nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
bOsMa usuLLar va uLarninG turLari

108
109
nadi. Bo‘yoq silindr bilan valik orasida tarqaladi. Qog‘ozga
trafaret
va bosma valik orasidan o‘tganda nusxa tushadi.
To‘rsimon yoki to‘rsimon rotatorning eng ko‘p taralgan turi ikki
silindrli, stol ustida joylashtirilgan rotatordir.
hozirgi rotatorlarda qog‘oz uzatish va bo‘yoq chiqarish avto-
matik usulda bajariladi. Ko‘paytirilayotgan nusxani sanaydigan hi-
soblagich, nusxa adadini belgilaydigan apparat va boshqalar bor.
hozirgi paytda to‘rsimon rotatorning PC–A4 markasi ishlatil-
moqda. Bu marka o‘z xususiyati bilan xalqaro standartli marka-
larga yaqindir.
Axborot-kutubxona va axborot markazlarida, asosan, AQSh,
Angliya va Yaponiyadan keltirilayotgan rotatorlar keng miqyos-
da ishlatiladi. Trafaretli bosma usuli bilan kutubxona va axborot-
resurs markazlarida adadi 1000–2000 tagacha bo‘lgan hujjatlarni
ko‘paytirish mumkin. Bu usulda ko‘paytirishning afzalligi shun-
daki, tayyorlangan formaning oddiyligi va bosish asboblarining
kichik gabaritligidadir. Bu rotatorda Iskra–1 va Iskra–2 elektro-
plyonkalari ishlatiladi.
nusxa KO‘chiradiGan va O‘qib nusxa

6. 3. nusxa KO‘chiradiGan va O‘qib nusxa
KO‘chiradiGan eLeKtrOfOtOGrafiK
apparatLar
Nusxa ko‘chiradigan elektrofotografik apparalar.
Bu tipda-
gi apparatlar yarimo‘tkazgichli qog‘ozga ofsetli bosma forma va
nusxalarni ko‘chirishga yordam beradi. Bu xildagi nusxa ko‘chi-
rishning texnologik jarayonida murakkab operatsiyalar bajarilmay-
di. Kukunli asliy shariklar yordamida nusxalar qog‘ozga tushiriladi
va nusxa selenli proyaviteldan tozalanadi. Bu tipdagi apparatlar-
ning tuzilishi ham soddadir.
Ushbu guruhga mansub bo‘lgan ikki xil apparat mavjud. Ular
bir-biridan asliy va undan olinadigan nusxalarning turlicha o‘l-
106
107
cham dagisini ko‘chirishi bilan ajralib turadi. Bu apparatlarning
markirovkasi ikki harfdan – EN asliy va nusxaning o‘lchamini bil-
di radigan raqamdan iborat bo‘ladi. Masalan, EN–11K1, EN–12 K1.
O‘qib nusxa ko‘chiradigan elektrofotografik apparatlar.
Keyingi paytda mikrofilmga oladigan apparatlar tez rivojlanib
ketdi. Binobarin, mikroplyonkaga axborot yozib olish, ulardan ax-
borot-kutubxona ishlarida keng foydalanish kengaymoqda.
Pefaratsion hisoblash mashinasi bilan bir qatorda mikrofilmga
olish, axborotni qayta ishlab, uni iste’molchiga yetkazib berishda
bu tipdagi apparatlar qulay texnika vositasi hisoblanadi. Mikro-
filmga olingan axborotni ko‘chirish va o‘qitish, shuningdek, tanlab
olingan kadrlarning nusxasini olish uchun o‘qib nusxa ko‘chiradi-
gan apparatdan foydalaniladi.
Bu apparatlar ikki qismdan iborat:
– apparatning o‘qiydigan qismi;
– elektrofotografik nusxa ko‘chirish qismi.
Axborot markazlari va ilmiy-texnika kutubxonalarida o‘qib
nusxa ko‘chiruvchi apparatning 3 tipdagi elektrofotografik mashin-
kalari – EP, ER, EN ishlatiladi. Kattalashtirilgan pozitiv nusxa-
ni elektrofotografik usul bilan pozitiv hamda negativ mikrofoto
nusxadan tayyorlash mumkin.
Bunday apparatning «Pozitiv-pozitiv» sxemasi bo‘yicha nusxa
ko‘chirishda ko‘chiriladigan asliy nusxa ma’lum vaqt nur ostida
qoldirilib, u yarimo‘tkazgichli foto qatlamga o‘tkazish yo‘li bilan
olib boriladi. Negativ mikrofilmlardan «negativ-pozitiv» sxemasi
bo‘yicha nusxa ko‘chirish esa o‘ziga xos xususiyatga ega. Ma’lum-
ki, pozitiv mikronusxa tayyorlashda nur ostida oldirilgan nusxa
ikki foto kimyoviy jarayonda ishlanadi:
a) negativ olish jarayonida;
b) pozitiv olish jarayonida.
Ma’lumki, negativli uslubda nusxa ko‘chirish va uni tayyorlash
arzon va qulaydir.
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B1.5 General Device/Driver - FAQs

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B1.5 General Device/Driver - FAQs
|
bet | 60/188 | Sana | 21.03.2017 | Hajmi | 0,89 Mb. | | #429 |
B1.5 General Device/Driver - FAQs B1.5.1 Current general FAQ
See http://www.microsoft.com/winlogo/hardware/.
B1.5.2 DELETED B1.R General Device/Driver Quality - Future Requirements
Announcement of additional future requirements will be published at http://www.microsoft.com/winlogo/hardware/.
B2.0 Bus/Device Controllers B2.1 CardBus/PCMCIA Controllers and Devices
All general requirements in B1.0 are included by reference.
B2.1.1 CardBus/PCMCIA Controllers and Devices - Windows Compatibility B2.1.1.1 “PCMCIA_INTERFACE_STANDARD Interface Memory Card Routines” in the Windows DDK
Note: This is a general reference, not a requirement.
B2.1.1.2 DELETED B2.1.1.3 Windows compatibility and implementation notes (general)
http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev/bus/cardbus/
"Design Guidelines for PC Card and CardBus, Version 1.1" at http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev/platform/pcdesign/desguide/default.asp
Note: This is a general reference, not a requirement.
B2.1.1.4 CardBus Host Controllers and Windows Compatibility
http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev/bus/cardbus/cardbus1.asp
B2.1.1.5 PC Card Voltage Requirements for Windows
http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev/bus/cardbus/pccardvlt.asp
(implementing R2 version cards to use only 3.3 V)
Note: This is a general reference, not a requirement.
B2.1.1.6 DELETED B2.1.1.7 DELETED
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-Protsessor va xotira yaratish texnologiyalar

