nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Server operatsion tizimlari - Fan: Operatsion tizimlar 5-maruza. Operatsion tizimlarning turlari

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Fan: Operatsion tizimlar 5-maruza. Operatsion tizimlarning turlari
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bet | 3/4 | Sana | 02.06.2024 | Hajmi | 471,48 Kb. | | #259318 |
Bog'liq 5-maruza OTturlari (1) - Server OT o’ta kuchli shaxsiy kompyuterlar, ish stantsiyalari yoki hatto universal mashinalarda o’rnatilishi mumkin. Ular bir vaqtning o'zida tarmoq bo'ylab ko'plab foydalanuvchilarga xizmat ko'rsatib, ularga apparat va dasturiy resurslardan umumiy foydalanishni ta'minlaydi.
- Serverlar chop etish, fayllarni saqlash yoki veb-xizmatlarni taqdim etishi mumkin. Internet-provayderlar odatda bir vaqtning o'zida mijozlarga xizmat ko'rsatish uchun bir nechta server mashinalaridan foydalanadilar. Veb-saytlarga xizmat ko'rsatishda serverlar veb-sahifalarni saqlaydi va kiruvchi so'rovlarni qayta ishlaydi. Server operatsion tizimlarining tipik vakillari Solaris, FreeBSD, Linux va Windows Server 201x hisoblanadi.
Server operatsion tizimlari va oddiy operatsion tizimlar o'rtasidagi farq - Oddiy OT MS Office dasturlari va boshqa ko'plab kundalik ish uchun ishlatiladigan dasturlarni ishlashini ta’minlaydi. Oddiy OT kompyuter foydalanuvchisini lokal va Internet tarmog’iga hamda boshqa simsiz aloqa (Bluetooth, Wi-fi) kanallarini protokollar orqali bog’lanishiga javobgardir. Ular server OTga qaraganda ancha arzon baholanadi.
- Server OT hisoblash uchun ko'proq xotiradan foydalanadi va shuningdek, ular veb-server, server ilovalari, elektron pochta serveri va korporativ AT-tizimi uchun zarur bo'lgan boshqa ko'plab serverlar sifatida foydalaniladi. Server OT oddiy OT kabi faqat bitta emas, balki ko'plab foydalanuvchilarni mahalliy tarmoq va Internetga ulashi mumkin.
- Microsoft firmasi: Microsoft Windows Server
- Linux yadrosi bazasida: Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Ubuntu Server va CentOS
- Apple firmasi: macOS Server
- Windows Server so’ngi 2019, 2022 versiyalari tashkilotlar serverlarida ishlash kabi bulutli omborlarda (Microsoft Azure) ijaraga olingan serverlarda ishlash imkoniyati bilan gibrid hisoblash muhiti yaratilgan.
Mijoz-server modeli - Mijoz-server - bu bir mijoz dastur boshqa serverdagi dasturdan xizmat yoki resursni talab qilishi ostidagi munosabat hisoblanadi.
- Mijoz-server modeli atamasi o'tgan asrning boshlarida shaxsiy kompyuterlarda taqsimlangan hisoblashni meynfreymlar tomonidan qo'llaniladigan markazlashtirilgan hisoblashning monolit modelidan farqlash uchun kiritilgan.
- Bugungi kunda server mijoz tomonidan berilgan so'rovni bajaradigan kompyuter tranzaksiyalari juda keng tarqalgan va mijoz-server modeli tarmoq hisoblashining markaziy g'oyalaridan biriga aylangan. Mijoz lokal tarmoq (LAN) yoki global (WAN) orqali serverga ulanishni o'rnatadi va server mijozning so'rovini bajargandan so'ng, ulanish to'xtatiladi. Bir nechta mijoz dasturlari bir xil server dasturining xizmatlarini baham ko'rganligi sababli, mijoz so'rovlarini tinglash uchun maxsus demon (daemon) deb nomlangan maxsus server faollashtirilishi mumkin.
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Task 2. Skim the business matters in 1-3 and match them with the given solutions in a-l. Each business matter can have 4 solutions

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Task 2. Skim the business matters in 1-3 and match them with the given solutions in a-l. Each business matter can have 4 solutions
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bet | 20/30 | Sana | 19.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,97 Mb. | | #243722 |
Task 2. Skim the business matters in 1-3 and match them with the given solutions in a-l. Each business matter can have 4 solutions.
Business matters:
1. Project management:
XYZ IT Solutions, a medium-sized IT company, is experiencing problems related to its project management. The issue is that tasks are not being completed on time, leading to delayed project deliveries. Many clients are complaining and the company's reputation is getting tarnished.
In more depth, it appears that communication regarding project milestones, deadlines, and individual responsibilities is unclear or not consistent. Furthermore, a lack of coordination between different teams working on the same project is also observed.
2. High Employee Turnover:
AceTech, a growing IT startup, is experiencing a high rate of employee turnover, especially among their software developers. This is negatively affecting team morale, project timelines, and increasing recruitment and onboarding costs.
3. Outdated Technologies:
BetaTech, an established IT firm, has been using some dated technologies and methods. This has led to slower production times, increased risk of security breaches, and difficulty in attracting new talent who are familiar with the latest technologies.
Solutions:
Training: Invest in training current staff on the new technologies. This will be less expensive and disruptive than replacing staff.
Implement Project Management Tools: Tools such as Jira, Asana, or Trello could be implemented to keep track of project tasks and make project timelines, milestones, and individual responsibilities clear.
Invest in Upgrading: Allocate a budget for upgrading software, hardware, and processes.
Conduct Exit Interviews: Identify the reasons why employees are leaving. Are the working conditions not good, the workload too high, salaries too low, or career advancement opportunities lacking?
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Task 2. Skim the business matters in 1-3 and match them with the given solutions in a-l. Each business matter can have 4 solutions
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Raqamli qurilmalar - O`zbekiston respublikasi axborot texnologiyalari

