nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Axborotni himoyalash konsepsiyasi

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Axborotni himoyalashning apparat vositasi
–
axborotni ishlovchi texnik
vositasi komplekti tarkibiga kiruvchi maxsus himoyalovchi qurilma yoki moslama.
Axborotni huquqiy himoyalash
– axborotni himoyalash bo’yicha subyektlar
munosabatini rostlovchi qonuniy va me’yoriy xujjatlarni (aktlarni) ishlab
chiqishni,
hamda ularning bajarilishini nazorat qilishni o’z ichiga oluvchi axborotni xuquqiy
usullar yordamida himoyalash.
Axborotni ishlovchi himoyalangan texnik vosita
– himoyalash vositalari va
usullari ishlab chiqish va tayyorlash bosqichida amalga oshirilgan
axborotni
ishlovchi texnik vosita.
Axborotning buzilishi
– tashqi ta’sirlar (halallar), apparatura ishlashidagi
buzilishlar, yoki xizmatchi xodimning bilimsizligi natijasida texnik
vositalarida
ishlanuvchi axborotning tasodifiy ruxsatsiz modifikatsiyalanishi.
Bot
- oddiy foydalanuvchi interfeysi orqali avtomatik tarzda va/yoki berilgan
jadval bo’yicha qandaydir harakatlarni bajaruvchi maxsus dastur. Kompyuter
dasturlari muhokama qilinganida bot atamasi asosan Internetga qo’llash
bilan
ishlatiladi.
Botnet
- ishga tushirilgan botlarga ega bir qancha sonli xostlardan tashkil
topgan kompyuter tarmog’i. Odatda kompyuterlarga bo’ladigan tarmoq xujumlarini
(spamni tarqatish, foydalanuvchilarning shaxsiy ma’lumotlarini o’g’irlash,
masofadagi tizimda parollarni saralash, xizmat qilishdan
voz kechishga undash
hujumlari va x.) koordinatsiyalash uchun ishlatiladi (inglizcha robot va network
so’zlaridan olingan.).
Buferning to’lib – toshishi hujumi –
buferdagi oldindan aniqlangan
hajmdagi makonni qaytadan yuklash usuli bo’lib, xotiradagi ma’lumotlarni
qayta
yozishi va shikastlashi mumkin.
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Buzilmaslik - Respublikasi axborot texnologiyalari va kommunikatsiyalarini rivojlantirish vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy...

293
Deshifrlash algoritmi
– deshifrlash funksiyasini
amalga oshiruvchi va
shifrlash algoritmiga teskari algoritm.
Dezinformatsiya
–
foydalanuvchi shaxslarga yolg’on tasavvurni
shakllantirish maqsadida ularga uzatiluvchi xabarni atayin buzib ko’rsatish; yolg’on
axborotni uzatish.
Faol hujum
- dushman va/yoki buzg’unchi
qonuniy foydalanuvchi
harakatiga ta’sir etishi, masalan, qonuniy foydalanuvchi xabarini
almashtirishi yoki
yo’q qilishi va xabarni yaratib uning nomidan uzatishi va h. mumkin bo’lgan
kriptotizimga yoki kriptografik protokolga hujum.
Faol tahdid
– tizim holatini atayin ruxsatsiz o’zgartirish tahdidi.
Firibgarlik hujumi
- foydalanuvchilarning yoki dasturlarning ma’lumotlarni
soxtalashtirish va noqonuniy afzallikka ega bo’lish yo’li
bilan boshqa subyektlar
sifatida muvaffaqiyatli niqoblanish vaziyati.
Foydalanish nazorati
–
foydalanuvchilarning, dasturlarning yoki
jarayonlarning hisoblash
tizimlari qurilmalaridan, dasturlaridan va ma’lumotlaridan
foydalanishlarini aniqlash va cheklash.
Foydalanishni diskretsion boshqarish
– mavzu alomati bo’yicha obyektdan
foydalanish konsepsiyasi (modeli). Unga binoan vakolatlarning ma’lum darajasiga
ega foydalanish subyekti o’z xuquqini ixtiyoriy boshqa subyektga berishi mumkin.
Foydaluvchanlik
- avtorizatsiyalangan mantiqiy obyekt so’rovi bo’yicha
mantiqiy obyektning tayyorlik va foydalanuvchanlik holatida bo’lishi xususiyati.
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- LABORATORIYA ISHI  Mavzu: Ma’lumotlarni saralash. Where standart so‘zidan foydalanish

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- LABORATORIYA ISHI Mavzu: Ma’lumotlarni saralash. Where standart so‘zidan foydalanish
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bet | 7/8 | Sana | 08.02.2024 | Hajmi | 0,71 Mb. | | #152917 |
Bog'liq DBM001-1 Mavzu: Ma’lumotlarni saralash. Where standart so‘zidan foydalanish
Ishdan maqsad: Ma`lumotlar bazasiga so`rovlar tizimini yaratish, saralash va WHERE standart so`zidan foydalanishni o`rganish va ko`nikmaga ega bo`lish.
Masalani qo`yilishi: Loyihalanayotgan ma`lumotlar bazasiga so`rovlar tizimini tuzish va uni relyatsion sxema ko`rinishida tasvirlash. So`rovlar tizimi orqali kerakli ma`lumotlarni ajratib olish va saralash.
Uslubiy ko`rsatmalar: Ma`lumotlar bazasi(MB) buyurtmachisi bilan birgalikda, ma`lumotlar bazasiga so`rovlar tizimini ishlab chiqish zarur. Ishlab chiqilgan so`rovlar tizimi relevant yaratilgan “Mohiyat-aloqa” modeliga va buyurtmachi talablarini maksimal darajada qondirish kerak. Agar buyurtmachi qo`ygan talablarga qurilgan “Mohiyat-aloqa” modeli so`rovlar tizimi to`la qanoatlantirmasa, unda predmet sohani qo`shimcha o`rganib va tahlil qilib, “Mohiyat-aloqa” modeli kerakli elementlar, bog`lanishlar va munosabatlar bilan to`ldiriladi.
So`rovlar tizimini ma`lumotlar bazasidan foydalanuvchiga beriladigan axborot bo`yicha standart va nostandart so`rovlarga sinflanadi.
Ma`lumotlar bazasiga reglamentlanmagan so`rovlar deb foydalanuvchilarni joriy ehtiyojlariga qarab, lekin qurilgan model imkoniyatlari chegarasida va bu so`rovlarni unga relevantligini saqlangan holda o`zini ta`rifini o`zgartirish imkonini beradigan so`rovlarga aytiladi.
Ishni bajarish
4.Update va alter table add buyruqlari yordamida mavjud jadvallarni to’ldiramiz; ( batafsil 3-4-laboratoriyada ko’rgan edik)
6.5 – rasm. ALTER operatoridan foydalanish
So`rov: select tr, min(tr) from fan;
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Getting the Victim Machine's IP Address

