nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Avtomatlashtirish va boshqarishning MPli vosita va sistemasi asosida

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Avtomatlashtirish va boshqarishning MPli vosita va sistemasi asosidaBog'liq AMV majmua
Avtomatlashtirish va boshqarishning MPli vosita va sistemasi asosida
real ob’ektni boshqarish jarayonini tadqiq etish. (1 soat)
Bugungi kunda ishlab chiqarish samaradorligini oshirish uchun ishlab chiqarishni
avtomatlashtirish
va
robotlashtirish
ommaviy
tus
oldi.
Robotlarni,
manipulyatorlarni, stanoklarni va avtomatik ravishda boshqarishni esa oddiygina
usul orqali amalga oshirib bo’lmaydi. Bunda boshqarish uchun mikroprotsessorlar,
kontrollerlar, kompyuterlarni
qo’llash kerak. Bizning misolda boshqarish ob’ekti
sif
atida elektr parma bo’lib (4.3-rasm), u to’rtta harakat erkinligiga ega. Bular x, y,
z
o’qlari bo’yicha harakat, hamda parmaning aylanishidir. Parma mikroprotsessor
yordamida boshqarilishga mo’ljallangan. Programmalashtirish yordamida ish
stoliga qo’yilgan detalning kerakli joyini tesha oladi. Qurilma faqat detalni teshish
bilan chegaralanib qolmay unda ariqcha ochishga ham mo’ljallangan. Buning uchun
programma yordamida sverloni kerakli chuqurlikka botirib, mexanizmni kerakli
yo’nalishda harakatga keltirish zarur. Bundan tashqari, sverloni sinishdan asrash
uchun mexanizmlarning harakat kuchlarini ham programma yordamida boshqarish
mumkin. Parmani bajaradigan ishlari, nazorat qilish va boshqarish signallarini turlari
4.3-4.4 jadvallarda keltirigan.
4.3-ra
sm. Elektr parmaning umumiy ko’rinishi
Boshqarish signallari jadvali
4.3-jadval
Datchiklar jadvali
4.4-jadval
№ Nomi
Belgisi Turi
1
Mexanizm-1
boshlang’ich
holatda
D1b
raqamli
2
Mexanizm-1 oxirgi
holatda
D1o
raqamli
3
Mexanizm-
1 yo’lda D1y
analogli
4
Mexanizm-
2 b
oshlang’ich
holatda
D2b
raqamli
5
Mexanizm-2 oxirgi
holatda
D2o
raqamli
6
Mexanizm-2
yo’lda D2y
analogli
7
Mexanizm-
3 yuqorida
D3yu
raqamli
8
Mexanizm-3 pastda D3p
raqamli
9
Mexanizm-3
yo’lda D3y
analogli
10 Mexanizm-
4 aylanyapti
D4
raqamli
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Mikrokontrollerli manipulyatorni ishlashini boshqaruvchi qurilma

Mikrokontrollerli manipulyatorni ishlashini boshqaruvchi qurilma.
Quyidagi KR580 seriyali mikroprotsessori
orqali ko’p koordinatali elektrik parmani
(manipulyatorni) ishlashini avtomatik ravishda boshqaradigan kontrollerni
strukturali va ayrim bloklarni prinsipial sxemalari keltirilgan.
Boshqarish sistemasi quyidagi bloklardan tashkil topgan: KR580VM80A turidagi
mikroprotsessori; KR580 F24
– taktli impul’slar generatori; KR580VK28,
KR580IR12 ma’lumotlar va adreslar magistrallarini tashkil etuvchilari; K155ID7 –
adreslar deshifratori; KR537RU10; KR568RE2
– operativ va doimiy xotira
qurilmalari; KR580 VV55; KR580VV51
– programmalashtiriladigan paralel va
ketma-ket
interfeyslari;
KR580VI53
–programmalashtiriladigan
taymeri;
KR580VN59 darajali uzilishlar kontrolleri; ATSP
– analog raqamli o’zgartirgich;
TSAP
– raqamli analog o’zgartirgich; Klaviatura; 7 – segmentli displey: ATSP,
TSAP
– bloklarining kirish-chiqishlari, manipulyatorni datchiklari, hamda oraliq
o’zgartirgichlar, ijro etuvchi mexanizmlar bilan ulanadi (4.4-rasm).
4.4-rasm. Mikroprsessorli boshqarish sistemasining strukturali sxemasi.
4.5-rasm. MP
ma’lumotlar shinasiga(magistraliga) ulanish sxemasi.
4.6-
rasm. Ma’lumotlar magistraliga tashqi qurilmalarni ulanish sxemasi.
Operator bilan bog’lanish interfeysi indikatsiya va klaviaturadan iborat.
Displey sifatidaHG1-HG8 mikrosxemalari ishlatilgan
bo’lib, ularning ishlashini
paralel interfeysning A va S kanallari boshqaradi. A kanal mikrosxemada shaklni
hosil qilib beradi. S kanalning signallariesa tranzistorlar yordamida
kuchaytirilib, mikrosxemani tanlashga xizmat qiladi (4.6-rasm).
Datchiklarnin
g signallarini qabul qiluvchi interfeys parallel interfeys bo’lib, 8 ta
raqamli va 8 ta analog signallarni qabul qilishga mo’ljallangan. Raqamli signallar
to’g’ridan-to’g’ri A kanaliga ulanadi. Analog signallar analog kommutator orqali
ATSP ga uzatiladi va ATSP ning chiqishidagi 8-
razryadli ma’lumot interfeysning V
kanaliga uzatiladi. Interfeysning S kanali kommutatorni va ATSP ni boshqarish
uchun ishlatilgan .
Ob’ektga signallarni uzatish interfeysi ketma-ket interfeys bo’lib, 4, 6-razryadli
chiqishga ega. Bunda 7 va 8-razryadlar 4 ta registrdan birini tanlashga xizmat qiladi.
Qolgan 6 ta razryad tanlangan registrga uzatiladi.
Nazorat savollari
1. Parallel interfeys KR580VV55ni tushuntiring.
2. KR580VV55 interfeysini displey va klaviaturaga ulanish sxemasini
tushuntiring.
3. Mikrokontrollerli manipulyatorni ishlashini boshqaruvchi qurilmani ishlash
prinsipini tushuntiring.
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Tajriba ishi №5 - Kompyuterlashgan loyihalash tizimlari fakulteti

