nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Xulosalar - O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi namangan davlat universiteti

76
Iqtisodiy tizim – mavjud iqtisodiy munosabatlar majmuasining iqtisodiyotni
tashkil
qilish shakllari, xo’jalik mexanizmi va iqtisodiy muassasalar bilan
birgalikdagi tizimi.
Mulkchilik munosabatlari – mulkka egalik qilish, undan foydalanish, uni
o’zlashtirish va tasarruf etish jarayonida vujudga keladigan munosabatlar.
Mulkdan foydalanish – mol-mulkning iqtisodiy faoliyatda
ishlatilishi yoki
ijtimoiy hayotda qo’llanilishi, ya’ni uning nafli jihatlarining bevosita iste’mol
qilinishi.
Mulkni tasarruf etish – mol-mulk taqdirini mustaqil hal qilish.
Mulkka egalik qilish – mulkdorlik huquqining uning egasi qo’lida saqlanib
turishi va yaratilgan moddiy boyliklarni o’zlashtirishning iqtisodiy shakli.
Mulk ob’ektlari – mulkka aylangan barcha boylik turlari.
Mulk sub’ektlari – mulk ob’ektini o’zlashtirishda qatnashuvchilar, mulkiy
munosabatlar ishtirokchilari.
Xususiylashtirish – mulkka egalik qilish huquqining
davlatdan xususiy va
boshqa shaxslarga o’tishi.
Davlat tassarrufidan chiqarish – mulkni davlat hisobidan chiqarilib, boshqa
nodavlat mulk shakllarining vujudga keltirilishi.
uchun ishlab chiqarish – natural ishlab chiqarish, bunday ishlab chiqarishga

78
davomida barqaror saqlanib qolishining «siri»ni ochib beradi. Natural xo’jalik ishlab
chiqarish maqsadlarini nihoyatda cheklab, hajmi va turi jihatidan kam bo’lgan
ehtiyojlarni qondirishga bo’ysungan. Shuning uchun ham jamiyat rivojlanish yo’lida
asta-sekinlik bilan natural ishlab chiqarishdan tovar ishlab chiqarishga o’tadi.
Hozirda ijtimoiy xo’jalik yuritish shakli sifatida natural xo’jalik deyarli barham
topgan. Shunga qaramay, hali u qadar rivojlanmagan
hamda jahon hamjamiyati
iqtisodiy aloqalaridan ajralib qolgan, qoloq mamlakatlarda natural xo’jalik
ko’rinishlari hamon saqlanib qolgan. Shuningdek, tovar ishlab chiqarish ommaviy tus
olishiga qaramay, ijtimoiy hayotning ba’zi bir jabhalarida natural ishlab chiqarish
elementlarini uchratish mumkin. Masalan, oiladagi shaxsiy
ehtiyojlarni qondirish
uchun uy bekalari tomonidan ovqatlar, turli xil konserva mahsulotlarining
tayyorlanishi, kir yuvish, dazmollash, uylarni tozalash kabi xizmatlarning bajarilishi,
shaxsiy tomorqada turli xil sabzavot va rezavor mevalarning
yetishtirilishi kabilar
shular jumlasidandir.
Biroq, shunga qaramay, kishilik jamiyati taraqqiyotining yuksalib borishi bilan,
natural ishlab chiqarish miqyoslari qisqarib, o’z o’rnini
tovar ishlab chiqarishga
bo’shatib beradi.
Mahsulot va xizmatlarni o’z ehtiyojini qondirish uchun emas, balki

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Mahsulot va xizmatlarni o’z ehtiyojini qondirish uchun emas, balkiBog'liq IQTISODIYOT NAZARIYASIMahsulot va xizmatlarni o’z ehtiyojini qondirish uchun emas, balki
bozorda ayirboshlash uchun ishlab chiqarish tovar ishlab chiqarish,
bunday
ishlab chiqarishga asoslangan xo’jalik esa – tovar xo’jaligi deyiladi.
Tovar
xo’jaligida kishilar o’rtasidagi iqtisodiy munosabatlar buyum orqali, ular mehnati
mahsulini oldi-sotdi qilish orqali namoyon bo’ladi.
Tovar ishlab chiqarish natural xo’jalikning rivojlanishi, mahsulotlar turi va
miqdorining o’sishi natijasida paydo bo’ladi. Natural va tovar xo’jaliklarining bir-
biridan farqini 4.1-jadval orqali ko’rish mumkin.
Tovar ishlab chiqarish ishlab chiqaruvchilar bilan iste’molchilar o’rtasidagi
munosabatlarning, mehnatni o’lchash va uni jamiyatning jami mehnati tarkibiga
kiritishning o’ziga xos usulidir. Natural xo’jalikni siqib chiqarish va tovar
ayirboshlashning rivojlanish jarayoni mehnat taqsimotining chuqurlashuvi, ishlab
chiqarishning ixtisoslashuvi, xususiy mulkning vujudga kelishi va rivojlanishi asosida
individual xo’jaliklarning tovar ayirboshlashga, oldi-sotdiga o’tish yo’li bilan boradi.
Ayrim turdagi mahsulotlarni ishlab chiqarishga ixtisoslashuv ularni turli xil ishlab
chiqaruvchilar o’rtasida ayirboshlashni zarur qilib qo’yadi. Ayni paytda ixtisoslashuv
mehnat unumdorligining oshishiga olib keladi, demak, tovar ayirboshlash faqat
zarurgina emas, balki foydali bo’lib ham boradi. Vaqtni va moddiy resurslarni tejash
tovar xo’jaligini rivojlantirishning harakatlantiruvchi kuchi bo’lib chiqadi.
Ayirboshlash jarayoniga tortiladigan ishlab chiqaruvchilar tobora bir-birlariga
ko’proq bog’lanib boradilar.
Dastlabki davrlarda tovar xo’jaliklari jamoalar, quldorlik latifundiyalari, feodal
va dehqon xo’jaliklari o’rtasida aloqalar o’rnatilishiga yordam berib, ishlab
chiqarishning va umuman jamiyatning rivojlanishi uchun qo’shimcha imkoniyatlar
ochgan.
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ijtimoiy-zaruriy ish vaqti - O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi namangan davlat universiteti

83
hisoblashda nisbatan murakkab mehnat ko’paytirilgan yoki darajaga ko’tarilgan
oddiy mehnat sifatida
hisobga olinadi, shu sababli oz miqdordagi murakkab mehnat
ko’p miqdordagi oddiy mehnatga tenglashtiriladi.
Tovarning ikki xil xususiyatga ega bo’lishiga sabab
tovar ishlab chiqaruvchi
mehnati tabiatining ikki tomonlamaligidadir. Bir
tomondan, bu –
muayyan turdagi
aniq mehnatdir. Shuning uchun,
naflilikni yaratgan mehnat
aniq mehnat
deb nom
olgan (4.1-chizma).
4.1-chizma
Mehnatning ikki yoqlama tavsifidan kelib chiquvchi tovarning ikki xil
xususiyati
Ikkinchi tomondan, mehnat – aniq shaklidan qat’iy nazar, umuman sarflangan
inson ishchi kuchidir, jami ijtimoiy mehnatning bir qismidir. U o’zining shu sifatida
abstrakt mehnat
deb ataladi. Bu mehnat esa tovar qiymatini yaratadi.
Qiymat
tovarning emas, balki faqat mehnatning ijtimoiy xossasi bo’lib, unda
tabiat ashyolarining birorta ham molekulasi, zarrachasi yo’qdir. Qiymatning
asosida
odamlar bir-birlari uchun mehnat qilishlarini bildiruvchi ijtimoiy mehnat yotadi.
Biroq, alohidalashgan tovar ishlab chiqaruvchilar mehnati o’zining ijtimoiy
xususiyatini faqat mehnat mahsullarini ayirboshlash orqali ko’rsatadi.
Tovarlar qiymatining miqdori mehnat unumdorligiga qarab o’zgaradi.
Grammar for IELTS - Grammar for ielts fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson ■L&