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Getting the Victim Machine's IP Address
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bet | 3/10 | Sana | 01.04.2021 | Hajmi | 0,51 Mb. | | #13832 |
Getting the Victim Machine's IP Address
In the Windows 2000 virtual machine, open a Web browser and verify that this machine can reach the Internet. If it cannot, call your instructor over to help solve that problem first.
C
Victim IP (RHOST): ___________________
lick Start, Run. Type in cmd and press the Enter key. In the Command Prompt window, type in IPCONFIG command and press the Enter key. This will show two IP addresses, as shown to the right on this page, because there are two network adapters in the virtual machine.
The adapter that is connected has an IP address starting with 192. Find that address and write it in the box to the right on this page.
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Disabling the Virus Scanner’s Buffer Overflow Protection

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Disabling the Virus Scanner’s Buffer Overflow Protection
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bet | 9/10 | Sana | 01.04.2021 | Hajmi | 0,51 Mb. | | #13832 |
Disabling the Virus Scanner’s Buffer Overflow Protection
In the Windows 2000 virtual machine, in the lower right corner, right-click the little shield icon and select "VirusScan Console".
In the "VirusScan Console" window, right-click "Buffer Overflow Protection" and select Disable. The Status line should change to Disabled as shown to the right on this page.
Launching the MS04-011 Exploit Again
On your Windows XP virtual machine, in the Firefox window, type in the address 127.0.0.1:55555 and press the Enter key.
Scroll down to "Microsoft LSASS MSO4-011 Overflow" and click it.
Scroll down to the "Select Target" section and click "Windows 2000".
In the "Select Payload" section, click win32_reverse.
Enter the RHOST and LHOST values you wrote down in the boxes on previous pages of this project Then click the Exploit button.
You should see an "Exploit Output" similar to the example to the right on this page, with different IP addresses and ports. If it works, you will see the line "Shell started on session 1" (your session number will be larger). You may have to try the exploit more than once.
When you get a connection, in the "Shell started on session #" line, click the session link.
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Getting the Windows XP Machine's IP Address

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Getting the Windows XP Machine's IP Address
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bet | 5/10 | Sana | 01.04.2021 | Hajmi | 0,51 Mb. | | #13832 |
Getting the Windows XP Machine's IP Address
In the Windows XP virtual machine, open a Web browser and verify that this machine can reach the Internet. If it cannot, call your instructor over to help solve that problem first.
Click Start, Run. Type in cmd and press the Enter key. In the Command Prompt window, type in IPCONFIG command and press the Enter key. This will show two IP addresses, as shown to the right on this page, because there are two network adapters in the virtual machine.
T
Attacker IP (LHOST): ___________________
he adapter that is connected has an IP address starting with 192. Find that address and write it in the box to the right on this page.
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Installing Metasploit - W legal warning!

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W legal warning!
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bet | 7/10 | Sana | 01.04.2021 | Hajmi | 0,51 Mb. | | #13832 |
Installing Metasploit
Minimize all windows. Double-click the framework-2.7.exe file on your desktop and click through the installer, accepting all the default selections.
A "VirusScan On-Access Scan Messages" box will appear, as shown to the right on this page. This is McAfee getting upset about the hacking tool you are installing, and blocking some portions of it. In the "VirusScan On-Access Scan Messages" box, click the "Close Window" button.
Close all windows.
Starting MSFWeb
Click Start, All Programs, Metasploit 2, MSFWeb. A command prompt window opens with a single line of text in it as shown below. Leave this window open – this is a little Web server running on your machine, which enables you to control Metasploit through a Web browser.
Launching the MS04-011 Exploit
Open Firefox (IE does not work for this) and type this address into the Address bar:
127.0.0.1:55555
Press the Enter key. You should see a graffiti-style Metasploit logo, with a long list of exploits, such as the ones shown to the right on this page targeting 3Com, AOL, and many more. Computers running these products can be attacked by Metasploit.
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Start Your Host Machine - W legal warning!

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W legal warning!
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bet | 2/10 | Sana | 01.04.2021 | Hajmi | 0,51 Mb. | | #13832 |
Start Your Host Machine
Power on the machine. Log in with the user name CNIT80 and no password.
Launching VMWare
Click Start, All Programs, VMWare, VMWare Workstation. If you see a “Tip of the day” box, click Close. If you see a “VMware Web Check” box, click Cancel.
In the VMWare Workstation window, from the menu bar, click View, “Go to Home Tab. You should see a screen with three large icons, as shown to the right on this page. Click the Open Existing VM or Team icon.
In the Open box, click “My Computer”. Double-click the “VMs (V:)” drive to open it. Double-click the "CNIT80 VMs" folder to open it. Double-click the “Win 2000 Pro SP2” folder. Double-click on the “Windows 2000 Professional.vmx” file. (The .vmx filename extension may not be visible.)
The VMWare Workstation window reappears, with a tab labeled “Windows 2000 Pro SP2”. In the left pane, click the blue Start this virtual machine link.
A “Windows 2000 Professional – Virtual Machine” box opens asking if it should create a new unique identifier (UUID). Accept the default selection of Create and click OK.
When the virtual PC starts, log in as Administrator with no password. A Windows 2000 desktop appears within the VMware window. This is your Victim Machine.
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Launching the MS04-011 Exploit

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Launching the MS04-011 Exploit
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bet | 8/10 | Sana | 01.04.2021 | Hajmi | 0,51 Mb. | | #13832 |
Launching the MS04-011 Exploit
In the Metasploit page, scroll down to "Microsoft LSASS MSO4-011 Overflow" and click it. This exploit can take over an unpatched Windows system—it does not depend on any additional vulnerable software.
Scroll down to the "Select Target" section and click the victim operating system –Windows 2000.
In the "Select Payload" section, click win32_reverse – this is a common payload that opens a Command Prompt on the victim machine, so you can type in commands of your choice to do anything you like on that machine.
Get the RHOST and LHOST values you wrote down in the boxes on previous pages. Type them into the RHOST and LHOST boxes in the next screen, as shown to the right on this page. Then click the Exploit button near the bottom of the window.
You should see an Exploit Output that appears only briefly, followed by a page that says The connection was reset. The exploit failed.
To see why, look at your Windows 2000 machine’s desktop. You should see a McAfee antivirus warning, as shown to the right on this page.
On the Windows 2000 virtual machine, close all windows.
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Using the Reverse Shell to Tag the Victim’s Desktop

