nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Mobile PC Note - Microsoft Windows Logo Program System and Device Requirements

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Microsoft Windows Logo Program System and Device Requirements
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bet | 217/250 | Sana | 21.03.2017 | Hajmi | 1,03 Mb. | | #428 |
Mobile PC Note: Requirements are defined in B11.1.4.5.
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All graphics and video capabilities must be fully supported at 1024 × 768, 32 bpp mode or better. [VID-0209]
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Synchronized audio and video, no tearing or other artifacts (macroblocking, jaggies, and so on). [VID-0215; AUD-0326]
B11.1.4.5 Mobile system meets standard video requirements if video playback is supported
[MOBL-0231]
Mobile PC Note: Support required for up to native display resolution or XGA where native resolution is greater than XGA (1024x768). Mobile system has no CPU utilization limitations or bus bandwidth restrictions for MPEG-2 playback.
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Cycle tour leader: Applicant enquiry

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Cycle tour leader: Applicant enquiryBog'liq Listening transcripts 230531 122425Cycle tour leader: Applicant enquiry
BOB:
Hello, Pembroke Cycling Holidays, Bob speaking.
MARGARET: Oh hello. I’ve seen your advert for people to lead cycle trips. Are you the right person to
speak to?
BOB:
Yes, I am. Could I have your name, please?
MARGARET:
It’s Margaret Smith.
Example
BOB:
Are you looking for a permanent job, Margaret?
Q1
MARGARET:
No, temporary. I’ve got a permanent job starting in a few months’ time, and I want to do
something else until then.
BOB:
What work do you do?
MARGARET: This will probably sound crazy – I used to be a lawyer, and then I made a complete career
change and
I’m going to be a doctor
Q2
. I’ve just finished my training.
BOB:
Right. And have you had any experience of leading cycle trips?
MARGARET: Yes,
I’ve led several bike tours in Africa
Q3
. The trip to India that I had arranged to lead
next month has now been cancelled, so when I saw you were advertising for tour leaders,
I decided to apply.
BOB:
OK. Now we normally have two or three leaders on a trip, depending on the size of the
group. Some tours are for very experienced cyclists, but we’ve got a tour coming up soon
in Spain, which is proving so popular we need an additional leader. It’s a cycling holiday
for families. Would that suit you?
MARGARET: It certainly would. I enjoy working with children, and I probable need some more experience
before I go on a really challenging trip.
BOB:
That tour includes several teenagers: have you worked with that age group before?
MARGARET: Yes,
I’m a volunteer worker in a youth club
Q4
, where I help people to improve their
cycling skills. Before that I helped out in a cycling club where I taught beginners.
BOB:
Well that’s great. Now the trip I mentioned is just for a fortnight, but there might be the
possibility of leading other tours after that. Would that fit in with your plans?
MARGARET: That’s be fine.
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Ekin dalasini pollarga bo‘lib bostirib sug‘orish

161
2.3-rasm. Ekin dalasini pollarga bo‘lib bostirib sug‘orishning
sxematik va umumiy ko‘rinishlari
Ekin dalasini pollarga bo‘lib bostirib sug‘orish usuli doimiy
tarzda ham, davriy ravishda ham qo‘llanilishi mumkin.
Hozirgi davrda O‘zbekistonda pollarga bo‘lib bostirib
sug‘orish usuli asosan sholi maydonlarini sug‘orish va
sho‘rlangan ekin maydonlarining sho‘rini yuvish uchun
qo‘llaniladi (2.3-rasm).
Ekin dalasini pollarga bo‘lib bostirib sug‘orish
usulini
qo‘llash uchun dala maydoni oldindan 0,2 gektardan 0,5
gektargacha bo‘lgan pollarga bo‘lib chiqiladi.
Pollarning o‘lchamlari, shakli va maydoni mahalliy
sharoitlardan kelib chiqib tayinlanadi. Mahalliy sharoitlar esa
asosan ekin maydoni yuzasining nishabligi
va tekisligi bilan
ifodalanadi.
Pollarning to‘rt tarafi 0,2-0,3 m balandlikdagi tuproq
ko‘tarmasi bilan o‘rab qo‘yiladi.
Pollar qariyb nishabliksiz tekis yuzali qilib tayyorlanadi.
162
Aksariyat holatlarda pollar tubining nishabligini 0,0005-0,001
dan ortib ketmasligi tavsiya qilinadi.
Sug‘orish mana shu pollarni suv bilan to‘ldirish asosida
amalga oshiriladi. Bunda sug‘orishga berilgan suv bilan polni 10-
20 sm qalinlikda to‘ldiriladi.
Pollarga suv ma’lum muddatlarda
beriladi va bu muddat
odatda 7-8 kunga teng bo‘ladi.
Sholi kabi suvda yashovchi ekinlarni sug‘orish uchun polda
doimiy ravishda 10-15 sm qalinlikdagi suv qatlami saqlanadi.
Ekin dalasini pollarga bo‘lib bostirib sug‘orish jarayonida
poldagi suvning
bir qismi tuproqqa shimiladi, boshqa bir qismi
esa poldan tashqariga chiqarib yuboriladi.
Ekin dalasini pollarga bo‘lib bostirib sug‘orish usulining
afzalligi
uning soddaligi, yuqori mahsuldorligi, shuningdek
tuproq yuzasini suv bilan bir tekis qoplashidadir.
Ekin dalasini pollarga bo‘lib bostirib sug‘orish usuli O‘zbe-
kistonning deyarli barcha hududlarida qo‘llaniladi
va bu usul
bilan mamlakatdagi sug‘oriladigan yerlar umumiy maydonining
9% ga yaqini sug‘oriladi.
Ekin dalasini pollarga bo‘lib bostirib sug‘orilganda,
tuproqdagi tuzlar siqilib tuproq profilining chuqur qatlamlariga
qarab tushirib yuboriladi.
Ekin dalasini pollarga bo‘lib bostirib sug‘orishning
asosiy
kamchiligi sug‘orishga suvni ko‘p ishlatilishi sanaladi.
Shuningdek, ekin dalasini pollarga bo‘lib bostirib sug‘orish
natijasida yer osti suvlari sathining tez ko‘tarilib ketishi
kuzatiladi.
Oqibatda tuproqning yuqori qatlamida organik moddalarning
harakatlanishi jadallashib, tuproq strukturasini
buzilishi yuzaga
kela boshlaydi.
Q23
/
Q24 - Customer satisfaction survey

TEST
JAKE:
Now that we’ve done all the research into bike-sharing schemes in cities around the world,
we need to think about how we’re going to organise our report.
AMY:
Right. I think we should start by talking about the benefits. I mean it’s great that so many
cities have introduced these schemes where anyone can pick up a bike from dozens of
different locations and hire it for a few hours. It makes riding a bike very convenient for
people.
JAKE:
Yes, but the costs can add up and that puts people on low incomes off in some places.
AMY:
I suppose so, but if it means more people in general are cycling rather than driving, then
because they’re increasing the amount of physical activity they do, it’s good for their health
JAKE:
OK. But isn’t that of less importance? I mean,
doesn’t the impact of reduced emissions
on air pollution have a more significant effect on people’s health?
Q21
/
Q22
AMY:
Certainly, in some cities bike-sharing had made a big contribution to that. And also
helped to cut the number of cars on the road significantly.
Q21
/
Q22
JAKE:
Which is the main point.
AMY:
Exactly. But I’d say it’s had less of an impact on noise pollution because there are still loads
of buses and lorries around.
JAKE: Right.
AMY:
Shall we quickly discuss the recommendations we’re going to make?
JAKE:
In order to ensure bike-sharing schemes are successful?
AMY: Yes.
JAKE:
OK. Well, while I think it’s nice to have really state-of-the art bikes with things like GPS, I
wouldn’t say they’re absolutely necessary.
AMY:
and surrounding region - Customer satisfaction survey

