nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Ultra fast cnn based Hardware Computing Platform Concepts for adas visual Sensors and Evolutionary Mobile Robots - bet 35

Figure
5-9: Removing noise from the image
54
An image having a tube is fed to the CNN, as shown in Figure 5-10(a). The aim is to fill the
tube with a given dotted pixel. Figure 5-10(c) shows the output as specified by target.
(5-8)
Figure
5-10: Filling a long tube with a dotted pixel
In Figure 5-11, a changing gradient image was provided as input. The aim is thresholding
up to a specified limit as shown in the target image. Figure 5-11(c) shows the output image
for the following set of parameters.
(5-9)
55
Figure
5-11: Thresholding to a specified limit
Obstacle detection was performed by a sequence of stereo images using Cellular Neural
Networks. The CNN parameters were determined by a genetic algorithm based on real
number chromosomes. Using real number chromosomes, repeated encoding and decoding
of the chromosomes is not required. Unlike binary chromosomes, relatively smaller
chromosomes are produced. This approach was successfully implemented for obstacle
detection and also it was found to produce good results for many other image processing
tasks. In future, we aim to implement this approach on hardware level for enhancing
efficiency and speed.
5.4
Real-time computing issues for the genetic algorithm based
CNN template’s calculations
Adaptive image processing and image analysis is very important for ADAS concepts.
Processing image under different and environmental visual conditions such as fog, rain,
and sun in background is not trivial. To overcome problems in this form we need to involve
adaptive image processing techniques. Our CNN platform can process images with a
performance of 100 FPS. For dynamic processing, CNN needs dynamic templates or set of
templates. To have a fast response, CNN needs to access different templates very fast.
There are three ways for real-time template accessing. Template pre-calculation is one
solution. There are many standard and classic templates like thresholding, contrast
enhancement, dilation, opening, erosion, closing, find edging, median filter, etc that can be
pre-calculated and stored in a list. And depending on the situation the procedure system
56
can call different templates. Figure 5-12 shows this structure for pre-calculation of
templates.
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Murakkab boshoq - Цьу \ / М. M o‘minov, A. Mamadaliyev, A. To‘xtaboyev botanikadan amaliy mashg‘ulotlar

o ‘q hosil b o ‘ladi. B ularning uchi ham gul bilan tugaydi. Ikkinchi
tartib o ‘q ham xuddi asosiy o ‘qqa o ‘xshab shoxlaydi va hokazo.
G ajak to ‘pgul asosiy o ‘qining uchi ham gul bilan tugaydi va
keyin o ‘sm aydi. G uldan pastda ikkinchi tartib o ‘q chiqib, uning
uchi ham gul bilan tugaydi va jingalakka aylanadi. Bunda ham m a
gullar to ‘pgulning bitta yon tom oni b o ‘ylab joylashadi (gavzabon-
guldoshlarda) (48- rasm).
Nr*»
32- mashg'ulot.
0 ‘sim liklarning xilm a-xil tuzilishi
bilan tanishish
0 ‘sim liklarning xilm a-xil tu z ilish i’bilan tanishish uchun tabi-
.atd ag i o ‘sim liklardan va gerbariylardan quyidagi o ‘sim liklar tan-
lab olinadi: zupturum , b u g ‘doy, а ф а , tol, y o n g ‘oq, akatsiya, beda,
m akkajo‘xori (so ‘tasi va guli bilan), suli, sholi, olma, o lx o ‘ri, piyoz,
olcha, sabzi, shivit, qo qio‘t, b o ‘tak o ‘z va gulsapsar. Bu o ‘sim liklar
eng oldin aniq to'p gu llarga va so‘ngra noaniq to ‘pgullarga ajratib
olinadi. Avval aniq to ‘pgulli o ‘sim liklardan oddiy, keyin m urakkab
to ‘pgullar ajratiladi. To‘pgul turlari bilan tanishib chiqqach, ular
ning rasmi sxem atik ravishda daftarga chizib olinadi va har bir
to ‘pgul nomi yozib qo ‘yiladi.
Figure 
5-3: Two images of a synthetically generated image sequence

52
Figure 5-7: (a), (b): Two input images of a sequence; (c): Target Image; (d): CNN generated output image. Other images of the sequence were also tested in the same way and the results are similar.
5.3 Experimental results We tested the real coded approach of genetic algorithm for a number of images. Some
sample results are shown in Figure 5-8 to 5-11. In these figures, (a) represents the input
image, (b) the target image and (c) the CNN generated output. The CNN generated
parameters are also given with corresponding results.
Figure 5-8 shows the separation of a rectangular part from a square as specified in the
target image.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
53
(5-6)
Figure 5-8: Removing the rectangle part from the figure As it appears in Figure 5-9 (a), a noisy image is considered as input and a target is provided
for noise removal. Figure 5-9 (c) shows the output without noise.
(5-7)
Uyga vazifa: O`tilgan mavzularni takrorlash. 2-mashqni D.
Sana: ___________

Sinf:____________
9- dars. Mavzu: Algoritmning asosiy turlari

|
Uyga vazifa: O`tilgan mavzularni takrorlash. 2-mashqni D.
Sana: ___________
Sinf:____________
9- dars. Mavzu: Algoritmning asosiy turlari
|
bet | 32/208 | Sana | 23.07.2021 | Hajmi | 1,92 Mb. | | #15865 |
Uyga vazifa: O`tilgan mavzularni takrorlash. 2-mashqni D.
Sana: ___________
Sinf:____________
9- dars. Mavzu: Algoritmning asosiy turlari
Darsning texnologik xaritasi
Mavzu
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Algoritmning asosiy turlari
|
Maqsad
va
vazifalar
|
Darsning maqsadi: O`quvchilarga algoritm turlari haqida ma`lumot berish va ularni qo`llash ko`nikmasini hosil qilish.
Darsning ta'limiy vazifasi: O`quvchilarda algoritmning asosiy turlari (chiziqli, tarmoqlanuvchi, takrorlanuvchi algoritmlar) haqida bilim va ko`nikmani shakllantirish.
Darsning tarbiyaviy vazifasi: O`quvchilarga algoritm asosiy turlari mohiyatini ochib berish orqali ularning o`z hayotida amal qilib kelayotgan odatlarini tahlil etish va xulosa chiqarishga o`rgatish.
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|
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Uyga vazifa: O`tilgan mavzularni takrorlash. 2-mashqni D.
Sana: ___________
Sinf:____________
9- dars. Mavzu: Algoritmning asosiy turlari
|
Ultra fast cnn based Hardware Computing Platform Concepts for adas visual Sensors and Evolutionary Mobile Robots - bet 36

