nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Darsning texnologik xaritasi - 1- dars. Mavzu: Masalalarni kompyuterda yechish bosqichlari Darsning texnologik xaritasi

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1- dars. Mavzu: Masalalarni kompyuterda yechish bosqichlari Darsning texnologik xaritasi
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Darsning texnologik xaritasi
Mavzu
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Algoritmning asos tuzilmalariga doir amaliy topshiriq
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Maqsad
va
vazifalar
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Darsning maqsadi: o'quvchilargа algoritmning asos tuzilmalari haqida ma`lumot berish va ularni qo`llashni o`rgatish.
Darsning ta'limiy vazifasi: O`quvchilarda algoritmning asos tuzilmalari (chiziqli, tarmoqlanuvchi, takrorlanuvchi algoritmlar) haqida bilim va ko`nikmani shakllantirish.
Darsning tarbiyaviy vazifasi: O`quvchilarga algoritm asosi tuzilmalarini mohiyatini ochib berish orqali ularning o`z hayotida amal qilib kelayotgan odatlarini tahlil etish va xulosa chiqarishga o`rgatish.
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Uslub: Aralash.

Shakl - 1- dars. Mavzu: Masalalarni kompyuterda yechish bosqichlari Darsning texnologik xaritasi

Uslub: Aralash.
Shakl: Savol-javob. Jamoa va kichik guruhlarda ishlash
Vosita: Elektron resurslar, darslik, plakatlar, tarqatma materiallar.
Usul: Tayyor prezentatsiya va slayd materiallari asosida.
Nazorat: Og'zaki, savol-javob, muhokama, kuzatish.
Baholash: Rag'batlantirish, 5 ballik reyting tizimi asosida.
Kutiladigan natijalar
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O`quvchilar yangi bilimlarni egallaydi.Algoritmning asosiy turlari haqida tasavvurga ega bo`ladilar. Yakka va guruh bo`lib ishlashni o`rganadi
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Kelgusi rejalar (tahlil, o'zgarishlar)
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O'qituvchi o'z faoliyatining tahlili asosida yoki hamkasblarining dars tahlili asosida keyingi darslariga o'zgartirishlar kiritadi va rejalashtiradi
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Darsning borishi va vaqt taqsimoti
Savol va topshiriqlar
1.Algoritmning tasvirlash usullari haqida ma'lumot bering.
2.Algoritmning so (zlar orqali ifoda etilishiga hayotiy misollar keltiring.
3.Qaysi fanlarda algoritmni formulalar yordamida berish qulay?
4.Algoritmni formulalar orqali ifoda etilishiga fizika fanidan misollar keltiring.
5.Algoritmni jadval ко 'rinishida berilishiga misollar keltiring.
6.Algoritmni grafik shaklda berilishiga misollar keltiring.
7.Blok-sxema nima?
Yangi mavzu bayoni:
Har qanday algoritm mantiqiy tuzilishga, ya'ni bajarilish tartibiga qarab uch asosiy turga bo'linadi: chiziqli (ergashish), tarmoqlamivchi va takrorlanuvchi.
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Asbob va materiallar - Цьу \ / М. M o‘minov, A. Mamadaliyev, A. To‘xtaboyev botanikadan amaliy mashg‘ulotlar

u ru g ‘ning tashqi p o ‘stini yirtadi va shu vaqtning o ‘zida uning aso-
sidan don ildizchalari chiqa boshlaydi. Shuning uchun don unayot-
ganda, undan birdaniga bir nechta yon ildiz chiqadi. A sosiy
ildiz
tezda qurib qoladi.
Yon ildizchalam ing rivojlanishi bilan bir vaqtda boshlang ‘ich
poyacha ham o 's a boshlaydi. Bunda birinchi
barglar paydo boMadi
va o ‘sim ta o ‘sa boshlaydi. U ru g ‘ning tashqi va ichki tuzilishi bilan
tanishish uchun bir pallali o ‘sim liklardan bu g ‘doy va ikki pallali
o ‘sim liklardan loviya va qovoq urugM olib tekshiriladi. Eng av
val bug‘doy donining tashqi tuzilishi bilan tanishiladi. D onga lupa
orqali qaralsa, uch tom onida tukchalar,
ikkinchi uchida m urtak
joylashganligini k o ‘rish mumkin. U rug‘ ikkiga boMinadi va mar-
jondaraxt o ‘zagi orasiga olib, m ahkam ushlab, ustarada bir nechta
yupqa kesm a tayyorlanadi. K esm alardan
bittasi buyum oynasiga
joylashtirilib, m ikroskopning kichik obyektivida tekshiriladi.
Don tashqi tom ondan p o ‘st bilan qoplangan. D onning k o ‘p qism i
oziq moddalar to‘plovchi endosperm to ‘qimasidan tuzilgan, uning
tashqi tom onida aleyron donachalar boMadi. Don m urtak, ildiz
boshlangMchi, qalqon va kurtakchadan iborat. Don o ‘sa boshlagan-
da, kurtakning yashil bargchalarini qoplab, nayza shaklini oladi.
Loviya urugMni ham da uning boMaklari aniqlanib, rasm lari chizib
olinadi.
-dars Mavzu: Dastur va dasturlash tillari

