nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
A s daminov, B. S. Salimov - bet 64

98
Vazifa
1). Suyakli baliqlarning teri qoplagichi ( suyak tangachalar) ning
tuzilishiga qarab baliqni yoshini aniqlashni o’rganish. Tangachalarning
rasmini chizish.
2). Sazan balig’ini tashqi ko’rinishi, ichki organlar topografiyasini
o’rganish va rasmini chizish.
3). Tog’ayli va suyakli baliqlarning
bosh miyasini solishtirib
o’rganish, farqlarini aniqlash va rasmlarini chizish.
Tashqi tuzilishi
: Gavdasining shakli har xil bo’ladi.
Sazanning ustki
ensa bo’limi, yon tomonlaridan bir muncha qisilib do’nglik (burma)
hosil qilgan. Boshining ikki yon tomonida jabra kopqoqlari joylashgan.
Orqa chiqaruv teshigi dum bo’shlig’ining oldingi chegarasidir. Orqa
chiqaruv teshigi ning bevosita orqa tomoniga o’rnashgan siydik tanosil
so’rg’ichida jinsiy teshigi va uning orqasida siydik teshigi ochiladi.
Gavdasining ikki yon tomonida ko’krak
juft suzgich qanotlar,
qorin suzgich qanotlari esa tana bo’limining qorin qismi o’rtasida
joylashgan. Toq suzgich qanotlari bittadan,
ular orqa, dum va orqa
chiqaruv (anal) suzgich qanotlaridan iborat.
Butun tanasi suyak tangachalar bilan qoplangan. Suyak tangachalar
cherepisalar kabi
bir-birining ustida yotadi,to’g’ri qator bilan
joylashgan.
Har qaysi tangacha birmuncha yumaloqlashgan
plastinka shaklida
bo’lib,oldingi asosiy qismi teri ichiga botib kiradi. Bunday tangacha
sikloid tangacha deb yuritiladi.
Suyakli baliqlarda dum
suzgich qanot gomoserkal tipda, ya’ni
dumning xar ikki pallasi barobar.
THE DOPAMINE SPIKE - Atomic Habits: Tiny Changes, Remarkable Results

FIGURE 9: Before a habit is learned (A), dopamine is released when the
reward is experienced for the first time. The next time around (B),
dopamine rises
before taking action, immediately after a cue is
recognized. This spike leads to a feeling of desire and a craving to take
action whenever the cue is spotted. Once a habit is learned, dopamine
will not rise when a reward is experienced because you already expect
the reward. However, if you see a cue and expect a reward, but do not
get one, then dopamine will drop in disappointment (C). The sensitivity of
the dopamine response can clearly be seen when a reward is provided
late (D). First, the cue is identified and dopamine rises as a craving
builds. Next, a response is taken but the reward does not come as quickly
as expected and dopamine begins to drop. Finally, when the reward
comes a little later than you had hoped, dopamine spikes again. It is as if
the brain is saying, “See! I knew I was right. Don’t forget to repeat this
action next time.”
Your brain has far more neural circuitry allocated for
wanting rewards
than for
liking them. The wanting centers in the brain are large: the brain
stem, the nucleus accumbens, the ventral tegmental area, the dorsal
striatum, the amygdala, and portions of the prefrontal cortex. By
comparison, the liking centers of the brain are much smaller. They are often
referred to as “hedonic hot spots” and are distributed like tiny islands
throughout the brain. For instance, researchers have found that 100 percent
of the nucleus accumbens is activated during wanting. Meanwhile, only 10
percent of the structure is activated during liking.
The fact that the brain allocates so much precious space to the regions
responsible for craving and desire provides further evidence of the crucial
role these processes play. Desire is the engine that drives behavior. Every
action is taken because of the anticipation that precedes it. It is the craving
that leads to the response.
These insights reveal the importance of the 2nd Law of Behavior
Change. We need to make our habits attractive because it is the expectation
of a rewarding experience that motivates us to act in the first place. This is
where a strategy known as temptation bundling comes into play.
Pregame jitters - Atomic Habits: Tiny Changes, Remarkable Results