1.2. Raqamli qurilmalar
Deshifrator tuzilisha va daturda ishlashi hisoblashlari
Ikkilik sanoq tizimidagi raqamlarni o‘nlik sanoq tizimidagi kodga
o‘zgartiruvchi kombinatsion mantiqiy qurilma – deshifrator yoki dekoder deb
ataladi. Bunday o‘zgartirishlar, masalan, elektron soatlarda, EHM va shu kabilar
dasturidagi ma’lumotlarni qayta shifrlashda qo‘llaniladi. Deshifrator shifratorga
teskari bo‘lgan amalni bajaradi. Agar deshifratorning n adres kirishlari uning m
chiqishlari soni bilan m=2 n munosabat bilan bog‘langan bo‘lsa, bunday
deshifrator to‘liq deb ataladi. Agar m<2 n bo‘lsa, deshifrator to‘liq emas deb
ataladi.
7.3-rasm. Chiziqli Deshifrator shartli grafik belgisi (a) va uning blok sxemasi.
Ikkita adres kirishiga va to‘rtta (0-3) chiqishga ega bo‘lgan chiziqli DSh
tasviri 7.3, a-rasmda, uning shartli tasviri esa 7.3, b-rasmda keltirilgan. Har bir
chiqish HAM elementining chiqishi bo‘lib hisoblanadi. Demak, bu kirish bilan
bog‘liq bo‘lgan ikkilik o‘zgaruvchi 1 qiymatini faqat shu holda qabul qilishi
mumkinki, agar mos keluvchi HAM elementining uchchala kirishida 1
qiymatiga mos keluvchi o‘zgaruvchi hosil bo‘lsa. Deshifrator mikrosxemalari ko‘p hollarda S ruxsat kirishiga ega bo‘ladilar. Bu kirishning mavjudligi ISlar asosida kirish kodi razryadini oshirishga imkon beradi.
Deshifratorning asosiy turlari.
Deshifratorlarning bir nechta turlari mavjud:
- to'rtburchaklar;
- matritsa;
- piramidal.
Matritsalar odatiy, deshifratorlarning eng oddiy navlari, ularning asosida turli xil murakkabroq sxemalar qurilgan. To'rtburchaklar shaklida, qadam dekodlash amalga oshiriladi. Kirish signali shartli ravishda guruhlarga bo'linadi, ularning har biri alohida matritsa deshifratorlari bilan ishlanadi. Shifrni ochishning keyingi bosqichlarida (ikkinchi, uchinchi va boshqalar) olingan signallarning mahsuloti hosil bo'ladi. Piramidal dekoderlarning asosiy afzalligi - bu kirishlar sonini ko'paytirishning soddaligi va qo'shimcha qurilmalarning kamligi - bu kamchilik.
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Topshiriq - 1-Amaliy ish. Tahdidlarni aniqlash tizimlarini o’rganish va tahlil qilish. Ishdan maqsad

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1-Amaliy ish. Tahdidlarni aniqlash tizimlarini o’rganish va tahlil qilish. Ishdan maqsad
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bet | 8/8 | Sana | 22.12.2023 | Hajmi | 33,52 Mb. | | #126548 |
Bog'liq ismoilov ozodTopshiriq:
1. Laboratoriya ishlarining ketma-ketligi bilan tanishing.
2. "The Bat!" dasturini o'rnating.
3. Pochta serverlari va fayllarni almashish tarmoqlarining ishlash tamoyillari va asosiy parametrlarini o'rganish.
4. Himoya parametrlarini sozlang.
Nazorat savollari:
1. Spam atamasini aniqlang. Siz biladigan spam turlarini va u bilan qanday kurashishni aytib bering.
2. Elektron pochta mijozi nima? Eng mashhur elektron pochta mijozlarini ro'yxatini keltiring.
3. The Bat! pochta mijozining boshqa pochta mijozlaridan afzalliklarini aytib bering.
4. The Bat! pochta mijozi uchun eng mashhur plaginlarni ro'yxatlang va tavsiflang.
5. Fayllarni internetga uzatishda qanday protokollardan foydalaniladi?
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1-Amaliy ish. Tahdidlarni aniqlash tizimlarini o’rganish va tahlil qilish. Ishdan maqsad - bet 4

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1-Amaliy ish. Tahdidlarni aniqlash tizimlarini o’rganish va tahlil qilish. Ishdan maqsad
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bet | 4/8 | Sana | 22.12.2023 | Hajmi | 33,52 Mb. | | #126548 |
Bog'liq ismoilov ozod"Hard" diskni skanerlash.
Fayllarni skanerlash uchun quyidagi 3 usul mavjud.
1. Tezkor skanerlash
2. To'liq skanerlash
3. Tanlov asosida skanerlash
"Tez skanerlash" uchun Windows Defender ochiladi va "skanerlash" tugmasi bosiladi (27 rasm).
"Butun kompyuterni skanerlash (to'liq skanerlash)" uchun Windows Defender ochiladi va "skanerlash" yonidagi "to'liq skanerlash" ko'rsatgichi tanlanadi.
"Muayyan joylarni skanerlash (tanlangan skanerlash)".
Windows Defender dasturi yordamida kompyuterni butunligicha emas, balki faqat ma'lum joylarni skanerlash mumkin. Biroq, agar Himoyachi josus dasturlarni yoki potensial xavfga ega dasturlarni topsa, aniqlangan xavfli elementlarni boshqa joylardan (agar kerak bo'lsa) olib tashlash uchun tezkor skanerlash amalga oshiriladi. Buning uchun Windows Defenderni ochib, "Сканировать" yonidagi "Выборочное сканирование" ko'rsatgichi tanlanadi.
27-rasm. Skanerlash parametrlari. Tezkor skanerlash.
Shundan so'ng, “Сканирование выбранных дисков и папок” tanlanadi, kerakli disk va papkalar tanlanadi va “OK” bosiladi.
Agarda zararli dastur aniqlangan bo’lsa, ekranning yuqori o'ng tomonida xabar (pop-up ogohlantirish oynasisi) paydo bo'ladi; Windows Defender aniqlangan zararliklarni avtomatik ravishda olib tashlaydi yoki topilgan tahdidlarni karantinga yuboradi.
Pop-up ogohlantirish oynasisi avtomatik tarzda yopiladi. Agarda boshqa xabarlar paydo bo'lmasa, kompyuter muvaffaqiyatli tozalangan hisoblanadi (28-rasm).
28-rasm. Pop-up xabarnomasi
Agarda kompyuterni tozalashni tugatish uchun uning qayta ishga tushirish talab qilinsa, quyidagi ogohlantirish oynasi paydo bo'ladi (29-rasm). Windows Defender dasturini ishga tushirish uchun ushbu ogohlantirish oynasini bosish kerak.
29-rasm. Kompyuterni qayta ishga tushirish haqida xabarnoma.
Windows Defender oynasida katta Перезагрузить сейчас" tugmasini bosing. Kompyuter qayta ishga tushirish boshlanadi va Windows Defender zararli dasturning qolgan qismlarini olib tashlaydi.
Antivirus dasturini yangilash. “Все параметры” oynasi ochilganidan so’ng “Обновления и безопасность" = > " Безопасность Windows" = > " Защита от вирусов и угроз" (30-rasm). Ochilgan oynada " Обновление защиты от вирусов и угроз" oynasida "Проверить наличие обновлений" tugmasi bosiladi(31-rasm).
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Useful vocabulary to write a percentage of a certain sector

