nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
A   MD Ryzen 3 4100 (100-100000510BOX)

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A MD Ryzen 3 4100 (100-100000510BOX)
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bet | 2/4 | Sana | 14.02.2024 | Hajmi | 1,24 Mb. | | #156258 |
Bog'liq Amaliy №3 ATDT sirtqiA MD Ryzen 3 4100 (100-100000510BOX)
Oldingi protsessorning bevosita raqobatchisi. Ryzen 3 4100 biroz pastroq kuchaytirish chastotasiga (4 gigagertsgacha) va L3 keshiga ega - 4 MB (Intel modelidagi 6 MBga nisbatan). Biroq, Ryzen 3 4100 uchun anakartlar biroz arzonroq (ayniqsa, A520 va A320 chipsetlarida ) va u 3200 MGts gacha bo'lgan RAM chastotasini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.
AMD Ryzen 5 5500 (100-100000457BOX)
Rasmiy ravishda 6 yadroli protsessor bu toifaga kirmasligi kerak edi, lekin uning bozordagi joylashuvi va narxi buning aksini aytadi. Chiziqning eski modeli - Ryzen 5600 bilan solishtirganda, bu erda L3 kesh hajmi kamayadi - 16 MB (32 o'rniga) va PCI 4.0 qo'llab-quvvatlanmaydi.
Variantning afzalligi shundaki, barcha 5000 Ryzen AM4 rozetkasiga mos keladi va agar biz tizimni B450 chipsetiga yig'sak (PCI 3.0 ni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi), biz juda arzon va shu bilan birga, vazifalarni bajarish uchun samarali kompyuterga ega bo'lamiz. past yoki o'rtacha ishlashni talab qiladi.
AMD Ryzen 9 5950X (100-100000059WOF)
16 yadro/32 ta ip – oldimizda Ryzen 5000 seriyasining mutlaq flagmani. 7000 seriyali sotuvga chiqqanda ham dolzarb bo‘lib qoladigan protsessor. Bu ish vazifalari uchun murosasiz yechim, chunki o'yinlarda bunday ishlash shunchaki haddan tashqari ko'p. 2020-yilda chiqarilganda u bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta vazifalarni hal qildi - LGA 1151/1200 platformalari bilan raqobat masalasini yopdi, shuningdek, Intelning asosiy raqobatchisi HEDT (yuqori ish stoli) platformasini siqib chiqardi. HEDT 4-kanalli RAM va undan ko'p PCI liniyalarini qo'llab-quvvatlashiga qaramay, Ryzen 3950X hamyonbop narxga va buning uchun anakartlarning keng assortimentiga ega.
Amaliyotni bajarish na’munasi.
Har bir talaba o‘ziga berilgan AMD protsessorlari haqida to‘liq ma’lumot berishi kerak bo‘ladi. Amaliy ishda tarkibi quyidagicha bo‘lishi kerak:
MODEL
GRAFIK MODELI
CPU YADROLARI SONI
PATOKLAR SONI
PROTSESSORDA BITTA YADRO TOMONIDAN ERISHILADIGAN MAKSIMAL CHASTOTA
ASOSIY CHASTOTA
GRAFIK YADROLARI SONI
AMD RYZEN™ AI
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Al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti

O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALAR VAZIRLIGI MUHAMMAD
AL-XORAZMIY NOMIDAGI
TOSHKENT AXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYALARI UNIVERSITETI
Kompyuter injiniringi fakulteti
IoT texnologiyalari fanidan
2-TOPSHIRIQ
Bajardi: 221-21 guruh talabasi
O’ktamov Ahmadjon Tekshirdi:
Ma‘mirov Xudoyberdi
TOSHKENT 2023
2 ta fotodiodni button va potensiometr yordamida yoqib
o‘chirish
Dastur kodi
#define GREEN 9
#define BLUE 8
#define btnGreen 13
#define btnBlue 12
#define pot A0
void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(GREEN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(BLUE, OUTPUT);
pinMode(pot, INPUT);
pinMode(btnGreen, INPUT);
pinMode(btnBlue, INPUT);
}
void set_lamps(bool first, bool second){
bool conf[2] = {LOW, HIGH};
digitalWrite(GREEN, conf[first]);
digitalWrite(BLUE, conf[second]);
}
void loop(){
int potValue = analogRead(pot);
// Potensiometr holati haqida xabar beradi
int btn1 = digitalRead(btnGreen);
int btn2 = digitalRead(btnBlue);
if(btn1 == 1){
digitalWrite(GREEN, !digitalRead(GREEN));
}
if(btn2 == 1){
digitalWrite(BLUE, !digitalRead(BLUE));
}
Serial.println(potValue);
Serial.println(btn1);
Serial.println(btn2);
if(potValue > 500){
set_lamps(1, 1);
}else if(potValue > 250){
set_lamps(1, 0);
}else if(potValue > 125){
set_lamps(0, 1);
}else{
set_lamps(0, 0);
}
}
Sxemamda men yashil va ko’k lampochkalar, 2 ta button va potensiometrdan foydalanganman.
Birinchi buttonni bosgan payt, yashil lampochka o’chgan bo’lsa, yonadi, yongan bo’lsa o’chadi.
Ikkinchi buttonni bosgan payt, ko’k lampochka o’chgan bo’lsa, yonadi, o’chgan bo’lsa yonadi.
Potensiometrni qarshiliklarini o’zgartirganimizda, mos oraliqlarga ko’ra, lampochkalar o’chadi, yonadi.
Potensiometr qarshiligi 500 omdan katta bo’lganida, yashil va ko’k lampochka yonadi. 250 dan katta va 500 dan kam bo’lgan holatda esa yashil yonadi, ko’k o’chadi. 125 dan katta va 250 dan kichik bo’lgan holatda esa ko’k yonadi, yashil esa o’chadi. 125 om dan kichik bo’lgan holatlarda lampochkalar o’chiq holatda bo’ladi.
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Web Server - - Linux Server boshqaruvi fanidan 1-Mustaqil ish Bajardi