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-dars Mavzu: Dastur va dasturlash tillari
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12-dars Mavzu: Dastur va dasturlash tillari
Darsning texnologik xaritasi
Mavzu
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Dastur va dasturlash tillari
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Maqsad
va
vazifalar
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Darsning maqsadi: o'quvchilargа dastur, dasturlash tillari, ularning turlari va xusuiyatlari haqida tushuncha berish.
Darsning ta'limiy vazifasi: o'quvchilarga turmushda uchraydigan har xil masalalarni kompyuter yordamida hal etish mumkinligi va buning uchun dastur va dasturlash tillari yaratilganligi haqida bilim va ko'nikma berish.
Darsning tarbiyaviy vazifasi: o'quvchilarni o`z bilim va zakovati darajasida Vatanimiz ravnaqida munosib hissa qo`shishga intilishlariga yo`naltirish .
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Figure 
6-2: Rössler equation output graph that is generated after a solving by the analog

Figure
6-2: Rössler equation output graph that is generated after a solving by the analog
computing emulation on the FPGA board
68
Solving the Rössler equation for 6000 iterations in Matlab (time step size selected is 10^-9,
on a 3GHZ Dual Core CPU), takes 5400 ms, but in solving the same equation by hardware
through the emulated analog computing on FPGA with 300 MHz clock takes only 5
microseconds. The extremely high speed-up (compared to CPU) of many orders of
magnitude (more than several ten thousands) is evident. Figure 6-2 shows the XY plot of
Rössler equation output.
6.7.1
Future work
In the future, we are going to implement a system for generating the HDL code for solving
equations by a flow diagram. For modeling an ODE the future program will be node-based.
After coupling nodes by either code or a GUI, the program will be able to generate a gate
level HDL code for direct programming on FPGA. By this technique we can speed up the
design and implementation process of analog computing solvers on FPGA, which will be
capable of solving complex ODE equations and simulating complex systems in real time on
FPGA.
6.8
Concluding remarks
Each 18-bit integrator takes 1% of the FPGA resources, and each multiplier takes 2%
resource. In Xilinx Virtex-5 family there is a powerful chip (XC5VSX240T), which does fit
very well to the requirements of our analog computing emulation. This chip has 1k DSP48
slices, what is quite good for implementing integrators and multiplexers. The FPGA
synthesis program can combine one integrator and one or two multipliers and adders in
each DSP48. By this way we can implement many integrators, adder and multiplier on a
single FPGA chip. The obtained results are very encouraging, a speed-up or more than a
million has been reached when compared to Matlab performance on a normal PC.
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Ultra fast cnn based Hardware Computing Platform Concepts for adas visual Sensors and Evolutionary Mobile Robots - bet 44

70
Concerning GPU, using GPU is getting more popular every day. The highly parallel
structure of GPU makes it more efficient for image processing and for processing large
blocks of data. The high memory bandwidth between CPU and GPU, the integration of GPU
and CPU through the standard protocols and the running multi-kernels scripts on GPU
make it a very efficient technology for the implementation of CNN [119, 120]. Since 2003
GPU technology is growing up dramatically and we can implement very complex models
and systems by using flexible and robust tools and high-level software development
instruments/tools.
Ultra fast cnn based Hardware Computing Platform Concepts for adas visual Sensors and Evolutionary Mobile Robots - bet 49

7.8
CNN Emulation Architecture
According to the original model of CNN, it consists of two parts, one is constant and the
other part is variable over the time. A Convolution is realized between the control
templates and the input. The bias value however is always constant during the CNN
calculations
I
u
T
ij
B
*
. Therefore, the system doesn’t need to recalculate it during the
CNN solving process. The only part that must be recalculated in the DDA iterations is the
term
ij
A
y
T
*
. The value of the “Template Convolution” added to the bias is constant for
each pixel and it is therefore not recalculated again during the CNN’s iterations; see Refs
[18, 123].
78
Figure
7-5: Scheme of the DDA based model for CNN
For storing the matrix template values and the convolution we have assigned a 14 bit
signed register for each cell, 1bit sign, 3bit integer and 10bit precision. Similar to the
standard analog CNN chip, we have limited the range of values to be between -5 and +5.
We need an 18bit register to keep a convolution result. By 1bit sign, 7bit integer and 10bit
precision it can store the values from -127 up to +127 with good accuracy. The maximum
value for the convolution is in the range of (-125, +125]. If we define a Bias value in the
range of (-3, +3], we can still save the value in same range register (18bit).
Figure
7-6: Convolution diagram for the control template
Figure 7-6, shows the Control Template and convolution diagram, which is the same also
for the Feedback template convolution with the output signals. Signals are, after the
saturation function, in the range of [-1, +1]; thus we must extend it from 12bit to 14bit
range before getting convolution on feedback template.
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Ultra fast cnn based Hardware Computing Platform Concepts for adas visual Sensors and Evolutionary Mobile Robots - bet 45

