nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
mantiqiy ifodalarni minimallashtirish

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mantiqiy ifodalarni minimallashtirish
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bet | 5/16 | Sana | 22.12.2023 | Hajmi | 51,01 Kb. | | #126936 |
Bog'liq Mavzu Raqamli texnikaning asosiy prinsipi Reja Raqamli texnik-fayllar.org2. mantiqiy ifodalarni minimallashtirish
Mantiqiy funktsiyalarni minimallashtirish quyidagilardan biridir tipik vazifalar sxemalarni o'rganish jarayonida. Shuning uchun, menimcha, bunday maqolaning o'rni bor, sizga yoqadi degan umiddaman.
Bundan tashqari, mantiqiy ifodalarni soddalashtirish jarayoni algoritmik emas. Shuning uchun funktsiyani sodda, tez va aniqroq soddalashtirishga imkon beradigan maxsus algoritmik minimallashtirish usullarini qo'llash maqsadga muvofiqdir. Bunday usullarga, masalan, Kvin usuli, Karno xaritasi usuli, implikant test usuli, implikant matritsa usuli, Kvin-Mak-Kluski usuli va boshqalar kiradi. Bu usullar keng tarqalgan amaliyot uchun, ayniqsa mantiqiy funktsiyani minimallashtirish uchun eng mos keladi. Karnaugh xaritalaridan foydalanish. Karno xaritasi usuli o'zgaruvchilar soni oltitadan oshmasa ko'rinishni saqlab qoladi. Argumentlar soni oltitadan ko'p bo'lgan hollarda odatda Quine-McCluskey usuli qo'llaniladi.
Muayyan mantiqiy funktsiyani minimallashtirish jarayonida odatda elektron sxemalar yordamida uning minimal shaklini amalga oshirish qaysi asosda samaraliroq bo'lishi hisobga olinadi.
Karnaugh xaritalari yordamida mantiqiy funktsiyalarni minimallashtirish
Karnaugh xaritasi kommutatsiya (mantiqiy) funktsiyalarini minimallashtirishning grafik usuli bo'lib, katta iboralar bilan ishlashni nisbatan osonlashtiradi va potentsial poyga sharoitlarini yo'q qiladi. Juftlik to‘liq bo‘lmagan yelimlash va elementar singdirish operatsiyalarini ifodalaydi. Karnaugh xaritalari mos ravishda qayta tartiblangan funksiya haqiqati jadvali sifatida qaraladi. Karnaugh xaritalarini n o'lchamli mantiqiy kubning o'ziga xos tekis ochilishi sifatida ko'rish mumkin.
Karnot xaritalari 1952 yilda Edvard V. Veytch tomonidan ixtiro qilingan va 1953 yilda Bell Labs fizikasi Maurice Karnot tomonidan raqamli elektron sxemalarni soddalashtirishga yordam berish uchun takomillashtirilgan.
Mantiqiy o'zgaruvchilar Karnaugh xaritasiga haqiqat jadvalidan o'tkaziladi va Gray kod yordamida tartiblanadi, har birida keyingi raqam oldingisidan faqat bitta raqam bilan farq qiladi.
SDNF yoki SKNF sifatida taqdim etilgan mantiqiy funktsiyalarni minimallashtirishning asosiy usuli - bu juftlik bilan to'liq bo'lmagan yopishtirish va elementar singdirish operatsiyasi. Ikkilamchi yopishtirish operatsiyasi bir xil o'zgaruvchilarni o'z ichiga olgan ikkita atama (a'zolar) o'rtasida amalga oshiriladi, ularning paydo bo'lishi (to'g'ridan-to'g'ri va teskari) bittadan tashqari barcha o'zgaruvchilar uchun bir xil. Bunday holda, bittadan boshqa barcha o'zgaruvchilar qavs ichidan chiqarilishi mumkin va qavs ichida qolgan bitta o'zgaruvchining to'g'ridan-to'g'ri va teskari hodisalari bir-biriga yopishtirilishi mumkin. Misol uchun:
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II-BOB. YER TUZISHNI AVTOMATLASHTIRISHNING HOZIRGI

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Ularning eng ko‟p tarqalganlari: AutoCAD, CAD+GEO. AutoCADning oldingi
avlodlarida murakkab dasturlarni AutoLISPga (AutoCAD ga o‟rnatilgan dasturlash
turi) yozishda EHM larning tezligi va tezkor xotirasi sig‟imi kamligi bilan bog‟liq
muammolarga duch kelindi.
AutoCAD ning oxirgi avlodlarida ko‟plab muammolar yechildi, biroq, shuni
hisobga olish kerakki, bu mahsulot asosan LIAT masalalarini yechishga
mo‟ljallangan va yer tuzishning avtomatlashtirilgan texnologiyalarini shakllantirish
uchun asosiy vosita bo‟la olmaydi. Lekin, u yer tuzish ishlarining umumiy
texnologik tizimidagi bir element sifatida xizmat qilishi mumkin.
Учебное пособие подготовлено в соответствии с учебной программы - bet 15

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uchun digitayzerli kiritishdan – ya‟ni turli bir karta obyekti uchun koordinatalar
nuqtalarini topish usulidan foydalaniladi. Bu ko‟p mehnat va aniqlik talab etadigan
qiyin jarayon, bunda xatoliklarga yo‟l qo‟yish xavfi katta. Shunga qaramasdan
jarayonni avtomatlashtirish texnologiyasi ishlab chiqilgan:
1) kartografik asosni skanerlash (natijada karta rastr ko‟rinishida saqlanadi,
ya‟ni matritsa shaklida, bunda turli bir element bir nuqtani tavsiflaydi);
2) rastrni raqamli ko‟rinishga ekranda aylantirish.
Dasturning avtomatlashtirilganligi darajasiga qarab, ekranda foydalanilayot-
gan tasvir vektorizatorga va ekran muturliririga bo‟linadi. Vektorizator avtomatik
tarzda tasvirni raqamli ko‟rinishga o‟tkazadi. Ekran muturliriri digitayzerning
o‟rnini bosadi va bahosi bo‟yicha yer tuzish tashkilotlarida foydalanish uchun
qulay.
Barcha quvvatli GATlar (
GeoDraw, Microstation, MapEdit, EasyTrace,
SportLight, ArcInfo, Intergraph, Caddy va boshq.) avtomatlashtirilgan kiritishni
qo‟llovchi maxsus modelga ega. Biroq bular yuqori unumli jihozlarni talab
etadigan qimmatbaho tizimlardir, shuning uchun ham ko‟p foydalanuvchilar o‟z
ehtiyojlari uchun boshqa dasturlarni (masalan,
AutoCAD) moslaydilar. Bunday
yondashuv avtomatlashgan raqamli ko‟rinishga o‟tkazish tizimlarini va ularga
ilovalarni ishlash xarajatlarini minimal darajagacha kamaytiradi.
Keyingi yillarda GATlarni tayyorlash qattiq rivojlanmoqda. Bugungi kunda
geodeziya, yer tuzish, yer kadastri mutaxassislari uchun ishlangan «Ponarama»
firmasining professional GAT karta 2008 dasturiy mahsulotini va «Kredo –
Dialog» kompaniyasining “CREDO VUZ 2006” dasturiy majmualarini yaxshi va
arzon Geoaxborot texnologiyalari sifatida qabul qilish mumkin.
Yer tuzish maqsadlari uchun yer tuzishni loyihalash obyektlari ma‟lumotlar
bankini shakllantirish tamoyillarini yaratish va unda foydalaniladigan,
o‟rganilayotgan hududning tabiiy va antropogen sturlioitlari bilan to‟g‟ridan-
to‟g‟ri bog‟liq, ma‟lumotlarning xususiyatlarini to‟la hisobga olish katta
ahamiyatga ega.
Ikkinchi darajaga - Учебное пособие подготовлено в соответствии с учебной программы

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asoslarda
kartalarni
tayyorlab
chiqarishni
ta‟minlaydi. Bu tizimning
kamchiliklariga grafikaviy (chizmalarga) ishlov berish
tezligining pastligi va
foydalanuvchilar uchun ma‟lum darajadagi yopiqligi kiradi.
LIAT va GAT texnologiyalari birlashtirishning ajoyib namunasi sifatida
ArcCAD dasturiy mahsulotini ko‟rsatish mumkin. Bu mahsulotni
ArcInfoga va
uning o‟lchamida yaratilgan mahsulotlarga to‟la
birlashgan AutoCAD tizimi
sifatida qarash mumkin. U tasvirlarni tahrirlash, sathlar yuzalarini modellashtirish,
poligonlarni joylashtirish, bufer (himoya) mintaqalarini yaratish va boshq.
imkoniyatlarni beradi.
2.3.Yer axborot tizimlari va ulardan yer tuzish ishlarini o’tkazishda

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2.3.Yer axborot tizimlari va ulardan yer tuzish ishlarini o’tkazishda
foydalanish
Nazariy jihatdan YATlar GATlarning
tarkibiy qismi hisoblanadi, lekin
o‟ziga xos ma‟lumotlarning katta oqimini hisobga olib, ularni mustaqil tizimlarga
ajratish tavsiya qilinadi. SHu bilan bir qatorda yer
axborot tizimlari GATlardan
quyidagicha farqlanadi:
- yer axborot tizimlari (YAT) birinchi navbatda yer resurslari va yer bilan
ajralmas bog‟langan ko‟chmas mulk obyektlari to‟g‟risidagi ma‟lumotlarni o‟z
ichiga oladi;
- YATlardagi yer uchastkalari to‟g‟risidagi ma‟lumotlar o‟lchashlar
aniqligiga, ma‟lumotlarni kiritish va chiqarishga yuqori talablar qo‟yadi. Bu
yerlarni hududga geodezik bog‟lash va ularni planlarda (xaritalarda)
tasvirlash
uchun zarur. Boshqacha aytganda, YATlari
GATlarga nisbatan aniqroq
hisoblanadi;
- YATning umumiy tarkibiga maxsus hisoblash majmuasi,
mustaqil ichki
tizim sifatida quyidagi bloklar kiradi: avtomatlashgan xaritalash;
avtomatlashgan
loyihalash; ma‟lumotlar bazasini boshqarish. Ular raqamli fotogrammetriya va
xaritalash vositalaridan foydalangan holda turli xil miqyosdagi
karta va planlarni
yaratish bilan birga, turli xil geodezik xarakatlarni (maydonlarni
hisoblash,
masofalarni o‟lchash, koordinatalarni aniqlash va boshq.) talab etilayotgan
aniqlikda
bajarish imkonini beradi;
- YATlarining asosiy vazifasi yer to‟g‟risidagi ma‟lumotlarni tahlil qilish va
hisobga olish asosida yer resurslarini boshqarishni ta‟minlash hisoblanadi.
Ma‟lumki, YAT faoliyatining asosi sifatida kadastr tasvirga olishlari
(yerlarni inventarizatsiyalash) qabul qilingan. Ular hududning skletini (masalan,
yer egaligi chegaralari shaklida) va turli xil ma‟lumotlar qatlamlarini (masalan, yer
turlari tarkibi, joyning relyefi, gidrografiyasi va boshq. bo‟yicha) yaratish imkonini
beradi, bu esa yerlardan samarali foydalanish va ularni muhofaza qilish bo‟yicha
turli xil qarorlarni qabul qilish imkoniyatini yaratadi.
Bunda kadastr tasvirlarga
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olishlari (yerlarni inventarizatsiyalash), ma‟lumotlar qatlamlari tarkibiga
kiritiladigan barcha keyingi ma‟lumotlarni to‟g‟ri bog‟lashni ta‟minlaydi.
GLOSSARIY 
avtomatlash ob’ekti

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GLOSSARIY
avtomatlash ob’ektiBog'liq 6F7NebSD4SKKLbJCFJVp2dDjB3o5ENWmElYBpo5iGLOSSARIY
avtomatlash ob’ekti- er tuzishni loyihalash jarayonlari, ma‟lumotlarni
yig„ish va tahlil qilish, loyihaviy echimlarni asoslash, loyihaviy hujjatlarni
shakllantirish;
autentifikatsiya – foydalanuvchi, (ular guruhi va kompyuterlar) ismlarining
to„g„riligini tekshirishdir (asosan parol himoyasi yordamida);
GAT – bu ixtisoslashgan kompyuter tizimlari bo„lib, o„z ichiga dasturiy
ta‟minotni va hududiy bog„lanishga ega, katta hajmdagi chizma va yozma
ma‟lumotlarni yig„ish, saqlash, qayta ishlash va tayyorlash uchun zarur texnik
vositalar yig„indisini oladi;
EAT - Er axborot tizimlari. Er resurslari va er bilan ajralmas bog„langan
ko„chmas mulk ob‟ektlari to„g„risidagi ma‟lumotlarni o„z ichiga oladi;
yer uchastkasiga bo‘lgan huquqlarni davlat ro‘yxatidan o‘tkazish –
yuridik va jismoniy shaxslarning yer uchastkasiga bo„lgan huquqlarining vujudga
kelishi, boshqa shaxsga o„tishi, bekor qilinishining davlat tomonidan e‟tirof
qilinishi va tasdiqlanishi yuridik akti;
ETLAT- bu loyiha tashkiloti bo„limlari bilan o„zaro bog„liq holda, loyihalash
ishlarini avtomatik tartibda EHM larda bajaradigan, loyihalashni avtomatlashtirish
vositalari majmuidan iborat tashkiliy-texnik tizim
davlat yer kadastri – erlarning tabiiy, xo„jalik, huquqiy rejimi, toifalari, sifat
xususiyatlari va qimmati, er uchastkalarining o„rni va o„lchamlari, ularning er
egalari, erdan foydalanuvchilar, ijaraga oluvchilar va mo„lkdorlar o„rtasidagi
taqsimoti to„g„risidagi zaruriy hamda aniq ma‟lumotlar va hujjatlar tizimi;
digitayzer – bu kartografik va grafikaviy materiallarni ketma-ket nuqtalar
oqimi sifatida kompyuterga qo„lda kiritish uchun raqamli shaklga aylantiruvchi
qurilma;
yerlarning ifloslanishi – tupoqlarda tarkibida kimyoviy birikmalar,
radioaktiv elementlarning atrofdagi tabiiy muhitga, tuproq unumdorligiga va inson
sog„ligiga zararli ta‟sir ko„rsatadigan miqdorlarda mavjudligi.
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KMIBAT - kartografik ma‟lumotlarga ishlov berish tizimi; 
kompyuter texnologiyalari

KMIBAT - kartografik ma‟lumotlarga ishlov berish tizimi;
kompyuter texnologiyalari – ma‟lum tashkiliy tarkibda tanlangan texnik
vositalar majmuidan foydalanib, ma‟lumotlarni saqlash, qayta ishlash va ko„rsatish
vazifalarini bajaradigan dasturiy vositalar to„plami;
nuqta – bu koordinatalari va ularga qo„shimcha ta‟riflari bilan tasvirlanuvchi
ob‟ektdir.
tugun – bu chiziq yoki poligon turidagi kenglik ob‟ektlarini vektorli
ko„rinishdagi egilishining boshlang„ich yoki oxirgi nuqtasi bo„lib, u atributlarga
ega va unda kesishadigan egilishlarning barchasi bilan topologik aloqalarni
belgilaydi;
chiziq – bu vektor ko„rinishidagi kenglik ob‟ekti bo„lib, plandagi aniq
koordinatalarga ega, kamida ikkita ketma-ket turgan nuqtalardan tashkil etilgan
bo„ladi;
poligon – vektor ko„rinishidagi ikki o„lchamli ob‟ekt bo„lib, yopiq ketma-
ketlikda ulangan egri chiziqlar, yoylar va segmentlardan tashkil topgan ichki
nuqtalari va qo„shimcha tasvirlari bilan aniqlanadi;
rastr – bu tasvir elementlarining (piksellar) to„g„ri burchakli raqamli
matritsasidir; piksel – tasvir elementi (tasvirning eng kichik bo„lagi) bo„lib, tasvirni
diskretlash natijasida olinadi;
rastrli ko‘rsatish (ma’lumotlarning rastrli modeli) – bu ob‟ekt sinfi
qiymatlari biriktirilgan rastr kataklari (piksellar) to„plami shaklidagi kenglik
ob‟ektlarining raqamli ko„rinishidir;
kenglik – lokal ma‟lumotlar (kenglik ob‟ekti to„g„risidagi ma‟lumotlar,
kenglik ma‟lumotlari, geografik ma‟lumotlar) – bu kenglik ob‟ektlari to„g„risidagi
raqamli ma‟lumotlar bo„lib, o„z ichiga ularning xususiyatlari (kenglik va nokenglik
atributlari) va ularnikenglikda lokallashtirish to„g„risidagi ma‟lumotlarni oladi;
qishloq xo‘jalik yerlari – qishloq xo„jaligi ahamiyatidagi yerlarning bevosita
qishloq xo„jalik mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarish uchun yoki em-xashak bazasi sifatida
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foydalanilayotgan yohud foydalanilishi lozim bo„lgan asosiy qismi; Qishloq
xo„jalik erlari haydaladigan yerlar, ko„p yillik daraxtzorlar, bo„z yerlar,
pichanzorlar va yaylovlardan tashqil topadi.
Elec16mbk elektronika va sxemalar 2

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Elec16mbk elektronika va sxemalar 2
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bet | 1/28 | Sana | 28.06.2024 | Hajmi | 1,83 Mb. | | #266166 |
Bog'liq 3L0BY8wFsz3ScRmN61veYMgES1v83EaDjes7FCGs
ELEC16MBK
ELEKTRONIKA VA SXEMALAR 2
MUHAMMAD AL-XORAZMIY NOMIDAGI TOSHKENT AXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYALARI UNIVERSITETI
HISOB
1-MAVZU
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1-mavzu. Elektronika va sxemalar 2 fani, mazmuni va usullari
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1-mavzu. Elektronika va sxemalar 2 fani, mazmuni va usullari
IMSlarning yaratilish tarixi. Nanoelektronika, Funksional elekronika, Bioelektronika haqida tushunchalar. Akustoelektronika va Magnitoelektronika asboblari
Reja:
Elektronika va sxemalar 2 fani, mazmuni va vazifalari.
Elektronika bosqichlari. IMSlarning yaratilish tarixi.
Nanoelektronika.
Akustoelektronika va Magnitoelektronika asboblari
Funksional elektronika.
Kalit so‘zlari: Funksional elektronika, akustoelektron asboblar, kvant, skanerlovchi tunnel, atom – kuch mikroskop, nanotuzilmalar, mikroskop, nanozarrachalar, nurli etipaksiya, tunnel effektning, magnitoelektron.
Annotatsiya: Hozirgi kunda telekommunikatsiya va axborotlashtirish tizimining rivojlanish darajasi tom ma’noda mikroelektronika va nanoelektronika maxsulotlarining ularda qo’llanilish darajasiga bog’liq. Mikroelektronikaning qariyb yarim asrlik rivojlanish davri mobaynida IMSlarning keng nomenklaturasi ishlab chiqildi. Telekommunikatsiya va axborot – kommunikatsiya tizimlarini loyihalovchi va ekspluatatsiya qiluvchi mutaxassislar uchun zamonaviy mikroelektron element bazaning imkoniyatlari haqidagi bilimlarga ega bo’lish muhim.
Integral mikroelektronika rivojining fizik chegaralari mavjudligi sababli, hozirgi kunda an’anaviy mikroelektronika bilan bir qatorda elektronikaning yangi yo’nalishi – nanoelektronika jadal rivojlanmoqda.
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RETHAT-  Rejaviy yer tuzish hisoblashlarini avtomatlashtirish tizimi; 
ekspert tizimlari (ES)

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FOYDALANILGAN ABADIYOTLAR RO’YXATI
1. O„zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2017 yil 7 fevraldagi PF-4947-
son Farmoni bilan tasdiqlangan «2017-2021 yillarda O„zbekiston Respublikasini
rivojlantirishning beshta ustuvor yo„nalishi bo„yicha Harakatlar strategiyasi»
2. O„zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining “Yerlarni
muxofaza qilish va
ulardan oqilona foydalanish borasida nazoratni kuchaytirish,
geodeziya va
kartografiya faoliyatini takomillashtirish, davlat kadastrlari
yuritishni tartibga
solish chora-tadbirlari to„g„risida” gi 2018 yil 8 fevraldagi PF-5065 sonli farmoni.
3. Andreas C. Land Information systems.Germany, 2016
4. S.Avezbayev i dr. Zemleustroystvo i kartografirovaniye melioriruyemix
zemel. Uchebnik. T.: Agrosanoat axboroti, 2000 – 414 b.
5. Avezbayev S., Volkov S.N. Yer tuzishni loyihalash. Darslik. T.:
Yangi asr
avlodi, 2002 – 784 b.
6. Avezbayev S., Volkov S.N. Yer tuzish iqtisodi. Darslik T.: Yangi asr avlodi,
2002 – 290 b.
7. Волков С.Н. Землеустройство. том 4. Экономико – математические
методы и модели. Учебник. М.: Koлос, 2001. -696 стр.
8. Волков С.Н. Землеустройство. том 6.
Системы автоматизированного
землеустроительного проектирования в землеустройстве. Учебник.М.:
Koлос,2002. – 328 стр.
9. Волков С.Н. Системы автоматизированного землеустроительного
проектирования в землеустройстве.Учебник. М.: Koлос, 2018. – 524 стр.
10. Хлебникова Т.А. Создание цифровых карт и планов средствами ГИС
«Панорама»: Новосибирск: СГГА, 2007. 125 стр.
11. Internet resurslari:
http://WWW.gisinfo.ru
e-mail:panorama@gisinfo.ru
http://WWW.credo-dialogue.com
e-mail:market@credo-dialogue.com
http://WWW.intergraph.com/softWare/
yer uchastkasi garovi (ipotekasi)

yer uchastkasi garovi (ipotekasi) – yuridik yoki jismoniy shaxs tomonidan
er uchastkasini yoki unga bo„lgan huquqni majburiyatni ta‟minlash sharti bilan
boshqa shaxsga o„tkazilishi;
yer munosabatlari – davlat hokimiyati organlari, yuridik va jismoniy
shaxslar o„rtasidagi erga egalik qilish, undan foydalanish hamda uni tasarrf qilish
bilan bog„liq munosabatlar;
servitut – yuridik va jismoniy shaxsning bir yoki bir nechta begona er
uchastkalaridan kelishuv yoki sud qarori asosida belgilanadigan cheklangan
foydalanish huquqi;
skaner (skanerlovchi qurilma) – bu tasvirlarni EHMlarga avtomatlashgan
tarzda rastrli formatda kiritish uchun tasvirni o„zgartiruvchi qurilma;
ETLATning funksional tarkibi - o„zaro bog„langan ichki tizimlar, bloklar,
tizim va uning ayrim bo„laklari bajaradigan vazifalarga mos ajratilgan masalalar
majmualari yig„indisi;
ETLATning texnik ta’minoti (texnik vositalar, texnika) – bu er tuzishni
loyihalashning avtomatlashgan tizimining texnik jihozlari bo„lib, o„z ichiga
kompyuter va boshqa mexanik, magnitli, elektr, elektron va optik ulanma
qurilmalarni yoki EHM boshqaruvida yoki mustaqil ishlaydigan shunga o„xshash
asboblarni hamda ETLAT faoliyati uchun zarur har qanday qurilmani oladi;
ETLATning texnik-dasturiy ta’minoti – bu yer tuzishni loyihalashning
avtomatlashgan tizimining texnik va dasturiy ta‟minotlari yig„indisi;
yer uchastkasi – yer sirtining qayd etilgan berk chegaraga, maydonga,
joylashish manziliga, huquqiy rejimga hamda davlat er kadastrida aks ettiriladigan
boshqa xususiyatlariga ega bo„lgan qismi;
yer fondi – yer sirtining, xususan suv ob‟ektlari tubining O„zbekiston
Respublikasining davlat chegarasi, Qoraqalpog„iston Respublikasi, viloyatlar,
tumanlar, shaharlarning ma‟muriy chegaralari ichida joylashgan qismi;
yer tuzish – erlardan foydalanish va ularni muhofaza qilishni tashqil etishga,
er resurslarini hisobga olish va baholashga, qulay eqologik muhitni vujudga
143
keltirishga va tabiiy landshaftlarni yaxshilashga, yer tuzishning hududiy va ichki
xo„jalik rejalarini tuzishga qaratilgan tadbirlar tizimi;
erlarning toifalari - Учебное пособие подготовлено в соответствии с учебной программы

erlarning toifalari – yer fondining yer uchastkalari ularning asosiy maqsad
vazifalari bo„yicha kiritilgan qismlari;
yerlar monitoringi – yer tarkibidagi o„zgarishlarni o„z vaktida aniqlash,
erlarga baho berish, salbiy jarayonlarning oldini olish va oqibatlarini tugatish
uchun er fondining holatini kuzatib turish tizimi;
sug‘oriladigan yerlar – yerlarni sug„orish uchun etarli miqdordagi suv
resurslariga ega sug„orish manbai bilan bog„langan doimiy yoki vaktinchalik
sug„orish tarmog„i mavjud bo„lgan qishloq xo„jaligi va boshqa maqsadlarga
mo„ljallangan yerlar
yerlarning asosiy maqsad vazifasi – yerlardan yer-kadastr hujjatlarida aks
ettirilgani kabi maqsadlarni ko„zlab foydalanishning qonun hujjatlari bilan
belgilangan tartibi va shartlari;
yerlarni muhofaza qilish –y erlardan belgilangan maqsadda, oqilona
foydalanish, tuproq unumdorligini tiklash va oshirish, qishloq xo„jalik oborotidan
va alohida muhofaza etiladigan hududlarning yerlari tarkibidan erlarning asossiz
ravishda olib qo„yilishi oldini olish, ularni zararli antropogen ta‟sirdan himoya
qilishga qaratilgan huquqiy, tashqiliy, iqtisodiy, texnologik va boshqa tadbirlar
tizimi;
tuproq unumdorligi – tuproqning qishloq xo„jalik o„simliklarining to„yimli
moddalar, havo, suv, issiqlik, biologik va fizikaviy-kimyoviy muhitga bo„lgan
talabini qondirish, qishloq xo„jalik ekinlaridan yuqori va sifatli hosil olishni
ta‟minlash xususiyati;
yer uchastkasidan foydalanuvchi – yer uchastkasidan doimiy yoki
vaktincha foydalanish huquqida foydalanadigan yuridik yoki jismoniy shaxs;
Masofadan zondlash ma’lumotlari (MZM) – bu yer usti, unda va uning
tagida joylashgan ob‟ektlari to„g„risidagi ma‟lumotlar bo„lib, ular masofadan
tasvirga olish jarayonida to„planadi;
144
Qatlam – bu qatlamlar to„plami uchun umumiy bo„lgan, ayrim hudud va
koordinatalar tizimi ichidagi, bitta mavzuga tegishli, bir turdagi (bir o„lchamli)
maydonli ob‟ektlar to„plami;
Yakunda xulosa qilish mumkinki, yer tuzishda ET

133
2. ETni yaratishning asosiy bosqichlarini sanab bering.
3. Sun‟iy intellekt tizimini ishlashda qanday turlardagi
instrumental vositalardan
foydalaniladi?
4. ETning boshqa avtomatlashtirilgan axborot tizimlari oldidagi ustivorligi
nimalardan iborat?
5. Yer tuzish ekspert tizimiga qisqacha ta‟rif bering.
IX- BOB.
«PANORAMA» GEOAXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYALARIDAN
YER TUZISH VA YER KADASTRI ISHLARINI ATOMATLASHTIRISHDA
FOYDALANISH
9.1. Panorama majmui tarkibi
Panorama majmui 4 ta geoaxborot texnologiyasini: professional GAT karta
2008, ishlovchining
instrumentariyi Gis Toolkit, kadastr tizimi «Er va huquq»,
vektorlovchi Panorama – taxrirchi va boshqa GAT lar bilan ma‟lumotlar almashish
uchun konvertorlarni (DXF/DBF, MIF/MID, Shape, S57/S52, SXF, GEN va
sh.o„.), maxsus ishlovlarni (boshqarish, aloqa, navigatsiya, ekologik monitoring va
boshq.) o„z ichiga oladi.
Barcha texnologiyalar foydalanuvchilar uchun ochiq.
Har xil almashish
formatlari qo„llab-quvvatlanadi, elektron kartalar klassifikatorlarini rostlash
ta‟minlanadi, koordinatalarning va kartalar proeksiyalarining
har xil tizimlari
qo„llab-quvvatlanadi. Ko„plab dasturlar boshlang„ich matnlarda keltirilgan,
tizim
markazi kutubxonalari Windows CE, Linux (MC BC), QNX, OC PB 2 tizimlariga
ko„chirilgan, Intel, Spars, Mips protsessorlari, Borland S++, Microsoft Visual S++,
Watcom S++, GNU S++ translyatorlari qo„llaniladi.
API – kutubxonalar interfeysi ochiq bo„ladi.
Haraktdagi ilovalarni ishlash uchun kutubxonaning maxsus versiyasi va
ma‟lumotlarning kompakt formati qo„llanadi.
Boshlang„ich ma‟lumotlarni tayyorlash va ishlash Windows/Intel
platformasida
bajarilishi, ilovalarni bajarish esa mobil qurilmalarda amalga
oshirilishi mumkin.
ma’lumotlar qatlami - Учебное пособие подготовлено в соответствии с учебной программы

ma’lumotlar qatlami – bu maxsus ma‟lumotlar to„plami bo„lib, ma‟lum
maqsadga mo„ljallangan va mos mazmunga ega;
yer uchastkasidan doimiy foydalanish huquqi – yuridik yoki jismoniy
shaxsning davlat mo„lkidagi yer uchastkasidan davlat hokimiyati organining qarori
bilan mahkamlangan belgilangan muddatsiz foydalanish huquqi;
yer uchastkasiga bo‘lgan mo‘lk huquqi – yuridik yoki jismoniy shaxsning
unga tegishli bo„lgan yer uchastkasiga o„zining ixtiyori bo„yicha va o„z manfaatlari
yo„lida egalik qilish, undan foydalanish va uni tasarruf etish huquqi;
yer uchastkalari berish – davlat mo„lkidagi yer uchastkalarini davlat
hokimiyati organlari tomonidan yuridik va jismoniy shaxslarga meros qilib
qoldiriladigan umrbod egalik qilish, doimiy yoki vaktincha foydalanish yohud
ijaraga olish huquqlarida berish;
yerlarni xususiylashtirish – jismoniy shaxslar va nodavlat yuridik shaxslar
tomonidan eruchastkalarini davlatdan xususiy mo„lk qilib sotib olish;
yerlarni rekultivatsiya qilish – buzilgan yerlarni vazifasi bo„yicha
foydalanish uchun yaroqli holga keltirish borasidagi texnik, meliorativ va
agrotexnik tadbirlar kompleksi;
yerlarni o‘zboshimchalik bilan egallab olish – yerlardan yer uchastkasiga
bo„lgan huquqni tasdiqlovchi hujjatlarsiz foydalanish;
yer uchastkasi bilan bog‘liq bitimlar – jismoniy va yuridik shaxslarning yer
uchastkalariga bo„lgan huquqlarini belgilash, o„zgartirish yoki bekor qilishga
qaratilgan harakatlari;
EKAT- Yer kadastrining avtomatlashtirilgan tizimi;
lingvistik ta’minot- ma‟lumotlarni siqish yoki yoyish usullari va tabiiy tilni
formallashtirish qoidalarini, atamalar va ta‟riflarni qo„shgan holda, dasturlash
tillari to„plami;
145
TGMIBAT - topografo-geodezik va aerogeodezik ma‟lumotlarni olish va
ishlov berish;
Yechimlar kompleksligi kontseptsiyasi

40
- tizimning umumiy yozma tavsifi matematik modellash
natijalari asosida
tuzilishi mumkin;
- tizim hususiyatlarini shakllantirish uning qismlarini bilish va tahlil qilish
asosida amalga oshiriladi;
- optimal loyihalangan ayrim qismlardan tashkil topgan tizim umuman
olinganda optimal bo‟lmasligi mumkin, uni bir
butun u yoki bu maqsadga
mo‟ljallangan obyekt sifatida optimallash kerak;
- tizimning turli bir elementi optimallash maqsadini aks ettiruvchi
o‟lchamlar bo‟yicha optimallashtirilishi kerak (loyihaninig optimal variantini
olish);
- YTLAT optimallashtiriladigan ko‟rsatkichlarning son jihatdan ma‟lum
darajada cheklangan sturlioitlarida optimallashtiriladi.
Tizimli yondashuvdan foydalanish YTLAT ni yaratish jarayoniga ta‟sir
etadigan
omillarni, ushbu omillarning o‟zaro aloqalarini, matematik modellarning
turlarini tanlash,
usullarini, sonini, murakkablik darajasini aniqlash shakllarini
ko‟rsatish imkonini beradi.
Configuring your Internet Explorer browser for a Windows pc

Configuring Internet Explorer 32-bit for your USB token or smart card 2032
(Windows XP/Windows Vista/Windows 7)
If you’ve already installed your PKI Certificate and it isn’t working, you may need to configure your browser to successfully transmit and receive data. This involves checking to make sure your Internet Explorer 8 32-bit is configured.
This step-by-step guide will help you if you use one of the following operating systems:
-
Windows XP
-
Windows Vista
-
Windows 7
This guide has been written using Internet Explorer 8 32-bit. If your computer has a different version of Internet Explorer, there may be slight differences getting to the dialog box required.
If at any time you need help, please contact the eBusiness Service Centre on 1800 700 199*.
*Call charges apply from mobile and pay phones.
Step 1: Inserting your USB token or smart card
Insert your USB token or smartcard into a spare USB port on your computer.
You’re ready to go once the light remains a constant green. This can take up to 10 seconds.
Open your Internet Explorer browser.
Select Help then About Internet Explorer. The version number is displayed.
Step 3: Selecting your internet options
Select Tools.
Select Internet Options.
Select Content. Select Certificates.
Your name will be displayed.
Select Intermediate Certification Authorities.
Two Medicare Australia Organisation Certificates with expiry dates of 2016 and 2022 will be displayed.
Select Trusted Root Certification Authorities.
One Medicare Australia Root Certificate with an expiry date of 2026 will be displayed. Select Close.
If the Intermediate/Trusted Root Certification Authorities aren’t displayed, you’ll need to install the chain of trust. Instructions are available at
-
http://www.medicareaustralia.gov.au/provider/vendors/pki/index.jsp#N100BC
Select Privacy.
Change the Privacy settings to Medium using the drag button. Make sure Turn on Pop-up Blocker isn’t ticked.
Select Advanced.
Make sure Override automatic cookie handling isn’t ticked. Select OK.
Step 6: Adding trusted sites
Select Trusted sites. Select Sites.
.
Insert https://www2.medicareaustralia.gov.au
Select Add.
Select Close.
Select General. Select Delete.
Tick Temporary Internet files, Cookies, History, Form data and InPrivate Filtering data. Make sure Preserve Favorites website data and Passwords aren’t ticked.
Select Delete
Select OK.
Step 8: Setting the Compatibility View
You only need to do this step if you have Internet Explorer version 8 or higher. Select Tools.
Select Compatibility View Settings.
Insert http://www.medicareaustralia.gov.au
Select Add.
Select Close.
Close and reopen Internet Explorer.
Your USB token or smart card is now ready to use on your computer.
For more information
Online humanservices.gov.au/pki
Email ebusiness@humanservices.gov.au
Call eBusiness Service Centre on 1800 700 199*.
*Call charges apply from mobile and pay phones.
|
Dasturni kompyuterga o‘rnatish tartibi

135
9.3. «PANORAMA» geoaxborot texnologiyalaridan yer tuzish va yer
kadastri ishlarini avtomatlashtirishda foydalanish bo’yicha misollar
35-rasm.
Panorama ish stoli
36-rasm. Vektorli karta taxrirlovchisi standart paneli tashqi ko„rinishi
138
41-rasm Electron xarita
boyicha tumanni belgilash
42-rasm Dastur ish stolida grafikaviy redaktorni ishga tushirish
139
43-rasm Klassifikatorlar albomini ochish va kerakli klassifikatorlarni
tanlash (10 ta albomda 120 ta klassifikatorlarni tanlash imkoniyati mavjud)
44-rasm Klassifikatorlarni tanlash va albomga
tushirishga misollar
| - Introductiontolinux

|
IntroductiontolinuxBog'liq introductiontolinux16
|
The Command Line
Interface (CLI)
The Command Line Interface is the most important interface to learn for Linux. Linux users will often
be asked to perform commands through the use of the CLI, and not through a GUI. As many of the
ISG courses require the use of a CLI, it is important that you are comfortable with working with it. To
this end, we will work through all of the following exercises using the CLI, and not the GUI.
However, all of the following ‘can’ be accomplished through the GUI. Running the same commands
on the CLI will give you a better understanding of how Linux works behind the scenes, and allow you
to appreciate the complexities of the system.
IMPORTANT:
The following practical exercises have been written with the user ‘msai135’ as an
example. When attempting the following commands for yourself, please substitute ‘msai135’ for
your own username which has been pre-issued to you by Royal Holloway University. This username
should consist of four letters and three numbers.
Navigating the File System
First we need to learn how to move around the Linux file system. At this point you should already
have logged into the Linux Environment using PuTTY.
Once you have logged in, the directory you start in is your home directory. Each user is given their
own local home directory which is independent from everyone else’s. First you need to take note of
your home directory, as this is different for every user.
My Home directory is: ___________________________________________________________
i.e: /nas/ganymede/msc/home/msai135
Your home directory cannot be accessed by others, and nothing that you do within this directory can
have a system-wide effect. You are safe to explore without fear of breaking something.
IMPORTANT:
Your Home Directory at Royal Holloway may be different to that on a standard
Linux Machine. Normally your home path would be /home/, but because the Royal
Holloway utilise Network Storage, your home path could be something like: /nas/ganymede/home/
msc/
pwd
‘pwd’ or ‘print working directory’
is a useful command to check the
full path of where you are currently
located within the Linux File System.
This can save you from getting lost,
or as a confirmation that you are
working in the correct directory.
|
| |
Introductiontolinux

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| - Introductiontolinux

| 13
Before we get started
Why the command prompt?
Why would we use a command prompt over
the Graphic User Interface that we all know
and love? The reason is simple: Control. A
command prompt
gives us greater control
and flexibility over the system or software
we are creating. We have no way of knowing
if configuring a service using a graphical user
interface is doing exactly what we want it to,
or if it’s doing something that its interpreted
as what we want.
In the world of security, the
risk is not worth taking.
The command line can be used if you
wanted to perform a task multiple times.
You could script the command, and then run
the script, making sure that the command
run is 100% accurate. If you wanted to run a
command
once a year, you would probably
use the CLI (Command Line Interface) over
the GUI (Graphic User Interface). GUI’s
will change, and documentation will need
updating regularly. The CLI is a more
static environment, requiring little to no
documentation changes.
While you
are studying the ISG course,
you will be asked to use certain tools and
commands from within Linux. These tools
are usually run from the command line.
Most people today will be brought up with
computers only knowing how to use a WIMP
(Window Icon Menu Pointer) interface.
People rarely
understand how to interact
with the computer when we take away the
mouse and limit them to a Command Line
Interface. This guide has been written to
help eliminate at least some of the confusion
associated with text-based interfaces. As
| 17 - Introductiontolinux

18
|
Now we will return to your home directory and use commands to move
around using relative and
absolute paths.
IMPORTANT:
In the following list of commands, replace
with
the path to your home directory that you wrote down on Page 16.
As you can see, you can chain different folders together to move between many levels in a single
command.
The command you ran was ‘cd /’ The ‘../’ part of this is the path that you are moving to. This is what
is known as a relative path, as you moved up one level (to /home) relative to your starting position
(from /home/msai135).
cd ~
pwd
cd
pwd
cd ~
pwd
cd ~/Desktop
pwd
cd ../
pwd
Changes Directory to your home
directory (donated by ~)
Print the current working directory -
You should be in /home/msai135 (where
msai135 is your own username)
Changes directory using an absolute
path. the ‘/’ denotes the root of the
filing system.
Print the current Working Directory
to confirm your current location
Return to your home directory
Print the current Working Directory
to confirm your current location
Change Directory to your Desktop
folder, which is absolute to the
root(/) of the system.
Print the current working directory
to confirm your current location
The ../ tells the system to navigate
up exactly one level, relative to
your current working directory.
Print the current working directory
to confirm your current location
| - Introductiontolinux

| 11
KDE
KDE is a modern network transparent desktop environment which uses
the Qt cross-platform GUI
toolkit. It contains a base set of applications such as a window manager (called kwm), web browser,
instant messenger,
and integrated help system, all with a consistent look and feel, and translations
for over 50 languages.
GNOME
GNOME is the default Window
Manager for Redhat and Ubuntu, and the one that you will be using
on the Linux Terminal Server. The GNOME (pronounced “Gah-NOME”) project’s aim is to build a
complete, user-friendly desktop based entirely on free software. It is not a window manager, and in
fact has to be run in conjunction with a window manager. GNOME has
advanced rapidly and is now
very popular, particularly on the Linux platform.
| 25
Permissions and Ownership

| 25 Permissions and Ownership WARNING: Please read through this entire section BEFORE attempting it. Altering the permissions
of the contents of your home directory could remove access for yourself, meaning that a Systems
Administrator has to come along and fix them.
Permissions in Microsoft Windows are a little easier to understand and configure than those in Linux.
In Windows, you simply right click on a file or folder and specify the username and what permissions
you would like for it. The bonus with this is that you can have as many different permissions for as
many different groups or individual users that you want (this is achievable in Linux through the use
of ACL’s, although this is much more advanced)
In Linux, things are generally a little more restrictive. A file or folder only has three user categories:
User, Group, Other. Each user category can only have three sorts of permission applied to it. Read,
Write, Execute. You can see some existing permissions by running the following commands:
Once you run this command you should see something like the following:
This might initially look confusing, so let’s break this down...
cd ~
man -k directory
ls -la
Change your working directory to
your home directory.
Print the current working directory -
You should be in /home/msai135 (where
msai135 is your own username)
Runs the ‘List directory contents’
command with the arguments ‘long list
format’ (l) and ‘all’ (a).
26 |
| 27 Setting Permissions Permissions can be set on a file or folder using two simple methods. The two methods available are
The Binary Method, and The Symbolic Method. Choose the one that is easiest for you.
IF YOU GET LOST - Introductiontolinux

| 15
The Linux Filesystem
The linux File System is different to that of Windows, in that the File System is not represented by
Hard Drives and CD Drives like c:\ & d:\ etc. Instead, the whole system is
represented by the root
directory, or ‘/’. Files, folders, and drives, all exist within this.
Within ‘/’, exists a standard core directory structure:
The folder you operate in 95% of the time, is ‘~’, which usually equates to ‘/home/
’ (See
previous page for notes on the location of your home directory and how to find it), e.g: ‘/home/
msai135/’.
Even devices exist as files within a Unix system. They are located in ‘/dev/’, If you insert a CD, the
drive will be mounted to ‘/media/cdrom’. Some systems do this automatically, however sometimes
this needs to be done manually. An example command to run to do this would be: ‘mount /dev/sdb1
/media/cdrom’. This would allow you to access the CD-ROM by browsing ‘/media/cdrom/’. Before
ejecting the disk, you would exit from the mounted directory, then run ‘umount /media/cdrom’, and
then eject the disk from the computer. Some systems will respond to the command ‘eject’ for CD-
ROMs, automatically unmounting and ejecting the drive in one command.
USB Sticks, Memory Cards, and Hard Disks are all mounted in the same way, having a corresponding
‘/dev/’ file, and a location to mount it to. This could be in ‘/home//Storage’,
or in ‘/mnt’. It makes no difference to Linux, making it a very flexible and scalable OS.
part of your grounding in the world of

14
|
Accessing the Linux
Command Prompt
To begin
working through this guide, you will need to establish a connection to a Linux server.
Please refer to the guide: ‘Connecting to the ISG Linux Terminal Server (Saturn)’ guide as issued by
the Information Security Group. Establish a connection to Saturn (saturn.isg.rhul.ac.uk) using PuTTY
as detailed in the guide.
IMPORTANT:
During
password entry, you will not see any characters (e.g: ‘*’) appear – this is normal
behaviour for Linux. - Passwords are Case Sensitive!
Introduction to the
Command Line Interface
Once you have successfully logged in, you will be presented with
the Command Line Interface, also
known as the ‘Command Prompt’.
The prompt should read:
@:
$
so for example;
msai135@lab-tl243-008:/home/msai135$
The anatomy of a command line interface is as follows:
| 9
Redhat - Introductiontolinux

|
IntroductiontolinuxBog'liq introductiontolinux| 9
Redhat – Redhat is known for it’s RPM
(Redhat Package Manager)
installation system, and for their
goal to provide a stable,
supported, and viable alternative to
Microsoft Server operating systems. Offering
paid-for support packages with its operating
systems, Redhat makes for an attractive
desktop and server platform for business.
Redhat was originally available for free with
support packages being an optional extra
for those that required it, but has now
become a pay-for only product. Redhat are
allowed to continue this practice as long as
(un-compiled) source code remains freely
available.
Today, Redhat finds its home in various
businesses, education establishments, and
government facilities.
Two major forks sprang from this restriction
on the availability of Redhat:
CentOS – focusing on creating a free
‘Redhat Server’ based OS to
use on dedicated server
hardware. When Redhat
became a pay-for product, CentOS
became a very popular OS among the
desktop Redhat community.
Fedora – ‘Redhat Desktop’ based OS,
designed to run on all desktop
and mobile machines. Upon the
move to a pay-for scheme, many
Redhat users moved to Fedora, allowing
them to retain their familiarity with the OS,
and the support for their pre-written
configuration files and installation files.
Other Distributions – There are lots and lots
of Linux distributions out there. The best
way to find out about each and every distro
is to visit the homepages for each one, and
read up on their features and benefits.
The important thing to remember; is that all
Linux distributions are more or less the same
underneath. The commands you will learn in
this introduction can be used with any of the
above distros with the same affect. Some
distros have proprietary commands that only
work in that distro (such as ‘rpm’ and ‘dpkg’
etc), however these are clearly documented
by the creators.
With so many distros, the trick is to find the
one that works for you, and stick with it.
Here in the ISG, we recommend Ubuntu for
Desktops, and Debian for servers, however
the reasoning behind your choice of OS
will be different from ours. Linux gives you
freedom by giving you choice.
|
| |
M. N. Amonov, O. R. Ortiqov, B. T. Jurayev

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7-Ma’ruza Mavzu: Kiberhuquqni ta'minlashda tashkilotlar faoliyatida foydalaniladigan ochiq kodli dasturlarni litsenziyalash tizimi Reja

|
7-Ma’ruza Mavzu: Kiberhuquqni ta'minlashda tashkilotlar faoliyatida foydalaniladigan ochiq kodli dasturlarni litsenziyalash tizimi Reja
|
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7-Ma’ruza
Mavzu: Kiberhuquqni ta'minlashda tashkilotlar faoliyatida foydalaniladigan ochiq kodli dasturlarni litsenziyalash tizimi
Reja:
Axborotni himoya qilish vositalarini sertifikatsiya va axborot xavfsizligi talablari bo'yicha axborotlashtirish obyektlarini attestatsiyasi
Kadrlarni tayyorlash,maxsus aloqa tizimlari,ilmiy-tadqiqot va tajriba-konstruktorlik ishlarini tashkillashtirish tizimlari.
SaaS bilan bog’liq ochiq kodli dasturiy ta’minot muammolari. GPL litsenziyalari va boshqa ko'plab OKDT litsenziyalari bo'yicha GPL kodini o'z ichiga olgan dasturiy ta'minot tarqatilganda buzilishiga olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan muammolar paydo bo'ladi. Shu bilan birga, OKDT litsenziyalari soni tezlik bilan ortib bormoqda (masalan, Affero GPL litsenziyasi). Bunday holatlar dasturiy ta'minotga tarmoq orqali uchinchi tomon kirishi natijasida yuzaga keladigan muammolarni o'z ichiga oladi. Ushbu “tarmoqqa kirish” litsenziyalari uchun hatto bunday OKDT haqiqatda tarqatilmagan bo'lsa ham OKDTni bulutda ishga tushirish yoki SaaS (Software as a Service) usulida tarqatish orqali majburiyatlar paydo bo'lishi mumkin. Ko'pgina bulutli foydalanishlarda dasturiy ta'minot tarqatilmaganligi sababli, ko'plab ishlab chiquvchilar bunday joylashtirishlar bilan OKDT litsenziyasiga ta'siri yo'q degan noto'g'ri xavfsizlik tuyg'usiga paydo bo’ladi. Aslida, hatto OKDT tarqatilmagan bo'lsa ham, muhim huquqiy ta'sir ko'rsatadigan OKDT litsenziyalari soni ortib bormoqda.
Yangi foydalanish holatlari. Har qanday maxsus litsenziya bo'yicha OKDT dan foydalanishning qonuniy oqibatlari foydalanish holatiga bog'liq. Odatda, tashkilot ichida OKDTni uchinchi tomon ruxsatisiz ishga tushirish biron bir qonuniy majburiyat talab qilmaydi. Ko'pincha, bu foydalanish OKDT siyosatlari tomonidan muntazam ravishda tasdiqlanadi. Biroq, kelajakdagi biznes rejalar ushbu foydalanishni o'zgartirishi mumkinligini tan olish muhimdir. Masalan, OKDT keyinchalik paketlanishi va tarqatilishi mumkin yoki OKDT uchinchi shaxslar uchun onlayn xizmatni ishga tushirish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Foydalanish holatining o'zgarishi tegishli OKDT litsenziyasi shartlariga qarab turli huquqiy majburiyatlarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin. Agar foydalanish holatlari o'zgarganda OKDT ning yaroqliligini qayta ko'rib chiqish uchun siyosat mavjud bo'lmasa va biznes strategiyasining o'zgarishi sodir bo'lganligi sababli, OKDT huquqiy muammolari tahlil qilinmasa, kelajakdagi ushbu foydalanish muammolarga olib kelishi mumkin.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
7-Ma’ruza Mavzu: Kiberhuquqni ta'minlashda tashkilotlar faoliyatida foydalaniladigan ochiq kodli dasturlarni litsenziyalash tizimi Reja
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Some simple projects to attempt

Some simple projects to attempt
•
Bash Scripting
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Building a Fileserver using SMB (Samba) / CIFS
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Building a Router using IP-Tables (Tip: IP-Masquerade How-to)
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Building a Webserver using a LAMP platform (Linux / Apache / MySQL / PHP)
Useful links
http://tldp.org
The Linux Documentation Project – Number one go-to place for How-to guides and FAQ’s
http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/shell.html
TuxFiles Linux Help – The Shell,
Terminology
http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/command_line_intro
Free Software Magazine – Beginners’ Introduction to the GNU/Linux Command Line
http://www.unixguide.net/linux/linuxshortcuts.shtml
Linux Newbie Guide – Shortcuts &
Commands
http://dsl.org/cookbook/cookbook_5.html
The Linux Cookbook – Chapter 5, The Shell
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Other things to try
A great way of learning Linux is to install it onto one of your own computers. This could be a desktop
or a laptop.
If
you are unfamiliar with Linux, we would not recommend attempting this on your main computer,
but in a Virtual Machine (available for free with Virtual Box - https://www.virtualbox.org)
or on older
equipment that you may own. If you make a mistake during the installation on your main computer,
you could erase your data and/or operating system from your computer – not something you want
if you’ve only got one computer to use!
We recommend and support OpenSUSE and Ubuntu Linux. These can be downloaded from:
www.opensuse.org and www.ubuntu.com, burnt to a CD, then installed onto a computer.
Of course, the Teaching.CIM Server will always be available. While you won’t
be able to install
your own software, you are free to explore the system and try out commands. You will not be able
to cause any damage to the system, so don’t be afraid of breaking things. Just make sure you’ve
backed
up your own documents first, just in case...
Tasvir - Toshkent tibbiyot akademiyasi biotibbiyot muhandisligi, informatika va biofizika kafedrasi

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Toshkent tibbiyot akademiyasi biotibbiyot muhandisligi, informatika va biofizika kafedrasi
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bet | 7/15 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 187,75 Kb. | | #110667 |
Bog'liq Kompyuter grafikasi o\'quv qo\'llanma (1)Tasvirning haqiqiy o`lchami piksellarda yoki uzunlik o`lchov birliklari (millimeter, santimetr, dyum)da o`lchanadi. U tasvir hosil qilish vaqtida belgilanadi va tasvir fayli bilan birga saqlanadi. Agar tasvirni ekranda ko`rish kerak bo`lsa, uning o`lchamini piksellarda ifodalash qulay. Chunki bu holda tasvir ekranning qanday qismini egallashini aniqlash oson bo`ladi. Agar tasvirni qog`ozga chop etish kerak bo`lsa, uning o`lchamini uzunlik o`lchov birliklarida ifodalash qulay. Chunki bu holda tasvir qog`ozning qanday qismini egallashini aniqlash oson bo`ladi.
Tasvirning yana bir xususiyati, unda qoallanilishi mumkin bo`lgan ranglar miqdoridir. Ya’ni, har xil tasvirlar turli rang ko`lamiga ega bo`lishi mumkin: oqqora shtrixli, nimrang (kulrangning oqdan qoragacha asta o`tib boruvchi tuslari) indekslangan rangli, to`liq rangli.
Oq-qora shtrixli tasvir. Tasvirning har bir pikseliga bir bit axborot ajratiladi. Ma`lumki, bir bit yordamida ikki holatni kodlash mumkin:oq va qora rang. Tasvirning bunday turi Bitmap deb ataladi. Bunday tasvirnng rang ko`lami bir bit bo`ladi.
Nimrang tasvir. Nimrang (grayscale) tasvir pikseli 8 bit bilan kodlanadi, ya’ni uning rang ko`lami 8 bit. Tasvirning har bir pikseli 256 xil qiymat qabul qilishi mumkin. Bu qiymatlar kulrang shkala deyiladi. Bu shkala kulrangning 256 gradatsiyasiga ega bo`lib, ularning har biri 0 (qora) dan 255 (oq) gacha oraliqdagi yorug`lik qiymati bilan ifodalanadi. Bu oq-qora fotosuratni aniq tasvirlash uchun etarlidir.
Hozirgi kunda tasvirni 16 bitli kodlash imkoniga ega dasturlar mavjud bo`lib, ular yordamida kulrangning 256 xil emas, balki 65536 xil tusi ishtirok etgan tasvirlar hosil qilish mumkin. Ammo bunday tasvirlarni saqlashda fayl hajmi 8 bitliga nisbatan 2 marta katta bo`ladi
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