57
In
this template
𝜆
is a scalar coefficient as a ratio between contrast enhancement and
smoothness level. Mapping any PDEs with parametric
coefficient is possible; therefore
depending
on the situation, a main controller can change these coefficients to adapt the
CNN result. By this way we can pre-calculate templates for a wide range of problems and
use them dynamically in a real-time situation.
There is a hardware based solution also for template calculation.
Theoretically genetic
algorithm is a time consuming optimization technique in any domain of science. There are
two issues that make GA slow. The first issue is the nature of the selection process. This
means that for optimizing a solution we have to perform the objective function to a huge
amount of chromosomes until it converges to the global minimum. Another problem comes
from the performance of the system. In our case (i.e. Finding template for CNN) for
evaluating a quality
of chromosomes as a solution, the system needs to decode the
chromosomes and apply it on the CNN and check the results
according to the objective
function. In [107] D. Balya
et al
did analyse several papers to study techniques of template
calculation based on genetic algorithms and proposed an analogic implementation of the
genetic algorithm based template calculation on FPGA. In genetic
algorithms the fitness
function is a soft computing module and the rest of the system could be implement on any
hybrid or homogenous machine. Figure 5-13 shows the schematic of ideal system for
calculating the CNN templates.
Figure
5-13: Integration of CNN on FPGA with PowerPC
for speeding up of genetic
algorithm
UM-CNN
On FPGA
PowerPC
Fitness Function
DDR
Memory for storing
Chromosomes
GUI and consol for
monitoring results
6.4 - Ultra fast cnn based Hardware Computing Platform Concepts for adas visual Sensors and Evolutionary Mobile Robots

61
6.4
HDL Description and system architecture for the analog
computing emulation concept of FPGA
Hardware description languages are similar to the normal programming languages. The
main difference between sequential programming and HDL programming is that in HDL
one describes the operations of digital circuits by code at either low level gates or at
behavioral level [111]. But in sequential programming we have a flow chart and an
algorithm that should sequentially run on a single execution CPU. In contrast to a software
programming language, HDL syntax and semantics include explicit notations for
expressing time and concurrency, which are the primary attributes of hardware. There are
many types of HDL descriptions that can cover from low level gates up to behavioral
modeling, such as Verilog, SystemC, VHDL, HandelC and so on. Verilog is the only language
that can cover the whole of this domain. It means that for description of system operations
there is the possibility to use a mix of gate level programming and behavioral
programming. Also, Verilog is easy to understand, and one can describe the functionality of
complex circuits by using this language.
To get good performance we have to execute operations such that as many operations as
possible are in parallel mode. This is due to the low clock rate in FPGA if compared to a
dedicated CPU. For implementing a system simulation or solving an ODE by a flow
diagram, we need some basic and fundamental arithmetic components, such as
summation, subtraction, multiplier, and integrator. For solving ODEs by analog computing,
there is no general solution, as each differential equation requires its own unique circuit or
bus connections. However, one could in theory create a series of reconfigurable matrix
switches that would be rewired for obtaining circuits and bus structures to different
arrangements depending on the problem (ODE) at hand. The implementation of these
functions on a digital platform (here FPGA) is easy, however with the exception of the
analog “Integrator”. For this, we use and adapt an old method called
Digital Differential
Analyzer
(DDA) for computing time integrals. In the next section, this technique is
presented.
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Ultra fast cnn based Hardware Computing Platform Concepts for adas visual Sensors and Evolutionary Mobile Robots - bet 61

99
good tool for modeling and controlling robots dynamics. The central parts of this scheme
are made-up of a CNN processor and an evolutionary training unit. A
Cellular Neural
Network
(CNN) is a parallel computing paradigm similar to the artificial neural networks
computation platform, with the difference that in CNN the communication is allowed
between neighboring units. This feature of the CNN processor makes it a good computation
platform to analyze the dynamics of biological neurons. This research shows the possibility
of directly driving a walker robot by an evolutionary training of a CNN processor. This
method is further efficient to model widespread natural locomotion mechanisms of
animals (e.g. worms, insects, quadrupeds, biped, etc) [104]. This locomotion is modeled in
the 3D space describing the real environment and in very difficult situations (i.e. rough,
bumpy, and/or scaly surfaces) as well. The challenging focus is finding the best signal for
driving walker robot joints with minimum energy consumption and the best locomotion
performance. This can be achieved by finding suitable CNN templates to generate an
efficient wave for driving the walker robot joints. This chapter is organized as follows.
Section 9.4 discusses the use of genetic algorithms for optimizing the CNN templates.
Section 9.5 presents the training algorithm and some simulation results as well. Section 9.6
formulates some concluding remarks. Further, the quintessence of the results obtained is
summarized, and some open research questions are outlined.
Darsning borishi va vaqt taqsimoti