17 Fashion
P ara gra p h and te x t o rg a n iza tio n
A text contains paragraphs and a paragraph contains sentences. In English a text is divided into
paragraphs and each paragraph focuses on one main idea. A ll the sentences in a paragraph relate
to this main idea. Inform ation in a text and a paragraph is organized as follows: g e n e r a ls - specific
Reason/explanation 
U - Grammar for ielts fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson ■L&

Unit 17
Practice Exercises
Match fo llo w in g paragraph sentences to th e ir functions.
1
During the 1960s fashion in the West w ent through an extensive transfo rm a tion .
2
Most of the changes were due to the influence of popular m usic and the ideas of young
people.
3 The new less tra d itio n a l views of lifestyle were seen in item s of clothing such as the
m in is k irt and the choice of bright colours, which became popular w ith young people.
U
In contrast, people from the old e r generation saw this new fashion as underm ining
tra d itio n a l values.
5 This conflict over fashion between the younger and old e r generations has continued
since then.
A Result
C Opposite view
E Example
B Reason
D Topic sentence
2
The te xt below is fro m an IELTS W ritin g Task 1. Look at the graph, divide the te xt into
three paragraphs and then lab e l the function of each paragraph.
per cent
50
40
30
20
10
0
USA
Japan
B razil
Russia
Percentage of yearly income spent on the clothes by age group and nationality.
The bar cha rt shows the percentage of th e ir income th a t d ifferent age groups spend on
clothing in a year. The age groups are children and teenagers, young adults and m iddle
aged people, and the data is from fo u r countries. Overall, we can see that the 20-39 age
group spends the largest part of th e ir income, between 35 and 40 per cent on clothes. In
contrast, the group which spends the least on clothes is the oldest group who are between
40 and 60 years old except fo r in B razil w here this age group spends the m ost on clothing.
Regarding nationality, in the USA it can be seen that the expenditure on clothes decreases
w ith age, whereas in Brazil this trend is reversed. In Japan and Russia the distribution
of spending across the age groups is proportionally s im ila r but fo r a ll age groups the
Japanese spend more than the Russians.
Functions
A Gives an overall trend and additional details on age groups.
B Provides an introduction to w hat inform ation is in the graph.
C Gives the overall trends fo r d ifferent nationalities.
uchinchi bosqichiga - O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi namangan davlat universiteti

72
Jadvaldan ko’rinadiki, tahlil qilinayotgan davr mobaynida 17836
ta davlat
ob’ekti xususiylashtirilib, ular asosida 16852 ta nodavlat mulkidagi korxonalar
tashkil etilgan. Jumladan, ushbu korxonalarning 3667 tasi (21,8%)
aktsiyadorlik
jamiyatlari, 10138 tasi (60,2%) xususiy korxonalar, 3047 tasi (18,1%)
boshqa
shakldagi korxonalardan iborat. Bu davrda xususiylashtirishdan tushgan mablag’lar
hajmi 167,3 mlrd. so’mni tashkil etgan.
O’zbekistonda davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish va xususiylashtirish jarayonlarining
hozirgi –
Practice exercises - Grammar for ielts fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson ■L&

Complete the spaces in the text below with the correct referencing words. Then listen and
check your answers.
Jeanette: Good m orning everyone and welcome to my weekly show about fitness. Today I
want to talk about ways you can improve (1)________ fitness w ithout having to join a gym or
sports centre. Now firs t of all, it is im portant to decide what you want to achieve. Many people
want to improve (2)________ health in general, but other people want to focus on losing
weight. I use a combination of both strength building and weight loss exercise to maintain
(3 ) _______ fitness level but I know a couple who go walking twice a week to maintain
(4 ) _______ The most im portant thing is to do something you like, for example, m artial
arts, hiking, tennis or watersports. (5)________ are a ll good as cardiovascular exercise and
strength training. One excellent way is to join a local club because you w ill meet other people
with the same interests as (6)_________It is also im portant to keep up motivation levels and
exercising w ith other people can be a good way to do (7)_________And don't forget about
the local park. (8)________ is a great place to exercise for free. Sometimes parks provide a
running track or other com m unal facilities, a ll of which are free to use.
Possessive pronouns - Grammar for ielts fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson ■L&

Unit 16
We use
this and
that to refer back to ideas or w hole sentences that have already been
m entioned. We can also use
this/that + noun such as
problem, issue, aspect, view, event to give
more inform ation.
Healthcare is directlv related to people's
ability to w ork. This issue should be
discussed more by the governm ent.
A ll children should do sport at school. That
w ould help alleviate obesity levels.
Such (such + noun):
We use
such to refer back to som ething s im ila r that has already been m entioned.
The comDanv’s cholesterol-low erinq druq made it the pre m ie r m a rke te r of such m edicines.
Time and place:
We use
then and
there to refer back to a tim e o r place that has already been m entioned.
I go to the gym on Wednesdays and I meet my
friend there.
People used to be he alth ie r 50 years ago
because jobs were more physical then.
Read the following extracts from student essays for Writing Task

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Read the following extracts from student essays for Writing TaskBog'liq Grammar for IELTS3
Read the following extracts from student essays for Writing Task 2 and correct the
mistakes in the use of reference words.
1
In my opinion politicians should listen to the people that vote fo r they. People want to
buy healthy food but it is expensive so them buy fast food instead which is not good fo r
his health. Politicians should change it situation.
2
Dieticians suggest vitam ins are necessary to combat allergies. It view has been criticized
by scientists who say that this nutrients do not always help to reduce allergies. Therefore,
because them don't agree, people don’t know what advice to follow.
3
Organic food is not a solution to the health problem s of the w orld. Its is less efficient
than o th e r methods of food production. In addition, that problem s are more often
related to less w ealthy fam ilies in developing countries. Families who live then cannot
afford to buy organic produce so they is not useful fo r us.
4
Read the paragraphs from an IELTS Writing Task 2 and write the noun, sentence or idea
that the underlined reference word matches. The first one has been done for you.
What are the causes and effects of obesity and how does it affect society?
One of the largest causes of obesity is the rising cost of food over the years. Although
nowadays many superm arkets claim that (1) they provide low cost food, fru it and
vegetables have increased considerably in price. (2) This means that it is more d iffic u lt fo r
low income fam ilies to feed th e ir children fresh, healthy food. As a result, we have seen a
rise in obesity and other health related problem s. (3) These issues have negative effects on
healthcare and education. For example, my m o th e r w orrie s that (4) she w ill not be able to
cook healthy m eals fo r her fam ily if food costs continue to increase.
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Interview er - Grammar for ielts fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson ■L&