about life? Three deep breaths and smile. Once a habit has been built, the
cue can prompt a craving, even if it has little to do with the original
situation.
The key to finding and fixing the causes of your bad habits is to reframe
the associations you have about them. It’s not easy, but if you can
reprogram your predictions, you can transform a hard habit into an
attractive one.
Chapter Summary
The inversion of the 2nd Law of Behavior Change is
make it
unattractive.
Every behavior has a surface level craving and a deeper underlying
motive.
Your habits are modern-day solutions to ancient desires.
The cause of your habits is actually the prediction that precedes them.
The prediction leads to a feeling.
Highlight the benefits of avoiding a bad habit to make it seem
unattractive.
Habits are attractive when we associate them with positive feelings
and unattractive when we associate them with negative feelings.
Create a motivation ritual by doing something you enjoy immediately
before a difficult habit.
THE DOPAMINE-DRIVEN FEEDBACK LOOP

When other researchers reversed this process and flooded the reward
system of the brain with dopamine, animals performed habits at breakneck
speed. In one study, mice received a powerful hit of dopamine each time
they poked their nose in a box. Within minutes, the mice developed a
craving so strong they began poking their nose into the box eight hundred
times per hour. (Humans are not so different: the average slot machine
player will spin the wheel six hundred times per hour.)
Habits are a dopamine-driven feedback loop. Every behavior that is
highly habit-forming—taking drugs, eating junk food, playing video games,
browsing social media—is associated with higher levels of dopamine. The
same can be said for our most basic habitual behaviors like eating food,
drinking water, having sex, and interacting socially.
For years, scientists assumed dopamine was all about pleasure, but now
we know it plays a central role in many neurological processes, including
motivation, learning and memory, punishment and aversion, and voluntary
movement.
When it comes to habits, the key takeaway is this: dopamine is released
not only when you
experience pleasure, but also when you
anticipate it.
Gambling addicts have a dopamine spike right
before they place a bet, not
after they win. Cocaine addicts get a surge of dopamine when they
see the
powder, not after they take it. Whenever you predict that an opportunity
will be rewarding, your levels of dopamine spike in anticipation. And
whenever dopamine rises, so does your motivation to act.
It is the anticipation of a reward—not the fulfillment of it—that gets us
to take action.
Interestingly, the reward system that is activated in the brain when you
receive a reward is the same system that is activated when you
anticipate a
reward. This is one reason the anticipation of an experience can often feel
better than the attainment of it. As a child, thinking about Christmas
morning can be better than opening the gifts. As an adult, daydreaming
about an upcoming vacation can be more enjoyable than actually being on
vacation. Scientists refer to this as the difference between “wanting” and
“liking.”
HOW TO REPROGRAM YOUR BRAIN TO ENJOY HARD HABITS

Now, imagine changing just one word: You don’t “have” to. You “get”
to.
You
get to wake up early for work. You
get to make another sales call for
your business. You
get to cook dinner for your family. By simply changing
one word, you shift the way you view each event. You transition from
seeing these behaviors as burdens and turn them into opportunities.
The key point is that both versions of reality are true. You
have to do
those things, and you also
get to do them. We can find evidence for
whatever mind-set we choose.
I once heard a story about a man who uses a wheelchair. When asked if
it was difficult being confined, he responded, “I’m not confined to my
wheelchair—I am liberated by it. If it wasn’t for my wheelchair, I would be
bed-bound and never able to leave my house.” This shift in perspective
completely transformed how he lived each day.
Reframing your habits to highlight their
benefits rather than their
drawbacks is a fast and lightweight way to reprogram your mind and make
a habit seem more attractive.
Exercise. Many people associate exercise with being a challenging task
that drains energy and wears you down. You can just as easily view it as a
way to develop skills and build you up. Instead of telling yourself “I need to
go run in the morning,” say “It’s time to build endurance and get fast.”
Finance. Saving money is often associated with sacrifice. However, you
can associate it with freedom rather than limitation if you realize one simple
truth: living below your current means
increases your future means. The
money you save this month increases your purchasing power next month.
Meditation. Anyone who has tried meditation for more than three
seconds knows how frustrating it can be when the next distraction
inevitably pops into your mind. You can transform frustration into delight
when you realize that each interruption gives you a chance to practice
returning to your breath. Distraction is a good thing because you need
distractions to practice meditation.
WHERE CRAVINGS COME FROM - Atomic Habits: Tiny Changes, Remarkable Results