|
-Protsessor va xotira yaratish texnologiyalar
|
bet | 52/71 | Sana | 15.01.2024 | Hajmi | 262,89 Kb. | | #137574 |
Bog'liq 1-savol Amaliy dasturiy taʼminot va ularning turlari-fayllar.org105-Protsessor va xotira yaratish texnologiyalar
106-Qobiq dasturlar va ularning imkoniyatlari
107-Qobiq dasturlar
106-107.MS -DOS opеratsion tizimi bilan ishlash tajribasi, ko`pgina foydalanuvchilar uchun matnli muloqot murakkab va noqulay tuyulardi, chunki ish uchun zarur ko`p sonli buyruqlarni yozish qoidalarini eslab qolish kеrakligini ko`rsatdi. Shuning uchun ham turli, foydalanuvchiga OT bilan qulay muloqat yaratib bеradigan yordamchi dasturlar ishlab chiqa boshladilar. Bunday dasturlar qobiq (оболочка) dasturlar nomini oldi. OTga yordamchi bo`lgan bunday qobiq dasturlar, OTning hamma mkoniyatlari bilan ishlashni ta`minladi va foydalanuvchi va OT muloqoti stili va qoidalarini o`zgartirib yuboradi. Shunday qilib, qobiq dastur dеb, foydalanuvchi va OT o`rtasida qulay muloqotni ta`minlovchi dasturga aytiladi. Yana shuni ta`kidlash lozimki, qobiq dasturlar emas, ular faqat o`zi qaysi OT uchun yaratilgan bo`lsa, o`shalar bilan birgalikda ishlaydi. Turli qobiq dasturlar, foydalanuvchining turli xil muloqotidan foydalanadi. Masalan, Norton Commander yoki Far jadval intеrfеysidan foydalanadi. Bunda hamma buyruqlarni yoki uning elеmеntlari tayyor jadvaldan foydalanib tanlanadi, buyruq matn shaklida kiritilmaydi. Ammo jadval intеrfеysida matn intеrfеysidan foydalanish imkoniyati jadval ostidagi buyruq qatorini qo`shish orqali Saqlab qolingan
108-Registrlar.buyruqlar hisoblagich
Registr - ma`lumotlarni ikkilik shaklida vaqtinchalik saqlab turish uchun mo'ljallangan qurilma. Har bir registr o'z navbatida triggerlardan tashkil topadi. Trigger mitti kondensator bo'lib, u elektr toki bilan zaryadlangan holda - "1", zaryadlanmagan holatda "0" ni ifodalaydi. Registrdagi triggerlarning miqdori kompyuterning necha razryadli ekanini belgilaydi. Registrlar uyachalar (yacheykalar) deb ham yuritiladi. Uyachalarning har bir razryadida bir bit axborot joylashadi, ya`ni 0 yoki 1. 8 bit axborot birlashganda 1 bayt miqdordagi axborotni hosil qiladi. Har bir bayt o'z tartib raqamiga, ya`ni adresiga ega bo'ladi. Uyachaning sig'imi mashina so'zi uzunligini belgilab beradi. Mashina so'zining uzunligi baytlarda o'lchanadi. Mashina so'zining uzunligi 2, 4, 8 baytga teng bo'lishi mumkin. Demak, ketma-ket joylashgan ikki, to'rt yoki sakkiz bayt birlashib bitta mashina so'zini tashkil etishi mumkin ekan. Har bir xotira uyachasi ham o'z adresiga ega, u esa shu uyachadagi boshlang'ich bayt adresi bilan ifodalanadi.
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B2.2.1 1394 Controllers/Devices - Windows Compatibility

|
B2.2.1 1394 Controllers/Devices - Windows Compatibility
|
bet | 64/188 | Sana | 21.03.2017 | Hajmi | 0,89 Mb. | | #429 |
B2.2.1 1394 Controllers/Devices - Windows Compatibility B2.2.1.1 WDM support for devices that use the IEEE 1394 bus
"IEEE 1394 Structures" in the Windows DDK.
Note: This is a general reference, not a requirement.
B2.2.1.2 Windows compatibility and implementation notes (general)
http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev/bus/1394/
Note: This is a general reference, not a requirement.
B2.2.1.3 Plug and Play Specification for IEEE 1394
http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev/resources/specs/1394PNP.asp
Note: This is a general reference, not a requirement.
B2.2.1.4 IEEE 1394 Support in Windows
http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev/bus/1394/
Note: This is a general reference, not a requirement.
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B10.4.3 Hard Disk Drives - Quality

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B10.4.3 Hard Disk Drives - Quality
|
bet | 159/188 | Sana | 21.03.2017 | Hajmi | 0,89 Mb. | | #429 |
B10.4.3 Hard Disk Drives - Quality B10.4.3.1 Pass WHQL tests - See B1.3, B10.1.4.7.
See “Hard Disk Drive” in the HCT documentation.
B10.4.3.2, B10.4.3.3, B10.4.3.5 - See B10.4.3.1 B10.4.3.4 - See B10.1.4.7 B10.4.3.6 - See B10.4.4.5 B10.4.4 Hard Disk Drives - Windows Experience B10.4.4.1 ATA hard disk supports bus mastering and UDMA/DMA
See B10.1.4.6
B10.4.4.2 DELETED B10.4.4.3 DELETED B10.4.4.4 DELETED B10.4.4.5 Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition: SCSI and Fibre Channel devices implement complete device identification data
Device identification data is defined in SCSI Primary Commands-2 (SCSI-3 SPC-2 or later), Section 8.4, Vital Product Data Parameters.
This support is used for unique ID of devices with host connection, in multipath, failover, and LUN ID. In particular, unique serial numbers and type 2 or type 3 device IDs are recommended.
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B10.3.5 SCSI Controllers/Devices - FAQs

|
B10.3.5 SCSI Controllers/Devices - FAQs
|
bet | 158/188 | Sana | 21.03.2017 | Hajmi | 0,89 Mb. | | #429 |
B10.3.5 SCSI Controllers/Devices - FAQs
See B10.1.5.
B10.3.R SCSI Controllers/Devices - Future Requirements
See B10.1.R.
B10.4 Hard Disk Drives
All general requirements in B1.0 are included by reference.
All bus-specific requirements in B2.0 are included by reference.
All general storage requirements in B10.1 are included by reference.
All ATA/ATAPI device-specific requirements in B10.2 are included by reference.
All SCSI device-specific requirements in B10.3 are included by reference.
B10.4.1 Hard Disk Drives - Windows Compatibility
See B10.1.1.
B10.4.2 Hard Disk Drives - Industry Standards
Note: This list provides complete titles and web locations for references cited. The listing of a reference here does not imply that complete compliance with that reference is a Windows Logo Program requirement.
B10.4.2.1 SMART IOCTL API Specification, v.1.1
http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev/archive/respec/ioctlapi.asp
(required if SMART drive support is implemented).
B10.4.2.2 SCSI Primary Commands (SPC-2 or later)
Global Engineering Documents at http://global.ihs.com/.
B10.4.2.3 SCSI-3 Block Commands (SBC) or later
Global Engineering Documents at http://global.ihs.com/.
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B2.2.2 1394 Controllers/Devices - Industry Standards