July 10th, and it 'll continue fo r three m ore weeks so make sure you see it today
o therw ise it ’ll probably have finished by the tim e you th in k about com ing back!
The fin a l day of the exhibition is 31st July. The m ost interesting part of this section
of the m useum is about the Inte rn e t of the future. As you w alk around you’ll see
som e large 3D touch screens w hich show how w e 'll probably be using com puters
in about five years. These screens are de finite ly the best part of the display and
som ething you m ust see.
Moving on to the third floor, the exhibition here is a ll about com m unicating via
the Internet and it's called Social N etw orking. This exhibition is open throughout
August from 1st to 30th. There is a fascinating part of the exhibition which is really
w orth seeing as it compares m obile phone and Internet usage and shows how
w e 'll be using social netw orking in the future. According to some scientists, by the
m iddle of this century we w ill have been participating in com m unication through
social netw orking so much that m obile phones w ill have become obsolete! Make
sure you take a look at the w orld digital map which shows this visually, as it's quite
amazing.
The fin a l exhibition is opening on the fou rth flo o r and is dedicated to s m a ll hand
held devices that companies w ill have introduced into our shops by the end of
next year. In fact you may have already seen some of them being advertised on TV.
The name of this section is 'Portable Devices of the 21st Century' and it ’s starting
to m o rro w on July 22nd and w ill be open u n til August 20th. This part of the m useum
is about sixth sense technology. This technology w ill have been included in a ll
portable devices like m obile phones and m usic players w ithin three years or so.
It also shows us examples of sate llite tracking systems which we w ill be using to
help us plan our daily lives. These two sections are fascinating and I recomm end
you spend some tim e viewing both.
So, let's sta rt the tour. If you could a ll fo llo w me...
[fade]
Fashion 
7 1 - Grammar for ielts fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson ■L&

Grammar tip: Always make sure that any paragraph you w rite has one main idea or
function.
3
Decide w hich heading A, B o r C co rre ctly describes the main idea in each paragraph.
Exam tip: When you are m atching headings to paragraphs in the IELTS Reading exam,
make sure that the heading matches the
main idea of the paragraph not the details.
1
Fashion is often described as a statem ent of individuality. Despite the fact that many
people believe that they have a neutral approach to fashion, the selection of brands and
specific item s of clothing can reveal a lot about a person's image. An example of this is
people who do not buy designer clothes but purchase designer glasses. As a functional
accessory it seems unnecessary to purchase designer glasses. Fashion experts claim
that this occurs p rim a rily because these people have to w ear glasses so they want to
make them selves stand out through th e ir glasses choice although they do not apply
this to th e ir clothing choices.
A Why designer glasses are more im portant than designer clothes.
B Expert advice fo r choosing designer glasses.
C How exclusive item s can be used as a personal fashion statem ent.
2 There are many benefits to the w earing of uniform s at school. Firstly, it reduces the
likelihood of children being able to guess the social and financial standing of th e ir
classm ates. This can help manage bullying in schools, which is often directed at
children from low er income fam ilies. By w earing uniform s children are less able to
display th e ir w ealth or ability to purchase fashionable clothing. As a result, there is
more chance of children receiving more equal tre a tm e n t from th e ir peers and staff.
A School uniform s make differences in fam ily income less noticeable
John: 
Thanks, I w ill. I haven't heard of that site before. Thanks very much fo r the
inform ation.
Librarian

Track 06
Andy:_Carol'>Andy:
Carol:
Andy:
Carol:
Andy:
Carol:
Andy:
Carol:
Andy:
Carol:
Andy:
Carol:
Andy:
Carol:
Andy:
Carol:
Andy:
Carol:
Andy:
Carol:
Andy:
Carol:
Andy:
Carol:
Andy:
Carol:
Andy:
Hi, is this the Student A ffairs Office?
Yes, it is. I'm Carol. How can I help you?
Hi, I’m Andy. Well, I’m new at the University and I was told I needed to come here to
com plete my registration?
You’re in the righ t place yes.
Great!
Firstly, do you know your way around the campus?
No, it’s my firs t day. I’m going to explore later.
W ell, hold on, I’ll give you a map of the University. Errm m ... they’ re just...
There are some over there on the w all. I’ ll grab one.
Thanks, s o rry about th a t. Have you organized your to u r around the main
lib ra ry ?
No, not yet. I’ m going to go to the lib ra ry la te r to do it.
I’ ll do it fo r you here. There is a to u r at 4.30 today. Shall I put you on that?
Yes, please th a t’d be great! I’m going to com plete the New Student Form la te r on
today. Do I bring that to you?
You can’t com plete it yourself. You’ll need to go to the main adm inistration office
as one of the staff m em bers there needs to fill the form out fo r you. It’s ju s t by the
main hall, you can't miss it. You can get a visa form from them too, but you’ll need
to send the confirm ation yourself once you’ve com pleted the form .
I don’t need a visa, so I should be okay w ith that, but thanks.
Okay, can I help you w ith anything else?
Yes, please. There’s ju st so much to do, and I don’t know where to go fo r some
things. Could you help me?
Yes, of course. It’s a bit daunting when it ’s a ll new.
Well, at the m om ent I’m staying in a bed and breakfast. I left it a bit late to get
some accom m odation! But I’d like a place of my own. Do you know where I can find
inform ation about places I could rent?
Good job you asked! Lots of people go to the A d m in is tra tiv e D ep a rtm e n t
and then get sent back here to S tudent A ffa irs ! H ere’s the la te st lis t of
accom m odation!
Wow that was easy. And where can I get inform ation on my rental agreement?
W ell you need to find a place firs t before you get it checked, but I’ll do it when
you’ve found somewhere.
Great. I’m going to register w ith the doctor la te r on at the Admin D epartm ent. Do
they also have inform ation on the area?
You’ll need to go to Student Support to get a doctor, not Admin. They also have
everything you need to know about the town. They're really helpful. The Admin
D epartm ent is really only there fo r o fficia l things such as visa regulations, loans
and paying fo r your course.
Okay. Great. There’s so much to rem em ber!
There c e rta in ly is, but once you’ re se ttle d in it w ill a ll be m uch easier. Good
lu ck!
Thanks fo r your help.
Grammar for IELTS - Grammar for ielts fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson ■L&