Darsning borishi va vaqt taqsimoti
O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash.
1.Web-sahifada jadval qanday tashkil etiladi?
2.Jadvalning chegara chiziqlarini qanday formatlash mumkin?
3.Jadvaldagi sarlavha haqida ma'lumot bering.
4.Jadval sarlavhasi haqida ma'lumot bering.
5.Jadval bilan matn web-sahifada qanday joylashishi mumkin?
6.Jadval ichidagi ma'lumotlarni formatlashga oid misol tuzing.
7.Jadval chegara chiziqlarini formatlashga oid misol tuzing.
Yangi mavzu bayoni.
1.Maktab bilan bog'liq markerli va tartiblangan ro'yxatni o'z ichiga olgan tabaqalashgan ro'yxat hosil qiling.
2.«Kompyuter qurilmalari» nomli web-sahifada qurilmalarni jadvalga markerli ro'yxat orqali joylashtiring.
3.«Men sevgan adabiy qahramon» nomli web sahifa tayyorlang. Unda asar nomi sarlavha sifatida, asar muallifi va adabiy qahramon xislatlari jadval ko'rinishida ifodalansin.
4.«Bizning sinf» nomli web-sahifaga 5 ta a'lochi sinfdoshingizning familiyasini sinf jurnalidagi tartib raqami bilan jadvalga joylashtiring.
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Ultra fast cnn based Hardware Computing Platform Concepts for adas visual Sensors and Evolutionary Mobile Robots - bet 62

100
pixels and is represented in a table of numbers called matrix.
The size of this matrix
depends upon the number of joints in the walker robot. In Equation9-1, the stars stand for
convolution operations.
The genetic algorithm is a heuristic search technique used in computing to find either
exact or approximate solutions for optimizing a given problem. The GA is an evolutionary
algorithm that uses techniques inspired from
biology such as inheritance, mutation,
selection, and crossover. In this paper, this algorithm is used for finding the best templates
for optimum robots locomotion. The complete structure
of the system used for the
training process is shown in Figure 9-2. This structure consists of six main parts: (1) Initial
Population; (2) Crossover; (3) Mutation; (4)
Fitness Function; (5) Decoding; (6)
Cellular
Neural Network Simulator. In Figure 9-3 the connections between the robot
actuators/hinges and the CNN outputs are shown. These connections are exploited in the
control of both robot hinges and actuators. Wave rhythms
are generated from the CNN
processor outputs which can drive the walker robot on a specific path and/or direction
depending on the high level task each of which consists of many low level tasks. After the
learning phase, the output waves can drive the robot with a minimum energy and a good
efficiency. This driving depends upon specific choices of templates values. Each
template
set is a solution for driving the robot by means of (or by performing) some specific low
level tasks.
Darsning rivojlantiruvchi vazifasi

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Darsning rivojlantiruvchi vazifasi
|
bet | 38/208 | Sana | 23.07.2021 | Hajmi | 1,92 Mb. | | #15865 |
Darsning rivojlantiruvchi vazifasi: o'quvchilarni o`zining har bir harakatini nazorat qila qila olish va tartibga solishga yo`naltirish
O'quv
jarayonining mazmuni
|
O`quvchilarda algoritmning asosi tuzilmalari:chiziqli tuzilmalar-faqat oddiy harakat qatnashgan qism, tarmoqlanuvchi tuzilmalar -shartga muvofiq bajariladigan ko`rsatmalar ishtirok etgan 2 xil ko`rinishdagi, takrorlanuvchi tuzilmalar-ko`rsatmalari shartga ko`ra va snagich asosida takroriy bajariladigan tuzilmalar.
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O'quv jarayonini amalga oshirish texnologiyasi
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Questions 36-39 - Few words to say about this book

149
More recently, however, examples have been reported that break the time limit, suggesting that silent genes
may not be the whole story. In a paper published last year, biologist Gunter Wagner of Yale University
reported some work on the evolutionary history of a group of South American lizards called Bachia. Many of
these have minuscule limbs; some look more like snakes than lizards and a few have completely lost the toes
on their hind limbs. Other species, however, sport up to four toes on their hind legs. The simplest explanation
is that the toed lineages never lost their toes, but Wagner begs to differ. According to his analysis of the Bachia
family tree, the toed species re-evolved toes from toeless ancestors and, what is more, digit loss and gain has
occurred on more than one occasion over tens of millions of years.
So what’s going on? One possibility is that these traits are lost and then simply reappear, in much the same
way that similar structures can independently arise in unrelated species, such as the dorsal fins of sharks and
killer whales. Another more intriguing possibility is that the genetic information needed to make toes somehow
survived for tens or perhaps hundreds of millions of years in the lizards and was reactivated. These atavistic
traits provided an advantage and spread through the population, effectively reversing evolution.
But if silent genes degrade within 6 to million years, how can long-lost traits be reactivated over longer
timescales? The answer may lie in the womb. Early embryos of many species develop ancestral features.
Snake embryos, for example, sprout hind limb buds. Later in development these features disappear thanks to
developmental programs that say ‘lose the leg’. If for any reason this does not happen, the
ancestral feature may not disappear, leading to an atavism.
Questions 40 - Few words to say about this book

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Few words to say about this bookBog'liq THE-BIBLE-OF-IELTS-READING-BOOKQuestions 40
40. When discussing the theory developed by Louis Dollo, the writer says that
A
it was immediately referred to as Dollo’s law.
B
it supported the possibility of evolutionary
throwbacks.
C
it was modified by biologists in the early
twentieth century.
D
it was based on many years of research.
41. The humpback whale caught off Vancouver Island is mentioned because of
A
the exceptional size of its body.
B
the way it exemplifies Dollo’s law.
C
the amount of local controversy it caused.
D
the reason given for its unusual features.
42. What is said about ‘silent genes’?
A
Their numbers vary according to species.
B
Raff disagreed with the use of the term.
C They could lead to the re-emergence of certain
characteristics.
D They can have an unlimited life span.
43. The writer mentions the mole salamander because
A
it exemplifies what happens in the development
of most amphibians.
B
it suggests that Raffs theory is correct.
C
it has lost and regained more than one ability.
D
its ancestors have become the subject of
extensive research.
44. Which of the following does Wagner claim?
A
Members of the Bachia lizard family have lost and regained certain features several times.
B
Evidence shows that the evolution of the Bachia lizard is due to the environment.
C
His research into South American lizards supports Raffs assertions.
D
His findings will apply to other species of South American lizards.
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Questions 37-40 - Few words to say about this book

113
bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between
the sets of steps.
Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is reknowned
for its architecture, including its stepwells. One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by
the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long,
the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji.
In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of India’s oldest
and deepest wells; aesthetically, it’s perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the
temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides,
steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking geometric pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth
side, covered verandas supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps.
Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the Jaipur–Dehli highway. Constructed in around
1700, it’s nine storeys deep, with the last two levels underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded
openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source.
Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the
Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the
country’s rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of northwestern India to gaze in wonder at
these architectural marvels from 1,000 years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry
of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence
Questions 27-30 - Few words to say about this book

145
This is particularly distressing because time seems to be a vital factor in the appreciation of all art forms.
A fundamental difference between paintings and other art forms is that there is no prescribed time over which
a painting is viewed. By contrast, the audience encourage an opera or a play over a specific time, which is
the duration of the performance. Similarly novels and poems are read in a prescribed
temporal sequence, whereas a picture has no clear place at which to start viewing, or at which to finish. Thus
art works themselves encourage us to view them superficially, without appreciating the richness of detail
and labour that is involved.
Consequently, the dominant critical approach becomes that of the art historian, a specialised
academic approach devoted to ‘discovering the meaning’ of art within the cultural context of its time. This is in
perfect harmony with the museum s function, since the approach is dedicated to seeking out and conserving
‘authentic’, original, readings of the exhibits. Again, this seems to put paid to that spontaneous, participators
criticism which can be found in abundance in criticism of classic works of literature, but is absent from most
art history.
The displays of art museums serve as a warning of what critical practices can emerge when spontaneous
criticism is suppressed. The museum public, like any other audience, experience art more rewardingly when
given the confidence to express their views. If appropriate works of fine art could be rendered permanently
accessible to the public by means of high-fidelity reproductions, as literature and music already are, the public
may feel somewhat less in awe of them. Unfortunately, that may be too much to ask from those
who seek to maintain and control the art establishment.
Questions 19-22 - Few words to say about this book

121
(8)
For returning explorers, successful or not, the geography of their own archipelagoes would have provided a
safety net. Without this to go by, overshooting their home ports, getting lost and sailing off into eternity would
have been all too easy. Vanuatu, for example, stretches more than 500 miles in a northwest-southeast trend, its
scores of inrervisible islands forming a backstop for mariners riding the trade winds home.
(9)
All this presupposes one essential detail, says Atholl Anderson, professor of prehistory at the Australian
National University: the Lapita had mastered the advanced art of sailing against the wind. ‘And there’s no
proof they could do any such thing,’ Anderson says. ‘There has been this assumption they did, and people have
built canoes to re-create those early voyages based on that assumption. But nobody has any idea what their
canoes looked like or how they were rigged.
(10)
Rather than give all the credit to human skill, Anderson invokes the winds of chance. El Nino, the same
climate disruption that affects the Pacific today, may have helped scatter the Lapita, Anderson suggests. He
points out that climate data obtained from slow-growing corals around the Pacific indicate a series of
unusually frequent El Ninos around the time of the Lapita expansion. By reversing the regular east-to-west
flow of the trade winds for weeks at a time, these super El Ninos might have taken the Lapita on long
unplanned voyages.
(11)
However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it quits
for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay the vast emptiness of the central Pacific and perhaps they were too
thinly stretched to venture farther. They probably never numbered more than a few thousand in total, and in
their rapid migration eastward they encountered hundreds of islands – more than 300 in Fiji alone.
Few words to say about this book - bet 70

129
Multiple choices
Tip
: use the key words in the question to help you find the right part of the text. Read the whole
of the part and consider all four options.
Example
Here is a part of a text about poetry and one of the questions.
Poetry is notoriously difficult to define. It is often regarded as the most personal of literary
forms. In which the poet pours out his or her soul in an effusion of feeling. Yet
there numerous
examples impassioned pose. Bothe fiction and polemic. Until a century ago most poetry – in
English. at least used rhythm and rhyme , and the listener – for poetry is easily intended to be
hard – could industry recognize it as poetry rather than pose. Twentieth
century developments
have put paid to the utility of this distinction when characterizing poetry as a hole, and
incidentally, given several generation the mistaken belief that poetry is necessarily hard to
understand. The defining characteristic of poetry, surely, is that
it evokes and heightens joy,
sorrow, fear or myriad other emotions and provides catharsis, the release of emotional tension.
Q. In the writer’s opinion the main difference between poetry and other literature lies in:
A.
the amount of effort it requires from the reader
B.
its use of rhythm and rhyme
C.
its
effects on the reader
D.
the extent to which it reflects the writer’s feelings.
Answer: C
Explanation: the underlined and highlighted parts of the text show that C is correct because this
is writer’s opinion. Remember the question as you read each option. D refers to the sentence
beginning it is often regarded as, but this is not the writer’s opinion. A is incorrect because it
says it is a mistaken belief and B is also incorrect because it says
that poetry no longer
necessarily uses rhythm and rhyme.
Pay attention to phrases like “in the writer’s opinion” in the questions as the text may include
several different points of view.
I think people lose interest when they don’t think they’re making enough progress

TEST
JACK:
What do you think of the traffic-light system?
ALICE:
I think supermarkets like the idea of having a colour-coded system – red, orange or green
– for levels of fat, sugar and salt in a product.
JACK: Buy
it’s not been adopted universally
Q27
/
Q28
. And not on all products. Why do you
suppose that is?
ALICE:
Pressure from the food manufacturers. Hardly surprising that some of them are opposed
to flagging up how unhealthy their products are.
JACK:
I’d have thought it would have been compulsory. It seems ridiculous it isn’t.
ALICE:
I know. And
what I couldn’t get over is the fact that it was brought in without enough
consultation – a lot of experts had deep reservations about it.
JACK:
That is a bit weird. I suppose there’s an argument for doing the research now when consumers
are familiar with this system.
ALICE:
Yeah, maybe.
JACK:
The participants in the survey were quite positive about the traffic-light system.
ALICE:
Mmm. But I don’t think they targeted the right people. They should have focused on people
with low literacy levels because these labels are designed to be accessible to them.
JACK:
I go by 
bike - Customer satisfaction survey

I go by bike Q3 .
Matt:
Oh I wish I could do that. Is it safe to cycle around the city?
Linda:
Yes, it’s fine and it keeps me fit. Anyway, driving to work in the city center would be a
nightmare because
there’s hardly any parking Q4 . And the traffic during the rush-hour
can be bad.
Matt:
I’d be working from home but I’d have to go to London one or two days a week.
Linda:
Oh, that’s perfect! Getting to London is no problem.
There’s a fast train every 30 minutes Q5 which only takes 45 minutes.
Matt:
That’s good.
Linda:
Yeah. The train service isn’t bad during the week and they run quite late at night.
It’s weekends that are a problem Q6 . They’re always doing engineering work and you have
to take a bus to Haddam and pick up the train there which is really slow. But other than
that, Banford’s a great place to live. I’ve never been happier.
Linda:
There are some nice restaurants in the city center and a brand-new
cinema which has only been open a couple of months Q7 . There’s a good art center too.
Matt:
Sounds like Bamford’s got it all.
Linda:
Yes, we’re really lucky. There are lots of really good aspects to living here. The schools are
good and
the hospital here is one of the best in the country Q7 . Everyone I know who’s
been there’s had a positive experience. Oh, I can give you the name of my
dentist too in Bridge street Q8 if you’re interested. I’ve been going to him for years and I’ve never had
any problems.
Matt:
Oh, okay, thanks.
Linda:
I’ll find his number and send it to you.
Matt:
Thanks. That would be really helpful.
Linda:
Are you planning to visit Banford soon?
Matt:
Yes, my wife and I are both coming next week. We want to make some appointments with
Estate agents.
Linda:
I could meet you if you like and show you around.
Matt:
Are you sure? We’d really appreciate that.
Linda:
Either a Tuesday or
Q9
sea - Customer satisfaction survey

TEST
ENQUIRY ABOUT BOOKING HOTEL ROOM FOR EVENT
ANDREW:
Good morning, Clare House Hotel. Andrew speaking. I’m the
Example
Events Manager.
SAM:
Good morning, Andrew. My name’s Samantha. I’m arranging a party for my parents’ fiftieth
wedding
anniversary, and I’m ringing to ask about hiring a room some time next September.
Also my parents and several of the guests will need accommodation.
ANDREW: OK, I’m sure we can help you with that. Will you be having a sit-down meal or a buffet?
SAM:
Probably a sit-down.
ANDREW: And do you know how many people there’ll be?
SAM:
Around eighty, I think.
ANDREW: Well we have two rooms that can hold that number. One is the Adelphi Room. That can
seat
Q1
eighty-five, or hold over a hundred if people are standing for a buffet.
SAM: Right.
ANDREW: If you have live music, there’s room for four or five musicians in
the gallery overlooking the
room. Our guests usually appreciate the fact that the music can be loud enough for dancing,
but not too loud for conversation.
SAM:
Yes, I really don’t like it when you can’t talk.
ANDREW: Exactly. Now the Adelphi Room
is at the back of the hotel, and there are French windows
leading out onto the terrace. This has a beautiful display of pots of
Q2
roses at
that time
of the year.
SAM:
Which direction does it face?
ANDREW: Southwest, so that side of the hotel gets the sun in the afternoon and early evening.
SAM:
Very nice.
ANDREW: From the terrace
you can see the area of
You can find them online: they’re called

WOMAN:
So how long are the rides?
JIM:
They’re about an hour and a half. So, if you have a job it’s easy to fit in before you go to
work.
And the members often go somewhere for coffee afterwards
Q7
, so it’s quite a
social event.
WOMAN:
OK. That sounds good. I’ve only just moved to the city so I don’t actually know
many people
yet.
JIM:
Well, it’s a great way to meet people.
WOMAN:
It’s called Ratchesons - Customer satisfaction survey

VISITOR:
I’ll just make a note of that – er, how do you spell it?
TC EMPLOYEE: R-A-T-C-H-E-S-O-N-S. It’s just be the cruise ship terminal.
VISITOR: OK.
TC EMPLOYEE: You’d also need to pick up a repair kit for the bike from there to take along with you,
and you’d need to take along a snack and some water – it’d be best to get those in the
city.
VISITOR:
Fine. That shouldn’t be a problem.
And I assume I can rent a helmet from the bike
place?
Q8
TC EMPLOYEE:
Sure, you should definitely get that. It’s a great ride, but you
want to be well prepared
because
it’s very remote – you won’t see any shops round there, or anywhere to
stay
Q9
, so you need to get back in time for the last boat.
VISITOR:
Yeah. So what sort of prices are we looking at here?
TC EMPLOYEE: Let’s see, that’d be one adult and one child
for the cruise with farm tour, that’s $117,
and an adult and a child for the cruise only so that’s $214 dollars altogether. Oh, wait
a minute, how old did you say your daughter was?
VISITOR: Fifteen.
TC EMPLOYEE: Then I’m afraid
it’s $267
Q10
because
she has to pay the adult fare, which is $75
instead of the child fare which is $22 – sorry about that.
VISITOR:
That’s OK. Er, so how do …
TEST
Events during Kenton Festival
MAN:
Good morning, Kenton Festival box office. How can I help you?
WOMAN:
Oh, good morning. I’m coming to Kenton for a few days’
holiday next month, and a friend
told me there’s a festival. She gave me this number to find out about it.
MAN:
That’s right,
And does each ride have a leader

TEST
Moving to Banford City
Linda:
Hello, Linda speaking
Matt:
Oh hi Linda this is Matt Brooks. Alex White gave me your number. He said you’d be able
to give me some advice about moving to Banford.
Linda:
Yes, Alex did mention you. How can I help?
Matt:
Well, first of all, which area to live in?
Linda: Well
I live in Dalton
Example
, which is a really nice suburb, not too expensive and there’s
a nice park.
Matt:
Sounds good. Do you know how much it would be to rent a two-bedroom flat there?
Linda:
Yeah, you should be able to get something reasonable for
850
Q2
pounds per month. That’s
what people typically pay. You certainly wouldn’t want to pay more than 900 pounds. That
doesn’t include bills or anything.
Matt:
No, that sounds all right. I’ll definitely have a look there. Are the
transport links easy from
where you live?
Linda:
Well I’m very lucky. I work in the city center so I don’t have to use public transport.
Q11
some painting - Customer satisfaction survey

TEST
So there’s plenty to do in the daytime, but what about night life?
Well, the number one attraction’s called ‘Musical Favourites’. Guests enjoy a three-course meal and unlimited
free drinks, and watch a fantastic show, starting with musicals set in Paris and then crossing the Atlantic to
Las Vegas and finally Copacabana. At the end the
Q17
cast members come down from the stage, still
in their stunning costumes, and
you’ll have a chance to chat with them. It’s hugely popular, so let me
know now if you’re interested because
Q18
it’s no good leaving it until the last minute. It’s on Friday
night. Tickets are just 50 euros each, but for an extra 10 euros you can have a table right by the stage.
If you’d like to go back in time, there’s the
Castle Feast on Saturday evening. It’s held in a twelfth-century
castle, and you eat in the great courtyard, with ladies in long gowns serving your food. You’re given a
whole chicken each, which you eat in the medieval way,
Yeah. But it’s good to get feedback from all socio-economic groups

TEST
In this session in your training day we’re going to look at home of the more specialised holidays we offer at
BC Travel. Now, the travel business is very competitive and it’s important to be aware of how the market’s
changing and developing. In terms of age groups,
the over-65s are an important market, and one that’s
increasing steadily year on year
Q11
/
Q12
. The fewest holidays are taken by the 31 to 42-year-olds, and
that figure shows no sign of rising. The biggest market at present is still the youngest group, the 16 to 30s,
but this group’s also seen the biggest drop over the last few years,
whereas there’s a noticeable growth
in the number of holidays taken by the 55 to 64-year-olds
Q11
/
Q12
. As far as the 43 to 54-year-olds
are concerned, bookings there are steady, but I have to say we haven’t seen the increase we expected.
One trend we’re noticing with nearly all age groups is the growing popularity of holidays in which clients
do some kind of specialised activity. I’m not talking here about adventure holidays, where clients take
part in high-risk activities like white water rafting just for the thrill of it. Activity holidays usually involve
rather less high-risk sports, or things like art and music. They’re not necessarily cheaper than ordinary
holidays, often the opposite, in fact. But
FLANDERS CONFERENCE HOTEL

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FLANDERS CONFERENCE HOTELBog'liq Listening transcripts 230531 122425FLANDERS CONFERENCE HOTEL
ANGELA:
Hello, Flanders conference hotel.
MAN:
Oh, hi. I wanted to ask about conference facilities at the hotel. Have I come through to the
right person?
ANGELA:
You have. I’m the customer services manager. My name’s
Example
Angela. So how can
I help you?
MAN:
Well, I’m calling from Barrett and Stansons, we’re a medical company based in Perth.
ANGELA:
Oh yes.
MAN:
And we’re organising a conference for our clients to be held in Sydney. It’ll be held over two
days and we’re expecting about fifty or sixty people.
ANGELA:
When were you thinking of having it?
MAN:
Some time early next year, like the end of January? It’d have to be a weekend.
ANGELA:
Let me see … our conference facilities are already booked for the weekend beginning
January 28th. We could do the first weekend in February?
MAN:
How about January 21st?
ANGELA:
I’m afraid that’s booked too.
MAN:
Well, let’s go for the February date then.
ANGELA:
So that’s the weekend beginning the 4th.
MAN:
OK. Now can you tell me a bit about what conference facilities you have?
ANGELA:
Sure. So for talks and presentations we have the Tesla room.
MAN: Sorry?
ANGELA:
Q1
Tesla – that’s spelled T-E-S-L-A. it holds up to a hundred people, and it’s fully equipped
with a projector and so on.
MAN:
How about a
Q2
microphone?
ANGELA:
Yes, that’ll be all set up ready for you, and there’ll be one that members of the audience
can use too, for questions, if necessary.
MAN:
Fine. And we’ll also need some sort of open area where people can sit and have a cup of
coffee, and we’d like to have an
Q3
exhibition of our products and services there as well,
so that’ll need to be quite a big space.
ANGELA:
That’s fine, there’s a central atrium with all those facilities, and you can come before the
conference starts if you want to set everything up.
MAN:
Great. And I presume there’s
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Nutqning og’zaki uslubining o‘ziga xos xususiyatlariga quyidagilar

98
Muso al- Xorazmiy
Buyuk matematik, astronom
va geograf
Muhammad al-Xorazmiy VIII asrning oxiri va IX
asrning birinchi yarmida yashab ijod etgan.
Xorazmiy dunyo faniga katta hissa qo‘shdi.U–
algebra
fanining asoschisi. “Algebra” so‘zi
uning
“Al-kitob al-muxtasar fi hisob al-jabr va al-muqobala” nomli risolasidan
olingan. Uning bu
arifmetikaga oid risolasi
hind
raqamlariga
asoslangan. Hozirgi kunda biz
foydalanadigan
o‘nlik pozitsion hisoblash sistemasi
va shu sistemadagi amallar Yevropada keng tarqalgan.
Olimning “al-Xorazmiy” nomi esa
Dasturiy vosita xavfsizligining fundamental prinsiplari

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Dasturiy vosita xavfsizligining fundamental prinsiplari
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bet | 87/111 | Sana | 20.05.2024 | Hajmi | 2,03 Mb. | | #246571 |
Dasturiy vosita xavfsizligining fundamental prinsiplari
Dasturiy ta’minot yaratilganida va foydalanilganida qator prinsiplarga amal qilish talab qilinadi. Quyida OWASP tashkiloti tomonidan taqdim etilgan prinsiplar keltirilgan:
Hujumga uchrashi mumkin bo‘lgan soha maydonini minimallashtirish. Dasturiy ta’minotga qo‘shilgan har bir xususiyat dasturga ma’lum miqdordagi xavf darajasini ham qo‘shadi. Dasturni xavfsiz amalga oshirishning maqsadi – hujumga uchrashi mumkin bo‘lgan sohani toraytirish orqali umumiy dasturdagi xavfni kamaytirish. Masalan, web saytlarda onlayn yordamini amalga oshirish uchun qidirish funksiyasi mavjud. Biroq, ushbu imkoniyat web saytga SQL – inyeksiya hujumi bo‘lishi ehtimolini keltirib chiqarishi mumkin. Qidiruv imkoniyati autentifikatsiyadan o‘tgan foydalanuvchilar uchun bo‘lsa, hujum bo‘lishi ehtimoli kamayadi. Agar qidiruv ma’lumotlari markazlashgan tarzda tekshirilsa, ushbu hujum ehtimoli yanada kamayadi.
Xavfsiz standart sozlanmalarini o‘rnatish. Amalda, aksariyat dasturiy ta’minotlarda va operatsion tizimlarda ko‘plab xavfsizlik sozlanmalari standart tartibda o‘rnatilgan bo‘ladi. Biroq, bu foydalanuvchilar tomonidan yaxshi qabul qilinmaydi va shuning uchun, aksariyat hollarda, ushbu sozlanmalarni o‘chirib qo‘yish amalga oshiriladi. Masalan, operatsion tizimlarda parollarni eskirish vaqti standart holda o‘rnatilgan bo‘lsada, aksariyat foydalanuvchilar tomonidan ushbu sozlanma o‘chirib qo‘yiladi.
Minimal imtiyozlar prinsipi. Axborot xavfsizligi, informatika, dasturlash va boshqa sohalarda keng qo‘llaniluvchi minimal imtiyozlar prinsipi (Principle of least privilege) – hisoblash muhitidagi u yoki bu abstraksiya darajasida resurslarga murojaatni tashkil qilish. Bunga ko‘ra har bir modul o‘z vazifasini to‘laqonli bajarishi uchun zarur bo‘lgan resurs yoki axborotdan minimal darajada foydalanish talab etiladi.
Bu prinsip foydalanuvchi yoki dasturchiga faqat o‘z vazifasi uchun zarur bo‘lgan imtiyozlarga ega bo‘lishi kerakligini anglatadi. Masalan, vaqt o‘tkazish uchun ishlab chiqilgan turli mobil o‘yin dasturlari SMS xabarni o‘qish yoki qo‘ng‘iroq qiluvchilar ro‘yxatini bilish imkoniyatiga ega bo‘lishi shart emas. Masalan, dasturlash tillarida (Java dasturlash tilida keltirilgan) obyektlardan foydanishni cheklash uchun turli kalit so‘zlardan foydalaniladi (7.2-jadval).
7.2-jadval
Java dasturlash tilidagi foydalanuvchi imtiyozlari
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-topshiriq - Gayubova komila anvarovna yulanova nargiza davlatovna akademik yozuv

95
takroriy so‘z va birikmalardan unumli foydalaniladi: Azamat fermerlarimiz mo‘l
hosil yеtishtirish uchun fidokorona mehnat qilishyapti. Bu uslub, avvalo, tashviqot
va targ’ibot uslubi bo‘lganligi uchun ham unda siyosiy faollik, hozirjavoblik, o‘tkir
va ta’sirchan
notiqlik, mantiqiy mulohaza va dalillar bilan tushuntirish,
isbotlash
kabi belgilar ustunlik qiladi.
Publitsistik nutq uslubi ijtimoiy-siyosiy faoliyat sohasi bilan bog’liq va
ommaviy axborot vositalarining tilidir. Ushbu uslub maqolalar, ocherklar, esselar,
reportajlar, intervyular, shuningdek og’zaki ommaviy nutqlarni yozishda ishlatiladi.
Publitsistik uslubning asosiy belgisi standart va
ifodali nutq vositalarining
kombinatsiyasi hisoblanadi. Axborotga boy, keng qo‘llaniladigan, emotsionallikka
ega so‘zlarning mavjudligi bilan tavsiflanadi. Publitsistik uslubi ham ko‘plab
neologizmlarga ega. Ushbu uslubda hamma narsa o‘quvchining e’tiborini jalb qilish
va saqlashga qaratilgan.
Annotatsiyada klishelashtirilgan so‘z birikmalari

106
Monografiyada
(nimaning?)..... tavsifi berilgan.
Tadqiqot ......kabi muammolarni ko‘rib chiqish orqali olib borilgan.
Kitobda
.... (nima?) tahlil qilingan.
Asosiy e’tibor .......ga qaratilgan.
(nimani?).... qo‘llab, muallif bayon etgan.
.....ta’kidlab o‘tilgan.
..... belgilab berilgan.
Kitobda (
nima?
)....
berilgan.
(nima?) ochib berilgan.
Asosiy e’tibor (nimaga?) ....masalalariga qaratilgan.
Ishda (qanday?) muammolarni, (qanday?) masalalarning hal qilinishi aks ettirilgan.
....(ijodiy) xarakteri ko‘rinib turibdi
......mezonlari o‘rnatiladi
Kitobda...... aniq ochib berilgan
.....tavsiflanadi
...... ko‘rib chiqiladi
tahlil natijasida maqolada ..... ko‘rsatiladi
..... haqida gapiriladi
Xotima qismida …..qisqacha to‘xtalib o‘tadi.
Namuna
Annotatsiya
S.A.Karimovning A.Qodiriy nomidagi Xalq merosi nashriyotida 2012-yilda chop
etilgan “Til ta’limi va me’yor” nomli o‘quv qo‘llanmasiga yozilgan
ANNOTATSIYA
Mazkur o‘quv qo‘llanmasi V-220100 va 5-220100-filologiya(o‘zbek tili va
adbiyoti) - bakalavr yo‘nalishida tahsil olayotgan 3-kurs talabalariga
mo‘ljallangan bo‘lib, Davlat ta’lim standartlariga muvofiq keladigan va
Publitsistik - Gayubova komila anvarovna yulanova nargiza davlatovna akademik yozuv

96
sohasiga xizmat qiladi. Ushbu uslubning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari quyidagilardan
iborat: tayyorgarlik ko‘rmaslik, vaziyatga qarash, suhbatdoshning albatta bo‘lishi,
yuqori darajadagi
hissiylik va ifodalanish, noan’anaviy til vositalaridan keng
foydalanish, keng doirada qo‘llab-quvvatlash.
Og’zaki uslub nafaqat og’zaki (uning janrlari — suhbat, hikoya, iltifot, nizo),
balki yozma ravishda (uning janrlari — yozishma, forum, sms-xabarlar, bloglar,
shaxsiy xatlar) ham taqdim etilishi mumkin.
Bu uslubda ko‘pincha adabiy til me’yorlariga rioya qilinadi. So‘zlashuv
uslubidagi nutq ko‘pincha dialogik shaklda bo‘ladi.
Ikki yoki undan ortiq
shaxsning luqmasi dan tuzilgan nutq dialogik nutq deyiladi.
So‘zlashuv uslubida ko‘pincha turli uslubiy bo‘yoqli so‘zlar, grammatik
vositalar, tovushlarning tushib qolishi, orttirilishi mumkin: Obbo, hamma ishni
do‘ndiribsiz-da. Mazza qildik. Ketaqo-o-ol!
So‘zlashuv uslubida gapdagi so‘zlar tartibi ancha erkin bo‘ladi. Ko‘proq
sodda gaplar, to‘liqsiz gaplar, undalmali gaplardan foydalaniladi. Oilada, ko‘cha –
ko‘yda kishilarning fikr almashish jarayonoda qo‘llanadigan
nutq uslubi
so‘zlashuv uslubi deyiladi. So‘zlashuv uslubiy adabiy va oddiy so‘zlashuv
uslublarini o‘z ichiga oladi. Adabiy til me’yorlariga qat’iy amal qilingan
so‘zlashuv uslubi adabiy so‘zlashuv uslubi, bunday xususiyatga ega
bo‘lmagan so‘zlashuv uslubi esa oddiy so‘zlashuv uslubidir. So‘zlashuv
uslubining har ikki turi ko‘pincha dialog shaklida ro‘yobga chiqadi. Bu
uslubda so‘zlar odatda kinoya, piching, qochirmalarga boy bo‘ladi.
So‘zlashuv uslubining yana bir o‘ziga xos xususiyati erkinligidir.
Jumlalar
qisqa va ta’sirli bo‘lib, ko‘pincha so‘z – daplar, to‘liqsiz gaplar, maqol va
matallar hamda iboralardan keng foydalaniladi.Umumxalq tili ma’lum bir
xalqning so‘zlashuv tilidir.
Adabiy til esa ma’lum bir til qoidalari asosida tuzilgan, ishlangan,
sayqal berilgan tildir. Umumxalq tili kengroq hajmda bo‘lib, u sheva va
lahjalar, kasb-hunarga oid so‘zlar,
atamalar, jargonlar, ma’lum toifa (biror
97
ijtimoiy guruh) ga oid so‘zlarni ham o‘z ichiga oladi. Bu xil tilda nutq erkin
bo‘lib, til qoidalariga asoslanilmaydi.
Faqat muayyan bir hududga xos ayrim belgilarni o‘zida namoyon qilgan
til shakli sheva hisoblanadi. Bir qancha shevalar yig’indisi lahja deyiladi.
Sheva va lahjalar ma’lum bir hududda yashovchi
aholining mahalliy
so‘zlashuv tilidir (masalan, Toshkent shevasi, Farg’ona shevasi kabi).
Q4
wifi - Customer satisfaction survey

MAN:
Now we’re also going to need accommodation on the Saturday night for some of the
participants … I’m not sure how many, but probably about 25.
So what do you change for
a room?
ANGELA:
Well, for conference attendees we have a 25% reduction, so
we can offer you rooms at
Q6
$
135. Normally a standard room’s $180.
MAN:
And does that include breakfast?
ANGELA:
Sure. And of course, guests can also make use of all the other facilities at the hotel. So
we’ve got a spa where you can get massages and facials and so on, and there’s a
Q7
pool
up on the roof for the use of guests.
MAN:
Great. Now what about transport links? The hotel’s downtown, isn’t it?
ANGELA:
Yes, it’s about 12 kilometres from the
Q8
airport, but there’s
a complimentary shuttle bus
for guests. And it’s only about ten minutes’ walk from the central railway station.
MAN:
OK. Now, I don’t know Sydney very well, can you just give me an
idea of the location of the
hotel?
ANGELA:
Well, it’s downtown on Wilby Street, that’s
quite a small street, and it’s not very far from the