Tajriba ishi №5 Bir kristalli mikroprotsessorlar, Atmega 8, 16, Pic16F8X mikrokontrollerlarning ishlash prinsiplarini tadqiq etish. (1 soat) Tajriba ishining maqsadi: Bir kristalli mikroprotsessorlar, Atmega 8, 16, Pic16F8X mikrokontrollerlarning ishlash prinsiplarini tadqiq etish. Atmel firmasining AVR oilasiga mansub mikrokontrollerlari RISK
komandalar sistemasiga ega
bơlgan bir kristalli mikro-EXMlardan iborat.
Komandalarning asosiy qismi mikrokontrollerda bir taktda bajariladi. Xotiradan
navbatdagi komandani tanlash undan oldingi komandani bajarish vaqtida amalga
oshiriladi.Mikrokontrollerlar KMOP texnologiyasi asosida yaratilgan
bơlib,
programmalar va malumotlarni saqlovchi energiyaga
bog’lik bơlmagan xotira
qurilmalari FleshROM va EEPROM texnologiyalari asosida yaratilgan.
AVR oilasiga uch seriyadagi mikrokontrollerlar kiradi: AT90, ATtiny va
ATmega, ular ichida ATtiny eng kam va ATmega eng
kơp xisoblash imkoniyatiga ega
(5.1-rasm).
A). AT tiny mikrokontrolleri v). AT mega mikrokontrolleri
5.1-rasm. Atmel firmasining AVR mikrokontrollerlari
Mikrokontrollerlarning strukturasi. AVR mikrokontrollerlari yagona asos strukturasiga ega b
ơlib, ơz ichiga
quyidagi tarkibiy qismlarni oladi:
-takt impul`slari generatori;
-protsessor;
-programmalarni va konstantalarni saqlovchi, FleshROM texnologiyasida
yaratilgan doimiy xotira;
-ma`lumotlarni saqlashga m
ơljallangan statik turdagi operativ xotira (SRAM);
-ma`lumotlar massivini saqlash uchun EEPROM texnologiyasida yaratilgan
doimiy xotira;
-ma`lumotlarni va boshqarish signallarini kiritish/chiqarish uchun qurilmalar
t
ơplami.
Mikrokontrollerning umumlashtirilgan struktura sxemasi 10.2-rasmda
keltirilgan.
.3. Ma’lumotlar magistrali, interfeyslarni o’zgartirgichlari

3.2-rasm. Uchta qiymatlar registrlarini umumiy magistralga ulanish sxemasi
3.1-jadval
Rzp
RV
RU“0”
Chiqish holati
Ø
1
1
Q
0
=Q
1
=Q
2
=0
1
1
0
Q
i
=A
i
0
1
0
(S ni orqa frontida) Saqlash
rejimi (S xabarlari ta’sir
etmaydi)
Ø
0
Ø
“O’chirilgan”
Kirituvchi-
chiqaruvchi qurilmalarning xususiyati shundayki, ya’ni agarda MP o’z vaqtida
qurilma bilan kerakli amalni o’tkazmasa, u holda ma’lumot yo’qolishi mumkin. Shuning uchun
ham tashqi qurilmalar MP ning tayyor ekanligini bildiruvchi "protsessorni vaqtinchalik
to’xtatishga so’rash" xabarini beradi. Agarda "so’rash" qabul qilingan bo’lsa, u holda MP
"Vaqtincha qanoatlantiradi" degan javob xabarni ishlab chiqadi.
MP ni ichidagi qurilmalarni ishlashiga har xil vaqt ketadiganligi uchun tashqi qurilmalar,
MP bilan birga ishlash uchun, o’zidan MP holatini, tayyorligini va sh. o’xsh. so’rash uchun kerakli
xabarlarni MP dan so’raydi. MP o’z navbatida ana shu xabarlarga javob beradi. Bunday xabarlarni
soni o’ntagacha yetishi mumkin.
Mikrokontrollerning tarkibiy qismlpri

ruxsat berish; bit ustida opersiya bajarilganda uni saqlash; bajarilgan operasiya
natijasining belgilarini (ishorasi, natija nolga teng yoki teng emasligi,
ơtish razryadi,
natija kodidagi
«1» raqamlarining soni juft yoki toqlik belgisi) va boshqalarni saklash.
Stek kursatkichi registr PC stekka murojat qilish adresini xosil qilish va
saqlash vazifasini bajaradi. Ayrim mikkrokontrollerlarda stek sifatida maxsus xotira
qurilmasi (apparatli stek)dan foydalaniladi, boshqa mikrokontrollerlarda SRAM ning
foydalanuvchi tomonidan ajratilgan qismi stek sifatida ishlatiladi.
Interfeyslarni o’zgartirgichlari

Interfeyslarni o’zgartirgichlari (interfeyslarning kontrollerlari). Agarda bir turdagi
interfeysdan ikkinchi turdagi in terfeysga o’tish kerak bo’lsa, u holda interfeyslarni
o’zgartirgichlar yoki interfeyslarning kontrollerlari degan maxsus apparatning vositalari
ishlatiladi. MP si
stemalarini qurishda, ko’pincha elektron xabarlarining har xil formatlarini
o’zgartirishga to’gri keladi.
Hamma MP yondosh ko’rinishida berilayotgan raqamli qiymatlarni qayta ishlaydi. Bu holda
berilgan qiymatlar ma’lumotlar magistrali orqali ALQ ga yondosh ravishda qayta ishlanadi. Biroq
elektron sistemalarning periferiya qurilmalarida ma’lumotli xabarlar har xil formatga (razryadga)
ega bo’lishi mumkin. Shularning eng muhimlariga uzluksiz va raqamli ketma-ket xabarlar kiradi.
Katta integral sxemalar (KIS)
ko’rinishidagi uzluksiz raqamli va raqamli uzluksiz (ATSP va
TSAP) o’zgartirgichlar uzlukli xabarlarni yondosh kod ko’rinishiga va teskarisiga aylantiradi.
Rivojlangan o’zgartirgichlarning boshqarish vositalari MP bilan tashqi qurilmalarni to’g’ridan
to’g’ri qo’shimcha apparat vositalarisiz bog’lanishini ham ta’minlaydi.
Qiymatlar ketma-
ket raqamli format ko’rinishida bitta ma’lumotlar shinasi bo’yicha
uzatiladi. Bu esa periferiya
qurilmalari bilan bo’ladigan bog’lanishlar sonini ancha kamaytiradi.
(Bunday
bitta shina orqali ulanish tezkor periferiya qurilmalari bilan bog’lanish kerak
bo’lmasagina o’zini oqlaydi). Buni ta’minlash uchun MP va tashqi qurilmalarning ishlashini
sinxroni
zatsiyalaydigan qiymatlar formatini qabullovchi va o’zgartiruvchi programmali modulni
yaratish kerak.
Yuqorida aytilganlarni amaliyotda qo’llash uchun universal asinxron qabullovchi-uzatuvchi
deb ataluvchi qiymatlar formatini o’zgartiruvchi maxsus KIS li kontroller– o’zgartirgichidan
foydalaniladi.
Qiymatlarni asinxron uzatishda,
qabullovchi (ya’ni MP) va uzatuvchi (teletayp) bir-biri
bilan aloqada bo’ladilar, lekin har biri o’zining shaxsiy sinxronizasiyalovchi sistemasiga egadir.
Shuning uchun ham uzatuvchi qurilma xohlagan paytda qiymatlarni uzatishi mumkin.
Qabullagichda esa uz
atgich bilan birga ishlashni analiz qilaoladigan, ya’ni sinxronizasiyalovchi
vosita bo’lishi kerak.
Sun’s XML Support - Microsoft Word Applied xml a toolkit for Programmers Wiley doc