Unit 5 The Internet
Tracks 0 6 -0 8
Track 07
Interviewer: Welcome to the program m e, Bob Lam ont. Now you're going to ta lk to us about
the online gaming industry. We’ve had many listeners, especially parents of young
children, em ail questions about the futu re of the gaming industry and how it’s going
to develop.
Bob Lamont: Well, hopefully I'll be able to answ er some of th e ir questions. Firstly, it’s im portant
to rem em ber that this is an industry that develops incredibly rapidly and so it’s
d iffic u lt to make definite predictions. So, in te rm s of significant developm ents that
people w orking in the industry are preparing for, the m ost interesting is the fact
that the age group of gam ers (people who play online and video games) w ill change
dram atically. We predict that by 2020 the average age range w ill have shifted
from teenagers to the over 50s. This is because in the future young people w ill be
using new form s of e ntertainm ent but those who are young now are more likely
to continue using the fo rm s of en te rta in m e n t they are already used to in la te r life.
By 2020 this age group w ill have been playing the same type of game fo r half th e ir
lives and are unlikely to change.
The types of games w ill progress too from the platform -based games we have
now, w hich we expect people to be using u n til 2015, to 3D games tow ards the
end of the decade. However, before everyone is using 3D games there w ill be a
period when networked games w ill become the dom inant form at. This is m ostly
to do w ith the technology available and the fact that gam ing companies w on’t have
invested enough money to make 3D cheap enough fo r the mass m arket u n til at
least 2018. Now, as you w ould expect, the gam ing m arket w ill spread so that by
2020 companies w ill have created a w orldw ide m arketing strategy fo r every game,
therefore reducing the need to create new games fo r d ifferent regional m arkets.
This is d ifferent from today where we see that the online gaming industry is much
more focused on the region of Asia and this is likely to continue fo r a few more
years.
One final point to mention here is the com petition from other form s of
entertainm ent. Over the next decade very few form s of entertainm ent w ill be able
to compete with the gaming industry. However, there is ta lk of movies becoming
interactive in the future. This is a real threat. Tech companies w ill have developed the
necessary technology fo r interactive movies by 2015 and this may attract gam ers who
like character-based games in large numbers.
Grammar for IELTS - Grammar for ielts fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson ■L&

19 Wildlife
R elative clau se s
The ze b ra s w hich are next to the lake are a
new addition to o u r safari park.
The zebras, w hich are next to the lake, are a
new addition to o u r safari park.
Defining relative clauses
A defining relative clause is used to give
essential inform ation about the person, place o r thing.
W ithout the defining relative clause the sentence does not have enough meaning, fo r example:
Animals are called wild animals.
This sentence does not have enough inform ation because not a ll anim als are called w ild anim als.
A nim als which live in a non-dom esticated environm ent are called w ild anim als.
The relative clause here gives the sentence meaning. We now know
which anim als.
Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions (for example the clause above defines w ild
animals).
Relative pronouns for defining relative clauses: who (person, subject),
whom (person, object)
which
(thing),
whose (possessive). Also
when (time),
where (place),
why (after the word
reason) can be used.
That can be used in place of the above relative pronouns (except
whose} in defining relative clauses.
-mavzu. Iqtisodiy tizimlar va mulkchilik munosabatlari

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Bog'liq IQTISODIYOT NAZARIYASI3-mavzu. Iqtisodiy tizimlar va mulkchilik munosabatlari
Ijtimoiy-iqtisodiyot taraqqiyot bosqichlarini bilishga turli xil yondashuvlar: tarixiy-
formatsion, madaniylashish (tsivilizatsiya) darajasi, texnika va texnologik darajasi,
iqtisodiy tizimlar o’zgarishi jihatidan yondashuv. Jamiyatning ishlab chiqaruvchi kuchlari.
Ishlab chiqarish munosabatlari. Ishlab chiqarish usuli. Ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy formatsiya.
Sivilizatsiyaning tarixiy rivojlanish tiplari. Sivilizatsiyalarning almashuvi nazariyasi. Ishlab
chiqarishning texnologik usuli. Oddiy kooperatsiya, manufaktura va yirik mashinalashgan
ishlab chiqarish. Industrlashishgacha bo’lgan jamiyat, industrlashgan jamiyat, yuqori
industrlashgan (axborotlashgan) jamiyat.
Iqtisodiy tizim tushunchasi. Iqtisodiy tizim modellari: an’anaviy iqtisodiyot,
ma’muriy-buyruqbozlik iqtisodiyoti, bozor iqtisodiyoti. Bozor iqtisodiyotining bosqichlari:
erkin raqobatga asoslangan va hozirgi zamon bozor iqtisodiyoti. Mulkchilik
munosabatlarining iqtisodiy mazmuni: egalik qilish, foydalanish va tasarruf qilish. Mulk
ob’ekti va sub’ekti. Mulkchilikning iqtisodiy va huquqiy jihatlari. Mulk shakllarining
tasniflanishi.
Davlat mulki, jamoa mulki, shaxsiy mulk, xususiy mulk va aralash mulk.
Iqtisodiyotni isloh qilishda mulkchilikning o’rni. Mulkchilik shakllarini o’zgartirish
usullari: milliylashtirish, davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish va xususiylashtirish. Davlat mulkini
xususiylashtirishning usullari. O’zbekiston Respublikasida mulkchilikni davlat tasarrufidan
chiqarish va xususiylashtirish jarayonini amalga oshirish bosqichlari.
2017-2021 yillarda davlat mulkini xususiylashtirishni yanada kengaytirish va uning
tartib-taomillarini soddalashtirish, xo’jalik yurituvchi sub’ektlarning ustav jamg’armalarida
davlat ishtirokini kamaytirish, davlat mulki xususiylashtirilgan ob’ektlar bazasida xususiy
tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirish uchun qulay shart-sharoitlar yaratish, xususiy mulk huquqi va
kafolatlarini ishonchli himoya qilishni ta’minlash.
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Takrorlash uchun savollar va topshiriqlar

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Takrorlash uchun savollar va topshiriqlarBog'liq IQTISODIYOT NAZARIYASI
Takrorlash uchun savollar va topshiriqlar:
1. Taraqqiyot bosqichlarini bilishda qanday yondashuvlar mavjud?
2. Ishlab chiqarish usuli nima va uning tarkibiy qismlari nimalardan iborat?
3. Ishlab chiqarish usullarining eng muhim o’ziga xos belgilarini ajratib
ko’rsating. Bir ishlab chiqarish usulining boshqasiga almashinishi sabablari haqida
mulohaza bildiring.
4. Ishlab chiqarish texnologik usulining tarkibiy qismlarini sanab ko’rsating.
Fan-texnika taraqqiyotining ishlab chiqarish texnologik usuliga ta’siri qanday?
5. Ishlab chiqarish texnologik usullarining bosqichlari bir-biridan nima bilan
farqlanadi?
6. Iqtisodiy tizim nusxalarini farqlantiradigan asosiy belgilarini sanab ko’rsating.
7. Mulkchilikning mohiyatiga ta’rif bering va uning turli shakllarining iqtisodiy
mazmunini tushuntiring. Mulkchilikning iqtisodiy va huquqiy mazmunini ajratib
ko’rsating.
8. Mulk sub’ektlarining ko’p darajali bo’lishiga sabab nima? Mulkchilik
shakllarining farqlanishi asosida nima yotadi?
9. Bozor iqtisodiyotiga o’tish nima uchun mulkchilikning turli shakllarini taqozo
qiladi? Davlat mulkini uning tasarrufidan chiqarish va xususiylashtirish nima uchun
hozirgi bosqichda ob’ektiv zaruriyat hisoblanadi? Xususiylashtirish bosqichlari va
shakllariga tavsif bering.
10. Xususiylashtirishning qanday usullarini bilasiz? Bu usullardan birini tanlab
olishga qanday omillar ta’sir ko’rsatadi?
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4-mavzu. Tovar-pul munosabatlari rivojlanishi bozor iqtisodiyoti shakllanishi va
amal qilinishining asosidir.
1.Natural ishlab chiqarishdan tovar ishlab chiqarishga o’tish va uning rivojlanishi.
2.Tovar va uning xususiyatlari
3.Qiymatning mehnat nazariyasi va keyingi qo’shilgan miqdor nafliligi
nazariyalari
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bilan b o g iiq vaziyatlar