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Using the Reverse Shell to Tag the Victim’s Desktop
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bet | 10/10 | Sana | 01.04.2021 | Hajmi | 0,51 Mb. | | #13832 |
Using the Reverse Shell to Tag the Victim’s Desktop
As shown below on this page, enter two commands to create a file on the victim’s desktop. This is a traditional way childish hackers scare victims, showing that you “own” their box.
cd \documents and settings\administrator\desktop
echo “ha ha” > YOURNAME_owns_your_computer.txt
(Replace YOURNAME with your own name in the second command.)
You should be able to see the new file on the victim’s desktop, as shown to the right on this page. Imagine how you would feel if files started appearing on your computer from nowhere while you were using it!
Hardening the Windows 2000 Machine
To prevent this exploit, just use Windows Update to put all service packs and updates onto the Windows 2000 machine. That will take a while, and may not be practical in the lab. But if you do, this exploit will stop working.
Last Modified: 6-13-07
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Axborot-ma’lumotnoma tizimi

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Axborot-ma’lumotnoma tizimi
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bet | 29/87 | Sana | 22.01.2024 | Hajmi | 184,87 Kb. | | #143131 |
Bog'liq Informatsion texnologiyalar-fayllar.org2. Axborot-ma’lumotnoma tizimi (AMT) ko‘p jihatdan foydalanuvchilar
so‘roviga binoan iqtisodiy, texnik yoki texnologik mazmundagi axborotni
berish, yig‘ish va saqlashga mo‘ljallangan. Aytish mumkinki, axborot-
ma’lumotnoma tizimi raqamli yoki matnli konkretlashtirilgan ma’lumotlar bilan
ishlashga qaratilgan. So‘rovning turiga va shakliga ko‘ra natijani qanday taqdim
etishni belgilaydi. So‘rov natijalari standart ma’lumotnoma shaklida berilishi
mumkin yoki foydalanuvchining xohishiga ko‘ra uning so‘rovini qayta ishlash
davomida ixtiyoriy ko‘rinishda loyihalashtirilishi mumkin.
3. Matnlarni qayta ishlash axborot tizimi (MKDT) bevosita foydalanuvchiga
matnlarni (xat, maqola, referat, buyruq va hokazo) tahrir qilish, saqlash va
ko‘paytirishga mo‘ljallangan.
4.
Ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlash tizimi (MQIT) EHMdagi hisob-
kitoblarning formallashgan algoritmlari bo‘yicha ma’lumotlarni
hisoblashga mo‘ljallangan. Mazkur tizim ijodiy jarayonlarni emas,
axborotlarni
qayta
ishlash
jarayonlarini
(hisob,
hisobot,
muhandislik-texnik hisob-kitoblari va hokazo) avtomatlashtirishga
60
yo‘naltirilgan.
5.
Maslahat beruvchi axborot tizimi (MBAT) avtomatlashtirilgan
rejimda EHMda ma’lum bir holatlarda tashkiliy yoki texnik
mazmundagi qarorlarning ayrim variantlarini tuzib beradi. Bu
tavsiyalar qaror qabul qiluvchi shaxs ixtiyoriga beriladi. Maslahat
beruvchi (kengashuvchi) axborot tizimi asosiga real haqiqatga,
ya’ni obyektdagi yoki boshqaruv tizimidagi jarayonga o‘xshash
turli xil matematik modellar joylashtiriladi.
6.
Qarorlar qabul qilish tizimi (QQQT) shunisi bilan ajralib turadiki,
EHMda ishlab chiqilgan qaror varianti bajarish uchun qabul
qilinadi. Ayni paytda ishlab chiqarish tizimi (texnologik
jarayonlarni boshqarishning avtomatlashtirilgan tizimi dispetcher
boshqaruvi tizimi) EHM qabul qilgan qarorlar ijrosini tegishli ijro
mexanizmlari orqali avtomatik ravishda amalga oshiradi.
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Starting Your Windows XP Virtual Machine

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Starting Your Windows XP Virtual Machine
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bet | 4/10 | Sana | 01.04.2021 | Hajmi | 0,51 Mb. | | #13832 |
Click Start, All Programs, VMWare, VMWare Workstation. If you see a “Tip of the day” box, click Close. If you see a “VMware Web Check” box, click Cancel.
In the VMWare Workstation window, from the menu bar, click View, “Go to Home Tab. Click the Open Existing VM or Team icon.
In the Open box, click “My Computer”. Double-click the “VMs (V:)” drive to open it. Double-click the "CNIT80 VMs" folder to open it. Double-click the “Win XP Pro for Hacking” folder. Double-click on the “Windows XP Professional.vmx” file. (The .vmx filename extension may not be visible.)
The VMWare Workstation window reappears, with a tab labeled “Windows XP Professional”. In the left pane, click the blue Start this virtual machine link.
If a “Windows XP Professional – Virtual Machine” box opens with a long message about product activation, click OK.
A “Windows XP Professional – Virtual Machine” box opens asking if it should create a new unique identifier (UUID). Accept the default selection of Create and click OK.
A “Windows XP Professional – Virtual Machine” box opens warning you that it “could not connect to floppy”. Click OK.
A “Windows XP Professional – Virtual Machine” box opens warning you that it “virtual device floppy0 will start disconnected”. Click OK.
If a “Windows XP Professional – Virtual Machine” box opens warning you that the default sound device cannot be opened. Click OK.
If a “Windows XP Professional – Virtual Machine” box opens with message about the keyboard timeout hook value, click OK.
When the virtual PC launches, if it doesn't automatically log on, log on as Student with no password. A Windows XP desktop appears within the VMware window.
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A protocol is a set of rules that determine how things communicate with each other

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A protocol is a set of rules that determine how things communicate with each other
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bet | 5/10 | Sana | 22.07.2024 | Hajmi | 225,5 Kb. | | #268238 |
Bog'liq slides01TCP/IP - A protocol is a set of rules that determine how things communicate with each other
- The software which manages Internet communication follows a suite of protocols called TCP/IP
- The Internet Protocol (IP) determines the format of the information as it is transferred
- The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) dictates how messages are reassembled and handles lost information
IP and Internet Addresses - Each computer on the Internet has a unique IP address, such as:
- 204.192.116.2
- Most computers also have a unique Internet name, which is also referred to as an Internet address:
- renoir.villanova.edu
- kant.breakaway.com
- The first part indicates a particular computer (renoir)
- The rest is the domain name, indicating the organization (villanova.edu)
Domain Names - The last section (the suffix) of each domain name usually indicates the type of organization:
- - educational institution
- - non-profit organization
- - network-based organization
- Sometimes the suffix
- indicates the country:
- New suffix categories
- are being considered
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Introduction to Graphics - Chapter 1: Computer Systems