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Useful vocabulary to write a percentage of a certain sector
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bet | 19/30 | Sana | 19.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,97 Mb. | | #243722 |
Useful vocabulary to write a percentage of a certain sector:
sector X was 3%
sector X made up 3%
sector X accounted for 3%
sector X comprised 3% of [the whole chart]
Task 2. Study, compare and describe the pie charts of teaching devices of the university using appropriate forms of the verb (See Chart 5).
C hart 5.
11. BUSINESS MATTERS
Task 1. Study the given materials.
What is business matter?
In general, a "business matter" refers to any concern, decision, or task related to the operation and management of a business. This may include topics such as:
1. Planning: This could involve setting goals for the business, designing strategies for achieving those goals, and monitoring progress towards them.
2. Operations: This involves the day-to-day running of the business, including product or service delivery, supply chain management, and managing employees or contractors.
3. Finance: This concerns financial decision making in the business, such as managing cash flow, making investment decisions, and budget planning.
4. Marketing and Sales: This includes anything related to promoting the business's goods or services, increasing brand awareness, and generating sales.
5. Legal Compliance: It involves understanding and fulfilling the legal and regulatory obligations of the business sector in which a company operates.
6. Human resources: It entails managing staff-related issues, such as recruitment, training, benefits, and workplace culture.
In essence, a business matter is anything that affects the way a business functions, from major strategic decisions to minor day-to-day operations. The actual tasks involved can vary significantly depending on the size, structure, and sector of the business.
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Train Employees - 1. it products. Mobile phones

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1. it products. Mobile phones
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bet | 21/30 | Sana | 19.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,97 Mb. | | #243722 |
Train Employees: Offer training to employees in how to use project management tools. In addition, soft skills related to communication and team collaboration could be emphasized in professional development.
Designate a Project Manager: If not already in place, define a role within the team structure for a project manager who oversees the timeline, delegates tasks, and is the primary communicator for the project. This can improve project coordination tremendously.
Establish Regular Meetings: Have regular meetings where all team members can sync up on their progress. These can be daily stand-ups for short-term issues and weekly or bi-weekly meetings for longer-term planning and strategy. These meetings can also serve as a space to address any concerns or roadblocks.
Technological Audit: Conduct a thorough review of the current technologies and methodologies used by the company to identify what needs updating.
Improving Working Conditions and Benefits: If the exit interviews show discontent with working conditions, improve this area. This could be more flexible hours, remote work options, more comfortable physical workspace, etc.
Competitive Compensation: Make sure your salaries are competitive with others in your industry, region, and company size.
Career Advancement Opportunities: If lack of growth opportunities is a concern, create a clear career development path with possibilities for promotion.
Continuous Learning Culture: Cultivate a culture that embraces change and continuous learning. This will make future transitions smoother.
Task 3. Skim the business matters and write a report to the given business matters.
Your faculty develops special program for testing students’ knowledge. Your team is asked to work on problems that can occur and give solutions. Write a report to the given task and try to give solutions. Use these questions to help you.
1. What type of software is it?
2. Who can use it?
3. What kind of problems was found? 4 What solutions can you offer?
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O'nli deshifrator - O`zbekiston respublikasi axborot texnologiyalari

O'nli deshifrator
Ikkilikdan o'nlikgacha deshifrator zanjirini ishlab chiqish misolini ko'rib chiqing. O'nli kod odatda o'nlik sonlar uchun bitta bit bilan ko'rsatiladi. O'nli kasrda o'nta raqam mavjud, shuning uchun bitta o'nlik kasrni ko'rsatish uchun o'n deshifrator chiqishi kerak. Ushbu pinlardan keladigan signal o'nlik indikatorga berilishi mumkin. Eng oddiy holatda, siz shunchaki ko'rsatilgan raqamga LED orqali imzo qo'yishingiz mumkin, o'nlik deshifratorning haqiqat jadvali 1-jadvalda keltirilgan.
deshifratorning sxematik diagrammasini amalga oshirish uchun biz SDNF usulidan foydalanamiz, chunki har bir chiqishida uning haqiqat jadvalida faqat bitta mantiqiy birlik mavjud. Natijada 1-jadvalda ko'rsatilgan haqiqat jadvalini bajaradigan deshifratorning sxemasini olamiz. Ushbu sxema 1-rasmda keltirilgan.
1-rasm. Ikkilik o'nlik deshifratorning sxematik diagrammasi.
deshifratorning sxematik diagrammasidan ko'rinib turibdiki, haqiqat jadvalining har bir qatorini bajarish uchun "4Va" mantiqiy elementi kerak edi. YOQ mantiqiy elementlari talab qilinmadi, chunki har bir chiqishda haqiqat jadvalida faqat bitta mantiqiy birlik mavjud. deshifratorlar alohida mikrosxemalar shaklida mavjud yoki murakkabroq mikrosxemalarning bir qismi sifatida ishlatiladi. Hozirgi vaqtda o'nlik yoki sakkizburchak deshifratorlari asosan boshqa mikrosxemalarning ajralmas qismi sifatida ishlatiladi, masalan, multipleksorlar, demultipleksorlar, ПЗУ yoki ОЗУ. O'chirish sxemalarida deshifrator chipining grafik belgilanishi 2-rasmda ko'rsatilgan. Ushbu rasmda ikkilik o'nlik deshifratorning belgilanishi ko'rsatilgan, uning to'liq ichki sxemasi 1-rasmda ko'rsatilgan.
2-rasm. Ikkilik o'nlik deshifratorning shartli grafik belgilanishi
Xuddi shu tarzda, siz har qanday boshqa dekoder (deshifrator) uchun elektron sxemasini olishingiz mumkin. Eng keng tarqalgan sxemalar sakkiz qirrali va o'n oltilik deshifratorlardir. Hozirgi vaqtda bunday deshifratorlar deyarli indikatsiya uchun ishlatilmaydi. Asosan, bunday deshifratorlar yanada murakkab raqamli modullarning bir qismi sifatida ishlatiladi.
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Tashqi ta’sirlarni - 1-Ma’ruza Mavzu: Fanga kirish. Avtоmatik bоshqarish sistemalari – elementlar majmuasi