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bilan b o g iiq vaziyatlarBog'liq Hayot faoliyati xavfsizligi. Tojiboyev M. Nigmatov Mbilan b o g iiq vaziyatlar:
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Yer yuzasi va yer osti suvlarining sanoat hamda qishloq x o ‘jaligi
ishlab chiqarishi oqovalari;
neft mahsulotlari, odam lam ing zaharlanishiga olib kelgan yoki olib
kelishi mumkin b o ig a n tarkibiaa o g ‘ir metallar, har xil zaharli ximikatlar
mavjud chiqindilar va boshqa zararli moddalar bilan ekstremal yuqori
darajada ifloslanishi;
binolar, muhandislik kommunikatsiyalari va uy-joylarning yem irilishiga
olib kelishi mumkin b o ig a n yoki olib kelgan sizot suvlar miqdorining
ortishi;
suv manbalari va suv olish joylarining zararli moddalar bilan
ifloslanishi oqibatida ichim lik suvining keskin yetishm asligi.
Hozirgi vaqtda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti (BM T) b o ‘yicha
favqulodda vaziyatlar tavsifiga yana qo‘shim cha qilib: a) ijtim oiy-siyosiy
tavsifdagi FV; b) harbiy tavsifdagi FVni kiritish mumkin.
0 ‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar M ahkamasining qaroriga k o ‘ra
bizning mintaqada 7 xil FV turlari tasdiqlangan:
1. Zilzilalar, yer surilishi.
2. Sel, suv toshqinlari va boshqalar.
3. K im yoviy xavfli obyektlarda avariya va halokatlar (o ‘tkir zaharli
moddalarning ajralib chiqishi).
4. Portlash va y on g‘in xavfi mavjud obyektlardagi avariya va
halokatlar.
5. T em iryoi va boshqa transport vositalarida tashish paytidagi avariya
va halokatlar.
6. X avfli epidem iyalam ing tarqalishi.
7. R adiofaol manbalardagi avariyalar.
5.3. Favqulodda vaziyat tavsifi
Har qanday favqulodda vaziyatlar 8 ta k o ‘rsatkich b o ‘yicha aniqlanadi:
1. Favqulodda vaziyatning nom lanishi (F V ni ta’rifi).
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FV ning m ohiyati (mazmuni)

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FV ning m ohiyati (mazmuni)Bog'liq Hayot faoliyati xavfsizligi. Tojiboyev M. Nigmatov M2. FV ning m ohiyati (mazmuni).
3. FV ning sabablari.
4. FVning shikastlovchi omillari.
5. FV da qaltislikni oshiruvchi omillar.
6. FVni oldindan bilish m um kinligi (m onitoring, bashorat, ogohlanti
rish, yumshatish).
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7. FVni bartaraf qiiish (falokatdan qutqarish va boshqa kechiktirib
b o ‘lmaydigan ishlarni bajarish).
8. M oddiy zarami aniqlash (bevosita va bilvosita).
Har qanday turdagi xavf-xatarli holatlar muayyan sharoitlarda, muhitda
favqulodda vaziyatlarga olib keladi.
Ya’ni:
xavf-xatar (FV manbavi, xavflC]
,, ,,
,
, ,
[ M a lum sharoit va m uhitda
tabiat hodisasi, x a v f bor obyektlar, г
~
►
I
FV
ekologik va ziya t)
F V oqibatiari turli-tuman b o ‘ladi. Ular FV turiga, tusiga va tarqalish
m iqyosi
(m asshtabi)ga
b og‘liqdir.
FV
oqibatining
asosiy
turlari:
o iim , odam lam ing kasallanishi, inshootlam ing buzilishi, radioaktiv
ifloslanishlar, kim yoviy va bakterial zaharlanishlar. Yana shuni alohida
qayd qiiish kerakki, FVning ko‘pgina holatlarida boshqa zararli omillar
bilan birga ruhiy jarohatlovchi holatlar ham mavjud bo‘ladi. Bu paytda
o ‘ta kuchli tasodifiy ta’sirilar odam ruhiy holatining buzulishiga olib
keladi. Bu ta’sim in g xavfli yeri shundaki, bu ruhiy holat faqat shu ta’sir
hududidagina emas, undan chiqqandan keyin ham davom etishi mumkin.
FV xavfini oldindan m a’lum aniqlikda aniqlash mumkin bo‘lsa-da, ammo,
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Antiseptika - M tojiyev, I. Nigmatov

Mexanikantiseptika jarohatlarni birinchi jarrohlik obrabotkadan
o ‘tkazishdan iborat.
Fizik antiseptika mikroblarning yashab qolishi
uchun jarohatda noqulay sharoit yuzaga keltiradigan usullarni tatbiq
etishdan iborat, ya’ni jarohatni quritish, unga drenaj qo‘yish va jarohat
suvi, selining oqib chiqib turishini ta’minlash chorasi ko‘ri!adi. Chunki
quyosh nuri va sun’iy ultrabinafsha nur mikroblarni o ‘ldiradi.
Kimyoviy antiseptika mikroblarga qarshi har xil dori vositalarini
ishlatishga asoslangan. Bunday vositalar qatoriga yod, etil spirti, xloramin,
kaliy permanganat eritmasi va boshqalar kiradi.
Biologik antiseptiklar jumlasiga jarohat infeksiyasining profilaktikasi
va davosi uchun ishlatiladigan antibiotiklar kiradi.
Bog‘lam va
bog‘lashlar t«‘g‘risida tushuncha. Bog‘lamlarning
turlari. BogMam jarohatni berkitib, bogTab qo‘yish uchun ishlatiladigan
materialdir. Bog‘lamlami qo‘yish paytida ortiqcha og‘riq boim asligiga
harakat qilish zarur. Qon aylanishiga xalal bermaslik uchun bog'lamni
uncha qattiq bosmaydigan qilib (bosib turadigan maxsus bog‘lam qo‘yish
kerak bo‘ladigan hollardan boshqa paytlarda) va jarohatdan tushib
ketmasligi uchun uncha bo‘sh qilmasdan qo'yiladi. Birinchi bog‘lam
qo‘yisndan aw al jarohatga iflos tekkizmasdan va shikastlangan odamga
ozor bermasdan turib jarohatni ochib, yalong'ochlash zarur, ustki kiyim esa
yechib olinadi yoki qirqib tashlanadi. Jarohatga yopishib qolgan kiyimni
uzib olish yaramaydi, uni qaychi bilan ohista kesib olish, so‘ngra bog‘lam
qo‘yish kerak. Shaxsiy bog‘lovchi paket ikkita paxta-dokali yostiqcha va
bintdan iborat. Teshib o ‘tgan jarohatlarni bog'lash mahalida jarohatning
kirish va chiqish teshigini berkitishga imkon beradi.
Vena va kapillarlardan - M tojiyev, I. Nigmatov