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•
Using XML as a primary data storage format for all of Microsoft’s Office suit
applications
•
Developing the BizTalk framework for using XML as a medium for exchanging
information throughout all businesses in an effort to enable wide-scale e-commerce
•
Having a seat on the W3C and playing a major role in shaping XML and its related
standards
IBM’s XML Support
IBM has created an entire array of XML applications in the works. We were pretty
impressed with the huge array of things they have going (either that or they’re the only
folks who talk about what they’re up to). Here are some of the things they’ve got going:
•
Understanding the Examples

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Most of the examples in this section are HTML documents that have JavaScript and XML
documents embedded within them. These HTML examples can be pasted into a file and
loaded with Internet Explorer 5 to view the intended result. In
Chapter 6
, we talk about
using the XML DOM usage within different environments including Microsoft’s Internet
Explorer 5. This section provides an introduction to help you follow the examples in this
chapter.
XML documents embedded within HTML pages/documents are called
data islands
. Let’s
say that we’d like to create a data island using the following XML document.
This is my XML document.
The above simple XML document is embedded into a data island by using a new,
reserved HTML tag called (you guessed it) “
”. Here’s how to use it:
This is my XML document.
An
id
is provided so the script can reference the XML document. The
id
becomes
especially useful when the HTML document contains more than one XML data island.
The above script is embedded with an HTML document and shows how to make use of
the data island. xmlID is the Document node and, in this case, is assigned to a variable
called documentNode. For those unfamiliar with JavaScript, JavaScript is not a strongly
typed language. var allows you to create a variable, and you can then assign any kind of
variable or object to it. In this case, we assigned a Document object to documentNode.
The same syntax would be used if we were to assign a integer value to a variable.
XML Developer Support - Microsoft Word Applied xml a toolkit for Programmers Wiley doc

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comfortable with:
•
Microsoft’s XML parser (included in Internet Explorer 5)
•
Microsoft/Data Channel’s Java Parser
•
IBM’s XML for Java
Languages Supported
Virtually all programming languages have hooks into XML and the DOM. Here are a few
for which we know software interfaces exist:
•
Java
•
C++
•
C
•
Perl
•
Python
•
Visual Basic
Major Vendor Support
You can’t really invest in a new technology unless the so-called big boys are there
already. (Well, you can, if you’ve got that entrepreneurial spirit and a lot of moxy.) Below
we talk a bit about the support of XML that some of the largest vendors are providing. If
you’re a major vendor and we haven’t listed you, please forgive us.
Part III
. For - Microsoft Word Applied xml a toolkit for Programmers Wiley doc

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The XML application is what you, the programmer, make. XML applications typically
process information encased in XML documents, but there is virtually no limit to what you
can do with an application. Companies like Microsoft and DataChannel are betting that
you, as a programmer, will be creating XML applications using their XML parser (this
makes sense; writing a comprehensive parser is tedious and expensive in terms of
manpower). We’re not going to talk much about how to make an application in this chapter.
Fear not,
Parts II
and
III
of this book give you more than enough information about how to
create your own hard-core superduper XML applications.
The XML Standard—Design Goals
The XML standard is an
open standard.
This means that no single company creates or
owns it. The XML standard is a project of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) that is
overseen by W3C’s XML Working Group, which began work in 1996. You can get a copy
of the latest official specifications from
www.w3c.com/xml
. Although the actual
specifications document makes for some pretty heavy reading, the objectives of the
standards are (as one would hope) very clear. They are reproduced here with
permission:
1.
XML shall be straightforwardly usable over the Internet.
2.
XML shall support a wide variety of applications.
3.
XML shall be compatible with SGML.
4.
It shall be easy to write programs which process XML documents.
5.
The number of optional features in XML is to be kept to the absolute minimum, ideally
zero.
6.
XML documents should be human-legible and reasonably clear.
7.
The XML design should be prepared quickly.
8.
The design of XML shall be formal and concise.
9.
XML documents shall be easy to create.
10.
Terseness in XML markup is of minimal importance.
By and large, the committee has been pretty true to its goals. We take our hats off to all the
working group members. It is not easy to make something that is useful
and
relatively easy
to work with.
Ketma-
ket ma’lumotli xabarlarning formati

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Ketma-
ket ma’lumotli xabarlarning formatiBog'liq AMV majmuaKetma-
ket ma’lumotli xabarlarning formati. Ketma-ket ma’lumotli xabarlar "1" yoki "0"
ko’rinishidagi tok yoki kuchlanish orqali tashkil etiladi. Bu qiymat hamma ma’lumotlar formati
uzatilib bo’lgunga qadar saqlanib qoladi (3.3-rasmda keltirilgan).
a) Juftlikka tekshirish bo’yicha ketma-ket qiymatlar baytining formati.
b)
Toqlikka tekshirish bo’yicha ketma-ket qiymatlar baytining formati.
Aloqa yo’liga raqamli ma’lumotni uzatguncha, aloqa yo’liga "1" raqamli xabar doimo
uzatilib turadi. Agarda ma’lumotlarni uzatishni boshlash kerak bo’lsa, avvalo "Boshlanish biti"
start deb ataluvchi oraliq (pauza) tashkil etiladi. Undan keyingina 7-8-
razryadli qiymatlar so’zi
(biti) uzatiladi. Bu qiymatlar so’zi juftlikka toqlikka tekshiruvchi bit bilan xam birga uzatilishi
mumkin. Uzatilayotgan ikkita birga teng bo’lgan "TO’XTA"(stop) degan bitlar bilan tugallanadi.
Qiymatlar so’zining ichida qiymatlarning eng kichkina razryadlari esa eng oxirida uzatiladi.
Qabullovchi qurilma aloqa yo’lini nazorat qilib turadi. Aloqa yo’lida doimo "1" sathli xabar bo’lsa,
aloqa yo’lining tuzukligini (buzuq emasligini) bildiradi. Mabodo "1" xabari "0"ga aylansa va bir
bitni tashkil etsa, qabull
ovchi qurilma bu bitni ma’lumotni uzatishning boshlanishi deb tushinadi
va aloqa yo’lidan ma’lumotlarni qabul qilishga o’tadi. Ma’lumotlarni qabul qilish jarayonida
qa
bullovchi qurilma "To’xta" degan xabar kelishini analiz qilib turadi. Demak "Boshla" va
"
To’xta" degan bitlar qabullovchi – uzatuvchi qurilmalarning sinxron ishlashini ta’min etib turadi
va berilganlarni to’g’ri qabul etishini amalga oshiradi.
Qiymatlarni sinxron uzatishda ham qabullovchi va uzatuvchi mikroprotsessorli qurilmalar
bir-biri bila
n aloqada bo’ladilar. Qiymatlarni sinxron uzatishda qiymatlar kanal bo’yicha
xizmatchi ma’lumotlarsiz massiv ko’rinishida uzatiladi. Massivni boshlanishida bitta yoki ikkita
sinxrobelgilar uzatiladi (3.4-rasm). Sinxrobelgilarni miqdori (soni) rejimini instruksiyasi
yordamida sxemaga (qurilmaga) programma beriladi (o’rnatiladi).
3.3-Rasm. Asinxron rejimda uzatilayotgan qiymatlarning signallarini formati.
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Bean Markup Language (BML)