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1-Ma’ruza Mavzu: Fanga kirish. Avtоmatik bоshqarish sistemalari – elementlar majmuasi
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bet | 4/4 | Sana | 06.02.2024 | Hajmi | 1,1 Mb. | | #151945 |
Bog'liq 1-маърузаTashqi ta’sirlarni o ‘z navbatida ikki turga bo'lish mumkin. Birinchi turga tizimning kirishiga ongli uzatiladigan va texnologik jarayonning normal borishi uchun zarur bo‘lgan tashqi ta’sirlar birinchi turga kiradi. Bulartopshirish yoki kirish ta ’sirlari deb ataladi. Odatda ular x bilan belgilanadi; har qanday avtomatika tizimining ishi vaqt ichida bajarilganidan kirish kattaligining ta’siri vaqt bilan bogclanadi va odatdax(t) tarzida belgilanadi. x(t) ta’sirida avtomatika tizimida turli miqdoriy va sifatiy o‘zgarishlar sodir bo‘ladi, natijada jarayon ko‘rsatkichlari-rostlanadigan m iqdorlar- istalgan qiymatni oladi yoki o‘zgarish xarakteri talab etilgandek boMadi.
Rostlanadigan miqdorlar u(t) bilan belgilanadi va chiqish koordinatlari yoki chiqish miqdorlari deb ataladi.
Ikkinchi turga rostlanuvchi obyektga bevosita keladigan ta’sirlar avtomatik rostlash tizimiga beriladigan tashqi ta’sirlaming ikkinchi turiga kiradi. Bu ta’sirlar tashqig'alayonlar deb ataladi va F(t) bilan belgilanadi.
Turli avtomatika tizimlari uchun g‘alayonlar ham turlicha bo‘ladi. Masalan, o‘zgarmas tok motori uchun motorga keltiriladigan kuchlanish kirish miqdori, motoming aylanish chastotasi chiqish (rostlanadigan) miqdori, uning validagi yuklama esa g ‘alayon boMadi.
G‘alayonlar asosiy va ikkinchi darajali boMadi. Asosiy g‘ala- yonlarga rostlanuvchi miqdor u(t) ga eng ko‘p ta’sir ko‘rsatuvchi g‘alayonlar kiradi. Agar tashqi g‘alayonlaming rostlanuvchi miqdor u(t) ga ta’siri oz bo‘lsa, ular ikkinchi darajali deb ham hisoblanadi. Masalan, o‘zgarmas tok bilan qo^g'atiladigan o‘zgarmas tok motori uchun motorning validagi yuklama asosiy g calayon, motor aylanish chastotasining juda oz o 4zgarishiga sabab bo‘ladigan g ‘alayonlar (xususan, qo‘zgatish chulg‘amining va yakor chulg‘amining qar- shiligini, binobarin, toklarni ham o ‘zgartiruvchi tashqi muhit haroratining o‘zgarishi; motoming qo‘zgatish chulg‘amini ta’min- lovchi elektriktarmoq kuchlanishningo‘zgarishi; cho‘tkali kontaktlar qarshiligini o‘zgarishi va boshqalar) ikkinchi darajali bo‘ladi. Agar tizimda bir chiqish miqdori (koordinata) rostlansa, bunday tizim bir konturli, agar tizimda bir necha miqdor (koordinata) rostlansa, shuningdek, bir chiqish koordinatasining o‘zgarishi boshqa koordinataning o‘zgarishiga ta’sir etsa, bunday tizim ko‘p konturli deb ataladi.
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GPS ready-to-Fly and No-Fly zone drone technology

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GPS ready-to-Fly and No-Fly zone drone technologyBog'liq drone4.6 GPS ready-to-Fly and No-Fly zone drone technology
According to the compass calibration, when the drone starts to work, the drone
searches for the position of GPS satellites; when more than six satellites are detected,
the drone becomes “ready-to-fly.” To increase flight safety and prevent accidents in
restricted areas, the “no-fly zone” feature is activated, and flight is blocked. No-fly
zones are divided into two categories, A and B. These regions can be renewed and
changed by software updates. Suppose all controls are in the direction of flight. In
that case, the flight of the drone is provided, and the existing flight telemetry and
the objects or environments that the drone monitors with the camera can be followed
over the mobile device or the control device.
4.7 Creating 3D maps and models
The drone visualization’s hyperspectral, multispectral, LiDAR, and thermal
sensors are created by 3D digital surface models (DSM) of buildings, earth, and
landscape and the land’s digital height maps (DEM). It has become very easy to make
evaluations and plans about agricultural products, flowers, fauna, shrubs, and trees.
Time-of-Flight (ToF) is a precision mapping and 3D imaging technology that
emits a very short pulse of infrared light and measures the rotation time of each
camera sensor pixel. Flash LiDAR time-of-flight cameras offer a variety of solutions
by measuring distances within a captured scene. This way, operations such as object
scanning, obstacle avoidance, tracking and recognizing objects, and measuring
volumes become easier.
Turning images into maps and models is as important as taking high-resolution
drone images. For this, Pix4D Mapper, AutoDesk ReCap, 3DF Zephyr, Agisoft
Photogrammetry software such as PhotoScan and ESRI Drone2Map for 2D/3D map-
ping and imaging software such as ArcGIS, PrecisionHawk, and DroneDeploy are
among the most widely used tools.
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6.3 Health - Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (bkci)

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Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (bkci)Bog'liq drone18
6.3 Health
The use of drones for medical purposes is used to transport response equipment
to the scene in urban areas, to direct people to the stage with drones with cameras and
audio devices, to transport equipment such as medicine and trauma kits in rural areas,
or to facilitate search-and-rescue efforts.
In patients with shockable rhythm in prehospital events, delivering a life-saving
defibrillator (AED) by drone is 32% faster in urban centers and 93% faster in rural
areas where other vehicles cannot reach [12]. In the same way, it has been demon-
strated that it is possible to transport drugs/tissues, and blood products, with drones,
with the research conducted with samples taken before and after the flight on the
effect of vibration on the transported tissue. These materials can be delivered to dif-
ficult areas faster than the traditional methods [13].
6.4 Photography and cinema
Professional video shoots are made today using drones in commercials, TV series,
and movie sets, successfully capturing specific images. It is used in the direct market-
ing of products and in taking aerial images to show a city, beach, or building from a
bird’s eye view in advertising shoots. Advertising drones are becoming increasingly
common in crowded events and areas with high density. It provides great convenience
in collecting images and information from places that cannot be visited or entered,
especially due to security problems. The use of drones can make a significant contri-
bution to innovation and quality in the film industry.
6.5 Mapping
Drones, becoming increasingly widespread in mapping, can map almost all terrains
quickly and in three dimensions. For this purpose, LiDAR Drones with sensors provide
highly successful and accurate data. LiDAR technology offers important solutions in the
evaluation of agricultural products as well as the mapping of landforms (
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Figure 18
).
Figure 18 - Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (bkci)

Drones – Various Applications
20
reforestation of such areas with human labor will take many years, the importance of
using drone technology becomes apparent.
On the other hand, drones also play an important role in historic preservation
efforts. Drones provide great convenience in creating 3D maps of historical places or
structures. The 3D images used to reconstruct lost areas provide clues to experts about
culture and architecture [14].
6.9 Military
The first known use of drones was for military purposes. It is used for differ-
ent purposes ranging from military, espionage, radar system, area detection, and
observation to transporting food, weapons, and ammunition. Highly sophisticated
drones are used, equipped with tools for thermal imaging, laser rangefinder, and
even air strikes. MQ-9 Reaper, one of the drones used for military purposes today,
has a length of 36 feet and is equipped with a 1852 km flight system at an altitude of
50,000 feet [14].
Barriers to drone technology - Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (bkci)