is only when you predict that you would be better off in a different state that
you take action.
A craving is the sense that something is missing. It is the desire to
change your internal state. When the temperature falls, there is a gap
between what your body is currently sensing and what it
wants to be
sensing. This gap between your current state and your desired state provides
a reason to act.
Desire is the difference between where you are now and where you want
to be in the future. Even the tiniest action is tinged with the motivation to
feel differently than you do in the moment. When you binge-eat or light up
or browse social media, what you really want is
not a potato chip or a
cigarette or a bunch of likes. What you really want is to
feel different.
Our feelings and emotions tell us whether to hold steady in our current
state or to make a change. They help us decide the best course of action.
Neurologists have discovered that when emotions and feelings are
impaired, we actually lose the ability to make decisions. We have no signal
of what to pursue and what to avoid. As the neuroscientist Antonio
Damasio explains, “It is emotion that allows you to mark things as good,
bad, or indifferent.”
To summarize, the specific cravings you feel and habits you perform are
really an attempt to address your fundamental underlying motives.
Whenever a habit successfully addresses a motive, you develop a craving to
do it again. In time, you learn to predict that checking social media will
help you feel loved or that watching YouTube will allow you to forget your
fears. Habits are attractive when we associate them with positive feelings,
and we can use this insight to our advantage rather than to our detriment.
l
14 yoki R
l - Касбий психология

73
Kolodkalarni tormoz barabanlariga o’rnatishda ishchi yuzalar bir-biriga to’liq birlashishini
ta’minnlash zarur. Ular orasidagi tirqish juda kam qiymatga ega bo’lishi, lekin barabanning erkin
aylanishini ta’minnlashi lozim.
Qaytarish uchun savollar
1.Rul boshqaruvida uchraydigan asosiy nosozliklar va ularning alomatlari.
2.Rul boshqaruvini tashxislash ishlari
3.Rul boshqaruvini sozlash, moylash va mahkamlash ishlarini bajarish texnologiyasi.
4.To’xtatish tizimida uchraydigan nosozliklari va ularning alomatlari.
5.To’xtatish tizimiga qo’yiladigan asosiy talablar.
6.Suyuqli yuritmali to’xtatish tizimiga TXK va JT texnologiyasi.
7.Pnevmatik tormoz tizimiga TXK va JT texnologiyasi.
8.Pnevmogidravlik tormoz tizimiga TXK va JT texnologiyasi.
9.To’xtatish tizimini tashxislash usullari, qo’llaniladigan jihozlar.
10.Boshqaruv mexanizmlariga TXK va T da texnika havfsizligi.
Tayanch iboralar
1. Chervyakli rul boshqarmasi nosozliklari
2. Chervyakli rul boshqarmasiga TXK
3. Reykali rul boshqarmasi nosozliklari
4. Reykali rul boshqarmasiga TXK
5. Gidrotormoz nosozliklari
6. Gidrotormozga TXK
7. Pnevmotormoz nosozliklari
8. Pnevmotormozga TXK
9. Tormoz effektivligi bo’yicha tashxislash
10.Tormoz tizimidan havoni chiqarish
11.Tormoz tizimini JT
11-MAVZU. AVTOMOBIL YuRISh QISMIGA TXK VA TAMIRLASh
IShLARI TEXNOLOGIYaSI
REJA
1. Yurish qismida uchraydigan asosiy nosozliklar va ularning alomatlari.
2. Yurish qismiga TXK ishlari texnologiyasi.
3. Shinalarga TXK texnologiyasi.
4. Shinalarni ATK sharoitida ta’mirlash texnologiyasi.
Yurish qismi ramalar, o’qlar va g’ildirak osmalaridan iborat bo’lib, ularning nosozligi
avtomobil harakatlanishida shovqin, tebranish, g’ichirlash va siltanish kabi nohush holatlarni
keltirib chiqaradi, natijada haydovchi va yo’lovchilarning toliqishi va avtomobilda tashiladigan
yukning sifati pasayadi.
HOW TO ACHIEVE MORE WITH LESS EFFORT