|
B2.2.2 1394 Controllers/Devices - Industry Standards
|
bet | 65/188 | Sana | 21.03.2017 | Hajmi | 0,89 Mb. | | #429 |
B2.2.2 1394 Controllers/Devices - Industry Standards
Note: This list provides complete titles and web locations for references cited. The listing of a reference here does not imply that complete compliance with that reference is a Windows Logo Program requirement.
B2.2.2.1 1394 Open Host Controller Interface Specification, Revision 1.0
ftp://ftp.austin.ibm.com/pub/chrptech/1394ohci/ohcir100.pd
B2.2.2.2 1394 Trade Association Power Specification, Part 1: Cable Power Distribution; 1394 Trade Association Power Specification, Part 3: Power State Management
ftp://ftp.p1394pm.org/pub/p1394pm/
B2.2.2.3 IEEE 1394 Standards B2.2.2.3.1 IEEE 1394-1995 or later standards, and IEEE 1394a.
IEEE 1394a-2000 amendment to IEEE 1394-1995
IEEE 1394-1995 Standard for a High Performance Serial Bus
B2.2.2.3.2 IEEE 1212-1991 and function discovery in IEEE 1212r
Global Engineering Documents at http://global.ihs.com/.
B2.2.2.4 IEEE 1394 devices comply with appropriate industry-recognized transport and command standards B2.2.2.4.1 IEC 61883 Parts 1-6, including CIP, CMP, and FCP.
CIP (common isochronous packet) headers, CMP (connection management protocol), and FCP (function control protocol).
B2.2.2.4.2 1394TA AV/C 3.0 and the AV/C subunit family of specifications
Including AV/C Digital Interface Command Set VCR Subunit Specification, V. 2.0.1.
B2.2.2.4.3 INCITS Serial Bus Protocol (SBP-2) transport protocols
(ANSI National Committee for Information Technology Standards (INCITS) 3.25-1998 [SBP-2]).
B2.2.2.4.4 INCITS T10 Reduced Block Commands (RBC). B2.2.2.4.5 INCITS T10 Multimedia Command Set 2 (MMC-2) or later. B2.2.2.4.6 Storage class devices must conform to the ANSI standards for SBP-2 (or later) with the appropriate command set: RBC or MMC-2 (or later). B2.2.2.4.7 Printing devices using the SBP-2 (or later) protocol must conform to the guidelines set in "SBP-2 Support and Windows"
http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev/tech/print/sbp2_w2000.asp
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nusxa ko‘chirish, muqovalash va tartibga keltirish ishlari

112
113
muassasada kam miqdordagi hujjatlarni 20–100 nusxada ko‘payti-
rish mumkin, xolos.
Nusxa bosmadan chiqqanidan so‘ng, broshyura yoki muqova-
lash sexiga yuboriladi.
Kam miqdorda nusxa ko‘chirilganida elektrofotografik, termo
-
grafik usullardan foydalaniladi.
6. 7. rizOGrafiYa
Rizografiya – Yaponiyadagi «RISO» birlashmasi ishlab chiqar-
gan, yangi texnologik hujjatlardan nusxa ko‘paytiruvchi va tipo-
grafik bosma ishlarni osonlashtiradigan apparatdir. XXI asr bosh
-
larida «RISO» kompaniyasi ko‘p sonli nusxalar ishlab chiqishda
ilg‘or birlashmalardan hisoblangan. Bu kompaniya yangi rezograf
FR ishlab chiqarib, navbatdagi fan-texnika inqilobiga sababchi
bo‘ldi.
Rizografiya 1 daqiqada 60 tadan 130 tagacha nusxa ko‘chirish
imkoniyatiga ega, ya’ni u yarim soat ichida 4000 ta nusxa tayyorlab
bera oladi. Bundan tashqari, u ta’mirsiz 8000 nusxa tayyorlaydi va
24 soat ichida to‘xtovsiz ishlab, 60 000 tagacha nusxa tayyorlaydi.
Sifatli qog‘ozga ham talabi uncha katta emas. U 46 tadan gazeta,
210 g/m
2
gacha (karton) qog‘ozlarda ham chiqara oladi. Shuning
bilan birga, u chet el va bizning qog‘ozlarda ham ishlay oladi. U
zararli va xavfli ximikatlarsiz ishlaydi.
Klaviatura - Axborot-kutubxona texnologiyasi s indd

132
133
69- rasm. Kompyuterlarning bir tarmoqqa ulanishi.
Planshet – kompyuterga biror chizma
70- rasm. Multimedia.
va tasvirni maxsus qalam yordamida kiri-
tuvchi moslama.
Mikrofon – ovoz yoki quyni kom-
pyuterga uzatuvchi moslama.
Disketa – ma’lumotlarni bir kom-
pyuterdan ikkinchisiga o‘tkazish uchun
va ma’lumotlarni saqlash uchun mo‘ljal-
langan dastlabki magnitli moslama.
CD ROM – katta hajmdagi ma’lumot-
larni saqlovchi magnit yuzali moslama.
axbOrOt-KutubxOna KO‘tarGich

248
249
xonachilar mehnatini yengillashtirish, kitobxonlar talablarini
qondirish jihatidan ularning vaqtini tejashga yordam beradi. Ada-
biyotlarni liftga ortish yoki tushurish jarayoni faqatgina liftlar
harakati to‘xtagan zahotiyoq amalga oshirilishi mumkin: kabina
chaqirig‘i esa faqatgina pastdan tugmani bosish orqali amal-
ga oshi rilishi mumkin. Shu maqsadda, axborot-kutubxonalarda
ko‘targichlar o‘rniga ko‘proq kitoblarni transportlash uchun kon-
veyrlardan foydalanish samarali hisoblanadi.
Axborot-kutubxona muassasalarida ishlatilayotgan transport-
texnika vositalaridan A. Navoiy nomidagi Milliy kutubxonada ish-
latilayotgan telelift mexanizatsiyalashgan transport texnika vositasi
fikrimizning yaqqol isbotidir. Bu transport texnika vositasi orqali
foydalanuvchi so‘rovini qondirishda axborot-kutubxona fondiga
murojaat etish, kitob buyurtma qilish va qisqa vaqt ichida telelift
orqali kutubxona kafedrasidan olish mumkin. Telelift Milliy ku-
tubxonaning barcha qavatlariga o‘rnatilgan bo‘lib, foydalanuv-
chilarga muvaffaqiyatli xizmat ko‘rsatmoqda.
87- rasm.
telelift.
     
250
251
13. 4. axbOrOt-KutubxOna KOnveYerLari

250
251
ishlab chiqarilmoqda. Ko‘p burchakligi jihatidan 100 mm li keng-
likdagi lentalardan ko‘proq foydalaniladi. Lentalarning uzunligi
25–400 mm gacha bo‘ladi. hozirgi kunda axborot-kutubxonalarda
ko‘proq 400–500 mm kenglikdagi lentalar ishlatiladi.
Axborot-kutubxonalarda adabiyotlarni kitob saqlash fondidan
kitob berish punktiga yoki orqaga qaytarishda «TL–3» tipidagi len-
tali konveyerlar ishlatiladi (uzunligi 40 m). Lentali konveyerlar-
ning suriladigan va ko‘chiriladigan konstruksiyali turlari ham
ishlab chiqarilmoqda. Bunday tipdagi konveyerlar boshqalaridan
ixchamligi, yengilligi, suriladigan va ko‘tariladigan xususiyatla-
riga ko‘ra
farq qiladi. Suriladigan va ko‘chiriladigan konveyerlarda
lentalar qiya joylashtirilishi bilan birga, yuklarning transportlanishi
gorizontal holatda ham amalga oshirishi mumkin.
So‘nggi yillarda ko‘chiriladigan konveyerlarning bir yoki ikki
seksiyali turi ham ishlab chiqarilmoqda. Bunday konstruksiyali
konveyerlarga (transportyor) «TPT–2» turi kiradi. Konveyer yuk-
larni qiya yoki gorizontal holatda transportlashi mumkin.
Axborot-kutubxonalarda transportyordan, asosan, kutubxonaga
keltirlgan adabiyotlarni tushirib olishda ishlatiladi. Transportyor-
ning umumiy uzunligi 3950 mm, lentaning eni 400 mm. Bir soatda
2000 quti kitobni ko‘tarishi mumkin. Transportyorda 4 ta aylanuv-
chi g‘ildiraklar mavjud.
DVD ROM – katta hajmdagi ma’lu-
motlarni sonli for matda saqlovchi magnit 
yuzali moslama. 
71- rasm. cd rOM