71
industrial systems [26, 49, 50]. In the classical video processing platforms we can use DSP
or CPU core for manipulating/processing pixels. For process one frame of data, the system
generally has to fetch both the data and the program to either CPU or DSP, perform
required mathematical operations and then store the result(s) back into the memory. The
system must handle the high priority interrupts at the same time. And all these extra cycles
will add to the total number of cycles involved in the processing each pixel of image [121].
The main weakness of these traditional systems is clearly the low speed related to the high
processing time. Due to the sequential architecture and the programs, the system cannot
manipulate pixels in a real pipeline model. Therefore, we must design a suitable
architecture with a pipelining potential. FPGA is one the best candidates for pipelining
video processing. With newest FPGA technologies it is possible to design a multi-functional
and high performance video processing system. New FPGA technologies have made them
much faster and denser than before. XILINX Vertex technology provides a large two-
dimensional array of logic and programmable block sets, which contain lot of dedicated
memories and flip-flops. Having such facilities and infrastructures, one can easily map the
image on this grid for further image processing[49]. This implementation presents a real-
time video processing platform involving two concepts: a) direct convolution based image
processing, and (b) CNN based image processing. Designing a proper image processing
platform is extremely significant. Thus, we have to design a robust and flexible
architecture. The main parts of a real-time platform are knowingly capturing video,
buffering video streams, video stream processing and finally video output controller. All
these parts are considered in the platform design of this implementation.
Figure 
7-2: Camera connection to the FMC board

Figure
7-2: Camera connection to the FMC board
Figure
7-3: Xilinx XtremeDSP Kit 3400
Figure 7-3 shows the Xilinx XtremeDSP kit which is very appropriate for image processing
and machine vision applications. This platform provides an embedded design framework
that can be customized with user defined video accelerators implemented in the FPGA
fabric. It has one Spartan FPGA with 3.4 million system gates and 126 DSP48 internal block
sets. This board has 256MB DDR2 and 256MB Compact Flash. The clock rate for the FPGA
is up to 200 MHZ.
LVDS
Deserializer
DS92LV1212A
Camera
Ref CLK
CLK
FMC Low
Pin count
Connector
FPGA
74
7.6
Electronic System Level and High Level Direct Convolution
Modeling
There are many possibilities to design a proper model for the video signal processing. As
main part of an Image processing engine, we need a convolution operator. This basic and
simple mathematic model is very useful for the implementation of many complex filters
such as first derivative and second derivative ones, finding edge operations, median filters,
noise cancelation, and etc. Due to the complexity of filters the best way to design a
convolution module in FPGA is using HDL programming. There are a lot of techniques to
implement and generate HDL code. One of the best techniques is using a high-end
technology of Electronic System Level design (ESL) like Impulse CoDeveloper. Impulse
CoDeveloper is a proper tool for developing custom IP modules such as convolution and
image processing modules. This tool allows designers to quickly develop custom filter
modules in standard c program. With this tool we can convert an untimed C program to
synchronized HDL code. One of the best facilities of this tool is the debugging module for
higher level C standard programs such as Microsoft visual studio and so on. CoDeveloper
results are fully compatible with standard C and VHDL. Almost all the data interactions
between modules and processes in CoDeveloper are based on stream passing and shared
memory. For creating these convolution modules we have designed two parallel C-
language processes named columns and convolution. The column process has access to the
incoming video stream and it can store the pixels values of 3 rows of an image in the
internal memory buffer for the convolution module. Figure 7-4 shows these two main
modules for splitting rows and convolution. The designer has access to the multi-channel
memory controller; by this way the program can use the pipelining technique. Depending
on the hardware platform we can use the pipelining technique in our design. Using the
Pipelining #Pragma switch, which is a pre-
compiled command in C, we can synthesize “for
-
loops” commands and the internal contents of that in a concurrent mode. If a system has
access to the dual-channel external memory, one can thereby synthesise some parts of the
code in a pipelining mode which has an interaction with external memory and registers
[122].
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Ultra fast cnn based Hardware Computing Platform Concepts for adas visual Sensors and Evolutionary Mobile Robots - bet 54

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The idea of CNN was taken from the architecture of artificial neural networks and cellular
automata. In contrast to ordinary neural networks, CNN has the property of local
connectivity. The weights of the cells are established by the parameters called the
template. The functionality of the CNN is dependent on the template. So with a single
common computing model, by calculating the templates we can achieve the desired
functionality. The CNN has been successfully used for various high-speed parallel signal
processing applications such as image processing, visual computing and pattern
recognition as well as computer vision [91]. So we thought of implementing it on the
hardware for the need of HPC in real time image processing. Also, the parallel processing
capability of the CNN makes us to implement the CNN architecture on the hardware
platform for its efficient visualization.
In this research, the effort is done to develop a DT-CNN model on the graphics processing
units with the OpenCL framework. An effort is done to make the development of DTCNN
entirely on the kernel which make it executable on every platform. But, it should be noticed
that the GPU is a coprocessor which supports the processor in our system. Hence, the CPU
still executes several tasks, like the transmission of the data to the local memory of the
graphics card and retrieving back. Finally, GPU-based
Universal Machine - CNN
(UM-CNN)
was implemented using the OpenCL framework on NVIDIA GPU. A benchmark is provided
with the usage of GPU based CNN model for the image processing in comparison with CPU.
The chapter is structured as follows: Section II gives a clear description about the theory
involved in parallel computing. Section III introduces the concepts of CNN, the system
diagram and its functionality and systems designed methodology which is done using
OpenCL. Section IV concludes the section and says about the work going to be done in the
future.
Figure 
7-4: Convolution and stream processing diagram