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Bean Markup Language (BML)Bog'liq Ceponkus, Hoodbhoy - Applied XML - Toolkit for ProgrammersBean Markup Language (BML).
BML is an XML-based component configuration
language customized for controlling JavaBeans.
•
DataCraft.
This is an application that provides an XML view of existing databases in
IBM DB2 and Microsoft Access and enables publishing XML forms to the Web. This is
very interesting stuff.
•
Dynamic XML for Java (DXMLJ).
This is a processor to seamlessly embed Java
within XML to provide dynamic data.
•
LotusXSL.
This is a partial XSL processor that implements the transformation
functionality of XSL.
•
RDF for XML.
This is an RDF processor written in that builds, queries, and
manipulates RDF structures by reading and writing them in XML.
•
Speech Markup Language.
We talked about SpeechML in an earlier section. This is
a very exciting XML application.
•
TaskGuide Viewer.
This is an XML tool that helps you create Wizards.
•
Xeena.
The name was such that we had to comment on it. It’s a GUI-based XML
editor for editing valid XML documents.
•
XML BeanMaker.
This is pretty cool. It takes a DTD and generates the code for
JavaBean classes.
•
XML Parser for Java.
This is probably the best Java parser available. Tightest
conformance to standards and written in 100 percent pure Java.
Netscape’s XML Support
Netscape’s support of XML has huge promises, and while we think it will deliver the best
implementation of the standards, at the time of writing this book, we could not get our
hands on anything. What it intends to support includes the following:
•
An Internet browser (Gecko) with the most comprehensive standards support
•
A browser that is platform independent and soon device independent (i.e., for use with
PDAs and similar devices)
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. Sistemali dasturlar bo’yicha tushuncha

DT ni tizimli (bazaviy) va amaliyga bo’lish qabul qilingan.
Tizimli DT axborotni qayta ishlovchi dasturlarni yaratish samaradorligini oshirish va ularni
EHM da qo’llash uchun hamda EHM dan foydalanuvchilarga EHM resurslari bilan ishlash
bo’yicha ma’lum xizmatlarni taklif etish uchun mo’ljallangan.
Amaliy dasturli ta’minot (ADT) foydalanuvchining aniq bir muammoli masalasini yoki
shunday masalalar sinfini yechish uchun mo’ljallangan (ADT ni ko’pincha dasturli ilova deb
ataladi).
Tizimli dasturli ta’minot tarkibi 4.2-rasmda ko’rsatilgan.
Tizimli dasturli ta’minot o’z ichiga quyidagilarni oladi:
Operatsion tizim (OT)
– TDT ning har doimgi, doimiy qismi bo’lib, u SHK ning turli
rejimlarda samara
li ishlashini ta’minlaydi, dasturning bajarilishini va foydalanuvchi va EHM
tashqi qurilmalarining o’zaro ishini tashkil etadi.
Servisli dasturlar, ular foydalanuvchiga v
a uning dasturlariga qo’shimcha xizmatlar
to’plamini taklif etib, OT ning imkoniyatlarini kengaytiradi.
Instrumentalli
(vositali) dasturli vositalar, ular DT ni samarali ishlab chiqish va sozlash
uchun mo’ljallangan.
Texnik xizmat ko’rsatish tizimi, bu diagnostika, jihozlarni tiklash va SHK da nuqsonlarni
topishni yengillashtiradi, shu bilan birga uning yanada yuqoriroq ishonchliligini va axborotlarni
o’zgartirish jarayonlarining bajarilish aniqligini ta’minlaydi.
Servis tizimlari - Kompyuterlashgan loyihalash tizimlari fakulteti

· magnit disklarga xizmat ko’rsatish (formatlashtirish; tizim ma’lumotlarini diskda
saqlanishini va buzilgan taqdirda uni qayta tiklash imkoniyatni ta’minlash; xatolik bilan
o’chirib tashlangan fayllarni va kataloglarni hamda shu fayllar va kataloglarni ichidagisini
ular buzilgan taqdirda qayta tiklash; diskda fayllarni eng qulay komponovka (joylashtirish)
va defragmentasiya (qayta lavhalashtirish) qilish; diskdan maxfiy ma’lumotlarni ularni
kelgusida o’qib bo’lmaydigan qilib, ishonchli o’chirib tashlash va b.);
· fayllarga va kataloglarga xizmat ko’rsatish (yaratish, nusxalash, qayta nomlash,
yuborish, tezda qidirish, o’chirish va b.);
· fayllarni arxivlashtirish va arxivlashtirishni yo’qotish (arxivlashtirish fayl o’lchamini
sezilarli kamaytiradi);
· kompyuter viruslaridan himoya qilish va boshqa ko’p narsalar.
Oracle’s XML Support - Microsoft Word Applied xml a toolkit for Programmers Wiley doc