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Linux Server boshqaruvi fanidan 1-Mustaqil ish Bajardi
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bet | 2/3 | Sana | 15.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,59 Mb. | | #235114 |
Web Server - Web serverlarni quyidagi ikki qismdan tashkil topgan :
1. Web server (Hardware) :
Veb-saytning komponent fayllarini saqlaydigan kompyuter
Komponent fayllar HTML, rasmlar, CSS va JavaScript-ni o’z ichiga oladi.
Komponent fayllarni mijozlarga Internet orqali etkazib berish.
2. Web server (Software)
Foydalanuvchilar xost fayllariga qanday kirishini boshqaradi
Veb-server HTTP protokoli manzilidan foydalangan holda mijozlar so’rovlarini ko’rib chiqadi va ularga javob beradi.
Brauzerga web-serverdan chaqirilgan fayl kerak bo’lganda, brauzer HTTP orqali faylni so’raydi. So’rov to’g’ri web-server (Hardware)ga yetib kelganida, HTTP serveri (Software) HTTP yordamida so’ralgan hujjatni yuboradi.
Web -saytni nashr qilish uchun sizga statik yoki dinamik veb -server kerak.
Statik veb -server yoki stack HTTP -server (dasturiy ta’minot) o’rnatilgan kompyuterdan (apparat) iborat. Biz buni “statik” deb ataymiz, chunki server o’z joylashtirilgan fayllarini brauzeringizga yuboradi.
Dinamik veb -server statik veb -server va qo’shimcha dasturiy ta’minotdan, ko’pincha dastur serveridan va ma’lumotlar bazasidan iborat. Biz buni “dinamik” deb ataymiz, chunki dastur serveri HTTP -server orqali brauzeringizga kontent yuborishdan oldin joylashtirilgan fayllarni yangilaydi.
Database Server - Ma’lumotlar bazasi serverlari serverda saqlanadigan ma’lumotlar bazalarini saqlash va boshqarish va vakolatli foydalanuvchilar uchun ma’lumotlarga kirishni ta’minlash uchun ishlatiladi. Tashkilotlarda foydalaniladigan ko’plab ma’lumotlar bazalari ma’lumotlarni himoya qilish va mijoz so’rovlariga xizmat ko’rsatish uchun maxsus sozlangan bitta server yoki serverlar guruhida saqlanishi mumkin.
Email Server - Elektron pochta serveri asosan elektron pochta xabarlarini yuboruvchi va qabul qiluvchi kompyuter tizimidir. Elektron pochta xabarini yuborganingizda, u yakuniy manzilga etib borish uchun bir qator serverlardan o’tadi.
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Linux Server boshqaruvi fanidan 1-Mustaqil ish Bajardi - bet 3

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Linux Server boshqaruvi fanidan 1-Mustaqil ish Bajardi
|
bet | 3/3 | Sana | 15.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,59 Mb. | | #235114 |
Elektron pochta xabarlarini yuborish va qabul qilish uchun ishlatiladigan uchta protokol mavjud:
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Mijozlar tomonidan pochta jo’natish yoki pochta serverlari o’rtasida pochta jo’natish va qabul qilish uchun foydalaniladigan protokol.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol) : Bu pochta serveridan mijozga xat olish uchun ishlatiladigan protokol.
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) : POP3 bilan bir xil, lekin ko’proq hajmga ega.
Web Proxy Server - Web Proxy Server bu — o’zi orqali boshqa tarmoqqa bilvosita kirish imkonini beruvchi kompyuter yoki dastur.
Ushbu serverning ishlatilish sabablari quyidagicha:
Xavfsizlik: Anonim foydalanuvchilarning serverga bevosita kirishini oldini olish.
Tezlik: Proksi-server foydalanuvchi so’rovini keshlaydi va xuddi shu so’rov kelganda kesh resurslarini qaytaradi va xizmatni tezlashishtiradi va hokazo.
DNS (Domain Name System) Server
DNS server ko’pincha domen nomlarini IP manzillarga tarjima qilish uchun ishlatiladi. Brauzeringizga domen nomini kiritib, Enter tugmasini bosganingizdan so’ng, u ushbu serverga ishora qiladi. Foydalanuvchilar IP manzillarni eslab qolishlari shart emas, tashkilotlar esa mos nomga ega bo‘lishlari mumkin bo‘ladi
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Server
“Fayl uzatish protokoli” serverlarining asosiy vazifasi foydalanuvchilar o’rtasida fayl almashinuvini boshqarishdan iborat. Foydalanuvchi parol, masofaviy katalogni o’zgartirish buyruqlari, fayllarni olish va saqlash buyruqlari va boshqalar kabi boshqaruv ma’lumotlarini yuborish uchun FTP dan foydalanadi.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Communication Protocol) Server
Tarmoqqa ulangan qurilmalarga avtomatik ravishda IP manzillari va boshqa aloqa parametrlarini tayinlaydigan tarmoq boshqaruv protokoli.
DHCP serveri tarmoqdagi har bir qurilmaga IP-manzil va boshqa tarmoq konfiguratsiya parametrlarini dinamik ravishda tayinlaydi, shuning uchun ular boshqa IP-tarmoqlar bilan bog’lanishlari mumkin.
Cloud Server
Bulutli hisoblash muhitida ishlaydigan virtual server bo’lib, cheksiz miqdordagi foydalanuvchilar tomonidan talab bo’yicha kirishlari mumkin.
Bulutli serverlar xuddi jismoniy serverlar kabi ishlaydi va ma’lumotlarni saqlash va ishga tushirish kabi vazifalarni bajaradi.
Biroq, bulutli serverlar odatda an’anaviy serverlarga qaraganda ancha ishonchli va xavfsizroqdir, chunki ularga masofadan kirish mumkin.
Bulutli serverlar va jismoniy serverlar o’rtasidagi yana bir farq shundaki, bulutli serverlar cheksiz hisoblash imkoniyatlarini ta’minlaydi, jismoniy serverlar esa mavjud infratuzilma yoki hisoblash imkoniyatlari bilan cheklangan.
Ko’plab kompaniyalar bulutli serverlarga ko’chayotganining sababi bulutli serverlar ishonchli,xavfsiz, uzluksiz ulanish va avtorizatsiya qilingan foydalanuvchilarga tezkor kirishni ta’minlaydi.
Xullosa:
Men bu mustaqil ishda serverlar va serverlarning turlarini, web serverlarning qanday algoritm bilam ishlashini ko’rib chiqdim.
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Bug’ turbinalari umarov Ikromjon Baxromjon o'g'l

Bug’ turbinalari umarov Ikromjon Baxromjon o'g'l
Download
0,55 Mb.
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bet
1/2
Sana
24.11.2023
Hajmi
0,55 Mb.
#104966
Download
0,55 Mb.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Dərs
Mühazirə
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Referat
Xülasə
Yazı
Bug’ turbinalari umarov Ikromjon Baxromjon o'g'l
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FOYDALANIGAN ADABIYOTLAR - Bug’ turbinalari umarov Ikromjon Baxromjon o'g'l

FOYDALANIGAN ADABIYOTLAR:
1.
Максимов
Максим
Олегович
"Повышение
эффективности
комбинированного производства тепла и электроэнергии" Научный журнал
"GLOBUS": Технические науки 2021
2. Канд. техн. наук КАЩЕЕВ В. П., инженеры ВОРОНОВ Е. О., АКУЛЬШИН В. В.
"Повышение эффективности работы конденсатора" 2018
3. "Инструкция по эксплуатации и техническому обслуживанию
паротурбинной установки" 2012
4. Переменный режим работы паровых турбин / Самойлович Г.С.,
Трояновский Б.М. М.: Государственное 2015
5. Теплофикационные паровые турбины: повышение экономичности и
надёжности / Симою Л.Л., Эфрос Е.И., Гуторов В.Ф., Лагун В.П. СПб.:Энерготех,
2001.
6. Сахаров А.М. Тепловые испытания паровых турбин. - М.
:Энергоатомиздат, 2010.
7. Katsuhiko Ogata: System Dynamics; Prentice Hall International, Inc. Third
Edition 2018
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Operating System