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Chapter 1: Computer Systems
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bet | 10/10 | Sana | 22.07.2024 | Hajmi | 225,5 Kb. | | #268238 |
Bog'liq slides01Introduction to Graphics - The last one or two sections of each chapter of the textbook focus on graphical issues
- Most computer programs have graphical components
- A picture or drawing must be digitized for storage on a computer
- A picture is broken down into pixels, and each pixel is stored separately
Representing Color - A black and white picture can be stored using one bit per pixel (0 = white and 1 = black)
- A color picture requires more information, and there are several techniques for representing a particular color
- For example, every color can be represented as a mixture of the three primary colors Red, Green, and Blue
- In Java, each color is represented by three numbers between 0 and 255 that are collectively called an RGB value
Coordinate Systems - Each pixel can be identified using a two-dimensional coordinate system
- When referring to a pixel in a Java program, we use a coordinate system with the origin in the upper left corner
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Downloading The Metasploit Framework

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Downloading The Metasploit Framework
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bet | 6/10 | Sana | 01.04.2021 | Hajmi | 0,51 Mb. | | #13832 |
In the virtual Windows XP machine, open Firefox and go to metasploit.net
At the top of the Metasploit page, in the “Framework 2.7” line, click the WIN32 link, as shown to the right on this page.
In the “Opening famework-2.7.exe” box, click the “Save file” button. The file is saved on your desktop.
Disabling the Antivirus Software
S
McAfee Shield Icon
ome portions of Metasploit use known exploits, and McAfee antivirus will prevent them from installing. So we need to turn off the antivirus scanner before installing Metasploit. Look in the lower right-hand corner of your virtual Windows XP machine's desktop. Find the shield icon with the red V on it, as shown to the right on this page. Right-click the shield icon and click "Disable On-Access Scan".
The shield icon should now show a red circle with a slash through it, as shown to the right on this page.
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Network Connections - Chapter 1: Computer Systems

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Chapter 1: Computer Systems
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bet | 4/10 | Sana | 22.07.2024 | Hajmi | 225,5 Kb. | | #268238 |
Bog'liq slides01 - Most modern networks share a single communication line
- Adding a new computer to the network is relatively easy
- Often information is broken
- down in parts, called packets,
- which are sent to the receiving
- machine then reassembled
- A Local-Area Network
- (LAN) covers a small
- distance and a small
- number of computers
- A LAN often connects the machines
- in a single room or building
Wide-Area Networks The Internet - The Internet is a WAN which spans the entire planet
- The word Internet comes from the term internetworking, which implies communication among networks
- It started as a United States government project, sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), and was originally called the ARPANET
- The Internet grew quickly throughout the 1980s and 90s
- Less than 600 computers were connected to the Internet in 1983; now there are over 10 million
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Domain Names - Chapter 1: Computer Systems

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Chapter 1: Computer Systems
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bet | 6/10 | Sana | 22.07.2024 | Hajmi | 225,5 Kb. | | #268238 |
Bog'liq slides01Domain Names - A domain name can have several parts
- Unique domain names mean that multiple sites can have individual computers with the same local name
- When used, an Internet address is translated to an IP address by software called the Domain Name System (DNS)
- There is no one-to-one correspondence between the sections of an IP address and the sections of an Internet address
- The World-Wide Web allows many different types of information to be accessed using a common interface
- A browser is a program which accesses and presents information
- A Web document usually contains links to other Web documents, creating a hypermedia environment
- The term Web comes from the fact that information is not organized in a linear fashion
The World-Wide Web - Web documents are often defined using the HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
- Information on the Web is found using a Uniform Resource Locator (URL):
- http://www.lycos.com
- http://www.villanova.edu/webinfo/domains.html
- ftp://java.sun.com/applets/animation.zip
- A URL indicates a protocol (http), a domain, and possibly specific documents
Problem Solving - The purpose of writing a program is to solve a problem
- The general steps in problem solving are:
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Problem Solving - Chapter 1: Computer Systems

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Chapter 1: Computer Systems
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bet | 7/10 | Sana | 22.07.2024 | Hajmi | 225,5 Kb. | | #268238 |
Bog'liq slides01Problem Solving - Many software projects fail because the developer didn't really understand the problem to be solved
- We must avoid assumptions and clarify ambiguities
- As problems and their solutions become larger, we must organize our development into manageable pieces
- This technique is fundamental to software development
- We will dissect our solutions into pieces called classes and objects, taking an object-oriented approach
The Java Programming Language - A programming language specifies the words and symbols that we can use to write a program
- A programming language employs a set of rules that dictate how the words and symbols can be put together to form valid program statements
- Java was created by Sun Microsystems, Inc.
- It was introduced in 1995 and has become quite popular
- It is an object-oriented language
Java Program Structure - In the Java programming language:
- These terms will be explored in detail throughout the course
- A Java application always contains a method called main
- See Lincoln.java (page 26)
Java Program Structure - Comments can be added almost anywhere
Java Program Structure - public static void main (String[] args)
- // comments about the class
- // comments about the method
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CPU and Main Memory - Chapter 1: Computer Systems

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Chapter 1: Computer Systems
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bet | 2/10 | Sana | 22.07.2024 | Hajmi | 225,5 Kb. | | #268238 |
Bog'liq slides01 - Chip that executes program commands
- Intel Pentium III
- Sun Sparc Processor
- Primary storage area for programs and data that are in active use
- Synonymous with RAM
Secondary Memory Devices - Secondary memory
- devices provide
- long-term storage
- Information is moved
- between main memory
- and secondary memory
- as needed
- Hard disks
- Floppy disks
- ZIP disks
- Writable CDs
- Tapes
- I/O devices allow user
- interaction
- Monitor screen
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Bar code scanner
- Light pen
- Touch screen
Software Categories - Operating System
- controls all machine activities
- provides the user interface to the computer
- manages resources such as the CPU and memory
- Windows 98, Windows NT, Unix, Linux, Mac OS
- Application program
- Most operating systems and application programs have a graphical user interface (GUI)
Analog vs. Digital - There are two basic ways to store and manage data:
- Analog
- continuous, in direct proportion to the data represented
- music on a record album - a needle rides on ridges in the grooves that are directly proportional to the voltage sent to the speaker
- Digital
- the information is broken down into pieces, and each piece is represented separately
- music on a compact disc - the disc stores numbers representing specific voltage levels sampled at various points
Digital Information - Computers store all information digitally:
- numbers
- text
- graphics and images
- audio
- video
- program instructions
- In some way, all information is digitized - broken down into pieces and represented as numbers
Representing Text Digitally - For example, every character is stored as a number, including spaces, digits, and punctuation
- Corresponding upper and lower case letters are separate characters
- 72 105 44 32 72 101 97 116 104 101 114 46
Binary Numbers - Once information is digitized, it is represented and stored in memory using the binary number system
- A single binary digit (0 or 1) is called a bit
- Devices that store and move information are cheaper and more reliable if they only have to represent two states
- A single bit can represent two possible states, like a light bulb that is either on (1) or off (0)
- Combinations of bits are used to store values
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-savol Inson faoliyati xavfsizligi