qavat steril salfetka yoki boglama qo‘yilib,
ustidan gigroskopik paxta va bog4 lama bilan
mahkam qilib bog‘lab qo‘yiladi) va badanning
shikastlangan qismini tanaga nisbatan yuqoriroq
turadigan holga keltirib qo‘yish yo'li bilan
vaqtincha to ‘xtatiladi.
19-rasm. Oyoqni bukish
orqali qon ketisbini
to ‘xtatish
12.6. Odam jarohatlanganida qo‘llani!adigan
bog‘lamlar turlari va ularni qo'yish qoidalari
Jarohatlar asoratlarining oldini olish. l iar qanday jarohat, hatto,
eng kichkinasi ham, shikastlangan odamning hayoti uchun xavf tug‘diradi.
U har xil mikroblar yuqtiradigan manba bo‘lib qolishi mumkin, ba’zi
jarohatlar esa bir talay qon ketib qolishiga sabab bo‘ladi. Birinchi tibbiy
yordam ko‘rsatish mahalida ana shu asoratlar oldini olishning asosiy yo‘li
jarohatga imkoni boricha ertaroq steril bog‘lam qo‘yib bog‘lash, jarohatga
qo‘l urish, uni ustidagi har qanday narsalar, kiyim-kechak parchalarini
olib tashlash zarur, jarohatni berkitish uchun sterillanmagan materialni
ishlatish mumkin emas.
Jarohatlarga infeksiya yuqishiga qarshi kurashda aseptika va antiseptika
usullari qo‘llanishi maqsadga muvofiq.
Aseptika va antiseptika to‘g‘risida tushuncha. Aseptika jarohatga
mikroblar tushishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik maqsadida k o‘riladigan chora-
tadbirlardir, ya’ni u jarohat infeksiyasining oldini olish, profilaktika
usuli hisoblanadi. Jarohatga uriladigan narsalarning hammasi steril
(mikroblardan xoli) boMishi kerak, degan oddiy qoidani qo‘llash bilari
unga erishiladi. Jarohatga qo‘l urish, undagi narsalar, kiyim-kechak
parchalarini yulib tashlash, jarohatni bekitish uchun unga sterillanmagan
materialni ishlatish mumkin emas.
qilish;
fuqaro muhofazasi harbiy tizimlari shayligini ta’minlash

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qilish;
fuqaro muhofazasi harbiy tizimlari shayligini ta’minlashBog'liq Hayot faoliyati xavfsizligi. Tojiboyev M. Nigmatov Mqilish;
fuqaro muhofazasi harbiy tizimlari shayligini ta’minlash;
aholini umumiy va shaxsiy saqlovchi vositalar bilan ta’minlash
tadbirlarini o ‘tkazish;
aholining harbiy davrdagi hayot faoliyatini ta’minlash;
radiatsiyaviy, kim yoviy va biologik vaziyat ustidan kuzatish hamda
laboratoriya nazorati olib borish;
qutqaruv va boshqa kechiktirib b o ‘lm aydigan ishlam i o ‘tkazish;
harbiy davrlarda ham zarar ko‘rgan hududlarda jam oat tartibini y o ig a
q o‘yish va saqlab turish;
aholini va hududlami m uhofaza qilish yuzasidan boshqa tadbirlarni
am alga oshirish.
Shulardan kelib chiqib bunday tadbirlarni m uvaffaqiyatli olib bormay
turib zararlangan hududlarda, obyektlarda aholining hayot faoliyati
xavfsizligini ta’minlab b o im a y d i.
5.5 Fuqarolaming fuqaro muhofazasi sohasidagi
huquq va majburiyatlari
M a iu m k i, fuqarolar m uhofazasi um um xalq m udofaa ishlaridan
biri hisoblanadi. Barcha fuqarolar fuqaro m uhofazasi masalalarini ha!
qilishda faol ishtirok etishlarini taqozo etadi. Shuning uchun ham
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fuqarolam ing fuqaro m uhofazasi sohasidagi huquqlari va burchlari
0 ‘zbekiston R espublikasining «Fuqaro m uhofazasi to ‘g ‘risida»gi (2 0 0 0 -
y.) Q onunining 13 va 14-bandlarida hamda «A holini va hududlami
tabiiy hamda texnogen xususiyatli favqulodda vaziyatlardan m uhofaza
qiiish to ‘g ‘risida»gi (1 9 9 9 -y .) Q onunining 15 va 16- bandlarida aniq
k o ‘rsatilgan.
Fuqarolaming fuqaro muhofazasi sohasidagi huquqlari quyi
dagilardan iborat (harbiy davr uchun):
a) o ‘z hayoti, so g ‘lig ‘i va mol-m ulki harbiy harakatlardan mu-
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hofazalanishi - M tojiyev, I. Nigmatov

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M tojiyev, I. NigmatovBog'liq Hayot faoliyati xavfsizligi. Tojiboyev M. Nigmatov Mhofazalanishi;
b) um um iy v a yakka muhofazalanish vositalaridan tekin foydalanish;
d) Harbiy harakatlar kechayotgan joylarda o ‘zlari y o iiq ish la ri
mumkin b o ‘lgan x a v f darajasi va zarur xavfsizlik choralari to ‘g ‘risida
axborot olish;
e) Harbiy harakatlardan jabrlanganlarga ularning hayot faoliyatini
ta’minlash uchun sharoitlar yaratiladi, tibbiy, m oddiy-m oliyaviy va boshqa
xil yordam k o isa tila d i.
Tinchlik davri uchun:
1. Favqulodda vaziyat ro‘y berganda hayotlari, so g iiq la ri va shaxsiy
mol-mulklari muhofazalanishi.
2. Um um iy va yakka him oyalanish vositalaridan hamda boshqa
muhofazalanish uchun m oijallan gan mol-mulkdan foydalanish.
3. Mamlakat hududlarida duch kelishi mumkin b o ig a n xavf-xatar
darajasi to‘g ‘risida hamda zarur xavfsizlik choralari haqida xabardor
b o ‘lish.
4. A holini va hududlami favqulodda vaziyatlarda m uhofaza qiiish
masalalari yuzasidan davlat hokimiyati hamda boshqaruv organlariga
murojaat etish.
5. Jamoat birlashmalari favqulodda vaziyatlam ing oldini olish va
ularni bartaraf etishda qonun hujjatlarida belgilangan tartibda ishtirok
etishlari.
6. Favqulodda vaziyatlar ro‘y bergan hududlarda ishlaganligi uchun
bepul tibbiy xizmat, kompensatsiyalar va boshqa imtiyozlar olish.
7. A holi va hududlami favqulodda vaziyatlardan m uhofaza qiiish
majburiyatlarini bajarish c h o g id a boquvchisi halok b o ‘lganda yoki
mehnatdan m ayib b o iis h i tufayli halok b o ig a n shaxsning oila a’zolari
uchun belgilangan tartibda nafaqa olish.
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8.
Davlat ijtimoiy sug'urtasi tartibi va shartlari, kompensatsiyaiar va
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uning ruhiy ta’sirini aniq aytish mushkul hisoblanadi