77
the equation updates the integral value. In this integrator, rounding or truncation errors
are only due to the limitation of registers. Therefore, by increasing the register sizes we
have a way to control/reduce this error. This error is cumulative. Thus, for low precision
registers a lack of accuracy will be observed after a long time. The only way for overcoming
to this problem is setting proper register sizes.
By this way, we can compute directly the solution of differential equations. This
simulation of analog computing is a fully parallel method for solving differential systems
such as nonlinear equations and also to realize the integrator module within CNN. For
integrator modules we must have access to the memory for storing the values and the cells
output. The only critical term in CNN equation is the “Integrator”, which we
implement/realize through the DDA model. After approximating the basic CNN cell, we
must cascade the cells together. All these steps are implemented in the CoDeveloper by
using a Fixed-Point method. The result for each three rows will be stored in the memory.
The CoDeveloper can handle the access to the external memory through the multi port
memory controller (MPMC). This controller is a full feature memory controller that is
compatible with standard DDR2 memory devices. This controller must be configured for at
least one read and one write port. And for the many high-end video processing
applications, there is no implicit limit on the number of read or writes ports in MPMC.
Few words to say about this book - bet 68

125
cerebrospinal fluid nourishes the developing nervous system. He also vowed to look for the joy in everything,
including failure, as this could help him learn about his research and himself.
One thing that can hold joy back is a person's concentration on avoiding failure rather than their looking
forward to doing something well. 'Focusing on being safe might get in the way of your reaching your goals,'
explains Kashdan. For example, are you hoping to get through a business lunch without embarrassing yourself,
or are you thinking about how fascinating the conversation might be?
H
Usually, we think of courage in physical terms but ordinary life demands s omething else. For marketing
executive Kenneth Pedeleose, it meant speaking out against something he thought was ethically wrong. The
new manager was intimidating staff so Pedeleose carefully recorded each instance of bullying
and eventually took the evidence to a senior director, knowing his own job security would be
threatened. Eventually the manager was the one to go. According to Cynthia Pury, a psychologist at Clemson
University, Pedeleose's story proves the point that courage is not motivated by fearlessness, but by moral
obligation. Pury also believes that people can acquire courage. Many of her students said that faced with a
risky situation, they first tried to calm themselves down, then looked for a way to mitigate the danger, just as
Pedeleose did by documenting his allegations.
Over the long term, picking up a new character trait may help you move toward being the person you want to
be. And in the short term, the effort itself could be surprisingly rewarding, a kind of internal adventure.
Ultra fast cnn based Hardware Computing Platform Concepts for adas visual Sensors and Evolutionary Mobile Robots - bet 60

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Figure
9-1: Shows the spatial wave and time domain on a CNN, which connected to the robot
actuators
A fitness function is a particular type of objective function that quantifies the optimality of
a solution. Input data for the fitness function is based on measurements of robot parts
orientation, location and displacement. In fitness function we don’t define any behavioral
locomotion exactly. On the other hand, we define a function that satisfies the target or
destination. With this method based on genetic algorithms, an optimum template ensures
that the robot can move or act according to our desires. The most important point in this
learning method is that we don’t predefine any robot kinematics for movement in the
fitness function.
Ultra fast cnn based Hardware Computing Platform Concepts for adas visual Sensors and Evolutionary Mobile Robots - bet 57

91
digital channels such as files, Camera, etc. The data which is to be processed is kept in the
shared memory and is accessible by the OpenCL framework and the Image processing unit.
After loading the instructions from the image processing unit, the API of the OpenCL will
try to take the required kernel from the kernel bank, for the process of the instructions.
After getting the required kernels from the kernel bank the OpenCL make these kernels to
be executed on the necessary processor and then the results are again stored in the shared
memory which is collected by the image processing unit. The OpenCL API also checks the
processing commands and the synchronization commands from the image processing unit
in order to perform a correct operation on the proper image.
Darsning tarbiyaviy vazifasi - 1- dars. Mavzu: Masalalarni kompyuterda yechish bosqichlari Darsning texnologik xaritasi