White Paper 1
Introduction 1
WINS Functional Description 3
New features of Windows 2000 WINS 3
Persistent Connections 3
Manual Tombstoning 4
Improved Management Tools 5
Enhanced Filtering and Record Searching 7
Dynamic Record Deletion and Multi-Select 8
Record Verification and Version Number Validation 8
Consistency Checking 9
Autodiscovery of WINS Partners 9
Monitoring 9
Export Function 9
Increased Fault Tolerance 9
Dynamic Re-registration 10
Summary 10
For More Information 11
Ajraladigan optik ulagichlarning tuzilishi

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Ajraladigan optik ulagichlarning tuzilishi
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bet | 2/3 | Sana | 07.12.2023 | Hajmi | 339,25 Kb. | | #113464 |
Ajraladigan optik ulagichlarning tuzilishi
Nurlanish quwatini optik tolaga kiritish qurilmasi:
A — nurlanish manbayi; 1 — sferik linza;
2 — konussimon tuzilishli bir modali optik tola;
3 — optik tolaning o ‘zagi
Yuqoridagi rasmda shtekerli ajraladigan optik ulagichning tuzilishi ko'rsatilgan. Bu ulagich foydalanish chog'ida bir-biri bilan ulanadigan ikki — uya va shtir qismlaridan tarkib topadi. Bu qismlar ulanishdan so‘ng o'zaro gayka bilan mustahkamlanadi (rasmda optik ulagich uyali qismining yuzasidagi rezba va gayka ko'rsatilmagan). Ulagichlarga quyidagi talablar qo'yiladi: tuzilish jihatidan soddalik, kirituvchi yo'qotishlarining imkon qadar kam bo'lishi kerakligi, tashqi mexanik, atrof-muhit omillarining ta’siriga va bosh- qa ta’sirlarga bardoshlilik, yuqori darajadagi ishonchlilik, ko‘p martalab takroriy ulanishlarga nisbatan barqarorlik ana shu talablar sirasiga kiradi.
Optik ajraladigan ulagichlarning optik paremtrlariga so‘nish xamda teskari akslanish kattaligi kiradi.
Ajraladigan optik ulagichning so‘nishi bu quvvatning yo‘qotilish deyiladi, va bu optik aloqa liniyasining to‘liq so‘nishiga qo‘shilib ketadi.
Optik signalning optik ajraladigan ulagich orqali o‘tishidagi so‘nishi quyidagicha aniqlanadi:
A = - 10 lg (P1/P2),
Bu yerda P1 – liniyaga optik ulagich qo‘shilgandan keyingi nurlanish quvvati; P2 - bazaviy optik quvvat(ya’ni ajraladigan optik ulagich liniyaga qo‘shilmasdan oldingi optik signal quvvati).
Nisbatan keng tarqalgan fizik kontaktli optik ulagichlar uchun xos bo‘lgan o‘rtacha so‘nish qiymati 0,2 dB gacha, maksimal xolatda 0,4 dB gacha bo‘lishi mumkin.
Ajraladigan optik ulagichlarda so‘nishlarni
Ajraladigan optik ulagichchlarda yuzaga keladigan kiritilgan so‘nishning qiymatiga turli faktorlar ta’sir qiladi. Ularni uch asosiy guruxga ajratish mumkin:
1. ichki—optik tolani tayorlashda yo‘l qo‘yilgan xatolilar sababli;
2. tashqi – ajraladigan optik ulagichni o‘zini tayorlashda yo‘l qo‘yilgan
xatoliklar tufayli;
3. tizimli – OT da modaning tarqalishi bilan bog‘liq xolda.
OT optik ulagichda o‘zining markaziy o‘qi bo‘yicha aniq joylashishi lozim. Buning uchun OT ni joylashtirish uchun xosil qilingan tuynuk keramik oxirlamchi markazi bo‘yicha aniq qilib yasalishi lozim(rasm 11.2).
11.2-rasm. So‘nishning OT ning yonboshga siljish qiymatiga bog‘liqlik grafigi
Ko‘pchilik ajraladigan optik ulagichlar ishlab chiqaruvchilar OT va keramikali oxirlamchining markaziy o‘qlarini konsentrikligidagi siljishni 1 mkm dan oshib ketmasligini kafolatlaydilar.
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4-mavzu: Jadval prosessorlarida iqtisodiyotga oid sonli ma’lumotlar bilan ishlash. Reja

4-mavzu: Jadval prosessorlarida iqtisodiyotga oid sonli ma’lumotlar bilan
ishlash.
Reja
4.1 Jadval prosessorlari va ularning vazifalari. Iqtisodiy axborotlarni tahlil qilish
uchun ma’lumotlarni vizuallashtirish vositalaridan foydalanish.
4.2 MS Excel dasturida sohaga oid hisob ishlarini bajarish. Murakkab jadvalar
bilan ishlash. Jadvallarni bir biriga bogʻlash.
4.3 MS Excelda formulalar tuzish. Microsoft Excel dasturida standart funksiyalar.
Matematik, statistik, moliyaviy funksiyalar bilan ishlash.
4.1 Jadval prosessorlari va ularning vazifalari. Iqtisodiy axborotlarni tahlil
qilish uchun ma’lumotlarni vizuallashtirish vositalaridan foydalanish.
Elektron jadval prosessorlariga yuklatilgan vazifa - jadval shaklida
berilgan ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlash va ularni ko’rgazmali ko’rinishda
ifodalashdan iborat.
Hozirgi davrda Super Calc, MS Excel, Lotus, Quattro Pro, SDSS
Spreadsheet, Vista Calc, GS-Calc kabi elektron jadvallar keng qo’llanilmoqda.
Ularning ichida eng ommalashganlari Lotus Development firmasini Lotus 1-2-3
dasturi, Computer Associates firmasini Super Calc dasturi, Microsoft
korporasiyasni Multiplan va Microsoft Excel dasturlari hisoblanadi.
Microsoft Excel - omalashgan elektron jadvallar sirasiga kiradi. MS Excel
formatida saqlangan axborotlarni aksariyat boshqa ofis dasturlarda konvertasiya
qilish imkoniyati mavjud
Jadval prosessorlari bilan:
uch o’lchamli jadvallar bilan ishlash mumkinligi, qaysikim, ularning har biri ikki
o’lchamli jadvallar to’plamidan iborat bo’ladi.
turli jadvallar ma’lumotlari bo’yicha diagrammalar tuzish;
jadval kataklarini sonli yoki boshqa ketma-ketliklar (hafta kunlari, oylar, yillar va
h.q) ni avtomatik tarzda to’ldirish;
jadvallarni loyihalashtirishda, dasturga o’rnatilgan ko’plab funksiyalardan
foydalanish va ulardan moliyaviy, matematik, statistik va boshqa hisoblarni
bajarishda qo’llash;
chiziqli bo’lmagan tenglamalarni va optimallashtirish masalalarini iterasiya
usullari bilan yechish;
matnlar atributlarini boshqarishni turli xil vositalarini qo’llash (shrift, harf
balandligi, chizish, matn yo’nalishi, rang, tekislash va h.q.);
chop qilishdan oldin, hujjatni ko’rish yoki ko’zdan kechirish;
berilgan (yozilgan) formulaga ko’ra jadval qiymatlarini hisoblash;
nostandart funksiyalar qiymatlarini hisoblashda dasturlash tillarini qo’llash;
o’rnatilgan grafik muharriri yordamida sxemalar tuzish;
iqtisodiy, demografik va boshqa ma’lumotlar asosida mintaqaviy tahlilni amalga
oshiradigan, qulay va tushunarli ko’rinishda namoyon qiladigan haritalar bilan
ishlash tizimidan foydalanish;
Jadval prosessorlarining - bir hisoblash maydoniga tegishli u yoki bu qiymatlari
foydalanuvchi tomonidan o’zgartirilganda (tahrirlanganda), qaralayotgan
jadvalning boshqa hisoblash maydonlaridagi qiymatlar avtomatik tarzda
hisoblanib o’zgartiriladi.
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Optik tolali ishlab chiqarish - Optik aloqa tizimlarida qo’llaniladigan optik tolalarning satndartlari