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uning ruhiy ta’sirini aniq aytish mushkul hisoblanadiBog'liq Hayot faoliyati xavfsizligi. Tojiboyev M. Nigmatov Muning ruhiy ta’sirini aniq aytish mushkul hisoblanadi.
F V n in g zararli v a xavfli om illari ta ’siri ostida joylash gan aholi,
hayvonlar, inshootlar, m oddiy resurslarning barc-hasi -
«Shikastlanish
o‘chog‘i»
d eyilad i. O ddiy (bir turli) shikastlanish o ‘chogM deganda,
faqat bir sh ik astlovch i om il ta ’sirida hosil b o ia d ig a n o ‘choq tushuniladi.
M asalan: portlash, y o n g ‘in natijasida b u zilish , k im y o v iy zaharlanish
kuzatiladi. Murakkab (k o ‘p turli) shikastlanish o ‘c h o g ‘i deganda
bir n ech a sh ik astlovch i om illar ta’sirida y u zaga k elishi tushuniladi.
M asalan,
kim yo
korxonasidagi
portlash
binolarning buzilishiga,
y o n g ‘in, k im y o v iy zaharlanish kabi oqibatlarga, yer silk in ish i, kuchli
b o ‘ron, in sh o o tla m in g buzilishidan tashqari, suv toshqini, y o n g ‘inlar,
elektr tarm oqlarining ishdan chiqishi, zaharli gazlarning chiqib ketishi
natijasida zaharlanish va boshqa talafotlarga olib kelishi mumkin.
FVlardan him oyalan ish n in g a sosiy sharti, sharoitni baholay olish,
keltirib chiqargan sababini va uning m exanizm ini biiisbdir, Jarayonning
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m ohiyatini bilib, uning oqibatini oldindan aytib berish m um kin.
0 ‘z vaqtida va aniq olingan m a’lum ot sam arali h im oya uchun o ‘ta
muhimdir.
FVlar quyidagilar natijasida paydo bo'ladi:
O g ‘irlik kuchlari, yer aylanishi yoki haroratlar farqi ta’siri ostida
paydo b o ia d ig a n , tez kechadigan jarayonlar.
Konstruksiyalar yoki inshootlar materiallarming zanglashiga yoki
chirishiga, fizik-m exanik k o ‘rsatkichlam ing pasayishiga olib keladigan
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- favqulodda vaziyatlardan zarar k o ‘rgan aholini ijtim oiy him oya qi-

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- favqulodda vaziyatlardan zarar k o ‘rgan aholini ijtim oiy him oya qi-Bog'liq Hayot faoliyati xavfsizligi. Tojiboyev M. Nigmatov M- favqulodda vaziyatlardan zarar k o ‘rgan aholini ijtim oiy him oya qi-
lishga oid tadbirlami amalga oshirish;
- favqulodda vaziyatlarda aholini m uhofaza qiiish sohasida, shu jum -
ladan ulam i tugatishda bevosita qatnashgan shaxslam ing huquq va maj-
buriyatlarini amalga oshirish;
- aholi va hududlami favqulodda vaziyatlardan m uhofaza qiiish soha
sida xalqaro hamkorlik qiiish;
- aholi va hududlami favqulotda vaziyatlardan su g‘urta qilishning
maqbul tizim ini ta’minlash.
FVDT hududiy va funksional quyi tizimlardan iborat b o ‘lib, u respub-
lika, mahalliy va obyektlar m iqyosi darajasida b o ‘ladi.
FV D T ning hududiy quyi tizimlari o ‘z m a’muriy hududlari doirasi-
da favqulodda vaziyatlam ing oldini olish va ulami bartaraf etish uchun
Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasi, viloyatlar va Toshkent shahrida tuziladi
hamda tegishli ravishda tumanlar, shaharlar, qishloqlar va ovullar m iqyo-
sida tashkil topadi.
FV D T hududiy quyi tizim larining vazifalari, ulami tashkil etish, kuch
va vositalari tarkibi, faoliyat k o ‘rsatish tartibi mahalliy geofizik v a tabiiy,
iqlim sharoitlarini, kuchli xavfli obyektlarning m avjudligini hisobga olib
belgiianadi hamda F V V bilan kelishilgan holda Qoraqalpog‘iston Respub
likasi Vazirlar Kengashining Raisi, viloyatlar va Toshkent shahar hokim-
lari tom onidan tasdiqlanadi.
FV D Tning funksional quyi tizimlari vazirliklar, davlat q o ‘mitalari,
korporatsiyalar, konsernlar, uyushmalar va kompaniya'larda atrof muhitni,
kuchli xavfli obyektlar holatini kuzatish va nazorat qilishni amalga oshi
rish, shuningdek, ularga qarash obyektlarda o ‘zlarining ishlab chiqarish
faoliyati bilan b o g iiq favqulodda vaziyatlam ing oldini olish hamda bar
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-rasm . Suyaklar yoni yoki ustidan

17-rasm. Q o‘lning bilak
qismidan qon ketayotganda
burama qo‘yish tartibi
bilaklardan, jarohatga yaqinroq qilib, qon
oqayotgan joydan yuqoriroqqa, terini qisib
qo‘ymaslik uchun kiyim ustidan yoki tagiga
yumshoq materia! (bint, ro‘molcha va b.)
qo‘yib turib qo‘yiladi (17,18-rasmlar).
Uni odatda oqayotgan qon to'xtaydigan
darajada tortib turib qo‘yish maqsadga
muvofiq. Jgut qo‘yilgan vaqt, kuni, soati
va daqiqasini qog‘ozga yozib, uni yaxshi
ko‘rinib turadigan qilib jgut o ‘rami tagiga
qistirib qo‘yiladi.
Qo‘yilgan jgut qo‘l yoki oyoqda ko‘pi
bilan 1,5-2 soat saqlab turishi kerak, aks
holda qo‘l yoki oyoqning jgut qo‘yilgan
joydan pastki qismidagi to‘qimalar halok
bo'lishi mumkin. Jgut
qo‘yilgan paytdan hi-
soblaganda
2
soat o‘tgandan keyin arteriyani barmoq
bilan bosib turib, pulsni tekshirib turgan holda jgutni
5-10 daqiqaga asta-sekin bo‘shatish va keyin uni
oldingi joyidan sal yuqoriroqqa yana qo‘yib bog‘lash
kerak.
Jgut bo ‘lmagan taqdirda arteriyadan qon oqishini
burama qo‘yish yo‘li bilan yoki qo‘l-oyoqni mum
kin qadar ko ‘proq bukib, shu holatda mahkam qilib
bog‘iab qo‘yish yo‘li bilan to‘xtatsa bo‘ladi (19-rasm).
Shikastlangan odamga jarrohlik yordami ko'r-
satilmaguncha jgutni har soat oralatib shu tariqa
vaqtincha bo‘shatib, olib turiladi, buni har safar
yuqoridagi qog‘ozga yozib boriladi. Jgut naysimon
bo‘lib, uchida zanjirchasi va ilmoqchasi bo‘lmasa,
uning uchlari tugun qilib b o glab qo‘yiladi.
davlat 
organlarining, korxonalar, muassasalar va tashkilotlarning vakolatlarini