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Darsning tarbiyaviy vazifasi:
o'quvchilarga yangi bilimlar egallashga hamda har qanday vaziyatda tartib intizomga rioya etishga o’rgatish.
Darsning rivojlantiruvchi vazifasi:
o'quvchilarda kompyuterdan samarali foydalanish haqida bilim va tasavvurlarini kengaytirish..
O'quv
jarayonining mazmuni
,
,
, va
juft teglarining qo’llanilishi,
juft tegining
ALIGN va VALIGN parametrlari
, CELLSPACING va CELLPADDING parametrlarining vazifalari. COLSPAN va ROWSPAN parametrlarining
ishlatilishi
O'quv jarayonini amalga
oshirish texnologiyasi
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Ultra fast cnn based Hardware Computing Platform Concepts for adas visual Sensors and Evolutionary Mobile RobotsBog'liq Alireza Fasih8.6
Methodology of system design using OpenCL
OpenCL is “a framework suited for parallel programming of heterogeneous systems”. The
framework includes the OpenCL C language as well as the compiler and the runtime
environment required to run the code written in OpenCL-C. OpenCL is standardized by the
Khronos Group, who is known for their management of the OpenGL specification [136].
OpenCL is a framework which has been developed in order to program on any
heterogeneous environment. Therefore we can say that the OpenCL code is capable of
being executed on any computer. OpenCL provides standardized APIs that perform tasks
such as vectorized Single
Instruction Multiple Data
(SIMD) operations, data parallel
processing, task parallel processing and memory transfer. A simple functional execution
block written in OpenCL is called as a kernel. The OpenCL kernel is written in its native
language using its own API. The benefits of OpenCL are: it allows acceleration in parallel
processing, it manages the computational resources, it views multi-core CPUs, GPUs etc. as
computational units, allocates different levels of memory, it also supports cross-vendor
software portability. A simple kernel written in OpenCL in comparison with the traditional
loop coding is seen the following Figure 8-3.
92
Figure
8-3: A comparison traditional loop with the OpenCL data parallel kernel
The Figure 8-3 gives the advantages of writing the code in OpenCL as well as the parallel
computing capability of the OpenCL kernel. From Figure 8-4 we can clearly understand the
steps involved in the OpenCL programming model. The steps show the structural design
and execution of a kernel. Whenever the kernel is designed, these steps are followed in
order to execute the kernel on the appropriate device.
Here in our work, we have used the OpenCL in order to develop the UM
–
CNN which is to be
executed on the GPU. The required kernel which is necessary for the execution of the CNN
is written using the OpenCL programming model. The interface of the data is done from the
CPU which is to be loaded onto the device. For proper interface of the communication of
data we have used the
Open Computer Vision Library
(OpenCV) for the reading of images,
loading of the image data on to the memory elements and to display the retrieved image
back from the GPU after its execution.
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Figure - Ultra fast cnn based Hardware Computing Platform Concepts for adas visual Sensors and Evolutionary Mobile Robots

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Ultra fast cnn based Hardware Computing Platform Concepts for adas visual Sensors and Evolutionary Mobile RobotsBog'liq Alireza FasihFigure
8-4: OpenCL Programming Flow
In our work we have used the combination of OpenCV for the appropriate user interface
and for data acquisition, and OpenCL for the development of the desired UM-CNN on the
heterogeneous platform.
For real time image processing applications the performance of CNN is evaluated for the
contrast enhancement. The templates used for the contrast enhancement are given below
(8-7)
𝑇 =
0
0.25
0
0.25
0
0.25
0
0.25
0
; 𝑇 =
0
−1
0
−1
4
−1
0
−1
0
; 𝐼 = 0
94
Figure 8-5 shows the given input image and output image of the CNN operation on GPU
and Fig 8-6 shows the output image of the CNN operation on CPU.
Figure
8-5: (a) Input image for CNN (b) Output image of CNN on GPU
Figure
8-6: Output of CNN on CPU after applying enhancement template
8.7
Conclusion
In this work we propose a new model for image processing that can be executed in parallel
and faster. We implement this model with OpenCL framework along with OpenCV. The
concept of DT-CNN on the GPU makes the execution of the image processing task faster.
The concept of high performance computing is achieved with the designed model. Till now
the discussion goes on with the surrounding knowledge of the designed model. In the
95
future work, a clear description of the entire model along with the benchmarks of
comparing the performance of GPU with performance of CPU will be done.
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Bad behavior - Few words to say about this book

137
says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he’s hoping for good
news. Bernstein predicts ‘an avalanche of interest and support’ if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-
zappers eventually costing $50,000 to $100,000 each.
Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning ‘switch’ at their fingertips, materials scientists could find
out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of ‘interactive
meteorology’ - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. ‘If we could discharge clouds, we
might affect the weather,’ he says.
And perhaps, says Diels, we’ll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. ‘We think we could
prevent hail by inducing lightning,’ he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is
thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the
moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck,
as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.
Ultra fast cnn based Hardware Computing Platform Concepts for adas visual Sensors and Evolutionary Mobile Robots - bet 42