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-savol Inson faoliyati xavfsizligi
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bet | 3/40 | Sana | 09.01.2024 | Hajmi | 197,64 Kb. | | #132778 |
Bog'liq 1-savol Kiberxavfsizlikning asosiy tushunchalari-fayllar.org3-savol Inson faoliyati xavfsizligi:
inson hayoti, sog‘ligi hamda uning nasliga ta’sir etuvchi real xavflar aniq ehtimollik asosida bartaraf etilgan inson faoliyati holatidir.
Hayot faoliyati – insonning o‘z manfaatlarini qondirish maqsadidagi kunlik mehnat faoliyati va dam olishi, ya’ni insoniyat yashashining muhim shartidir. Inson yashash davrida o‘zining moddiy va ma’naviy manfaatlarini qondirish maqsadida yashash makonini, muhitini o‘zgartiradi. Shu sababli, “Hayot faoliyat xavfsizligi” fani inson organizmi bilan uni o‘rab turgan muhit o‘rtasidagi murakkab o‘zaro bog‘lanish va ta’sirni o‘rganadi. Ma’lumki inson o‘z faoliyatini tabiiy, maishiy, ishlab chiqarish, shahar muhiti va favqulodda holatlar sharoitida amalga oshirishi mumkin. Inson har qanday muhit sharoitida faoliyat yuritmasin inson va muhit o‘rtasida o‘zaro qarama-qarshi ta’sir yuzaga keladi. Shu sababli inson faoliyati ikki maqsadga yo‘naltirilgan bo‘ladi:
1. O‘z faoliyati davomida ma’lum samarali maqsadga, manfaatga erishish.
2. Faoliyati davrida yuzaga keladigan ko‘ngilsiz holatlarni bartaraf etish, ya’ni faoliyatni xavfsiz va zararsiz bo‘lishini ta’minlash.
Ko‘ngilsiz holatlar deganda insonning hayoti va sog‘liga zarar etishi tushuniladi. Inson faoliyati davomida uning hayoti va sog‘ligiga zarar etkazuvchi har qanday holat, vaziyat, vositalar xavflar deyiladi. Xavflar ta’sirida inson sog‘ligiga zarar etadi, hayoti xavf ostida qoladi va organizmning me’yoriy faoliyati qiyinlashadi.
Hayot faoliyati xavfsizligi – maqsadga olib boruvchi yo‘l, uslub va vositalar majmudir. U atrof-muhit va insoniyatga tahdid soluvchi xavflarning tabiatini, ularni yuzaga kelish va ta’sir etish qonuniyatlarini, xavflarni yuzaga kelishini oldini olish tadbirlarini, xavflardan himoyalanish usullari va xavf ta’sirida yuzaga kelgan salbiy oqibatlarni bartaraf etish yo‘llarini o‘rganuvchi ilmiy bilimlar sohasi hisoblanadi.
Hayot faoliyati xavfsizligi fani – inson hayotiy faoliyati uchun qulay sharoitlar yaratish va insonni texnosferadagi antropogen hamda tabiiy xavflardan himoyalashga qaratilgan tadbirlar majmui va vositalar tizimini o‘rganadi.
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Masshtablilik - Kamchiliklari

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KamchiliklariBog'liq 66-70Masshtablilik. Katta ma'lumotlar bilan talab bo‘yicha kattalashtirish va
pasaytirish juda muhim. Ko‘pgina tashkilotlar katta ma'lumotlar loyihasi qanchalik
tez o‘sishi va rivojlanishini hisobga olmaydilar. Qo‘shimcha resurslarni qo‘shish
uchun loyihani doimiy ravishda to‘xtatib turish ma'lumotlarni tahlil qilish vaqtini
qisqartiradi. Katta ma'lumotlarning ish yuklari ham tez sur'atda bo‘ladi, bu esa
resurslarni qaerga taqsimlash kerakligini oldindan aytishni qiyinlashtiradi. Ushbu
katta ma'lumotlar muammosining darajasi yechimga qarab farq qiladi. Bulutdagi
yechim mahalliy yechimga qaraganda ancha oson va tezroq masshtablanadi.
Iste'dodning etishmasligi: korxonalar ma'lumotlarning etishmasligini his
qilmoqdalar. Nafaqat ma'lumotlar bo‘yicha olimlarning etishmasligi, balki katta
ma'lumotlar
loyihasini
muvaffaqiyatli
amalga
oshirish
uchun
qimmatli
tushunchalarni aniqlash uchun etarli miqdordagi domen bilimiga ega bo‘lgan ishlab
chiquvchilar, ma'lumotlar bo‘yicha olimlar va tahlilchilarning murakkab jamoasi
talab qilinadi. Ko‘pgina yirik ma'lumotlar sotuvchilari o‘zlarining ta'lim resurslarini
taqdim etish yoki boshqaruvning asosiy qismini ta'minlash orqali bu katta ma'lumotlar
muammosini engishga intilishadi.
Hadoop qiyin. Hadoop va uning atrofidagi vositalar ekotizimining katta
hajmdagi tuzilgan va tuzilmagan ma'lumotlar bilan ishlash qobiliyati maqtovga
sazovor bo‘lsa-da, dasturiy ta'minotni boshqarish yoki ishlatish oson
emas. Texnologiya nisbatan yangi bo‘lganligi sababli, ko‘plab ma'lumotlar
mutaxassislari Hadoopni qanday boshqarishni bilishmaydi. Bundan tashqari, Hadoop
ko‘pincha qo‘llab-quvvatlash uchun keng ichki resurslarni talab qiladi va ko‘plab
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
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BIG DATA KAMCHILIKLARI - Kamchiliklari