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davlat
organlarining, korxonalar, muassasalar va tashkilotlarning vakolatlariniBog'liq Hayot faoliyati xavfsizligi. Tojiboyev M. Nigmatov Mdavlat
organlarining, korxonalar, muassasalar va tashkilotlarning vakolatlarini
hamda fuqaro m uhofazasi kuchlari va vositalarini ham belgilab bergan.
Fuqaro m uhofazasining asosiy vazifalari quyidagi y o ‘nalishdagi tadbirlar
majmuasidan iborat:
1. A holini, hududlami va moddiy boyliklam i favqulodda vaziyatlar
oqibatidan (dushmanning harbiy harakatlaridan, tabiiy ofat, avariya va
halokatlardan) m uhofaza qiiish.
2. Har qanday favqulodda vaziyatlarda xalq x o ‘jaligi tarmoqlarining,
obyektlam ing barqarorligini ta’minlash yuzasidan tadbirlar kompleksini
o ‘tkazish.
3. Fuqaro muhofazasi kuch va vositalarining shayligini ta’minlash.
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4. Qutqaruv va boshqa kechiktirib b oim a y d ig a n ishlam i o ‘tkazish.
5. Favqulodda vaziyatlar davlat tizim i rahbarlarini, mutaxassislarini
va fuqaro m uhofazasi kuchlarini fuqaro m uhofazasiga tayyorlash hamda
oddiy aholini him oyalanish qoidalariga o ‘rgatish.
Bunday y o ‘nalishdagi vazifalam ing har birini bajarish uchun bir qator
tadbirlarni amalga oshirish orqaligina maqsadga erishiladi. Jumladan,
fuqaro m uhofazasining harbiy davrdagi vazifalari quyidagilardan iborat:
aholi va obyektlarni harbiy harakatlar olib borish paytida yoki shu
harakatlar oqibatida yuzaga keladigan xavflardan him oyalash harakatlari
va usullariga tayyorlash;
boshqaruv, xabar berish va aloqa tizimlarini tashkil qilish, rivojlantirish
va doim iy shay holatda saqlab turish;
xalq x o ‘jaligi obyektlarining barqaror ishlashini ta’minlash yuzasidan
tadbirlar kom pleksini o ‘tkazish;
aholining moddiy va madaniy boyliklarini xavfsiz joylarga evakuatsiya
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tashqi tabiiy omillar ta’siri

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tashqi tabiiy omillar ta’siriBog'liq Hayot faoliyati xavfsizligi. Tojiboyev M. Nigmatov Mtashqi tabiiy omillar ta’siri.
Inshootlam ing loyiha ishlab chiqarish nuqsonlari (qidiruv va loyiha
ishlaridagi xatolar, qurilish materiallari, konstruksiyalar sifatining pastligi,
qurilish ishlarining sifatsiz bajarilganligi, qurish va sozlash ishlarida
texnika xavfsizligiga rioya qilm aslik va hokazo).
Ishlab chiqarish texnologik jarayonlam ing inshoot materiallariga
ta’siri (m e’yoridan ortiq kuchlanishlar, yuqori harorat, titrashlar, kislota
va ishqorlar ta’siri, gaz-bug‘ va suyuq agressiv muhitlar, mineral moylar,
emulsiyalar ta’siri).
Sanoat ishlab chiqarish texnologik jarayonlarining va inshootlam i
ekspluatatsiya qilish qoidalarining buzilishi (bug1 qozonlarining, kim yoviy
moddalarning, k o ‘mir konlarida metan gazining portlashi va hokazo).
Turli k o ‘rinishlardagi harbiy faoliyatlar.
K elib chiqishi va turidan qat’i nazar, F V lam ing rivojida to ‘rtta xarak-
terdagi fazalam i ajratish mumkin:
- u y g ‘onish, paydo b o iish ;
- rivojlanish, avj olish fazasi;
- eng yuqori darajasi, eng yuksak darajadagi fazasi;
- pasayish, o ‘tish fazasi (oqibatini tugatish).
Uyg‘onish fazasida
b o ‘lg ‘usi FVning zam ini uchun sharoit yaratiladi:
noxush tabiiy jarayonlar faollashadi, inshootlam ing loyiha ishlab chiqarish
nuqsonlari y i g i l a boshlaydi va k o ‘plab texnik nosozliklar yuzaga chiqadi,
uskunalar ishida, muhandis texnolog xodim lar ishida nuqsonlar paydo
b o ia d i.U y g ‘onish fazasi davom iyligini aniqlash uchun, bu ham juda
katta taxm in bilan seysm ik, m eteorologik, sellarga qarshi hamda boshqa
stansiyalam ing kuzatuvlarini juda sinchiklab o ‘rganish va muntazam
yozib borish orqaligina bajariladi.
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Didaktikalıq protses qanday formula ta’rizinde jazılıwı mu`mkin?

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Didaktikalıq protses qanday formula ta’rizinde jazılıwı mu`mkin?
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bet | 58/144 | Sana | 11.12.2023 | Hajmi | 438,29 Kb. | | #116243 |
Bog'liq 3D kitob yaratish imkonini beruvchi dasturni ko’rsating-www.hozir.org5. Didaktikalıq protses qanday formula ta’rizinde jazılıwı mu`mkin?
*a) DP = M + OX + B
b) DP = B - OX – M
c) DP = OX + B-M
d) DP = B + OX - M
6.Oqıtıw protsesi nelerden ibarat?
*a) maqset, baqlaw, bahalaw, na’tiyje, oqıtıw metodları
b) ha’reketlerdi tekseriw
c) kemshliklerdi du`zetiw
d) maqset, kemshiliklerdi du`zetiw
7. Oqıwshılar ha’reketi kitabı neshe jıl saqlanadı?
*a) 50 jıl
b) 30 jıl
c) 40 jıl
d) 25 jıl
8.Biliw xızmeti ma’seleri qaysı psixolog ha’m pedagog alımnın` do`retiwshiliginde jartıp berilgen?
*a) Blonskiy
b) L.P.Aristova
c) M.N.Skatkin
d) B.P.Esipov
9.Bumerang bul ……………?
*a) teхnоlоgiya
b) metоd
c) shinig’iwlar
d) Ta’rbiya usili
10.Islep shig’arilatug’in o’nimge islew beriwdin’ bir pu’tin prоcessin payda etiwshi teхnоlоgiyaliq оperaciyalardin’ jiyindisi …………………………….?
*a) teхnоlоgiyaliq prоcess
b) teхnоlоgiyaliqоperaciya
c) оqitiw teхnоlоgiyasi
d) ta’rbiya teхnоlоgiyasi
11.«Dunyoda turmоq uchun dunyoviy fan va ilm lоzimdur,zamоna ilmi va fanidan bebahra millat bоshqalarga pоymоl bwlur»bul danaliq so’zler kimge tiyisli ?
*a) M.Behbudiy
b) A.Nauayi
c) M.Zamaхshariy
d) A.Avlоniy
12.Balanın` jas o`zgeshiligin esapqa alıp onı altı jastan baslap mektepke beriwdi ma’slahat etken alım?
*a) Ibn Sino
b) Beruniy
c) Farabiy
d) Xorezmiy
13.Adam balasının` keleshekte qanday kamalg`a kelgen insan bolıp jetilisiwin …………. boljawg`a boladı?
*a) Ta’rbiya wazıypalarına qarap
b) Ta`rbiya maqsetine qarap
c) Ta’rbiya metodlarına qarap
d) Ta’rbiya formalarına qarap
14.Pedagogikaliq sistemanin’funkcional komponentleri neshew?
*a) 6
b) 5
c) 8
d) 7
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