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Customer satisfaction surveyBog'liq Listening transcripts 230531 122425and surrounding region.
Q2
PAUL:
Right. I’ll tell her. You can’t always find that sort of thing on the internet. Now in the old library
there used to be a separate room with reference books. It was a really nice quiet room.
SUSIE:
Yes. We’ve put those books in the main part of the library now, but
we do have a room
called the community room. It can be hired out for meetings, but at other times people
can use it to study.
Q3
PAUL:
I might use that. It’s hard to find anywhere quiet at home sometimes.
SUSIE:
I can’t remember how old your son and daughter are …
we’ve introduced a special section
of fiction written specially for teenagers
Q4
, but they might be a bit young for that?
PAUL:
Yes, they would be.
....................................................................................................................................................................
SUSIE:
Well, we do have lots of activities for younger children.
PAUL: Yes?
SUSIE:
For example
we have a Science Club. At the next meeting, they’re going to be doing
experiments with stuff that everyone has in the kitchen
Q5
– sugar and flour and so
on.
PAUL:
They might be interested, yes.
SUSIE:
And we have a competition for children called Reading Challenge. That doesn’t begin until
after the end of term. They have to read six books, and they get a certificate if they manage
it.
PAUL:
So that gives them something to do while they’re on holiday, instead of getting bored.
SUSIE:
That’s the idea. And there’s special activities for adults too.
On Friday we have a local
author called Tanya Streep who’s going to be talking about her new novel. It’s called
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OK, I’ll change that too then

TEST
Hello everyone. My name’s Megan Baker and I’m a recruitment consultant at AVT Recruitment specialists.
Now, our company specialises in positions that involve working in the agriculture
and horticulture sectors,
so that’s fresh food production, garden and park maintenance and so on. And these sectors do provide
some very special career opportunities.
For a start, they often offer
opportunities for those who don’t
want to be stuck with a 40-hour week, but need to juggle work with other responsibilities
Q11
/
Q12
such as child care – and this is very important for many of our recruits. Some
people like working in a
rural setting, surrounded by plants and trees instead of buildings, although we can’t guarantee that. But
there are
certainly health benefits, especially in jobs where you’re not sitting all day looking at a
screen
Q11
/
Q12
– a big plus for many people. Salaries can sometimes be good too, although there’s a
lot of variety here. And you may have the opportunity in some types
of jobs for travel overseas, although
that obviously depends on the job, and not everyone is keen to do it.
Of course, working outdoors does have its challenges. It’s
fine in summer, but
can be extremely unpleasant
when it’s cold and windy
Q13
/
Q14
. You may need
to be pretty fit for some jobs, though with modern
technology that’s not as important as it once was. And standards of health and safety are much higher now
than they used to be, so there are fewer work-related accidents. But
if you like a lively city environment
surrounded by lots of people, these jobs are probably not for you – they’re often in pretty remote
‘Catch the Mouse’ and she based the story on a crime that actually took place here

‘Catch the Mouse’ and she based the story on a crime that actually took place here
years ago.
Q6
PAUL:
Right. We’re not free on Friday, but I’ll took out for the book.
SUSIE:
Now this probably isn’t for you, but
we do have IT support available for members.
We get quite a few older people coming along who are wanting to get up to speed
with computer technology. It’s on Tuesday mornings – they don’t need to make an
appointment or anything, they just turn up.
Q7
PAUL:
Well, my mother might be interested, I’ll let her know.
SUSIE: OK.
And there’s another service which you wouldn’t expect from a library, which
is a free medical check-up. The hospital arranges for someone to come along and
measure the level of sugar in your blood, and they check cholesterol levels at the
same time.
Q8
PAUL:
Really?
SUSIE:
Yes, but that’s only for the over-60s, so you wouldn’t qualify.
PAUL:
OK. Well, I’ll tell my mother, she might be interested.
SUSIE:
What other information … well,
we do have a little shop with things like wallcharts and
greetings cards, and also stamps
Q9
so you can post the cards straightaway, which is
really useful.
PAUL:
Yeah. Well, I’ll bring the children round at the weekend and we’ll join. Oh, one more thing
– I’ll be bringing the car,
is there parking available?
Q10
SUSIE:
Yes, and it’s free in the evening and at weekends.
PAUL:
Perfect. Well, thanks, Susie see you …
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I’m in a 
hostel from Monday to Friday

I’m in a hostel from Monday to Friday Q1 . I go back to my parents’ place at the weekend.
CAROLINE: OK, so where’s the best place to send you some information about the Council?
ROGER:
Oh, to my parent’s address, please. That’s 17,
Buckleigh Q2 Street – B-U-C-K-L-E-I-G-H
Street, Stamford, Lincolnshire, though you don’t really need the country.
CAROLINE: Oh, I know Stamford – it’s a lovely town. And what’s the postcode?
ROGER:
PE9 7QT Q3 CAROLINE: Right, thank you. So are you working here, or are you a student?
ROGER:
I started studying at the university a couple of weeks ago, and I’ve got a part-time job for a
few hours a week.
CAROLINE: What do you do?
ROGER:
Well, I’ve done several different things. I’ve just finished a short-term contract as a courier,
and now
I’m working as a waiter Q4 in one of the big hotels.
CAROLINE: Uhuh. That can’t leave you much time for studying!
ROGER:
Oh, it’s not too bad. I manage to fit it all in.
CAROLINE: What are you studying?
ROGER:
My ambition is to go into parliament eventually, so
my major subject is politics Q5 . That’s
partly why I think the Youth Council is important and want to be a part of it.
CAROLINE: And I suppose you’re also taking a minor subject, aren’t you? I know a lot of people study
economics too.
ROGER:
I chose history. To be honest, I’m not finding it as interesting as I expected!
CAROLINE: OK, so with your studying and your part-time job, do you have time for any other interests
or hobbies?
ROGER:
Well,
I spend quite a lot of time cycling Q6 – both around town to get to university and
to work, and also long-distance, from here to London, for instance.
CAROLINE: That’s pretty impressive! Anything else?
ROGER:
For relaxation
Darsning texnologik xaritasi - 1- dars. Mavzu: Masalalarni kompyuterda yechish bosqichlari Darsning texnologik xaritasi