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
http://www.newjournal.org/
Выпуск журнала № – 18
Часть–6_ Апрель–2023
69
2181-3187
natijalarni bersa, ob'ektiv bo‘lib qolish va umumiy ma'lumotlar oqimidan faqat har
qanday hodisaning holatiga haqiqiy ta'sir ko‘rsatadiganlarini tanlash juda qiyin.
Katta ma'lumotlarning maxfiyligi muammosi. Aksariyat mijozlarga xizmat
ko‘rsatuvchi provayderlar ma'lumotlardan onlayn foydalanishga o‘tishlari bilan
kiberjinoyatchilarning navbatdagi nishoniga aylanish juda oson. Hech qanday onlayn
tranzaktsiyalarsiz shaxsiy ma'lumotlarni oddiy saqlash ham bulutli saqlash mijozlari
uchun nomaqbul oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin.
Axborotni yo‘qotish muammosi. Ehtiyot choralari oddiy bir martalik
ma'lumotlarni zaxiralash bilan cheklanib qolmaslikni, balki saqlashning kamida 2-3
zaxira nusxasini yaratishni talab qiladi. Biroq, hajm oshgani sayin, ortiqcha ish bilan
bog‘liq qiyinchiliklar o‘sib bormoqda - va IT mutaxassislari ushbu muammoning
maqbul echimini topishga harakat qilmoqdalar.
Katta maʼlumotlardan unchalik kam foydalanilmayotganining sabablaridan biri
katta maʼlumotlar va katta maʼlumotlar texnologiyalari ham koʻp muammolarni
keltirib chiqaradi. Bir tadqiqot shuni ko‘rsatdiki, katta ma'lumotlar loyihalarining 55
foizi hech qachon tugallanmagan. Ushbu topilma ikkinchi so‘rovda takrorlandi,
natijada mahalliy yirik ma'lumotlar loyihalarining aksariyati muvaffaqiyatli emas.
http://www.newjournal.org/

http://www.newjournal.org/
Выпуск журнала № – 18
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kompaniyalar o‘z resurslarining katta qismini hal qilmoqchi bo‘lgan haqiqiy katta
ma'lumotlar muammosiga emas, balki texnologiyaga bag‘ishlaydilar. Yuqorida aytib
o‘tilgan so‘rovda respondentlarning 73% katta ma'lumotlar platformasini tushunish
katta ma'lumotlar loyihasining eng muhim muammosi ekanligini ta'kidladi.
FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR:
1.
Kh.T.Murodilov, & U.Q.Toshmatov. (2023). CREATING MAPS OF
AGRICULTURE AND CLUSTERS BY USING GEOINFORMATION SYSTEMS.
Innovative
Development
in
Educational
Activities,
2(6),
464–470.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7787159
2.
Мирзакаримова Г. М. Қ., Муродилов Х. Т. Ў. Понятие о
бонитировки балла почв и её главное предназначение //Central Asian Research
Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS). – 2022. – Т. 2. – №. 1. – С. 223-229.
3.
O‘G‘Li, Murodilov Hasanboy Tolibjon. "Market transformation for
sustainable rural housing." Достижения науки и образования 7 (48) (2019): 30-31.
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Big Data platformalari - Kamchiliklari

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
http://www.newjournal.org/
Выпуск журнала № – 18
Часть–6_ Апрель–2023
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2181-3187
platformalari odatda turli xil serverlar, ma'lumotlar bazalari va biznes razvedka
vositalaridan iborat bo‘lib, ular ma'lumotlar olimlariga tendentsiyalar va naqshlarni
topish uchun ma'lumotlarni manipulyatsiya qilish imkonini beradi. Katta maʼlumotlar
mohiyatiga koʻra tushunchaga ega boʻlish uchun har bir atributni batafsil koʻrib
chiqish foydali boʻladi.
Hajm. Katta hajmli ma'lumotlar (Big Data) o‘lchami juda ulkandir. An'anaviy
ma'lumotlar megabayt, gigabayt va terabayt kabi tanish o‘lchamlarda o‘lchansa-da,
katta hajmli ma’lumotlar petabayt va zettabaytlarda saqlanadi.
Masshtabdagi farqning ulkanligini tushunish uchun Berkeley Axborot
maktabidagi ushbu taqqoslashni ko‘rib chiqing: bir gigabayt HD formatidagi yetti
daqiqali videoga teng, bir zettabayt esa 250 milliard DVDga teng. Bu aysbergning
faqat uchi. EMC hisobotiga ko‘ra, raqamli olam har ikki yilda ikki baravar o‘sib
boradi va 2020 yilda 44 trillion zettabaytga yetgan.
Katta hajmli ma’lumotlar ushbu turdagi ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlash
arxitekturasini ta'minlaydi. Saqlash va qayta ishlash bo‘yicha tegishli yechimlarsiz,
tushunchalar tagiga yetish qiyinchilik tug‘dirardi.
Tezlik. Uni yaratish tezligidan tortib, tahlil qilish uchun zarur bo‘lgan vaqtgacha,
katta hajmli ma’lumotlar haqida hamma narsa tez. Ba'zilar buni yong‘in shlangidan
ichishga urinish deb ta'riflashgan. Kompaniyalar va tashkilotlar ushbu
ma'lumotlardan real vaqt rejimida foydalanish va undan tushunchalar yaratish
qobiliyatiga ega bo‘lishi kerak, aks holda bu unchalik foydali emas. Haqiqiy vaqtda
ishlov berish qaror qabul qiluvchilarga tezkorlik bilan harakat qilish imkonini beradi,
bu esa ularga raqobatda ustunlik beradi.
An’anaviy yondashuv - Kamchiliklari