136
137
langan Personal Computer Card International As-sociation). Deyar-
li hamma PCMCIA kartalar (hozir ular, odatda, qisqacha PC kar-
talar yoki PC Card deb atalmoqda) Plug @ Play («Ula va o‘yna»)
texnologiyasini qo‘llaydi. Ular qo‘shimcha platalar o‘rnatilganida
ShK uzilishini yoki uning qandaydir qo‘shimcha sozlanishini talab
qilmaydi.
PC Card uchun uch tipdagi gabarit o‘lchamlar belgilangan:
Ture 1, Ture 2 va Ture 3.
Birinchi ikkita tipik o‘lchamlar kengligi 54 mm va uzunligi
85,5 mm bo‘lgan platalarni aniqlaydi, 1-tipning kalinligi 3,3 mm,
2- tipniki esa o‘rtasida 5 mm va chetlarida 3,3 mm. 3- tipdagi PC
Card qalinroq – 10 mm va shuning uchun birinchi ikki tipdagi kar-
talarni o‘rnatish uchun mo‘ljallangan hajmlarga o‘rnatilmaydi.
PC Card modemlar, faks-modemlar, tarmoqli va interfeysli
adapterlar; uyali va peyjingli aloqa nazoratchilari, statik, dinamik
va flesh-xotira; qattiq disklar, tovush kartalari va boshqalar vazi-
falarini bajaradi.
TeEQQlari bilan bir qatorda, ixcham kompyuterlarda stol-
liga nisbatan yanada intensivroq DEKQ va flesh-xotira platalari
qo‘llanilmoqda, so‘ngisi ixcham ShKlarda ko‘pincha diskli xotira
o‘rnida ishlatiladi.
Klaviatura ko‘pincha ozgina qisqartirilgan: 84–86 ta tugma (stol
usti ShKlarda 101 ta), lekin to‘liq klaviaturani ulash uchun hajm
ham bor; ba’zi bir modellarda klaviatura yig‘iladigan bo‘ladi. Mi-
niatur kompyuterda klaviatura shunchalik kichkinaki, tugmachani
bosish uchun maxsus ko‘rsatkich tayoqcha ishlatiladi.
Grafik axborot manipulatori (ko‘rsatuvchi qurilma) sifatida,
odatda, sichqoncha emas, balki trekbol, trekpoynt yoki trekpad ish-
latiladi.
viii bOb. axbOrOt-KutubxOna

146
147
Muammolar ma’lumotning yo‘qligidan yuzaga keladi. hozir
bunday muammolar tug‘ilishi mumkin emas. Chunki yordamga
kompyuterlar keldi. Kompyuter haqida ko‘p gapirsa bo‘ladi. Bu-
gun kompyuterlar haqida jajjigina do‘stlarimiz ham bog‘chada
o‘zaro gaplashishadi.
Kompyuter yordamida siz ma’lumotni bir necha daqiqada
topishingiz mumkin. U ma’lumotni dunyoning ixtiyoriy nuqtasidan
bir pasda ekraningizda namoyon qiladi. Kompyuter ekranidan du-
nyo axborot olamiga olib kiradi. Istalgan dunyo kutubxonalarining
axborot bazasiga kirish va foydalanish mumkin.
Dunyoning eng oxirgi yangiliklari bilan tanishish, tarix sahi-
falariga sayohat qilish yoki boshqa ma’lumotlarni qisqa vaqt ichida
olish imkoniyati muvjud.
Buning uchun siz kompyuterning tugmachasini bosishingiz va
sizni qiziqtirayotgan mavzuni tanlashingiz yetarlidir. Bir necha
daqiqada ma’lumot ko‘z oldingizda namoyon bo‘ladi. Bu mo‘jizani
eslatadi. Mana shu mo‘jiza
virtuallik deb ataladi. Bu mo‘jizaga
faqatgina kompyuter va maxsus tarmoq orqali erishishingiz mum-
kin.
eLeKtrOn xOtira daftarchaLari

7. 7. eLeKtrOn xOtira daftarchaLari elektron xotira daftarchalari (organizer– «organayzerlar»)
ixcham kompyuterlarning «yengil toifa»siga tegishlidir (bu toifaga
ulardan tashqari kalkulatorlar, elektron tarjimonlar va b. kiradi);
ularning og‘irligi 200 grammdan oshmaydi. Orga nayzerlar foyda-
lanuvchi tomonidan dasturlashtirilmaydi, lekin kerakli ma’lumot-
larni yozish va uni tahrirlash mumkin bo‘lgan (ichiga sozlangan
matn muharriri bor) keng sig‘imli xotiraga ega; xotirada ishbilar-
monlik xatlari, bitim matnlari, shartnomalar, kun tartibi va ishbilar-
monlik uchrashuvlarini saqlash mumkin. Organayzerlarda ichki taymer va ish to‘g‘risida kerakli vaqtda
tovushli eslatish imkoniyati bor. Ruxsat etilmagan murojaatlardan
ma’lumotlarni, odatda, parol bo‘yicha himoya qilish imko niyati
bor.
Kompyuterga ulash uchun hajm va uncha katta bo‘lmagan
mono xrom suyuq kristalli displey bor. Akkumulatordan tok quv-
vatini kam iste’mol qilishi hisobiga zaryadlanmasdan ma’lumot-
larning 5 yilgacha saqlanishini ta’minlaydi. Baxtga qarshi,
ko‘pchilik orga nayzerlar rus tilida dasturlanmagan, dasturni rus-
chaga o‘tkazishning esa imkoni yo‘q.
Nazorat savollari: 1. Davlatimiz tomonidan axborot-kommunikatsion texnologiyalarini
yanada rivojlantirish borasida olib borilayotgan ishlar haqida so‘zlab be-
ring.
2. EhMlarning yaratilish tarixi va avlodlarini sanab bering.
3. Axborot-kutubxonalarda shaxsiy kompyuterlardan foydalanishning
roli va ahamiyati haqida gapirib bering.
4. Shaxsiy kompyuterlarning asosiy qurilmalari nimalardan iborat?
5. Shaxsiy kompyuterlarning qo‘shimcha qurilmalarini ta’riflang.
6. Shaxsiy kompyuterlar va ularning turlarini aytib bering.
7. Ixcham (portativ) kompyuterlar va ishchi stansiyalar haqida gapirib
bering.
8. Nouybuk va netbuk kompyuter-yon daftarchalari sinflariga izoh
bering.
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9. Cho‘ntak kompyuterlar haqida ma’lumot bering.
10. Elektron kotiblar qanday kompyuterlar turiga kiradi?
11. Elektron xotira daftarchalariga izoh bering.
B2.1.2 CardBus/PCMCIA Controllers and Devices - Industry Standards

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B2.1.2 CardBus/PCMCIA Controllers and Devices - Industry Standards
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B2.1.2 CardBus/PCMCIA Controllers and Devices - Industry Standards
Note: This list provides complete titles and web locations for references cited. The listing of a reference here does not imply that complete compliance with that reference is a Windows Logo Program requirement.
B2.1.2.1 PC Card Controller Device Class Power Management Reference Specification, V. 2.0
http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev/resources/specs/pmref/PMcard.asp
B2.1.2.2 PC Card Standard Guidelines
http://www.pcmcia.org/bookstore.htm
B2.1.2.3 PCI Bus Power Management Interface Specification for PCI-to-CardBus Bridges
Provided in Volume 11, PC Card Standard, Release 7, http://www.pcmcia.org/bookstore.htm
B2.1.2.4 PCI to PCMCIA CardBus Bridge Register Description
http://www.pcmcia.org/bookstore.htm
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dasturiy ta’minot - Axborot-kutubxona texnologiyasi s indd