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1- dars. Mavzu: Masalalarni kompyuterda yechish bosqichlari Darsning texnologik xaritasi
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bet | 54/208 | Sana | 23.07.2021 | Hajmi | 1,92 Mb. | | #15865 |
Darsning texnologik xaritasi
Mavzu
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Nazorat ishi -2.
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Maqsad
va
vazifalar
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Darsning ta'limiy vazifasi: O`quvchilarning o`tilgan mavzular bo`yicha olgan bilimlarini mustahkamlash va kamchiliklarni aniqlash, nazorat qilish.
Darsning tarbiyaviy vazifasi: o'quvchilarni mustaqil bilimlar egallashga va qattiyatli bo’lishga o`rgatish.
Darsning rivojlantiruvchi vazifasi: o'quvchilarning berilgan topshiriqlarni kompyuterdan foydalangan holda hal etish haqidagi bilim va tasavvurlarini kengaytirish.
|
O'quv
jarayonining mazmuni
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Dastur va dasturlash tillari, uning alifbosi, o`zgarmas va o`zgaruvchi miqdorlar…. mavzulari bo`yicha olgan bilimlari yuzasidan test olish.
|
O'quv jarayonini amalga oshirish texnologiyasi
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But some technical things are really important – like a fully functional app – so people

TEST
ALICE:
There have been so many benefits of Street Play for the kids. Parents really like the fact that the kids are
getting fresh air instead of sitting
staring at a computer screen, even if they’re not doing anything particularly
energetic. And of course it’s great that kids can play with their friends outside
without being supervised
by their parents – but for me the biggest advantage is that kids
develop confidence in themselves to
be outside without their parents
Q17
/
Q18
. The other really fantastic thing
is that children
get to know
the adults in the street – it’s like having a big extended family
I’ll be free for five months. My job is due to start on October the 2nd

BOB:
Was that P Papa or B Bravo?
MARGARET: P Papa.
BOB:
Got that. If you could return the application
form by Friday this week,
we can interview
you on Tuesday next week
Q9
. Say half past two. Would that be possible for you?
MARGARET: Yes, it’s fine. You’re quite a long way from where I live, so I’ll drive over on Monday. Should
I bring anything to the interview?
BOB:
We’ll
have your application form, of course, but we’ll need to see any certificates you’ve got
that
are relevant, in cycling,
first aid, or whatever.
MARGARET: OK.
BOB:
And at the interview we’d like to find out about your experience of being a tour guide,
areas 
Q13 - Customer satisfaction survey

TEST
ADAM:
OK Rosie, shall we try to get some ideas together for our presentation on diet and obesity?
ROSIE: Sure.
ADAM:
I can talk about the experiment I did to see if people can tell
the difference between real
sugar and artificial sweeteners.
ROSIE:
Where you have people drinks with either sugar or artificial sweeteners and they had to say
which they thought it was?
ADAM:
Yeah. It took me ages to decide exactly how I’d organise it,
especially how I could make
sure that
people didn’t know which drink I was giving them
Q21
/
Q22
. It was
hard to
keep track of it all, especially as
I had so many people doing it
Q21
/
Q22
– I had to make
sure I kept a proper record of what each person had had.
ROSIE:
So could most people tell the difference?
ADAM:
Yeah – I hadn’t thought they would be able to, but most people could.
ROSIE:
Then there’s that experiment I did measuring
the fat content of nuts, to see if the nutritional
information given on the packet was accurate.
ADAM:
The one where you ground up the nuts and mixed them with a chemical to absorb the fat?
ROSIE:
Yes. My results were a bit problematic – the fat content for that type of nut seemed much
lower than it said on the package. But I reckon the package information was right. I think
I should probably have ground up the nuts more than I did. It’s possible that the
scales for weighing the fat weren’t accurate enough
Shvetsariya taraqqiyot va hamkorlik agentligi - bet 166

374
5)
shoshilinch choralar ko‘rish
Ekin maydoni doim kuzatuv ostida bo‘lishi va yuzaga
kelayotgan har qanday vaziyatga tezlik bilan munosabat
bildirilishi lozim.
O‘z vaqtida aniqlangan muammolarni tezlik bilan bartaraf
qilish choralari ko‘riladi. Buning uchun holatni o‘zgarishini
kutmaslik kerak. Yuzaga kelayotgan tahdidga kechikmay to‘g‘ri
javob qaytarish o‘simliklarni himoya qilishning eng yaxshi
usullaridan sanaladi.
Bunda zararkunandalar tahdidiga uchragan nuqtalarni darhol
aniqlash va ularni bartaraf qilish choralari ko‘riladi.
14.4.3. O‘simliklarni mukammal himoya qilishning FAO
tamoyillari
Jahon miqyosida Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Oziq-
ovqat va qishloq xo‘jaligi tashkiloti tomonidan o‘simliklarni
zararkunandalar va kasalliklardan mukammal himoya qilish
tamoyillari ilgari surilgan.
Uning asosiy vazifasi buzilayotgan agroekotizimlar sharoiti-
da asosiy e’tiborni sog‘lom hosil yetishtirishga qaratishdan iborat.
Bu vazifaning asosini quyidagilar tashkil qiladi:
–
qishloq xo‘jaligi zararkunandalariga qarshi kurashishning
barcha mavjud usullarini chuqur bilish;
–
zaharli ximikatlardan foydalanishni kamaytirish;
–
tadbirlarni iqtisodiy samarali darajada bo‘lishini
ta’minlash;
–
odamlar va hayvonlar salomatligi hamda atrof-muhit
holati uchun bo‘ladigan xavflarni minimallashtirish;
–
agroekotizimlar buzilishi mumkin bo‘lgan sharoitlarda
asosiy e’tiborni sog‘lom hosil yetishtirishga qaratish;
–
zararkunandalarga qarshi kurashning tabiiy usullarini
qo‘llash.
Sho‘rlanishni o‘lchashning xalqaro tizimi