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Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (bkci)Bog'liq drone7. Barriers to drone technology
Although drones have multiple potential uses, there are certain obstacles to their
widespread use. Some of these barriers are summarized below.
7.1 Power source
One of the biggest problems for these vehicles, which have managed to work with
increasingly smaller and lighter components, is the power requirement. Due to the
limited flight times, developing drones capable of long flights with smaller and more
powerful batteries remain the priority to solve this problem. Another important
expectation is the development of systems that can analyze the terrain with object
detection and recognition software instead of onboard systems that require increased
weight and more power.
7.2 Security
The biggest obstacle to drone use is security. All human-operated aircrafts inher-
ently pose a risk of falling. Working on limited battery power, having fast spinning
propellers, and the potential to fall from heights greatly threaten living things,
structures, and the environment due to the increasing number of drones. In addi-
tion to obtaining the necessary permits for flights to be made in residential areas, it
is essential to develop technologies to prevent possible accidents by autonomously
detecting drone obstacles. The importance of safe use is increasing, especially with
using drones in daily life. On the other hand, law enforcement should be put in place
to limit drones’ interference with the privacy of others.
Drones are becoming a bigger target for cyberattacks as their use increases.
Hackers can intercept the transmitted data to take control of the drone. For this
purpose, extra measures should be developed to protect drones and the information
they store, such as using protective software or passwords.
21
Drone Technologies and Applications
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1001987
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Reference doc - Iala guideline No. #### On Harmonized Portrayal of e-Navigation-related Information Edition 1

Dr. Thomas Porathe
Chalmers University,
Sweden
thomas.porathe@chalmers.se
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The transferred route gives an exact presentation of the recommended route and can be used for planning onboard the vessel.
|
The transferred route cannot be used for monitoring as a number of parameters such as turn radius or XTE are not included in the data exchange.
Routes have not been checked for monitoring or Track Control.
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Drawbacks can be eliminated if the exchange protocol is modified or other means of communication is used as part of e-navigation
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Figure 15.
 
Camera.
Figure 14

Drones – Various Applications
14
Like other spectral imaging, hyperspectral imaging collects information and
processes it into the electromagnetic spectrum. Nevertheless, aside from visible
light, which the human eye can detect in three bands (red, green, and blue), spec-
tral imaging looks at objects using a wide part of the electromagnetic spectrum. In
other words, thanks to this technique, which divides the image into many bands, it
offers the opportunity to grasp objects and their properties in a much wider band
range than what is visible in the pictures with a single camera. In particular, it is a
technology that can be used in the detection of underground resources in mining,
agriculture, the prevention of diseases and pests, the military field, thermal infra-
red hyperspectral imaging, the chemical field, in the detection of colorless and
odorless harmful substances in the air, in environmental issues, in the detection
of leaking toxic wastes. Despite the advantages of hyperspectral imaging, such as
imaging in a wide spectrum, it is very expensive, and complex processing processes
pose a significant problem [6].
Thermal imaging is an imaging system based on invisible IR energy (heat) and
determines the general structure of the image, colors, and shapes formed according
to IR energy. While normal cameras create the image thanks to the light, thermal
cameras make the image thanks to the heat. Similarly, color differences are important
when the human brain and eye use colors and light to create an image.
Thermal cameras are used to map the amount of water in the soil (SWC) depend-
ing on the land surface temperature (LST) [7]. Thermal cameras have limited spatial
resolution, which often causes difficulties in homogeneous areas such as farmland
with bare soil [8]. It is especially used in agriculture to determine plant water needs,
detect disease, and for phenotyping.
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Nazorat savollari - "fizika darslarini tashkil etishning dolzarb masalalari"

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"fizika darslarini tashkil etishning dolzarb masalalari"Bog'liq fizika darslarini tashkil etishning dolzarb masalalari
Nazorat savollari:
1. Fizik masala va masalani yechish deb nimaga aytiladi?
2. Masalalarni yechishda qanday qoidalarga amal qilish maqsadga
muvofiq?
3. Masalalar yechish usullariga ko‘ra qanday turlarga bo‘linadi?
Foydalanish tavsiya etiladigan o‘quv-uslubiy adabiyotlar ro‘yxati:
1. Fizika fanidan amaliy mashg‘ulotlar uchun uslubiy qo‘llanma 1-qism.
QARSHI-2015.
2. Beknоzarova Zamira Farmanovna UMUMIY FIZIKA KURSIDAN
MASALALAR YECHISH TO‘PLAMI. TOSHKENT – 2019.
3. A.A.Mustafaqulov, S.O. Eshbekova,N.M. Jo‘rayeva, J. K. Ibragimov
UMUMIY FIZIKA FANIDAN AMALIY MASHG‘ULOTLAR UCHUN O‘QUV
QO‘LLANMA. Toshkent-2019.
4. Raimov G‘ayrat Fayzullayevich “MAKTAB FIZIKA DARSLARIDA
NOSTANDART MASALALAR YECHISH METODIKASI” . НамДУ илмий
ахборотномаси - Научный вестник НамГУ 2020 йил 7-сон.
Internet resurslari:
1.
https://staff.tiiame.uz/storage/users/142/books/ivWLMvqXI6DRklOAl2
ETbVFfpJEyv3iJIIazR5Ec.pdf
2.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VA39H-VEDKM
3.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ynO5TMFvYA
4.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3srmydzxNUI
5. @fizika_navbaxor_24 (telegram kanali)
6.
https://moscsp.ru/uz/eksperimentalnye-zadachi-po-fizike-opytno-
eksperimentalnaya-rabota-po.html
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Grafik masalalar - "fizika darslarini tashkil etishning dolzarb masalalari"

(
)
(
)
.
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
t
t
t
t
t
s
−
=
−
+
=
Grafik ba’zi hollarda masalaning shartida beriladi, ba’zi hollarda grafiklarni
masala shartiga tayanib olingan natijalar asosida yasash kerak bo‘ladi. Grafik
masalalarni yechishning algoritmi quyidagicha: fizik kattaliklar orasidagi
bog‘lanish grafigi berilgan bo‘lsa, grafikni sinchiklab o‘qib
tushunib, alohida
qismdagi bog‘lanishning xarakterini o‘rganish lozim. Chizmadagi masshtabdan
foydalanib, grafikdan izlanayotgan kattaliklarning absissa va ordinata o‘qlaridagi
qiymatlarini topish kerak. Bog‘lanish grafigi berilmagan
hollarda masalaning
shartiga yoki masaladan olingan natijaga ko‘ra grafik yasaladi. Buning uchun
koordinata o‘qlari chiziladi, ularda har bir fizik kattalikka mos keluvchi ma’lum
masshtablar
tanlanadi, kerak bo‘lsa jadvallar tuziladi, shundan keyin koordinata
o‘qlari joylashgan tekislikka tegishli absissa va ordinata o‘qlariga
mos nuqtalar
qo‘yiladi. Bu nuqtalarni birlashtirib, fizik kattaliklar orasidagi bog‘lanish grafigi
yasaladi va uni tahlil qilib xulosalar chiqariladi. Fizikani o‘qitishda grafik
metodining ahamiyatini hamda grafikga tegishli mashq va masalalarni dan o‘qib
bilish mumkin.
Drone movement patterns - Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (bkci)