Ride-sharing services reduce the friction of getting across town. Text
messaging reduces the friction of sending a letter in the mail.
Like a Japanese television manufacturer redesigning their workspace to
reduce wasted motion, successful companies design their products to
automate, eliminate, or simplify as many steps as possible. They reduce the
number of fields on each form. They pare down the number of clicks
required to create an account. They deliver their products with easy-to-
understand directions or ask their customers to make fewer choices.
When the first voice-activated speakers were released—products like
Google Home, Amazon Echo, and Apple HomePod—I asked a friend what
he liked about the product he had purchased. He said it was just easier to
say “Play some country music” than to pull out his phone, open the music
app, and pick a playlist. Of course, just a few years earlier, having unlimited
access to music in your pocket was a remarkably frictionless behavior
compared to driving to the store and buying a CD. Business is a never-
ending quest to deliver the same result in an easier fashion.
Similar strategies have been used effectively by governments. When the
British government wanted to increase tax collection rates, they switched
from sending citizens to a web page where the tax form could be
downloaded to linking directly to the form. Reducing that one step in the
process increased the response rate from 19.2 percent to 23.4 percent. For a
country like the United Kingdom, those percentage points represent
millions in tax revenue.
The central idea is to create an environment where doing the right thing
is as easy as possible. Much of the battle of building better habits comes
down to finding ways to reduce the friction associated with our good habits
and increase the friction associated with our bad ones.
those percentage points represent millions in tax revenue

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those percentage points represent millions in tax revenue Pdf ko'rish
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Bog'liq atomic-habitsthose percentage points represent millions in tax revenue
: Owain Service et al., “East: Four
Simple Ways to Apply Behavioural Insights,” Behavioural Insights Team, 2015,
http://38r8om2xjhhl25mw24492dir.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/07/BIT-Publication-EAST_FA_WEB.pdf
.
Nuckols dialed in his cleaning habits
: Oswald Nuckols is an alias, used by request.
“perfect time to clean the toilet”
: Saul_Panzer_NY, “[Question] What One Habit Literally Changed
Your Life?” Reddit, June 5, 2017,
https://www.reddit.com/r/get
disciplined/comments/6fgqbv/question_what_one_habit_literally_changed_your/diieswq.
CHAPTER 13
“arsenal of routines”
: Twyla Tharp and Mark Reiter, The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for
Life: A Practical Guide (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006).
40 to 50 percent of our actions on any given day are done out of habit
: Wendy Wood, “Habits
Across the Lifespan,” 2006,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315552294_Habits_Across_the_Lifespan
.
habits you follow without thinking
: Benjamin Gardner, “A Review and Analysis of the Use of
‘Habit’ in Understanding, Predicting and Influencing Health-Related Behaviour,” Health
Psychology Review 9, no. 3 (2014), doi:10.1080/17437199.2013.876238.
decisive moments
: Shoutout to Henri Cartier-Bresson, one of the greatest street photographers of all
time, who coined the term decisive moment, but for an entirely different purpose: capturing
amazing images at just the right time.
the Two-Minute Rule
: Hat tip to David Allen, whose version of the Two-Minute Rule states, “If it
takes less than two minutes, then do it now.” For more, see David Allen, Getting Things Done
(New York: Penguin, 2015).
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power-down habit - Atomic Habits: Tiny Changes, Remarkable Results