Sho‘rlanishni o‘lchashning xalqaro tizimi
1
Suvdagi tuzlarning konsentratsiyasi (miqdori) – suvda
erigan barcha tuzlarning umumiy miqdori (TDS – jami
erigan moddalar). Bir litr suvda milligramm yoki 1 m
3
suvda grammda ifodalanadi
mg/l = g/m
3
= rrm
2
Suvda erigan tuzlarning konsentratsiyasini (miqdorini)
elektr o‘tkazuvchanlik orqali ifodalash ham mumkin (Ec –
elektr o‘tkazuvchanlik). Elektr o‘tkazuvchanlik mmhos/sm,
dS/m yoki mS/sm larda ifodalanadi.
dSm/m = 1000
mSm/sm
3
Tuzlarning konsentratsiyasi bilan elektr o‘tkazuvchanlik
orasidagi bog‘liqlikni quyidagi tenglik bilan ifodalash
mumkin:
C = 640
Ec
4
Tuproqdagi tuzlarning miqdori to‘yingan tuproqdagi suv
so‘rimining elektr o‘tkazuvchanligi (ECe) orqali o‘lchanadi.
5
Suvning elektr o‘tkazuvchanligi (EC) bilan tuproqning
elektr o‘tkazuvchanligi (ECe) orasidagi bog‘liqlik
ECe = 1,5
EC
(agar sug‘orishga berilgan suvning 15-20% i ildiz
qatlamdan drenajga chiqqan bo‘lsa)
1.6.3. Qishloq xo‘jaligi ekinlarining tuzga chidamlilik
darajalari
Qishloq xo‘jaligi ekinlarining tuzga chidamliligi – tuproq
sho‘rlanishining maksimal darajasi bo‘lib, bunda ekinlar o‘z
hosilini yo‘qotmaydi.
Tuproqning sho‘rlanishi oqibatida ekinlar rivojlanishining
o‘zgarishi bo‘yicha birinchi ilmiy tadqiqotlar natijalari AQSh
Qishloq xo‘jaligi vazirligining 1954 yilda chiqarilgan ma’lumot-
nomasida e’lon qilingan.
136
Oradan qariyb 50 yil o‘tgandan keyin, 2002 yilda BMT
qishloq xo‘jaligi va oziq-ovqat tashkiloti butun dunyoda qayd
qilingan ma’lumotlarning tahliliy to‘plamini chop etdi.
Ma’lumki, o‘simliklar sho‘rlangan tuproq sharoitlariga
chidash darajasi bilan o‘zaro farqlanadilar.
Ayrim o‘simliklar yuqori darajadagi sho‘rlanishga chidamli,
boshqa o‘simliklar esa kam sho‘rlangan tuproqlar sharoitida
yashay oladilar yoki tuzli muhitga umuman chiday olmaydilar.
Ekinlarning sho‘rlangan tuproqlar sharoitida rivojlana olish
qobiliyatiga tuzga chidamlilik deb ataladi.
Qishloq xo‘jaligi ekinlarini tuzga chidamlilik darajasini
baholash uchun ekinlarni turli darajada sho‘rlangan suvlar bilan
sug‘orish bo‘yicha uzoq muddatli tadqiqotlar olib borilgan.
Tadqiqotlarning
natijalari
tuproqning
sho‘rlanganligi
ekinning hosildorligi, evapotranspiratsiya miqdori, o‘simlik
barglarinig suv potensiali va CO
2
ni o‘tkazish xususiyatlariga
jiddiy ta’sir etishini ko‘rsatdi.
Tuproqning sho‘rlanish darajasi qanchalik yuqori bo‘lsa,
ekinning
hosildorligi,
evapotranspiratsiya
miqdori,
ekin
barglarining suv potensiali shunchalik past bo‘ladi.
Qishloq
xo‘jaligi
ekinlarining
hosildorligini
tuzga
chidamlilik, tuproqning elektr o‘tkazuvchanligi va sug‘orish
suvining tuzlilik darajasiga bog‘liq ravishda kamayishi grafik
tarzida 1.41-rasmda aks ettirilgan.
Grafik ma’lumotlaridan ko‘rinadiki, tuzga chidamsiz ekinlar
YeS=5-6 dSm/m bo‘lganda zarar ko‘rsalar, tuzga chidamli
ekinlar YeS 15 dSm/m dan yuqori bo‘lganda ham zarar
ko‘rmaydi.
137
1.41-rasm. Ekinlar hosildorligini tuproqning elektr o‘tkazuv-
chanligi va sug‘orish suvining tuzlilik darajasiga
bog‘liq ravishda kamayishi.
|
Tuproq namunalari ion tarkibini laboratoriyada tahlil

139
1.40-jadval.
Ekinlarni tuzga chidamliligi bo‘yicha toifalanishi
Tuzga
chidamlilik
Dala ekinlari
Sabzavotlar
Mevali daraxtlar
Tuzga chidamli
(6-15 dSm/m)
bug‘doy, arpa,
sorgo, qand
lavlagi, paxta
Tuzga
chidamlilik
Dala
ekinlari
Sabzavotlar
Mevali daraxtlar
Tuzga o‘rtacha
chidamli
(2-6 dSm/m)
soya, yer-
yong‘oq, sholi,
shakarqamish
brokkoli
karami, loviya
arab xurmosi
Tuzga kam
chidamli (1,5-2,0
dS m/m)
makkajo‘xori,
dukkakli ekinlar
pomidor,
bodring,
baqlajon
greypfrut
Tuzga chidamsiz
(<1,5 dSm/m)
–
kartoshka,
qalampir, redis,
piyoz, sabzi
uzum, bodom,
olxo‘ri, malina ,
qulpnay
Natijalarni masofadan olishga asoslangan usullar
Bu usullarning asosini katta ekin maydonlarini aerofoto-
syomka yordamida xaritalash va tuproqning sho‘rlanish
darajasini
aniqlash uchun ekin dalalarida maxsus uskunalardan foydalanish
tashkil qiladi. Bu usullar asosan
katta ekin maydonlari
sho‘rlanganlik darajasini aniqlash uchun qo‘llaniladi. Usul
doirasida nisbatan qimmat turadigan uskunalardan foydalanishni
va ularni qo‘llash uchun maxsus bilimlarni talab qiladi.
DL720 raqamli o‘lchash registratori

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DL720 raqamli o‘lchash registratori Pdf ko'rish
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bet | 64/197 | Sana | 21.05.2024 | Hajmi | 13,74 Mb. | | #247359 |
Bog'liq 2rvAPcPsrRZZdBe1KYZc6NQtkhIVSPBObuzOsPV5DL720 raqamli o‘lchash registratori
DL720 raqamli ma’lumotlar yig‘ish tizimi har xil ob-havo
sharoitida Geonics tomonidan tuproq o‘tkazuvchanligi bo‘yicha
bajariladigan barcha o‘lchov turlarni amalga oshiradi, ularni
bazasini yaratadi va yig‘ilgan ma’lumotlarni tahlil qilish imkonini
beradi. Ma’lumotlar bazasini kompyuter tizimiga yuklab olish
mumkin.
SCT-10 elektr o‘tkazuvchanlikni nazorat qilish tizimi
SCT-10 Martek modeli tuproqning harorati va elektr
o‘tkazish qobiliyatini o‘lchay oladi. Modelning vazni yengil,
batareykalar asosida ishlaydi. SCT-10 turli datchiklar to‘plami
yordamida tuproq va suvning elektr o‘tkazuvchanlik o‘lchov
natijalari asosida keng ko‘lamda tadqiqot ishlarini olib borish
imkonini beradi.
144
1.6.7. Tuproq sho‘rlanishni oldini olish va bartaraf qilish
1.6.7.1. Sho‘rlanishni oldini olish tadbirlari
Ekin maydonlari tuproqlarining ikkilamchi sho‘rlanishini
oldini olish uchun sug‘orish va zax qochirish tarmoqlarining
ishini yaxshilashga alohida e’tibor beriladi.
Bunda tadbirlar asosini ekin maydonlaridagi sizot suvlari
sathini pasaytirish tashkil qiladi.
Sug‘orish tarmoqlari ishini yaxshilash tadbirlari asosan
tarmoqlarda suv isrofgarchiligini kamaytirish, xususan sug‘orish
tarmoqlari texnik holati va ularda suv taqsimotini yaxshilashga
yo‘naltiriladi (1.43-rasm).
Sug‘oriladigan ekin maydonlarida suvdan foydalanishni
samarali tashkil qilish va o‘tkazish tadbirlari ham ekin
maydonlaridan bo‘ladigan suv isrofgarchiligini kamaytirishga
yo‘naltiriladi (1.44-rasm).
Sug‘oriladigan yerlarda olib borilgan meliorativ tadbirlarning
natijasi sizot suvlar sathini pasayishi va ekinlarning hosildorligini
oshishi bilan baholanadi.
filtratsiyaga qarshi qoplamalash
suv taqsimotini yaxshilash
1.43-rasm. Sug‘orish tarmoqlarida suv isrofgarchiligini kamay-
tirish tadbirlari.
145
yerlarni tekislash
yerlarni chuqur
haydash
yerlarni molalash
1.44-rasm. Ekin dalasi tuprog‘iga ishlov berish
.
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Romitan tuman