240
241
bo‘yicha ma’lumotlar bazasining tegishli massivlariga har kuni
tuzatishlar kiritib boriladi. Ma’lumotlar bazasidan axborot matnli
protsessor, jadvalli protsessor, elektron pochta, kompyuter konfe-
rensiyalari kabi kompyuter ilovalari (dasturlari)ning kirishiga uza-
tiladi.
Avtomatlashtirilgan axborot-kutubxonalarning istalgan kom-
pyuter ilovasi mutaxassislariga bir-birlari va boshqa axborot-ku-
tubxonalar bilan aloqa qilish imkonini beradi. Ma’lumotlar ba-
zasidan olingan axborotlarni uzatish, ko‘paytirish, saqlash uchun
kompyuterdan tashqari boshqa texnik vositalardan ham foydala-
nilish mumkin.
tashkiliy ta’minot - Axborot-kutubxona texnologiyasi s indd

240
241
unga yaqin sohalar (axborot texnologiyalari, Internet, elektron re-
surslar, axborotga ega bo‘lish huquqi va boshqalar)ni rivojlantirish-
ga mo‘l jallangan hukumat qarorlarini o‘z ichiga oladi. Bu qonunlar
jumlasiga «Axborot-kutubxona faoliyati to‘g‘risida»gi, «Majburiy
nusxa haqida»gi, «Elektron kutubxonalarni rivojlantirish dasturi»,
«Respublikani axborotlashtirish dasturi», «Ma’lumotlar bazasi va
dasturlar bo‘yicha mualliflik huquqi himoyasi to‘g‘risida»gi Qo-
nun va boshqalar kiradi.
2. avtOMatLashtiriLGan - Axborot-kutubxona texnologiyasi s indd

12. 2. avtOMatLashtiriLGan
axbOrOt-KutubxOna tarKibi
har qanday axborot-kutubxona muassasa sifatida aniq bo‘lim-
lardan tashkil topadi. har bir bo‘lim bajaradigan ishlar avvaldan
238
239
belgilab qo‘yiladi. Bunda axborot-kutubxonaning bosh maqsa-
di kitobxonlarga kerakli adabiyotlarni berish va axborot xizma-
ti ko‘rsatishdir. Agarda bu ishlardan biri bajarilmasa yoki chala
bajarilsa, ish sifati pasayib ketadi, kutubxonachilarning faoliyat
ko‘rsatishi qiyinlashadi, kitobxonlar esa kerakli axborotlarni tezda
ololmaydilar, zarur xizmat turlaridan ham foydalana olishmaydi.
Demak, axborot-kutubxona faoliyatining samaradorligi uning
tarkibidagi bo‘limlarda ishning to‘g‘ri taqsimlanishiga bog‘liq
bo‘ladi.
Avtomatlashtirilgan kutubxona (AK) – bu kutubxona ishini
tashkil etishning ilg‘or shakli hisoblanadi. AK xizmat ko‘rsatish
imkoniyatlarini kengaytirib, kitobxon larga tezkorlik bilan xizmat
ko‘rsatishni ta’minlaydi.
har qanday tizim shunday qismlardan iboratki, ularsiz tizim
faoliyat ko‘rsata olmaydi. Agarda tizim qismlaridan biri bo‘lmasa
yoki qoniqarsiz ishlasa, u holda tizim o‘z oldiga qo‘yilgan bosh
vazifani bajara olmaydi.
AK tizimining qismlari yoki uni tashkil etuvchilari nimalardan
iborat? Tizim faoliyatini ta’minlab turuvchi quyidagi qismlarni
ajratib ko‘rsatish mumkin:
til taminoti – AKda ishlatiladigan til vositalari majmuyi. TT
o‘z ichiga atamalar, tushunchalar, yuqori darajadagi tillarni, kod-
lashtirish tillarini va bibliografik axborot tavsifini oladi.
axborot ta’minoti – axborot massivlari majmuyi, bibliografik
axborotlar tasnifi va kodlashtirish, bib liografii formatlar, ma’lumot-
lar bazasi.
Axborot va til ta’minotini bir-biridan ajratish mumkin emas. Bu
ikkalasini axborot til ta’minoti sifatida birlashtirish mumkin.
texnik ta’minot – axborot-kutubxona jarayonlarini mexanizat-
siyalashtirish va avtomatlashtirishga mo‘ljallangan texnik vositalar
(shaxsiy kompyuterlar, orgtex nika, serverlar, printerlar va h. k.)
majmuyi.
Axborot-kutubxonaning texnik ta’minoti o‘z ichiga texnik vo-
sitalar kompleksi (EhM, tashqi qurilmalar, terminallar, abonent
punktlari, aloqa vositalari)ni oladi. Bu vositalar yordamida kutub-
238
239
xonada axborotlar yig‘iladi, saqlanadi, qayta ishlanadi, qidiriladi
va uzatiladi. Bulardan tashqari, adabiyotlarni jo‘natish va qabul qi-
lishga mo‘ljallangan texnik qurilmalar ham texnik ta’minot tarkibi-
ga kiradi.
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zaMOnaviY infOrMatsiOn - Axborot-kutubxona texnologiyasi s indd

8. 2. zaMOnaviY infOrMatsiOn
texnOLOGiYaLar
«Ogoh bo‘lsang, olam senniki», – degan edilar g‘azal mulkining
sultoni Mir Alisher Navoiy. haqiqatan, bilim – bu axborotlar maj-
muyi. Axborot esa bu tushuntirish, izohdir. Bilgan doimo botir, bil-
magan johil bo‘lgan. Inson doimo bilimga intilgan. Bu borada bar-
cha vosita va bilimlarini qo‘llagan, yangi vositalarni kashf etgan.
Shu tariqa u qalam, yozuv mashinkasini, telegraf, telefon, radio,
televideniye, sputnik va, nihoyat, kompyuter va Internetni kashf
etdi. Insonning yetukligi uning bilimlari bilan aniqlanadi. Jamiyat-
ning boyligi insonlarning bilimdonligi bilan belgilanadi. Oxirgi yil-
larda siyosiy va iqtisodiy sohalarda yuz bergan o‘zgarishlar barcha
148
149
sohalarga o‘z ta’sirini ko‘rsatdi. XXI asr axborot texnologiyalari as-
riga aylandi. Yangi axborot texnologiyalari vositalari – bu kompyu-
terlar, modemlar, telefon tarmoqlari, audio va video studiyalardir.
Jurnalistlar ham bu inqilobdan istisno emas, holbuki, gazetalar,
radio va televideniyada materiallarni tayyorlashda, tipografiya ma-
ketlarini va grafik tasvirlarni yasashda kompyuterlardan foydala-
nilmoqda. Shuning uchun axborotlarni yig‘ishda yoki kitobxonlar-
ga yetkazishda butun dunyoda kompyuterlardan foydalanilmoqda.
Zamonaviy informatsion texnologiyalar o‘zi nima? Texnologiya
bu mahsulotni qayta ishlash, yaratish usullari majmuyidir. Infor-
matsion texnologiyalar bu axborot ustida bajarish mumkin bo‘lgan
amallardir. Bular – axborotni saqlash, yig‘ish, ishlash, saralash,
uzatish va hokazo.
Zamonaviy informatsion texnologiyalar bu axborot ustida baja-
rish mumkin bo‘lgan zamonaviy texnologiyalardir. Zamonaviy in-
formatsion texnologiyalar: kompyuter texnologiyalari, tarmoqlar,
Internet, multimedia.
hozirgi kunda zamonaviy informatsion texnologiyalarning qu-
yidagi guruhlari mavjud:
– nashriyotda zamonaviy informatsion texnologiyalar;
– radioda zamonaviy informatsion texnologiyalar;
– televideniyada zamonaviy informatsion texnologiyalar;
– axborot-kutubxona muassasalarida va boshqa sohalarda infor-
matsion texnologiyalar.
Zamonaviy informatsion texnologiyalardan foydalanish ax-
borot-kutubxona faoliyatida aholiga xizmat ko‘rsatishda, axborot
so‘roqlarini qondirishda, axborotni qabul qilish va tahlil qilish,
axborotni yetkazish, axborot oqimiga bo‘lgan ish sifatini davr ta-
labi darajasida olib borishga imkon beradi, mehnat unumdorligini
oshiradi. hozirgi kunning asosiy talabi axborot-kutubxona muta-
xassislarining yuqoridagi texnika vositalaridan erkin foydalanish
va axborot oluvchilarga keng imkoniyat yaratib berishdir.
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internetga ulanishi - Axborot-kutubxona texnologiyasi s indd