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Optik aloqa tizimlarida qo’llaniladigan optik tolalarning satndartlari
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bet | 3/6 | Sana | 22.05.2024 | Hajmi | 16,04 Kb. | | #249781 |
Bog'liq Optik aloqa tizimlarida qo’llaniladigan optik tolalarning satnda-hozir.orgOptik tolali ishlab chiqarish
Jarayon juda texnologik bo'lib, to'rt xil usulda qo'llaniladigan turli xil protseduralarni o'z ichiga oladi, MCVD (O'zgartirilgan kimyoviy bug 'birikmasi), kvarts naychasi ishlatiladi va kremniy dioksidi AOK qilinadi. Keyin bizda VAD usuli (bug 'eksenel birikmasi) avvalgi uslubga juda o'xshash, ammo kremniy material naycha atrofida joylashtirilgan variant bilan.
U keramik substrat tayoqchasi va bruska orqali o'tadigan OVD (Bug 'tushirishdan tashqari) usuliga amal qiladi; va kremniy komponentlari bruska oloviga kiritiladi. Va nihoyat, bizda PCVD (Plazma kimyoviy bug 'birikmasi) jarayoni mavjud; bu erda profillar kremniy va germaniy oksidlanishi orqali olinadi va shu bilan plazma hosil bo'ladi.
Jarayon bir necha bosqichlardan iborat bo'lib, u erda simi ishlab chiqariladi, bu qo'llaniladigan usulga bog'liq. Shu tarzda, uning ishlatilishi va sifati aniqlanadi yoki shunchaki nima uchun ishlatiladi; Jarayon "Preformni cho'zish" deb nomlanadi, u oxirgi ishlab chiqarish bosqichidan iborat; texnik va juda nozik protseduralar orqali kabelning kengligi va konstitutsiyasiga erishish.
Dispersiyani kompensatsiyalovchi tolalar. Yangi texnologiyalar asosida shakllangan optik tolalar.
Reja
Dispersiyani kompensatsiyalovchi tolalar
Yangi texnologiyalar asosida shakllangan optik tolalar
Optik tolada signallarni uzatish sifatiga ta’sir qiluvchi eng muhim omillardan biri dispersiya hisoblanadi. Dispersiya — bu yorug‘lik impulslari oxirlarining cho‘zilishi, ya’ni impulslarning kengayishidir. Impulslar kengayib, bir-birini qoplaydi, simvollararo buzilishlar yuzaga keladi va qabul qilishda impulslar ketma-ketligidan uzatilgan foydali informatsiyani ajratib bo'lmay qoladi (9-rasm).
9-rasm. Optik tolada impulsning kengayishi
Dispersiyaning quyidagi turlari mavjud
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Call Sequences - 1. 1 The Motivation

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1. 1 The Motivation
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bet | 22/32 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 0,89 Mb. | | #15652 |
5.4 Call Sequences
This subsection aims to provide an understanding of how voice calls are initiated within the application.
Diagram 11, illustrates a successful call; the calling application will initiate a call, and will wait for a reply. A reject will mean the call in cancelled and both system resume listing for incoming calls. If an Accept signal is received both systems will open the two data channels, one for sending and one for receiving and will send acknowledgements that both channels have been opened. Once the system has received an acknowledgement it will begin transmitting and receiving audio data until a system sends the hang-up signal which will terminate the call and return the systems to listing for connections. With using TCP which is a reliable transport protocol commands are not resent since TCP handles this, as well has closing the connection correctly.
Diagram 11, illustrates the process of a successful call.
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Scientific approach to the modern education system

Scientific approach to the modern education system
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Scientific approach to the modern education system
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Material dispersiyasi - Optik aloqa tizimlarida qo’llaniladigan optik tolalarning satndartlari

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Optik aloqa tizimlarida qo’llaniladigan optik tolalarning satndartlari
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bet | 5/6 | Sana | 22.05.2024 | Hajmi | 16,04 Kb. | | #249781 |
Bog'liq Optik aloqa tizimlarida qo’llaniladigan optik tolalarning satnda-hozir.org6. Material dispersiyasi
Material dispersiyasi to ‘lqin uzunligini tola materialining sindirish ko‘rsatkichiga bog’liqligi bilan aniqlanadi. Natijada tola materiali orqali har xil to ‘lqin uzunliklari turli tezliklarda uzatiladi. Optik tola, asosan, kvars shishasidan (SiO2) ishlab chiqariladi. Har bir to‘lqin tola materialidan turli tezliklarda uzatiladi. 1- shaffoflik oynasida katta to‘lqin uzunliklari katta tezlikda, qisqa
to‘lqin uzunliklari kichik tezliklarda uzatiladi. Masalan; 865 nm to‘lqin uzunligi 835 nm ga nisbatan katta tezlikda uzatiladi. shunga teskari 3 — shaffoflik oynasida qisqa to‘lqin uzunliklari katta tezlikda, uzun to‘lqin uzunliklari nisbatan kichik tezlikda uzatiladi. Masalan, 1535 nm to‘lqin uzunligi 1560 nm ga qaraganda tezroq uzatiladi. 2—shaffoflik oynasining 1310 nm to‘lqin uzunligi nol dispersiyali to‘lqin uzunligi deyiladi. Chunki 1310 nm to‘lqin uzunligida kvars shishasini sindirish ko‘rsatkichi minimal.
Material dispersiyasi bir modali optik tolalarda dispersiyaning asosiy tashkil etuvchisi hisoblanadi. Uzatish tizimlarining tezliklari oshgan sari bitlar orasidagi interval kamayadi, natijada dispersiya oshadi.
Optik aloqa tizimlarida qo’llaniladigan yorug’lik manbalari
TOATning tuzilish sxemasi (1.5-rasm) ham OATga xos standart qurilmalardan iborat.
Faqatgina optik signallarning tarqalishini ta’minlash uchun uzatish muhiti sifatida optik kabel tolasi ishlatiladi.
TOATning tuzilish sxemasi tarkibiga quyidagilar kiradi [4]:
KHQU — kanal hosil qiluvchi uskuna;
MvQ — muvofiqlashtiruvchi qurilma;
OUz — optik uzatkich;
ONM — optik nurlanish manbayi;
MQ — moslashtiruvchi qurilma;
UzOM — uzatuvchi optik rnodul;
OT - optik tola; OR - optik retranslyator;
OQq — optik qabul qilgich;
QqOM — qabul qiluvchi optik modul;
ONQq — optik nurlanish qabul qilgichi.
TOATda signallar optik tola orqali yo‘naltirilganligi uchun ularda OOATga xos kamchiliklar mavjud emas.
Shuning uchun telekommunikatsiya tarmoqlarida, asosan, TOATdan foydalaniladi. Keyingi bo‘limlarda TOAT haqida bayon etiladi.
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Innovative developments and research in education international scientific-online conference

INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENTS AND RESEARCH IN EDUCATION
International scientific-online conference
90PAGE
TA’LIM JARAYONIDA ISPRING DASTURIDAN FOYDALANISH
IMKONIYATLARI VA ULARNING AHAMIYATI
Saidov Rahmon Xolmurodovich
Magistrant Termiz davlat universiteti
Termiz, O‟zbekiston
Annotatsiya:Ushbu maqolada ta‟lim jarayonida ispring dasturi yordamida elektron
kitob, testlar yaratish texnologiyasi va ularning ahamiyati haqida keng ma‟lumot keltirilgan
bo„lib, undan ta‟lim jarayonida foydalanish jihatlariga ham to„xtalgan. Nafaqat
mamlakatimizda balki, butun dunyo ta‟lim tizimida ispring dasturi yordamida elektron
darsliklar, elektron o„quv qo„llanmalar, pedagogik dasturiy vositalar, turli ta‟lim resurslari,
o„qitishning elektron vositalari, multimediali darsliklar yaratish va ulardan foydalanish
rivojlanib bormoqda. Bular o„z navbatida ilm-fan taraqqiyotiga, ta‟lim sifati va
samaradorligining oshishiga katta hissa qo„shmoqda.
Kalit so’zlar: pedagogikal software tools, teaching process, multimedia tools, video
lesson, elektronic educational resources.
Abstract: This article provides extensive information about the technology of creating e-
books and tests using ispring in the educational process and their importance, as well as the
aspects of its use in the educational process. Not only in our country, but in the entire world
education system, the creation and use of elektronic textbooks, elektronic study guides,
pedagogikal software tools, various educational resources, elektronic teaching tools,
multimedia textbooks is developing with the help of the ispring program. These, in turn, make
a great contribution to the development of science, the increase in the quality and efficiency of
education.
Key words:mathematical statistics, producers, consumers, organizational-agrotechnical,
market, cluster, agrarian sector, agriculture, products, competition, region.
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Tayanch so’zlar: modda, atom

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Tayanch so’zlar: modda, atom
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Sana | 17.01.2024 | Hajmi | 13,02 Kb. | | #139261 |
Bog'liq kimyo fanining rivojlanishi
Tayanch so’zlar: modda, atom, molekula, daltonidlar, bertoloidlar, materiya, proton, elektron, neytron, ion, allotropiya, valentlik, agregat holatlar, atom massa, ekvivalent, ekvivalent hajm, molyar massa, zichlik.
O’quv mashgulotining maqsadi: Talabalarga elementlarning atom massalari haqida tushuncha berish, absolyut va nisbiy atom massalarni tushintirish.
Kimyo fanining maqsad va vazifalari. Hozirgi vaqtda kimyo xalq xo„jaligida g„oyat muhim rol o„ynaydi. Tabiatdan faqat xom ashyo, ruda, toshko„mir, neft va boshqalargina olinmoqda. Tabiiy xom ashyoni kimyoviy yo„l bilan qayta ishlab xalq xo„jaligi uchun zarur mineral o„g„itlar, pestitsidlar, metallar, plastmassalar, bo„yoqlar, dorivor moddalar va boshqalar tayyorlanadi.
Kimyo fani tabiiy materiallarni tejab ishlatish, ishlab chiqarishning qo„shimcha mahsulotlari va chiqindilaridan foydalanish masalalari bilan ham shug„ullanadi. Turli moddalar hosil qilishning birmuncha yangi samarali usullarini topadi va hokazo. Bunda dastlabki ilmiy tekshirish institutlari va laboratoriyalari tashkil etildi, ular kimyo fani va kimyo sanoatining rivojlanishida muhim rol o„ynadi.
Ikkinchi jahon urushidan oldingi besh yilliklar mobaynida sobiq ittifoqda qudratli kimyo sanoati barpo etildi. Vatanimizda topilgan fosforli va kaliyli tuz konlari asosida tog„-kimyo kombinatlari, mineral o„g„itlar, sintetik kauchuk, kalsiy karbid, plastmassalar, texnika maqsadlarida ishlatiladigan rezina buyumlar ishlab chiqariladigan korxonalar qurildi. Sun‟iy tola, bo„yoq, dorivor moddalar va kinoplyonkalarning yangi xillarini ishlab chiqarish o„zlashtirildi.
Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyingi yillarda kimyo sanoatining azotli o„g„itlar, kaliyli o„g„itlar, plastik massalar, xlor va uning hosilalari ishlab chiqariladigan organik sintez tarmoqlari ancha kengaydi. Kimyoviy tolalar, sintetik etil spirt, qishloq xo„jalik zararkunandalariga qarshi ishlatiladigan organik preparatlar va boshqalar ishlab chiqarish yo„lga qo„yildi. Buning uchun bir qancha yangi korxonalar qurildi hamda borlarining ko„pi takomillashtirildi. Radiotexnika, elektrotexnika, aviatsiya, avtomobil sanoatlarida va sanoatning boshqa tarmoqlarida ishlatiladigan sintetik materiallaming turi hamda ularni ishlab chiqarish ko„paytirildi.
Yangi sintetik materiallar tabiiy materiallaming o„rnini bosibgina qolmay, ularni ishlatish natijasida sanoatning ko„pgina tarmoqlarida ishlab chiqarishning texnika darajasini yuksaltirish uchun keng yo„l ochiladi.
Mamlakatimiz kimyo sanoatini yuksaltirish viskoza, kapron, atsetat tolalar, shuningdek, lavsan, nitron, xlorin va boshqa sintetik tolalar ishlab chiqarishni ko„paytirishga imkoniyat yaratib berdi. Ulardan texnikaviy buyumlar va xalq iste‟mol mollari, gazlamalar, trikotaj, poyafzal tayyorlash mumkin bo„lib qoldi va hokazo.
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Fiskal siyosat qanday ishlaydi ? - Plastik kartalarning afzalliklari va kamchiliklari nimadan iborat?

