

МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ЭЛЕКТРОМЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ И
ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ
90
такое регулирование предполагает повышение напряжения
по сравнению с
номинальным
при всех значениях нагрузки, что в большинстве случаев
приводит к насыщению магнитной цепи асинхронного двигателя и его
перегреву. Поэтому на практике наибольшее распространение получили такие
способы частотного регулирования скорости, как
;
;
. При регулировании скорости в классе законов
необходимо повышать фазное напряжение
только на
величину падения напряжения
на активном сопротивлении обмотки
статора, а способ регулирования скорости асинхронного двигателя получил
название – частотное регулирование с
IR
-компенсацией. Реализация управления
компенсирующего падения напряжения на активном сопротивлении статора
возможна как по отклонению, так и по возмущению, со скалярной или векторной
IR
–компенсацией [5].
-bob bo’yicha xulosalar - Axborot tizimlari

Bog'liq 21-Axborot-tizimlari-2013-oquv-qollanma-R.X.Alimov-va-bosh abdumajid
5 -bob bo’yicha xulosalar Avtomatlashtirilgan axborot texnologiyalarini joriy etishda axborot ta’minoti
muxim o’rin egallaydi. Boshqaruv jarayonini aniq, etarli va tezkor axborot bilan
ta’minlanishi sifatli qaror qabul qilish uchun zamin bo’lib xizmat qiladi. Zaruriy
axborotni foydalanuvchiga tezkor taqdim etilishda ma’lumotlar bazasining
imkoniyatlari cheksizdir.
Ma’lumotlar bazasi – ma’lumotlar bankining eng muhim tarkibiy qismi
hisoblanadi.
Ma’lumotlar
bazasi
–
zaruriy
axborotni
tezkor
olish
va
modifikatsiyalash, axborotning minimal ortiqchaligi, amaliy dasturlarga bog’liq
emasligi, izlash usulining umumiy boshqarilish imkoniyatlariga ega o’zaro bog’liq
ma’lumotlar yig’indisidir.
Ma’lumotlar bazasini yaratish va yuritishda ma’lumotlar bazasini boshqarish
tizimi alohida ahamiyat kasb etadi. Ma’lumotlar bazasini boshqarish tizimi
ma’lumotlar bankining tashkil etuvchi elementi hisoblanadi.
Ma’lumotlar banki – zaruriy axborotni olish maqsadida ma’lumotlarni
markazlashgan holda saqlash va jamoa bo’lib foydalanish uchun mo’ljallangan
axborotli, tematik, dasturiy, tillar, tashkiliy va texnik (saqlanayotgan ma’lumotlar
hamda texnologik jarayonda band personalni qo’shganda) vositalarining tizimi
sifatida ifodalanishi mumkin.
Ma’lumotlar banki uni ishlashi va qo’llanilishini ta’minlab beruvchi dasturiy
to’plamlari bilan birgalikda avtomatlashtirilgan ma’lumotlar banki deb ataladi.
89
6 bob Kompyuter tarmoqlarining modellari va texnologiyalari 6.1 Kompyuter tarmoqlarining turlari O’zbekiston Respublikasida iqtisodiy informatikani rivojlantirish
Ma’lumotlar bazalarning ob’ektga – mo’ljallangan modeli

88
Hozirgi vaqtda Access MBBT ning ishlab chiqarishda keng tarqalganligini
hisobga olgan holda dasturning ma’lumotga kirish arxitekturasini ko’rib chiqamiz.
Arxitektura uchta blokdan tashkil topadi (5.7-rasm).
Foydalanuvchi interfes bloki. Bunga MS Access ob’ektlari kiradi: jadvallar,
formalar, hisobotlar va boshqalar. Ma’lumotlar ombori. Bu blokda ma’lumotlar
jadvallarining fayllari saqlanadi (Access da mdb-fayllar). MB protsessori. MS
Access MBBT 2000-da ma’lumotlar disketlari MS Jet (Joınt Engine Technolıgy)
ma’lumotlar bazasi yadrosining yangi 32 razryadli 3.5. versiyasi qo’llanilgan. Bu
versiya yuqoriroq unumli va yaxshilangan tarmoq tavsiflarga ega.
УДК 62.83:621.314 - Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti xalqaro ilmiy-texnik anjuman

МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ЭЛЕКТРОМЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ И
ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ
87
chiqqan holda rostlanmaydigan elktr yuritmalarni rostlanuvchan avtomatlashtirilgan
elektr yuritmalarga almashtirishdir.
Ushbu maqolada reysmus dastgoxining randalash vali bosh elektr yuritmasida
―Chastota o‘zgartgich – asinxron motor‖ tizimini qo'llab elektr uritmaning statik va
dinamik rejimlarida yuqori sifat ko‘rsatkichlarini ta‘minlanishi ko‘rib chiqilgan.
Аннотация - Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti xalqaro ilmiy-texnik anjuman

|
Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti xalqaro ilmiy-texnik anjumanBog'liq Сборник докладов международной научно техической конференции 21Аннотация:
Импортируемые в республику Узбекистан технологические
оборудования, производственные линии и станки поставляются в комплекте с
нерегулируемыми асинхронными электроприводами в которых энергетические
параметры не контролируются
.
Если проанализировать станки деревообработки
и производства мебели, то выбор электроприводов для форматно-раскроечных,
строгально-рейсмусовых,
гравировально-фрезерных
станков
и
их
вспомогательных устройств с точки зрения энергоэффективности осуществлено
некорректно, т.е. неанализировалась потребляемая мощность по степени загрузки
электропривода в технологическом процессе. Наблюдая за анализом режимов
работы нерегулируемых электроприводов на мебельных и деревообрабатывающих
предприятиях нашей страны, мы увидим, что в течение года происходит
ухудшение качества продукции и образование поиерь мощности в значительнм
уровене..
Единственным решением этих проблем является замена нерегулируемых
электроприводов на регулируемые автоматизированные электропривода в
зависимости от технологического процесса.
В данной статье рассматривается обеспечение высоких показателей
качества статических и динамических режимов электропривода с использованием
системы «Преобразователь частоты — асинхронный двигатель» в главном
электроприводе строгального вала рейсмусового станка.
Abstract:
Technological equipment, production lines and machine tools imported to the
Republic of Uzbekistan are supplied complete with unregulated asynchronous electric
drives in which energy parameters are not controlled. If we analyze woodworking and
furniture production machines, then the choice of electric drives for format-cutting,
planing-thicknessing, engraving-milling machines and their auxiliary devices from the
point of view of energy efficiency was made incorrectly, i.e. power consumption was not
analyzed according to the degree of load of the electric drive in the technological
process. Observing the analysis of the operating modes of unregulated electric drives at
furniture and woodworking enterprises in our country, we will see that throughout the
year there is a deterioration in the quality of products and the formation of power loss at
a significant level.
The only solution to these problems is to replace unregulated electric drives with
controlled automated electric drives, depending on the technological process.
This article discusses ensuring high quality indicators of static and dynamic modes of an
electric drive using the ―Frequency Converter - Asynchronous Motor‖ system in the main
electric drive of the planer shaft of a thicknessing machine.
|
| |
Kitobni targ’ib qilish - N. B. Adizova, R. X. Jumayev, R. A. Qo‘ldoshev, S. R. Ismatov ona tili o‘qitish metodikasi

290
elementar tavsiflashga o‘rgatiladi. Bu jarayonda rollarga bo‘lib o‘qishdan
foydalaniladi. Asosiy bosqichda STO‘ darslari 2-sinfda haftada 1 marta, 3-
4sinflarda 2 haftada 1 marta o‘tkaziladi. o‘quvchilar mustaqil o‘qishga
o‘rgatiladi, ular ,,G'uncha”, ,,Gulxan”, ,,Bilimdon" jurnallari, ,,Tong yulduzi”
gazetasi bilan, ya'ni bolalar matbuoti bilan tanishtiriladi. Bu bosqichda o‘zbek,
qardosh va chet el adabiyoti yozuvchilarining turli janrdagi va mavzudagi
asarlaridan foydalaniladi. Bir darsga o‘quvchilar bir nechta asarlar o‘qib kelib,
ular haqida o‘z fikrlarini aytib beradilar, qahramonlarni tasvirlab, rasm
chizadilar. Bu jarayonda yozuvchilar hayoti va ijodiga doir kechalar
uyiishtiriladi. Shu tarzda adabiyotni sevadigan, mustaqil fikr yiirita oladigan
kitobxon shaxsi shakllantiriladi.
Sinfdan tashqari o‘qish darslarida o‘qilgan kitobni muhokama qilish, ijodiy
qayta hikoyalash, insenirovka qilish, rasmlar chizish, ifodali o‘qish, kitoblar
tavsiya qilish usullaridan keng foydalaniladi.
Boshlang’ich maktabda kitobxon o‘quvchilarni shakllantirish