156
157
kin. SLIP va PPPning yutug‘i shundaki, ular Internetga to‘g‘ridan
to‘g‘ri kirishga imkon beradi.
SLIP bu oddiy telefon tarmog‘i va modemdan foydalanadigan
Internet protokoldir.
PPP – bu SLIPga o‘xshash va undan keyinroq chiqqan protokol.
«chaqiruv» bo‘yicha ulanish. «Chaqiruv» bo‘yicha bog‘la-
nish (Dial – up access, Dial-up) Internetga kirishga imkon beradi,
mantiqiy nom (login) va kompyuter paroli kiritilganida Internetga
to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri kirib, uzoqdan ishlashga imkon beradi. Internet
bilan bog‘lanish davomida uning imkoniyatlaridan to‘la foydala-
nish mumkin. «Chaqiruv» bo‘yicha bog‘lanishni o‘rnatish juda
oddiy. Respublikamizda ko‘proq shu bog‘lanishdan foydalaniladi.
uucp yordamida ulanish. UNIX operatsion sistemasi UUCP
deb ataluvchi servisdan foydalanadi va ma’lumotlarni standart tele-
fon liniyalar bo‘yicha uzatish imkoniga ega. UUCP faqat fayllarni
bir sistemadan boshqasiga uzata oladi, Internet pochtasi va USE-
NET bilan ishlashga imkon beradi.
boshqa tarmoqlar orqali kirish. Internet ga bog‘langan turli
tarmoqlar unda turli darajada joylashadi. Shuning uchun ayrim xiz-
matlar (masalan, Bitnet yoki CompuServe) tarmoq imkoniyatlariga
ega. Ular maxsus qurilmaga ega bo‘lib, elektron pochta va Inter-
netga bog‘lanish imkoniyatlarini bera oladi.
Internetra
oid muhim bo‘lgan ba’zi bir tushunchalar izohini kel-
tiramiz.
Protokol – bu kompyuterlar orasidagi aloqa o‘rnatilishida,
ma’lumotlarni qabul qilish va uzatishda foydalaniladigan kelishil-
gan signallardir. Ya’ni kompyuterlar protokol yordamida bir-biri bi-
lan bog‘lanadi. Protokol to‘g‘ri bo‘lsagina, kompyuterlar o‘rtasida
aloqa o‘rnatiladi. Bu kopmyuterlarning bog‘lanish tartibi yoki stan-
dartidir.
Trekbol - Axborot-kutubxona texnologiyasi s indd

Trekbol (Treck Ball) – istalgan yo‘nalishda aylanuvchi, 15–20
mm diametrli plastmassa shardir (qo‘zg‘almas o‘rnatilgan, to‘nta-
rib qo‘yilgan sichqonchani eslatadi). Ichiga sozlangan va tashqi
trekbollar ish latiladi. Ichiga sozlangani klaviatura blokida yoki
displeyning yuza tekisligida ekranning yonida joylashishi mumkin.
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137
Tashqi trekbol lar kompyuterga kabel bilan yoki infrakizil simsiz
kanal bo‘yicha ulanadi.
Trekpoynt (Track Point) rezina tipli klaviaturadagi max sus egi-
luvchan tugmacha bo‘lib, uning kerakli yo‘nalishga egilishi kur-
sorni displey ekranida siljitadi.
Trekpad (Treck Pad yoki Touch Pad) uncha katta bo‘lmagan
planshet bo‘lib, klaviatura blokida joylashgan va yupqa plyonka
ostida simlar tarmog‘iga ega. Bu simlar yengil bosilganida bosa-
yotgan obyektning, masalan, barmoqning siljish yo‘nalishini qabul
qiladi. Qabul qilingan signal kursorni boshqarish uchun ishlatiladi.
Ixcham kompyuterlarda sensorli ekranlar ham qo‘llaniladi, ular-
da ularning yuzasiga tegish kursorning tegishli joyga siljishini yoki
ekranga chiqarilgan menyu bo‘yicha jarayonni tanlashni amalga
oshiradi.
Ko‘tarib yuriladigan ehMlarning asosiy tiplari. Ko‘tarib
olib yuriladigan kompyuterlar juda rang-barangdir: qo‘pol va
og‘ir (15 kg gacha) ixcham ishchi stansiyalardan to 100 g gacha
og‘irlikdagi miniaturali elektron yozuv kitobchasigacha mavjud.
ixcham ishchi stansiyalar. Ixcham ishchi stansiyalar – eng quv-
vatli va yirik ko‘tarib yuriladigan ShKdir. U ko‘pincha chamadon
ko‘rinishda tayyorlanadi va «nomadic» – «ko‘chmanchi» nomiga
ega. Ularning tavsiflari qo‘zg‘almas ShK – ishchi stansiyalarning
tavsiflariga o‘xshashdir: ko‘pin cha RISC tipidagi, 300 MHz gacha
taktli chastotali kuchli mikroprotsessorlar, 64 Mbayt gacha sig‘imli
tezkor xotira, gigabaytli diskli yig‘uvchilar, tezkor interfeyslar va
4 Mbaytgacha bo‘lgan videoxotirali videoadapterlar.
Aslini olganda, bu oddiy tarmoqdan ta’minlanuvchi ishchi stan-
siyalardir, lekin konstruktiv jihatdan ko‘tarib olib yurishga qulay
korpusga yig‘ilgan va barcha ko‘tarib olib yuriladigan ShKlar kabi
VGA sinfidan yuqori bo‘lmagan tekis suyuq kristalli videomoni-
torga egadir. Nomadic, odatda, modemlarga ega va hisoblash
tarmog‘ida ishlash uchun aloqa kanallariga tezda ulanishi mumkin.
Bu tipdagi ixcham kompyuterlar ko‘chma taqdimotlar uchun, ay-
niqsa, multimedia vositalari mavjud bo‘lganda, samarali ishlati lishi
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mumkin, lekin ish stolida joyni tejashga imkon berib, qo‘zg‘almas
variantda ham muvaffaqiyatli ishlatilishi mumkin.
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Topical News Lessons - bet 74

