nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Impuls-faza boshqaruv tizimi elektr sxemasini ishlab chiqish

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Impuls-faza boshqaruv tizimi elektr sxemasini ishlab chiqish
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bet | 22/26 | Sana | 21.02.2024 | Hajmi | 99,07 Kb. | | #160223 |
Bog'liq Va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi-fayllar.org9.2. Impuls-faza boshqaruv tizimi elektr sxemasini ishlab chiqish
Hozirgi vaqtda tiristorlarni boshqaruvchi impuls-faza boshqaruv tizimlari asosan vertikal tipda tapyyorlanadi. UKE-L-3101 elektr yuritmasining boshqaruv sxemasidan foydalanamiz (2 ilova).
Impuls-faza boshqaruv tizimsi uzluksiz boshqaruvchi signalUUPRni kuch tiristorlarini boshqaruvchi toʻg‘riburchakli impulьslar ketma-ketligiga oʻzgartirish uchun moʻljallangan. Bu impulslarning kengligi yetarli darajada katta va oʻnlab elektr gradusgacha yetishi mumkin. Ularni kichik gabaritli mohiyatan oʻchiruvchi impulьs transformatori orqali, uni yuqori chastotali toʻldiruvchi qoʻllaniladi, bu koʻrilayotgan qurilmalarda 20...50 kGtschastotali impulьslar bilan toʻldiriladi. Uch fazali koʻprik sxemali boshqaruv uchun yana bitta qobiliyatni koʻzda tutish kerak. Bu sxemaning ishlash qobiliyatini barcha mumkin boʻlgan rejimlarda ta’minlash uchun har bir tiristorning boshqaruvchi elektrodiga davr ichida 60 elektr gradusga siljigan ikkita boshqaruv impulsi uzatish kerak.Bayon qilinganiga mos ravishda uch fazali koʻpriksimon toʻg‘rilagichning boshqaruvchi kuchlanishlari 9.5 rasmda koʻrsatilganidek koʻrinishga ega boʻladi. Mazkur diagrammani realizatsiya qilish uchun quyidagi ish algoritmi taklif etilishi mumkin: birinchi impuls oʻz kanalida shakllantiriladi, ikkinchisi esa boshqa guruh tiristori kanalidan olinadi fazalar ishlashi boʻyicha ilgarigi guruh (anod guruhi yoki katod guruhi).
UKE-L-3101-da ─ turli guruhlar (anod va katod guruhi)dagi uchta aynan bir xil faza-boshqaruv bloklari (BFU)dan bittasida bir fazadagi ikkita tiristorlar uchun boshqaruvchi impulьslar shakllantiriladi. BFUning struktura sxemasi 9.3 rasmda keltirilgan. BFU oʻz ichida quyidagi funktsional uzellardan tuzilgan:
─ sinxronizatsiya uzeli (Sinxr),
─ yoyish signali generatori (arrasimon kuchlanish generatori) ─ GPN,
─ integral rostlagich (struktura sxemasida koʻrsatilmagan),
─ komparator (Komp),
─ davomlilikni shakllantiruvchi (FD),
─ taqsimlagichlar (Raspr),
─ chiqish impulьslarini kuchaytirgich-shakllantiruvchi (UF).
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Parametr 
      

Tekshirish shartlari

Parametr
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Tekshirish shartlari
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Avtomat A1
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Avtomat A2
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1. Kuchlanish
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2. Tok
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3. Kommutatsiyaga qobilligi
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4. Ventilning himoyalanganligi
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7.1 jadvaldagi talablarga javob beruvchi A1 avtomatni tanlaymiz.
- zarba koeffitsienti (7.1)
EO = 1 + a( )= 123.2
Oʻzgaruvchan tok zanjiri uchun quyidagi texnik koʻrsatkichlarga ega boʻlgan A3711B tipidagi elektromagnit ajratgichli avtomatik oʻchirgichni tanlaymiz:[L. 9]
─ nominal kuchlanishi
─ oʻchirgichning nominal toki
─ ajratgichning nominal toki
─ qisqa tutashuvda kutilayotgan ruxsat berilgan chegara toki
A3711B-ni shartlar boʻyicha tekshiramiz:
UAAO1=380 B ≥UC=380 B─ shart bajariladi,
10.58─shart bajariladi,
─shart bajariladi,
7.1 - jadvalda koʻrsatilgan talablarga mos keluvchi A2 avtomatini tanlaymiz.
Oʻzgarmas tok zanjiri uchun quyidagi texnik koʻrsatkichlarga ega boʻlgan A3711B tipidagi elektromagnit ajratgichli avtomatik oʻchirgichni tanlaymiz:[L.9]
─ nominal kuchlanishi
─ oʻchirgichning nominal toki
─ ajratgichning nominal toki
─ qisqa tutashuvda kutilayotgan ruxsat berilgan chegara toki
A3711B-ni shartlar boʻyicha tekshiramiz:
UAAO1=440 B ≥UC=220 B─shart bajariladi,
26─shart bajariladi,
─shart bajariladi,
Nihoyat A1 sifatida oʻzgaruvchan tok A3711B avtomatik oʻchirgichini, A2 sifatida oʻzgarmas tok A3711B avtomatik oʻchirgichinitanlab tanlovni yakunlaymiz.
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a —
avtomatlashtirish sxemasi; 
b

tasvirlangan: to ‘sqich ventil (V), havo flltri (F), bosim reduktori (R),
kichik o ‘lchamli texnik m anom etr (M). PPS da avtomatlashtirishning asosiy
vositalarining raqamli belgilari saqlanadi.
21.7- §. TEXNOLOGIK
JARAYONLARNING AVTOMATLASHTIRILGAN
BO SH Q A R ISH TIZIM LA R IN I (TJABT) LOYIHALASH
O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi andijon mashinasozlik instituti - bet 12