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Romitan tuman
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bet | 1/3 | Sana | 22.02.2024 | Hajmi | 261,5 Kb. | | #160672 |
Bog'liq 7 sinf musiqa fanidan ochiq dars ishl
Jarqo’rg’on tuman
47-sonli
umumta’lim maktabi
musiqa madaniyati
fani o’qituvchisi
Mamadiyarova Zarnigorning
7-sinfda
“ Shashmaqom aytim yo’llari”
mavzusida yozgan
OCHIQ DARS
ISHLANMASI
Sana :
Darsning mavzusi: SHASHMAQOM AYTIM YO’LLARI
Darsning maqsadi: a) O’zbek mumtoz musiqasining asosi bo’lgan “Shashmaqom”ni bilish,shashmaqom aytim yo’lini bilish va uning 2 guruhini sanay olish,cholg’u
( mushkilot) va ashula ( Nasr) yo’llarini tavsiflash va ajrata olish,”Shashmaqom” asarining o’zbek musiqasidagi o’rnini bilish;Musiqiy savodxonlik kompetensiyasi:O’zbekiston hududida mumtoz musiqaning mahalliy an’analariga ega ekanligi,ularning o’xshashligi va o’ziga xosligini farqlay olish;
b) Musiqiy fikrlab,tahlil qila olish,ashulani o’qituvchi ovoziga taqlid qilib kuylay olish,musiqa ritmini anglab unga mos harakatni takrorlay olish, Re tovush qatorini nota yo’llarida joylashtira olish;
v) “shashmaqom” asarini bilish orqali milliy qadriyatlarni anglay olish,”Shashmaqom” asarining yosh avlodni milliy qadriyatlar ruhida tarbiyalanishidagi o’rnini bilish,o’quvchilarning mumtoz musiqaga nisbatan qiziqishini oshirish;
DARSNING TIPI: Yangi bilim beruvchi
DARS TURI : Yakkama-yakka raqobat
DARS USLUBI : Noan’anaviy integral-aralash
DARS JIHOZI : Musiqa asbobi,darslik,ko’rgazmalar,slaydlar,kompyuter,qo’shimcha adabiyotlar;
DARSNING BORISHI:
a)Tahkiliy qism
b)ovoz sozlash mashqi Lya-minor tonnaligi
v)o’tilgan mavzuni mustahkamlash
Jamoa bo’lib kuylash:
SAVTI KALON SOQIYNOMASI
Bobur g’azali “Rost” maqomidan
Keltursa yuz baloni o’shal bevafo menga,
Kelsun,agar yuzimni evursam balo menga.
Netgaymen ul rafiq bilakim qilur base,
Mehr-u vafo raqibg’a,javr-u jafo menga.
Begona bo’lsa aql meni telbadin ne tong,
Chun bo’ldi ul parisifatim oshno menga.
REJA:
1.Bastakorlar hayoti va ijodi
2.Musiqa asboblari
3.Musiqiy janrlar
4.Shashmaqom haqidagi bilimlar
5.Musiqiy uslublar
6.Topishmoqlar
7.Musiqali pauza
8.Slaydlar
9.Tezkor savollar
10.Bilimdonlik sinovi
11.Musiqiy atamalar
12.Ijodiy faoliyat
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- DARS. FUNKSIYALARNING MASSIV KIRISH PARAMETRLARI

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- DARS. FUNKSIYALARNING MASSIV KIRISH PARAMETRLARI
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bet | 44/89 | Sana | 16.11.2023 | Hajmi | 313,45 Kb. | | #100010 |
Bog'liq @AKT Official C haqida o\'zbekcha darslar majmui43 - DARS. FUNKSIYALARNING MASSIV KIRISH PARAMETRLARI.
Funksiyalarga massivlarni kirish argument sifatida berish uchun parametr e'lonida [] qavslar qo'yiladi. Masalan:
...
void sortArray(int [], int ); // funksiya e'loni
void sortArray(int n[], int hajm) { // funksiya aniqlanishi
...
}
...
Dasturda esa, funksiya chaqirilganda, massivning faqat ishmi beriladi halos, [] qavslarning keragi yo'q.
int size = 10;
int array[size] = {0};
...
void sortArray(array, size); // funksiya chaqirig'i,
// faqat massiv ismi - array berildi
...
Funksiyaga massivlarni berganimizda, eng katta muammo bu qanday qilib massivdagi elementlari sonini berishdir. Eng yaxshi usul bu massiv kattaligini qo'shimcha kirish parametri orqali funksiyaga bildirishdir. Bundan tashqari, massiv hajmini global konstanta orqali e'lon qilishimiz mumkin. Lekin bu ma'lumotni ochib tashlaydi, global sohani ortiqcha narsalar bilan to'ldirib tashlaydi. Undan tashqari massiv hajmini funksiyaning o'ziga yozib qoyishimiz mumkin. Biroq bunda bizning funksiyamiz faqat bitta kattalikdagi massivlar bilan ishlaydigan bo'lib qoladi. Yani dasturimiz dimamizmni yo'qotadi. Klaslar yordamida tuzilgan massivlar o'z hajmini biladi. Agar bunday ob'ektlarni qo'llasak, boshqa qo'shimcha parametrlarni qo'llashimizning keragi yo'q.
Funksiyalarga massivlar ko'rsatkich ko'rinishida beriladi. Buni C++, biz ko'rsatmagan bo'lsak ham, avtomatik ravishda bajaradi. Agar massivlar qiymat bo'yicha chaqirilganda edi, har bir massiv elementining nushasi olinishi kerak bo'lardi, bu esa dastur ishlash tezligiga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatar edi. Lekin massivning alohida elementi argument o'rnida funksiyaga berilganda, ushbu element, aksi ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa, qiymat bo'yicha beriladi. Masalan:
...
double m[3] = {3.0, 6.88, 4.7};
void foo(double d){
...
}
...
int main()
{...
void foo(m[2]); // m massivining uchinchi elementining qiymati - 4.7 berildi
...
return (0);
}
Agar kiritilayatgan massiv funksiya ichida o'zgarishi ta'qiqlansa, biz funksiya massiv parametri oldiga const sifatini qo'ysak bo'ladi:
foo(const char []);
Bunda funksiyaga kiradigan massiv funksiya tomonidan o'zgartirilmaydi. Agar o'zgartirishga urinishlar bo'lsa, kompilyator hato beradi. Massivlar va funksiyalarning birga ko'llanilishiga misol beraylik.
// Massiv argumentli funksiyalar
# include
const int arraySize = 10;
double ortalama(int m[], int size) {
double temp = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
temp += m[i];
}
return ( temp / size );
}
void printArray(const int n[], int size, int ortalama) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
cout << n[i]; << endl;
}
cout << "O'rtalama: " << ortalama << endl;
}
int main()
{
int m[10] = {89,55,99,356,89,335,78743,44,767,346};
printArray(m, arraySize, ortalama(m, arraySize)) ;
return (0);
}
Ekranda:
89
55
99
356
89
335
78743
44
767
346
O'rtalama: 8092.3
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DARS. FUNKSIYA SHABLONLARI - 1 – dars. C++ Dasturlash tilining kelib chiqishi xaqida ma’lumot