286
STO‘ning
bosqichlari,
dastur
talablari,
tarbiyaviy
vazifalari
o‘quvchilarning qiziqishlari bilan belgilanadi. Masalan, tayyorlov bosqichida
kichik hajmdagi asarni o‘qituvchi o‘qib bersa, o‘qilganlar yuzasidan suhbat,
qayta hikoyalash o‘tkazilsa, boshlang’ich bosqichda butun sinf o‘quvchilari bir
xil kitob bilan ta'minlanadi, barcha o‘quvchilar bitta matn ustida ishlaydilar.
Bunda bitta yozuvchi yoki bir mavzudagi asarlar ko‘rgazmasi tashkil qilinadi.
Asar ichda o‘qishga topshirilishi, albomlar tayyorlanishi, kinofilm va
diafilmlardan parchalar ko‘rsatilishi, musiqiy daqiqalar o‘tkazilishi hamda asar
mazmuni yuzasidan ijodiy rasmlar chizdirilishi ham mumkin. Bu jarayonda
kitobni saqlash maqsadida uni yamash, o‘rash o‘rgatiladi,
,,Ertaklar bayrami”,
Kitob tanlashda mavsumiy tamoyilga amal qilinadi

288
ko‘rgazma tashkil etish, o‘quvchilarni qiziqtirish uchun tavsiya qilinadigan
kitobdan biror parchani o‘qib berish, rasmlarni ko‘rsatish yoki film namoyish
etishdan iborat bo‘lishi mumkin.
3. Har bir darsda o‘quvchilarga asarni yaxlit holda o‘qitish mumkin. Agar
asar hajmi kattaroq bo‘lsa, bu ish ikkiuch dars davomida amalga oshiriladi.
Bunda o‘quvchilar o‘zlari o‘qigan kitobdan biror parchani ovoz chiqarib o‘qib
berishlari mumkin. Bu jarayonda ichda o‘qishdan ham, she'r yodlashdan ham,
rollarga bo‘lib o‘qishdan ham foydalaniladi.
4. Har bir darsda o‘qilgan asar yuzasidan suhbat metodi orqali tahlil ishlari
amalga oshiriladi. Bunda erkin hikoya qilish uchun, ”Senga asardagi nimalar
yoqdi?”, “Kitob haqida sen nimalar ayta olasan?” kabi savollar beriladi va
o‘quvchilarning ijodiy hamda mustaqil qayta hikoyalash malakalari
shakllantiriladi.
5. Har bir darsda ma'lum bir yangi kitobxonlik ko‘nikmasi hosil qilinadi:
muallif haqida ma'lumotlar to‘plash, kitob nomiga qarab u nima haqida
ekanligini aytish, o‘qilgan asarlar yuzasidan ko‘rgazmalar tayyorlash, asarga
taqriz yozish, albomlar tayyorlash, kitobxonlik kundaligini yuritish kabi ishlar
amalga oshiriladi.
6. Har bir dars kirish suhbati bilan boshlanadi va sinfda o‘qish darslarida
qo‘llanadigan barcha usullardan ijodiy foydalaniladi.
7. Har bir darsda tahlil qilingan asarlar yuzasidan umumlashtiruvchi,
yakunlovchi suhbat uyushtiriladi. Umumlashtirishga ko‘rgazma ham, albom
tuzish ham, rasmlarni tatbiq etish ham yordam beradi.
Sinfdan tashqari o‘qishga rahbarlikning
yordamchi shakllari ham mavjud
bo‘lib, ular barcha ishlarni izchil uyushtirishni ta'minlaydi,
STO‘ darslari uchun sharoit yaratadi. Bunday shakllarga quyidagilar kiradi:
Ifodali o‘qish tanlovi” - N. B. Adizova, R. X. Jumayev, R. A. Qo‘ldoshev, S. R. Ismatov ona tili o‘qitish metodikasi

287
3. Kitobning o‘quvchilar yoshi va saviyasiga mosligi hisobga olinadi.
1sinfda kichik hikoya va ertaklarni o‘qish tavsiya etilsa, 2—4sinflarda mavzular
doirasi kengaytirilib, kundalik turmushda ro‘y berayotgan turli voqealar
tasvirlangan asarlar, gazeta va jurnallardagi kichik hajmli xabarlarni o‘qish ham
tavsiya etilishi mumkin.
4. Kitob tanlashda o‘quvchilarning shaxsiy qiziqishi va mustaqil
o‘qishi hisobga olinadi. Bunda o‘quvchilar o‘ziga qiziqarli bo‘lgan o‘zbek va
xorijiy bolalar adabiyoti yozuvchilarining asarlarini o‘zi tanlashi muhim
ahamiyatga ega.
Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti xalqaro ilmiy-texnik anjuman - bet 172