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Plastik kartalarning afzalliklari va kamchiliklari nimadan iborat?
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bet | 3/4 | Sana | 30.12.2023 | Hajmi | 0,66 Mb. | | #129097 |
Bog'liq Tijorat banklari fanidan YaN savollari (yozma)Fiskal siyosat qanday ishlaydi ?
Iqtisodiyotlar kengayib, cho'qqisiga ko'tarilib, qisqarib boradigan va tebranadigan joyda tebranuvchi modelga amal qiladi. Ushbu naqsh odatda biznes yoki iqtisodiy tsikl deb ataladi. Iqtisodiyot o'sishni kengaytirganda - ish bilan bandlik darajasi va iste'mol daromadi odatda yuqori bo'ladi. Biznesdan olinadigan foyda yuqori, investorlar xursand va aholi ko'proq hashamatli va zarur bo'lmagan narsalarga sarflaydi.
Iqtisodiyot shartnomalari tuzilgach, investorlar kapitalni saqlash strategiyasiga murojaat qilishni boshlaydilar, korxonalar xarajatlarni qisqartirishni boshlaydilar va ishsizlik o'sishga intiladi. Iste'molchilar, odatda, kam daromadga ega va sarflaganlaridan ko'ra ko'proq tejashga kirishadilar.
Fiskal siyosat inflyatsiya va kreditlashga ta'sir qilish uchun pul taklifi va foiz stavkalarini ishlatadigan Federal rezerv (FED) pul-kredit siyosati bilan birgalikda qo'llaniladi.Fiskal va pul-kredit siyosatining maqsadi iqtisodiyotning kengayishi va qisqarishini nazorat qilishdir. Turg'unlik paytida hukumat korxonalar va iste'molchilarning hisobvarag'ida pul saqlash uchun ishlaydi, Fed esa kreditlar va xarajatlarni ko'paytirish uchun ishlaydi. Rivojlanish davrida ular aksincha.
Hukumat moliya siyosatini amalga oshirishda foydalanadigan ikkita vositaga ega. Birinchi vosita bu biznes va shaxsiy daromadlar, kapital o'sishi, mol-mulk va sotishdan olinadigan soliqlarni yig'ishdir. Soliqlar hukumatni mablag 'bilan ta'minlaydigan daromadlarni ta'minlaydi.
Ikkinchi vosita - davlat mablag'lari subsidiyalar, ijtimoiy dasturlar, jamoat ishlari, infratuzilma loyihalari va davlat ishlariga yo'naltiriladi. Davlat xarajatlari iqtisodiyotga ko'proq pul sarflaydi, bu mahsulot va xizmatlarga talabni oshiradi.
Fiskal siyosat turlari
Qonun chiqaruvchilar iqtisodiy tebranishlarni boshqarish bo'yicha ikki xil choralarni ko'rishlari mumkin - fiskal siyosat va avtomatik stabilizatorlar. Avtomatik stabilizatorlar - bu soliqlar va xarajatlarni tartibga soluvchi federal byudjetga o'rnatilgan vositalar. Agar ular aniq iqtisodiy shartlar bajarilsa, ular avtomatlashtirilgan fiskal harakatlarni yaratadilar.
Diskretsion fiskal siyosat - bu ko'pincha soliq siyosati haqida gap ketganda aytilgan choralar. Hukumat fiskal siyosatning ikkita turiga ega - kengaytiruvchi va qisqaruvchi.
Fiskal siyosatning har bir turi iqtisodiy tsiklning turli bosqichlarida tanazzullar va o'sishni to'xtatish yoki sekinlashtirish uchun ishlatiladi.
Markaziy bank mustaqilligi. Monetar siyosat qoidalari.
Moliyaviy inqirozning kelib chiqish sabablari?
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SYSTEM OVERVIEW - 1. 1 The Motivation

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1. 1 The Motivation
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bet | 15/32 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 0,89 Mb. | | #15652 |
5 SYSTEM OVERVIEW
The aim of this section is to provide an understanding of how the VoIPv6 System will operate and what the system will be capable off. It tries to achieve this by first giving a brief overview of how the program will function in terms of the user’s perspective, and then looks at the systems internals in a little more detail.
5.1 The Program from the Users Perspective
The overall original aim of the VoIPv6 application was to allow two users using Pocket PC devices linked to an IP network to place a voice call between the two machines. This sub section shows how the system will function from the user’s perspective giving no details of how the internals will operate.
The single application should handle both incoming and outgoing calls. As long as the application is executing and no calls are taking place, incoming callers from other systems should be capable of dialling into the application and a call takes place, similarly the user should also be capable of placing a call if a call is not taking place to another system.
A relatively simple interface has been designed so it is hassle free and simple for a user with little computer and telephone experience to use.
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Symmetric Encryption - 1. 1 The Motivation

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1. 1 The Motivation
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bet | 10/32 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 0,89 Mb. | | #15652 |
4.3.1 Symmetric Encryption
Secret Key encryption works by taking the data to secure and passing it through a securely known encryption algorithm with a secret key, the result of the algorithm is a cipher text which is a secure representation of the original data. Diagram 4 illustrates how Secret Key encryption is used to encrypt data.
Decryption of data employs a similar process to what is shown in diagram 4, however the cipher text enters the decryption process and the original data is outputted as a result.
The main advantages of this method of encryption is that the encryption and decryption algorithms used are extremely fast and do not usually use any complex operations in there implementation. However the main problem faced with this method of encryption is for both parties to securely agree on a key which can be used to encrypt the voice sent during the session.
One such method used to allow the two parties to agree on an encryption key is with the use of an Authentication Server. Each system has a private key only known to the system and the Authentication Server. When a system wishes to communicate with another it generates a key and encrypts it with its private key and sends it to the authentication server with the address of the system it wishes to communicate with. The server then decrypts the key and re-encrypts the key using the private key of the other system and transmits the encrypted key to the other system that then decrypts the key. As a result both systems then have a secure private key in which they can communicate with each other.
However using an Authentication server can have scalability issues and if the security of the authentication server was compromised then private keys for each system would need to be reissued.
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Asymmetric Encryption - 1. 1 The Motivation