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O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi andijon mashinasozlik instituti
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bet | 12/26 | Sana | 21.02.2024 | Hajmi | 99,07 Kb. | | #160223 |
Bog'liq Va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi-fayllar.orgItI = EO * It 2(5.7)
ItI = 2.34 * 89.2= 208.72(A)
Bu tokning amplituda qiymati
III 1 = * It 1 (5.8)
III 1 = * 208.72 =295.17 (A)
Davomlilik vaqti20 ms-dan ortmagan qisqa tutashuv toki impulsi oqayotganda ventilga issiqlik ta’siri tarmoq parametrlariga bog‘liq holda BK=f(RC /XC) bog‘liqligi boʻyicha aniqlanadigan issiqlik ekvivalenti BKbilan xarakterlanadi. Issiqlik ekvivalenti mutloq (absolyut) birliklarga quyidagi ifoda orqali oʻtkaziladi:
BE DAN = (5.8)
Rc / Xc = 3.1;BE = 2,231
BE DAN =
K2 nuqtada shikastlanish roʻy berganida uncha katta boʻlmagan boshqarish burchaklari uchun boshqariluvchi ventil qisqa tutashuv tokining oʻrnashgan qiymati aniqlanadigan ifoda: IdK = (5.9)
IdK=
Ekvivalent ventil ulanganida tokning oʻsish tezligi. Oʻsish tezligi yetarlicha yuqori boʻladi va transformatorning induktiv qarshiligi bilan cheklanadi. Oʻsish tezligining maksimal qiymati aniqlanadigan ifoda:
(5.10)
k─transformatorning fazalari soni.
*sin
6. Kuch oʻzgartgichi ventillarini tekshirish va tanlash
6.1 Diod va tiristorlarni chamalab tanlash va hisob-kitob qilish
1) Yarim oʻtkazgich qurilmasi turi va xilini tanlash.
Yarim oʻtkazgich kuch diodlari va tiristorlari volt-amper tavsifiga bog‘liq holda odatdagi (oddiy D va T) va (koʻchkili DL va TL), kommutatsion parametrlarga bog‘liq holda esa ─ past chastotali (D va T), tez tiklanuvchi diodlar (DCH), tez oʻchadiganlari (TCH), tez ulanadigan (TI) va tez ishlaydigan tiristorlar (TB) larga boʻlinadi.
Past chastotali kuch diodlari va tiristorlari 500 Gts-gacha chastotali oʻzgaruvchan tok zanjirlarida qoʻllaniladi, bu yerda teskari tiklanish yoki oʻchish va ulanish vaqti, toʻg‘ri tok va kuchlanishlarning yuqori oʻsish tezliklari boʻyicha ularga alohida talablar qoʻyilmaydi.
Tiristorlar tipini tanlaymiz ─KU.[L. 3, 4]
2) Ventil nominal tokini tanlash.
Pasport ma’lumotlarida keltirilgan ventilning ruxsat etilgan oʻrtacha toki (nominal toki) kvalifikatsion sharoitlar (chastotasi 50 Gts, bitta yarim davrli sinusoidal tok, korpus harorati 85OC, oʻtkazuvchanlik burchagi 180O va shu kabilar). Yarim oʻtkazgich qurilmalar ishlashining real sharoitlari (ayniqsa sovutish) kvalifikatsion sharoitlardan koʻp darajada farqlanadi, bu esa ventilni tok boʻyicha tanlashni qiyinlashtiradi. Koʻzda tutilayotgan sharoitlardagi nominal tokning dastlabki taxmin qilinayotgan qiymati (faza ventili uchun) quyidagi nisbat bilan aniqlanadi:
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Texnologik jarayonlarni nazorat qilish va avtomatlashtirish - bet 62

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Texnologik jarayonlarni nazorat qilish va avtomatlashtirishBog'liq zp6Vzds4FdXKYeEqe9TPL1EXuvanELsf1Mh24SpGTexnologik uzelning oMchanadigan va boshqariluvchi
o ‘zgaruvchi hamda me’yordagi ish rejimidagi qiymatlari
2 9 .16-jadval
OMchanadigan o‘zgaruvchilar (datchiklar)
№
OMchanadigan o‘zgaruvchi
0 ‘lchov
birligi
Me’yoriy
rejimdagi
qiymati
AI-520
Aralashma konsentratsiyasi
% massa
42.86
AI-521
E -l da aralashmaning konsentratsiyasi
(laboratoriya tahlili)
% massa
42.86
FIRC-100
E -l idishidagi suv sarfi
m3/soat
9.08
FIRC-110
E -l da kislota sarfi
m3/soat
6.81
F1RC-120
E -l dan chiqadigan aralashma sarfi
m3/soat
15.89
U R -401
E -l idishdagi aralashma sathi
(joyiga qarab o ‘lchash)
%
0.00
LIRC-400
E -l dagi aralashma sathi
%
50.00
PIR-200
N - l chiqishdagi bosim
kg/sm
2
0.55
PIR-210
N -2 chiqishdagi bosim
kg/sm
2
0.63
PIR-220
N-3 chiqishdagi bosim
kg/sm
2
0.49
ESLATMA. AI-521 datchigi aralashm a konsentratsiyasining laborato-
riya tah lilin i im itatsiyalaydi. Texnologik uzelning m e ’yordagi ishlash
rejim ida AI-521 datchigining ko‘rsatishlari ekranga chiqarilm aydi. Ularni
k o ‘rish u chun kolba tasviri tushirilgan tugm achaga sichqoncha bilan
cherting.
29.17-jadval
Analogli boshqariluvchi parametrlar (rostlagichlar)
№
Rostlanuvchi o‘zgaruvchi
Klapanga
chiqish(%)
Boshqarish
rejimi
Rostlash
turi
FIRC-100
E -l idishidagi suv sarfi
50.00
avto.
Lok.
FIRC-110
E -l idishidagi kislota sarfi
50.00
avto
Lok.
FIRC-120
E -l dan chiqayotgan
aralashma sarfi
50.00
avto
masof.
HC-120
FIRC-120 asbobini rostlash
klapani baypasidagi qulf
0.0
q o i
--
LIRC-400
E -l dagi aralashma sathi
—
avto
Lok.
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M e’yordagi to‘xtatish. Umumiy mulohazalar