- 48 -
Oracle has been quite vociferous in its support of XML. It views XML as a portal to the
world of data. It intends to include in its support tight integration of XML in with Oracle 8i.
Its core support in 8i includes:
•
The Oracle XML Parser.
Oracle intends to enable programmers to process XML
documents and/or document fragments.
•
XML Support in
i
FS.
Oracle intends to support XML in its Oracle Internet File System
to enable automated parsing and rendering of data between XML and the database.
These are only tips of the iceberg. Everyone has jumped onto the XML bandwagon. What
are
you
waiting for?
Summary
We’ve given you a lot to think about in this chapter. We’ve tried to present a
comprehensive overview of XML and where it fits in the grand scheme of things. We’ve
also tried to help stimulate you to dream about where you can take it further.
The beauty of XML is in its sheer simplicity. It’s not something that is abstract and difficult
to envision—far from it. Simple things work, and the ubiquitous nature of HTML proves
that incontrovertibly. As Dan Connolly wrote, “XML is like HTML with the training wheels
off” (in the “Web matters” section of
Nature
magazine’s online site). In other words, XML
takes the concepts that millions of people implicitly learned while making Web sites and
develops them a little further to empower all computer users to do more.
Moreover, it’s not just us who believe in XML; virtually every industry leader has pledged
support to XML. With the kind of support that XML has mustered in the last year alone, it
is a sure bet that people who today invest millions as soon as they hear the words
e-
commerce
or
dot-com
are going to be willing to pump money into ventures that use the
buzzword
XML.
Seven years ago, the Internet Revolution began, and its promise of a new future for every
facet of human life was made by all industry pundits. The reality is that we are not there
yet. We’ve certainly come a long way, but we are still at the beginning. HTML was a
tremendous leap forward, but it was not enough. XML fills in where HTML could not. The
support that XML has mustered from all facets of the industry is unprecedented by every
measure. This is a technology that has success written all over it, so much so, that we
will go so far as to say that the only way it could fail is if humanity were to unplug the
Internet.
In a few years, XML is going to be as commonplace as HTML is, and
that’s a good thing
because it means that
now
is the best time to get into it. Those who get there first win the
prize, and the nice part is that everyone gets to share in the winnings. XML is the next
cycle of the information revolution.
Figure 3.1 - Microsoft Word Applied xml a toolkit for Programmers Wiley doc

- 50 -
document to determine its structural conformance. Once cleared for both syntactical
correctness and structural integrity, the parser presents the XML application with an in-
memory representation of the information.
Let’s take a look at each one of these in more detail.
XML Document
As we mentioned earlier, an XML document is based on entities that can consist of
content and markup. Content is the actual information, such as the price of melons, a
paragraph of an essay, or the headline of a newspaper. Content is also referred to as
character data
.
Content is encased in markup. If you are familiar with HTML, then you already know that
markup in the computer world consists of tags, such as start tags, end tags, and
comments. We go into much more detail later on in this chapter.
Chapter 5:
 DOM Reference

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Chapter 5:
DOM Reference Pdf ko'rish
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Bog'liq Ceponkus, Hoodbhoy - Applied XML - Toolkit for ProgrammersChapter 5:
DOM Reference
Overview
In the
preceding chapter
, we discussed why the DOM is used and from which
environments it can be used. We also talked briefly about of the various nodes present.
In this chapter, we drill down into the details of these various nodes. A description of
node properties and methods is presented, including sample code in JavaScript. A
scripting language is used in the examples because scripting languages are easier to
follow. Also, while most developers who write in C++ or Java are able to follow
JavaScript, the reverse isn’t necessarily true. The script examples are all HTML that run
under Internet Explorer 5, because, at the time of writing, Internet Explorer 5 was the only
browser that provided support for the DOM. This chapter should be read somewhat like a
reference, where a quick glance at the method descriptions and sample code reveals
most of the usage of the different DOM nodes.
The nodes that are most commonly used when working with the DOM are Document,
Element, and Attribute because they directly represent a construct found in an XML
document. Nodes that are essential, but that do not represent XML syntax constructs, are
Text, CDATASection, NodeList and NamedNodeMap. These seven nodes are presented
first, followed by the remaining nodes.
Appendix A
contains a concise reference of the methods and properties of each node.
At first, the plethora of methods and properties for each node type might seem a little
daunting. We’ve added sample code to the descriptions to illustrate the most commonly
used methods and properties. Some methods might seem redundant, and others might
seem plain old useless. On top of that, some methods that people would have liked to see
may have be omitted from the specification altogether. By and large, these inconsistencies
occurred because the W3C DOM committee is made up of industry players who
occasionally have conflicting perspectives for the use of the DOM. That being said, we’ve
included
all
the DOM methods and properties for the sake of thoroughness. As you read
through this chapter, keep in mind that the usage of some of these methods is open to your
own interpretation.
|
| |
var myInt = 5 - Microsoft Word Applied xml a toolkit for Programmers Wiley doc

- 115 -
Figure 5.1:
Alert box.
For those completely new to programming, especially with JavaScript, a primer might be
necessary. Briefly, a property is a variable that is attached to the object and is usually a
string, an integer, or another node object like a NodeList. For example, the nodeName
property on nodes is a string that represents the name of a node. On the other hand, a
method performs some sort of action and usually has parameters and a return value. For
example, the method called insertBefore(...) is used to place nodes into the tree. Methods
and properties can be accessed from the main object by using a period.
someNode.nodeName produces the nodeName property of the someNode node. Objects
can also be cascaded in this fashion. For example, someNode
.
childNodes.length
produces the length property found on the childNodes property, where childNodes is a
property of someNode. someNode.childNodes.length is a shortcut for assigning
childNodes to a variable and then using it.
Enough about JavaScript. The examples in this section are quite straightforward,
because only one property or method is displayed at a time. The more involved scenarios
in later chapters bring the various concepts together in one place.
Some basic knowledge of the DOM is also needed to understand the examples. The
chapter is organized in a reference style for easy access while programming. For the
first-time reader, a few methods and properties need to be briefly explained to
understand the examples. The documentElement property found on the Document node
points to the top most XML element. Looking at the following the XML data island, root is
the top most element; therefore documentElement is the root Element node.
Microsoft Word Applied xml a toolkit for Programmers Wiley doc - bet 106

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Microsoft Word Applied xml a toolkit for Programmers Wiley doc Pdf ko'rish
|
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Bog'liq Ceponkus, Hoodbhoy - Applied XML - Toolkit for Programmers
Moreover, understanding the childNodes property is also necessary. The childNodes
property is a NodeList node that allows the programmer access to a node’s children. The
following script shows how a programmer would use the childNodes collection to gain
access to the root element and the children of the root element. Figure 5.2 shows what
the DOM exposes and can help follow the script below.
Figure 5.2:
DOM representation of above XML document.
There also exists an attributes property that points to a NamedNodeMap node, which is
used to hold a collection of Attribute nodes.
Everything Is a Node (Well, Almost Everything)
The chart in Figure 5.3 is not to be confused with Figures 4.13 through 4.19 (The Big
Picture). Figure 5.3 depicts the class inheritance. In other words, all classes that have a
parent (for example, node is the parent of Element) get all the properties and methods
that the parent class has. Figures 4.13 through 4.19, on the other hand, show how the
DOM exposes these various nodes. Note that in these figures, node is not found
anywhere. Node is used only to derive other classes and is not directly exposed.
Figure 5.3:
DOM Class hierarchy.
Node
Parent
: None
Almost all the nodes described in the
preceding chapter
are derived, either directly or
indirectly, from a base class called Node. The exceptions are the NodeList and
NamedNodeMap nodes, which don’t have a base class. A class that is derived from
another class (referred to as the base class) inherits all the methods and properties of the
base class. For example, the Node class defines the method childNodes, which every
class derived from Node can use without redefining childNodes. Even though most of the
nodes are derived from Node, a Node cannot exist on its own; only the specialized nodes
can be created.
A description of the properties and methods that are available to all classes (except
NodeList and NamedNodeMap) is presented in the following section.
|
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Using Elements to Define Hierarchy