Doctor who
identified
SARS
becomes its
victim
SARS is like flu. It is also a
virus but it is much more
dangerous than flu. It has
now killed hundreds of people
in different parts of the world.
It has also infected thousands
of other people. Recently the
doctor who first identified
SARS, Dr Carlo Urbani, died
from SARS. Dr Urbani worked
for the World Health
Organisation in Vietnam. An
American businessman was
taken to hospital in Hanoi, the
capital of Vietnam, with a
strange illness. Dr Urbani was
the first person in the world to
notice that this was a new
disease. He called it SARS,
which means ‘severe acute
respiratory syndrome’.
The SARS virus can move
very quickly. People who
suffer from SARS have a high
temperature, a cough and
difficulty in breathing. Dr
Urbani’s colleague Pascale
Brudon said: "Carlo was the
first person to see that this
was something strange.
When people became very
worried in the hospital, he
was there every day,
collecting samples, talking to
the staff and trying to control
the infection."
In a statement, the World
Health Organisation praised
Dr Urbani, an expert in
infectious diseases. "Because
of Dr Urbani’s work with
SARS, we were able to
identify and isolate many new
cases before they infected
hospital workers," they said in
the statement.
The virus is still spreading
very quickly across East Asia.
Most of the cases are in
China, Hong Kong, Singapore
and Vietnam.
Hong Kong has closed
schools for a million students
for 10 days, but some doctors
say they should be closed for
a month. Normal daily life has
changed completely for the
people of Hong Kong. They
do not go to restaurants or
theatres and they do not take
taxis. They wear special face
masks and even chemical
protection suits when they go
out.
The Chinese government now
publishes a daily report on the
spread of the disease, but
some experts in Hong Kong
say the Chinese government
did not provide enough
information about SARS and
how quickly the disease can
spread.
When the virus reached Hong
Kong, it infected a lot of
hospital workers. A doctor
from Guandong province in
China first brought SARS to
Hong Kong in February.
The Guardian Weekly
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar

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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar
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Bog'liq Katta uzunlikdagi buyruq so‘zlariga ishlov berishFoydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
https://stampsound.com
Abduazizov A.A. Elektr aloqa nazariyasi. Darslik. – T.: “Fan va texnologiyalar”, 2011. – 416 b.
Abduazizov A.A., Muxitdinov M.M., Yusupov Ya.T. Radiotexnik zanjirlar va signallar. Darslik. – T.: “Sams-ASA”, 2013. – 480 b.
Abdurahmonov.R.P., Aliyev H.U. O’rnatilgan tizimlar va ularning dasturiy ta’minoti. O’quv- uslubiy majmua. 2016
Мушкаев С. Оценка производительности корреляционных мер сходства в задачах полного поиска движения на процессоре NM6403. – Сборник докладов научно-технической конференции «Молодежь в науке»
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Mobile PC Note - Microsoft Windows Logo Program System and Device Requirements

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Microsoft Windows Logo Program System and Device Requirements
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bet | 70/188 | Sana | 21.03.2017 | Hajmi | 0,89 Mb. | | #429 |
Mobile PC Note
IR capabilities are not required for mobile PCs. IrDA devices must support D0 and D3 states, controlled by methods defined in Section 3.4 of the ACPI 1.0b specification or by the relevant bus-specific methods.
B2.3.4.5 Bluetooth wireless host controllers meet requirements
Bluetooth Host controllers must meet the following requirements.
B2.3.4.5.1 Support Plug and Play on the applicable bus.
USB must meet “Part H:2 USB Transport Layer.”
B2.3.4.5.2 Support the Bluetooth H:1 specification for host controllers, including the mechanism for reporting the version supported. B2.3.4.5.3 Support the bus-specific transport class extensions (for example, H:2-H:4) where applicable. B2.3.4.5.4 The Bluetooth host controller must use one of the following physical transports as specified by the SIG: USB, UART, or PCI.
Alternatively, the Bluetooth host controller may use the BCSP transport specification.
B2.3.4.5.5 Support Bluetooth scatternet.
Bluetooth host controller must support at least 2 concurrent piconets (scatternet) plus be able to allow the host to join a device requesting a connection to the existing piconet for which the local radio is the master. The scatternet support should follow the enhanced scatternet support errata defined by the Bluetooth SIG.
B2.3.4.5.6 Bluetooth host controllers which are qualified Bluetooth Subsystem End Products shall have the Windows Operating System listed in their Complimentary Subsystem List.
See Bluetooth Qualification Program Reference Document v1.0, 6.1 Bluetooth Subsystems.
Systems including Bluetooth host controllers, radios, or peripherals must comply with Specification of the Bluetooth System, Version 1.1.
B2.3.4.6 Bluetooth-connected peripherals meet requirements B2.3.4.6.1 Meet all device class-specific Windows Logo requirements
For example, B3.0 for audio, B5.1 for HID, B6.1 for modem, and so on.
B2.3.4.6.2 Comply with all applicable Bluetooth specifications.
Including design-applicable usage profiles.
B2.3.4.6.3 Support Bluetooth SDP and the PnPInformation Service Class.
The Bluetooth system defines a Service Discovery Protocol (SDP). Bluetooth PC peripherals must support SDP and support the Bluetooth Specification 1.1
B2.3.4.6.4 Bluetooth HID devices shall support HID-initiated reconnect.
The HIDReconnectInitiate attribute (defined in the Bluetooth HID Profile, revision 0.9b Section 7.12.6 HIDReconnectInitiate) shall be enabled. The device shall enter Page mode to automatically reconnect to the host if the connection is dropped.
B2.3.4.6.5 Bluetooth Printers shall conform to the Bluetooth SIG HCRP specification or the Bluetooth SIG PAN specification. B2.3.4.6.6 Bluetooth peripherals shall support service discovery before requiring authentication. B2.3.4.6.7 Bluetooth Subsystem End Products shall have the Windows Operating System listed in their Complimentary Subsystem List.
See Bluetooth Qualification Program Reference Document v1.0, 6.1 Bluetooth Subsystems.
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Fill the gaps using these words

©
Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2005
Taken from the news section in
www.onestopenglish.com
Send Julia Roberts, not tanks
Max Hastings
Many American soldiers are beginning to
think that the US will not win the war in
Iraq. They remember what happened in
Vietnam. In recent years the US army has
become a very effective army for big
military operations in other countries, but it
has never been effective against insurgents.
It is very difficult for regular armies to fight
against guerrillas and suicide bombers.
Some years ago, I heard an American
general talking about the US army. He said
to me: "We went into Korea in 1950 with a
very poor army, and came out of it in 1953
with a very good one. We went into
Vietnam in 1964 with a fine army, and
came out in 1975 with a terrible one." Some
American officers think the same thing is
happening in Iraq. The US armed forces are
fighting a difficult war. It is now possible
that it will have to leave Iraq without
winning this war.
Other people think that America will win in
the end but not with its army. Edward
Luttwak, an American military expert, has
said that the US began to win the Vietnam
War the day after it left Vietnam in April
1975. The US military lost the military
battle but, Luttwak says, it began to win
culturally and economically. In theory
Vietnam is still a communist state, but in
reality capitalism is everywhere. American
values are winning in Vietnam just as they
are present in other nations which want to
be wealthy.
Osama bin Laden and his Al-Qaida group
are fighting against this cultural and
economic invasion but it is a very difficult
battle. It is more difficult to fight against
Bill Gates and Steven Spielberg than it is to
fight against a regular army. Recent history
shows us that America is more skilful in
using economic and cultural power than it is
in using military power.
Last spring in a refugee camp in Gaza, I
asked a group of children what they enjoyed
watching on television. Immediately they
all said: "Rambo! Rambo!”. This was a
surprising answer not because of the
character of Rambo but where Rambo
comes from. The parents of these children
hated America but Hollywood has a much
greater power than the power of President
Bush and the Pentagon. Young Palestinians
may hate the US, but American culture is
everywhere.
To return to Iraq: even if the insurgents
force the Americans to leave the country,
they have much less chance of winning a
war against Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts and
so on, because people can now watch
satellite TV easily all over Iraq.
Powerful armies might become less
important in the 21st century than cultural
forces. We had examples of this in the last
Mehnatga ko’nikishni boshqarish - 1-mavzu: Sifat tushunchasining mohiyati, sifat sohasidagi asosiy tushunchalar....

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1-mavzu: Sifat tushunchasining mohiyati, sifat sohasidagi asosiy tushunchalar. Fanning predmeti, maqsadi va vazifalari Reja
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bet | 66/102 | Sana | 14.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,19 Mb. | | #118418 |
Bog'liq Ma\'ruza 1 2Mehnatga ko’nikishni boshqarish
Personalning tashkilot bilan o’zaro hamkorligi jarayonida ularning o’zaro moslashuvi vujudga keladi, uning asosini personal tomonidan sekin-asta mehnatning yangi kasbiy va ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy shart-sharoitlariga kirib borishi tashkil etadi.
Ko’nikishning ikki yo’nalishi ajratib ko’rsatiladi:
boshlang’ich ko’nikish, ya’ni kasb faoliyati tajribasiga ega bo’lmagan yosh kadrlarning moslashuvi (odatda, mazkur holatda gap o’quv yurtlari bitiruvchilari haqida boradi);
ikkilamchi ko’nikish, ya’ni kasb faoliyati sohasida tajribaga ega bo’lgan xodimlarning moslashuvi (odatda, bular faoliyat ob’ektini o’zgartiruvchilar yoki masalan, rahbar lavozimiga o’tganda kasbiy rolini o’zgartirganlar).
14-Mavzu: Mehmonxona xo’jaligida xodimlarni rivojlantirish masalalari
Reja:
Personalni rivojlantirish
Mehmonxona kadrlarini o’qitish va rivojlantirish
3.Yuqori malakali mutaxassislar tayyorlash jarayoniga kadrlar buyurtmachilarini faol jalb etish
Singapur mo’jizasi
Ishchi kuchi sifati iqtisodiy kategoriya sifatida insonning mehnatga layoqatini shakllantirish va rivojlantirish yuzasidan shaxs va jamiyat, xodim va ish beruvchi o’rtasidagi munosabatlarni hamda ushbu munosabatlarning ishlab chiqarish faoliyatida namoyon etish darajasini ifoda etadi.
Mehnat jarayonida namoyon bo’ladigan inson xususiyatlari muayyan tarkibni tashkil etadi. Quyidagilar bu tarkib bo’laklaridir:
qiziqish (motivatsiya) xususiyatlari;
kasbiy-malaka xususiyatlari;
aqliy (intellektual) xususiyatlar;
nufus (demografik) xususiyatlari, salomatlik.
Personalni rivojlantirishda hozirgi vaqtda ikki tendentsiya ko’zga tashlanmoqda.
Bilimlarni ularning aniq shakliga — hujjatlar, yo’riq-nomalar, ma’lumotlar bazasi va hokazolarga muvofiklashtirish. Mutaxassislar buni „G’arb tendentsiyasi", deb ham atashmoqtsa. Chunki Yevropa va Amerika Qo’shma Shtatlarida personalni rivojlantirish dasturlarida xuddi shunga urg’u berilmoqda.
Bilimlar faqat ayrim mutaxassis va menejerlar guruhi tomonidan emas, balki butun personal tomonidan muntazam ravishda egallab borilishini ta’minlash „Sharq tendentsiyasi”, deb ta’riflanib, bu ko’proq Yaponiyaga xosligi ko’zga tashlanadi.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
1-mavzu: Sifat tushunchasining mohiyati, sifat sohasidagi asosiy tushunchalar. Fanning predmeti, maqsadi va vazifalari Reja
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part of the 20th century. It was not Ronald

part of the 20th century. It was not Ronald
Reagan's American armies that destroyed
the Soviet Union, but economic failure, and
the apartheid regime in South Africa ended
for the same reason.
Unfortunately, in the poorest countries,
military power will still be important, but in
countries where external cultural influences
are strong, soldiers will have a less
important role to play. I do not think the US
armed forces will win the war in Iraq. The
pessimistic soldiers are probably right. But
in the end, Microsoft and DreamWorks
could succeed where George Bush and his
military forces might fail.
The Guardian Weekly 2005-28-01, page 13
Personalni rivojlantirish quyidagi shartlarga bog’liqdir

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Personalni rivojlantirish quyidagi shartlarga bog’liqdir
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Bog'liq Ma\'ruza 1 2Personalni rivojlantirish quyidagi shartlarga bog’liqdir:
korxonaning personalni bugungi ishida va kelajakni ko’zlab rivojlantirishga ehtiyoji;
xodimlarni rivojlantirish salohiyati, ya’ni ularning hali foydalanilmagan bilimlari, qobiliyatlari mavjudligi;
Personalning rivojlanishga ehtiyoji;
personalni rivojlantirish imkoniyati, ya’ni moliyaviy, mehnat, texnika va boshqa resurslarning mavjudligi.
Personalning rivojlanishga ehtiyoji deyilganda xodimlarning o’z kompaniya va firmalari maqsad va vazifalaridan kelib chiqqan holda o’z bilimi, ko’nikmasini oshirish, kasbiy imkoniyatlariga yangicha qarashni ongli anglangan zarurat sifatida tushunishi anglanadi.
1992 yilda “Ta’lim to’g’risida"gi qonunning qabul qilinishi ushbu yo’nalishdagi birinchi va juda muhim qadam bo’ddi. O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I.A.Karimov tashabbusi va bevosita rahbarligi ostida 1997 yildan boshlab Kadrlar tayyorlash milliy dasturi ishlab chiqildi va izchil amalga oshirishga kirishildi.
Ta’lim tizimini tubdan isloh qilish, uni o’tmishdan qolgan mafkuraviy qarashlar va sarqitlardan to’la xalos etish, rivojlangan davlatlar darajasida, yuksak ma’naviy axloqiy talablarga javob beruvchi yuqori malakali kadrlar tayyorlash milliy tizimini yaratish, kadrlar tayyorlash Milliy dasturining maqsadi etib belgilandi.
Uzluksiz ta’limning faoliyat ko’rsatish tamoyillari quyidagilardan iborat:
ta’limning ustuvorligi — uning rivojlanishining birinchi darajali ahamiyatga ega ekanligi, bilim, ta’lim va yuksak intel-lektning nufuzi;
ta’limning demokratlashuvi — ta’lim va tarbiya uslublarini tanlashda o’quv yurtlari mustaqilligining kengayishi, ta’limni boshqarishning davlat-jamiyat tizimiga o’tilishi;
ta’limning insonparvarlashuvi — inson qobiliyatlarining ochilishi va uning ta’limga nisbatan bo’lgan turli-tuman ehtiyojlarining qondirilishi, milliy va umumbashariy qadriyatlar ustuvor-ligining ta’minlanishi, inson, jamiyat va atrof-muhit o’zaro munosabatlarining uyg’unlashuvi;
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