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1 – dars. C++ Dasturlash tilining kelib chiqishi xaqida ma’lumot
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bet | 42/89 | Sana | 16.11.2023 | Hajmi | 313,45 Kb. | | #100010 |
Bog'liq @AKT Official C haqida o\'zbekcha darslar majmuiDARS. FUNKSIYA SHABLONLARI.
Funksiya shablonlari (function templates) ham funksiya yuklanishiga o'hshash tushunchadir. Bunda eng asosiy farq funksiya shablonlarida amal ham bir hil yo'l bilan bajariladi. Masalan bir necha sonlar ichidan eng kattasini topish kerak bo'lsin. Sonlar to'plami faqat tipi bilan farqlanadi, int, double yoki float. Ishlash algoritmi esa aynidir. Bu holda biz funksiyalarni yuklab o'tirmasdan, shablon yozib qo'ya qolamiz. Funkisya shabloni yoki yuklanishisiz ham bu masalani yechish mumkinku degan savol paydo bo'ladi. Masalan, agar biz kiradigan parametrlarning hammasini long double qilsak, istalgan sonli tipdagi argumentni bera olamiz, chunki kompilyator o'zi avtomatik ravishda kirish tiplarini long double ga o'zgartiradi. Lekin, agar biz bunday funksiya yozadigan bo'lsak, hotiradan va tezlikdan yutqizamiz. Dasturimizda faqat char tipidagi, bir baytli qiymatlar bilan ishlashimiz mumkin. long double esa 10 bayt, va eng katta sonni aniqlash uchun sonlarni solishtirganimizda, long double qiymatlarni solishtirish char tipidagi qiymatlarni solishtirishdan ko'ra ancha ko'p vaqt oladi. Qolaversa, har doim ham kompilyator tiplarni biridan ikkinchasiga to'g'ri keltira oladi.
Shablonlarning strukturasi bilan tanishaylik. Bizning funksiya ikkita kirish argumentini bir biriga qo'shsin, va javobni qaytarsin.
template
T summa(T a, T b) {
return ( a + b);
}
Shablon funksiya e'loni va aniqlanishidan oldin template <> ifodasi yoziladi, <> qavslardan keyin nuqta-vergul (;) qo'yilmaydi. <> qavslar ichida funksiya kirish parametrlari, chiqish qiymati va lokal o'zgaruvchilar tiplari beriladi. Ushbu formal tiplarning har birining oldida class yoki typename (tip ismi) so'zi qo'yilish kerak. Yuqoridagi misolda T ning o'rniga istalgan boshqa identefikator qo'yish mumkin. Misollar beraylik.
template javob hajmKub(uzunlik a, englik b, balandlik c);
template T maximum(T k, T l);
Yuqorida yozgan shablonimizni qo'llagan holga bir misol keltiraylik.
// Shablonlar bilan ishlash
# include
template
T summa(T a, T b) {
return ( a + b );
}
int main()
{
int x = 22, y = 456;
float m = .01, n = 56.90; // kasrli sonda nuqtadan oldingi (butun qismdagi)
// nolni berish shart emas: ... m = .01 ...
cout << "int: 22 + 456 = " << summa(x,y) << endl;
cout << "float: 0.01 + 56.90 = " << summa(0.01,56.90) << endl;
return (0);
}
Ekranda:
int: 22 + 456 = 478
float: 0.01 + 56.90 = 56.91
Shablonlarni funksiyalardan tashqari klaslarga ham qo'llasa bo'ladi. Ko'rib turganimizdek, shablonlar faqat bir marotaba yoziladi. Keyin esa mos keladigan tiplar qo'yilib, yozilib ketilaveradi. Aslida shablonlar C++ ning standartida juda ko'p qo'llanilgan. Agar bilib ishlatilsa, shablonlar dasturchining eng kuchli quroliga aylanishi mumkin. Biz keyinroq yana shablonlar mavzusiga qaytamiz.
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x86-based client - Microsoft Windows Logo Program System and Device Requirements

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Microsoft Windows Logo Program System and Device Requirements
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bet | 66/250 | Sana | 21.03.2017 | Hajmi | 1,03 Mb. | | #428 |
x86-based client: For a system board that supports a riser card, provide a unique identifier for the riser so that the Windows bus enumerator can detect it, and locate and install appropriate drivers. [SYS-0034; see FAQ A1.5.3]
[SYS-0002.1; SDG3:2]
-
x86-based: Comply with ACPI 1.0b.
Itanium-based: Comply with Multiple APIC Description Table (MADT) in ACPI 2.0, Section 5.2.10.4.
-
Use the lowest stepping processor as the bootstrap processor.
Do not include processors from different processor manufacturers; do not include mixed speeds or mixed cache sizes.
Systems designed to run the Windows 2000 Datacenter Server operating system must not contain mixed processor steppings. [see FAQ A1.5.5]
-
Implement PCI IRQ routing as described in PCI IRQ Routing on a Multiprocessor ACPI System at http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev/onnow/acpi-mp.htm.
-
Multiprocessor x86-based desktop systems support S1, S4, and S5. [SYS-0002.1]; wakeup solution implemented as described in FAQ A1.5.6.
Future wakeup requirements for Itanium-based systems are defined at A5.R.1.
A1.1.6 All PCI adapters function properly in any system with more than 4 GB of memory
[SDG3:30]
This requirement applies to any 32-bit or 64-bit system (client or server) that has more than 4 GB of memory. For any system that supports more than 4 GB of system memory, all 32-bit PCI buses, host bridges, PCI-to-PCI bridges, and any 32-bit PCI adapters used on the primary data path must support the PCI Dual Address Cycle (DAC) command, with the exception of 10/100 Ethernet devices.
Mobile PC Note: PCI adapters for mobile PCs are excluded from this requirement.
A1.1.7 DELETED
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B11.1.2 General Streaming - Industry Standards

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B11.1.2 General Streaming - Industry Standards
|
bet | 215/250 | Sana | 21.03.2017 | Hajmi | 1,03 Mb. | | #428 |
B11.1.2 General Streaming - Industry Standards B11.1.2.1 ANSI/SMPTE standards
http://www.smpte.org/stds/stsubj.html
B11.1.2.2 DVB/DAVIC (Digital Video Broadcasting/Digital Audio-Visual Council)
http://www.davic.org; http://www.dvb.org
B11.1.2.3 IEC 61883 Digital Interface for Consumer Electronic Audio/Video Equipment
http://www.iec.ch/webstore/
B11.1.3 General Streaming - Quality
WHQL Test Specification References:
Chapter 1: Introduction to HCT Test Specifications
Chapter 6: Digital and Broadcast Video Test Specification
B11.1.3.1 SEE B11.1.4.4 B11.1.3.2 Pass WHQL tests
See B1.3.
Windows XP: See “Streaming Media and Broadcast” in the HCT documentation.
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Taqriz va sharhlarni yozish uchun namunaviy reja