|
Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti xalqaro ilmiy-texnik anjuman Pdf ko'rish
|
bet | 172/202 | Sana | 25.06.2024 | Hajmi | 9,23 Mb. | | #265552 |
Bog'liq Сборник докладов международной научно техической конференции 213.
General conclusions
Digital technologies and data become more vital to forecast and match electrical supply
and demand, thereby cutting costs, improving efficiency and resilience, and reducing
emissions. The issues pertinent to digitalisation of the electricity sector in Uzbekistan can
be summarised as follows:
Plans for renewable energy capacity development due to slower introduction of
renewable energy-based generation than decommissioning of the old fossil fuel based
generating capacities may not be enough in the short term for covering the growing
electricity demand by economy of Uzbekistan.
In order to ensure adequate energy supply in Uzbekistan in the short term, renewable
energy development should be accompanied by energy saving measures, bearing in mind
that electricity companies are not incentivised in the reduction of electricity consumption
because this means reduction of their income
New technological developments and political decisions with respect to decarbonisation
(hence use of renewable energy sources) of the electricity sector but also industry,
households and public sector push the electricity companies to adjust their network in
order to integrate generation based on renewable energy and provide for the two-ways
interaction with the consumers
Power generation from renewable sources demands more flexibility from the electricity
network, and in the short term the electricity grid of Uzbekistan seems to have adequate
level of flexibility. The increase of renewable energy generation incorporation into the
electricity grid should be planned with due consideration of the availability of technically,
economically and environmentally feasible storage technologies.
The idea of participation of consumers in energy and collective self-consumption
schemes require expensive digital solutions and require economic, technological and legal
supportive framework in order to have chances of success in the country.
|
| |
Аннотация - Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti xalqaro ilmiy-texnik anjuman

МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ЭЛЕКТРОМЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ И
ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ
96
На рис. 3 приведена функциональная схема автоматизированного
электропривода (АЭП) вспомогательной насосной установки с согласованным
управлением
по
току
нагрузки
электропривода
главного
движения
камнеобрабатывающего станка.
ТРН-тиристорный регулятор напряжения, ТПЧ-тиристорный преобразователь
частоты, УИ-устройство измерения, АС – анализатор сигналов, РС-регулятор
скорости, РМ-регулятор момента, РН-регулятор напряжения, BR-тахогенератор и
М-асинхронный электродвигатель.
Система управления электропривода вспомогательной насосной установки
получает сигнал обратной связи по току нагрузки главного электропривода
камнеобрабатывающего станка. В результате возникновения длительной паузы,
превышающей номинальный ее предел, система управления электропривода
вспомогательной насосной установки автоматически снижает величину
напряжения на клеммах асинхронного электродвигателя, а с появлением тока
нагрузки система автоматически переходит в номинальный режим, с плавным
нарастанием сигнала.
Рис. 3. Функциональная схема АЭП вспомогательной установки с согласованным
управлением по току нагрузки электропривода главного движения
камнеобрабатывающего станка
Таким образом, в течение производственного цикла разработанная система
обеспечивает энергоэффективное управление режимов работы в электроприводе
вспомогательной насосной установки.
Регулирование скорости асинхронного двигателя изменением напряжения
статора возможно в том случае, когда момент сопротивления
Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti xalqaro ilmiy-texnik anjuman - bet 63

МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ЭЛЕКТРОМЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ И
ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ
94
Annotasiya:
O‗zbekiston respublikasiga import qilinayotgan texnologik uskunalar,
ishlab chiqarish liniyalari va dastgoxlar o‘z to‘plamlarida energetik ko‘rsatkichlari
nazorat qilinmaydigan, rostlanmaydigan asinxron elektr yuritmaga ega yordamchi
qurilmalar bilan etkazib berilmoqda. Ushbu maqolada toshni qayta ishlash dastgoxining
bosh elektr yuritmasini yuklama toki bo‘yicha moslashib boshqariluvchi
avtomtlashtirilgan elektr yuritmasining yangi ishlab chiqilgan sxemasi vositasida
yordamchi nasos qurilmalarini butun ishlab chiqarish jarayoni davomidagi
energiyasamarali ish rejimini ta'mnilashi keltirilgan.
Kalit so‗zlar: avtomatlashtirilgan elektr yuritma, dastgoxning yordamchi qurilmasi,
asinxron motor, rostlash, energiyasamarali ish rejimi.
Chart 1 Installed capacity trend - Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti xalqaro ilmiy-texnik anjuman