Drones – Various Applications
16
4.5 Drone engine orientation and propeller design
Motors and propellers are the technology that lifts the drone, allowing it to fly or
hover. On a quadcopter, the motors and propellers work in pairs, with two motors/
propellers rotating clockwise and two motors/propellers rotating counterclockwise.
The drone moves according to the data it receives from the flight controller and
electronic speed controllers (ESC) for hover or engine flight direction.
-masala: Nega tovuq to‘g‘ri yuradi-yu o‘rdak lapanglab yuradi? 
Javobi

hajmiga va suyuqlikning zichligiga proporsional bo‘ladi. Hajmi kichikroq jismga
kamroq itarib chiqaruvchi kuch ta’sir qiladi.
Shuning uchun suvda kichikroq hajmdagi
jism richag uchini ko‘proq tortadi.
Javobni
tajribada tekshirib ko‘riladi.
Umuman
olganda,
eksperimental
masalalarni
yechishga
o‘quvchilarning
qiziqishlari katta bo‘ladi. O‘qituvchi fizika
kabineti
sharoitidan
kelib
chiqib,
o‘quvchilar bilan birgalikda eksperimental
masalalarni yechishi maqsadga muvofiqdir. Yechish metodlari batafsil yoritilgan
eksperimental masalalarni adabiyotdan olish mumkin. O‘qituvchilar ba’zi
laboratoriya ishlarini va masalalar to‘plamlaridagi
masalalarni eksperimental
masala qilib berishlari, yoki ijodkor o‘qituvchilar o‘zlari eksperimental masalalar
tuzib, o‘quvchilarga yechish uchun tavsiya qilishlari mumkin.
Sifat masalalar - "fizika darslarini tashkil etishning dolzarb masalalari"

Shunday qilib, beriladigan bosim bosim kuchi F ga ham, u ta’sir qilayotgan
yuzaga ham bog‘liq ekan.
Agar shu yuzaga ta’sir qiluvchi bosim kuchi ikki marta ortsa,
bosim ham
ikki marta ortadi.
Odam qo‘liga o‘z og‘irligiga teng bo‘lgan yuk olganda ana
shunday bo‘lishi mumkin. Biroq bosimni ikki marta oshirishning boshqa yo‘li ham
bor, tayanch yuzini ikki marta kamaytirish mumkin.
Buning uchun odam bitta
oyoqda turishi va o‘z muvozanatini yo‘qotmaslik uchun o‘z vaziyatini bir muncha
o‘zgartirishi mumkin.
Conclusions - Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (bkci)

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Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (bkci)Bog'liq drone9. Conclusions
Significant developments in drone technology in recent years have made the
procurement cost of drones cheaper, and their use has become widespread for profes-
sional and civilian purposes. Although there are many different types of drones, it has
become easy to find one that appeals to everyone. Drones are classified by fixed-wing,
multi-rotor, or VTOL construction, size, weight, and power source. These features
also determine the drone’s range, flight time, and loading capacities. The transported
load, cameras, sensors, and sensors can be hardware, parcels, drugs, and physical. In
the control of the drone under load, certain frequencies are used for communication
between the user controller and the drone. International coordination and standard-
ization of this connection, called frequency spectrum in terms of flight and commu-
nication security, will fill a deficiency.
Future developments in drone technology include making drones smaller, lighter,
more efficient, and cheaper. As such, drones will increasingly become available to the
general public and be used for an ever-increasing scope of applications. Drones are
expected to become more autonomous soon, and the ability to move in swarms will
increase.
The main factor limiting the use of drones is the power supply, namely the flight
time issue associated with the battery draining and needing to be recharged. On the
other hand, the framework of the rules and sanctions that drone users must comply
with regarding other citizens’ privacy and personal rights while doing their targeted
work are among the issues that should be clearly stated. In parallel with the develop-
ing technology, it is a fact that some features still considered a problem will be solved
soon, and drones will become more visible in our daily lives.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Drone Technologies and Applications
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1001987
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Drone technologies - Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (bkci)

15
Drone Technologies and Applications
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1001987
4.2 Obstacle detection and collision avoidance technology
Drones are equipped with collision avoidance systems for safety purposes [9].
These systems consist of sensors that do not scan the environment but detect obsta-
cles. Data from the vision sensor,
ultrasonic, infrared, LiDAR, time-of-flight (ToF),
and monocular vision sensors transform images into 3D maps, allowing the flight
controller to detect and avoid the object. With the help of software algorithms and
SLAM
technology using this data, 6-way obstacles are detected, and necessary actions
are taken to prevent them.
«Jadvallar» - Лекция №2 2-mavzu Mavzu. Axborot, uning turlari, xususiyatlari va oʻlchov birliklari. Reja Лекция №2 2-mavzu

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Лекция №2 2-mavzu Mavzu. Axborot, uning turlari, xususiyatlari va oʻlchov birliklari. Reja Лекция №2 2-mavzu
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bet | 12/16 | Sana | 21.11.2023 | Hajmi | 58,55 Kb. | | #102747 | Turi | Лекция |
Bog'liq Лекция №2 2-mavzu Mavzu. Axborot, uning turlari, xususiyatlari v-fayllar.org«Jadvallar» – ma’lumotlarni saqlash uchun xizmat qiladi;
«Tablitsalar» – ma’lumotlarni tanlash shartlarini berishni ularga o’zgarishlar kiritish uchun xizmat qiladi;
«Formalar» – ma’lumotlarni ko’rish va tahrirlash uchun xizmat qiladi;
«Sahifalar» – HTML (gipermatn) formatidagi fayllar, ular Access ma’lumotlarini Internet Explorer brauzeri yordamida ko’rish uchun ishlatiladi;
«Xisobotlar» – ma’lumotlarni umumlashtirish va chop qilish imkonini beradi;
«Makroslar» – bir yoki bir qancha operasiyalarini avtomatik ravishda bajaradi.
Access ma’lumotlar bazasini boshqarish tizimiga (MBBT) kiritilgan har qanday ma’lumot jadvallarda saqlanadi. Jadvallarning qatorlari yozuvlar deb, ustunlari esa maydonlar deb ataladi.
So’rovlar jadvallardan ma’lumotlarni bir yoki bir necha kriteriylar (ko’rsatgichlar) asosida tanlab olish uchun ishlatiladi. Jadvallar soni ham bir yoki bir nechta bo’lishi mumkin.
Access MBBTni ham barcha dasturlar kabi ish stolining «Пуск» tugmasi yordamida ishga tushirish mumkin.
Bu dastur ishga tushganidan so’ng ekranda hosil bo’lgan oynada ma’lumotlar bazasini yaratish yoki mavjud bazani ishga tushirish imkonini beradi.
Microsoft Access MBBTning asosiy oynasi
Ushbu oynadagi ko’pgina tugmachalar o’zini ko’rinishi va mohiyati jihatidan matn muharriri Word va jadval prosessori Excelning tugmachalariga o’xshab ketadi. Haqiqatdan ham ular xuddi Siz o’ylagandek ishlarni va funksiyalarni bajarish imkonini beradi. Masalan, faylni ochish, matnni chop qilish, orfografiyani tekshirish, qaychi va hokazolar. Boshqa tugmachalar esa ma’lumotlar bazasini tuzish va unda ishlash bo’yicha maxsus aniqlanilgan masalalarni yechish uchun xizmat qiladi.
Access MBBTda ma’lumotlarni standart usul bilan olish imkoniyati amalga oshirilgan. Ushbu imkoniyat mos drayverlar orqali xilma xil formatlardagi axborot massivlari bilan ishlaydigan ma’lumot bazalari bilan ish olib borishga qulay sharoitlar yaratadi.
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KOMPLEKS BIRIKMALARNI NOMLASH - Mavzu: koordinatsion birikmalarning sinflanishi va nomenklaturasi