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1. 1 The Motivation
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bet | 11/32 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 0,89 Mb. | | #15652 |
4.3.2 Asymmetric Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption is an alternative encryption technique where everyone has two keys, one which is called a public key and one which is called a private key. Encryption involves using a one way encryption algorithm with the data to compress and the person public key in which anyone can see. The result of this algorithm is a cipher text that can only be decrypted using the person private key. A person public key can be seen by anyone since the private key can not be deduced; therefore this method solves the problems of agreeing in a secure manner on an encryption key. Diagram 5, below illustrates asymmetric encryption in a clear form.
Diagram 5, Illustrates Asymmetric Encryption
The main advantage of this method is that there is no need ever to send a persons private key to another party. All encryption is done using the persons public key which can be seen by anyone. This form of encryption can easily be performed between to parties without the need for any other which solves a lot of scalability issues of dealing with authentication servers. However the process of encryption and decryption using asymmetric encryption is one which is long and complex, this type of encryption can take between 1000 and 10000 times longer to perform than with symmetric encryption. Since a primary requirement is minimising delay it would be impractical to choice this method.
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-rasm. Dispersiya turlari - Optik aloqa tizimlarida qo’llaniladigan optik tolalarning satndartlari

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Optik aloqa tizimlarida qo’llaniladigan optik tolalarning satndartlari
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bet | 4/6 | Sana | 22.05.2024 | Hajmi | 16,04 Kb. | | #249781 |
Bog'liq Optik aloqa tizimlarida qo’llaniladigan optik tolalarning satnda-hozir.org10-rasm. Dispersiya turlari
Dispersiya o‘tkazish qobiliyatini kamaytirib, optik tizimlarning ish tezligini chegaralaydi. Dispersiya — impulslarning kengayishi, L uzunlikli kabelning kirish va chiqishidagi impulslar davomiyligining kvadratik farqi sifatida quyidagi formuladan aniqlanadi:
Odatda, dispersiya bir kilometr hisobida me’yorlashtiriladi va ps/km da o‘lchanadi.
4. Modalararo dispersiya
Modalararo dispersiya tola bo‘ylab modalarning turli yo‘nalishlarda turli vaqtda tarqalishi bilan bog‘liq. Ko‘p modali tolaga sonli apertura burchagi doirasida bir necha ruxsat etilgan modalar kiritilishi mumkin (10-rasm) [1]. Modalar turli yo‘nalishlarda tarqaladi va uzatuvchi manbadan qabul qilgichga turli vaqtlarda yetib keladi. 11-rasmda eng katta to'lqin uzunlikli moda 2 ta qaytishga ega bo‘lsa, eng kichik to‘lqin uzunlikli moda tolaning shu kesimida 7 ta qaytishga ega. Natijada kichik to‘lqin uzunlikli moda energiyasi katta to‘lqin uzunlikli moda energiyasiga qaraganda kechikadi. Qabul qilingan impulslar yig‘indisida bir impulsni qo'shni impuls intervaliga tushishidan qo‘shni impuls xato qabul qilinadi. Modalararo dispersiya ko‘p modali uzatish tizimlarining kamchiligi hisoblanadi. Bu turdagi dispersiya buzilishlarining bir modali tolalarni qo‘llash orqali bartaraf etish mumkin. Chunki undan faqat bitta asosiy moda uzatiladi.
11-rasm. Ko‘p modali optik tola kesimida yorugMik manbayidan berilayotgan uchta modaning tarqalishi ko‘rsatilgan (ideallashtirilgan rasm).
5. Xromatik dispersiya
Xromatik dispersiya ham dispersiyaning boshqa turlari kabi impulslarning kengayishi tufayli hosil bo‘ladi. Xromatik dispersiyani material va to‘lqin uzatuvchi (tola) dispersiyalarining yig‘indisi tashkil etadi:
Xromatik dispersiya pikosekund/nanometrkilometr (ps/nm∙km) da o‘lchanadi. (1ps=1∙10-12 s, 1nm=1∙10-9 m ). Bu 1 nm kenglikdagi impulsni 1 km uzunlikdagi tola orqali o‘tgandagi ps da kengayishidir. Masalan; bir modali standart tolalarda 1550 nm to‘lqin uzunligida xromatik dispersiya qiymati 17 ps/nm km atrofida bo‘ladi. Dispersiyaning bu turi bir modali tolalarga ham, ko‘p modali tolalarga ham xos. Lekin bir modali tolalarda ko‘proq namoyon bo'ladi.
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Codec Subsystem - 1. 1 The Motivation

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1. 1 The Motivation
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bet | 25/32 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 0,89 Mb. | | #15652 |
6.2 Codec Subsystem
There were major problems with the Codec subsystem, a freely available implementation of neither GSM nor G.723.1 could be found for the Windows CE environment especially one which supported the multiple chipsets Windows CE spans. It was decided after a week of searching that the compression interface should still be implemented into the system, such that, if an implementation of any encoder was found other than 64kbps PCM then it could be installed at a latter date.
The Codec subsystem similarly to the audio subsystem has two circular queue structures for both incoming and out going audio blocks; the codec subsystem has the following functions;
codec_setup() setups up the internal queue structures for both the incoming and outgoing functions. The threads codec_process_in() and codec_prcess_out are also started.
codec_stop() stops the two threads from executing and tears down both the incoming and outgoing queues.
codec_audio_in () allows audio, to be passed into the subsystem from the pack subsystem where it is placed on to an internal circular queue. The codec_process_in thread is signalled, notifying it that their is a block awaiting processing.
codec_process_in() is a thread which once started waits for a signal from the codec_audio_in function, once the signal has been received the next block is taken from the incoming queue and passes first through the decrypt function and then through the decode function and then the block is passed to the audio subsystem to be played.
codec_decrypt(unsigned char *block) takes the passed block and simply decrypts it with a bespoke encryption cipher.
codec_decode(unsigned char *block) has no function at the moment until a implementation of a codec for Windows CE can be found.
codec_audio_out() allows audio blocks to be passed into the subsystem from the audio subsystem which needs processing to be sent to the other machine. The block is placed on the queue and the codec_process_out thread is signalled.
codec_process_out() similarly to codec_process_in this thread once started waits for a signal and then takes the next available block and first passes it though the codec_encode then through codec_encrypt and then pass it to the pack subsystem.
codec_encode(unsigned char *block) has no implementation as of yet.
codec_encrypt(unsigned char *block) takes the block and encrypts it to protect it using a bespoke cipher.
With the problems faced with the audio subsystem leading to a lengthy delay in the development of the VoIPv6 system, the codec subsystem was scheduled less time for implementation than originally planned this meant implementing the asymmetric/symmetric hybrid encryption was not possible at this stage so a simple symmetric system was used using a constant key. This encryption is not secure however with the system being programmed modularly then this subsystem can easily be replaced at a later date.
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Communication Audio Functions

