nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Pressemitteilung

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Pressemitteilung
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Sana | 07.04.2020 | Hajmi | 124,5 Kb. | | #10087 |
der AIB –KUR GmbH & Co. KG
Die Bavarian Wildcard ist Trumpf
Mit nur einer Karte können Golfer auf den fünf schönsten Plätzen zwischen Wendelstein und Tegernsee spielen. Und das zu einem sensationellen Preis von 245 Euro.
Der bayerische Kurort Bad Aibling setzt alles auf eine Karte. Nein, nicht beim Pokern. Auch nicht beim Watten oder Schafkopfen, sondern beim Golfen! Da heißt es: Fünf Plätze, 99 Löcher, bespielbar mit einer Karte – auch am Wochenende ohne Aufpreis. Nämlich mit der Bavarian Wildcard. Jeder der fünf Plätze Maxlrain, Mangfalltal, Schloss Elkofen, Schloss Egmating und Margarethenhof, die in der Wildcard inkludiert sind, hat seine Eigenheiten und Vorzüge. Allesamt liegen sie aber landschaftlich einmalig schön zwischen Wendelstein und Tegernsee.
Wer die Wahl hat…
Der Golfplatz Maxlrain liegt im Park des gleichnamigen Renaissance-Schlosses. Das sagt eigentlich schon fast alles. Der Course wird geprägt von Teichen, Wasserläufen, Biotopen und einem Bestand mit 200 Jahre alten Eichen. Einfach exquisit!
Der Golfclub Mangfalltal bietet von fast allen Bahnen aus einen freien Blick auf das Mangfallgebirge. Und wen es interessiert, der kann beim „Grün 19“ auf einer Panoramatafel auch nachschauen, welche Berge zu sehen sind. Apropos Hügel und Berge: Der Golf-Course Mangfalltal ist quasi zweigeteilt: in die gemütlicheren front-nine und die hügeligen back-nine.
Der Kurs von Schloss Elkofen liegt südlich von Grafing. Eingebettet in die lieblich-hügelige Moränenlandschaft der bayerischen Voralpen. Wie auch die anderen Plätze zeichnet er sich durch einen herrlichen Blick auf die Berge aus.
Der Golfplatz Schloss Egmating vor den Toren Münchens bietet einen 18-Loch-Championship- und einen 9-Loch-Arabella-Course. Da ist für jedes Handicap etwas dabei. Im Jahr 1991 von einem golfliebenden Architekten gestaltet, entspricht der Platz den international höchsten Standards.
Der Course von Margarethenhof wurde 2012 erneuert und bietet seither Golfgenuss für Anfänger, geübte und anspruchsvolle Spieler. Er liegt auf einer Seehöhe von 1000 Metern und da ist es schon möglich, dass einem einmal der Atem stockt. Aber nicht wegen der dünnen Luft, sondern wegen der Aussicht!
Angesichts dieser fantastischen Auswahl ist aber klar: Die Wildcard ist das Blatt, das sticht! Sie kostet 245 Euro und ist für zwei Jahre gültig.
Weitere Informationen: AIB–KUR GmbH & Co. KG, PF 1220, 83036 Bad Aibling
Tel: 08061 – 9080-15 Fax: 08061 – 9080-800
info@aib-kur.de / www.bad-aibling.de
Pressemitteilung im Sinne des Pressegesetzes, Verantwortlich: AIB-KUR GmbH & Co. KG
Bad Aibling, den 07.04.2020
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Product Description - Sample Business Plan Private Communications Corporation (pcc)

Product Description
The Company has developed a unique telephone service which enables consumers to engage in two-way telephone conversations, using ordinary telephones, without either party having to risk disclosing their true phone numbers.
PCC's first product, directReach™, will be launched in April 1997. Employing a sophisticated switching system and proprietary software, the Product will enable customers to receive telephone calls on any designated telephone line, through a toll-free number and private extension. The Product provides three important benefits that address the target end user's needs: privacy, flexibility, and convenience.
The Product is a full-featured call management service that supports multiple extensions, several call handling options, and voice mail. When a customer establishes an account, he or she is granted a personal extension number that can be assigned to a specific telephone number such as a home, office, or cellular number. By giving others the extension number, in conjunction with the directReach™ toll-free number, the customer is able to receive phone calls and engage in totally private, anonymous telephone conversations.
The service is fully customizable, allowing the customer to configure the service to meet his or her unique needs. The user controls all Product features through a complete management system on the Web or through an easy to use Interactive Voice Response (IVR) telephone interface. Through this control system, the customer can easily:
Register and activate the product using a credit card
Specify the receiving number, and modify that number at any time
Program different receiving numbers for different times
Terminate an extension and obtain new extensions
Customize voice mail and check for new messages
Review account usage and change monthly calling plans
The software programming and product design are proprietary to PCC. This allows the Company to offer such important features as ease of use, flexibility, and convenience for both the caller and the customer. By enabling the customer to access all features through an easy to use interface, the customer can have complete control over the calls he or she receives. The ability to change a number of calling options allows customers to adapt the service to their schedules and needs each day. In addition, customers and their acquaintances may call one another at any time, without having to first prearrange or coordinate a call.
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Business Description - Sample Business Plan Private Communications Corporation (pcc)

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Sample Business Plan Private Communications Corporation (pcc)
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bet | 2/26 | Sana | 04.01.2022 | Hajmi | 0,52 Mb. | | #10396 |
PCC's first service offering was called "directReach." The service was positioned as a complement to chat rooms and online match services. It offered a safe way to extend an online relationship to an ordinary two-way telephone conversation, without ever disclosing either party's real telephone number. To use the service a customer would first establish an account with PCC through its Web site or over the phone. The customer would be given a personal identification number (PIN) which was assigned to a specific phone number, such as the customer's home or business phone. To use the service, the customer would give the PIN to the person with whom he or she wanted to speak, during the online chat session. That person would then dial PCC's 1-800 number and punch in the customer's PIN, thereby routing the call to the customer's phone. Neither party could trace the true origin or destination of the phone call. If the customer wanted to stop receiving calls, he or she could easily change or terminate the PCC PIN at no charge. The service also offered customers a series of options, including multiple PINs to allow the service to be used with different phone numbers and a voice mail service.
The person receiving the phone call incurred the charge for the call, based on a rate plan that varied by usage level:
Plan
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Expected Usage
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Monthly Fee
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Internet telephony - Sample Business Plan Private Communications Corporation (pcc)

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Sample Business Plan Private Communications Corporation (pcc)
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bet | 8/26 | Sana | 04.01.2022 | Hajmi | 0,52 Mb. | | #10396 |
Internet telephony is an emerging technology designed to permit people to make long distance phone calls, using either their personal computers or ordinary telephone handsets as receivers and the Internet as the communications channel. Generally, firms developing Internet telephony intend that the technology will provide an alternative to ordinary long distance telephone service, without any long distance charge or for a charge substantially lower than the customary charge. Moreover, Internet telephony may support anonymous long distance telephone services, and some chat rooms are seeking to incorporate Internet telephony features into their programs. To date, consumers have failed to embrace the technology. Many agree that the voice transmission is poor and, in most cases, is not real time. Furthermore, most Internet telephony software applications require that callers have compatible hardware and software to use the system. In short, the technology is newly emerging, and the Company does not believe it poses a competitive threat in the immediate near term. However, it is possible that, should the technology improve and become a part of the PC mainstream, the technology could pose a substantial competitive threat to the Company's business.
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Competitive Analysis  Direct competitors

Direct competitors
To the Company's best knowledge, there is only a single competitor, PeopleLink Inc., which is presently offering a similar product. PeopleLink tested its product in October 1996 with a beta test that lasted several weeks. The company is promoting its product through a Web site which will permit people to establish new accounts and receive an extension number online. It is not known whether (and if so, to what extent) the system will be modified now that the beta period has been completed. PeopleLink is positioning its product as a "call conferencing system designed for chatters." It is advertising a general release date of Winter 1997.
Although the Company has reason to believe that PeopleLink's price structure and marketing plans may be similar to those of the Company, PCC's Product is clearly distinguishable from, and more attractive than, PeopleLink's product. PeopleLink's product is essentially a private teleconferencing service. For two people to talk over their telephones using the PeopleLink system, they must both call into the same phone number virtually simultaneously (i.e., within a three minute window). Otherwise, they cannot be connected. Thus, PeopleLink's system requires users to pre-arrange and coordinate beforehand each and every call they wish to make.
In contrast, PCC's product is flexible and convenient, permitting people to call one another whenever they desire, without the need to pre-arrange a contact. Customers have complete control over where and when they answer their phone, and can direct calls automatically to voice mail if they do not answer the call, or choose not to accept it. Management believes that its system is superior to that of PeopleLink and that its product differentiation will give the Company a material advantage over its competition.
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Market Analysis  Market definition

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Market Analysis Market definition
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bet | 9/26 | Sana | 04.01.2022 | Hajmi | 0,52 Mb. | | #10396 |
Market Analysis Market definition
PCC competes in the arenas of online and Internet communications that facilitate the creation of personal relationships and/or allow for interactive communication between users. With proprietary on-line services, these arenas might include chat rooms, bulletin boards, and e-mail. On the Internet, they include Internet Relay Chat, e-mail, and various Web sites. The WWW sites of particular interest include those dedicated to real-time chat, those that support chat as an additional feature of the site, and those that serve to create online matches between users.
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Charge per Additional Minute

Charge per Additional Minute
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Free Monthly Minutes
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Registration only
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Trial
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$6.95
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$.79
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0 minutes
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Basic subscription
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Middle
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$14.95
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$.69
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20 minutes
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Premium subscription
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High
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$29.95
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$.59
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45 minutes
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The per-minute prices were higher than the cost of standard long distance services, but approximately the same as other enhanced phone services, such as local collect calls, which ranged in cost between $.35 and $.70 per minute depending on the length of the call, plus a per-call connection charge. While the company did not want consumers to compare the directReach product to 1-900 numbers—for fear of tainting the company's image—directReach was priced well below most 1-900 calls, which ranged in cost between $1.99 and $3.99 per minute. PCC's prices took into account the fact that the directReach product involved two phone calls—one to the 1-800 number and then one to redirect the call from the 1-800 service to the customer's phone—even though the person placing the call dialed only one number.
To reach users of chat rooms and dating/match services, PCC planned to establish strategic relationships with Internet service providers, chat room services and online match services, by offering them attractive revenue-sharing agreements. Partners would not incur any up-front costs for featuring the PCC product on their Web site. The company also planned to use banner advertising and its own Web site to market the product.
PCC projected revenues of $12 million in its first year of operation, growing to $48 million by year five. Cost of goods sold was calculated on a per-minute basis and included all services associated with buying, selling, and billing the customer for calls, as well as credit card fees. Gross margins were projected to be around 61%, while operating margins—after advertising, promotion and G&A costs—were projected to be around 43%. Net income was projected to be $5 million in the first year, growing to $21 million by year five.
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13 м tarmoqni boshqarish. Tarmoqni boshqarishda qo’llaniladigan asosiy protokollar. Internet tarmog‘ini boshqarish tamoyilari

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13 м tarmoqni boshqarish. Tarmoqni boshqarishda qo’llaniladigan asosiy protokollar. Internet tarmog‘ini boshqarish tamoyilari
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bet | 1/12 | Sana | 11.12.2023 | Hajmi | 3,34 Mb. | | #116187 |
Bog'liq nN8f8hzU4AOYKgTcVHBBK20zPWh39OWk6iBRlWqk 13 М Tarmoqni boshqarish. Tarmoqni boshqarishda qo’llaniladigan asosiy protokollar. Internet tarmog‘ini boshqarish tamoyilari.
KOMPYUTER TARMOQLARI 2023-2024
Telekommunikatsiya texnologiyalari, 5 semestr
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14. Ma’ruza
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Zamonaviy tarmoqlarni boshqarish. Tarmoqni boshqarish tushunchasi.
FCAPS.
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15. Ma’ruza
Qo’sjimcha mavzular:
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Internet tarmog’ini boshqarish modeli.
SNMP protokoli, asosiy vazifalari va xususiyatlari.
DNS tamoyillari
ICMP vazifasi, ishlashi
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Tarmoqni boshqarish tizimi (ВТ)
- Tarmoqni boshqarish deganda quyidagi barcha faoliyat turlari tushuniladi: xizmatlarning talab etilgan sifatini saqlagan holda, tarmoq resurslari, xodimlar, qurilmalar, bino, hisoblash texnikasi va kapitaldan iqtisodiy jihatda samaraliroq foydalanishni ko’zda tutib, tarmoqni loyihalash, yaratish va foydalanish.
- Tarmoq nosozliklarini aniqlash va ko’rsatish, tarmoq samaradorligi va holatini ko’zdan kechirish, qurilmalarni boshqarishni avtomatizatsiyalash, boshqaruvchi ilovalar orqali yagona ma’lumot almashinuvini tarmoqni boshqaruv tizimi (BT) taqdim etadi.
- BTning asosiy vazifasi: tarmoq faoliyati xarakteristikalarining yoki ekspluatatsiya jarayonida tarmoq ishini baholovchi asosiy mezon qiymatining eng yaxshi ko’rsatkichlarini ta’minlashdir.
Aloqa qurilmalari va tarmoqlari rivojlanishini belgilab beruvchi omillar: - Globalizatsiya va hududlar o’rtasidagi raqobatning kuchayishi;
- Texnik yechimlar nazoratini saqlab qolgan holda aloqa qurilmalarning yirik ta’minotchilari qo’lidagi egaligi konsentratsiyasi;
- Telekommunikatsiya setoridagi liberalizatsiya hamda deregulyarizatsiya;
- Aloqa tarmoqlarini qo’llash orqali axborotni qayta ishlash va foydalanish joylarining markazlashgan tizimidan markazlashmagan tizimiga o’tish;
- Mur qonuni;
- Turli ishlab chiqaruvchilar tizimlarining o’zaro ishlay olish imkoni;
- Axborotni qayta ishlash va ilovalar DT o’rtasidagi foydalanuvchi interfeyslarining o’sib boruvchi qulaylashuvi;
- Texnik xodimlar malakasiga talabning ortishi hamda buning natijasida aloqa qurilmalaridan foydalanish harajatlarining ortishi;
- Aloqadan foydalanish hisobiga bozorda raqobatbardoshlikka talabning ortishi va aloqa hizmatlarining narxi pasayishi.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
13 м tarmoqni boshqarish. Tarmoqni boshqarishda qo’llaniladigan asosiy protokollar. Internet tarmog‘ini boshqarish tamoyilari
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Telekommunikatsita texnologiyalari

Telekommunikatsita texnologiyalari
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Marketing Plan - Sample Business Plan Private Communications Corporation (pcc)

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Sample Business Plan Private Communications Corporation (pcc)
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bet | 14/26 | Sana | 04.01.2022 | Hajmi | 0,52 Mb. | | #10396 |
Marketing Plan
PCC's marketing plan is based upon the recognition that the customer may not always be the end user. The end user is the individual who is using the Internet or OSP to forge relationships that he or she wishes to take to a more personal level, but who is still concerned about anonymity or security. The customer, however, in some cases is the site or organization that provides the means for the forging of the end user's relationship. By encouraging the promotion of the Product by ISPs, OSPs, chat room sites, and online dating services, PCC gains access to their customers, who represent highly qualified prospects for the Product. This gives the Company two benefits: a less expensive and more efficient way to reach the end user; and a lock on the primary distribution channels that will help erect barriers to entry.
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Modern scientific research: topical issues, achievements and innovations

2
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE:
"MODERN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: TOPICAL
ISSUES, ACHIEVEMENTS AND INNOVATIONS"
17-part, 2-361 pages.
Committee List for
2023-2024
MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD:
1. Dame Sally Davis (Chief Medical Officer).
2. Sir Bruce Keogh (medical director of the National Health Service).
3.
David Livingstone (congregationalist pioneer medical missionary in
South Africa–Charing Cross Hospital).
4. Norman Morris (Obstetrician and healthcare reformer).
5.
Albert Neuberger (
chemical pathologist).
6.
William Kitchen Parker (physician and zoologist).
7. Sir Andrew Pollard (Chief Investigator on the Oxford–AstraZeneca
COVID-19 vaccine).
8. Sir Rodney Robert Porter (
Nobel Laureate, Physiology and Medicine)
9. Ann Redgrave (
orthopaedic surgery).
29.01.2024
Kommutatsiya jadvalining ishlash prinsipi

1. Kiruvchi Ramka Qabul Qilish:
- Kommutator,
birinchi navbatda, kiruvchi ma'lumot ramkasini qabul qiladi va
uning manzil MAC manzilini o‘qiydi.
2. Jadvalni Tekshirish:
- Kiruvchi ramkada ko‘rsatilgan manzil MAC manzilini kommutatsiya jadvalidan
qidiradi. Agar bu manzil mavjud bo‘lsa, kommutator
tegishli chiqish portini
aniqlaydi.
3. Yangilanish:
- Agar manzil jadvalda mavjud bo‘lmasa, kommutator kiruvchi portdan manzilni
jadvalga qo‘shadi. Bu jarayon dinamik o‘rnatish deb ataladi.
4. Ma'lumot Uzatish:
- Kerakli port aniqlangach, kommutator ramkani belgilangan portga uzatadi.
5. Muddatli Yangilanish:
- Kommutatsiya jadvalidagi ma'lumotlar ma'lum muddatdan keyin yangilanadi
yoki o‘chiriladi, bu esa resurslardan samarali foydalanish imkonini beradi.
### Tarmoq Pog‘onasi Funksiyalari
Tarmoq pog‘onasi (Layer 2) quyidagi asosiy funksiyalarni bajaradi:
1. Ma'lumotlarni Uzatish:
- Tarmoq pog‘onasi ma'lumotlarni (ramkalarni) qurilmalar o‘rtasida uzatadi,
masalan, Ethernet yoki Wi-Fi orqali.
2. MAC Manzilini Boshqarish:
- Har bir qurilmaga
noyob MAC manzilini beradi, bu esa ma'lumotlarni to'g'ri
manzilga yo'naltirish imkonini beradi.
3. Kommutatsiya:
- Kiruvchi ramkalarni tegishli chiqish portlariga yo‘naltirish funksiyasini bajaradi.
4. VLAN Qo‘llab-quvvatlash:
- Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) yaratish va boshqarish imkoniyatini beradi,
bu esa tarmoqni segmente qilish va xavfsizlikni oshirishga yordam beradi.
5. Filtrlash:
- Ma'lumotlarni qo'shish va filtrlash orqali tarmoqda qoidalar va siyosatlar
o'rnatilishi mumkin.
6. Xato Tahlili:
- Uzatilayotgan ma'lumotlar xatolarini aniqlash va tuzatish uchun xatolarni tahlil
qiladi.
7. Qo‘shma Qo‘llab-quvvatlash:
- Turli xil qurilmalar o‘rtasida aloqa o‘rnatishni ta'minlaydi.
Ushbu funksiyalar tarmoq pog‘onalarining samarali ishlashi
va yuqori darajadagi
aloqa ta'minlanishiga yordam beradi.
Kanal pog‘onasi protokollari. Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet

Fast Ethernet:
tavsif: Fast Ethernet - bu Ethernetning tezlashtirilgan versiyasi bo'lib,
100 Mbps tezlikda ma’lumot uzatadi.
Standartlar: 100BASE-TX (Twisted Pair) va 100BASE-FX (Optik
tolalar).
Gigabit Ethernet:
Tavsif: Gigabit Ethernet 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps) tezlikda ma’lumot uzatadi
va yuqori tezlikdagi mahalliy tarmoqlar uchun mo'ljallangan.
Standartlar: 1000BASE-T (Twisted Pair), 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-
LX (Optik tolalar).
10 Gigabit Ethernet:
Tavsif: Bu standart 10 Gbps (10,000 Mbps)
tezlikda uzatish imkonini
beradi, asosan ma'lumot markazlari va yuqori tezlikdagi tarmoqlar uchun
ishlatiladi.
Standartlar: 10GBASE-T (Twisted Pair), 10GBASE-SR, 10GBASE-LR
(Optik tolalar).
Wi-Fi:
Tavsif: Wi-Fi - simsiz tarmoqlar uchun standart bo'lib, IEEE 802.11
standartlariga asoslanadi. U mobil qurilmalar uchun qulay va tezkor
internetga kirish imkonini beradi.
Ishlash tezligi: 11
Mbps dan boshlab, hozirgi kunga qadar 9.6 Gbps
gacha.
WiMAX:
Tavsif: WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) -
simsiz keng polosali aloqa texnologiyasi bo'lib, katta masofalarga xizmat
ko'rsatishi mumkin.
Ishlash tezligi: 70 Mbps gacha.
Bluetooth:
Tavsif: Bluetooth - qisqa masofali simsiz aloqa protokoli bo'lib,
qurilmalar o'rtasida ma’lumot uzatish uchun ishlatiladi.
Ishlash tezligi: 1 Mbps dan 3 Mbps gacha (Bluetooth 5.0 va yuqoriroq
versiyalarida).
Kommutator Qurilmalari
Turlari:
1. Layer 2 Switch (Ma'lumotlar Layeri):
- MAC manzillarini ishlatadi va ma’lumotlarni
Ethernet ramkalari orqali
uzatadi.
2. Layer 3 Switch (Tarmoq Layeri):
- IP manzillarini ishlatadi va marshrutizatsiya funktsiyalarini bajaradi.
3. Managed Switch:
- Tarmoqni boshqarish va monitoring qilish imkonini beradi, masalan, VLAN
va QoS (Quality of Service) sozlamalari.
4. Unmanaged Switch:
- Oson o'rnatish va foydalanish uchun mo'ljallangan, minimal sozlamalar
bilan.
Tuzilishi:
-Portlar: Tarmoq qurilmalarini ulash uchun.
- Chipset: Ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlash va uzatish uchun.
- Qo‘shimcha funksiya: VLAN, QoS, tarmoq monitoringi va boshqaruvi.
Ularga Qo‘yiladigan Talablar:
1.Tezlik: Yuqori tezlikda ma’lumot uzatish imkoniyati.
2.Ishonchlilik: Uzluksiz ishlash va tarmoqdagi uzilishlarga nisbatan chidamli
bo'lishi.
3. Boshqaruv: Tarmoqni boshqarish va monitoring qilish imkoniyatlari.
4. Moslashuvchanlik: Turli xil tarmoq arxitekturasi va konfiguratsiyalariga
mos kelishi.
Ushbu komponentlar va protokollar zamonaviy ma’lumot
uzatish
tarmoqlarining asosiy poydevorini tashkil etadi.
Design Insider Threat Hands-on Labs

34
Information Security Education Journal Volume 2 Number 1 June 2015
Abstract:
Insider threat continues to be of serious concern to governmental organizations and private companies. Vulner-
abilities of the digital information being shared through mobile devices and Internet clouds increases exponentially due to
IT security mechanisms not being capable of controlling what is beyond company network limits. One of the solutions could
include providing an effective interactive framework to train future and current Information Technology security profession-
als and regular employees who need to be aware of these threats in order to avoid being a victim of insider attacks. There are
few hands-on labs/modules available for training current students, the future information assurance professionals. This
paper will classify the different actors and vectors involved in these attacks focusing specifically on Information Technology
(IT) sabotage, theft of intellectual property and insider fraud. Then, we will describe how to design virtual hands-on labs
mainly to current or future technology security professionals. The training hands-on labs will enhance trainee’s knowledge
and practical security skills about how to mitigate insider threat attacks. In addition, the training hands-on labs will be
implemented via CyberCIEGE, an innovative video game and tool to educate fundamental concepts for insider threat.
Keywords
: Virtual Training, Insider Threats,
Hands-on lab, Information Assurance, Active Learning, CyberCIEGE
Recieved
: 10 January 2015, Revised 8 February 2015, Accepted 15 February 2015
© 2015 DLINE. All
Rights Reserved
1. Introduction
The Insider Threat attacks are concerns to organizations due to its devastating consequences ranging from financial loss,
damage
of reputation, loss of Intellectual Property, etc. The fact that insiders are in many cases current or former employees,
interns, contractors and business partners makes it more difficult to track and determine routine normal
behavior from anomalous
conduct. This paper will develop hands-on labs based on a 3D virtual SDK so that we can train students and IT professionals
to deal or be aware of insider threats. Those modules will show players/students how to detect, prevent and remediate insider
threat attacks. An insider threat is generally a person who has or had authorized access to an organization’s network, system, or
data and intentionally misused that access to negatively
affect the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the organization’s
information or information systems (CERT,n.d.).
Insider threat attacks perpetrated against public and private institutions cost millions of dollars in losses due to theft of
To help you better understand your Wi-Fi-internet situations here are a few questions

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To help you better understand your Wi-Fi-internet situations here are a few questions
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Sana | 08.04.2020 | Hajmi | 117,26 Kb. | | #10216 |
Internet and Wi-Fi trouble shooting tools
To help you better understand your Wi-Fi-internet situations here are a few questions:
Where is the location of the wireless router?
Where is the location of the modem that it plugs into?
How far is your pantry from the wireless router?
Is the wireless guarded by a password or is it public for use?
How many devices do you run PantryTrak on during your pantry hours?
Are other devices not associated with PantryTrak running during pantry hours?
What’s the name brand of your computers, laptops, and tablets?
What’s the name brand of your wireless router?
Who is your internet provider, and do they supply you with other services such as cable, telephone, ect.?
Are the walls between the router and your pantry brick/concrete?
Is the space between your pantry and the source of the wifi more than 1000sq.ft?
Does your pantry work out of a basement?
Is the wifi and the Pantry located in separate buildings?
Does you distribution take place outdoors?
We have a few options you can try to enhance your wireless:
Be sure your computers, laptops, and tablets are fully charged and updated before distribution.
Move the wireless router away from modem using a longer internet cable (cat5) into a room closer to your pantry.
Set a password for your wireless internet, if one does not already exist.
Try to keep all of your technology brands the same if possible. (Ex. NETGEAR, TP-LINK, D-Link Systems, CISCO, ect.)They are compatible with each other however; using the same brand provides better service.
You can buy:
Device
|
When to use it.
|
How it works.
|
Wi-Fi Extender
|
Distance (>40ft) between Wi-Fi devices, or more than two devices working at the same time, weakening the Wi-Fi.
|
Plugs directly into Wi-Fi device to strengthen signal or a wall where the Wi-Fi signal has begun to weaken.
|
Wi-Fi Repeater
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Distance and barriers between Wi-Fi devices.
Concrete/brick walls or several floors between Wi-Fi devices.
|
Part of the device plugs near the Wi-Fi router or repeater and the other plugs in near your pantry.
|
Wireless Access Point
|
Distance and barriers that weaken the signal between Wi-Fi devices.
|
Can be a stand-alone device to plug into wall.
|
Wireless hub
|
With multiple devices that do not have Wi-Fi ability like a desktop and other Wi-Fi devices connected with internet cable (cat5).
|
It strengthens the signal and allows the use of non-Wi-Fi devices with Wi-Fi without connecting to the main modem.
|
Wireless USB Adapter/ High gain antennas
|
A small distance (40ft) with a weak Wi-Fi signal.
|
Attaches to a router, or computer to strengthen the Wi-Fi signal.
|
Questions? Contact our PantryTrak Capacity Development Coordinator, Krystal Levstek at 1-330-777-1051 or, email klevstek@acrfb.org.
|
| |
Current Assessment 2 Task Test yourself

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Current Assessment 2 Task Test yourself
|
bet | 1/4 | Sana | 23.05.2024 | Hajmi | 131,5 Kb. | | #251111 |
Bog'liq Topshiriq 2 semester 2 (1)
Current Assessment 2
Task 1. Test yourself.
1. It makes us feel quite _____ home.
A) on B) in
C) at D) near
2. He had been five hours _____ the water.
A) near B) in
C) at D) on
3. My office is located __________ Albert Street.
A) in B) at
C) near D) on
4. We will meet your delegation __________ the airport at 8:00 pm.
A) on B) at
C) near D) in
5. I'm taking several courses __________ the university this summer.
A) at B) in
C) near D) on
6.Write your name … the top of the page
A) near B) in
C) in D) at
7. I installed new software … my computer but I don’t know how to use it properly.
A) in B) at
C) near D) on
8. You can find this e-book …. Internet.
A) on B) at
C) near D) in
9. I read the paper … the taxi … the way.
A) on/in B) in/at
C) near /on D) in/on
10. I can't sleep … the bus.
A) on B) in
C) near D) at
Task 2. Match the first half of the sentences 1-6 to the second half a-f.
Task 3. Choose and, but, or, so, because to complete each sentence.
1. I called Nozima ,…. she didn't answer.
2. I'm tired… I went to bed very late.
3. It was very late, … we took a taxi.
4. You can go by bus … by train.
5. Would you like to do it now … later.
6. I wasn't hungry, … I didn't eat.
Task 4. Complete the text with the present simple form of the verbs.
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Lazerli printerlar

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Lazerli printerlar
|
Sana | 16.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,86 Mb. | | #238367 |
Bog'liq Документ Microsoft Word
Printer — kompyuterda matn yoki grafik (rasm, sxema) tarzidagi maʼlumotlarni qogʻozga chiqarish (chop qilish) uchun moʻljallangan bosish qurilmasi[1]. Maʼlumotlar qogʻozga (baʼzan, plyonkaga) oq-qora yoki rangli tarzda chop qilinishi mumkin. Shu jihatdan printerlar bir-biridan farq qiladi. Ularning koʻp turlari mavjud, lekin matritsali, purkagichli va lazerli turlari keng tarqalgan. Matritsali printerlarda bosiladigan maʼlumotlar nuqtalar majmui (kombinatsiyasi) dan hosil boʻladi. Shu tufayli, ularning bosish sifati purkagichli va lazerli printerlarnikiga nisbatan pastroq boʻladi. Purkagichli printerlarda maʼlumotlar maxsus „siyoxdonlar“ yordamida, yaʼni boʻyoq (siyoh) tomchilarini purkash yoʻli bilan qogʻozga bosiladi. Lazerli printerlar maxsus lazerli qurilma yordamida oq-qora yoki rangli qilib bosish imkoniga ega. Bunday printerda bosilayotgan nusxalar sifatli boʻlib chiqadi.
Seiko Epson korporatsiyasining ildizlari Daiwa Kogyo, Ltd. nomli kompaniyaga borib taqaladi. Bu kompaniya 1942-yilning may oyida[3] mahalliy soatlar do'koni egasi va K. Xattorining sobiq xodimi Hisao Yamazaki tomonidan Yaponiyaning Nagano shtatidagi Suva shahrida tashkil etilgan. Daiwa Kogyo Xattori oilasi (Seiko Group asoschisi) tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan va Daini Seikosha (hozirda Seiko Instruments) uchun soat qismlari ishlab chiqaruvchisi sifatida boshlangan. Kompaniya 230 kv metr (2500 kvadrat fut) taʼmirlangan miso omborida 22 xodim ishlaydi.
Skaner (inglizcha: scanner; scan — „koʻrib chiqmoq“, „qarab chiqmoq“) tekis yuzali obyektni (masalan, qogʻoz) raqamli formatga (mashina oʻqiydigan shaklga) oʻtkazuvchi moslamadir[1]. Skanerlar odatda ikki turga boʻlinadi: stol skanerlari (inglizcha: desktop scanners) va qoʻl skanerlari (inglizcha: hand-held scanners).
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IPv4 va IPv6 manzillash tizimi

- IPv4 manzillarining umumiy soni taxminan 4 milliard (2^32). Bu manzillar soni
tez o'sayotgan internet qurilmalari uchun yetarli emas.
2. IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)
- Tavsif:
- IPv6 — internet protokolining oltinchi versiyasi bo'lib, 1998 yilda ishlab
chiqilgan. U IPv4 ning cheklovlarini bartaraf etish va manzillarni ko'paytirish
maqsadida yaratilgan.
- Manzil Format:
- IPv6 manzillari 128 bitli raqamlar bo'lib, to'rt ta 16 bitli segmentga bo'linadi. Har
bir segment olti o'n olti raqamdan iborat.
- Misol: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
- Manzil Joylashuvi:
- IPv6 manzillari global manzillar sifatida tuzilgan va yuqori darajada noyobdir.
Ular avtomatik konfiguratsiya qilish imkoniyatini taqdim etadi.
- Afzalliklar:
- IPv6 manzillari soni juda katta — 340 trillion trillion (2^128) manzil mavjud. Bu
esa kelajakda internet tarmoqlarini kengaytirish uchun zarur bo'lgan
manzillarni
ta'minlaydi.
- Boshqa Xususiyatlar:
- IPv6, shuningdek, xavfsizlik, multicast (bir vaqtning o'zida ko'plab manzillarga
ma'lumot uzatish) va mobil aloqa funksiyalarini yaxshilaydi.
Telekommunikatsita texnologiyalari - bet 5

Xulosa
Maʼlumotlarni uzatish maʼlumotlarni uzatish
kanali orqali elektraloqa
vositalari orqali nuqtadan nuqtaga yoki bir nuqtadan bir
nechta nuqtaga signallar
shaklida maʼlumotlarni jismoniy uzatishdir
Uzatiladigan maʼlumotlar kompyuter yoki klaviatura kabi maʼlumotlar
manbasidan keladigan raqamli xabarlar boʻlishi mumkin.
IPv4 va IPv6 manzillash tizimlari internetning
rivojlanishi uchun muhim
ahamiyatga ega. IPv4 hali ham keng tarqalgan bo'lsa-da, uning cheklovlari IPv6 ning
joriy etilishi uchun sabab bo'ldi. IPv6 global tarmoqni
kelajakda kengaytirish va
samarali ishlashini ta'minlashga xizmat qiladi.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar
1. И.Х. Сиддиков, Д.Т. Ҳасанов, Х.Э. Хужаматов. “Телекоммуникация
объекти энергия таъминоти манбаларини симсиз сенсор тармоқлар
асосидаги мониторинги”. Монография. - 126 бет
2. E. Xo‘jamatov, E.N. Reypnazarov, N.M. Axmedov, A.P. Lazarov, D.T.
Hasanov. “Virtual tarmoq texnologiyalari”. Uslubiy qo‘llanma. – Toshkent:
TATU. 2022. -248b.
3. Maxmudov O., Xujamatov X.E., Matqurbonov D.M., Lazarev A.P.,
Temirova D.X. “Tarmoq xavfsizligi”. Uslubiy qo‘llanma. – Toshkent:
TATU 2022. -120 b.
Foydalanilgan saytlar
1.
https://tuit.uz/malumotlarni-uzatish-tarmoqlari-va-tizimlari
2.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet
3.
https://step-up.uz/tarmoq-manzillari-public-va-private-ip-
manzillar
Remote desktop

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Remote desktop
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bet | 1/12 | Sana | 31.12.2019 | Hajmi | 2,38 Mb. | | #7266 |
REMOTE DESKTOP
TEAM VIEWER
Adiba Kamalia Putri
Twnfour_1293@yahoo.co.id
http://sayadibakamalia.blogspot.com
Lisensi Dokumen:
Copyright © 2003-2007 IlmuKomputer.Com
Seluruh dokumen di IlmuKomputer.Com dapat digunakan, dimodifikasi dan disebarkan secara bebas untuk tujuan bukan komersial (nonprofit), dengan syarat tidak menghapus atau merubah atribut penulis dan pernyataan copyright yang disertakan dalam setiap dokumen. Tidak diperbolehkan melakukan penulisan ulang, kecuali mendapatkan ijin terlebih dahulu dari IlmuKomputer.Com.
Sebelum kita membahas lebih jauh apa itu Team Viewer, kita harus mengerti apa yang dimaksud dengan remote dekstop , remote dekstop adalah fitur yang memungkinkan kita mnengendalikan atau memonitoring kinerja orang lain yang berada jauh dari kita, seakan akan berada didepan kita.
Salah satu Aplikasi remote dekstop yang ada adalah Team viewer, team viewer memungkinkan kita mengontrol mitra kita dari jarak jauh, berbagai-pakai desktop dengan seorang mitra, atau hanya mentransfer file tanpa berbagi-pakai desktop dengannya. Dengan team viewer kita bisa mengakses data yang ada di komputer atau laptop lain tanpa kita harus secara langsung menggunkannya. Misal kita bisa mengakses komputer kita yang ada dikantor, dan kitanya sedang ada di rumah. Dalam team viewer , laptop atau PC yang akan kita monitoring atau akses harus juga memiliki aplikasi team viewer.
Lalu bagaimana cara kita untuk mengunduh team viewer dan apa saja yang bisa kita lakukan dengan team viewer?
Berikut cara menginstal team viewer dan bagaimana cara menggunakan team viewer tersebut
Unduh dahulu team viewernya, lalu klik 2kali pada aplikasi yang telah diunduh
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Innovasiya 4-son

Innovasiya 4-son
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AXBOROT-KOMMUNIKATSIYA TIZIMLARIGA

|
AXBOROT-KOMMUNIKATSIYA TIZIMLARIGABog'liq axborot-kommunikatsiya-tizimlariga-bo-ladigan-kiberhujumlar-tahlili-va-tasnifiAXBOROT-KOMMUNIKATSIYA TIZIMLARIGA
BOʻLADIGAN KIBERHUJUMLAR TAHLILI VA
TASNIFI
Kadirov Mir-Xusan Mirpulatovich,
texnikа fanlari bo
ʻ
yicha falsafa doktori (PhD), “Axborot texnologiyalari” kafedrasi dotsenti,
ORCID: 0000-0003-1283-6801, e-mail: mirhusank@gmail.com
Islom Karimov nomidagi Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti
Annotatsiya.
Mazkur maqolada xizmat koʻr-
satishdan voz kechishga undovchi taqsimlangan
kiberhujumlar tahlil qilingan va ularning tasniﬁ ish-
lab chiqilgan. Ushbu hujumlarning toifalari bo‘yicha
kamchiliklari tavsiﬂ angan. Hujumlarning har bir toi-
fasi uchun uni amalga oshirish sxemasi misollar
yordamida yoritilgan. Yovuz niyatli foydalanuvchilar
tomonidan amalga oshirilgan hujumlar soni, ular-
ning maqsadi va turi tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot nati-
jalariga koʻra, xizmat koʻrsatishdan voz kechishga
undovchi taqsimlangan hujumlarni amalga oshirish-
da yovuz niyatli foydalanuvchilar tomonidan UDP
ﬂ ood (53,64 %) eng koʻp foydalanilgan va GRE ﬂ ood
(1,41 %) eng kam foydalanilgan hujum turi ekanli-
gi aniqlangan. Xizmat ko‘rsatishdan voz kechishga
undovchi taqsimlangan hujumlar xavfsizlik bo‘yicha
mutaxassislarni tashvishga soladigan asosiy masa-
ladir. Ushbu maqola tadqiqotchilar va kiberxavfsizlik
mutaxassislariga zamonaviy xizmat ko‘rsatishdan
voz kechishga undovchi taqsimlangan hujumlarni
amalga oshirish vositalarini yaxshiroq tushunishlari
uchun foydali bo‘lishi mumkin.
Kalit soʻzlar:
kiberxavfsizlik, hujum turlari,
DDoS, UDP ﬂ ood, ICMP ﬂ ood, SYN ﬂ ood, RTP
ﬂ ood, Slowloris.
АНАЛИЗ И КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ КИБЕРАТАК НА
|
| |
-rasm. RTP �lood hujumini amalga oshirish sxemasi

05.01.05 – АХБОРОТЛАРНИ ҲИМОЯЛАШ УСУЛЛАРИ ВА ТИЗИМЛАРИ.
АХБОРОТ ХАВФСИЗЛИГИ
PRINT ISSN 2181-9637
ONLINE ISSN 2181-4317
4 / 2023
ИЛМ-ФАН ВА ИННОВАЦИОН РИВОЖЛАНИШ
НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ
SCIENCE AND INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT
33
Keyinchalik yovuz niyatli foydalanuvchi
suhbat bosqichida maqsadli mijozlarga UDP
orqali uzatiladigan haqiqiy RTP ovozli xabar-
lari toʻplamini yaratadi va serverni tra�ikni
oʻtkazish qobiliyatini yoʻqotish uchun javob
xabarlarini tayyorlashga majbur qiladi. Bun-
ga u qonuniy foydalanuvchining qayd ma’lu-
motlarini buzish orqali erishadi. Bunday
RTP �lood hujumi oqibatlari serverning had-
dan tashqari yuklanishi yoki ishlamay qoli-
shi, istalmagan tra�ikka, mijozlarga xizmat
koʻrsatishning kechikishi yoki qotib qolishi,
qoʻng‘iroqni toʻxtatib turish va hujum qilin-
gan serverlardan birining ortiqcha yuklani-
shiga olib keladi.
Dasturiy ilovalar darajasidagi hujumlar.
Dasturiy ilovalar darajasidagi hujumlar keng
koʻlamli hujumlar va protokollar orqali qili-
nadigan hujumlarga nisbatan kamroq resurs
talab qiladi. Ushbu turdagi hujumlar Apache,
Windows va OpenBSD kabi server dasturiy
ta’minotlardagi kamchiliklarni nishonga ola-
di. Dasturiy ilovalar sathidagi DDoS hujum-
lari dastlab qonuniy koʻrinadigan, ya’ni od-
diy foydalanuvchi tra�igining xatti-harakatiga
taqlid qiluvchi koʻp sonli soʻrovlar yuborish
orqali serverlarni buzadi. Dasturiy ilovalar
darajasidagi hujumlar faqat ma’lum dastur
paketlarini nishonga olganligi sababli ular
e’tibordan chetda qolishi mumkin. Dasturiy
ilovalar darajasidagi hujumlar veb-saytning
ma’lum funksiyalari ishlashini buzishga qa-
ratilgan.
1. Slowloris hujumi.
Slowloris hujumi das-
turiy ilovalar darajasidagi hujumlar guruhi
vakili hisoblanadi. Slowloris DDoS hujumlar-
ni amalga oshirish uchun moʻljallangan das-
turiy ta’minot boʻlib, bitta kompyuter yor-
damida veb-serverning xizmat koʻrsatishini
rad etishga imkon beradi. Hujumni amalga
oshirish uchun minimal tarmoqli oʻtkazuv-
chanlik talab qilinadi. Bu faqat maqsadli
serverning veb-serveriga ta’sir qiladi, boshqa
xizmat va portlarga deyarli hech qanday no-
joʻya ta’sir koʻrsatmaydi. Slowloris veb-server
dasturiy ta’minoti koʻplab mashhur turlariga
nisbatan yuqori samarali ekanligi isbotlangan
(Mammadova & Aslanov, 2023). Slowloris –
bu HTTP’dan foydalanadigan TCP’ga asoslan-
gan DOS hujumi hisoblanadi. Buzg‘unchilar
HTTP serveriga bir nechta ulanishlarni oʻrna-
tadi va toʻliq boʻlmagan HTTP sarlavhalarini
muntazam ravishda yuboradi. Hujum server-
ga qisman, toʻliq boʻlmagan HTTP soʻrovla-
rini yuborish orqali qoʻllab-quvvatlanadi va
bu ulanishni bloklashda davom etadi. Uning
sarlavhalari serverga muntazam ravishda
yetib boradi. Bu hujumning asosiy g‘oyasi
bitta server mashinasini barcha ajratilgan
soketlarni toʻldirmagunicha koʻplab ula-
nishlarni ushlab turishga majbur qilishdir (7-
rasm).
Yovuz niyatli
foydalanuvchi
Yakunlanmagan
sessiya
Service Unavailable
Error 503
Foydalanuvchi
-rasm. Xizmat koʻrsatishdan voz kechishga

05.01.05 – АХБОРОТЛАРНИ ҲИМОЯЛАШ УСУЛЛАРИ ВА ТИЗИМЛАРИ.
АХБОРОТ ХАВФСИЗЛИГИ
PRINT ISSN 2181-9637
ONLINE ISSN 2181-4317
4 / 2023
ИЛМ-ФАН ВА ИННОВАЦИОН РИВОЖЛАНИШ
НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ
SCIENCE AND INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT
30
UDP ma’lum paket formatlarini aniqlay ol-
maydi va shuning uchun yovuz niyatli foyda-
lanuvchilar katta paketlarni (ba’zan 8 KB dan
ortiq) yaratib, ularni tasodi�iy ma’lumotlar
bilan toʻldiradi va hujum qilinayotgan xostga
yuboradi. Hujum
qilinayotgan xost belgilan-
gan portda keraksiz ma’lumotlar bilan toʻldi-
rilgan UDP paketlarini qabul qilganda, dastur
paket mazmunini tekshiradi. Berilgan portda
hech qanday bog‘liqlikni topmaganidan soʻng
tizim ICMP “Destination Unreachable” paketi
bilan javob beradi.
Boshlang‘ich darajada aksariyat operat-
sion tizimlar ICMP orqali javob berish tezligi-
ni cheklash yordamida UDP �lood hujumlarini
yumshatishga harakat qiladi. Biroq bunday
tartibsiz �iltrlash qonuniy tra�ikka ta’sir qila-
di. UDP �lood hujumlarini yumshatish maqsa-
dida tarmoqlararo ekranlardan keng foydala-
niladi.
2. ICMP �lood hujumi
. ICMP �lood hujumi-
da yovuz niyatli foydalanuvchilar jabrlanuv-
chining kompyuterini ICMP soʻrovlari
bilan
toʻldirib tashlaydi (Bamasag, et al., 2022)
.
Odatda, ping soʻrovi ICMP soʻrovi yuborilgan
paytdan boshlab ICMP javobi olingan vaqtga-
cha boʻlgan javob vaqtini oʻlchash orqali ikki
kompyuter oʻrtasidagi ulanishni tekshirish
uchun ishlatiladi. ICMP �lood hujumini amal-
ga oshirish yovuz niyatli foydalanuvchilar
oʻz nishonlarining IP manzilini bilishlariga
bog‘liq. ICMP �lood turdagi hujumlarni amal-
ga oshirish sxemasi quyidagi koʻrinishga ega
(4-rasm).
paketlari qabul qilinadi
va ularga javob beri-
ladi. Natijada axborot-kommunikatsiya tizimi
haddan tashqari yuklanadi va boshqa foyda-
lanuvchilarning soʻrovlariga javob bermay
qoʻyadi. UDP �lood
hujumi doirasida yovuz
niyatli foydalanuvchi paketlarning IP man-
zillarini soxtalashtiradi. Bu esa qaytarilgan
ICMP paketlarining xostga yetib bormasligini
Yovuz niyatli
foydalanuvchi
Zararlangan
kompyuter
Jabrlanuvchi
kompyuteri
ICMP s
oʻ
rov
ICMP javob
ICMP s
oʻ
rov
ICMP javob
ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-КОММУНИКАЦИОННЫЕ

05.01.05 – АХБОРОТЛАРНИ ҲИМОЯЛАШ УСУЛЛАРИ ВА ТИЗИМЛАРИ.
АХБОРОТ ХАВФСИЗЛИГИ
PRINT ISSN 2181-9637
ONLINE ISSN 2181-4317
4 / 2023
ИЛМ-ФАН ВА ИННОВАЦИОН РИВОЖЛАНИШ
НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ
SCIENCE AND INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT
28
ция. Дано описание недостатков и уязвимостей
распределенных атак типа "отказ в обслужи-
вании" по категориям. Представлена схема
реализaции с примерами для каждой категории
распределенных атак типа "отказ в обслужи-
вании". Проанализировано количество атак,
осуществленных злоумышленниками, а так-
же цель и тип используемой атаки. По резуль-
татам исследования, атака типа UDP-флуд
(53,64 %) является наиболее распространенной
при реализaции распределенных атак злоумыш-
ленниками, а GRE-флуд с 1,41 % определена
как самый редкий тип. Распределенные атаки
типа "отказ в обслуживании" являются серьез-
ной проблемой для экспертов по безопасности.
Эта статья может быть полезна для иссле-
дователей и экспертов по кибербезопасности
для лучшего понимания инструментов распре-
деленных атак типа "отказ в обслуживании" в
настоящее время.
Ключевые
слова:
кибербезопасность,
типы атак, DDoS, UDP-флуд, ICMP-флуд, SYN-
флуд, RTP-флуд, Slowloris.
ANALYSIS OF CYBER ATTACKS ON

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ANALYSIS OF CYBER ATTACKS ONBog'liq axborot-kommunikatsiya-tizimlariga-bo-ladigan-kiberhujumlar-tahlili-va-tasnifiANALYSIS OF CYBER ATTACKS ON
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
Kadirov Mir-Khusan Mirpulatovich,
Doctor of Philosophy in Technical Sciences (PhD),
Associate Professor of the Department of
Information Technology
Tashkent State Technical University named after
Islam Karimov
Abstract.
This article analyzes distributed
cyberattacks of the “Denial of Service” type and
develops their classiﬁ cation. A description of the
shortcomings and vulnerabilities of distributed
denial-of-service attacks by category is given. An
implementation diagram with examples for each
category of distributed denial of service attacks
is presented. Analyzed the number of attacks
carried out by attackers, as well as the purpose
and type of attack used. According to the results
of the study, the UDP-ﬂ ood 53.64% attack type
is the most commonly used type by attackers in
implementing distributed attacks, and the GRE-ﬂ ood
1.41% is deﬁ ned as the least used type. Distributed
denial of service attacks are the major concern for
the security experts. This paper can be useful for
researchers and cyber security expert to provide the
better understanding of distributed denial of service
attacks tools in present times.
Keywords:
cybersecurity, attack types, DDoS, UDP
ﬂ ood, ICMP ﬂ ood, SYN ﬂ ood, RTP ﬂ ood, Slowloris.
va aniqlash muammolari J. Cannady, D. Den-
ning, J. Mirkovic, S. Zargar, J. Joshi, R.B. Lee,
V. Paxson (AQSh), G. Kambourakis (Gretsiya),
S. Behal, A. Bhandari, K. Bhushan (Hindiston),
R. Chang (Yaponiya), P. Zegzhda, D. Lavrova,
I. Alekseev (Rossiya), M. Karimov, S. Ganiyev,
K. Tashev, Sh. Gulomov (Oʻzbekiston) kabi
chet el va respublikamiz olimlari tomonidan
o‘rganilgan.
R. Kesavamoorthy (Kesavamoorthy, 2020)
xizmat koʻrsatishdan voz kechishga undov-
chi hujumlarni rejimi, oqimi, ta’siri va joy-
lashuviga ko‘ra tasni�lagan. Olim �lood tu-
ridagi hujumlarni ikki qismga ajratgan:
1) tarmoq darajasidagi hujumlar; 2) ilova da-
rajasidagi hujumlar.
V.S. Xaritonov va D.P. Cheryapkinlar
(Kharitonov & Cheryapkin, 2016) xizmat koʻr-
satishdan voz kechishga undovchi hujumlarni
protokollar orqali qilinadigan hujumlar, ta’sir
ko‘rsatish mexanizmi boʻyicha hujumlar va
ilovalar darajasidagi hujumlarga ajratgan.
Ushbu masala koʻplab tadqiqot ishlarida
o‘rganilgan boʻlsa-da, lekin yovuz niyatli foy-
dalanuvchilar tomonidan takomillashtiril-
gan kiberhujumlarning amalga oshirilishi
davom etmoqda. Shu sababli xizmat koʻr-
satishdan voz kechishga undovchi taqsim-
langan hujumlarni tasni�lash dolzarb ma-
sala hisoblanadi. Bu esa mazkur tadqiqot
mavzusining maqsadi va aniq vazifalarini
belgilab beradi.
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Material va metodlar - Innovasiya 4-son

05.01.05 – АХБОРОТЛАРНИ ҲИМОЯЛАШ УСУЛЛАРИ ВА ТИЗИМЛАРИ.
АХБОРОТ ХАВФСИЗЛИГИ
PRINT ISSN 2181-9637
ONLINE ISSN 2181-4317
4 / 2023
ИЛМ-ФАН ВА ИННОВАЦИОН РИВОЖЛАНИШ
НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ
SCIENCE AND INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT
29
nib borar ekan, yangi turdagi kiberhujumlar
paydo boʻlaveradi. Kiberhujumlarni toifalar-
ga ajratib olish mumkin. Kiberhujumlarning
bir turini boshqasidan ajratish ularning har
biri uchun umumiy aniqlash va oldini olish
strategiyalarini ishlab chiqish imkonini be-
radi. DDoS hujumlarining har xil turlari mav-
jud boʻlsa-da, ularning barchasi tra�ik miq-
doriga bog‘liq (Navruzov & Kabulov, 2022),
(Gulomov & Kadyrov, 2019), (Chou & Groves,
2018).
Oʻtkazilgan tahlillarga asosan (Kesa-
vamoorthy, 2020), (Kharitonov & Cheryap-
kin, 2016), (Navruzov & Kabulov, 2022),
(Kim, Kim, Kim, Shim, & Choi, 2020), (Lin
& Chiueh, 2006), DDoS hujumlarini uchta
toifaga ajratish mumkin (1-rasm).
Veb-serverlar kabi tarmoq resurslari bir
vaqtning oʻzida xizmat koʻrsatishi mumkin
boʻlgan soʻrovlar soni boʻyicha cheklangan.
Shu sababli soʻrovlar sonining keskin oshib
ketishi infratuzilma serverining xizmat koʻr-
satishdan bosh tortishiga sabab boʻlishi mum-
kin (Abdugafforovich, Rajaboevich, & Ildarov-
na, 2022). Yovuz niyatli foydalanuvchilar to-
monidan axborot-kommunikatsiya tizimlariga
qilinadigan DDoS hujumining umumiy sxema-
si quyidagi koʻrinishga ega (2-rasm).
DDoS hujum
Keng koʻlamli
hujumlar
Protokollar
orqali qilinadigan
hujumlar
Dasturiy ilovalar
darajasidagi
hujumlar