66
(6-3)
a = 0.41
b = 1.15
c = 4.16
At its most basic level, a DSP48 is a multiplier with a combination of
adders and many
optional operations. It has an 18-bit sign input signal and a 36-bit sign output result. This
result is then sign extended to 48-bits, it can either be fed into the adder or connected
directly to the output of a DSP48. Pipeline registers are a unique advantage of the DSP48
block compared to other FPGA DSP architectures [7]. Xilinx has dedicated many DSP48
slice in Virtex-4 and Virtex-5 family for speeding-up of calculations.
The amount of
resources used after synthesis for solving the Rössler equation in terms of DSP48 slices,
Flip-Flop slices and 4-Input LUT Slices is shown in the Table 6-1.
Table 6-1: FPGA Resources used for Implementation of an Emulated Analog
Computing Solver of the Rössler Equation on FPGA
Integrated Software Environment
(ISE) is the Xilinx® design software suite that allows you
to take your design from design entry through Xilinx device programming. By disabling the
DSP48 slices in this program, the system tries to synthesize the code and design by normal
logic slices. The FPGA synthesis report is in Table 6-2. For the 2 scenarios with and
without DSP48 slices; the Table 6-2 shows what difference
there is in terms of FPGA
resources use/consumption between the two alternatives.
67
Table 6-2: Benchmarking of resources used for FPGA synthesis report for implementing a 33-bit ODE solver of
the Rössler Equation
In some Xilinx family FPGA, there is no DSP48 slice
for implementing integrators,
multipliers and basic elements. Thus we need more logic cells to implementing these
resources. According to Table 6-2, 62% DSP48 (20 slice DSP48 in Virtex-4, FX20 FPGA) is
equal to 21% (3600 slice, 4-bit LUTs in Virtex-4 FX20 FPGA) of basic logic slices.
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entrance is completely free

TEST
Good morning everyone. My name’s Janet Parker and I’m the human resources manager. We’re very
happy to welcome you to your new apprenticeship. I hope that the next six months will be a positive and
enjoyable experience for you.
I’d like to start with some general advice about being an apprentice. Most of you have very little or no
experience of working for a big organisation and the first week or so may be quite challenging. There will
be a lot of new information to take in but don’t worry too much about trying to remember everything. The
important thing is to
Q11
check with someone if you’re not sure what to do

TEST
Good morning. My name’s Lucy Crittenden, and I’m the Director of Operations for an organisation that
arranges volunteering in this part of the country. I’m hoping I can persuade one or two of you to become
volunteers yourselves. Let me start by briefly explaining what we mean by volunteering.
Volunteers are teenagers and adults who choose to spend some time, unpaid, helping other people in
some way. Most volunteers devote two or three hours to this every week, while a few do much more. The
people they help may have physical or behavioural difficulties, for example.
Volunteers can do all sorts of things, depending on their own abilities and interests. If they’re supporting
a family that’s struggling, for example, they may be able to give them tips on cooking, or recommend how
to plan their budget or how to shop sensibly on their income. They might even do
It’ll be publicised in the city, to

TEST
Now let me tell you a bit more about some of the changes to Croft Valley Park.
One of our most exciting developments has been the adventure playground. We were aware that we had
nowhere for children to let off steam, and decided to use our available funds to set up a completely new
facility in a large space to the north of the park. It’s open year-round, though it close early in the winter
months, and
Nothing too casual – like jeans

TEST
FAMILY EXCURSIONS
TC EMPLOYEE: Hi. Can I help you?
VISITOR:
I’d like to find out if you have any excursions suitable for families.
TC EMPLOYEE: Sure. How about taking your family for a cruise?
We have a steamship that takes
passengers out several times a day
Example
– it’s over 100 years old.
VISITOR:
That sounds interesting. How long is the trip?
TC EMPLOYEE: About an hour and a half.
And don’t forget to take pictures of the mountains
Q1
.
They’re all around you when you’re on the boat and they look fantastic.
VISITOR:
OK. And I assume there’s a café or something on board?
TC EMPLOYEE: Sure. How old are your children?
VISITOR:
Er, my daughter’s fifteen and my son’s seven.
TC EMPLOYEE: Right. Well there are various things you can do once you’ve crossed the lake, to make
a day of it. One thing that’s very popular is a visit to the Country Farm. You’re met off
the boat by the farmer and he’ll take you to the holding pens, where the sheep are kept.
Children love feeling them!
VISITOR:
My son would love that. He really likes animals.
TC EMPLOYEE: Well,
the festival box office, or from any shops displaying our logo in the windows

TEST
PUBLIC LIBRARY
SUSIE: Hello?
PAUL:
Hi, Susie, it’s Paul here. How are you? Enjoying your new job? You’re working at the library,
aren’t you?
SUSIE:
Yes. I started when
the library re-opened a month ago
Example
. It’s great.
PAUL:
Actually Carol and I have been meaning to join for a while.
SUSIE:
Oh, you should. It doesn’t cost anything, and the new library has all sorts of facilities. It’s
not just a place where you borrow books. For instance, there’s an area with comfortable
seats where you can sit and read the magazines they have there. Some people spend the
whole morning there.
PAUL:
Mmm. Wish I had that amount of time to spend!
SUSIE:
Yes, you must be pretty busy at present, with the children and everything?
PAUL:
We are, yes. But we’re hoping to get away this summer. We’re thinking of going to Greece.
SUSIE:
Well,
we’ve got a much larger section of the library devoted to travel books now
Q1
,
so you should come and have a look. I can’t remember if there’s anything specifically on
Greece, but I should think so.
PAUL:
OK. Now Carol’s organising a project for the history class she teaches at school – it’s about
life in the town a hundred years ago. Do you have anything that might be useful?
SUSIE:
Yes, actually
we’ve now got a new section with materials on the history of the town
the festival begins on the 16th of May