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M e’yordagi to‘xtatish. Umumiy mulohazalarBog'liq zp6Vzds4FdXKYeEqe9TPL1EXuvanELsf1Mh24SpGM e’yordagi to‘xtatish. Umumiy mulohazalar.
„M e’yordagi to ‘xtatish“
m ashqining m aqsadi — qurilm ani tarm oqdan to ‘g‘ri va xavfsiz uzish
uchun zarur harakatlar ketma-ketligini o‘rganib olishdan iborat.
Texnologik uzelni to ‘la to ‘xtatish, odatda, asosiy qurilm ani rejadagi
ta ’mirlashni o ‘tkazish uchun yoki rahbariyatning ko‘rsatmasi bilan ishlab
chiqarish zaruratiga ko‘ra amalga oshiriladi. H am m a tegishli xizmatchilar
rejali
o ‘chirib qo‘yish to ‘g‘risida xabardor qilinishlari kerak.
22.6-§. ARALASHTIRISH REZERVUARI
Texnologik uzelning tavsifi
Talab qilingan konsentratsiyadagi aralashtirilgan eritm a hosil qilish
maqsadida toza suv va sirka kislotasi oqimlarini aralashtirish amalga oshi-
riladigan idish modellashtiriladi. Suv va kislota nasoslar yordam ida ara-
lashtiriladigan idishga uzluksiz uzatib turiladi, u yerda mexanik aralashtirish
amalga oshiriladi. Aralashtirilgan eritm a idishdagi berilgan sath saqlangan
holda oziq-ovqat nasosi yordamida uzluksiz chiqarib olinadi. Texnologik
uzelning sxemasi 22.6-rasmda keltirilgan.
A ralashtirish tizim ini
boshqarish
— asbob-uskunadan xavfsiz va sa-
m arali foydalanish talablariga m uvofiq texnologik jaray o n n i yuritishdan
iborat.
Suv H -1A (H — IB) nasos yordamida E -l aralashtirgichga haydaladi.
Sirka kislotasi shu idishning o ‘ziga H -2A (H -2B) nasos yordam ida
haydaladi. H ar bir oqimning berilgan sarfini, mos ravishda, suv va kislota
liniyalaridagi FIRC -100 va FIRC -110 rostlagichlari ta ’minlaydi. Suv va
kislota oqimlari E - l idishda M -l aralashtirgich yordam ida aralashtiriladi.
Olingan aralashma idishdan (rezervuardan) Н-ЗА (H-3B) nasos yordamida
chiqarib olinadi. E - l idishdan chiqarib olinayotgan eritm a m iqdorini
aralashmani chiqarish liniyasida joylashgan FIRC-120 rostlagichi belgilaydi.
Kaskadda sarf rostlagichi uchun o ‘rnatm ani E -l da sathni saqlab turuvchi
LIRC-400 rostlagich ta ’minlaydi.
Idishdan chiqarilayotgan eritma tarkibi AI-520 analizatori bilan nazorat
qilinadi, u aralashmadagi kislota konsentratsiyasini aniqlaydi. Agar aralashma
tarkibi spetsifikatsiyaga mos kelmasa, aralashmani nokonditsiya liniyasiga
chiqarish imkoniyati nazarda tutilgan. PIR-200, P IR -2 1 0 va P IR -220
d a tc h ik la ri, m os ravishda, N -1 /A ,B , N -2 /A ,B va N -3 /A ,B nasoslari-
ning haydash liniyasidagi bosim ni n a zo rat qiladi.
2
2
.6
-
ras
m.
T
ex
n
o
lo
g
ik
u
ze
l
sx
e
m
a
si.
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- §. MOSLASHUVCHAN AVTOMATLASHTIRILGAN

robotlarining keng joriy etilishini, ko‘p seriyali, ko‘p nom enklaturali,
tez-tez qayta tuziladigan ishlab chiqarish uchun m o‘ljallangan dastur bilan
boshqariluvchi avtomatik ishlab chiqarish tizimlarini va moslashuvchi (tez-
tez o ‘zgartiriladigan) ishlab chiqarish tizimlari yoki moslashuvchi avtom at-
lashtirilgan ishlab chiqarishlar (M A IC H ) ni yaratishni muvaffaqiyatli
rivojlantirishga imkon beradi. M AICHda kompleks avtomatlashtirish va
ishlab chiqarishning uzluksizligi va uyg‘unligi, mahsulotni ishlab chiqa-
rishning yuqori sur’atlari bilan qo‘shib olib boriladi.
M AICHning asosini sonli dastur bilan boshqariluvchi m ashinalar va
apparatlar, sanoat robotlari va m anipulatorlar, mikro va mini EHM
asosidagi boshqaruvchi qurilmalar tashkil etadi.
M AICH boshqarishning yuqori darajada moslashuvida qayta sozlanishi
bilan xarakterlanadi. Bu optimal rejalashtirishni ishlab chiqish texnologik
tayyorgarlik ko‘rishni, aniq vaziyatni hisobga olib dispetcherlik qurilmalarini
kompleks boshqarishni kiritish imkonini beradi.
M A IC H tarkibiga (21.15-rasm ) lokal avtom atlashtirish tizim lari
(LAS), texnologik jarayonlarni avtomatlashtirilgan boshqarish tizim lari
(TJABT), robotlashtirilgan komplekslar (RK), avtomatlashtirilgan ortish-
tushirish va transport tizimlari (AOT va TS), xomashyo va yarim tayyor
mahsulotlarning avtomatlashtirilgan ombori (TMAO), avtomatlashtirilgan
loyihalash tizimi(ALT), ishlab chiqarishni texnologik tayyorlashning avto
matlashtirilgan kompleksi (ICHTTAK), xomashyo va chala mahsulotlar
bilan ta ’minlashning avtomatlashtirilganlik kompleksi (X va CHM TAK),
asbob bilan ta ’minlashning avtomatlashtirilgan kompleksi (AT AK), tashki-
liy-iqtisodiy, rejalash va dispetcherlik boshqaruvi markazi (TIR va DBM)
kiritilishi mumkin.
Ishlab chiqarish jarayoni
Eruvchan saqlagichlar bilan muhofaza

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Eruvchan saqlagichlar bilan muhofaza
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bet | 18/26 | Sana | 21.02.2024 | Hajmi | 99,07 Kb. | | #160223 |
Bog'liq Va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi-fayllar.org7.2 Eruvchan saqlagichlar bilan muhofaza
Ichki va tashqi qisqa tutashuvlarda yarim oʻtkazgich qurilmalarni muhofaza qilish uchun ayrim hollarda maxsus tez ta’sir etuvchi eruvchan saqlagichlarning turli tiplari qoʻllaniladi: PPA, PP38, PP57, PP63. eng koʻp hollarda PP57 saqlagichlari qoʻllaniladi, chunki bu tipdagi saqlagichlar juda keng tip va oʻlchamlarda, Upn = 220, 380, 660, 1250, 2000 V oʻzgaruvchan kuchlanishlarga va 160, 220, 440, 660, 1080 V oʻzgarmas kuchlanishlar, hamda Ipn – 25…630 Atoklarga ishlab chiqariladi.
7.2 - jadval. Saqlagichlarni tanlash shartlari
PP57-3137 tipidagi saqlagichni tanlaymiz
Saqlagichni shartlar boʻyicha tekshiramiz:
9.075─shartlar bajariladi,
50002 = 75 000 (A∙s2 )─shartlar bajariladi.
Demak, himoyani faqat avtomatik oʻchirgichlar bilan amalga oshiramiz.
7.3 Ventillarni oʻta kuchlanishlardan himoyalash
Ventili oʻzgartgichlar zanjirlaridagi oʻtish jarayonlari koʻpincha oʻta kuchlanishlar bilan kechadi, ulardan asosiylari:
─ tok kommutatsiyasi momenti paytida yarim oʻtkazgich qurilmalaridagi ichki jarayonlar kechishi bilan bog‘liq boʻlgan oʻta kuchlanishlar;
─ induktivlikka ega boʻlgan tashqi zanjirlarni oʻchirish momentlaridagi kommutatsion oʻta kuchlanishlar va boshqalar.
Oʻta kuchlanishlar qurilmalarning elektrik teshilishiga va qisqa tutashuvlarga olib kelishi mumkin. yuzaga kelayotgan oʻta kuchlanishlarni bartaraf etish uchun ventillarga parallel ulanadigan R-C zanjirlar qoʻllaniladi. bunday zanjirdagi kondensatorning zarur sig‘imini topish uchun quyidagi formuladan topish mumkin:
(7.2)
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M e’yordagi to‘xtatish. Umumiy mulohazalar

M e’yordagi to‘xtatish. Umumiy mulohazalar.
„M e’yordagi to ‘xtatish“
mashqidan maqsad — issiqlik almashtirgichni to ‘g‘ri va xavfsiz o ‘chirish
uchun zarur harakatlar ketma-ketligini bilib olish.
Isitish uzelini to ‘la to ‘xtatish, odatda, asosiy qurilm ani t a ’m irlash-
dan o'tkazish uchun yoki ishlab chiqarish zaruriyatiga ko‘ra am alga
oshiriladi.
22.5-§. SIG‘MLAR TIZIMI
Texnologik uzelning tavsifi
Ikki idishdan iborat tizim m odellashtiriladi, ular orasidan ishchi
suyuqlik o ‘z -o ‘zidan oqib o ‘tadi (22.5-rasm ga qarang). Bu tizim gidro-
statika prinsiplarini namoyish qilishga imkon beradi. Idishlar h ar xil
balandlikka o‘rnatilgan. Idishlar orasidagi oqim yo‘llarida ish suyuqligi-
ning sarfini o'zgartirish uchun idishlardagi bosim ni va sathlarni o ‘zgar-
tirish mumkin.
Ish suyuqligi sifatida suvdan foydalaniladi.
Boshqarish prinsiplari
E - l idishiga suvni uzatish quvurida joylashgan FV-110 klapani
yordam ida F IR C -110 rostlagichi bilan tutib turiladigan sarf bilan E -l
idishiga suv uzatiladi. P IR -200 datchigi kirish quvuridagi bosim ni
nazo rat qiladi, PIR-201 datchigi esa E - l ga kirishdagi bosim ni nazorat
qiladi.
E -l idishidagi bosimni ikki kanalli PIRC-210 rostlagichi ta ’minlab
tu rad i. R ostlagichning ,,A“ klapani bosim rostlagichida belgilangan
qiymatdan oshib ketganda, atmosferaga azotni chiqarib yuboradi, agar
bosim belgilanganidan past bo‘lsa, idishga ,,B“ klapan orqali azot uzatiladi.
Ikkala klapan yopilganda nosezgirlik zonasi mavjud bo ‘ladi: azot idishdan
chiqarilmaydi ham , idishga uzatilmaydi ham.
Suv E -l idishining pastki qismidan E -l idishga berilgan sathni saqlab
turuvchi LIRC-410 rostlagichining LV-410 klapani joylashgan quvur
b o ‘yicha oqib chiqib ketadi. Bosim datchigi PIR-211 E -l idishidan
chiqishdagi bosimni ko‘rsatadi.
Suv E-2 idishiga oqib o ‘tadi, PIR-120 datchigi E-2 o ‘tishdagi suv
sarfini ko‘rsatadi, P IR -220 datchigi esa E-2 ga kirishdagi bosim ni
ko‘rsatadi. E-2 idishdagi bosim E -l idishdagi bosim kabi azot yordamida
tutib turiladi va PIRC-230 — ikki kanalli rostlagich bilan rostlanadi.
E-2 idishidan suvning berilgan sathini ta ’minlab turuvchi LIRC-430
rostlagichining LV-430 klapanli quvuri bo ‘ylab N -1A asosiy nasos yoki
N -1V zahira nasos E-2 dagi suvni tortib (haydab) chiqaradi. PIR-231
datchigi E-2 dan chiqarilayotgan suv bosimini, PIR-232 datchigi N -1/A ,V
nasoslarning haydash bosimlarini, PIR-233 datchigi LV-430 klapanidan
keyingi bosimni, F I R - 130 datchigi esa E-2 dagi suvning sarflanishini
ko‘rsatadi.
A
T
M
O
S
F
E
R
A
2
2
.5
-r
a
sm
.
Si
g
‘i
m
la
r
ti
zi
m
i
sx
em
a
si
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immediate feedback - Speaking Part3

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2)
Abstract concepts
(collocation) - Ideas or theories that are theoretical and not based on
concrete examples.
Example: "Understanding abstract concepts like quantum physics can be challenging
for children but intriguing for adults."
Question 3
: How can a teacher make lessons for children more interesting?
Answer
: To make lessons engaging for children, teachers can incorporate interactive
activities, games, and visual aids. It's crucial to relate the subject matter to real-life examples
and
foster curiosity
. Encouraging creativity and allowing students to express themselves
through art or storytelling can enhance their interest. Varying teaching methods and being
enthusiastic and approachable also contribute to creating an interesting and
enjoyable
learning environment.
High-level vocabulary with examples:
1)
Foster curiosity
(collocation) - Encourage and nurture a strong desire to learn or know
more.
decade?
Answer - Speaking Part3

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Speaking Part3Bog'liq Speaking Part3 (2)decade?
Answer
: In the past decade, cities in my country have undergone significant transformations.
Urbanization
has accelerated, leading to the construction of modern skyscrapers, improved
transportation networks, and enhanced infrastructure. Additionally, there has been a growing
focus on sustainability, with initiatives like
eco-friendly
public transportation and urban
green spaces. These changes reflect the increasing urban population and the need for more
efficient, environmentally responsible city living.
High-level vocabulary with examples:
1)
Urbanization
(noun) - The process of an increasing number of people living in cities and
the growth and expansion of urban areas.
Example: "Rapid urbanization has resulted in the expansion of our city's
boundaries."
2)
Eco-friendly
(adjective) - Being environmentally friendly, minimizing harm to the
environment.
Example: "Eco-friendly initiatives aim to reduce our carbon footprint and promote
sustainability."
Question 2
: Do people in your country tend to live in smaller towns or bigger cities?
Why?
Answer
: The trend in my country leans towards residing in bigger cities. This preference
arises from the
allure
of better economic opportunities, access to quality education,
healthcare, and a wider range of services and amenities. Larger cities tend to offer a bustling
urban lifestyle, job prospects, and cultural diversity, attracting people seeking a
vibrant
and
dynamic environment.
High-level vocabulary with examples:
1)
Allure
(noun) - The quality of being attractive or appealing.
Example: "The allure of big cities often lies in their promise of exciting career
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prospects."
2)
Vibrant - Speaking Part3