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Atomic Habits: Tiny Changes, Remarkable Results Pdf ko'rish
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bet | 103/120 | Sana | 14.05.2024 | Hajmi | 5,66 Mb. | | #232673 |
Bog'liq atomic-habitspower-down habit
: Author Cal Newport uses a shutdown ritual in which he does a last email inbox
check, prepares his to-do list for the next day, and says “shutdown complete” to end work for
the day. For more, see Cal Newport, Deep Work (Boston: Little, Brown, 2016).
He always stopped journaling before it seemed like a hassle
: Greg McKeown, Essentialism: The
Disciplined Pursuit of Less (New York: Crown, 2014), 78.
habit shaping
: Gail B. Peterson, “A Day of Great Illumination: B. F. Skinner’s Discovery of
Shaping,” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 82, no. 3 (2004),
doi:10.1901/jeab.2004.82–317.
CHAPTER 14
he remained in his study and wrote furiously
: Adèle Hugo and Charles E. Wilbour, Victor Hugo,
by a Witness of His Life (New York: Carleton, 1864).
A commitment device is a choice you make in the present
: Gharad Bryan, Dean Karlan, and Scott
Nelson, “Commitment Devices,” Annual Review of Economics 2, no. 1 (2010),
doi:10.1146/annurev.economics.102308.124324.
outlet timer cuts off the power to the router
: “Nir Eyal: Addictive Tech, Killing Bad Habits &
Apps for Life Hacking—#260,” interview by Dave Asprey, Bulletproof, November 13, 2015,
https://blog.bulletproof.com/nir-eyal-life-hacking-260/
.
This is also referred to as a “Ulysses pact”
: Peter Ubel, “The Ulysses Strategy,” The New Yorker,
December 11, 2014,
https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/ulysses-strategy-self-
control
.
Patterson’s business went from losing money to making $5,000 in profit
: “John H. Patterson—
Ringing Up Success with the Incorruptible Cashier,” Dayton Innovation Legacy,
http://www.daytoninnovationlegacy.org/patterson.html
, accessed June 8, 2016.
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repetition is a form of change

repetition is a form of change : Apparently, Brian Eno says the same thing in his excellent,
creatively inspiring Oblique Strategies card set, which I didn’t know when I wrote this line!
Great minds and all that.
Automaticity is the ability to perform a behavior : Phillippa Lally et al., “How Are Habits Formed:
Modelling Habit Formation in the Real World,” European Journal of Social Psychology 40,
no. 6 (2009), doi:10.1002/ejsp.674.
habits form based on frequency, not time : Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to describe
learning curves in his 1885 book Über das Gedächtnis. Hermann Ebbinghaus, Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology (United States: Scholar Select, 2016).
CHAPTER 12 this difference in shape played a significant role in the spread of agriculture : Jared Diamond,
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: Norton, 1997).
It is human nature to follow the Law of Least Effort : Deepak Chopra uses the phrase “law of least
effort” to describe one of his Seven Spiritual Laws of Yoga. This concept is not related to the
principle I am discussing here.
a garden hose that is bent in the middle : This analogy is a modified version of an idea Josh
Waitzkin mentioned in his interview with Tim Ferriss. “The Tim Ferriss Show, Episode 2:
Josh Waitzkin,” May 2, 2014, audio,
https://soundcloud.com/tim-ferriss/the-tim-ferriss-show-
episode-2-josh-waitzkin
.
“it took American workers three times as long to assemble their sets” : James Surowiecki, “Better
All the Time,” New Yorker, November 10, 2014,
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/11/10/better-time
.
addition by subtraction : Addition by subtraction is an example of a larger principle known as
inversion, which I have written about previously at
https://jamesclear.com/inversion
. I’m
indebted to Shane Parrish for priming my thoughts on this topic by writing about why
“avoiding stupidity is easier than seeking brilliance.” Shane Parrish, “Avoiding Stupidity Is
Easier Than Seeking Brilliance,” Farnam Street, June 2014,
https://www.fs.blog/2014/06/avoiding-stupidity
.
C2B – Consumer-to-Business
C2C