- 57 -
112, Main Street
Mudy Waters
FL
55544
As you can see, some elements (ADDRESS_BOOK, CONTACT, PHONE, ADDRESS)
are used only to provide structure while other elements (NAME, AREA_CODE,
PHONE_NUMBER, STREET_ADDRESS, CITY, STATE, ZIP) actually contain
information. Intuitively, you can see that because the data is so richly structured, given a
complete database of contacts, you could perform searches or sorting based on city
information, area code, or name. Intuitively, you can also see that because the NAME
element is not broken up into a FIRST_NAME and LAST_NAME, simple sorting involving
the content of the NAME element would be done on the basis of the contact’s first name.
Figure 3.4 shows how Internet Explorer displays the above raw XML file. Internet
Explorer 5.0 has a built-in MIME Type viewer that allows you to dynamically view the
contents and structure of raw XML files.
XML Document Type Definition

|
XML Document Type DefinitionBog'liq Ceponkus, Hoodbhoy - Applied XML - Toolkit for ProgrammersXML Document Type Definition
Often, it is desirable to have information structured in a particular way. For example, you
may want an address in an address book to include a ZIP code or a bibliography to
include the name of the publisher. To insure that information is structured properly, you
can create a set of rules for your XML documents through Document Type Definitions
(DTDs.) DTDs are a series of expressions that define the logical structure of your XML
document. The DTD is an optional part of your XML system. By and large, though, for
any serious application, you would want to include a DTD, especially in instances where
you are gathering information from a customer, for example, while gathering name
information in a form submission. A name can consist of a first name and a last name.
Identifying a person on the basis of the last name becomes more difficult when both the
first and last names are put together, so often they are represented by two fields. By
explicitly declaring that a name must consist of two parts, the parser is able to perform
error checking for you so you don’t have to write your own code to insure that the user
has put in the right information.
In
Chapter 1
, we talked a little about DTDs and how we don’t particularly care for them.
Nevertheless, they are the only officially recommended way for creating rules in XML
documents; thus we spend some time going over how to create an XML DTD in this
chapter.
XML Parser
An XML parser is a software engine that checks your XML document to insure that it is
syntactically correct. If you have chosen to include a DTD, the XML parser also checks
your XML document against the DTD to insure that it is also structured correctly.
A parser reads the XML document’s information and makes it accessible to the XML
application. All parsers are supposed to behave the same but the reality is that they don’t.
Most of them have their own quirks and nuances (also known as features). For the most
part, this book uses the parsers included with Microsoft’s Internet Explorer 5 and
Netscape Navigator 5 (alpha). A list of easily available parsers is included in
Appendix B
.
Choosing which parser to use is important and a lot depends on the language in which
you are writing your application. Some parsers are written for C++, while others are
written in Java. We talk a lot about interfacing with parsers through code in
|
| |
ER Modeli g’oyaviy rejalar

ER Modeli g’oyaviy rejalar
Reja tanlovi:
Agar kontseptsiya ob‟ekt yoki xususiyat sifatida modellashtirilsa?
Agar kontseptsiya ob‟ekt yoki munosabat sifatida modellashtirilsa?
Aloqalarni aniqlash: ikkilik yoki uch tomonlama?
Aggregatsiya(Birlashtirish)?
ER Modelida cheklovlar:
Ko'pgina ma'lumotlar semantikasini olish mumkin.
Biroq, ER diagrammalarida ba'zi cheklovlar mavjud emas.
Ob’ekt va Attribut(Xususiyat) Masalan: Ishchining Manzil atributi bo‟lishi kerakmi yoki ob‟ektning?
Ushbu ma'lumot manzil ma'lumotlari va ma'lumotlarning
semantikasidan foydalanishga bog'liqdir:
Agar biz, har bir xodim uchun bir nechta manzilga ega bo'lsak,
manzil ob‟ekt bo‟lishi shart (chunki atributlar belgilanishi
mumkin emas).
Agar bino (shahar, ko'cha va hokazo) muhim bo'lsa, (Masalan: biz ma'lum bir shaharda xodimlarni ishga olishni istaymiz) u
holda manzil, manzil sifatida modellashtirilgan bo'lishi kerak
(chunki atribut qiymati atomik).
Works_In2 ≥ 2 davr mobaynida ishchiga bo'limda ishlashga ruxsat
bermaydi.
Bu esa xodim bir nechta manzilni yozishni xohlash muammosiga
o'xshaydi:
biz ushbu munosabatlarning har bir namunasi uchun tavsiflovchi
atributlarning bir nechta qiymatlarini yozib olamiz. Ob’ekt va Munosabat
Agar menejer har bir bo'lim uchun alohida byudjet ajratsa ER diagram
normal xolatda bo‟ladi.
Agar boshqaruvchi barcha boshqariladigan departamentlarni qamrab
oladigan ixtiyoriy byudjetga ega bo'lsachi?
Ortiqcha dbudget, menejer tomonidan boshqariladigan har bir
bo'lim uchun saqlanadi.
ER diagrammalarini kontseptsial sxema bo'yicha bajarish
28
Har bir ob‟ekt yangi xaritaga jadval qo‟shadi.
Har bir attribut xaritaga yangi jadval ustuni qo‟shadi.
Har bir munosabat xaritalarga yangi ustunlar yoki yangi jadvalga
(munosabat turiga qarab)o'rnatish.
Familiyasi 
Fan - Mundarija kirish mavzu