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Question 3
: How can people be encouraged to live in the country?
Answer: Encouraging people to live in rural areas or the countryside requires addressing
several factors. Governments can provide
incentives
, such as tax breaks or subsidies, to make
rural living more appealing. Promoting remote work options, enhancing rural infrastructure,
and ensuring access to quality healthcare and education are vital. Creating cultural and
recreational opportunities, like local festivals and outdoor activities, can also attract
individuals seeking a quieter, more
nature-oriented
lifestyle.
High-level vocabulary with examples:
1)
Incentives
(noun) - Things that encourage or motivate people to take a particular action.
Example: "Financial incentives can be effective in luring urban dwellers to live in the
countryside."
2)
Nature-oriented
(adjective) - Focused on or appreciative of the natural environment and
outdoor activities.
Example: "Living in the countryside offers a nature-oriented lifestyle, with
opportunities for hiking, fishing, and wildlife appreciation."
Art
Question 1
: Describe the general purpose of art. And say why do people enjoy art?
Answer: The general purpose of art is
multifaceted
. It serves as a means of self-expression,
enabling artists to convey their thoughts, emotions, and experiences. Art also acts as a mirror
of society, reflecting cultural, historical, and social aspects. People enjoy art for its capacity to
evoke emotions, inspire creativity, and
foster empathy
. Whether through paintings,
sculptures, or music, art provides a profound source of pleasure and insight into the human
experience.
Multifaceted personalities

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Example: "People have multifaceted personalities, influenced by a range of factors
beyond music."
Education
Question 1
:
What role should the teacher have in the classroom?
Answer
: The teacher plays a pivotal role in the classroom. They are not merely information
providers but also facilitators, mentors, and motivators. Teachers should create a
conducive
learning environment
, inspire critical thinking, and adapt their teaching methods to cater to
diverse learning styles. Their role encompasses not only imparting knowledge but also
nurturing students'
holistic development
, fostering creativity, and instilling values.
High-level vocabulary with examples:
1)
Conducive learning environment
(collocation) - A setting that is favorable and suitable
for effective learning.
Example: "A conducive learning environment includes factors like student
engagement, access to resources, and a sense of safety."
2)
Holistic development
(collocation) - The overall growth and progress of a person in all
aspects of life.
Example: "Education should focus on holistic development, addressing not just
academic skills but also social, emotional, and ethical development."
Question 2
: What is the difference between the way children learn and the way adults learn?
Answer
: Children and adults have distinct learning styles. Children often learn through
exploration, play, and visual experiences. They are more receptive to
Example: "Nurturing pleasant childhood memories is essential for long-term

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Example: "Nurturing pleasant childhood memories is essential for long-termBog'liq Speaking Part3 (2)Example: "Nurturing pleasant childhood memories is essential for long-term
emotional well-being."
2)
Resilience
(noun) - The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties and adapt to adverse
situations.
Example: "People with a reservoir of pleasant childhood memories often exhibit
greater resilience in the face of adversity."
Question 3
: Do you think that people are permanently affected by negative childhood
memories? Why do you think so?
Answer
: Negative childhood memories can indeed have lasting effects. They may lead to
emotional scars
, impacting one's self-esteem, mental health, and behavior. People might
carry unresolved traumas into adulthood, influencing their relationships and decision-making.
However, it's important to note that individuals can undergo healing, personal growth, and
therapy to
mitigate
these effects. While negative memories may linger, they need not dictate
one's entire life.
High-level vocabulary with examples:
1)
Emotional scars
(collocation) - Lingering psychological wounds resulting from past
traumatic experiences.
Example: "Negative childhood memories can leave emotional scars that affect one's
self-esteem and relationships."
2)
Mitigate
(verb) - To make something less severe, harmful, or painful.
Example: "Seeking therapy can help mitigate the impact of negative childhood memories
on one's mental health."
Cities
Abror Rahmatullayev
Telegram: @MultiLevelRecord
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Question 1
: What are some ways that cities in your country are changing in the past
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Example: "Effective teachers know how to foster curiosity among their students by

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Example: "Prioritizing one's well-being is key to leading a content and fulfilling life."
2)
Economic productivity
(collocation) - The capacity of a country or individual to produce
goods and services efficiently.
Example: "A healthy population contributes to higher economic productivity, as
individuals can actively participate in the workforce."
Question 2
:
What useful technology helped us combat the Coronavirus?
Answer
: Technology played a
pivotal role
in combating the Coronavirus. Telemedicine, for
instance, allowed remote healthcare consultations, reducing the risk of virus transmission.
Contact tracing apps helped monitor and contain the spread of the virus. Virtual collaboration
tools ensured business continuity and remote work. Additionally, vaccine development
benefitted from advanced
-shakl.
1.17-shakl - ‘z b e k ist 0n respublikasi oliy va ‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi

1.19-shakI.
Abu AH ibn Sino mexanizmlari (Xasr).
a - tishli uzatma; b - bloklar yordamida yuk ко 'tarish qurilmasi; d - chig 'iriq rasmi;
e - chig'iriqning chizmasi; f - richag va vint chizig'iga asoslangan qurilma rasmi;
g - qurilmaning chizmasi; h - tishli uzatma va richag asosida ishlaydigan qurilma;
i - qurilmaning chizmasi.
Hozirgi paytda bu usul Beruniydan deyarli 500
yil keyin yashab
o ‘tgan Postelning nomi bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan holda
«Postelning qutbiy
azim utalproyeksiyasi» deb ataladi.
Abu Rayhon Beruniy fazoviy obyektlami
tavsiflashda Farobiy kabi
uchta o ‘lchovdan keng foydalangan.
«
Mineralogiya» nomli mashhur asarida
minerallaming qiyofasini
ta’riflashda konus, ko‘pyoq, nuriya, havoiy so‘zlaridan foydalanadi. Bu
yerda «
Nuriya» (alangasimon) sirt arabcha «
tetraedr», «
havoiy» esa
«ok-
taedr» m a’nosida berilgan.
Abdurahmon al-Xaziniy o ‘zining
«Hikmatlar mezoni» kitobida o ‘z
davriga mansub (XII asr) fizikaga doir bir qancha asboblaming chizma
larini beradi.
Sharqning ilk o ‘rta asr buyuk olimlaridan yana biri o ‘z
davrining
yetuk tabibi Abu ali ibn Sino (980-103 7)dir.
U meditsina sohasida yirik
asarlar yaratish bilan birga astronomiyaga tegishli
va falsafiy asarlar
yaratdi, ilmiy kashfiyotlar qildi.
Ibn Sino o ‘z ilmiy faoliyatida tasvirlar chizish nazariyasini kashf etib,
ancha yuqori darajadagi chizmalar chizishni tavsiya qilgan.
20
IV bob. PROYEKSIYALAR YASASH - ‘z b e k ist 0n respublikasi oliy va ‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi

V bob. AK SONOM ETRIK PROYEKSIYALAR
1 -
U m u m iy tu s h u n c h a .................................................................................................................. 162
2- §. Izom etrik p ro y e k siy a ................................................................................................................164
3- §. D im etrik p ro y e k siy alar............................................................................................................ 186
4- §. T exnik r a s m .................................................................................................................................194
VI bob. M A SHINASOZLIK CHIZM ALARI
I - §. Vint c h iz iq la r.............................................................................................................................. 203
2
Re zba l a mi tasvirlash va u lam i ch iz m alard a b e lg ila s h ..................................................207
3 -§ . A jralad ig an b irik m a la r............................................................................................................ 229
4 -§ . A jralm ay d ig an b irik m a la r...................................................................................................... 236
5 -§ . S hponkali b irik m a la r................................................................................................................245
6 - Tishli (sh lisali) b irik m a la r....................................................................................................... 248
-shakl - ‘z b e k ist 0n respublikasi oliy va ‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi

15.51-shakl.
447
15.52-shakl.
konstruktorlik, texnologik va ekspluatasiya qilish masalalari o ‘rganiladi,
y a ’ni sinovdan o ‘tkaziladi.
8-§. Berilgan sxema-chizma bo‘yicha loyihalash
1. Val ko'rsatilgan yo‘nalish bo ‘yicha aylantirilganda, sterjen
X ma-
sofaga yo ‘nalish bo‘yicha siljigandan keyin, yana o ‘z o ‘m iga darrov
qaytsin. Shunday mexanizmni loyihalang (15.53-shakl).
2. Polzun (sudraluvchi) dagi
A nuqta A t masofaga valning bir marta
aylanishida o ‘tsin. Polzunning siljishi ravon bo lsin (15.54-shakl). Shun
day mexanizmni loyihalang.
3. Vintning vertikal bo‘yicha ham yuqoriga, ham pastga harakatini
valning aylanish yo‘nalishini o'zgartirmasdan qanday ta ’minlash mum
kin? Bu yerda bekorga (xolostoy) yurishni ham ko‘zda tutgan holda
buyumni loyihalang (15.55-shakl).
4. Chambarak (maxovik) aylantirilganda vint
V ning ikkala tomonga
gorizontal harakat qilish jarayonini loyihalang (15.56-shakl).
5. Birinchi yetakchi val bir tononlama, bir m e’yorda aylanganda,
qanday qilib ikkinchi valni ikki tomonlama ravon aylanishiga majbur
qilish mumkin (15.57-shakl). ? Shunday mexanizmni loyihalang.
6. Silindrik stakan
1 jism A ga shunday mustahkamlansinki, vint 2
burilganda stakan aylanmasin. Vint 2 jism
A ga taqalganda mustahkamlik
o ‘z-o‘zidan avtomatik tarzda buzilsin (15.58-shakl). Ushbu jarayon
mexanizmini loyihalang.
7. 0 ‘zaro «Qaldirg‘och dumi» usulida biriktirtlgan ikkita disk
A va
В val / yordamida aylanma hatakatga keltirilganda В disk markazining
A disk markaziga siljishini ta ’minlaydi. Disk A val bilan qattiq mah-
15.53-shakl.
448
15.54-shakl.
H
.............-L'.-L
- r f
n
L
J
4
15.56-shakl.
15.57-shakl.
ш ж ш к
15.58-shakl.
15.59-shakl.
kamlangan. Q o‘zg‘almas qilib mustahkamlangan qalam disk
В sirtida
ellips chizadigan mexanizmni loyihalang (15.59-shakl).
8. Val
1 aylantirilganda reyka 2 vertikal harakat qi 1 ishi ta’minlanadigan
mexanizmni loyihalang (15.60-shakl).
9. Ikki qo‘lli arrada yog‘ochni bir kishi aralaydigan moslamani loyi
halang (15.61-shakl).
10. Konteynerdagi silindrik valiklami bir m e’yorda tashqariga, y a’ni
pastga itarib chiqaruvchi mexanizmni loyihalang (15.62-shakl).
11. Detallami qisib turuvchi vintli moslamada kamchilik mavjud.
Detal
I ni chiqarib olish uchun vint 2 ni ko‘p marta aylantirishga to ‘g ‘ri
keladi. Moslamaning konstruksiyasiga shunday o ‘zgartirish kiritish ke-
rakki, vintning bir yoki bir yarim marta aylanishidan so‘ng detal oson-
likcha chiqarib olinsin (15.63-shakl). Shu jarayonni loyihalang.
12. Ilgarilanma-qaytma harakat qiluvchi zveno
1 yetakchi hisobla-
nadi. Zveno
1 ning yuqori va pastga harakatlanayotganida detal 2 ning bir
tomonloma aylanishini ta’minlaydigan mexanizmni loyihalang (15.64-shakl).
13. Katta sig‘imdagi idishda ikki hi
IA vaB gaz aralashtirilib, tarmoqqa
yuboriladi. Gazlardan biri to ‘xtab qolsa, gazlami darrov berkitadigan
moslamani loyihalang (15.65-shakl).
449
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‘z b e k ist 0n respublikasi oliy va ‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi - bet 231

MUNDARIJA
S o 'z b o s h i.....................................................................................................................................................3
K i r i s h ...........................................................................................................................................................4
I bob. C H IZM A CH ILIK FANINING RIVO JLANISH TARIXI
1-§. G rafika t a r i x i ................................................................................................................................... 6
2-.§. 0 ‘rta O siy o d a grafikaning riv o jlan ish ig a hissa q o ‘shgan b u y u k o lim lar.................. 15
VII bob. TISHLI UZATMALAR - ‘z b e k ist 0n respublikasi oliy va ‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi

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Bog'liq Chizmachilik.I.Raxmonov. 2016VII bob. TISHLI UZATMALAR
1-§. U m u m iy tu s h u n c h a .................................................................................................................. 255
2 -§ . S ilin d rik tishli g 'ild ira k la r...................................................................................................... 257
3 -§ . K o nus tishli ilash m alar............................................................................................................ 265
4 -§ . C hervyakli tishli ila s h m a la r.................................................................................................. 268
5 -§ . R eykali ila sh m a la r.....................................................................................................................272
6-ij. Z an jirli u z a tm a la r......................................................................................................................273
7 -§ . X rapovikli m ex a n iz m ...............................................................................................................275
8 -§ . P ru jin a la r......................................................................................................................................276
9 -§ . P o d s h ip n ik la r............................................................................................................................. 279
10-.§.C h izm alard a b u y u m la m in g m arkalash, ta m g 'a la s h b elgilarini k o 'rs a tis h ............ 280
VIII bob. QO YIM (DOPUSK) VA O TQA ZISHLAR
1-§. Q o 'y im (d o p u s k )....................................................................................................................... 282
2 -§ . O 'tq a z is h la r .................................................................................................................................283
IX bob. CH IZM ALARDA YUZALARNING G ADIR-BUDURLIG INI
BELGILASH
1-§. Y uzalam ing g ‘a d ir-b u d u rlig i................................................................................................. 292
2 -§ . C h izm alard a y u zalam in g g ‘ad ir-budurlik belg ilarin i q o 'y is h q o id a la ri................. 294
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-shakl - ‘z b e k ist 0n respublikasi oliy va ‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi

Lekalolar. Sirkul yordamida chizib bo'lm aydigan egri chiziqlami
chizish uchun lekalolar ishlatiladi (2.5-shakl).
Lekalolar yupqa fanyerdan yoki plastmassadan yasaladi. Odatda, egri
chiziqning topilgan nuqtalari qo'lda qalam bilan ingichka chiziq yor
damida birlashtiriladi. Egri chiziq ravon bo'lishi uchun lekalo qirrasi
chiziladigan egri chiziqning 3^1 nuqtasini, mos ravishda, 1, 2, 3 ga to 'g 'ri
keladigan qilib qo‘yiladi (2.6 -shakl). Egri chiziqning qolgan qismini
chizish uchun lekalo qirrasi navbatdagi 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 nuqtalarga
to 'g 'ri keladigan qilib qo'yiladi. So'ngra bu nuqtalar tutashtiriladi. Keyin
barcha nuqtalami birlashtiruvchi ingichka chiziq ustidan qalam yoki tush
bilan yurgizib chiqiladi. Lekalo yordamida chiziluvchi egri chiziq nuqta-
larini ravon tutashtirish uchun bir nechta lekalo to'plam i bo'lishi kerak.
Transportir. Turli burchaklami o'lchash yoki yasash uchun trans-
portirdan foydalaniladi.
Qadoqlar (knopkalar). Qadoqlar chizma qog'ozi-listni chizma taxta-
siga mahkamlash uchun ishlatiladi.
Gotovalnya. Gotovalnya g'ilofga joylashtirilgan chizma asboblari
to'plam idan iborat bo'lib, u GOST 6100-68 ga asosan ishlab chiqariladi.
O 'quv yurtlarida У 10, У 11 va У 14 markali gotovalnyalardan foydala-
nish tavsiya etiladi.
X bob. QO PLA M ALA R, TERM IK VA BOSHQA ISHLOV BERISH

6 -§ . Ish c h iz m a la ri............................................................................................................................. 317
7-.§. D e tallam in g ish c h iz m a la ri....................................................................................................319
8 -§ . B uyum larga birg alik d a ishlov berish c h iz m a la r i............................................................322
9 -§ . Y ig 'ish ish c h iz m ala ri...............................................................................................................324
10-.§. U m u m iy k o 'rin is h c h iz m a la ri............................................................................................ 326
11-§. S p etsifik atsiy a ...........................................................................................................................327
12-§. O 'q u v chizm alari va h u jjatla rin in g b e lg ilan ish i............................................................332
13-§. C h izm alard a b uyum tark ib iy q ism larig a v aziy at raqam larini q o 'y is h .................. 333
14-§. Y ig 'ish ch izm alarid a o 'lc h a m la r q o ‘yish v a o ‘tq az ish lar ham da
chekli ch etg a c h iq ish lam i q o 'y i s h ....................................................................................336
15-.§. C hizm adagi y o zu v lar va tex n ik talab larg a o id k o 'rs a tm a la r.................................... 338
16-§. Y ig 'ish chizm alarini tu z ish ...................................................................................................340
17-.§. Y ig 'ish ch izm alarid a qirqim b a ja r is h ...............................................................................342
18- §. Y ig 'ish ch izm alarid a sh artlilik v a s o d d a la s h tirish la r..................................................343
19- §. B u y u m n in g y ig 'is h ch izm alarin i o 'q i s h .......................................................................... 347
20- ij. Y ig 'ish ch izm alarid a a rm a tu ra lam in g ayrim q ism larini tasv irla sh .........................350
Konteyner
Valik - ‘z b e k ist 0n respublikasi oliy va ‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi

14.
Yetakchi val
1 soat mili yo‘nalishi bo‘yicha aylanadi. Zveno
2
ning ilgarilanama-qaytma harakat qilishini ta’minlaydigan moslamani
loyihalang (15.66- shakl).
15. Bir meyorda aylanadigan val
1 va silkinadigan richag 2
berilgan
(15.67- shakl). Valnning bir marta aylanishida richak ikkita silkinish
siklini bajaradigan moslamani loyihalang.
9-§. Berilgan chizma-sxema bo‘yicha konstruksiyalashda texnik
talablarni loyihalash
Detallarni tatbiq qilinish joyiga qarab loyihalashda, ularning moslama
yoki mexanizmlarda m e’yorida ishlashi ta’minlanishi hisobga olinadi.
1-misol. 15.68-shaklda moslamaning yig‘ish chizmasi berilgan bo‘-
lib, undagi val
A aylanma harakat qilganda detal
В yuqorilama va qaytma
harakat qilsin.
Yechish. Buning uchun val A ning uchi kulachok yoki ekssentrik
shaklda loyihalanishi lozim. Shunday loyihalangan yechim 15.68-shakl,
b da yig‘ish chizmasida ko‘satilgan. Yana boshqa misollarga murojaat
etamiz.
2-m isol. 15.69-shakl,
a da valikning tasviri berilgan.
U butun silind-
rik sterjendan dastgohda yo ‘nib tayyorlangan. Yo‘nilgan joylari shtrixlab
q o‘yilgan. Valikni kam material sarflab tayyorlash yo‘lini hisobga olingan
holda loyihalang.
Yechish. Materialni tejash va uni tayyorlash uchun kam vaqt sarflash
maqsadida valikning asosiy qismini 0 2 0 mm li diametrdagi sterjendan
tayyorlash lozim bo‘ladi (15.69-shakl,
b). Valikning katta diametrli
qismi alohida tayyorlanib, ular payvandlanadi yoki rezba yordamida
biriktiriladi (15.69-shakl,
d).
3- misol. 15.70- shakl,
a da saralash (taqsimlash)
moslamasi sxemasi
berilgan. Shunday detalni loyihalangki, sharchalar goh o ‘ng, goh chap
tuynukka tushishini va tashqariga chiqib ketshini ta’minlang.
Yechish. Saralash moslamasi kamerasiga T shaklidagi to‘sqich o ‘r-
natilishi lozim. Uning geometrik shakli tam ovlam ing ko‘ndalang qis-
miga bog‘liq bo ‘ladi. K o‘ndalang kesimi kvadrat shaklida bo‘lsa, mos
lama 15.70-shakl,
e dagidek, aylana bo‘lsa 15.70-shakl,
f dagidek
tayyorlanadi.
Sharchalaming goh chapdagi tuynukka o ‘tishi 15.70-shakl,
b da, goh
o ‘ng tomondagi tuynikka tushishi 15.70-shakl,
d da berilgan.
451
High-level vocabulary with examples

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High-level vocabulary with examples:
1)
Generalizations
(noun) - Broad statements or stereotypes made about a group or category
of people.
Example: "Making generalizations about gender differences in communication can
oversimplify complex behaviors."
2)
Communication patterns
(noun) - Recurring behaviors or styles of interaction in the way
people communicate.
Example: "Communication patterns can differ significantly among individuals due to
their unique backgrounds."
Question 3
:
Why are social networks so popular nowadays?
Example: "In recent times, people have adapted their goals to align with the digital

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Example: "In recent times, people have adapted their goals to align with the digital Pdf ko'rish
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Bog'liq Speaking Part3 (2)Example: "In recent times, people have adapted their goals to align with the digital
age."
2)
Sustainability
(noun) - The ability to maintain or continue something over the long term.
Example: "Sustainability goals, like reducing carbon footprint, are gaining
prominence in today's world."
Rewards
Question 1
: Do you think people should be awarded?
Answer
: Yes, I believe that recognizing and rewarding people for their
achievements
is
essential. Awards serve as positive reinforcement,
motivating
individuals to excel in their
respective fields. They provide a sense of accomplishment and encourage continuous
improvement. This recognition not only boosts the recipient's morale but also inspires others
to strive for excellence.
High-level vocabulary with examples:
1)
Achievements
(noun) - Things successfully accomplished, typically through effort and
skill.
Example: "Awards celebrate individuals' outstanding achievements in various
domains."
2)
Motivating
(adjective) - Providing an incentive or encouragement to take action.
Example: "Awards have a motivating effect, driving people to aim for higher levels of
success."
Question 2
: Do you think there are some disadvantages to always giving winners
awards?
Answer: While awards can be motivating, there are potential disadvantages to
excessive
awarding. Overuse of awards may lead to a sense of
entitlement
, where individuals expect
recognition for routine tasks. Moreover, it can create unhealthy competition and foster a fear
of failure, deterring people from taking risks. Careful consideration is needed to strike a
balance between recognition and maintaining a healthy perspective on success and failure.
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High-level vocabulary with examples

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1)
Excessive
(adjective) - More than what is reasonable or necessary.
Example: "Excessive awarding can dilute the significance of achievements."
2)
Entitlement
(noun) - The belief that one deserves certain privileges or recognition.
Example: "Constant awards can cultivate a sense of entitlement, which can be
counterproductive."
Question 3
:
Do you think students should be given the same prize in academics and
sports?
Answer
: Students should receive awards based on their
accomplishments
within the
respective domains, be it academics or sports. While it's essential to recognize achievements
in both areas, combining them into the same prize may not be appropriate, as they require
distinct skill sets and efforts. Acknowledging excellence separately allows students to take
pride in their specific achievements and encourages
diversity
in their pursuits.
High-level vocabulary with examples:
1)
Accomplishments
(noun) - Achievements or successful results, often resulting from effort
and skill.
Example: "Recognizing students' academic accomplishments motivates them to excel
further."
2)
Diversity
(noun) - A range of different things or a variety of elements within a particular
domain.
Example: "Encouraging diversity in students' pursuits is vital for fostering a
well-rounded education."
Healthy lifestyle
Question 1
: Do you think people pay enough attention to their health today?
Answer
: No, people's reading habits have
evolved

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tasks, focus their efforts, and measure their progress. Whether in personal or professional life,
having clear
objectives
significantly increases the likelihood of success.
High-level vocabulary with examples:
1)
Pursuing
(verb) - Actively working towards or seeking to achieve something.
Example: "Successful individuals are dedicated to pursuing their goals with
O ‘z -o ‘zini tekshirish uchun savollar

O ‘z -o ‘zini tekshirish uchun savollar
1. Grafika tarixi haqida nimalami bilasiz?
2. 0 ‘rta Osiyoda qanday olimlar grafikaning rivojlanishiga o ‘z
hissalarini qo ‘shganlar?
3. 0 ‘zbekistonlik olim lam ing chizma geometriya va chizmachilik
faniga qo‘shgan hissalarini yoritib bering.
25
II bob. CHIZM ACHILIK X O ‘JALIGINI TASHKIL ETISH
l-§ . Chizma buyumlari, asboblari va moslamalari
Chizmalarni bajarish uchun quyidagi buyum, asbob va moslamalar
bo ‘lishi zarur.
Chizma q og‘ozlari. Chizmaning sifati, uning tashqi ko'rinishi, shu
ningdek, chizmani bajarish uchun sarflanadigan vaqt, chizma uchun ish
latiladigan qog‘ozning xususiyatiga bog‘liq.
Barcha ishlab chiqarish tashkilotlarining konstruktorlik byurolarida
va chizmachilikka bog'liq bo'lim larida, shuningdek, o ‘quv yurtlarida
quyidagi asosiy chizma qog'ozlari: oq chizma qog‘ozi, millimetrli qog‘oz
(millimetrovka) va kalkadan foydalaniladi.
Chizma qog'ozi qalin, silliq oq qog'oz bo‘lib, unda qalamda chizilgan
qismlarini bir necha marta o ‘chirish mumkin. Bunday qog'ozlarda tush-
da chizilgan chiziqlar yoyilib ketmaydi.
Oq chizma qog'oz GOST 597-56 ga muvofiq В va О markalarda ish
lab chiqariladi va list (varaq) ko'rinishida A4, АЗ, A2, A l, AO formatlarda
kesilgan bo'ladi. Ba’zan metrli rulon holida ham sotuvga chiqariladi.
So'nggi paytlarda A3 formatda kesilgan, papkaga solingan 10 varaqdan
iborat chizma qog'ozi chiqarila boshlandi. O 'quv yurtlarida bajariladi-
gan chizmalar uchun bu juda qulay.
В markali qog'oz yuqori sifatli bo'lib, unga uzoq vaqt saqlanadigan
muhim chizmalar chiziladi.
О
markali qog'ozdan esa uzoq vaqt saqlash talab qilinmaydigan chiz
malar konstruktorlik byurolarida va o'quv yurtlarida chizishda foydala
niladi.
Millimetrli qog'oz. GOST 334-56 ga muvofiq rulon yoki varaq
ko'rinishida ishlab chiqariladi. Millimetrli qog'ozdan diagramma, sxema
va turli grafikalami, shuningdek, detallarning eskizlarini chizishda foy
dalaniladi.
Kalka yupqa shaffof qog'oz bo'lib, GOST 892-47 ga asosan rulon
ko'rinishida ishlab chiqariladi. GOST 1111-61 ga asosan U va D markali
qalambop kalkalar ham ishlab chiqariladi. Bu kalkalarda chizmalar
to 'g 'rid an to 'g 'ri qalam bilan chiziladi.
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Example: "Indirect costs of illness, like lost wages, can significantly impact an

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High-level vocabulary with examples:
1)
Mortality
(noun) - The state of being subject to death, the rate of deaths in a population.
Example: "As people age, the awareness of mortality tends to increase, leading to
health concerns."
2)
Well-being
(noun) - A state of comfort, health, and happiness.
Example: "Maintaining one's well-being becomes a priority for many as they grow
older."
Communication
Question 1
:
Do you prefer chatting face to face or texting?
Answer
: Personally, I
appreciate
both face-to-face conversations and texting, as they serve
different purposes. Face-to-face interactions offer a deeper connection, allowing for
non-verbal cues
and more profound discussions. Texting, on the other hand, provides
convenience for quick exchanges and staying in touch over distances. The preference
between the two often depends on the context and the level of intimacy in the conversation.