In terms of generated energy, renewables, including hydro accounted for 7% of the
country‘s power generation in 2022 with 5.3 TWh (the share of wind and solar was
practically negligeable).
In January 2024 the Senate of the Republic of Uzbekistan had set a target to reach 27 GW
of renewable energy capacity and 40% of electricity production from renewables by
2030. It is anticipated that achieving this objective will allow savings of natural gas
amounting to 25 billion cm and a reduction of emissions of 34 Mt of CO
2
(1).
Following this decision and in accordance with the Resolution of the President of the
Republic of Uzbekistan on the strategy for further development and reform of the
electricity sector of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Ministry of Energy of Uzbekistan is
developing a programme for the expansion of generating facilities for the period up to
2030 providing for the implementation of major investment projects. The immediate
plans include commissioning of above 4 GW of solar and wind Private Power Plants by
2026.
These plans require creation of an adequate legal framework and the on-going review of
the Law on Use of Renewable Energy Sources proposes supporting measures, for
example the issuance and circulation of ―green energy‖ certificates. The upcoming
amendment to the Tax Code will exempt from profit tax the income from the sale of
―green energy‖ generated by facilities based on the use of renewable energy sources. It is
expected that these measures will support use of renewable energy sources in the public
buildings, housing, utilities and industry.
2. Issues pertinent to digitalisation as a driver of decarbonisation The plans for renewable energy capacity development being quite ambitious, still may not
be enough to meet the growing demand for electricity in Uzbekistan. The current trends
in the new capacity introduction as well as ongoing decommissioning of the old fossil
fuel based generating capacities (as demonstrated on the Chart 2) combined with the
growing economy of Uzbekistan and increase of using new technological solutions like
electrical vehicles and heat pumps, suggest that energy saving measures would be
necessary in the short term (2).
МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ЭЛЕКТРОМЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ И
ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ
249
Look at the map and read the

|
Look at the map and read the Pdf ko'rish
|
bet | 74/255 | Sana | 14.06.2024 | Hajmi | 18,95 Mb. | | #263803 |
Bog'liq {teacherscom library} EFL Grade 8 TB Look at the map and read the
article about Edinburgh. Match
places A–E to the names in
the box.
Edinburgh Castle
Palace of Holyroodhouse
Scottish Parliament
St Giles’ Cathedral
Tourist Information Office
Listen and check. Then repeat.
2
Read the article again. Are the sentences right (
✓
)
or wrong (
✗
)?
1
Edinburgh is the largest city in Scotland.
2
Lots of people visit the castle in the summer.
3
You can walk from Edinburgh Castle to Holyroodhouse.
4
The Camera Obscura museum is about the history of Edinburgh.
5
The Queen sometimes stays at Holyroodhouse.
6
The Scottish Parliament building is closed to visitors.
7
Princes Street is a good place to go shopping.
8
All of Edinburgh’s guided tours are on foot.
READING
104
A
B
C
D
E
Lucky you! Edinburgh’s great. It isn’t the biggest city in Scotland, but it’s very
beautiful and has an amazing history. The best place to start is Edinburgh Castle.
This sits up on top of Castle Rock and from here you can see the whole city below
you. It gets very busy in the summer.
Next, walk down the Royal Mile, through Edinburgh’s 12th-century Old Town. Don’t
miss St Giles’ Cathedral and the Camera Obscura. This amazing museum is all about
how we see things, and has floating fish, funny mirrors and a 3D tunnel of stars. They
sell great postcards there.
At the bottom of the Royal Mile is the Queen’s Edinburgh home, the Palace of
Holyroodhouse. When the Queen isn’t there, you can visit the rooms and gardens.
Next to the Palace is the Scottish Parliament. Spanish architect Enric Miralles
designed it. Parts of it look like fishing boats on the beach. There are also roof
gardens and fountains. And you can visit it for free!
You should also go to Edinburgh’s New Town. This area isn’t very new actually – it’s
over 200 years old! The most famous street in Edinburgh, called Princes Street, is in
New Town. Here you find Edinburgh’s best shops and department stores.
If you haven’t got much time, you can see Edinburgh with a tour guide. Choose from
walking tours, cycle tours and even ghost tours. These take you through the narrow
streets of the Old Town late at night, and include scary stories from the 18th century.
Don’t forget to take a good guidebook – and your raincoat. It often rains
in Edinburgh. Have a great time!
|
| |
Chart2 Net capacity change (GW) - Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti xalqaro ilmiy-texnik anjuman

МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ЭЛЕКТРОМЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ И
ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ
251
technological solutions are represented for example by the bulk purchase of energy
efficient appliances. Germany has achieved 57% share of the electricity generated with
the renewable energy (11) and the small community-based generation constituted almost
25% of total electricity generated with the renewable energy. Nevertheless, the successful
development of the renewable energy projects owned by small communities in Germany,
which peaked in 2010 has declined with the withdrawal of the feed-in-tariffs starting from
1 January 2021. The development of the solar and wind-based electricity generation is
continued mainly by utility scale installations. It is assumed that the old community
projects will not be replaced with the end of their lifetime (12) as under the tariffs
established without state support small scale renewable generation is not feasible.
Thus, promotion of small-scale renewable energy-based generators (RECs and CECs)
require more additional supportive solutions, including technological, legal, economic
and social framework.
References - Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti xalqaro ilmiy-texnik anjuman

МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ЭЛЕКТРОМЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ И
ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ
252
4.
Riki Argyropoulou, The Role of Energy Efficiency
in Renewable Energy Adoption,
Wattcrop, 2023,
https://wattcrop.com/the-role-of-energy-efficiency-in-renewable-energy-
adoption/
5.
Nuno Luis Madureira,
Energy Paradoxes, , Front. Energy Res., 2021, Sec. Sustainable
Energy Systems, Volume 9 – 2021, https://www.frontiersin.org
6.
Gerard Reid, the Six Energy Paradoxes that slow the sector‘s progress, January 21, 2020,
https://energypost.eu/the-six-energy-paradoxes-that-slow-the-sectors-progress/
7.
EU
Guidance
and
Recommendations
on
Energy
Storage,
https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/research-and-technology/energy-storage_en#guidance-
and-recommendation-on-energy-storage
8.
Derek Stenclik, Paul Denholm, and Babu R. Chalamala, The Role of Energy Storage for
Renewable Integration, SAND2017-7835J,
https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1429811
9.
European
Commission
Digital
Strategy
Analysis,
2022,
https://digital-
strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digitalisation-energy
10.
Energy
Communities
Repository
https://energy-communities-
repository.ec.europa.eu/energy-communities-repository-energy-communities/energy-
communities-repository-general-information_en
11.
Press Release, Public Net Electricity Generation 2023 in Germany:
Renewables Cover
the Majority of the Electricity Consumption for the First Time, 2024,
https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/press-media/press-releases/2024/public-electricity-
generation-2023-renewable-energies-cover-the-majority-of-german-electricity-
consumption-for-the-first-time.html
12.
Isabel Sutton, Germany: will the end of feed-in tariffs mean the end of citizens-as-energy-
producers, June 3, 2021, https://energypost.eu/germany-will-the-end-of-feed-in-tariffs-
mean-the-end-of-citizens-as-energy-producers/
Look at the map, text and Exercises on page 84

|
Look at the map, text and Exercises on page 84 Pdf ko'rish
|
bet | 79/255 | Sana | 14.06.2024 | Hajmi | 18,95 Mb. | | #263803 |
Bog'liq {teacherscom library} EFL Grade 8 TB1
Look at the map, text and Exercises on page 84,
and find 12 compound nouns.
2
Match the words on the left of the box to the
words on the right to make compound nouns.
Remember some are one word and some are two.
post
cycle
walking
guide
tour
rain
guide
tour
coat
card
book
tour
Listen and check. Then repeat.
3
Complete the sentences with compound nouns
from Exercise 2.
1
I found a
with a really nice picture on it
to send to my friend.
2
I’m glad I wore a
yesterday because the
weather was terrible.
3
Our
was so funny. I loved her stories
about the city.
4
That
was fun, but my feet hurt now!
5
I read in the
that this castle is 1,000
years old.
6
The
was brilliant. We rode all around
the city.
PRONUNCIATION
Compound nouns
4
Listen to the compound nouns and
underline the stressed words.
cycle tour
In compound nouns, which word do we
usually stress? Listen again and repeat
the words.
107
VOCABULARY
EP
106
1
Listen to Rob talking to a friend about a visit to
Edinburgh. Which place did Rob visit at each time?
0
Friday evening
B
Times
Places
1
Saturday morning
|
| |
УДК 62.83:621.314 - Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti xalqaro ilmiy-texnik anjuman

МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ЭЛЕКТРОМЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ И
ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ
104
ya'ni elektr yuritmalarning texnologik jarayonda yuklanganlik darajasi bo'yicha quvvat
iste'moli tahlil qilinmagani ko'rinadi. Yurtimizdagi toshni qayta ishlash korxonalarida
ishlayotgan rostlanmaydigan elektr yuritmalarining ish rejimlarini tahlilini kuzatsak yil
davomida maxsulot sifatini buzilishi va sezilarli darajadagi quvvat isroflari kelib
chiqayotganini ko'ramiz. Bu muammolarga yagona echim texnologik jarayondan kelib
chiqqan holda rostlanmaydigan elktr yuritmalarni rostlanuvchan avtomatlashtirilgan
elektr yuritmalarga almashtirishdir.
Ushbu maqolada toshni gravirovkalash dastgoxining bosh elektr yuritmasida
skalyar IR kompensatsiyali―Chastota o‘zgartgich – asinxron motor‖ tizimini qo'llab
elektr uritmaning statik va dinamik rejimlarida yuqori sifat ko‘rsatkichlarini
ta‘minlanishi ko‘rib chiqilgan.
Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti xalqaro ilmiy-texnik anjuman - bet 65

МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ЭЛЕКТРОМЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ И
ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ
99
∆P
С1
– потери в стали статора, Вт.
При работе на естественной характеристике эти потери определяются
выражениями [4]:
[
(
)
]
[
]
где
– номинальные потери в меди статора, Вт;
– номинальные потери в обмотке ротора, Вт;
– номинальные потери в стали
статора, Вт;
– суммарные потери в двигателе, Вт;
– относительное значение момента статической нагрузки, о.е.;
B
– конструктивный коэффициент, зависящий от серии асинхронного двигателя,
о.е. ,
B
=0,96 - 0, 98 – для серии асинхронных двигателей 4А.
При работе на регулировочной характеристике, реализуемой за счет
снижения напряжения обмотки статора, полные электромагнитные потери в
асинхронном двигателе определяются в соответствии с выражениями:
[
(
)
]
(
)
[
]
(13)
Анализ выражений (8), (9), (10) показывает, что при работе на характеристике с
пониженным напряжением увеличиваются потери в обмотке ротора ∆
P
м2, но
уменьшаются потери в меди статора ∆
P
м1 и в стали статора ∆
P
c1 , но их
соотношение таково, что общие электромагнитные потери ∆
P
эм при работе на
характеристике с пониженным напряжением оказываются меньше, чем при работе
на естественной характеристике.
Таким образом, по литературным источникам [4,6] при регулировании скорости
изменением напряжения для вентиляторной нагрузки (рис.4) удается снизить
энергопотребление в 1,5 – 2 раза. Экономия электроэнергии будет тем больше, чем
меньше момент двигателя, по сравнению с номинальным, и чем больше работает
двигатель с недогрузкой.
Введение - Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti xalqaro ilmiy-texnik anjuman

МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ЭЛЕКТРОМЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ И
ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ
88
регулирования энергетических и качественных показателей. В
процессе работы
технологического оборудования, в особенности при работе станка имеются режимы
работы с переменной нагрузкой которые влияют на динамические и статические
характеристики станка в итоге сказывающиеся в качестве продукции, в частности у
часто применяемых рейсмусовых станках.
Рейсмусовые станки
предназначены для продольного, одностороннего или
двухстороннего строгания в размер по толщине от 5 до 200 мм поверхностей
плоских заготовок шириной до 630 мм, из древесины хвойных и лиственных пород
с влажностью не более 15%. Станок относится к универсальному оборудованию и
применяется в серийном и мелкосерийном производстве столярных изделий в
строительной отрасли, мебельной, судостроении, вагоностроении.
Рейсмусовые станки служит
для плоского строгания досок, брусьев или щитов в
размер по толщине. Применяется на предприятиях и в цехах по производству
столярно-строительных изделий, клееных щитов, производстве мебели,
деревянного домостроения и в др. деревообрабатывающих производствах. Качество
строгания древесины зависит от главного электропривода обеспечивающего
вращение ножевого вала. В технологическом процессе часто попадают твѐрдые
участки досок и глазки веток которые вызывают падение скорости ножевого вала
ухудшая качество обработки. А нерегулируемый электропривод ножевого вала не
обеспечивает требуемую жесткость характеристики
асинхронного двигателя
которое могло компенсировать падение скорости.
В соответствии с накопленным производственным опытом нами предложена
система управления электропривода ножевого вала рейсмусового станка,
обеспечивающий требуемую жесткость характеристик и энергоэффективный
режим работы асинхронного двигателя. В данной
работе нерегулируемый
электропривод рейсмусового станка заменен на регулируемый частотный
асинхронный электропривод с
105 - Efl prepare Teacher's Book Grade 8