|
the festival begins on the 16th of MayBog'liq Listening transcripts 230531 122425the festival begins on the 16th of May
Example
and goes on till the 19th.
WOMAN:
Oh, that’s great. I’ll be there from the 15th till the 19th. So could you tell me the programme,
please?
MAN:
Well, on the first day, there’s the opening ceremony, in the town centre. People start gathering
around 2 o’clock, to get a good place to see from, and
the events will start at 2.45
Q1
,
and finish about 5.30.
WOMAN:
OK, thanks. I’ll make sure I get there early to get a good spot.
MAN:
The festival will be officially opened by the mayor. He’ll just speak for a few minutes,
welcoming everyone to the festival. All the town councillors will be there, and of course lots
of other people.
WOMAN: Right.
MAN:
Then there’ll be a performance by a band
Q2
. Most years we have a children’s choir, but
this year the local army cadets offered to perform, and they’re very good.
WOMAN: Uhuh.
MAN:
After that, a community group from the town will perform a play they’ve written
themselves, just a short one. It’s about Helen Tungate
Q3
. I don’t know if you’ve heard
of her?
WOMAN:
I certainly have.
She was a scientist years ago.
Q4
MAN:
That’s right. She was born in Kenton exactly 100 years ago, so we’re celebrating her
centenary.
WOMAN:
I’m a biologist, so I’ve always been interested in her, I didn’t realise she came from Kenton.
MAN:
Yes. Well, all that will take place in the afternoon, and
later, as the sun sets, there’ll be a
firework display. You should go to the park to watch, as you’ll get the best view from
there, and the display takes place on the opposite side of the river
Q5
. It’s always one
of the most popular events in the festival.
WOMAN:
Sounds great.
....................................................................................................................................................................
WOMAN:
And what’s happening on the other days?
MAN:
There are several events that go on the whole time. For example,
|
| |
Questions 6-11 - Few words to say about this book

|
Few words to say about this bookBog'liq THE-BIBLE-OF-IELTS-READING-BOOKQuestions 6-11
(Choose the correct letter,
A, B, C or D).
6. Compared with today’s museums, those of the past
A
did not present history in a detailed way.
B
were not primarily intended for the public.
C
were more clearly organised.
D
preserved items with greater care.
7. According to the writer, current trends in the heritage industry
A
emphasise personal involvement.
B
have their origins in York and London.
C
rely on computer images.
D
reflect minority tastes.
8 The writer says that museums, heritage sites and theme parks
A
often work in close partnership.
B
try to preserve separate identities.
C
have similar exhibits.
D
are less easy to distinguish than before
9. The writer says that in preparing exhibits for museums, experts
A
should pursue a single objective.
B
have to do a certain amount of language
translation.
C
should be free from commercial constraints.
D
have to balance conflicting priorities.
10. In paragraph E, the writer suggests that some museum exhibits
A
fail to match visitor expectations.
B
are based on the false assumptions of
professionals.
C
reveal more about present beliefs than about the
past.
D
allow visitors to make more use of their
imagination.
11. The passage ends by noting that our view of history is biased because
A
we fail to use our imagination.
B
only very durable objects remain from the past.
C
we tend to ignore things that displease us.
D
museum exhibits focus too much on the local
area.
|
| |
Few words to say about this book - bet 71

131
considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not
let inhibit their reactions.
Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social
intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting.
In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works
when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for
functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These
brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas. Perception is important in social
cognition too. The perception of someone's enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal. Understanding
how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so
rare.
Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business. They
supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules aren't important to them.
Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for
success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.
Thursday is good for me. after 5: 30

TEST
Alex’s Training
MARTHA:
Hi Alex. It’s Martha Clines here. James White gave me your number. I hope you don’t mind
me calling you.
ALEX:
Of course not. How are you, Martha?
MARTHA:
Good thanks. I’m ringing because I need a bit of advice.
ALEX:
Oh yeah. What about?
MARTHA:
The training you did at JPNW a few years ago. I’m applying for the same thing.
ALEX:
Oh right. Yes,
I did mine in
2014
Example
. Best thing I ever did. I’m still working there.
MARTHA:
Really? What are you doing?
ALEX:
Well, now I work in the customer services department but
I did my initial training in Finance
Q1
. I stayed there for the first two years and then moved to where I am now.
MARTHA:
That’s the same department I’m applying for. Did you enjoy it?
ALEX:
I was pretty nervous to begin with. I didn’t do well in my exams
at school and I was really
worried because
I failed Maths
Q2
. But it didn’t actually matter because I did lots of courses
on the job.
MARTHA:
Did you get a diploma at the end of your trainee period? I’m hoping
to do the one in business
skills.
ALEX:
Yes. That sounds good.
I took the one on IT skills but I wish I’d done that one instead