37
Har bir munosabatda kortejlar identifikator kalitiga ega bo„lishi
kerak. Kalit quyidagi ikkita xossaga ega bo„lishi zarur:
3. Kortej kalit qiymati bilan bir qiymatli ifodalanishi kerak;
4. Kalitda ortiqchalik bo„lmasligi kerak. Bu degani hech qanday
atributni kalitdan olib tashlash mumkin emas.
Relyatsion ma`lumotlar bazasida ma`lumorlarni
ortiqchaligini
normallashtirish yo„li bilan kamaytiriladi. Jadvallar ustida har xil
amallar bajarish mumkin. Amallarga quyidagilar kiradi:
To„plamlar
ustida birlashtirish, kesishuv, ayirma, dekart ko„paytma
va bo„lish amallari kiradi.
Maxsus
relyatsion amallar, ularga: proeksiya,
birlashtirish, ajratish
(tanlab olish) amallari kiradi.
Munosabatlar ustida amalni bajarish uchun ishlatiladigan tillarni ikki
sinfga ajratishimiz mumkin:
c) Relyatsion algebra tillari;
d) Relyatsion hisoblash tillari.
Munosabatlar o„z mazmuniga qarab ikki sinfga ajratiladi:
c) Ob‟ektli munosabatlar;
d) Bog„lanuvchi munosabatlar;
Ob‟ektli munosabatlarda ob‟ektlar haqidagi munosabatlar saqlanadi.
Masalan, talaba munosabati.
Bog„lanish
munosabatlarida asosan, ob‟ektli munosabatlarning
kalitlari saqlanadi. Kalit atributlari oddiy va murakkab bo„lishi mumkin.
Agar kalit ikkita va undan ortiq atributdan tashkil topgan bo„lsa,
murakkab hisoblanadi.
Nazorat savollari - Mundarija kirish mavzu

33
5-mavzu. Rеlyatsion algеbra va rеlyatsion hisobot elеmеntlari
Reja
1. Munosabatlar ustida amallar.
2. Relyatsion ma‟lumotlar bazasini asosiy tushunchalari.
3. Relyatsion algebra va uning amallari.
4. Rеlyatsion hisoblash elеmеntlari va ulardan foydalanish.
Tayanch so‘zlar: dekard, kesishuv, birlashtirish, seleksiya, ayirma,
domen, relyatsion algebra, relyatsion hisoblash.
Munosabatlar ustida amallar. Munosabatlar
ustida har xil amallarni
bajarish imkoniyati mavjud. Relyatsion ma‟lumotlar modelini
xususiyatlaridan biri ma‟lumotlarni qayta ishlashni
relyatsion algebra
operatorlari (amallari) yordamida amalga oshirishdir. Relyatsion
algebrada quyidagi 8 ta operator keng ishlatiladi. Ulardan 4 tasi
an‟anaviy to`plamlar ustida bajarilishi mumkin bo`lgan amallardir.
An‟anaviy amallarga quyidagilar kiradi.
1. Birlashtirish
2. Kesishuv
3. Ayirma
4. Dekart ko`paytma
Maxsus amallarga esa quyidagilar kiradi.
1. Tanlash (seleksiya)
2. Proeksiya
3. Qo`shish
4. Bo`lish
Munosabatlar ustida
bajariladigan birlashtirish, kesishuv,
ayiruv
amallari operatorlarning tili yoki turi bo`yicha mosligini talab etadi.
Ikkita munosabat tipi bo`yicha mos keladi,
agarda ularda ekvivalent
munosabat sxemasi bulib:
ulardagi har bir daraja bir xil bo`lsa yoki ular bir xil atribut
to`plamiga ega bo`lsa;
sxema atributlarini
shunday tartiblash mumkinki, bir xil o`rinda
turib solishtirilayotgan atributlari bir xil domenda aniqlangan bo„lishi
kerak.
Birlashtirish amaliga quyidagi misol ko`rib chiqiladi. Ikkita guruh
jadvallari berilgan bo`lsin va bu jadvallar o`rtasida birlashtirish
amalini
34
bajarish talab etilsin.
5.1-jadval. 1-guruh haqida ma`lumot
Dars bosqichlari - Axborot tushunchasi va bilish haqida darsning maqsadi

|
Axborot tushunchasi va bilish haqida darsning maqsadi
|
bet | 34/65 | Sana | 16.11.2023 | Hajmi | 1,52 Mb. | | #100105 |
Bog'liq 7-sinf-informatika-dars-ishlanmasiDars bosqichlari
|
Vaqti
|
1
|
Tashkiliy qism
|
2 minut
|
2
|
O`tgan o`quv yilida o`tilganlarni takrorlash va baholash
|
15 minut
|
3
|
Yangi mavzuning mazmunini ochish va xulosalar chiqarish
|
25 minut
|
5
|
Uyga vazifa va topshiriqlar
|
3 minut
|
I. Tashkiliy qism: 1.Salomlashish.
2.Yo’qlama qilish.
3.Uyga vazifani so’rash.
II. Takrorlash:
Avvalgi mavzudagi materiallar asosida qo’shimcha testlar.
III. Yangi mavzu bayoni:
O‘nlik sanoq sistemasidagi butun son boshqa sanoq sistemasiga qanday o‘tkaziladi?
2. Biror sanoq sistemasidagi butun sonni o‘nlik sanoq sistemasiga o‘tkazishni ko‘rsating.
3. Beshlik sanoq sistemasida butun sonni olib, uni yettilik sanoq sistemasiga o‘tkazishni ko‘rsating.
4. Diada, triada va etrad usullari jadvalini yozing.
5. To‘rtlik sanoq sistemasida butun sonni olib, uni sakkizlik sanoq sistemasiga o‘tkazishni ko‘rsating.
6. Sakkizlik sanoq sistemasida butun sonni olib, uni o‘n oltilik sanoq sistemasiga o‘tkazishni ko‘rsating.
7. To‘rtlik sanoq sistemasida butun sonni olib, uni o‘n oltilik sanoq sistemasiga o‘tkazishni ko‘rsating
V. Uyga vazifa: mavzuni o’qib o’rganish misollar ishlash.
Tekshirdim:
O`quv ishlari bo`yicha dirеktor o`rinbosari:_________________
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-Mavzu: Axborotlarning kompyuterda

|
-Mavzu: Axborotlarning kompyuterda
|
bet | 35/65 | Sana | 16.11.2023 | Hajmi | 1,52 Mb. | | #100105 |
Bog'liq 7-sinf-informatika-dars-ishlanmasi19-Mavzu: Axborotlarning kompyuterda
tasvirlanishi.
Darsning maqsadi Axborotni kompyuterda tasvirlash haqida o`quvchilara tushuncha berish va unda amallar bajarishni o`rgatish
Darsning ta’limiy vazifasi: o‘quvchilarga Axborotni kompyuterda tasvirlash haqida tushunchalar berish nazariy topshiriqlar orqali bilim berish va ko’nikmalar hosil qilish.
Darsning tarbiyaviy vazifasi: o’quvchilarni yangi bilimlar egallashga va tartib-intizomga doimo rioya etishga hamda dizaynlik kasbiga yo’naltirish.
Darsning rivojlantiruvchi vazifasi: o‘quvchilarning kompyuterdan foydalanish haqidagi bilim va tasavvurlarini kengaytirish.
Kompetensiya:
TK1-kommunikativ kompetensiya
2 TK2-axborot bilan ishlash kompetensiyasi
3 TK3-o‘zini-o‘zi rivojlantirish kompetensiyasi
Dars uslubi: : Guruhlarda ishlash, tushunchalar tahlili
Dars jihozi: Darslik, kompyuter,
Darsning borishi:
№
|
Dars bosqichlari
|
Vaqti
|
1
|
Tashkiliy qism
|
2 minut
|
2
|
O`tgan o`quv yilida o`tilganlarni takrorlash va baholash
|
15 minut
|
3
|
Yangi mavzuning mazmunini ochish va xulosalar chiqarish
|
25 minut
|
5
|
Uyga vazifa va topshiriqlar
|
3 minut
|
|
| |
Ta'minlangan Sinov - 1. Nanozarrachalarga kirish. Nanozarrachalarning xususiyatlari