170 UNIT 14
VOCABULARY
Compound nouns
Books closed. Ask the class ‘Where does a bus stop?’ and
elicit
bus
stop.
Write it
on the board. Point out that these
words are called compound nouns; some are written as
one word (e.g.
bedroom
) and others as two words (e.g.
bus
stop
).
1
Books open. Ask the students to look at the map, article
and exercises on page 84 to find the 12 compound nouns.
If necessary, give the students the first letters of each
word in the compound noun to help them, e.g. t
c
, t
s
.
Answers
town centre, train station, post office, supermarket, car park,
traffic lights, petrol station, sports centre, bus station, police
station, swimming pool, police officer
2
If students have access to a dictionary (paper or online),
encourage them to check whether the compound noun is
one or two words for themselves before telling them the
answer.
Answers
The answers are recorded for students to check and then
repeat.
postcard, cycle tour, walking tour, guidebook, tour guide,
raincoat
3
Ask the students to read through the sentences and try
to think of a suitable compound noun before they look
at their new words in Exercise 2. Make sure they have
written each word correctly, i.e. as one or two words.
Answers
1 postcard 2 raincoat 3 tour guide 4 walking tour
5 guidebook 6 cycle tour
VOCABULARY WORKSHEET UNIT 14
PRONUNCIATION
partner’s. Did you write about the same places?

172 CULTURE
CULTURE
1
The
Great Highland Bagpipe
is a Scottish musical
instrument. It is a
woodwind
instrument. To play the instrument, the
bagpiper fills the bag with air and pushes it out with his elbow.
2
The
Highland Games
happen around Scotland from June
to September. People celebrate Highland Games in other parts of
the world too. There are different sporting competitions at the
games. These test throwing, pulling and strength. The games
are
competitive but people can also enjoy music and dancing.
3
For special
events
, like parties, Scottish men often wear
a
kilt
. Kilts are skirts. They are usually made of coloured or black
wool with a ‘tartan’ pattern. Members of the same family (‘clan’)
have their own, specific tartan. Men often wear shoes called
Brogues
with their traditional clothes.
4
In Scotland, there is a famous biscuit called
shortbread
. One of the most important things in shortbread is
butter. Butter is also an ingredient in a popular Scottish sweet
called
fudge
.
5
The School of Art
and the
Queen’s Cross Church
in
Glasgow are both buildings by the famous Scottish
architect
Charles Rennie Mackintosh. There are also a lot of
beautiful, historical
castles
in Scotland to visit.
Are you are looking for a gr
eat place to spend your next holiday?
Then come to Scotland! Find out mor
e about this interesting country
and things you can do, see … and eat!
SCOTTISH HIGHLIGHTS
Hey guys! I’m going to - Efl prepare Teacher's Book Grade 8

169
GETTING AROUND TOWN
READING
WARMER
Tell the class that in this lesson, they are going to visit a
large city in Europe, but they have to guess which one.
They can ask you
Yes/No
questions, e.g.
Is it a capital city?
Is it in England?
The answer is Edinburgh.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, but Edinburgh is
the capital city. The Royal Mile is a series of streets which
go from Edinburgh Castle to the Palace of Holyroodhouse.
This route measures about one Scottish mile, which is
actually slightly longer than an English mile (1 Scottish
mile = 1.12 English miles).
A
camera obscura
means ‘dark room or chamber’. It’s
a room with a small hole that projects an image of the
outside onto one of the walls. Visitors to the 150-year-old
Camera Obscura Museum can see images of Edinburgh.
Building began on the Scottish Parliament building in
1999 and the first debate was held on 7th September
2004.
A traditional musical instrument of Scotland is the
bagpipes and you can find bagpipe players on the Royal
Mile wearing the Scottish kilt.
1
Books closed. Challenge the class to tell you five true
things about Edinburgh, e.g.
it’s in the north of Europe;
it’s in Scotland; it’s the capital city; the people there
speak English; the money is the pound
. Books open.
Pre-teach
castle
,
palace
,
cathedral
,
parliament
and
tourist
information
office by asking ‘Who lives or works in
these buildings?’ ‘What do they do?’
Then, ask the students to read the article quickly to find
and, if appropriate, underline the five place names and
then find the places on the map.
Answers
The answers are recorded for students to check and then
repeat.
A Tourist Information Office B Edinburgh Castle
C St Giles’ Cathedral D Scottish Parliament
E Palace of Holyroodhouse
2
Ask the students to read through the sentences in pairs
and decide if they are right or wrong before they read the
article again. Encourage stronger students to correct the
wrong sentences.
Answers
1
(It isn’t the biggest city in Scotland.) 2
3
4
(It’s about how we see things.) 5
6
(You can visit it for free.) 7
8
(Choose from walking tours, cycle tours, etc.)
The Reading text is recorded for students to listen and read.