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Taqriz va sharhlarni yozish uchun namunaviy rejaBog'liq Akademik yozuv o\'quv qo\'llanmaTaqriz va sharhlarni yozish uchun namunaviy reja
Tahlil predmeti
. (
muallifning ishida.... Taqriz berilayotgan ishda.....Tahlil
predmetida...
)
Mavzuning dolzarbligi.
(
Ish dolzarb mavzu......ga bag‘ishlangan. Ishning
dolzarbligi.....asoslangan. Mavzuning dolzarbligi qo‘shimcha dalillarni talab
qilmaydi.
)
Asosiy tezisni shakllantirish. (
muallif asosiy (muhim, sezilarli)natijalarga erishgan
ishning markaziy (muhim)masalasi.... Maqolada birinchi planga asoslangan
masalalar chiqarilgan.
)
Ishning qisqacha mazmuni
Umumiy baho. (
ishni umumiy baholaganda
.......
Alohida boblarning natijalarini
umumlashtirganda.... Shunday qilib, ko‘rib chiqilayotgan ish
....
Muallif ushbu....
210
tahlil qila olishini namoyon qildi, materiallarni tizimlashtirdi va ularni
umumlashtirdi. Yangi metodik yondashuvlarni qo‘llashi muallifning yutug’i
hisoblanadi (taklif etilgan klassifikatsiya, mavjud tushunchalar aniqlashtirish).
Muallif tadqiq etilayotgan hodisa haqidagi bizning fikrimizni chuqurlashtirib,
uning yangi tomonlarini ochib beradi
).
Kamchiliklar. (
Shu bilan birga tezis ba’zi..... haqida gumonlarni keltirib
chiqaradi. Ishning kamchilik tomonlariga muallif tomonidan yo‘l qo‘yilgan
.....larni ko‘rsatish mumkin(bayon qilinganida aniqliq yetishmasligi). Ishni.....
qisqartirilsa maqsadga muvofiq bo‘lar yedi. Ishning asosiy kamchiliklari....dan
iborat. Ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan kamchiliklar lokal xarakterga ega bo‘lib, ishning
natijasiga ta’sir ko‘rsatmaydi. Ishning ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan kamchiliklari uning
yuqori darajada bajarilganligini inkor qilmaydi, ularni muallifning keyingi
ishlarga taklif sifatida qabul qilsa bo‘ladi. Ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan kamchiliklar faqat ...
bilan bog’liq emas.
)
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Gayubova komila anvarovna yulanova nargiza davlatovna akademik yozuv - bet 71

133
qismida hodisaning ahamiyati va unda ishtirokchining roli ko‘rsatilishi shart.
Esse-ta’rif
ta’rifi berilgan tushunchani tahlil qilish zarurligini ko‘rsatadi.
Esse -taqqoslash
tahlil qilinayotgan tushunchalar taqqoslanganda yoziladi,
ular o‘rtasida parallelliklar o‘tkaziladi, o‘xshashliklar va farqlar qayd etiladi.
Bunda muallif misollarga o‘z munosabatini ifodalashi kerak.
Agar bu hikoya
bo‘lsa, u illyustratsiyalar (test misollar) bilan mustahkamlanadi,
u holda esse-
illyustratsiyaga o‘tadi.
Essening har qanday shakli prinsiplarga asoslangan bo‘lishi kerak:
bayon qilish erkinligi;
to‘g’ri yozish qoidasiga rioya qilish;
ta’riflangan yoki tahlil qilinadigan mavzularning sabab-natija munosabatlarini
hisobga olish;
qoidalarning dalillarga
asoslanishi;
yozma nutq qoidalariga rioya qilishning aniqligi;
bayonning qisqaligi va aniqligi;
obyekt-subyekt munosabatlaridagi aloqa.
Mavzu yuzasidan mashq va topshiriqlar
1-topshiriq.
Erkin Vohidov
Taniqli o‘zbek shoiri va jamoat arbobi. 1936 yilning 28
dekabrida Oltiariq tumanida o‘qituvchi oilasida tug‘ilgan.
To‘qqiz yoshida otasidan, bir yildan so‘ng onasidan ajralgan.
Toshkentlik
tog‘asi
Karimboy
Sohiboyev
qo‘lida
tarbiyalangan. ToshDU (hozirgi O‘zMU)ning o‘zbek
filologiyasi fakultetida (1955-1960) tahsil olgan. So‘ng turli
nashriyot va gazeta-jurnallarda ishladi. Respublikamiz yoshlarining birinchi jurnali
«Yoshlik»ning asoschisi (1982).U I va II chaqiriq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy
134
Majlisi
deputati, qo‘mita raisi vazifasida ishlagan. Uning birinchi kitobi «Tong
nafasi» 1961 yilda chop etildi. Shundan so‘ng uning “Qo‘shiqlarim sizga” (1962),
«Yurak va aql» (1963), «Mening yulduzim» (1964), «Nido‘ (1964), «Lirika’
(1965), «Palatkada yozilgan doston» (1966), «Yoshlik devoni»(1969),
«Charog’bon» (1970), «Quyosh maskani» (1972), «Tirik sayyoralar» (1978),
«Sharqiy qirg’oq» (1981), «Kelajakka maktub’ (1983), «Muhabbat» (1984),
«Hozirgi yoshlar» (1986), «Iztirob’ (1991), «Yaxshidir achchiq haqiqat» (1992)
kabi she’riy to‘plamlari nashr qilindi. «Nido‘ (1964), «Palatkada yozilgan doston»
(1966), «Charog’bon» (1970), «Ruhlar isyoni» (1980), «Ko‘hinur» (1982) kabi
dostonlar yozgan.
«Oltin devor», «Istambul fojeasi», «Ikkinchi tumor» kabi dramalar muallifi.
S. Esenin, A. Tvardovskiy, M. Iqbol, G. Emin she’rlarini, Gyotening «Faust», R.
Hamzatovning «Dog’istonim» asarlarini o‘zbek tiliga tarjima qilgan. 1999 yilda
O‘zbekiston Qahramoni unvoniga sazovor bo‘ldi.
Erkin Vohidov menga oq yo‘l tilagan inson va ustoz sifatida azizdir. Uztozning oq
yo‘li bilan 1976 yilda o‘sha davrning eng obro‘li jurnali «Guliston»da ilk she’riy
turkumum bosilgan edi.
Matn yuzasidan savol va topshiriqlar.
1. Matnni o‘qib gapirib bering.
2. Notanish so‘zlar lug’atini tuzing.
3. Matn yuzasidan esse yozing.
2- topshiriq.
“Qanday ?” sxemasini to‘ldiring.
Davrimizning qanday global muammolari bor ? Ularni
qanday bartaraf qilish
mumkin?
-topshiriq - Gayubova komila anvarovna yulanova nargiza davlatovna akademik yozuv