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
http://www.newjournal.org/
Выпуск журнала № – 18
Часть–6_ Апрель–2023
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Ma'lumotlarning ba'zi shakllari ommaviy qayta ishlanishi va vaqt o‘tishi bilan
dolzarb bo‘lib qolishi mumkin bo‘lsa-da, katta hajmli ma’lumotlarning aksariyati
klipda tashkilotlarga oqib tushadi va eng yaxshi natijalar uchun darhol harakat qilishni
talab qiladi. Sog‘liqni saqlash qurilmalaridan olingan sensor ma'lumotlari
ajoyib
misoldir. Sog‘liqni saqlash ma'lumotlarini bir zumda qayta ishlash qobiliyati
foydalanuvchilar va shifokorlarga hayotni saqlab qolishi mumkin bo‘lgan
ma'lumotlarni taqdim etishi mumkin.
Turli xillik. Barcha katta hajmli ma’lumotlarning taxminan 95%
tuzilmagan,
ya'ni ular oddiy, an'anaviy modelga osongina mos kelmaydi.
Elektron pochta va
videolardan tortib ilmiy va meteorologik ma'lumotlargacha bo‘lgan hamma narsa
katta hajmli ma’lumotlar oqimini tashkil qilishi mumkin, ularning har biri o‘ziga xos
atributlarga ega.
2019
yilda tushunish va eng muhimi, axborot massivlari bilan ishlashning
ahamiyati o‘n yillik boshiga nisbatan 4-5 barobar oshdi. Katta ma'lumotlarning kichik
va o‘rta biznes sohalariga integratsiyalashuvi, startaplar katta nisbatda bo‘ldi:
Bulutli saqlash. Onlayn makonda ma'lumotlarni saqlash
va ular bilan ishlash
texnologiyalari kichik va o‘rta biznes uchun ko‘plab muammolarni hal qilishi
mumkin: ma'lumotlar markaziga xizmat ko‘rsatishdan ko‘ra
bulutni sotib olish
arzonroq, xodimlar masofadan ishlashi mumkin va ofis kerak emas. .
Chuqur o‘rganish, sun'iy intellekt. Analitik mashinalar inson miyasini taqlid
qiladi, ya'ni sun'iy neyron tarmoqlardan foydalaniladi. O‘rganish
katta hajmdagi
ma'lumotlar asosida mustaqil ravishda amalga oshiriladi.
Dark Data - kompaniya to‘g‘risidagi raqamlashtirilmagan ma'lumotlarni
to‘plash va saqlash, ular biznesni rivojlantirishda muhim rol o‘ynamaydi, lekin ular
texnik va qonunchilik rejalarida zarur.
Blokcheyn. Internet tranzaktsiyalarini soddalashtirish,
bu operatsiyalarning
narxini pasaytirish.
O‘z-o‘ziga xizmat ko‘rsatish tizimlari - 2016 yildan boshlab kichik va o‘rta
biznes uchun maxsus platformalar joriy etildi, ularda
siz mustaqil ravishda
ma'lumotlarni saqlashingiz va tartibga solishingiz mumkin.
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Muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti farg‘ona filiali “Dasturiy injiniring va Raqamli iqtisodiyot”

Muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti farg‘ona filiali “Dasturiy injiniring va Raqamli iqtisodiyot”
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar Bosh sahifa Muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti farg‘ona filiali “Dasturiy injiniring va Raqamli iqtisodiyot”
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Java Translation and Execution

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Java Translation and Execution
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bet | 9/10 | Sana | 22.07.2024 | Hajmi | 225,5 Kb. | | #268238 |
Bog'liq slides01 - The Java compiler translates Java source code into a special representation called bytecode
- Java bytecode is not the machine language for any traditional CPU
- Another software tool, called an interpreter, translates bytecode into machine language and executes it
- Therefore the Java compiler is not tied to any particular machine
- Java is considered to be architecture-neutral
Java Translation and Execution - There are many development environments which develop Java software:
- Sun Java Software Development Kit (SDK)
- Borland JBuilder
- MetroWork CodeWarrior
- Microsoft Visual J++
- Symantec Café
- Though the details of these environments differ, the basic compilation and execution process is essentially the same
Syntax and Semantics - The syntax rules of a language define how we can put symbols, reserved words, and identifiers together to make a valid program
- The semantics of a program statement define what that statement means (its purpose or role in a program)
- A program that is syntactically correct is not necessarily logically (semantically) correct
- A program will always do what we tell it to do, not what we meant to tell it to do
Errors - A program can have three types of errors
- The compiler will find problems with syntax and other basic issues (compile-time errors)
- If compile-time errors exist, an executable version of the program is not created
- A problem can occur during program execution, such as trying to divide by zero, which causes a program to terminate abnormally (run-time errors)
- A program may run, but produce incorrect results (logical errors)
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Ijtimoiy injineriyaga qarshi himoya

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Ijtimoiy injineriyaga qarshi himoya
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bet | 40/40 | Sana | 09.01.2024 | Hajmi | 197,64 Kb. | | #132778 |
Bog'liq 1-savol Kiberxavfsizlikning asosiy tushunchalari-fayllar.orgIjtimoiy injineriyaga qarshi himoya: ijtimoiy injineriya turlari, ijtimoiy injineriya mutaxassislari foydalanadilan prinsiplar, ijtimoiy tarmoqlarda ma’lumotlarni bo’lishmaslik, qalbaki ijtimoiy media ulanishlarini aniqlash, xavfsiz dasturiy vositalardan foydalanish.
Har qanday tashkilotning kiberxavfsizlik strategiyasidagi eng katta zaif tomonlardan biri bu inson xatosidir. Ijtimoiy muhandislik hujumlari bexabar odamlarni xavfsizlikka tajovuz qilish va nozik ma'lumotlarni tarqatish orqali ushbu zaiflikdan foydalanadi. Ijtimoiy muhandislar sizni ishontirish uchun aldash yoki tabiiy himoyangizni pasaytirish uchun soxta shoshilinch va tashvish hissini yaratish uchun turli xil psixologik hiylalardan foydalanadilar. Hujumchilar pul yoki maxfiy ma'lumotlarni o'g'irlash uchun jismoniy yoki texnologik xavfsizligingizni buzishi mumkin.
Ijtimoiy muhandislik tomonidan nishonga olinishining oldini olishning yagona yo'li bu hujumchilar foydalanadigan usullar, psixologik triggerlar va texnologik vositalarni o'rganishdir. Firibgarlar turli xil ijtimoiy muhandislik hujumlaridan foydalanadilar, ammo ba'zi umumiy sovg'alar ularni aniqlash va oldini olishga yordam beradi.
Ijtimoiy muhandislik hujumlarining 10 turi
Ijtimoiy muhandislik hujumining oldini olish uchun ularning qanday ko'rinishini va qanday qilib nishonga olinishi mumkinligini tushunishingiz kerak. Bu bilish kerak bo'lgan ijtimoiy muhandislik hujumlarining eng keng tarqalgan 10 turi.
1. Fishing
Fishing ijtimoiy muhandislik hujumining eng keng tarqalgan turi bo'lib, odatda soxta elektron pochta manzillari va havolalar orqali odamlarni kirish hisob ma'lumotlari, kredit karta raqamlari yoki boshqa shaxsiy ma'lumotlarni taqdim etishda aldash uchun ishlatiladi. Fishing hujumlarining xilma-xilligiga quyidagilar kiradi:
Angler fishing - ijtimoiy tarmoqlarda soxta mijozlarga xizmat ko'rsatish akkauntlaridan foydalanish
http://fayllar.org
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Comments - Chapter 1: Computer Systems