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C2B – Consumer-to-Business
C2C
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Bog'liq Raqamli iqtisodiyot-Darslik-18.02.2020C2B – Consumer-to-Business
C2C – Consumer-to-Consumer
CAC (Customer acquisition cost) – bitta mijozni jalb qilish bahosi
CAC Payback – mijoz tufayli kelgan foydaning uni jalb qilish uchun bo’lgan sarf-harajatni qoplash davri
CLTV–Customer Life Time Value – mijozning umumiy qadri
CMS – Content Management System – Kontentni boshqarish tizimlari
COGS– Cost of Goods Sold – sotilgan tovarlar bahosi
CPC – Cost Per Click – bir turtish narxi
CPS – Cost Per Sale – sotish narxi
CPV – Cost Per Visitor – tashrifchi narxi
CC – Creative Commons – Ommaviy litsenziyalar
CPA - Cost peracquisition - bitta mijozni jalb qilish bahosi
CPT – Cost per Thousand – mintage hisoblagandagi harajatlar
CRM – Customer Relationship Management–mijozlar bilan o’zaro aloqalarni boshqarish tizimi
CSI – Customer Satisfaction Index – mijozning qoniqish indeksi
CTR – Click-Throught Rate – konversiya ko’rsatgichi
DDoS – hujumlar – trafik juda ham ko’payib ketishi tufayli hizmat ko’rsatishning uzilib qolishi shaklidagi firibgarlik.
Davlat hizmatlari yagona portali–O’zbekiston Respublikasi davlat organlari tomonidan huquqiy va jismoniy shaxslarga ko’rsatiladigan hizmatlarning yagona virtual maydoni.
Deshifrlash – shifrlashga teskari jarayon bo’lib, unda ma’lum kalit asosida shifrlangan matn boshlang’ich matnga aylantiriladi.
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Bilimlar kapitali - Oliy va o’rta mahsus ta’lim vazirligi

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Oliy va o’rta mahsus ta’lim vazirligi
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bet | 187/217 | Sana | 15.05.2024 | Hajmi | 2,85 Mb. | | #236153 |
Bog'liq Raqamli iqtisodiyot-Darslik-18.02.2020Bilimlar kapitali – bu kompaniyaning bilimlarni egallash, ishlab chiqish va ulardan foydalanish uchun sarflagan sarmoyalaridir. Bilimlar kapitalining muhim tarkibiy qismi kompaniyaning intellektual mulki hisoblanadi.
Bilimlar korporatsiyasi – bu bilimlarni raqobatbardosh ustunliklar uchun asos bo‘lib hizmat qilishini, uning eng qadrli aktivlar sifatida muhimligini tan oluvchi firma.
Bloger – internet jahon axborot tarmog‘idagi o‘z veb-saytiga va (yoki) veb- sayt sahifasiga hamma erkin foydalanishi mumkin bo‘lgan, ijtimoiy-siyosiy, ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy va boshqa xususiyatga ega axborotni joylashtiruvchi, shu jumladan, axborotdan foydalanuvchilar tomonidan ushbu axborotni muhokama qilish uchun joylashtiruvchi jismoniy shaxs.
Bitkoin kriptovalyutasi– bu o’zaro ishonchga emas, balki kriptografik kodlash tizimiga asoslangan, o’zaro hech qanday vositachilarsiz ( bank yoki boshqacha moliyaviy uskunalarsiz) to’lovlarni bevosita ishtirokchilar orasida amalga oshirilishini ta’minlovchi to’lov tizimi valyutasining bir turidir.
Bitkoin pitstsa kuni (Bitcoin Pizza Day) – 2010 yilda aynan shu kuni chexiyalik dasturchi Lazlo Xanesh bitkoinga dastlabki haqiqiy savdoni amalga oshirgan, ya’ni, o’z o’rtog’iga 10 ming bitkoin o’tkazib bergan va o’rtog’i o’z navbatida unga Papa John's restoranidan ikkita pitstsa buyurtma qilgan. O’sha vaqtda bir bitkoin 0,003 AQSH dollariga teng bo’lgan va ikkita pitstsaning narxi esa 30 dollar bo’lgan.
BTC – Bitkoin – kriptovalyutalarning eng asosiy turi
BCH - BitcoinCash – bitkoinning egizagi
Bozor yo‘nalishi -yoki ega bo‘lishga yo‘nalish–maqsadi shaxsiy rivojlanishda emas, balki tashqi muhitninghayot faoliyatiga bo‘ysundirishda bo‘lgan “iqtisodiy“ insonning qadriyatli yo‘nalishi. Inson “bo‘lish” emas,“ega bo‘lmoq“ qoidasiga amal qiladi. Industrial jamiyatda bozor yo‘nalishi ustuvorlik qiladi.
B2B-birjalari – bu web-sayt bo‘lib, u yerda kompaniyalar umumiy texnologik platformadan foydalangan holda, bir-birlarining mahsulotlarini xarid qilishlari va sotishlari mumkin. Bu birjalar yana boshqa hizmatlarni ham ko‘rsatishlari, masalan, to‘lov tizimi, saytda Yangiliklar, butlovchi qismlar va materiallar narxlarining bashorati, onlayn munozaralar, talab va taklifning tahlillari o‘tkazilishi mumkin. B2B-birjalari ochiq (public) va yopiq (private) bo‘ladi.
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Ko’payish organlari - A s daminov, B. S. Salimov