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Xulosalar
Taqriz qilinayotgan ish janriga muvofiq shakllantiriladi.
Ishning ahamiyati, ushbu muammo bo‘yicha mavjud boshqa
ishlar qatoridagi o‘rni, amaliy ahamiyati, tadqiqot davomida
olingan natijalarning qo‘llanilishi qayd etiladi.
Taqriz yozishda quyidagi sxemaga amal qilinadi:
1. Tezis (umumiyholati) va uni ochib berish.
2. Kitob (film, teatr, maqola)ning baholanishi.
Taqrizning boshlang‘ich qismida quyidagi konstruksiyalardan foydalaniladi:
Kitob (film, teatr, maqola)da … hikoya qilinadi.
Kitob (film, teatr, maqola)da … muammolar ko‘tariladi.
Taqrizni baholash qismida quyidagi konstruksiyalardan foydalaniladi:
Men … hisoblayman.
Mening fikrimcha…
Mening nazarimda…
… menga yoqdi.
… menda katta taassurot uyg’otdi.
Kitob (film, teatr, maqola) …o‘rgatadi.
-topshiriq - Gayubova komila anvarovna yulanova nargiza davlatovna akademik yozuv

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3. Oraliq bo‘g‘inlarni tugatish. Birgalikda harakatlanish qobiliyatining
rivojlanishi axborot mahsulotlari almashish jarayonining takomillashuviga,
so‘ngra, axborot manbai yo‘lidan iste’molchiga qarab oraliq bo‘g‘inlar tugatiladi.
4. Globallashtirish. Tashkilot yo‘ldosh aloqa va Internet tarmog‘ida
foydalanib axborot texnologiyalari yordamida xohlagan joyda va xohlagan paytda
ish olib borish mumkin.
5. Konvergensiya (uyg’unlashish). Konvergensiya AATning zamonaviy
rivojlanish jarayonining oxirgi bosqichi sifatida ko‘rib chiqiladi. Bunda
mahsulotlar va xizmatlar, axborot va dam olish, shuningdek, ovozli, raqamli
hamda videosignallarni uzatish kabi ish rejimlari o‘rtisidagi farq yo‘qoladi.
Matn yuzasidan topshiriqlar:
1. Matnni o‘qing.
2. Matndan tayanch so‘zlarni aniqlab, ko‘chirib yozing.
3. Matnga taqriz yozing.
Axborotning yo - Vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent

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Vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent
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Axborotning yo‘li
5.4-rasm. Axborotning OSI modeli bo‘yicha abonetdan abonentga o‘tish yo‘li
Ushbu modelning asosiy g‘oyasiga muvofiq har bir sathga aniq vazifa yuklanadi. Natijada ma’lumotlarni uzatish masalasi osongina ko‘zga tashlanadigan alohida masalalarga ajratiladi. OSI modelida o‘zaro aloqa vositalari yettita sathga bo‘linadi: tatbiqiy, taqdimiy, seans, transport, tarmoq, kanal va fizik. Har bir sath tarmoq qurilmalari orasidagi aloqaning ma’lum sathi bilan ish ko‘radi.
Faraz qilaylik, ilova so‘rov bilan tatbiqiy sathga, masalan, fayl xizmatiga murojaat etsin. Ushbu so‘rovga binoan tatbiqiy sathning dasturiy ta’minoti axborotning standart formatini shakllantiradi. Oddiy axborot sarlavxa va ma’lumotlar hoshiyasidan iborat bo‘ladi. Axborot shakllanganidan so‘ng tatbiqiy sath uni pastga-taqdimiy sathga uzatadi. Taqdimiy sathning protokoli tatbiqiy sathning sarlavhasidan olingan axborotga asosan talab qilingan harakatlarni bajaradi va ma’lumotga o‘zining xususiy xizmat axborotini-taqdimiy sathning sarlavhasini qo‘shadi. Natijada olingan axborot pastga-seans sathiga uzatiladi. Seans sathning protokoli taqdimiy sathning sarlavhasidan olingan axborotga asosan talab qilingan xarakatlarni bajaradi va ma’lumotga o‘zining xizmat axborotini – seans sathning sarlavhasini qo‘shadi. Bu sarlavhada mashina adresatining seans sathi protokoli uchun ko‘rsatmalar bo‘ladi. Natijada olingan axborot pastga, transport sathiga uzatiladi. Transport sathi o‘z navbatida o‘zining sarlavhasini qo‘shadi. Nihoyat, axborot pastki – fizik sathga yetib boradi. Fiziq sath o‘zining sarlavhasini qo‘shib, axborotni mashina adresatiga aloqa liniyalari orqali uzatadi. Bu paytga kelib, axborot barcha sath ilovalariga “o‘sadi”. Axborot mashina-adresatiga
yetib kelganidan so‘ng yuqoriga qarab sathlar bo‘yicha ko‘chiriladi. Har bir sath, ushbu sathga mos vazifalarni bajargani holda, o‘z sathi sarlavhasini tahlillaydi va ishlatadi. So‘ngra bu sarlavhani chiqarib tashlab, axborotni yuqori sathga uzatadi.
OSI modelida protokollarning ikki xili farqlanadi. Ulanishni o‘rnatishli (connection oriented) protokollarida ma’lumotlarni almashishdan avval uzatuvchi va qabul qiluvchi ulanishni o‘rnatishi va ehtimol, ma’lumotlar almashishida ishlatiladigan protokolning ba’zi parametrlarini tanlashi lozim. Muloqot tugaganidan so‘ng ular ulanishni uzib tashlashlari lozim. Ulanishni o‘rnatishga asoslangan o‘zaro aloqaga misol sifatida telefonni ko‘rsatish mumkin.
Protokollarning ikkinchi guruhi – oldindan ulanishni o‘rnatishsiz (connection less) protokolidir. Bunday protokollarni datagrammali protokollar ham deb yuritiladi. Uzatuvchi axborotni u tayyor bo‘lganida uzatadi. Oldindan ulanishni o‘rnatishsiz aloqaga misol sifatida xatni pochta qutisiga tashlashni ko‘rsatish mumkin. Kompyuterlarning uzaro aloqasida protokollarning ikkala xili ishlatiladi.
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Sho‘rlangan tuproqlarning sho‘rini yuvish

146
Sho‘r yuvish me’yori aniqlangach, sho‘r
yuvishning
muddatlari, davomiyligi va soni belgilanadi.
Sho‘r yuvishning aniq muddatlari tuproqning sho‘rlanish
darajasi, sho‘rlanish tipi, tuproq xususiyatlari,
sizot suvlar
sathining chuqurligi va ekin ekish muddatiga bog‘liq ravishda
belgilanadi.
Sho‘r yuvish davomiyligi esa
quyidagi tenglik asosida
aniqlanadi:
𝑻 =
ω
𝒃𝒓
∙𝑵
𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∙ 𝑸
𝒔𝒕
∙ 𝜼
𝒔𝒕
, kun
bu yerda
ω
br
– sug‘orish tarmog‘iga tegishli sho‘ri
yuviladigan maydon, ga;
N – umumiy sho‘r yuvish me’yori, m
3
/ga;
Q
st
– sug‘orish tarmog‘ining suv sarfi, m
3
/s;
η
st
– sug‘orish tizimining foydali ish koeffitsienti.
Aniqlangan sho‘r yuvish me’yori (N) mavsumiy sho‘r yuvish
me’yori (Nm) bilan solishtiriladi.
Mavsumiy sho‘r yuvish me’yori
quyidagi tengik yordamida
hisoblanadi: