nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
sAPO Format Negotiation - Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista

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Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista Custom Audio Effects in Windows Vista
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bet | 19/28 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 0,57 Mb. | | #15720 |
sAPO Format Negotiation
After the sAPO has been initialized, the audio service negotiates the sample format and activates the APO graph for processing. During format negotiation, the LFX is provided the mix format as the input’s opposite (output). The LFX can return S_FALSE to allow system channel matrixing. Otherwise, if the LFX can successfully process this input/output pair, it returns S_OK. After format negotiation succeeds for the entire graph, the sAPOs are given the final format when their LockForProcess methods are called.
From the perspective of the audio subsystem, an sAPO is a black box with unknown capabilities. However, the graph builder and other APOs must negotiate a compatible sample format. To do so, they are queried for supported input or output formats by instantiating and initializing the sAPO and then calling its IsInputFormatSupported_or_IAudioProcessingObject::IsOutputFormatSupported'>IAudioProcessingObject::IsInputFormatSupported or IAudioProcessingObject::IsOutputFormatSupported methods. That means that a GFX must be able to respond without the presence of an LFX and vice versa. An sAPO should respond to the query as follows:
If the sAPO supports the suggested format, it returns S_OK and adds a reference to the successful format.
If the sAPO does not support the suggested format, it suggests an alternative by selecting the “closest” format that it does support and returning S_FALSE. However, an sAPO should suggest an alternate format only if it has some basis for determining “closest.”
If selecting a “closest" format would be nothing more than a guess, the sAPO indicates that it cannot support the suggested format by returning APOERR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED.
For a detailed description of IsInputFormatSupported and IsOutputFormatSupported, see the comments in AudioEngineBaseAPO.idl .
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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar - O`zbekiston respublikasi oliy ta`lim, fan va innovatsiyalar vazirligi osiyo xalqaro...

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O`zbekiston respublikasi oliy ta`lim, fan va innovatsiyalar vazirligi osiyo xalqaro universiteti “Umumkasbiy fanlar” kafedrasi
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bet | 7/7 | Sana | 17.01.2024 | Hajmi | 39,27 Kb. | | #139544 |
Bog'liq Kurs ishi bajardi S2-kt-21 guruh talabasi-fayllar.orgFoydalanilgan adabiyotlar
Dasturlash asoslari. Aripov M .M ., O taxanovN.A “TAFAKKUR BO‘STONI” TOSHKENT-2015
hozir.org
fayllar.org
janobmusayev.medium.com
uz.mazorhomes.com
tuit.uz
texnoman.uz
aim.uz
arxiv.uz
http://fayllar.org
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
O`zbekiston respublikasi oliy ta`lim, fan va innovatsiyalar vazirligi osiyo xalqaro universiteti “Umumkasbiy fanlar” kafedrasi
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Paskal tilidagi dasturi - O`zbekiston respublikasi oliy ta`lim, fan va innovatsiyalar vazirligi osiyo xalqaro universiteti...

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O`zbekiston respublikasi oliy ta`lim, fan va innovatsiyalar vazirligi osiyo xalqaro universiteti “Umumkasbiy fanlar” kafedrasi
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bet | 3/7 | Sana | 17.01.2024 | Hajmi | 39,27 Kb. | | #139544 |
Bog'liq Kurs ishi bajardi S2-kt-21 guruh talabasi-fayllar.orgPaskal tilidagi dasturi:
Procedure StraightSelection
Var i,j,k: index; x:item;
begin
for i:=1 to n-1 do k:=I; x:=a[i]; for j:=i+1 to n do if a[j]end; end; a[k]:=a[i]; a[i]:=x end;
end StraightSelection
Algоritm samaradоrligi:
Taqqоslashlar sоni M = (n 1) .
2
Almashtirishlar sоni Cmin = 3(n - 1), Cmax = 3(n - 1) n
2
(n2 tartib).
Ushbu usul bo`yicha saralash bajarilsa, eng yomоn хоlda taqqоslashlar va almashtirishlar sоni tartibi n2 bo`ladi.
To`g’ridan-to`g’ri almashtirish usuli bilan saralash (pufaksimоn)
Ushbu usulni g’оyasi quyidagicha: n - 1 marta massivda quyidan yuqоriga qarab yurib kalitlar jufti-jufti bilan taqqоslanadi. Agar pastki kalit qiymati yuqоridagi jufti kalitidan kichik bo`lsa, u hоlda ular o`rni almashtiriladi.
Paskal tilidagi dasturi:
for i := 2 to n do for j := n doo`nto i do if a[j - 1] > a[j] then begin x := a[j - 1]; a[j - 1] := a[j]; a[j] := x; end;
Bizning хоlatda bitta o`tish ―bеkоr‖ bo`ldi. Elеmеntlarni оrtiqcha o`rinlashtirmaslik uchun bayrоqcha kiritish mumkin.
Pufaksimоn usulni yaхshilangan usuli bu shеykеr saralash usuli bo`lib, har bir o`tishdan kеyin cikl ichida yo`nalish o`zgartiriladi.
Algоritm samaradоrligi:
n n n2 taqqоslashlar sоni M = ,
2 2 4
n2
almashtirishlar sоni Cmax = 3 . 4
Saralashning yaxshilangan usulları
Quiksort – tez saralash usulı
Ideası: Bul usul almastırıo` usulındaǵı saralashge tiyisli bolıp, onıń tiykarın giltlerdi tańlanǵan giltke qarata ajıratıo` quraydı.
6 dan shep tárepte giltleri kishi, oń tárepte bolsa giltleri 6 dan úlken bolǵan elementler jaylasadı (joqarıdaǵı sızılma).
procedure Sort (L, R: integer); begin
:= L;
:= r;
x := a[(L + r) div 2];
repeat o`hile a[i] < x do i := i + 1;
o`hile a[j] > x do j := j - 1;
if i <= j then begin
y := a[i]; a[i] := a[j]; a[j] := y; i := i + 1; j := j – 1;
end;
until i > j; if L < j then sort (L, j);
if i < r then sort (i, r);
end;
procedure QuickSort; begin
sort (1, n); end;
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
O`zbekiston respublikasi oliy ta`lim, fan va innovatsiyalar vazirligi osiyo xalqaro universiteti “Umumkasbiy fanlar” kafedrasi
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To`g’ridan-to`g’ri qo`shish usuli bilan saralash

Bunday usul karta o`yinida kеng qo`llaniladi. Elеmеntlar (kartlar) hayolan ―tayyor‖ a(1),...,a(i-1) va bоshlang’ich kеtma-kеtliklarga bo`linadi. Har bir qadamda (i=2 dan bоshlanib, har bir qadamda bir birlikka оshirib bоriladi) bоshlang’ich kеtma-kеtlikdan i-chi elеmеnt ajratib оlinib tayyor kеtma-kеtlikning kеrakli jоyiga qo`shiladi.
Taklif qilinayotgan usulni quyidagi misоlda ko`rib chiqamiz.
Faraz qilaylik, kalit qiymati 4, 5, 3, 8, 1, 7 bo`lgan elеmеntlar bеrilgan bo`lsin.
Kеrakli jоyni qidirish jarayonini quyidagi tartibda оlib bоrish qulay bo`ladi. Taqqоslashlar amalga оshirish mоbaynida, navbatdagi a(j) elеmеnt bilan sоlishtiriladi, kеyin esa х bo`sh jоyga qo`yiladi yoki a(j) o`nga suriladi va jarayon chapga ―kеtadi‖. Shuni e’tibоrga оlish lоzimki, saralash jarayoni quyidagi shartlarni birоrtasi bajarilganda yakunlanadi:
х elеmеnti kalitidan kichik kalitli a(j) elеmеnt tоpildi.
tayyor kеtma-kеtlikning chap tоmоni охiriga еtib bоrildi.
Taklif etilayotgan usul algоritmi quyidagicha bo`ladi:
Procedure Straight Insertion
Var i,j:index; x:item;
Begin
for i:=2 to n do x:=a[i]; a[0]:=x; j:=1; o`hile xend Straight Insertion
algоritm samaradоrligi
Faraz qilaylik, taqqоslashlar sоni S, o`rinlashtirishlar sоni M bo`lsin. Agar massiv elеmеntlari kamayish tartibida bo`lsa, u hоlda taqqqоslashlar sоni eng katta bo`lib, u C ga tеng bo`ladi, ya’ni
O`rinlashtirishlar sоni esa Mmax 3(n 1) ga tеng bo`ladi, ya’ni
O n . Agar bеrilgan massiv o`sish tartibida saralangan bo`lsa, u hоlda taqqоslashlar va o`rinlashtirishlar sоni eng kichik bo`ladi, ya’ni Cmin n 1, Mmin 3(n 1).
Faraz qilaylik, a1, a2, … , an elеmеntlar kеtma-kеtligi bеrilgan bo`lsin.
Mazkur usul quyidagi tamоyillarga asоslangan:
1. Bеrilgan elеmеntlar ichidan eng kichik kalitga ega elеmеnt tanlanadi.
2. Ushbu elеmеnt bоshlang’ich kеtma-kеtlikdagi birinchi elеmеnt a1 bilan o`rin almashadi.
3. Undan kеyin ushbu jarayon qоlgan n-1 ta elеmеnt, n-2 ta elеmеnt va хоkazо, tоki bitta eng ―katta‖ elеmеnt qоlguncha davоm ettiriladi.
Taklif qilinayotgan usul algоritmi quyidagicha bo`ladi:
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Figure 8-16
 Modify User - Smt 1 User’s Guide (Linux Version) Server Management Tool (smt) 1

Figure 8-16
Modify User
If the user selects the “Modify User” button, then it will display the form in Figure 8-17 below. This form gives users the ability to change a Password, Real Name, Home Directory (specifically for FTP, not for POP email) and the Allowed Services, which can be POP email only, FTP only, or both POP and FTP access. Note that if providing FTP access to a user, be sure to limit their access. Normal web root or document root directories should always start with the prefix /www/htdocs. Any modifications to this path could give unauthorized users access to your website via FTP.
Figure 8-17
Delete User
Figure 8-19 below shows the results of a deletion of a user. The Results are displayed at the bottom of the page.
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Saralash - Reja: Qidiruv

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Reja: Qidiruv
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bet | 2/2 | Sana | 12.12.2023 | Hajmi | 167,18 Kb. | | #117476 |
Bog'liq Qidiruv ALGORITM 712Saralash - tartiblash (Sorting Algorithms) deb, berilgan obyektlar ketma-ketligini ma`lum mantiqiy tartibda qayta joylashtirish jarayoniga aytiladi. Saralash bir necha ko`rsatkichlarga bog`liq bo`lishi mumkin. Misol uchun maktab jurnalida o'quvchilar familiyasi alifbo tartibiga ko'ra saralangan bo'ladi. Masalan bizga sonlar qatori berilgan: 8, 23, 0, -50, 100 Bu qatorni kichigidan kattasiga qarab yoki kattasidan kichigiga qarab saralashimiz mumkin. Bu saralashni amalga oshirish jarayoni Saralash algoritmi deyiladi. Saralash jarayoni taqqoslashga asoslangan jarayon hisoblanadi. Yuqoridagi sonli qatorni kichigidan kattasiga qarab tartiblaganimizda -50, 0, 8, 23, 100 ko'rinishiga keladi. Biz buni qanday amalga oshirdik. Bunda har xil usuldan foydalanish mumkin va mana shu algoritm turlaridir Biz algoritmlardan bittasidan foydalanib yuqoridagi sonli qatorni tartiblaymiz. Avval, sonli qatordan eng kichigini topamiz va uni ro'yxatnin g boshiga qo'yamiz. Har bir sonni boshqasi bilan solishtirib chiqamiz. Agar son o'zidan keyingi sondan kichik bo'lsa, son shu joyida qoladi, agar katta bo'lsa sonlarning o'rnini almashtiramiz.
Saralash asosan ro'yxat, massiv elementlarida amalga oshiriladi. Masalan sizning sinfingizda 5 ta o'quvchi bor. Ularni familiyasini alifbo tartibida saralash mumkin.
Sonlar berilishi: 23, 54, 3, 22, 1, 45;
Eng kattasini boshiga o`tkazamiz: 23, 3, 22, 1, 45, 54;(54 soni har bir son bilan solishtirilib eng katta ekani aniqlandi, 45 esa o`z o`rnida turipti) Shu tartibni davom ettiramiz: 3, 22, 1, 23, 45, 54;(23 undan keyinda turuvchi eng katta son) Yuqoridagi amalni yana davom ettiramiz: 3, 1, 22, 23, 45, 54;(22 esa davomchi) Oxirgi marta almashtirishimiz quyidagi natijani beradi: 1, 3, 22, 23, 45, 54;(1 eng kichigi) Saralangan tartib quyidagi holatga keldi: 1, 3, 22, 23, 45, 54;
Bizning miyamiz o`zi optimal deb bilgan yo`nalishdan ketadi va biz uchun faqat bitta saralash algoritmi mavjud. Ammo dasturlashda bunday deb bo`lmaydi. Dasturlashga talab ortib, bu soha rivojlanib borgani sari unda bir qator sohalardagi kabi tezlikni oshirish muammosi paydo bo`ladi. Chunki ilk kompyuter tizimlarida kompyuter tizimining 30% tezligi, operativ xotirasi saralashga sarflanar edi. Shu o`rinda savol tug`iladi, operatsion tizimlarda ham saralashdan foydalaniladimi? Albatta ha! Fikrimiz isbotini hozirda keng foydalaniladigan Total Commander dasturi isbotlaydi. Unda bir necha xil saralash mavjud: fayl turi, nomi, o`zgartirilgan sanasi va o`lchami. Har birini o`sish yoki kamayish tartibida saralash mumkin. Ha aytgancha, hozirgi tizimlar 30% emas anchagina kamroq tezlik va xotira sarflashadi. Chunki tezlik masalasi tobora yuqori cho`qqiga chiqayotgan va ishlanayotgan ma`lumotlar o`lchami oshib borayotgan bir paytda sekin ishlovchi algoritmlardan foydalanish kulguli. Ma`lumotlar o`lchamlari esa juda katta, shu sababli ularni aniq va tez saralashga ehtiyoj mavjud. Buni amalga oshirish uchun esa yangi algoritmlarga ehtiyoj tug`ila boshladi.
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Figure 8-21
 Manage Email Forwarding

Figure 8-21
Manage Email Forwarding
In this section, users can configure the default mail drop for a domain, or manage Email Forwards or Email Aliases that they have setup. Figure 8-22 shows the two options that users will have.
Figure 8-22
Configure Default Mail Drop
This section is great for users who want to have all email for a domain received by someone in an organization. For instance, assume the user has email accounts for the following 3 employees, and each of them are POP email accounts:
After a year, Joe leaves the organization. The POP account for Joe may be removed, but an email Forward or Alias may not be set in place for Joe. If the default email drop is configured to send any email account that does not exist to Bob, then email sent to Joe will be received by Bob. In fact, email sent to addresses that don’t or have never existed will get to Bob as well.
To use this feature, click the Configure Default Mail Drop from the screen shown in Figure 8-22 above. The form listed in Figure 8-23 will display. The following fields are required to complete the default mail drop configuration.
Alias Name: The word DEFAULT is already assumed, as this is configuring the default mail drop.
Domain Name: This is the domain name for the default email drop. Default email drops can be setup for each domain name to go to different email addresses.
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Figure 7-29

Disable Virtual Host

Figure 7-29
Disable Virtual Host
The ability to disable a virtual host is done directly from the “Manage Virtual Hosts” area. Simple clicking the link will update the web server configuration files, and the site will become disabled. Figure 7-30 below shows an example of the site ‘testing14.com’ being disabled. Note that only Web Services (HTTP) are disabled; FTP, SMTP and POP services are not. It is recommended that any FTP user account be removed during a disabled action.
Figure 7-30
Why would I need to know this? The ability to disable a domain is very important to those that provide paid-for web services. At times, users will not pay for services rendered. This disable feature allows web services resellers to suspend accounts until payment is received.
Rename Virtual Host
The screen below shows how a user can rename a domain name. The purpose behind this feature is to change the domain name that is pointed to a directory on the user’s virtual server. Once the “Rename” link is clicked on the list of all virtual host domains, the screen below (Figure 7-31) will appear. Please note that this feature does not register or renew a domain name. It will only rename the domain configuration on the virtual server for HTTP, FTP, SMTP and POP traffic.
Figure 7-31
Delete a Virtual Host
From the main list of domains, there is an option to “Delete” a virtual host domain. When clicking the link to “Delete” for a specific domain, you will receive a pop up display asking if you wish to delete the domain (Figure 7-32). Once a user selects “Yes”, the domain will be deleted from the user’s virtual server. This will remove all configurations for that domain name; however, it will NOT remove the data inside of the directory or document root for the domain. This is something that will need to be done by hand using FTP, telnet or another scripting method. Once a domain is deleted, the quota for allowed domains on the virtual server will increase by one.
Figure 7-32
Change Your Main Server Password
Changing the main server password is a very simple procedure; however for security reasons we always recommend that users change their password every 30 to 60 days. The user should ensure the password is between 6 and 8 characters, and should include both letters (upper and lower case) and numbers.
This password is used for both SMT/cpanel access, as well as FTP access. Figure 7-33 shows an example of a cryptic password.
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«elektr texnikasi, elektr mexanikasi va elektr texnologiyalari»

O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI
OLIY VA O‘RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI
FARG‘ONA POLITEXNIKA INSTITUTI
«ENERGETIKA» fakulteti
«ELEKTR TEXNIKASI, ELEKTR MEXANIKASI VA ELEKTR TEXNOLOGIYALARI»
kafedrasi
ELEKTR ENERGETIKASI
YO‘NALISHI TALABALARI UCHUN
ENERGOMENEJMENT
fanidan
MA‘RUZA MATNLARI
(3-semestr)
FARG‘ONA - 2021
«Energomenejment» fanidan ushbu ma’ruzalar matni Elektr energetika yo‘nalishi talabalari uchun, mo‘ljallangan. Shular qatori ma’ruzalar matnlaridan. Matnlar yangi o‘quv reja va dastur asosida tuzilgan bo‘lib, 30 soatlik ma’ruza mashg‘ulot darslarida o‘qishga rejalashtirilgan.
Ma’ruzalar matni “«Elektr texnikasi, elektr mexanikasi va elektr texnologiyalari» kafedrasining uslubiy seminarida muhokama qilingan.
Ma’ruzalar matni Energetika fakultetining uslubiy komissiyasi tomonidan ma’qullangan.
Tuzuvchilar: dots. Usmonov Sh.Yu
kat. o‘qit Kuchkarova D.T
1-mavzu. “Energomenejment” faniga kirish
Reja:
Energiya tejamkorlik tushunchasi
“Energomenejment” fanining predmeti va uslublari.
Jamiyat hayotida va rivojlanishida energetikaning o’rni.
Tayanch so’z va iboralar: Energiya, energiya iste’moli, energetikaning o’rni, ozuqa energiyasi, issiqlik energiya, energiyadan foydalanish, energiyani rivojlanishi tarixi
Energiya tejamkorlik tushunchasi
Jahon energetiklar kengashida energiya tejamkorlik sohasidagi asosiy atama va tushunchalar ko‘rib chiqilib, tasdiqlangan edi. Energetiklar kongressi energiya tejamkorlikka tegishli atama va tushunchalami asosan olti guruhga bo‘lib qarashni tavsiya etdi.
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Figure 8-19
 Manage Mail Lists - Smt 1 User’s Guide (Linux Version) Server Management Tool (smt) 1

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Smt 1 User’s Guide (Linux Version) Server Management Tool (smt) 1
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bet | 31/42 | Sana | 29.09.2020 | Hajmi | 6,37 Mb. | | #11801 |
Figure 8-19
Manage Mail Lists
For more information on Mail Lists, see the section for Adding Mail Lists above.
Delete Mail Lists
To delete a Mail List, click on the mail list under the Existing Mail Lists heading, as seen below in Figure 8-20.
Figure 8-20
Once displayed, there will be a link that says “Delete This Mail List”. To delete the entire list, click on this link (See Figure 8-21 below). Remember, that this will delete any record of the list. There is no restore feature; a deleted list will have to be completely recreated.
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Figure 8-23

  
Alias Type - Smt 1 User’s Guide (Linux Version) Server Management Tool (smt) 1

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Smt 1 User’s Guide (Linux Version) Server Management Tool (smt) 1
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bet | 33/42 | Sana | 29.09.2020 | Hajmi | 6,37 Mb. | | #11801 |
Figure 8-23
Alias Type: The user can select POP3 account, which is a mail box account on the server in which case a drop down menu will appear with all POP email accounts in it (Figure 8-24), or External mail account, which can be an email address that is off of the user’s account (Figure 8-25).
Figure 8-24
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I bob. Ta’lim-tarboya jarayonida raqamli texnologiyalardan foydalanishning nazariy asoslari

KIRISH……………………………………………………........................
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I BOB. TA’LIM-TARBOYA JARAYONIDA RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALARDAN FOYDALANISHNING NAZARIY ASOSLARI...................................................................................................
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Raqamli texnologiyalar va ularning rivojlanish tarixi............................
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Zamonaviy ta’limda raqamli texnologiyalarning ahamiyati..................
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II BOB. RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALAR IMKONIYATLARIDAN TA’LIM-TARBIYA JARAYONIDA FOYDALANISH METODIKASI
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Zamonaviy raqamli texnologiyalarning ta’limiy imkoniyatlari...............
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Umumiy o’rta maktab informatika darslarida raqamli texnologiyalardan foydalanish metodikasi...............................................
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XULOSA.....................................................................................................
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FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO’YXATI.................................
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ILOVALAR.................................................................................................
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Figure 7-33
 Manage mSQL Server - Smt 1 User’s Guide (Linux Version) Server Management Tool (smt) 1

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Smt 1 User’s Guide (Linux Version) Server Management Tool (smt) 1
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bet | 19/42 | Sana | 29.09.2020 | Hajmi | 6,37 Mb. | | #11801 |
Figure 7-33
Manage mSQL Server
This section is used to manage mSQL. mSQL or “Mini” SQL, is a database application used by web developers to make websites with dynamic content. The features shown below in Figure 7-34 are the only management functions needed in the SMT/cpanel. This provides the ability to start, stop and restart the mSQL “daemon” or service. Please note that this is not a utility for MySQL.
Figure 7-34
To start the daemon or service, simply click the “Start/Restart mSQL Server” link. The output (See Figure 7-35) will show that the service started successfully.
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Username - Smt 1 User’s Guide (Linux Version) Server Management Tool (smt) 1

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Smt 1 User’s Guide (Linux Version) Server Management Tool (smt) 1
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bet | 23/42 | Sana | 29.09.2020 | Hajmi | 6,37 Mb. | | #11801 |
Username – This is the name of the email user that is to be created. This should be between 3 and 8 characters. Spaces are not acceptable.
Domain Name – This field is used to attach a specific domain name with the user name. All domain names on the virtual server are listed in the drop down menu. If a user does not see a domain name listed in the drop down menu, they should consult the Add Virtual Host section of this user’s guide, and confirm it has been added.
Real Name – This is the user’s real name. This is an optional field.
Password – The user should ensure the password is between 6 and 8 characters, and should include both letters (upper and lower case) and numbers.
Confirm Password – This is used to confirm that the password is correct and the same as the above password.
FTP enabled? – This is a yes or no selection to allow this user to also have FTP access to the server.
FTP Home Directory – This should be the path from the root of the virtual server, down to the directory that the user should have access to. Note that the FTP user will not have access to anything above the directory a user inputs here. An example of a proper home directory would be /www/htdocs/test where the user would only have FTP access to the test directory.
Figure 8-2
Figure 8-3 below shows an error message that can often be displayed. The user name selected (‘test’) has already been created. The error states that it was created as an email alias, and because of this, the user can’t create an email alias and an email account (POP account) with the same name. The SMT will provide the user with the ability to remove the email alias, and add the email POP account or choose another POP account username.
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Figure 7-35
 Manage mySQL Server - Smt 1 User’s Guide (Linux Version) Server Management Tool (smt) 1

Figure 7-35
Manage mySQL Server
This section is used to manage MySQL. MySQL, is a database application used by web developers to make websites with dynamic content. The features shown below in Figure 7-36 are the only management functions needed in the SMT/cpanel. This provides the ability to start, stop and restart the MySQL “daemon” or service. Please note that this is not a utility for mSQL.
Figure 7-36
Will be added shortly.
To start the daemon or service, simply click the “Start/Restart MySQL Server” link. The output (See Figure 7-37) will show that the service started successfully.
Figure 7-37
Will be added shortly.
Check Perl Scripts for Common Errors
This feature helps check perl scripts for simple errors. The error checking is done by a program in the SMT/cpanel. See Figure 7-36 for an example. This program will test 4 areas:
TEST 1: script and permissions
This test ensures that the file exists in the location specified on the virtual server, and that the permissions and ownership are properly set. For example, if the perl script that a user is checking is found to be 644, or not executable, it will correct the permissions and change the script to 755, which is executable permissions.
TEST 2: script file format
This test ensures that the file was uploaded in ASCII (pronounced “asky”) mode and not binary mode. It will strip out any unwanted characters that sometimes can’t be seen on a Windows operating system.
TEST 3: check perl path
This test checks the path at the top of the perl script and ensures that it is set to the location where the perl binary is located on the virtual server. The path to perl, or the first line in any perl script should always be one of the following two lines.
#!/usr/bin/perl
#!/bin/perl
TEST 4: perl syntax
This test reviews the basic syntax of the perl script. It may find simple errors, and correct them or point them out; however, this is a cursory review of the syntax, and will not evaluate logic errors. Scripts that are found freely on the Internet should work out of the box with some simple configuration changes. This test should inform the user whether the syntax for those changes is correct.
If the script passes all the tests but still won’t run, it could be one of the following areas.
Make sure it can find any files or external programs it needs
Make sure any included perl programs also check out
Make sure you are writing a "Content-type:" line at the beginning of the script’s output
Figure 7-38
Reset WWW Log Files
This feature will reset or “zero out” all web server logs in the logs directory for the top level domain name. The files that are reset are as follows:
/www/logs/access_log
/www/logs/error_log
To reset the log files, simply click on the button as shown in Figure 7-37.
NOTE: This feature does NOT reset log files for virtual host domains on the server. Log files for each virtual host will need to be zero’ed out by FTP, telnet or other scripting means.
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Figure 8-6 - Smt 1 User’s Guide (Linux Version) Server Management Tool (smt) 1

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Smt 1 User’s Guide (Linux Version) Server Management Tool (smt) 1
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bet | 25/42 | Sana | 29.09.2020 | Hajmi | 6,37 Mb. | | #11801 |
Figure 8-6
Figure 8-7
Display List of Email Addresses in a Mail List
The “Display List” button that appears above in Figure 8-7 will display the email address and name of each individual on the Mail List, as witnessed in Figure 8-8 below.
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Thermoelemente - Elektrische Leitfähigkeit in Festkörpern

In Thermoelementen nützt man den Seebeck Effekt zur Temperaturmessung im Bereich von –200
Abbildung 3 Anordnung zur Messung der Thermospannung mit einem Cu/Konstantan Thermoelement
Versuch 5 Temperaturabhängigkeit des Kontaktpotentials Cu/Konstantan: Eine Cu7konstantan Lötstelle wird erwärmt
Versuch 6 Thermoelement: Cu/Konstantan a) Beide Kontakte auf Zimmertemperatur b) Eichung: Ein Kontakt auf 100°C, der andere auf 0°C c) Messung: Ein Kontakt auf 0°C, der andere auf Zimmertemperatur
Versuch 7 Ein Thermostrom in einer Cu-Schleife erzeugt ein Magnetfeld, das 5 kg trägt.
Der Thermostrom in der Cu-Windung ist durch Querschnitt und Länge der Windung und Temperaturdifferenz zwischen den Lötstellen gegeben:
Elektrische Leitfähigkeit in Festkörpern - bet 2

Abbildung 2 Schema der Fermi Verteilung für das frei Elektronengas. Die Ordinate zeigt die Wahrscheinlichkeit, ein Teilchen mit einer Energie zwischen K und anzutreffen. Man erkennt die scharfe Fermikante bei niederen Temperaturen. Nur bei sehr hohen Temperaturen gibt es eine genügende Anzahl von Elektronen mit Energien größer als die der Fermikante.
Die Energieverteilung des Elektronengases ist im Bild des klassischen Gases nicht zu beschreiben, sie ist eine Folge des Pauli-Prinzips der Quantenmechanik
Boltzmann Statistik für die Verteilung der Energie im realen Gas
Elektrische Leitfähigkeit in Festkörpern - bet 6

Elektrische Leitfähigkeit in Festkörpern
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Elektrische Leitfähigkeit in Festkörpern - bet 7

Tabelle 4 Strom in der Cu-Leitung: Bei d=10mm und l=0,1m, folgt I=450 A.
5 kg
Abbildung 4 Ein Thermostrom erzeugt ein Magnetfeld, das 5 kg trägt (15 Minuten Anheizzeit)
Versuch 8 Ein Eisenstab wird in der Mitte und zuerst links, dann rechts davon erwärmt: Man mißt eine Thermospannung, deren Änderung die Umkristallisation des Eisens anzeigt. Eisen kristallisiert je nach Temperaturbehandlung in unterschiedlichen kristallographischen Strukturen, das wird z. B. beim Härten ausgenützt.
Netzwerktyp festlegen zu dem Verbindungen aufgebaut werden dürfen

Netzwerktyp festlegen zu dem Verbindungen aufgebaut werden dürfen
Windows XP kann sich mit Access Points und auch mit anderen Computern direkt drahtlos verbinden.
Standardmäßig versucht sich Windows XP zu beiden Typen verbinden, bevorzugt aber immer Access Points.
Eine Verbindung zu einem Ad-hoc-Netzwerk ist daher nur möglich, wenn kein Access Point gefunden wird oder der Zugriff explizit für Ad-hoc-Netze erlaubt wird.
Zu welchem Netzwerktyp sich Windows XP verbinden darf wird auch hier über die Registerkarte Drahtlose Netzwerke eingestellt.
H ier ein Linksklick auf Erweitert.
Um auf alle Typen von Drahtlosen Netzwerken zu verbinden, wählt man hier den ersten Punkt
Verfügbares Netzwerk (Zugriffspunkt bevorzugt).
Um nur auf Access Points zu verbinden, wählt man den zweiten Punkt Nur Zugriffspunktnetzwerke (Infrastruktur).
Um nur auf andere Computer zu verbinden wählt man den dritten Punkt Nur Computer-mit-Computer-Netzwerke (Ad-hoc).
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Rules and conventions - Tyner indb

28 MaP Design
lacks contrast. As we have seen, maps are not linear and are not read in the way text
is, from top to bottom and left to right. Establishing a
visual hierarchy through size,
boldness, and color helps lead the reader’s eye (Figure 2.10). Thus, the mapmaker
uses large type to attract the eye to the title and uses “heavy” colors such as red or
black to emphasize areas.
One important aspect of the visual hierarchy is the
figure–ground relationship.
In a graphic communication, one area will stand out as the figure and another will
be the ground or background. If the figure–ground relationship is not clear-cut, the
communication will be ambiguous; this is the basis of many optical illusions (see
Figure 2.11). If there is no clear visual hierarchy of color, an unclear figure–ground
distinction can also result. For maps, the thematic information and the subject area
are normally the figure and the base information is the ground.
The distinction between land and water is a special aspect of the figure–ground
problem. Usually, the land is intended to stand out as figure, but if land and water
have equal visual emphasis, readers have a very difficult time orienting themselves.
Figure 2.12 illustrates coastal cities. Because the lettering is on both land and water
areas, it is impossible to determine, without being familiar with the area, what is land
and what is water.
Figure 2.13 shows several ways to establish a land–water distinction.
Water lin-
ing was a customary way of symbolizing water on engraved maps for several centu-
ries, but it is no longer an acceptable method unless one is attempting to create an
antique feel. It is hard to read, and the lines are often mistaken for depth contours
when, in fact, they have no numerical value.
Stippling is another conventional technique that was used primarily for manually
drawn black-and-white maps. It was easy to do, and attractive when well done, but
there is danger that readers might interpret the dots as representing sandy areas.
Line and
wave patterns have also been used, but lines often create an unpleasant,
vibrating effect that is hard on readers’ eyes. The wave pattern is not desirable except
Mit Windows XP zu einem anderen Computern verbinden (Ad-hoc)

Mit Windows XP zu einem anderen Computern verbinden (Ad-hoc)
Vorhandenes Drahtloses Netzwerk im Ad-hoc-Modus verfügbar
WLAN-Geräte können auch direkt miteinander verbunden werden, ein solches WLAN arbeitet im Ad‑hoc‑Modus.
Wenn schon ein WLAN im Ad-hoc-Modus existiert findet Windows XP dieses Netzwerk, so dass es nur noch notwendig ist eine Verbindung zu diesem Netzwerk herzustellen.
Dazu lässt man sich die verfügbaren Netze anzeigen, wählt das Netz aus, zu dem man sich verbinden möchte und klickt auf Verbinden.
Die dazu nötigen Schritte sind identisch mit dem Verbinden zu einem Access Point.
Kein Vorhandenes Drahtloses Netzwerk im Ad-hoc-Modus verfügbar
Ist kein Netz verfügbar, kann Windows XP ein neues WLAN eröffnen, auf das sich andere Computer verbinden können.
Dazu sind folgende Schritte notwendig:
Über Systemsteuerung, in Netzwerkverbindungen
Rechtsklick auf Drahtlose Netzwerkverbindung
Linksklick auf Eigenschaften
Linksklick auf Drahtlose Netzwerke
Linksklick auf Hinzufügen...
Windows XP ohne SP1
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Windows XP mit SP1
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Hacken setzen bei Dies ist ein Computer-mit-Computernetzwerk (Ad-hoc); drahtlose Zugriffspunkte werden nicht verwendet
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Netzwerkname (SSID) des WLAN im entsprechenden Feld angegeben.
Wenn eine Verschlüsselung genutzt werden soll denn Hacken Datenverschlüsselung (WEP aktiviert) setzten.
Hacken Schlüssel wird automatisch zur Verfügung gestellt entfernen.
Netzwerkschlüssel eingeben.
Linksklick auf OK
Im anderen Fenster wieder Linksklick auf OK
Nun ist ein neues Ad-hoc-Netzwerk unter XP eingerichtet, andere Geräte können sich jetzt darauf verbinden.
Windows XP meldet auch, nach einiger Zeit, dass eine Verbindung zu diesem WLAN hergestellt wurde.
- Seite / -
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fIgURe 2.22 - Tyner indb

38 MaP Design
inset Maps
An inset map is a small map used in conjunction with the main map and within the
frame of the main map. Insets may be used to clarify, to gain scale, to enlarge or
focus on a small section of the map, or to provide a setting for an area presumed to
be unfamiliar to the reader. Inset maps can be quite helpful in solving difficult design
and layout problems, but should not be overused (see Figure 2.24). Too many insets
create a choppy, cluttered appearance and the design will not appear unified.
Some areas have irregular shapes that don’t fit easily into a given format. Alaska
is one such place. If the entire state of Alaska including the Aleutians is placed on a
page in “portrait” format, the map is very tiny and it is difficult to show data; if an
inset of the Aleutians is used, then the map can be larger. If the inset map is at a dif-
ferent scale than the main map, scales must be placed on both map and inset to avoid
confusion about size.
Inset maps of Alaska and Hawaii are frequently used on maps showing the 50
United States. This sometimes creates a problem for children, who come to believe
that Alaska and Hawaii are located to the south of the 48 contiguous states and that
Alaska is an island. This problem can be solved by using an inset of North America
and the Pacific with those two states highlighted. This type of inset is also used for
any area that might be considered unfamiliar to the viewer (Figure 2.25).
In Figure 2.26 the detail of the center area cannot be distinguished; if the map
is made large enough to show the detail area, it will no longer fit the format; if only
the circled area is shown, the reader has no anchor for orientation. One solution is to
enlarge the area and present it as an inset.
source and other explanatory materials

Text Material and Typography 47
cover the extent of the area and are curved in the shape of the area, as in Figure
3.5. The lettering is upright.
4.
Names of mountains are treated in the same way as names of regions. In
neither case is the name repeated at intervals as it is for linear features (Figure
3.6).
5.
Names of point locations, such as cities, are placed to one side and not
on the same line as the symbol. The first choice is above and to the right of the
symbol. Generally, the name is not placed to the left of the symbol unless there is
no other choice. The name is not placed on the same line as the symbol because
there is a possibility that the symbol, especially an open circle, could be mistaken
for a letter. These names are not spread out, but are set solid, that is, in a block
(Figure 3.7).
If a city is located on the east side of a river, ideally the name should be
placed on the east side, and places on the west side should have their names to the
west. Obviously, this guideline can contradict the preferred locations above.
If it is not possible to place the name close to a point, a
callout can be used,
as in Figure 3.8.
6.
Lettering takes precedence over linework. Lines should not be run
through lettering, nor should names be broken to make room for lines. If there is
a conflict, the line should be broken or a mask or halo can be placed around the
letter (see below). On maps drawn in color, lettering can be put over linework if
the lettering and the linework are different colors.
Der Peltiereffekt - Elektrische Leitfähigkeit in Festkörpern

Der Peltiereffekt
Der Peltiereffekt ist die Umkehrung des thermoelektrischen Seebeck Effekts. Fließt ein Strom durch einen Stromkreis aus verlötetem Eisendraht, Konstantan und Eisendraht, dann erwärmt sich die eine Lötstelle, während sich die andere abkühlt. Die Wärmeleistung an der Kontaktstelle ist zum Strom proportional. Das Vorzeichen der Temperaturänderung hängt von der Stromrichtung ab.
Abbildung 5 Peltier Effekt: Bei Stromfluss erwärmt sich eine Lötstelle, die andere kühlt sich ab.
Versuch 9 An glühenden Metallen wird der Peltiereffekt gezeigt.
Technische Bedeutung haben Peltier Elemente, die aus speziellen Halbleitern (Selen dotiertes Wismuttellurid) aufgebaut sind. In kleinen Kühlaggregaten werden damit bis zu max. 50°C Temperaturdifferenz erzeugt. Die Wahl der Stromrichtung bestimmt, welche Seite des symmetrisch aufgebauten Elements warm oder kalt wird.
Äußeres Kontaktpotential
Die durch die unterschiedlichen Fermi Energien hervorgerufenen Spannungsdifferenzen an den Kontaktstellen ist auch an Oberflächen meßbar, diese Spannung heißt Volta-Spannung oder äußeres Kontaktpotential.
Abbildung 6 Kontaktpotential
Versuch 10 Eine Zn und Cu-Platte sind über die Erde miteinander verbunden. Zieht man sie auseinander, dann fließt Ladung ab, weil im Kondensator die Spannung U konstant bleibt.
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Ladung in Abhängigkeit vom Plattenabstand d
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Definition der Kapazität
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Kapazität eines Plattenkondensators, Fläche A, Abstand d
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Tabelle 5 Ladung am Plattenkondensator. Viel Ladung wird bei kleinem Abstand d gespeichert: Deshalb werden die Platten so dicht wie möglich aneinander gefahren.
Versuch 11 Baedecker Versuch zur Dotierung (1908). Eine CuJ Schicht auf einem Glas befindet sich im Vakuum und leitet – nach dem Ausheizen- kaum den Strom. Wird Jod Dampf eingelassen, dann springt die Stromstärke sprunghaft an: Neutrales Jod diffundiert in den Kristall und nimmt aus dem Valenzband ein Elektron auf. Dadurch entsteht im Valenzband ein dem Ladungstransport dienendes Loch ( Löcher- oder p-Leitung).
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Kontaktpotentiale, Thermospannungen

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Kontaktpotentiale, Thermospannungen
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Kontaktpotentiale, Thermospannungen Der Seebeck Effekt
Kommen zwei Metalle mit unterschiedlicher Fermienergie in Kontakt, dann fließen die Elektronen vom Metall höherer Fermi Energie zu dem mit tieferer Energie, bis die mit der Aufladung der Metalle erzeugte Spannung dem Elektronenstrom entgegenwirkt. Die Potentialdifferenz zwischen den Metallen heißt inneres Kontaktpotential oder Galvanispannung, es gilt
Bringt man zwei Kontaktstellen auf unterschiedliche Temperatur, dann fließt zwischen diesen ein Strom, weil die Kontaktpotentiale temperaturabhängig sind. Die „Thermospannung“ ist näherungsweise zur Temperatur proportional, die Empfindlichkeit beträgt bei Cu/Konstantan etwa 40 .
Auch an einem an zwei Stellen unterschiedlich erhitzten Eisenstab ist eine Thermospannung meßbar, deren Temperaturabhängigkeit die Umkristallisation des Eisens anzeigt. Das ist verständlich, weil die Fermi Niveaus und das Bändermodell das Zusammenspiel zwischen Elektronenzahl und Kristallstruktur widerspiegeln.
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fIgURe 2.24 - Tyner indb

Bog'liq Judith A. Tyner. Principles of map design. New York. „The Guilford Press”, 2010
fIgURe 2.24. Insets are useful and information can be set off in boxes, but too many insets
and boxes create a choppy, cluttered appearance.
Map Design 39
supplemental Text and illustrations
There are elements of supplemental text that must be on the map. One example is a
source statement, especially for quantitative maps or maps based on another’s work.
This statement acts in much the same way as a footnote in a book. Ethics require that
such statements be included. Another piece of supplemental text is the name of the
projection; this is an aid to the reader and provides a key to where the map is most
accurate and what its limitations are. As with other elements, they are placed to cre-
ate a pleasing well-balanced composition.
With the ease of manipulating photographs and text by computer, it has become
increasingly popular to add large blocks of text and photographs to maps and atlases.
ORANGE COUNTY
San Juan
Capistrano
Laguna
Beach
Huntington
Beach
Santa Ana
Anaheim
fIgURe 2.25. General location inset. The inset is used to provide the reader with the broad
setting for an unfamiliar area.
Rocky Lake 1st St.
2nd St.
3rd St.
North St.
State St.
South St.
Capitol
Building
Capital City
H
wy
2
fIgURe 2.26. An inset can be used to focus on an area with an enlargement.
40 MaP Design
These can be effective, but should be used with care. The danger is including too
much “stuff” on the page and losing the map in the process. Some modern atlases
have pages containing more text than map. Viewers have mixed opinions on this prac-
tice. The key is to remember the focus and purpose of the map. Will the additional
text add to the discourse or will it be visual clutter? Do the photographs illustrate the
map subject or are they extraneous? There were other periods in cartographic history
when decorative elements were included on maps. The seventeenth-century Blaeu
atlases include drawings around each map page that showed dress styles for differ-
ent cities or landmark buildings; other maps of the 17th and 18th centuries included
allegorical figures. Nineteenth-century atlases frequently included vignettes showing
historic events or local scenery. Figure 2.27 is a hand-drawn map with pen-and-ink
sketches of buildings.
Frames and neat Lines
The neat line is a line that frames and separates the map from other information; the
frame is a border around the entire map. These lines are shown on the generic map
in Figure 2.15. There is some debate about the use of frames and neat lines. Many
like the “free” look a frameless map gives to the page, others feel that a frame adds
stability to the page. To a large extent this is a personal preference, but is governed by
fIgURe 2.27. Drawings or photographs can add interest to a map if not overused. Hand-
drawn map of part of Virginia with pen-and-ink drawings of Monticello. Courtesy of Nor-
man J. W. Thrower.
Map Design 41
where the map will be reproduced, who will use it, and the guidelines of the company
or agency creating the map or map series.
Mit Windows XP auf einen Access Point verbinden (Infrastruktur)

Mit Windows XP auf einen Access Point verbinden (Infrastruktur)
Im einfachsten Fall findet Windows XP automatisch ein in Reichweite liegendes Funknetzwerk.
In diesem Fall meldet sich der Access Point mit seinem Netzwerknamen (SSID) immer wieder in regelmäßigen kurzen Abständen, sodass Computer in Reichweite auf den Access Point aufmerksam werden. D.h. der sog. SSID-Broadcast ist aktiviert.
Ist der SSID-Broadcast deaktiviert meldet sich der Access Point nur, wenn ein Computer speziell fragt, ob ein Funknetzwerk mit den Netzwerknamen existiert, welcher von Access Point verwendet wird.
Um zu erreichen, dass Windows XP selbst nach einem Access Point mit deaktiviertem SSID-Broadcast sucht, sind folgende Schritte notwendig:
Man öffnet das Fenster Netzwerkverbindungen über die Systemsteuerung.
Rechtsklick auf Drahtlose Netzwerkverbindung
Linksklick auf Eigenschaften
Linksklick auf Drahtlose Netzwerke
L inksklick auf Hinzufügen...
Es öffnet sich folgendes Fenster:
Windows XP ohne SP1
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Windows XP mit SP1
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Hier in das entsprechende Feld den Netzwerknamen bzw. die SSID des Access Points eintragen.
Hacken Datenverschlüsselung (WEP aktiviert) entfernen.
(Wird eine Datenverschlüsselung verwendet und ggf. auch eine Netzwerkauthentifizierung, dann können die entsprechenden Angaben hier natürlich auch sofort eingetragen werden.
Dann den Hacken
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Suche nach verfügbaren Netzwerken

Wenn Windows zum Konfigurieren der Einstellungen verwendet wird, ist es über die Schaltfläche Aktualisieren möglich, eine Suche nach Drahtlosen Netzwerken durchzuführen.
Dies kann evtl. erforderlich sein, wenn ein Drahtloses Netzwerk noch nicht von Windows XP gefunden wurde obwohl dies eigentlich der Fall sein müsste.
Bab I pendahuluan 1 Latar Belakang - bet 4

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Bab I pendahuluan 1 Latar Belakang
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ε = permitivitas bahan dielektrik (C/Nm2)
A = luas penampang keping (meter2)
d = jarak pemisah kedua lempeng (meter)
Permitivitas bahan dari sebuah dielektrik pada kapasitor didefinisikan sebagai :
ε = εr.εo
dengan
εr = konstanta dielektrik
εo = permitivitas vakum (C/Nm2)
εo = 8,85 x 10-12 C/Nm2
Kegunaan kapasitor dalam berbagai rangkaian listrik adalah:
mencegah loncatan bunga api listrik pada rangkaian yang mengandung kumparan, bila tiba-tiba arus listrik diputuskan dan dinyalakan
menyimpan muatan atau energi listrik dalam rangkaian penyala elektronik
memilih panjang gelombang pada radio penerima
sebagai filter dalam catu daya (power supply)
Rangkaian Kapasitor
Paralel
Apabila dua buah kapasitor atau lebih dihubungkan secara paralel, kapasitansi ekivalen kombinasinya adalah jumlah kapasitansi tunggal :
Ceq = C1+ C2 + C3 + …… kapasitor parallel
Seri
Apabila dua buah kapasitor atau lebih dihubungkan secara seri, kebalikan kapasitansi ekivalen diperoleh dengan menjumlahkan kebalikan muatan-muatan kapasitor tunggalnya :
1/Ceq = 1/C1+ 1/C2 + 1/C3 + …… kapasitor seri
4 Kalkulasi beda Potensial
Beda potensial antara sembarang dua titik a dan b dalam medan elektrostatik dapar dikalkulasikan berdasarkan persamaan jika intensitas listrik sepanjang sembarang garis yang menghubungkan kedua titik itu diketahui. Mari kita tinjau sekrang beberapa kejadian khusus.
Ekuipotensial. Dalam setiap daerah dimana E=0 di semua titik, misalnya suatu daerah yang sangat jauh dari semua muatan atau interior sebuah konduktor dimana muatan dalam keadaan diam, integral garis E sama dengan nol di sepanjang sembarang lintasan. Beda potensial antara sembarang dua titik karena itu nol atau dengan kata lain, semua titik dalam daerah itu pada potensial yang sama. Jadi, interior sebuah konduktor bermuatan merupakan suatu volum yang ekuipotensial.
(a)
(b)
(c)
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Eksperimen tetes minyak milikan

7 Eksperimen tetes minyak milikan
Dalam serangkaian penyeledikan di Universitas Chicago antara tahun 1909-1913, Robert Andrews Milikan mengungkapkandan menyakinkan sifat muatan listrik sampai sepelik-peliknya, tetapi juga mengukur muatan satu electron.
Metode paling sederhana untuk mengukur muatan pada sebuah bintik adalah dalam prinsipnya, seperti berikut : umpamakan sebuah bintik mempunyai muatan negative dan beda potensial antar kedua pelat tersebut, sehingga menimbulkan intensitas medan listrik (= V A B / 1) yang mengarah ke bawah. Maka gaya yang bekerja pada bintik itu adalah beratnya, gaya apung, dan gaya ke atas. Dengan mengatur medan intensitas listrik, jumlah B + qE dapat dibuat sama dengan mg sehingga bintik tersebut tetap dalam keadan diam, dan menghasilkan persamaan:
qE + B = mg atau q =
Masa bintik sama dengan perkalian p dengan volumenya, dengan gaya apung sama dengan pekalian volumenya dengan rapatan berat ρgg gas di dalam alat tersebut (biasanya berada di udara). Karena volume sama dengan 4πr3/3, dan E = VA B / 1, maka:
q =
Semua besaran diseblah kanan rumus ini mudah diukur, kecuali radius r bintik minyak, yang besarnya 10-5 cm dan terlalu kecil untuk dapat diukur secara langsung.
Yang dimaksud dengan kecapat akhir disini ialah kecepatan pada saat berat tepat diimbangin jumlah gaya apung ditambah gaya kekentalan. Gaya kkentalan terhadap suatu bola yang radiusnya dan geraknya dengan kecepatan melalui suatu cairan yang viskositasnya, menurut hukum stokes. Dimana hukum stokes ialah sebuah persamaan teoritis untuk bola bergerak melalui cairan yang sifatnya kontinu.
f = 6 πηrv
Jika hukum stokes ini diterapkan, dan bintik minyak jatuh dengan kecepatan akhir, maka:
r = 3
Harga yang didapat dari eksperimen muatan e ialah e = 1,60207 x 10-19 C
8 Elektron Volt
Variasi relativistic massa terhadap kecepatan
Electron volt merupakan satuan energy yang memudahkan bila menyangkut gerak electron dsn ion dalam medan listrik, sebab dalam perubahan energy potensial antara kedua titik pada lintasan sebuah partikel yang mempunyai muatan e, jika muatan iotu kelipatan e, katakanalah Ne, perubahan dalam energy potensial dalam vol.
Menurut asas relativitas, massa m0 sebuah partikel dalam keadaan diam, relatief terhadap pengamat, ekuaivalen dengan sejumlah energy besarnya sama dengan m0 c, dimana c ialahkecepatan cahaya. Massa diam sebuah electron ialah 9,108x10-31 kg,dan energy yang evuivalen dengan ini ialah:
E0 = m0 . C2
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