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Mavzu: koordinatsion birikmalarning sinflanishi va nomenklaturasi
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bet | 2/6 | Sana | 18.05.2024 | Hajmi | 424,28 Kb. | | #243148 |
Bog'liq 1-MA’RUZAKOMPLEKS BIRIKMALARNI NOMLASH
Kompleks birikmalarda tuzlarga o‘xshash dastlab kation so‘ngra anion nomlanadi. Dastlab manfiy zaryadli ligandalarning soni (grekchasiga di (2) , tri (3) , tetra (4) , penta (5) , geksa (6) nomlanadi so‘ngra neytral ligandlar o‘qiladi. Manfiy zaryadli ligandlar oxiriga „O“ qo‘shimchasi qo‘shiladi (Cl- —xloro, Br- — bromo, I- yodo,SO42- - sulfato, S2O32- tiosulfato, OH-— gidrokso) . Neytral ligandlar: suv — akva, ammiak—ammin deb o‘qiladi.
Kompleks birikmalar kompleks ion zaryadiga qarab kation, anion va neytral kompleks birikmalariga bo‘linadi.
Kation kompleks birikmalarni nomlashda dastlab ligandlar soni va nomi o‘qilib, so‘ngra kompleks hosil qiluvchining o‘zbekcha nomi o‘qiladi va qavs ichida uning oksidlanish darajasi ko‘rsatiladi. Oxirida tashqi soha anionlari o‘qiladi.
Masalan, [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 — tetraamminmis(II)sulfat; [Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 — xloropentaamminplatina(IV) xlorid; [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4 — bromopentaammin-kobalt (III) sulfat.
Markaziy atom o‘zgarmas oksidlanish darajasiga ega bo‘lsa, (Ag, Al, Zn) uning oksidlanish darajasini ko‘rsatmasa ham bo‘ladi.
[Ag (NH3)2]NO3— diamminkumush nitrat;
[Al(H2O)6]Cl3— geksaakvaalyuminiy xlorid.
Anion kompleks birikmalarni nomlashda dastlab tashqi soha kation o‘qilib, so‘ngra ligandlar soni va nomi o‘qiladi. Oxirida kompleks hosil qiluvchining lotincha nomiga —at qo‘shimchasi qo‘shib o‘qiladi va oksidlanish darajasi ko‘rsatiladi. Masalan:
K[Ag (CN)2] — kaliy ditsianoargentat;
K3[Fe(CN)6] — kaliy geksatsianoferrat (III) ;
K4[Fe(CN)6] — kaliy geksatsianoferrat (II) ;
H[CuCl2] — vodorod dixlorokuprat (I) ;
(NH4)2 [Pt (OH)2Cl4] — ammoniy tetraxlorodigidroksoplatinat (IV)
Ba[Cr (NH3)2(SCN)4]2 — bariy tetrarodanodiamminxromat (III) .
Neytral kompleks birikmalarni nomlashda dastlab ligandlar soni va nomi o‘qilib, so‘ngra markaziy atomning o‘zbekcha nomi o‘qiladi, uning oksidlanish darajasi ko‘rasatilmaydi. Masalan:
[Cr(H2O)3PO4] — fosfatotriakvaxrom;
[Cu(NH3)2(SCN2] — dirodanodiamminmis;
[Fe(CO)5] — pentakarboniltemir;
[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] — tetraxlorodiamminplatina.
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Mavzu: koordinatsion birikmalarning sinflanishi va nomenklaturasi - bet 6

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Mavzu: koordinatsion birikmalarning sinflanishi va nomenklaturasi
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bet | 6/6 | Sana | 18.05.2024 | Hajmi | 424,28 Kb. | | #243148 |
Bog'liq 1-MA’RUZAJavob: 1,64 · 10-6 mol · l.
10. K2[Cu (CN) 4] ning 1 l 0,1 m eritmasiga 1 l 0,002 m kaliy sianid eritmasi qo‘shilsa, mis ionlarining konsentratsiyasi qanday o‘zgaradi?
Kbeq[Cu (CN) 4]2- =5·10-28
Javob: 2,8 · 1010 marta kamayadi.
11. Qanday ta’sirlar natijasida kompleks ion [Cu (NH3) 4]2+ buziladi? Reaksiyalarning molekulyar va ionli tenglamalarini yozing.
12. Quyidagi yangi kompleks birikma hosil bo‘lishi bilan boradigan reaksiyalarning molekulyar va ionli tenglamalarini tuzing. Reaksiyaning borish-bormasligini beqarorlik konstantalari qiymatiga ko‘ra asoslang:
a) (NH4) 3[Fe (CN) 6] + KF (mo‘l) = b) K2[HgJ4] + KCN (mo‘l) =
d) K [AgCl2] + Na2S2O3 (mo‘l) =
13. Quyidagi oksidlanish-qaytarilish reaksiyalarida kompleks birikma hosil bo‘lishini e’tiborga olib, reaksiyalarni tugallang va yarim reaksiyalar usulida tenglashtiring:
a) CoCl2 + NH4Cl + NH3 +H2O2 b) Al + KNO3 + KOH + H2O
d) H2[SnCl4] + KOH (kons.mo‘l) + Co (OH) 3
e) N2H4 + K3[Fe (CN) 6] + KOH
f) Sb2O3 + HCl + Cl2 + H2O g) [Co (NH3) 6] (OH) 2 + O2 + H2O
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Yechish - Mavzu: koordinatsion birikmalarning sinflanishi va nomenklaturasi