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Chapter 1: Computer Systems
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bet | 8/10 | Sana | 22.07.2024 | Hajmi | 225,5 Kb. | | #268238 |
Bog'liq slides01Comments - Comments in a program are also called inline documentation
- They should be included to explain the purpose of the program and describe processing steps
- They do not affect how a program works
- Java comments can take two forms:
- /* this comment runs to the terminating
- symbol, even across line breaks */
Identifiers - Identifiers are the words a programmer uses in a program
- An identifier can be made up of letters, digits, the underscore character (_), and the dollar sign
- They cannot begin with a digit
- Java is case sensitive, therefore Total and total are different identifiers
Identifiers - Sometimes we choose identifiers ourselves when writing a program (such as Lincoln)
- Sometimes we are using another programmer's code, so we use the identifiers that they chose (such as println)
- Often we use special identifiers called reserved words that already have a predefined meaning in the language
- A reserved word cannot be used in any other way
Reserved Words - abstract
- boolean
- break
- byte
- byvalue
- case
- cast
- catch
- char
- class
- const
- continue
- default
- do
- double
- else
- extends
- false
- final
- finally
- float
- for
- future
- generic
- goto
- if
- implements
- import
- inner
- instanceof
- int
- interface
- long
- native
- new
- null
- operator
- outer
- package
- private
- protected
- public
- rest
- return
- short
- static
- super
- switch
- synchronized
- this
- throw
- throws
- transient
- true
- try
- var
- void
- volatile
- while
White Space - Spaces, blank lines, and tabs are collectively called white space
- White space is used to separate words and symbols in a program
- Extra white space is ignored
- A valid Java program can be formatted many different ways
- Programs should be formatted to enhance readability, using consistent indentation
- See Lincoln2.java and Lincoln3.java
Programming Language Levels - There are four programming language levels:
- machine language
- assembly language
- high-level language
- fourth-generation language
- Each type of CPU has its own specific machine language
- The other levels were created to make it easier for a human being to write programs
Programming Languages - A program must be translated into machine language before it can be executed on a particular type of CPU
- This can be accomplished in several ways
- A compiler is a software tool which translates source code into a specific target language
- Often, that target language is the machine language for a particular CPU type
- The Java approach is somewhat different
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Hayot faoliyati xavfsizligi

inson faoliyat xavfsizligini xarakterlovchi asosiy prinsiplar, uslublar va vositalar tizimi;
xavfsizlik tizimi, uning tahlili va optimallashtirish dasturlari. Faoliyat xavfsizligini boshqarish yo‘llari;
faoliyat xavfsizligining huquqiy va tashkiliy asoslari. Hayot faoliyati xavfsizligi bo‘yicha qonunlar, standartlar tizimi, nizomlar, ko‘rsatmalar, qurilish va sanitariya me’yorlari va boshqa me’yoriy hujjatlar, ularni amalda hayotga tadbiq etish;
ishlab chiqarishda faoliyat xavfsizligini ta’minlash, sog‘lom va xavfsiz ish sharoitlarini yaratish bo‘yicha rejali tadbirlar ishlab chiqish;
ishlab chiqarishdagi baxtsiz hodisalarni tahlil qilish, ularni tekshirish va hujjatlashtirish tartiblari;
inson hayot faoliyati xavfsizligini ta’minlashning iqtisodiy samaradorligini oshirish, baxtsiz hodisalar sabablarini aniqlash uslublari;
xavfsiz mehnat sharoitini ta’minlashga qaratilgan shaxsiy ximoya vositalari bilan ishchi-xizmatchilarni ta’minlash tartibi va ulardan foydalanish yo‘llari;
sog‘lom va xavfsiz mehnat sharoitini yaratish bo‘yicha sanitar-gigienik tadbirlar ishlab chiqish;
ishlab chiqarishdagi texnika vositalaridan, mashina-mexanizmlar, qurilmalar va moslamalardan foydalanishdagi xavfsizlik qoidalari;
yong‘in xavfsizligi: yong‘inning kelib chiqish sabablari, uni oldini olish, yong‘inni uchirish texnika vositalariva usullari;
favqulodda xodisalar va tabiiy ofatlar vaqtida inson hayot faoliyati xavfsizligini ta’minlash;
Yuqorida qayd etilgan nazariy bilimlarga asoslangan holda har bir mutaxassis fanni o‘rganish bilan quyidagi amaliy umumkasbiy kompetentlikka ega bo‘lishlari lozim:
Energetik resurslar bilan ta’minlanganlik

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Energetik resurslar bilan ta’minlanganlik
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bet | 31/122 | Sana | 25.06.2024 | Hajmi | 1,43 Mb. | | #265621 |
Bog'liq Fermer xo\'jaligi iqtisodiyoti1Energetik resurslar bilan ta’minlanganlik – energetik resurslarning ekin maydoniga nisbati bilan aniqlanadi.
Ert ;
ERk Em KXe
Bunda:
Ert – energetik resurslar bilan ta’minlanganlik; ERk – jami energetik resurslar quvvati (ot kuchida);
Em(Kxe) – jami ekin maydoni (qishloq xo‘jalik yerlari).
Mehnatning energetik resurslar bilan qurollanganlik darajasi. Jami energetik resurslarni (ot kuchida) mehnat qilgan kishilarning o‘rtacha yillik miqdoriga (kishilar) nisbati bilan aniqlanadi. Bunda ushbu tenglikdan foydalanish mumkin:
Bunda:
Erk
Erk ;
Mr
Erk – energetik resurslar bilan qurollanganlik;
Mr – ishlagan mehnat resurslarining o‘rtacha yillik soni (kishi).
Bu ko‘rsatkichlar fermer xo‘jaligida bajariladigan barcha ishlarning qay darajada mexanizatsiyalashayotganligini yoki avtomatlashayotganlik holatini o‘rganishga yordam beradi.
Ishlab chiqarish jarayonlarining mexanizatsiyalash darajasi – traktor, mashinalar yordamida bajarilgan jami ish (etalon gektarda) miqdorini fermer xo‘jaliklari bo‘yicha bajarilgan jami ishlar hajmiga (etalon ga) nisbati va yuzga ko‘paytirish yo‘li bilan aniqlanadi.
Bunda:
Md
Mi 100% ;
Ji
Md – ishlab chiqarishning mexanizatsiyalashganlik darajasi, foizda;
Mi – mashina, traktorlar va boshqa mexanizmlar yordamida bajarilgan ish (Et.ga);
Ji – jami bajarilgan ish miqdori (Et.ga).
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