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Communication Audio Functions
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bet | 28/32 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 0,89 Mb. | | #15652 |
6.4.2 Communication Audio Functions
The communication audio functions allow for audio to be passed into the system and sent to the other system, as well as receiving audio and passing it down to the pack subsystem. Below is a list of functions within this part of the subsystem;
comms_setup() setups the circular queue used to store the incoming and outgoing packets, as well clearing the semaphores used to send signals to both the comms_recieve and comms_send threads.
comms_start() starts both the comms_recieve and comms_send threads processing packets.
comms_stop() stops the system from processing packets and clears the circular queues.
comms_recieve() thread performs a select operation on the receiving socket to see if there are packets ready to be received, once a packet is ready it is checked to make sure it is the next packet by checking the sequence number, if it is the next packet it is pass down to the pack subsystem, if it is an earlier packet it is discarded. However, for later packet, the missing empty packets are first past to the pack subsystem and then the packet is passed down. The select operation is used to prevent the thread from blocking allowing for the system to send messages to the thread.
comms_send() Thread takes packets from the outgoing queue when signalled and sends them via the sending socket to the other machine.
comms_audio_out() allows the pack subsystem to pass in packets to be sent to the other machine to be processed, once a packet is passed into the subsystem the send thread is signalled.
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Techniques for Control Signalling

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Techniques for Control Signalling
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bet | 13/32 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 0,89 Mb. | | #15652 |
4.4 Techniques for Control Signalling
The VoIPv6 application requires a method of control and signalling, there are numerous alternatives available in terms of methods of signalling such as SIP, H323, or a bespoke header which could be designed to be tailored to the exact needs of the application.
H323 is a very good protocol for IP telephony but it may be a little overkill for this application, it is very complex and uses gatekeepers to store who is on the network and help initiate calls between parties. H323 allows for calls between VoIP systems and traditional telephones in certain situations. With enough time for implementing H323 would be an ideal solution for this application; however all that is really required is for a way of allowing parties to initiate a call between two identical VoIPv6 systems.
SIP, Session Initiation Protocol is an IETF signalling protocol used to establish real-time calls and conferences over IP networks. SIP is a textual based internet protocol similar to HTTP and SMTP, this means problems can easily be diagnosed since SIP can be read easily by humans. SIP has mechanisms for call routing, call signalling and capabilities exchange, SIP is not too different to H323 except it promises scalability, flexibility and ease of implementations when building complex systems. However SIP is still a little complex and over-kill for what is required for this simple VoIP application.
A bespoke header could be designed which simple contained only the necessary commands for this VoIP application such as commands similar to Accept, to accept a call, Reject, to reject a call and so on and so forth. The advantages of using this method is that it more efficient than other methods since minimum information required for the application is sent keeping overheads to a minimum, this method would also give a header which is very easy to implement since straightforward parsing is all that is required.
For this application a bespoke header over TCP will be used, for the main reason it can be easily implemented since it is not very complex, it also has the added benefit of being small and efficient tailored to the applications needs. However and future work carried out on the project could look improving the signalling however this is discussed within the Further Work Section as the end of this report.
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Amaliy ish 1

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Amaliy ish 1
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Sana | 22.07.2024 | Hajmi | 1,95 Mb. | | #268232 |
Bog'liq 1-amaliy ish
Bajardi: A’zamjon Ahmadjonov
Amaliy ish - 1
Axborot xavfsizligi protokollari
1- Amaliy mashg‘ulot.
Mavzu: Wireshark ilovasini o‘rnatish va sozlash
Ishdan maqsad: Talabalarda Wireshark ilovasini o‘rnatish va foydalanish
bo‘yicha bilim va ko‘nikmalar hosil qilishdan iborat.
Wireshark - bu turli xil tarmoq protokollarining tuzilishini (inkapsulyatsiyasini) "tushunadigan" ma'lumotlarni yig'ish dasturi. U turli tarmoq protokollari tomonidan belgilangan ma'nolari bilan birga maydonlarni tahlil qilishi va ko'rsatishi mumkin. Wireshark paketlarni qo'lga kiritish uchun “pcap” dan foydalanadi, shuning uchun u faqat “pcap” qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan tarmoq turlarida paketlarni olishi mumkin.
1.1-rasm. Wireshark dasturini yuklab olish.
1.2-rasm. Wireshark dasturini o’rnatishni boshlash.
1.3-rasm. Litsenziya qoidalari.
1.4-rasm. Wireshark komponentalarini tanlash.
1.5-rasm. Wireshark dasturining ilovasi joylashishi.
1.6-rasm. Wireshark joylashgan manzil.
1.7-rasm. Tarmoqdagi paketlarni kuzatish uchun NPcap 1.71 ni tanlash.
1.8-rasm. USB versiyani tanlash.
1.9-rasm. Wireshark dasturni o’rnatishni boshlash.
1.10-rasm. Npcap 1.71 litsenziya qoidalari.
1.11-rasm. Npcap o’rnatilishi
1.12-rasm. Npcap 1.71 o’rnatish yakunlanishi.
1.13-rasmda mavjud tarmoqlar ichida simsiz tarmoqda internet borligi ko’rinib turibdi.
1.13-rasm:Wireshark dasturining ishchi oynasi va mavjud tarmoqlar.
Mavjud tarmoqlar ichida internetga ulangan simsiz tarmoqni tanlaganimizda dastur avtomatik tarzda ushbu tarmoqni snifferlay boshlaydi.
1.14-rasm:Wireshark dasturi simsiz tarmoqni snifferlashini ko’rinishi.
Wireshark dasturi SSL/TLS sertifikatini tutishi va ko’rishi uchun avval SSL/TLS sertifikatiga ega bo’lgan saytni ochish zarur.Shuning uchun, https://www.linkedin.com/ saytini oldik.Ushbu saytga kirgandan boshlab,dastur avtomatik tarzda SSL/TLS paketlarni tuta boshladi.Endi esa faqat SSL paketlarni tanlash uchun,tepadagi sariq joyga “ssl” deb yozamiz.Shundan keyin dastur bizga faqat SSL paketlarni filtrlab ko’rsatadi.
1.15-rasm:SSL/TLS paketlarni filtrlash va ko’rish.
SSL/TLS paketlarni filtrlay boshlagandan keyin,har bir paket haqida ma’lumot olish mumkin.Buning har bir paketni ustiga bosish kifoya qiladi. Quyida esa, “Client Hello” paketini haqida ma’lumotni ko’rish mumkin.
1.16-rasm:”Client Hello” paketining tuzilishi.
”Client Hello“ paketining random tanlangan bandi.
1.17-rasm: ”Client Hello“ paketining random tanlangan bandi.
“Client Hello” xabarida uzatilgan “Cipher Suites” bandini ko‘rish orqali mijoz tomonidan yuborilgan kriptogarfik algoritmlar.
1.18-rasm: “Client Hello” xabarida uzatilgan “Cipher Suites” bandini ko‘rish orqali mijoz tomonidan yuborilgan kriptogarfik algoritmlar.
“Server Hello” so‘rovidan server tomonidan qabul qilingan kriptogarfik algoritmlar.
1.19-rasm: “Server Hello” so‘rovidan server tomonidan qabul qilingan kriptogarfik algoritmlar.
“Application Data” turidagi paketlarni shifrlanganlik holati.
1.20-rasm: “Application Data” turidagi paketlarni shifrlanganlik holati.
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