|
1. Nanozarrachalarga kirish. Nanozarrachalarning xususiyatlari
|
bet | 4/5 | Sana | 08.12.2023 | Hajmi | 36,74 Kb. | | #113628 |
Bog'liq documentO'tgan
Ta'minlangan Sinov:
O'tganlar ham nanozarralarni yaratishda rol
o'ynayishlari mumkin. O'tgan ekstraktlari metal ionlarining mavjudligida olib
tashlash uchun qo'llaniladi, bu nanozarralar tuzishini tashkil etishga imkon beradi.
O'tgan ekstraktlaridan foydalanishning ekologik usuli, har xil sohalarda
ishlatilmoqda.
4.
Fizikaviy Usullar:
Gaz
Faza dan Tog' Gacha O'tkazish:
Fizikaviy usullar materiallarni gaz fazasidan tuzilgan
nanozarralarga aylantirishni o'z ichiga oladi. Gaz fazasidan olingan material
tezroq sovib nanozarralarga aylantiriladi. Bu usul metall va nisbatan polimer
nanozarralarni yaratishda ishlatiladi.
Yuqori
Energetik Quti Frezalash:
Bu fizikaviy usulda, top va pudra zarralar orasidagi
yuqori energiya to'qimachiliklari natijasida nanozarralar tuziladi. Afzalligi,
bu usul kimyoviy oldindan berilmagan har xil tuzilma nanozarralarni yaratishga
qodir.
5.
Qo'shimcha Yo'llar:
Kimyoviy
va Fizikaviy Yo'llarning Biriktirilishi:
Qo'shimcha yo'llar, nanozarralarni yaratish uchun
kimyoviy va fizikaviy yo'llarni biriktirishni o'z ichiga oladi. Bu strategiya,
har bir usulning o'lcham, shakl va xususiyatlari uchun mas'uliyatni oshirish imkonini
beradi. Misol, kimyoviy sintezni lazerni kesib o'tkazish bilan biriktirish.
Kumush nanozarrachalari noyob optik, elektr va issiqlik xususiyatlariga ega va fotovoltaiklardan biologik va kimyoviy sensorlargacha bo'lgan mahsulotlarga kiritilmoqda.Masalan, yuqori elektr o'tkazuvchanligi, barqarorligi va past sinterlash harorati uchun kumush nanozarrachalardan foydalanadigan Supero'tkazuvchilar siyohlar, pastalar va plomba moddalari.Qo'shimcha ilovalar orasida molekulyar diagnostika va fotonik qurilmalar mavjud bo'lib, ular ushbu nanomateriallarning yangi optik xususiyatlaridan foydalanadilar.Antimikrobiyal qoplamalar uchun kumush nanozarrachalardan foydalanish tobora keng tarqalgan bo'lib, ko'plab to'qimachilik, klaviaturalar, yara qoplamalari va biotibbiyot asboblari kumush nanozarrachalarni o'z ichiga oladi, ular bakteriyalardan himoya qilish uchun doimiy ravishda past darajadagi kumush ionlarini chiqaradi.
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Optik xususiyatlar - 1. Nanozarrachalarga kirish. Nanozarrachalarning xususiyatlari

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1. Nanozarrachalarga kirish. Nanozarrachalarning xususiyatlari
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bet | 2/5 | Sana | 08.12.2023 | Hajmi | 36,74 Kb. | | #113628 |
Bog'liq documentOptik xususiyatlar:
Nanozarralar o'lchami bo'yicha o'lchovga bog'liq optik xususiyatlarni namoyish etadilar, bu jarayon nanofotonikada qo'llaniladi. Masalan, oltin nanozarralarning ronandagi ranglar, nanozarralaning yuzasidagi bepul elektronlar bilan yoritilgan yorug'lik bilan aloqada turgan. Bu o'lchovga bog'liq optik xavfsizni yaxshi ko'rib chiqishda va rangli sensorlar uchun texnologiyalarda qo'llab-quvvatlanadi.
Mexanik xususiyatlar:
Materiallar mexanik kuchayishida nanomolga o'tishi ajoyib ajoyibay o'tadi. Xususan karbon nanozarralar, masalan, nanotrubkalar, kuchayishga ega ajoyib xususiyatlarga ega. Muhandislar, bu xususiyatlarni foydalanib, materiallarni mustahkamlash, kuchli va qulay kuchni yaratishadi.
Elektr va Magnit xususiyatlar:
Kichik hajmli o'lchovda elektr va magnit xususiyatlarning ko'rsatilishi qiyinligini oshiradi. Quantum noqulay tuzilmalar, mahsulotlarining elektron xususiyatlarini balandlab beradigan polimer nanozarralar kabi, elektronika va fotonika sohalarida foydalanish uchun qadrli.
Kimyoviy reaktivlik:
Nanozarralarning kimyoviy reaktivligi ulkan yuzasi va hajmi orasidagi nisbatli qiyinchilikni ta'sir etadi. Nanozarralar, kataliz sohasida foydalangan, yuqori aktiv zonalar sonini oshirganligi tufayli samarali katalizatorlar sifatida xizmat qiladi. Nanozarralarning kimyoviy reaktivligini tushunish va boshqarish, samarali kataliz protsesslarini dizayn qilish uchun ahamiyatli.
Yuzasi va Hajmi Nisbati:
Material Ilmiyotida Ahamiyati:
Yuzasi va hajmi nisbati, nanozarralarining xulqiga hodisaga ta'sir qiladigan muhim o'lchovdir. Materiallar nanozarralarga aylanish paytida atomlar soni ustida boshlangan. Bu, kimyoviy reaktivlikka tayanch miqdorda ko'mak beradi, chunki yuqori yuzasi muhit bilan ko'p moliyalar bilan o'zaro aloqani yaxshi ko'rishga imkon beradi. Aralashuvlar, katalizdan dori vazifalarga, nanozarralar sonining katta yuzasi bilan ularning samarali faolligini oshirish uchun qo'llaniladi.
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