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Mavzu: koordinatsion birikmalarning sinflanishi va nomenklaturasi
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bet | 5/6 | Sana | 18.05.2024 | Hajmi | 424,28 Kb. | | #243148 |
Bog'liq 1-MA’RUZAYechish: Cd (OH) 2 va CdS cho‘kmalarining hosil bo‘lish shartlari:
[Cd2+][OH-]2 > EK (Cd (OH) 2) = 4,5 · 10-15;
[Cd2+][S2-] > EK (CdS) = 8 · 10-27.
Berilgan sharoitda kompleks birikma eritmasidagi kadmiy ionlari konsentratsiyasini hisoblaymiz:
[Cd (CN) 4]2- Cd2+ + 4 CN-;
Kadmiy gidroksid cho‘kmasi hosil bo‘lishi uchun zarur bo‘lgan OH- ionlari konsentratsiyasini hisoblaymiz:
Demak, eritmada OH- ionlarining konsentratsiyasi 1 mol/l dan kam bo‘lsa, cho‘kma hosil bo‘lmaydi. Quyidagi reaksiyada muvozanat kompleks ion hosil bo‘lish tarafiga siljigan bo‘ladi:
[Cd (CN) 4]2- + 2 OH- Cd (OH) 2 + 4 CN-.
Kadmiy sulfid cho‘kmasi hosil bo‘lishi uchun zarur bo‘lgan sulfid ionlari konsentratsiyasini hisoblaymiz:
2 · 10-12 juda kichkina son, demak eritmada ozgina sulfid ionlarining bo‘lishi cho‘kma hosil bo‘lishiga sabab bo‘ladi. Quyidagi reaksiyada muvozanat cho‘kma hosil bo‘lish tarafiga siljigan bo‘ladi:
[Cd (CN) 4]2- + S2- CdS↓+ 4 CN-.
Savоl va tоpshiriqlar
1. Quyidagi kompleks birikmalarda kompleks hosil qiluvchi ionning valentligi, koordinatsion soni va kompleks ion zaryadini aniqlang.
K2[Cd (CN)4] Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]
Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] [Pt (NH3) 2Cl2]
K[AuCl4] H[Co(CN)4(H2O)2]
[Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 K[Pt(NH3)3Br3]
2. Quyidagi koordinatsion formulalardan hosil bo‘luvchi kompleks birikmalarni yozib, markaziy ionni, ichki va tashqi sohalarni aniqlang:
3 NaF · AlF3; BaF2 · SiF4; 2 Ca(CN)2 · Fe(CN)2
3 NaCl · InCl3; 3 KCN · Fe(CN)3 Cd(OH)2 · 4 NH3
KCN · Co (CN) 3 · 2 H2O.
3. Beqarorlik konstantasi jadvalidan foydalanib, (14-javdval, ilovada berilgan) quyidagi kompleks ionlarning eng beqaror va eng barqarorlarini ajratib yozing.
[Cd (NH3)4]2+; [Cu (CN)4]2-; [Co (NH3)6]2+; [Co (NH3)6]3+;
[Fe (CN)6]3-; [Fe (CN)6]4-; [HgI4]2- [Zn (NH3)4]2+.
4. Quyidagi kompleks birikmalarda tashqi sohaning zaryadini aniqlang.
[Bi3+J4]; [Fe3+F6]; [Cd2+ (SCN) 4];
[Co3+ (NH3) 2 (NO2) 4]; [Pt4+ (NH3) 2Cl2I2].
5. Quyidagi kompleks birikmalarning nomini aytib bering:
[Pt (NH3) 4]Cl2; H3[Fe (PO4) 2]; [Cu (NH3) 4] (OH) 2.
6. Quyidagi kompleks birikmalarning eritmada dissotsiatsiyalanish tenglamalarini hamda beqarorlik konstantalari ifodalarini yozing:
K2[Cu (CN) 4]; H2[PbCl4]; [Ag (NH3) 2]Cl;
[Cr (H2O) 4Cl2]Cl; K2[Zn(OH) 4]; [Ni(NH3) 6](OH) 2.
7. Qanday birikmalar qo‘sh tuzlar deyiladi? Тemir, alyuminiy va xromkaliy achchiqtoshlar olinish reaksiyalarini yozing. Bu tuzlarning dissotsiyalanish tenglamalarini yozing.
8. Al (OH) 3 ning kompleks birikma hosil bo‘lish hisobiga erish tenglamalarini yozing.
9. K2[Ni (CN) 4] ning 0,1 m eritmasida Ni2+ ionlari konsentratsiyasini hisoblang. Kbeq[Ni (CN) 4]2- =3·10-26
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Arra va uning tulari haqida ma’lumot

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Arra va uning tulari haqida ma’lumot
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bet | 2/6 | Sana | 29.01.2024 | Hajmi | 35,64 Kb. | | #147757 |
Bog'liq 1. Arra va uning turlari haqida ma’lumot. Arralash va arralardan-fayllar.org1.Arra va uning tulari haqida ma’lumot
Arra – yog‘och, metall, tosh, suyak, shox, sadaf va boshqalarni kesish va qirqish uchun ish-latiladigan qirra tishli asbob. Po‘lat plastinka va disksimon qilib yasaladi. Turlari: bir kishi ishlatadigan A. – dastarra (qo‘larra), ikki kishi ishlata-digan A. – g‘o‘labur A., yog‘ochdan noziq buyumlar tayyorlashda ishlatiladigan A. – taxtabur A. Shakli va ishlatilishiga ko‘ra, pushtakli arracha, kashakli-sha-dabur, bekashak-shadabur, yirik tishli shadabur, mayinbur, yirik tishli bu-rush, mayin tishli burush, noziq, pargar, po‘lat, sadaf, sarbur, takchir, xatbur, chap, ching‘iza, shoh, beda A.lar deb yuritiladi. Texnika taraqqiy etishi bilan A.larning mexanik turlari yaratilgan. Mexanik A.larning metall kesuvchi, taxta tiluvchi va daraxt kesuvchi xillari bor. Taxta ti-luvchi va metall kesuvchi A.lar plastina (polotno)li, zanjirli va diskli bo‘ladi. O‘rmonda daraxtlarni ag‘darishda kero-sin (benzin) bilan ishlaydigan A.lardan foydalaniladi. Yog‘och, faner yoki yumshoq metalldan egri chiziqli shakldor buyumlar yasashda ishlatiladigan ramasimon A. lobzik deb ataladi.Arra – yog‘och, metall, tosh, suyak, shox, sadaf va boshqalarni kesish va qirqish uchun ish-latiladigan qirra tishli asbob. Po‘lat plastinka va disksimon qilib yasaladi. Turlari: bir kishi ishlatadigan A. – dastarra (qo‘larra), ikki kishi ishlata-digan A. – g‘o‘labur A., yog‘ochdan noziq buyumlar tayyorlashda ishlatiladigan A. – taxtabur A. Shakli va ishlatilishiga ko‘ra, pushtakli arracha, kashakli-sha-dabur, bekashak-shadabur, yirik tishli shadabur, mayinbur, yirik tishli bu-rush, mayin tishli burush, noziq, pargar, po‘lat, sadaf, sarbur, takchir, xatbur, chap, ching‘iza, shoh, beda A.lar deb yuritiladi. Texnika taraqqiy etishi bilan A.larning mexanik turlari yaratilgan. Mexanik A.larning metall kesuvchi, taxta tiluvchi va daraxt kesuvchi xillari bor. Taxta ti-luvchi va metall kesuvchi A.lar plastina (polotno)li, zanjirli va diskli bo‘ladi. O‘rmonda daraxtlarni ag‘darishda kero-sin (benzin) bilan ishlaydigan A.lardan foydalaniladi. Yog‘och, faner yoki yumshoq metalldan egri chiziqli shakldor buyumlar yasashda ishlatiladigan ramasimon A. Lobzik deb atalad.
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