I took the one on IT skills but I wish I’d done that one instead.
Q3 MARTHA:
OK, that’s good to know. What about the other trainees? How did you get on with them?
ALEX:
There were about 20 of us who started at the same time and we were all around the same
age – I was 18 and
there was only one person younger than me, how was 17 Q4 . The
rest were between 18 and 20. I made some good friends.
MARTHA:
I’ve heard lots of good things about the training at JPNW. It seems like there are a lot of
opportunities there.
ALEX:
Yeah, definitely. Because of its size you can work in loads of different areas within the
organisation.
MARTHA:
What about pay? I know you get a lower minimum wage than regular employees.
ALEX:
That’s right – which isn’t great. Buy
you get the same number of days’ holiday as everyone else Q5 . And the pay goes up massively if they offer you a job at the end of the
training period.
MARTHA:
Yeah, but I’m not doing it for the money – it’s the experience I think will be really useful.
Everyone says by the end of the year you gain so much confidence.
ALEX:
You’re right. That’s the most useful part about it. There’s a lot of variety too. You’re given
lots of different things to do. I enjoyed it all – I didn’t even mind the studying.
MARTHA:
Do you have to spend any time in college?
ALEX:
Yes,
one day each month Q6 . So you get lots of support from both your tutor and your
manager.
MARTHA:
That’s good. And the company is easy to get to, isn’t it?
ALEX:
Yes, it’s very close to the train station so the
location’s a real advantage.
Q7 ....................................................................................................................................................................
ALEX:
Have you got a date for your interview yet?
MARTHA:
Yes, it’s on the 23rd of this month.
ALEX:
So long as you’re well prepared there’s nothing to worry about. Everyone’s very friendly.
MARTHA:
I am not sure what I should wear. What do you think?
ALEX:
the students of the art - Customer satisfaction survey

WOMAN:
Are there any displays of ballet dancing? I’m particularly interested in that as I do it as a
hobby.
MAN:
There isn’t any ballet, I’m afraid, but
there’ll be a demonstration of traditional dances
from all round the country.
Q8
WOMAN:
Oh, that’d be nice. Where’s that being held?
MAN:
It’s in the market in the town centre – the outdoor one, not the covered market
Q9
.
And it’s on at 2 and 5 every afternoon of the festival, apart from the first day.
WOMAN:
Lovely. I’m interested in all kinds of dancing, so I’m sure I’ll enjoy that!
MAN:
Mmm. I’m sure you will.
WOMAN:
And I’d really like to go to some concerts, if there are any.
MAN:
Yes, there are several. Three performed by professionals, and one by local children.
WOMAN:
And where is it being held?
MAN:
It’s in the library, which is in Part Street. On the 18th, at 6.30 in the evening.
WOMAN:
I presume I’ll need tickets for that.
MAN:
Yes, you can book online, or you can buy them when you arrive in Kenton, either at
Q17
/
Q18 - Customer satisfaction survey

TEST
CATHY:
OK, Graham, so let’s check we both know what we’re supposed to be doing.
GRAHAM: OK.
CATHY:
So, for the university’s open day, we have to plan a display on British life and literature in
the mid-19th century.
GRAHAM: That’s right. But we’ll have some people to help us find the materials and set it up, remember
– for the moment, we just need to plan it.
CATHY:
Good. So have you gathered who’s expected to come and see the display? Is it for the
people studying English, or students from other departments? I’m not clear about it.
GRAHAM: Nor me. That was how it used to be, but it didn’t attract many people, so this year it’s going
to be part of an open day, to raise the university’s profile.
so could you prepare a ten-minute talk about that, please?

TEST
HIRING A PUBLIC ROOM
OFFICIAL: Hello?
WOMAN:
Oh, hello. I wanted to enquire about hiring
a room in the Village Hall, for the evening of
September the first.
OFFICIAL: Let me just see … Yes, we have both rooms available that evening. There’s
our Main Hall
– that’s got seating for
200
Example
people. Or there’s the Charlton Room …
WOMAN: Sorry?
OFFICIAL: The
Charlton
Q1
Room – C-H-A-R-L-T-O-N. That’s got seating for up to one hundred.
WOMAN:
Well, we’re organising a dinner
to raise money for a charity, and we’re hoping for at least
150 people, so I think we’ll go for the Main Hall. How much would that cost?
OFFICIAL: Let’s see. You wanted it for the evening of September 1st?
WOMAN:
Yes, that’s a Saturday.
OFFICIAL: So from six pm to midnight that’d be
£115
Q2
– that’s
the weekend price, it’s £75 on
weekdays.
WOMAN:
That’s all right.
OFFICIAL: And I have to tell you there’s also a deposit of £250, which is returnable of course as long
as there’s no damage. But we do insist that this is
paid in cash
Q3
, we don’t
take cards for
that. You can pay the actual rent of the room however you like though – cash, credit card,
cheque …
WOMAN:
Oh, well I suppose that’s OK. So does the charge include use
of tables and chairs and so
on?
OFFICIAL: Oh, yes.
WOMAN: