nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
?Shchitga o`rnatilgan temperaturani o`lchab ko`rsatib turuvchi asbob GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qandayko`rsatiladi?(sezgir elament bilan emas)

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?Shchitga o`rnatilgan temperaturani o`lchab ko`rsatib turuvchi asbob GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qandayko`rsatiladi?(sezgir elament bilan emas)
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bet | 12/15 | Sana | 07.12.2023 | Hajmi | 41,19 Kb. | | #113229 |
Bog'liq 03 АСЛЎС ,VERAL TEST YN ishi ?Shchitga o`rnatilgan temperaturani o`lchab ko`rsatib turuvchi asbob GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qandayko`rsatiladi?(sezgir elament bilan emas)
+O`rtasidan gorizontal chiziq bilan bo`lingan, aylananing tepa qismida TI belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida TI belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida TT belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan gorizontal chiziq bilan bo`lingan aylananing tepa qismida TE belgi yordamida
?Shchitga o`rnatilagn avtomatik ravishda temperatura qiymatini ko`rsatib, yozib boruvchi asbob GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qandayko`rsatiladi
+O`rtasidan gorizontal chiziq bilan bo`lingan aylananing, tepa qismida TIR belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida TI belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan gorizontal chiziq bilan bo`lingan, aylananing tepa qismida TI belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida TT belgi yordamida
?Joyida o`rnatilgan bosimni o`lchovchi asbob, birlamchi o`zgartirgich (sezgir element) GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qandayko`rsatiladi
+O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing, tepa qismida PE belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida PI belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida PT belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida PC belgi yordamida
?Joyda o`rnatilgan bosimni o`lchab ko`rsatuvchi asbob GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qandayko`rsatiladi
+O`rtasidan bo`linmagan, aylananing tepa qismida PI belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida PE belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida PT belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida PC belgi yordamida
?To`g`ri ta'sir etuvchi Bosimni control qilish hamda rostlash GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qanday ko`rsatiladi
+O`rtasidan bo`linmagan, aylananing tepa qismida PC belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida PT belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida PI belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida PE belgi yordamida
?Joyida sarfni o`lchashga mo`ljallangan birlamchi o`zgartirgich (sezgir element) GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qandayko`rsatiladi?
+O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing, tepa qismida FE belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida FI belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida RS belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida FT belgi yordamida
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
?Shchitga o`rnatilgan temperaturani o`lchab ko`rsatib turuvchi asbob GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qandayko`rsatiladi?(sezgir elament bilan emas)
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Matnli, ovozli va grafik axborotlarni kodlash

Matnli, ovozli va grafik axborotlarni kodlash
Download
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07.09.2024
Hajmi
0,54 Mb.
#270497
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Matnni ko'rish
Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Dərs
Mühazirə
Qaydalar
Referat
Xülasə
Yazı
Matnli, ovozli va grafik axborotlarni kodlash
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Matnni ko'rish
?Joyida o`rnatilgan sarfni o`lchab ko`rsatuvchi asbob GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qandayko`rsatiladi

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?Joyida o`rnatilgan sarfni o`lchab ko`rsatuvchi asbob GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qandayko`rsatiladi
|
bet | 13/15 | Sana | 07.12.2023 | Hajmi | 41,19 Kb. | | #113229 |
Bog'liq 03 АСЛЎС ,VERAL TEST YN ishi ?Joyida o`rnatilgan sarfni o`lchab ko`rsatuvchi asbob GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qandayko`rsatiladi
+O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida FI belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida FE belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida FT belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida RS belgi yordamida
?Joyida satxni o`lchash uchun o`rnatilgan birlamchi o`zgartirgich (sezgir element) GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qandayko`rsatiladi
+O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida LE belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida LT belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida RS belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida LI belgi yordamida
?Avtomatlashtirish bo`yicha loyiha ishlarini kimlar bajaradi
+Loyiha institutlarining avtomatlashtirish bo`limlari yokii avtomatlashtirish bo`yicha ishlaydigan maxsus tashkilotlar
=Ilmiy tekshirish institutlari
=Texnologik institutlar
=Subpodryad tashkilotlar
?Joyida o`rnatiluvchi o`lchov asbobi GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qandayko`rsatiladi
+O`rtasidan bo`linmagan vaaylana ko`rinishida
=O`rtasidan gorizontal chiziq bilan bo`lingan aylana ko`rinishida
=O`rtasidan gorizontal va vertikal chiziq bilan bo`lingan aylana ko`rinishida
=O`rtasidan gorizontal va vertikal chiziq bilan bo`lingan aylana ko`rinishida
?Shchitda o`rnatiluvchi o`lchov asbobi GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qandayko`rsatiladi
+O`rtasidan gorizontal, chiziq bilan bo`lingan aylana ko`rinishida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylana ko`rinishida
=O`rtasidan gorizontal va vertikal chiziq bilan bo`lingan aylana ko`rinishida
=O`rtasidan gorizontal va vertikal chiziq bilan bo`lingan aylana ko`rinishida
?Joyida satxni o`lchash uchun o`rnatilgan birlamchi o`zgartirgich (sezgir element) GOST 21.404-85 bo`yicha qanday ko`rsatiladi
+O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida LE belgi yordamida.
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida LT belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida RS belgi yordamida
=O`rtasidan bo`linmagan aylananing tepa qismida LI belgi yordamida
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Matnli, ovozli va grafik axborotlarni kodlash - bet 8

16
CONCLUSION:
Men ushbu kurs ishimni yozish davomida axborotlar ustida ishlash, matnli, ovozli
va grafik axborotlarni kodlash, axborotlarni kodlash tarixi va ularning turlari haqida
ko‘plab ma‘lumotlarni bilib oldim. Shu bilan birga matnli, ovozli va grafik axborotlarni
o‘zaro farqlari, ularni kodlash usullarini ham bilib oldim. Xulosa qilib aytganda barcha
turdagi axborotlarni kodlash ularning maxfiyligini va aniqliyligini ta‘minlaydi.
17
REFERENCES:
1.
Ахмедов, Б. А.
(2021).
ЗАДАЧИ
ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ
НАДЕЖНОСТИ
КЛАСТЕРНЫХ СИСТЕМ В НЕПРЕРЫВНОЙ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЙ СРЕДЕ.
EURASIAN EDUCATION SCIENCE AND INNOVATION JOURNAL
,
1
(22), 15-19.
2.
Akhmedov, B. A., Xalmetova, M. X., Rahmonova, G. S., Khasanova, S. Kh. (2020).
Cluster method for the development of creative thinking of students of higher
educational institutions. Экономика и социум,
12
(79), 588-591.
3.
Akhmedov, B. A., Makhkamova, M. U., Aydarov, E. B., Rizayev, O. B. (2020). Trends
in the use of the pedagogical cluster to improve the quality of information technology
lessons. Экономика и социум,
12
(79), 802-804.
4.
Akhmedov, B. A., Majidov, J. M., Narimbetova, Z. A., Kuralov, Yu. A. (2020). Active
interactive and distance forms of the cluster method of learning in development of
higher education. Экономика и социум,
12
(79), 805-808.
5.
Akhmedov, B. A., Eshnazarova, M. Yu., Rustamov, U. R., Xudoyberdiyev, R. F.
(2020). Cluster method of using mobile applications in the education process.
Экономика и социум,
12
(79), 809-811.
6.
Akhmedov, B. A., Kuchkarov, Sh. F., (2020). CLUSTER METHODS OF LEARNING
ENGLISH USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS,
1(2), 40-43.
7.
Akhmedov, B. A. (2021). DEVELOPMENT OF NETWORK SHELL FOR
ORGANIZATION OF PROCESSES OF SAFE COMMUNICATION OF DATA IN
PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTIONS. SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS,
1
(3), 113-117.
8.
Ахмедов, Б. А., Шайхисламов, Н., Мадалимов, Т., Махмудов, Қ. (2021). SMART
ТЕХНОЛОГИЯСИ ВА УНДАН ТАЪЛИМДА ТИЗИМИДА КЛАСТЕРЛИ
ФОЙДАЛАНИШ ИМКОНИЯТЛАРИ. Scientific progress,
1
(3), 102-112.
View publication stats
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Raqamli axborotni kodlash

8
1 bayt = 8 bit
1 Kbayt = 1024 bayt
1 Mbayt = 1024 Kbayt
1 Gbayt = 1024 Mbayt
1 Tbayt = 1024 Gbayt
Kodlashning mohiyati shundan iboratki, har bir belgiga ikkilik koddagi 00000000
dan 11111111gacha bo’lgan sonlardan biri yoki o’nlik koddagi 0dan 255 gacha bo’lgan
sonlardan biri mos qilib belgilangan. Hozirgi vaqtda rus harflarini kodlash uchun 5
turlicha kodlash jadvallaridan(КОИ - 8, СР1251, СР866, Мас, ISO) foydalaniladi. Bir
jadval yordamida kodlangan matn boshqa jadvalda to’g’ri ko’rinmaydi.
Asosiy belgilarni kodlashning usuli ASCII(American
Standard Code for
Information Interchange-ma’lumotlarni almasish uchun Amerika standarti)-kodi
deb
nomlanib
, 16 lik sanoq tizimida kodlangan 16 ga 16 jadvaldan iborat.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar - 2-Mustaqil ish Guruh: 053-22 Bajardi: Mirxadiyev M. Tekshirdi : Suyunov M. Toshkent-2023...

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2-Mustaqil ish Guruh: 053-22 Bajardi: Mirxadiyev M. Tekshirdi : Suyunov M. Toshkent-2023 Mavzu: Tarmoq darajasida xavfsizlik mexanizmlari Reja
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bet | 5/5 | Sana | 02.01.2024 | Hajmi | 140,12 Kb. | | #129488 |
Bog'liq Mirxadiyev kiberxavfsizlik 2-mustaqil ishFoydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
1."Kiber xavf: Ma'lumotlar himoyalash va xavfni kamaytirish usullari" - Xojiyev R., Jumayev D.
Bu adabiyot kiber-xavf turlari, xavfni tan olish va xavfni kamaytirish usullari bo'yicha umumiy ma'lumotlar taqdim etadi.
2."Xavfsiz tarmoq xavfsiz biznes" - Xojiyev R., Qayumov A.
Ushbu adabiyot xavfsizlikning biznes sohasida qanday muhim ahamiyatga ega bo'lishi, ma'lumotlar himoyalash va xavfsizlikni ta'minlashda qanday qadam tashkil etilishi lozimligini bayon qiladi.
3."Kiber xavf va undan himoya" - To'xtaboyev O., Uzoqboyev Sh.
Bu kitob kiber-xavf turlari, ularga qarshi kurashish usullari, va ma'lumotlar himoyalash asoslari haqida umumiy ma'lumotlar beradi.
4."Kiber xavf va xavfsizlik" - Saidov Sh., Muxammadiev S.
Kitobda kiber-xavf turlari, ularni tan olish usullari, tarmoq xavfsizligini oshirishning boshqa vositalari va texnologiyalari haqida tafsilotlar mavjud.
5."Kiber xavf: Jamiyat va insoniyat uchun tarmoq xavfsizligi" - To'xtaboyev O., Uzoqboyev Sh.
Bu kitobda xavfsizlikni insoniyat va jamiyat uchun qanday muhim ahamiyatga ega bo'lishi, xavfsizlikning samaradorlikni oshirishda o'z rolini bayon qiladi.
6."Xavfsiz tarmoq tuzish: Xavfsizlik standartlari, protokollar va texnologiyalar" - To'xtaboyev O., Uzoqboyev Sh.
Bu adabiyot tarmoq xavfsizligi uchun amaliy standartlar, protokollar va texnologiyalar haqida ma'lumotlar beradi.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
2-Mustaqil ish Guruh: 053-22 Bajardi: Mirxadiyev M. Tekshirdi : Suyunov M. Toshkent-2023 Mavzu: Tarmoq darajasida xavfsizlik mexanizmlari Reja
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Axborotlarni kodlash usullari

7
ikkilik koddagi belgi bo’lgan jadvaldir. Birmuncha mashhur kodlash jadvallari
quyidagilar: ДКОИ-8, ASCII, CP1251, Unicode.
Tarixiy taraqqiyoti davomida belgilarni kodlash uchun sifatli kod uzunligi 8 bit
yoki 1 bayt deb belgilangan. Shuning uchun kompyuterda saqlanuvchi har bir belgiga
bir bayt xotira mos keladi. 0 va 1 ning turli kombinatsiyalari 8
bit kod uzunligida
2
8
=256, shuning uchun bir kodlash jadvali yordamida 256 tadan ko’p bo’lmagan
belgilani kodlash mumkin. 2bayt(16 bit) kod uzunligi bilan 65536 ta belgini kodlash
mumkin.
Axborot miqdori va uzatish tezligi

12
Masalan: 100101001da 9 ta bit bor. Chunki unda 9 ta raqam ishtirok etmoqda.
3. Axborotlarni kodlashning usullari.
Ma’lumotlarni kodlash
Istalgan sonli, matnli,
grafikli
, tovushli va boshqa axborotlar
kompyuter xotirasida ikkilik sanoq tizimidagi sonlar ko’rinishda
ifodalanadi.
Ikkilik sanoq sistemasi: 0;1
Uchlik sanoq sistemasi: 0;1;2
To’rtlik sanoq sistemasi: 0;1;3
O’nlik sanoq sistemasi: 0;1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9
Istalgan sonli, matnli, grafikli,tovushli va
boshqa axborotlar kompyuter
xotirasida ikkilik sanoq tizimidagi sonlar ko’rinishda ifodalanadi.
Axborot sonli, matnli, rasmli va boshqa shakllarda taqdim qilinishi
mumkin.Axborotni berilgan shakldan boshqa shaklga o’tkazish
jarayoni kodlash
deyiladi.
Axborot sonli, matnli, rasmli va boshqa shakllarda taqdim qilinishi
mumkin. Axborotni berilgan shakldan boshqa shaklga o’tkazish jarayoni
kodlash deyiladi.
Istalgan sonli, matnli, grafikli, tovushli va boshqa axborotlar
13
kompyuter xotirasida ikkilik sanoq tizimidagi sonlar ko’rinishda
ifodalanadi.
Kompyuter xotirasida istalgan matn belgilar
kodini ketma-
ketligidan iborat bo’ladi. Ya’ni harfning o’rniga uning kodlash jadvalidagi nomeri
saqlanadi. Harf va belgilarni tasviri ularni monitorga chiqarish va chop qilish
momentida taqdim qilinadi.
Dastavval 8 bitli kodlash tizimi qo’llanilgan va u o’zida 128
ta belgilarni
mujassamlashtirgan edi. Keyinchalik shaxsiy kompyuterlardan foydalanishni
ommaviylashganidan so’ng ASCII (American Standart Code for
Information Interchange- «Axborot almashish uchun Amerika standart kodi»
deb nomlanuvchi kodlashni standart jadvali qo’llanila boshlandi. Bu
kodlash jadvalini yarimi (0-127 ta belgilar) ASCII
standart kodlash
tizimiga muvofiq - o’zgarmas hisoblanadi, qolgan ikkinchi yarimi (128-255 ta
belgilar) esa shu kodlash tizimi qaysi mamlakatda qo’llaniladigan bo’lsa,
o’sha mamlakatning belgilarini kodlash uchun ajratilgan.
O’n oltilik sanoq sistemasidagi Lotin alifbosini kodlari
B
harfini
Tovushli axborotlarni kodlash

9
mumkin: ma’lum bir vaqt oralig’idagi signal amplitudalarini aniqlash va olingan
raqamli ma’lumotlarni kompyuter xotirasiga yozish.
2.Axborotni ikkilik sanoq sistemasida kodlash
Kompyuter raqamlarining o`zini emas, balki
shu raqamlarni ifodalovchi
signallarni farqlaydi. bunda raqamlar signalning ikki qiymati bilan (magnitlangan yoki
magnitlanmagan ; ulangan yoki ulanmagan ; ha yoki yo`q va hokazo... ) ifodalanadi. bu
holatning birinchisini 0 raqami bilan, ikkinchisini esa 1 raqami bilan belgilash qabil
qilinga bo`lib, axborotni ikkita belgi yordamida kodlash nomini olgan.
Bu usul
qisqacha qilib, ikkilik kodlash deb ham ataladi. bunda har bir raqam va alifbodagi belgi
jahon andozalaridagi kodlash jadvali – ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange) jadvali yordamida ikkilik belgilar ketma – ketligida
ifodalanadi.
Kodlash usullari ikkita – Tekis va notekis turda bo`lishi mumkin. Tekis usullarida
bir xil xajmdagi
belgilardan foydalanilsa, notekis usulda belgilar tuli hajmdagi
belgilarni o`z ichiga oladi.
Kodlashning notekis usuliga Morze alifbosi usullari misol bo`la oladi, chunki unda
har bir harf va raqanga uzun va qisqa signallarning ikkilik ketma – ketligi mos keladi.
Masalan “Y” harfiga birgina nuqta mos kelsa, “O” harfi uchun uchta tire mos keladi.
bunday usul bilan axborotlarni uzatish mumkin bo`lsa-da, ularni qayta ishlash katta
muammoli vazifadir. Shuning uchun ham axborotlarni qayta ishlash vositasi hisoblash
mashinalarida tekis kodlash usullaridan foydalaniladi. Kompyuterlarda har bil belgiga
0 va 1 belgilarining ketma-ketligidan iborat sakkizta belgi mos qo`yiladi. Shu sakkista
belgining har biri bit deb nomlanadi. sakkista bit esa bir baytni tashki etadi.
8 ta 0
va birlaning turli
kombinatsiyasidan foydalanib
, turli hildagi belgilarni
kodklashimiz mumkin. 0 va 1 dan iborat raqamlar yordamida
ularni sakkistadan
11
Buyruqlarni yoki turli boshqa turdagi axborotlarni
kodlash uchunshu tartibda
yondoshiladi. biroq turli rusumdagi kompyuterlaar uchun bu yondoshuv turlicha
bo`lishi mumkin. Bu texnikaning xususiyatiga bog`liq bo`lgan holatdadir.
0 va 1 lar ketma – ketligi bilan grafik axborotlarni ham kodlash muimkin. Buning
uchun quyidagi usuldan foydalaniladi. Rozmomadagi rasmga diqat bilan razm
solsangiz, u mayda nuqtalardan (ularni polografiya tilida “Rastor” deyishadi) tashkil
topganligini ko`rasiz. turli polografiya uskunalaridan foydalanilganlikboyis, bu
nuqtalarning zichligi turlicha bo`ladi. Ko`pchilik ro`znomalardagi rasmlarda 1 sm lik
uzunlikda 24 ta nuqta bo`ladi, ya`ni 10 x 10 sm
2
o`lchovidagi
rasm taxminan
oltmushming nuqtadan iborat bo`ladi. Bular bir xil darajadagi oq va qora nuqtalarda
iborat bo`lsa u hoda bir nuqtadagi 1 bit yetarli bo`lmaydi. 2 bit bilan nuqtaning to`rt xil
rangini 00-oq, 01 och kul rang 10-kul rang , 11-qora rangni kodlash mumkin bo`lsa uch
bit sakkis hil rangni, 4 bit 16 xil rangni kodlash imkoniyatini beradi.
Tarmoq darajasi (network security)

Tarmoq darajasi (network security) yoki tarmoq xavfsizligi, tarmoqdagi ma'lumotlarni va resurslarni muhofaza qilish, mumkin bo'lgan xavf va hujumlariga qarshi himoya qilishni ma'nosini anglatadi. Xavfsizlik, tarmoq texnologiyalarini, tarmoq protokollarini, va tarmoq ichidagi qurilmalarni qamrab olishni o'z ichiga oladi. Quyidagi bir necha muhim tarmoq xavfsizlik mexanizmlarini ko'rib chiqamiz:
Firewall (Og'ir devor):
Og'ir devor, tarmoqdagi tuzilmalarni boshqarish va taqsimlash uchun ishlatiladi. U, tarmoqdagi paketlarni o'qish va qo'yish orqali tarmoqdan chiqish va kirmaslikni ta'minlaydi.
Intrusion Detection System (Xaritalashni Aniqlovchi Tizim):
Bu tizim tarmoqdagi tavsiya qilingan hujum va xavfni aniqlaydi. U, tarmoqdagi hujumlar va qonun bo'yicha mumkin xavfni tahlil qiladi va uni xabar qiladi.
Virtual Private Network (VPN):
VPN, internet orqali tarmoqda amal qiladigan xavfsiz kanal yaratish uchun ishlatiladi. Bu xususiyat bilan, foydalanuvchi tarmoqda o'z ma'lumotlarini xavfsiz ko'chirib olishi mumkin.
Access Control Lists (Kirishni Boshqarish Ro'yhati):
ACL, foydalanuvchilar va qurilmalarga murojaatni taqsimlash uchun ishlatiladi. Uni sozlovchi va munojotni cheklash mumkin.
Encryption (Shifrlash):
Ma'lumotlar shifrlanishi tarmoq xavfsizligini ta'minlaydi. Shifrlash orqali, hujumlar tarmoqdagi ma'lumotlarni o'qishni va aniqlashni mushkul qiladi.
Security Policies (Xavfsizlik Qoidalar):
Tarmoq xavfsizligini ta'minlash uchun qoidalar va protseduralarni joriy etish juda muhimdir. Xavfsizlik qoidalari foydalanuvchilar, tizim administratorlari va boshqa hodimlar uchun to'g'ri tashkil etilishi lozim.
Wireless Security (Simsiz Xavfsizlik):
Tarmoqda simsiz ulanish (Wi-Fi) uchun xavfsizlik protokollarini qo'llash juda muhim. WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) va WPA2 kabi protokollar tarmoqni hujumdan himoyalashda ishlatiladi.
Network Monitoring (Tarmoqni Monitoring Qilish):
Tarmoqni monitoring qilish orqali, tarmoqda amalga oshirilayotgan voqealarni nazorat qilish, xavfni aniqlash va tarmoqni yaxshi boshqarish mumkin.
Patch Management (Yamaloq Boshqarish):
Tarmoqdagi tuzilmalarni yangilash va ajratib turish maqsadida yamaloqlarni boshqarish tarmoq xavfsizligi uchun muhimdir.
Bu xavfsizlik mexanizmlari tarmoq xavfsizligini ta'minlashda yordam bera oladi, lekin uni mustahkamlash va qo'llab-quvvatlash juda muhim. Har qanday tarmoq xavfsizligi usullarini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun kompaniyalar va tashkilotlar o'zlarining xavfsizlik protokollarini va qoidalarini amalga oshirishlari kerak.
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Unicode 
tizimidagi kodi 
0042

14
Ikkilik- o’noltilik jadvalga binoan:
B harfini
Unicode
tizimidagi ikkilik kodi: 0042(16) =0000000001000010(2)
I harfini
Unicode
tizimidagi ikkilik kodi 0049(16) =0000000001001001(2)
L harfini
Unicode
tizimidagi ikkilik kodi 004C(16) =0000000001001100(2)
M harfini
Unicode
tizimidagi ikkilik kodi 004D(16)=0000000001001101(2)
Kompyuterda VILIM so’zi
Unicode
halqaro kodlash tizimida
ikkilik
sanoq tizimida 0 va 1 sonlarining quyida ketligidan iborat bo’ladi:
000000000100001000000000010010010000000001001100000000000100
10010000000001001101Bu 10 bayt, 80
bit axborotdir
Malumotlarni kodlash
Inson axborotlarni yig'ish, saqlash va qayta ishlashda qulay hamda qisqa
ko'rinishda bo'lishi uchun turli belgilashlardan foydalanadi. Bunga tovushlarni harf va
raqamlar orqali, musiqa
tovushlarini notalar orqali, matematik, fizik,
biologik
qonuniyatlarni formulalar orqali ifodalanishini misol qilish mumkin.
Malumotlarni kodlash haqida
Inson borliqning bir qismi bo'lgani uchun doimo borliqning ta'sirini sezib turadi.
Bu ta'sirni turli signallar (tovush, yorug'lik, elektomagnit, nerv va hokazo) ko'rinishida
qabul qilamiz. Insonga uzluksiz ta'sir etib turuvchi axborotlarni analog axborotlar deb
ataladi
Inson analog axborotlarni qayta ishlashi uchun uni biror qismini ajratib oladi va
tahlil qiladi. Tahlil qilish jarayonida axborotni qayta ishlash uchun qulay bo'lgan
15
ko'rinishga o'tkazadi. Bunda inson turli 13 belgilardan foydalanadi. Masalan, sizga
ma'lum bo'lgan alifbo harflari insonga tushunarli bo'lgan
tovushlarni
, nota belgilari esa
musiqiy tovushlarni ifodalaydi. Bu belgilar yordamida
insonga eshitilayotgan, nutq
yoki musiqani qog'ozga tushirish oson kechadi. Demak, inson axborotlarni qayta
ishlash uchun uni uzlukli ko'rinishga o'tkazar ekan. Axborotlarni
bu kabi uzlukli
ko'rinishini diskret axborotlar deb ataladi.
Inson tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan qurilmalar ichida analog axborotlar bilan
ishlaydiganlari ham, diskret axborotlar bilan ishlaydiganlari ham mavjud.
Diskret
axborotlardan eng ko'p tarqalgani raqamli axborotlardir, ya'ni
uzluksiz axborotning
raqamlar orqali ifodalangan ko'rinishidir. Analog signallar bilan ishlaydigan qurilmalar
analog qurilmalar, raqamli axborotlar bilan ishlaydigan qurilmalar raqamli qurilmalar
deb ataladi. Analog qurilmalarga televizor, telefon, radio, fotoapparat, videokamerani,
raqamli
qurilmalarga shaxsiy kompyuter
, raqamli telefon, raqamli fotoapparat, raqamli
videokamerani misol qilish mumkin.
Axborotlar ustida amallar bajarish qulay bo'lishi uchun aniq bir qoidalar asosida
boshqa ko'rinishga o'tkazish jarayoni axborotni kodlash deyiladi. Axborotlarni kodlash
insoniyat tomonidan faqat amallar bajarish qulay bo'lishi uchun emas, balki axborotni
maxfiy saqlash uchun ham qo'llanilgan. Kodlashning bu ko'rinishi shifrlash deb ataladi.
Conforming to Core practices - Optimizing Applications for Windows 2000 Terminal Services and Windows nt server 0

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Optimizing Applications for Windows 2000 Terminal Services and Windows nt server 0
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Conforming to Core practices
Managing and deploying applications from a central server provides benefits that you can enhance by fine-tuning applications that run when the Terminal Services feature is enabled in Windows 2000 Server. When you employ the programming practices suggested in this section, you ensure that an application will operate properly under Terminal Services. Keep in mind that following these practices does not inhibit the ability of your application to run in a non-Terminal Services environment. In fact, following these practices can often improve performance and increase compatibility with other services.
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Tarmoq xavfsizligini ta'minlash - 2-Mustaqil ish Guruh: 053-22 Bajardi: Mirxadiyev M. Tekshirdi : Suyunov M. Toshkent-2023...

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2-Mustaqil ish Guruh: 053-22 Bajardi: Mirxadiyev M. Tekshirdi : Suyunov M. Toshkent-2023 Mavzu: Tarmoq darajasida xavfsizlik mexanizmlari Reja
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Bog'liq Mirxadiyev kiberxavfsizlik 2-mustaqil ishTarmoq xavfsizligini ta'minlash uchun bir necha turdagi xavfsizlik mexanizmlari mavjud. Bu mexanizmlar tarmoqdagi xavf va hujumlariga qarshi himoya qilish, ma'lumotlarni to'g'ri saqlash, foydalanuvchilarga maxfiylikni ta'minlash uchun mo'ljallangan. Quyidagi, xavfsizlik mexanizmlarining turli turlari mavjud:
Firewall (Og'ir devor):
Firewall tarmoqdagi paketlarni tekshirish va filtrlash orqali hujum va xavfni oldini olish uchun ishlatiladi.
Intrusion Detection System (Xaritalashni Aniqlovchi Tizim):
IDS, tarmoqda amalga oshirilayotgan hujumlar va xavflarni aniqlaydi va bu haqda xabar qiladi.
Intrusion Prevention System (Xaritalashni Oldini Olish Tizimi):
IPS hujumni aniqlash bilan birga, uni oldini olish uchun ham ishlaydi. Hujum paytida faollikni to'xtatishi mumkin.
Virtual Private Network (VPN):
VPN tarmoqdagi o'zlashtirilgan tarmoqni yaratish orqali ma'lumotlarni shifrlaydi va xavfsizlikni ta'minlaydi.
Access Control Lists (Kirishni Boshqarish Ro'yhati):
ACL, foydalanuvchilar va qurilmalarga murojaatni cheklash uchun ishlatiladi.
Encryption (Shifrlash):
Ma'lumotlarni shifrlash xavfsizlikni ta'minlashda juda muhim. Shifrlash orqali, uchirilayotgan ma'lumotlar boshqalar tomonidan o'qib bo'lmaydi.
Antivirus Software (Antivirus Dasturi):
Antivirus dasturlar tarmoqdagi viruslar, trojanlar, va malolardan himoya qilish uchun ishlatiladi.
Security Information and Event Management (SIEM):
SIEM tarmoqdagi voqealarni nazorat qiladi va xavfni aniqlash uchun sharoitlarni o'rganadi.
Security Policies (Xavfsizlik Qoidalar):
Tarmoqdagi xavfsizlikni ta'minlash uchun tashkil etilgan qoidalar va protseduralar.
Patch Management (Yamaloq Boshqarish):
Yamaloqlarni boshqarish yordamida tarmoqdagi tuzilmalarni yangilash va hujumlariga qarshi himoya qilish.
Biometric Authentication (Biometrik Autentifikatsiya):
Biometrik ma'lumotlarni ishlatish orqali foydalanuvchi autentifikatsiyasi.
Web Application Firewall (Web Ilova Og'ir Devori):
Web ilovalarni himoyalash, xavfsizlikni ta'minlash uchun xususiy filtrlarni qo'llaydi.
Bu mexanizmlar turli xil xavfsizlik uchun ishlatiladi va ularni kombinatsiyalash orqali tarmoqni yanada xavfsiz qilish mumkin. Xavfsizlik texnologiyalari rivojlanmoqda va yangi xavfsizlik mexanizmlari chiqishmoqda.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
2-Mustaqil ish Guruh: 053-22 Bajardi: Mirxadiyev M. Tekshirdi : Suyunov M. Toshkent-2023 Mavzu: Tarmoq darajasida xavfsizlik mexanizmlari Reja
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Core Practices - Optimizing Applications for Windows 2000 Terminal Services and Windows nt server 0

The following guidelines describe programmatic behavior that is necessary for an application to operate efficiently and effectively in the Terminal Services environment. There are three main areas where applications tend to run into trouble in a Terminal Services environment:
Installation.
Separation of user and global data.
Programming for the multiuser.
In addition, Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition has some restrictions on DCOM usage.
Installation
Application installation is different when Terminal Services is enabled in Windows 2000 Server. The registry and .ini file mapping support that is built into Terminal Services allows applications that were not originally designed to run in a multiuser environment to run correctly under Terminal Services. This means that users should be able to execute these applications simultaneously and save whatever preferences the application allows for each of them. Of course, each user must have a unique home directory. If no home directory is specified for a user by the administrator, the user’s home directory defaults to his or her user profile directory, \Wtsrv\Profiles\Username.
To enable each user to retain individual application settings, he or she must have a unique copy of the appropriate .ini files or registry entries. To accomplish this, Terminal Services replicates the .ini files and registry entries from a common system location to each user as necessary. For .ini files, this means that the .ini files in the system directory (%systemroot%) will be copied to each user’s Windows directory. For registry entries, the registry entries will be copied from HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Terminal Server\Install\Software to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software.
In order for Terminal Services to replicate the necessary registry entries or .ini files for each user, the user must install the application in Install mode. This is accomplished by using Add/Remove Programs in Control Panel. Install mode may also be enabled from the command line after executing the change user /install command, though using Add/Remove Programs is preferable. If the administrator uses this function, application installation should properly allow for user-specific application settings. The built-in Windows Installer service included in Windows 2000 Server will be the best way for application developers to ensure correct installation. For more information on the Windows Installer service, see the current guidelines for the Windows 2000 Logo program
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Do Not Store Local Data Constructs in Global Locations

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Do Not Store Local Data Constructs in Global Locations
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Do Not Store Local Data Constructs in Global Locations
In addition to separating global and local information in the registry, global and local file-based data constructs should also be maintained separately. For example, user preference files should not be stored in the system directory (for example, Winnt) or program directory (for example, Program Files) structures. Instead, preference files or other user-specific local data constructs should be stored in the user's home directory or a user-specified directory.
This consideration also applies to temporary files used to store interim information (such as cached data) or to pass data on to another application. User-specific temporary files must also be stored on a per-user basis.
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Testing in a Typical Terminal Services Configuration

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Testing in a Typical Terminal Services Configuration
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To ensure that an application installs and works properly in a Terminal Services environment, it is critical to test it in that environment. It is important to construct a typical usage scenario with the appropriate number of sessions running the application for a time period that simulates actual usage. In a typical personal computer desktop environment, the application and system may be shut down frequently enough to mask application problems such as memory leaks. Capacity planning guidelines for Terminal Services, which can be found the Windows NT Server Web site, demonstrate three user applications usage scenarios: light (task-oriented) user, medium (administrative) user, and heavy (knowledge) user. Developers should determine which scenario best fits the likely usage of their application, and follow the guidelines to configure a representative Terminal Services testing environment. Terminal Services client emulation tools with application scripting support are available in the Windows 2000 Server Resource Kit to assist in this testing.
Although hardware sizing and testing is an important part of creating a scalable Terminal Services environment, software considerations are equally important. In fact, fine-tuning an application can often considerably reduce resource competition and improve application performance for the user. The next section of this paper presents suggestions that you can easily implement to create programs that are optimized for the Terminal Services environment.
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Resolve Memory Leaks - Optimizing Applications for Windows 2000 Terminal Services and Windows nt server 0

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Optimizing Applications for Windows 2000 Terminal Services and Windows nt server 0
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The danger of memory leaks is intensified in the Terminal Services environment. A memory leak in a program running in the traditional Windows client environment will eventually cause trouble, but may in fact be masked by the fact that the desktop device is turned on and off frequently and memory is thus cleared. In the Terminal Services environment, that same application can be run multiple times by multiple users, thus rapidly magnifying the effect of a memory leak.
In the traditional distributed Windows-based client/server architecture, one user is logged on to one computer at a time; therefore, the computer name or Internet Protocol (IP) address assigned to either a desktop or server computer equate to one user. In the Terminal Services environment, the application can only see the IP or NetBIOS address of the Terminal Server.
Applications that use the computer name or IP address for licensing or as a means of identifying an iteration of the application on the network will not work properly in the Terminal Services environment because the server’s computer name or IP address can really equate to many different desktops or users.
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Programming for the Multiuser - Optimizing Applications for Windows 2000 Terminal Services and Windows nt server 0

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Optimizing Applications for Windows 2000 Terminal Services and Windows nt server 0
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There are some types of applications that should only run with one instance on the server. Typically, these are applications that monitor or manage system resources, such as a disk administration program. These applications should check if they are already running and not initiate a second application process. In particular, if an application of this type polls a system resource continually, multiple instances of the application are not needed, and instead could seriously degrade system performance.
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Disallow Installing Multiple Versions of Applications with Shared DLLs

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Disallow Installing Multiple Versions of Applications with Shared DLLs
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Because many application versions share DLLs, only one version of an application can be run at a time. If multiple versions are installed on the system, it is very possible that different users will attempt to run various versions of the same application simultaneously. For example, both Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.x and Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.x share various DLLs that will fail to work properly when both versions are installed on the same server.
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MS-DOS and 16-bit Windows-based applications require more RAM

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MS-DOS and 16-bit Windows-based applications require more RAM
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MS-DOS and 16-bit Windows-based applications require more RAM than native 32-bit Windows-based applications when running on any Windows 2000 Server system. This is also true for the Standard Edition of Windows NT 4.0, and for Terminal Server Edition of that operating system. Windows runs an emulation layer on top of the 32-bit operating system. Although this memory requirement may not show up as performance degradation on a high-powered desktop computer running the latest Windows operating system with 64 MB of RAM, it may easily show up on a system running Terminal Services, because of the multiplier effect of many user sessions. For more information on system requirements for Terminal Services, see the Microsoft Windows 2000 Web site.
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Detecting Terminal Services Remote Administration Mode

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Detecting Terminal Services Remote Administration Mode
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In the Windows 2000 operating system, Terminal Services can be enabled in two modes: Application Server and Remote Administration. Remote Administration mode is a two-client, limited form of Terminal Services that is specifically intended for remote administrative access to a server. Terminal Services enhanced application compatibility code is disabled in this mode in order to simplify installation of server class applications. Note that all of the previous code example will return TRUE because they only check to see that Terminal Services is enabled. The following code distinguishes the Remote Administration mode of Terminal Services. Note that this is the same Windows 2000 example, except that the wSuiteMask value is set to VER_SUITE_SINGLEUSERTS (defined in WINNT.H).
BOOL IsTerminalServicesRemoteAdminEnabled( VOID )
{
OSVERSIONINFOEX osVersionInfo;
DWORDLONG dwlConditionMask = 0;
ZeroMemory(&osVersionInfo, sizeof(OSVERSIONINFOEX));
osVersionInfo.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(OSVERSIONINFOEX);
osVersionInfo.wSuiteMask = VER_SUITE_SINGLEUSERTS;
VER_SET_CONDITION( dwlConditionMask, VER_SUITENAME, VER_AND );
return VerifyVersionInfo(
&osVersionInfo,
VER_SUITENAME,
dwlConditionMask
);
}
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Multilingual and International Usage Scenarios

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Multilingual and International Usage Scenarios
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Windows 2000 Server with Terminal Services enabled offers multilanguage support. Using this capability, Terminal Services can simultaneously serve users in as many languages as are installed on the server. In Windows NT Server 4.0, Terminal Server Edition, a single Terminal Server does not have the ability to simultaneously host multiple system languages. (For example, in Windows NT, on a North American English version of Terminal Server, users can read and create documents using non-Western character sets (provided the required font files are installed), but the system uses English menus, dialog boxes, and other operating system functions.)
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APPENDIX C - Optimizing Applications for Windows 2000 Terminal Services and Windows nt server 0

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Optimizing Applications for Windows 2000 Terminal Services and Windows nt server 0
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Detecting If an Application Is Running in a Console Session or Remote Session.
This code can be used to detect what type of Terminal Services session the application execution request is being initiated from. The Windows 2000 operating system or Service Pack 4 for Windows NT Server 4.0, Terminal Server Edition is required. On all other Win32 platforms, this code will always indicate that the process is running on the console. The following code is compatible with all Win32 platforms, however, the SM_REMOTESESSION value (defined in WINUSER.H) is only defined when you compile with a WINVER value >= 5.0.
if (GetSystemMetrics(SM_REMOTESESSION))
{
// App is running on a remote session.
} else {
// App is running on the console.
}
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MS-DOS-based applications that cycle on device input

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MS-DOS-based applications that cycle on device input
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MS-DOS-based applications that cycle on device input. MS-DOS-based applications that tightly loop for keyboard input, mouse activity, or other input device operations are often too CPU-bound to run effectively in the Terminal Services environment.
FoxPro® database for MS-DOS-based applications. These applications tend to be CPU interrupt-intensive and drain processor resources away from other user sessions. As in the previous case, these applications often cannot run effectively in the Terminal Services environment.
MS-DOS-based print applications. Many MS-DOS-based applications use print techniques that are not compatible with the Terminal Services environment. However, 16-bit Windows-based applications that use the standard Windows printing APIs function correctly.
MS-DOS and 16-bit Windows-based applications that internally mount NetWare drives. Programmatic NetWare drive-mapping operations do not function under Terminal Services. On the other hand, programmatic uniform naming convention (UNC) mounts work correctly.
16-bit Windows-based applications that directly access .ini files. Older Windows-based applications that directly access .ini files instead of using the standard APIs may not work when multiple users are concurrently running the application. To minimize compatibility issues and to maximize performance under Terminal Services Application, developers are strongly encouraged to port all MS-DOS or 16-bit Windows-based applications to the Win32 environment. Please refer to the MSDN Web site for additional information on porting 16-bit applications to the 32-bit Windows environment.
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Simplified Detection for Windows 2000 Only Applications

Simplified Detection for Windows 2000 Only Applications
If your application or service runs exclusively on the Windows 2000 operating system, you can simplify the IsTerminalServicesEnabled function by directly linking with the Windows 2000 product suite API VerifyVersionInfo (defined in WINBASE.H) and specifying a wSuiteMask of VER_SUITE_TERMINAL (defined in WINNT.H). This simplified code is as follows:
#include
#include
// This code will only work on the Windows 2000 platform
BOOL IsTerminalServicesEnabled(void)
{
OSVERSIONINFOEX osVersionInfo;
DWORDLONG dwlConditionMask = 0;
ZeroMemory(&osVersionInfo, sizeof(OSVERSIONINFOEX));
osVersionInfo.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(OSVERSIONINFOEX);
osVersionInfo.wSuiteMask = VER_SUITE_TERMINAL;
VER_SET_CONDITION( dwlConditionMask, VER_SUITENAME, VER_AND );
return VerifyVersionInfo(
&osVersionInfo,
VER_SUITENAME,
dwlConditionMask
);
}
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Conclusion - Optimizing Applications for Windows 2000 Terminal Services and Windows nt server 0

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Optimizing Applications for Windows 2000 Terminal Services and Windows nt server 0
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bet | 43/49 | Sana | 29.03.2021 | Hajmi | 197,5 Kb. | | #13691 |
The amount of work it will take to optimize an application for a Terminal Services environment varies greatly from one application to another. If an application was designed to operate in a multiuser environment, only minor changes will be needed to turn it into an application that is optimized for Terminal Services in Windows 2000 or Windows NT Server, Terminal Server Edition, version 4.0. Single-user, desktop applications may require more modification.
This document has presented a variety of guidelines and suggestions for fine-tuning applications for the Terminal Services environment. All of these guidelines and suggestions should be taken into consideration when you develop 32-bit applications; however, you should remember these three points in particular about the Terminal Services environment:
Applications must distinguish between global and local (user-specific) data structures, including registry keys. All data structures should be locked during access and stored in an appropriate location.
The Terminal Services environment uses more network resources than a client/server or distributed computing environment. In the Terminal Services environment, all graphical output and keyboard/mouse input flows over the network. Overlaid images, on-screen animation, and splash screens take longer to display on the client computer and can slow down the user experience.
In the Terminal Services environment, all application processing occurs on the server. Applications that monopolize CPU, RAM, and hard drive resources or otherwise assume a single-user environment will not perform well in a Terminal Services environment when multiple sessions are running.
By taking these points into consideration, developers can make the most of their applications in both the traditional Windows-based client/server environment and in the Windows 2000 Terminal Services environment.
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APPENDIX B - Optimizing Applications for Windows 2000 Terminal Services and Windows nt server 0

Disallowing Multiple Instances of Some Types
of Applications
The following code example shows how to limit your application to running only a single instance under Terminal Services. The code is Win32-compatible, so it can run on all platforms. The key is to use a mutex (mutual exclusion) object to determine if the application is already running. The old practice of using a window handle does not work under Terminal Services, because window handles are specific to a session, thus there are no system global window handles. The code uses the Terminal Services multisession object manager Global\ prefix to force the mutex into the system-wide global name space.
//
// Global Variables
//
BOOL g_fIsTerminalServer = FALSE;
TCHAR g_szAppName[] = TEXT("Generic");
HANDLE g_hAppRunningMutex = NULL;
//
// IsAppAlreadyRunning
//
// This routine check to see if the application is already running.
// The fOnePerSystem flag is used for Terminal Server, thus allowing
// you to limit the running instances to one per system or one per
// user session.
//
// NOTE: The g_hAppRunningMutex handle must remain open while your
// application is running.
//
BOOL IsAppAlreadyRunning( PCTSTR pszAppName, BOOL fOnePerSystem )
{
TCHAR szMutexName[MAX_PATH];
ASSERT(pszAppName != NULL);
ASSERT(g_hAppRunningMutex == NULL);
// Create a mutex in the global name space to see if an instance
// of this application is already running. If so, exit the app.
*szMutexName = TEXT('\0');
if (fOnePerSystem && g_fIsTerminalServer) {
//
// We're running on Terminal Server, so prefix the mutex name
// with Global\ to force it into the system global name space
//
lstrcpy(szMutexName, TEXT("Global\\"));
}
lstrcat(szMutexName, g_szAppName);
lstrcat(szMutexName, TEXT(" is running"));
g_hAppRunningMutex = CreateMutex(NULL, FALSE, szMutexName);
if (g_hAppRunningMutex != NULL) {
//
// Make sure we are the only process with a handle to our named mutex.
//
if (GetLastError() == ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
// The app is already running
CloseHandle(g_hAppRunningMutex);
g_hAppRunningMutex = NULL;
}
return (g_hAppRunningMutex == NULL);
}
//
// Cleanup routine. This should be called right before the application
// exists. Once this routine closes the g_hAppRunningMutex handle, then
// another instance of your application will be allowed to run.
//
VOID LetAnotherInstanceRun( VOID )
{
if (g_hAppRunningMutex != NULL) {
CloseHandle(g_hAppRunningMutex);
g_hAppRunningMutex = NULL;
}
}
//
// Example of how these routined would be called from WinMain
//
WinMain( ... ) {
//
// First, determine if we're running on a TS enabled system.
//
g_fIsTerminalServer = IsTerminalServicesEnabled();
//
// Check to see if another instance is running
//
if (IsAppAlreadyRunning(g_szAppName, TRUE)) {
// Display message box to user to let them know
// that only one instance is allowed.
return;
}
....
//
// Close the App's mutex, thus allowing another instance
// to run.
//
LetAnotherInstanceRun();
}
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Qadimgi Misr Madaniyati - Jahon tarixi fanining predmeti maqsad va vazifalari Jahon tarixi

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Jahon tarixi fanining predmeti maqsad va vazifalari Jahon tarixi
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bet | 3/3 | Sana | 20.11.2023 | Hajmi | 69,5 Kb. | | #102341 |
Bog'liq Jahon tarix 1Qadimgi Misr Madaniyati.
Misr madaniyati qariyb to’rt ming yil yaratilib, taraqqiyotining uzoq va murakkab yo’lini bosib o’tdi.
Qadimgi misrliklar dini Nil vodiysi tabiiy sharoitlarining xususiyatlarini jamiyatning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy va siyosiy taraqqiyotining o’ziga xosliklarini aks ettirgan. Misrliklar quyosh, oy, Nil daryosi, halokatli sahro, odamga xavf soluvchi
yirtqich hayvonlar, tabiatning turli kuchlariga sig’inar edilar. Dеhqonchilikdagi sug’orish tizimi tashkilotchisi, odamlar va tabiiy kuchlar hukmdori hisoblangan podsholik qilayotgan fir’avn ham izzat-ikrom ob’еktiga aylanadi. Misr dini uzoq
yo’lni bosib o’tib, Yangi podsholik davriga kеlib tugallangan diniy tizimga aylanadi.
Eng ko’p hurmat qilingan oliy xudolar: sig’inish markazi Gеliopolda joylashgan
kunduzgi osmonda samoviy otda aylanib yuruvchi quyosh xudosi Ra, sig’inish markazi Mеmfis bo’lgan bir so’zi bilan xudolar va butun dunyoni yaratgan xudoxoliq Ptax hisoblangan. Fivaliklar Ra xudosining bir qator vazifalarini qo’shgan holda Amon xudosini ilgari suradilar va u Misrning eng asosiy xudolaridan biriga aylanadi. Amon-Ra dunyoninng yaratuvchisi, podsho hokimiyati, Misr qudrati homiysi hisoblanar edi. Qadimgi Misr xudolari ichida Osiris ham mashhur bo’lib, u o’luvchi va tiriluvchi tabiatning timsoli, narigi dunyo egasi, shoh hokimiyati homiysi hisoblanardi. Uning singlisi va ayoli Isida xudo-ona, er-xotinlik va onalik homiysi sifatida tushunilardi. Osiris va Isidaning o’g’li Xor osmon va nurning timsoli edi va fir’avnning himoyachisi, uning yerdagi tajassumi hisoblanardi. Tot donolik va hisob xudosi bo’lib, ayol xudo Soxmеt qudratli kuchning timsoli, ayol xudo Xatxor osmon, muhabbat va xursandchilik xudosi hisoblanardi. Nil Xapi nomi bilan hurmat qilingan. Podsholik qilayotgan fir’avnga sig’inish kuchli edi. Kohinlarning o’rgatishiga ko’ra, fir’avn inson qiyofasiga kirgan xudo dеb hisoblangan. Misr yozuvi Eramizdan avvalgi IV asr oxirida paydo bo’lgan, shakllanishning uzoq yo’lini o’tgan va rivojlangan tizim sifatida O’rta podsholik davrida asos topdi. Eramizdan avvalgi II asr o’rtasiga kеlib eng ko’p ishlatiladigan iеrogliflar qariyb 700 tani tashkil qilar edi.
Ular asosan tosh, loy lavhalar (ostrakon), yog’och va charmga yozilgan. Kеyinchalik mashhur papiruslar kashf etildi. Iеrogliflar asosan hokim sinf vakillariga o’rgatilar edi. Josеr fir’avni uchun birinchi piramida qurilib, kеyincha bu kеng rivoj topdi. Misr madaniyati tizimida ilm yuqori darajaga ko’tarilib, matеmatika, astronomiya va mеditsina juda kuchaydi.
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Tashkent State Transport University Volume 3

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