92
51-rasm. Minoganing ogiz apparatining tuzilishi.
1.
ogiz teshigi;2. til; 3. tilning shoxsimon tish plastinkasi;
4.
yukori
jog tish plastinkasi; 5.pastki jog tish plastinkasi;
6.
yukozri; 7. yon; 8. chekka tishlar; 9 ter burmasi;
52-rasm. Umurtqali hayvonlarning bosh miyalarini tuzilishi
.
A) minoganiki: B)suyakli balikniki; V)bakaniki; G) agamaniki;
D) kaptarniki; Ye)kalamushniki;
93
1.
oldingi miya yarim sharlari; 2.xidlov pallsi; 3.xidlov nervi;
4.
oraliq miya; 5. epifiz; 6.urta miya;6. urta miya
tepasidagi teshik;
7.
uzunchok miya; 8. rombasimon chukurcha; 9 miyacha; orka miya
Sistematikasi:
2 ta kenja sinfga bo’linadi.
1.
Minogalar ( 30 tur )
2.
Miksinalar ( 90 tur )
1.
NAZORAT SAVOLLARI:
2.
Nima sababdan to’garakg’izlilar deyiladi?
3.
Teri qoplagichlari qanday tuzilgan?
4.
Skeleti nimadan tashkil topgan?
5.
Nerv sistemasi qanday tuzilgan?
6.
Minogalarda yurak qanday tuzilgan?
7.
To’garakog’izlilarda urug’lanish qanday o’tadi?
19-M A SH G’ U L O T
XORDALILAR TIPI - SHORDATA
Biznes-farishtalar - Oliy va o’rta mahsus ta’lim vazirligi

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Oliy va o’rta mahsus ta’lim vazirligi
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bet | 186/217 | Sana | 15.05.2024 | Hajmi | 2,85 Mb. | | #236153 |
Bog'liq Raqamli iqtisodiyot-Darslik-18.02.2020Biznes-farishtalar – kompaniya rivojlanishining boshlang’ich bosqichlariga unga investitsiya qiladiganlar.
Biznes-model – Kompaniyaning qo’yilgan maqsadlariga erishishga yordam beradigan va uning tijoratini amlga oshirishga imkon beradigan biznes jarayonlar yig’indisi.
Botnet yoki botlar – robot va Network so’zlaridan olingan bo’lib, zararli (yoki qandaydir, insonlar uchun foydali bo’lgan) dasturiy ta’minot o’rnatilgan komp’yuterlar bo’lib, ular tashqaridan mahsus dastur bo’yicha boshqarilina oladilar.
Bek-ofis – kontentni boshqarish tizimi yoki qandaydir jarayonning ma’lumotlar bazasi.
Biznes-model – bu daromadni yaratish uslubini aks ettiruvchi korxona tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan tovar tamoyili va mohiyatining mavhum ko‘rinishidir. Tovarlarni an’anaviy do‘konlar orqali emas, balki xaridorlarga bevosita interfaol sotish Yangi biznes-modelini ifoda etadi. Kitob do‘konlari elektron kitoblarni vositachilar yordamisiz bevosita xaridorlarga sotib, ushbu biznes-modelni amaliyotda qo‘llaydi. Sarmoyadorlar o‘z bitimlarini yuqori komission foizlarni undiradigan universal chakana brokerlarga murojaat qilmasdan, bevosita Internet orqali arzon moliyaviy axborotdan foydalanishlari mumkin. Agar biznes-model faqatgina Internetga asoslangan bo‘lsa, u holda uni sof o‘yinchi deydilar.
Bilim– ma’lum qiymatga ega axborotlashgan mahsulotlar yig‘indisi.
Tayanch bilimlarga ta’lim muassasalarida o‘rgatiladigan axborotlashgan mahsulotlar ta’alluqlidir.
Bilimlarni boshqarish – bu bilimni identifikatsiya qilish, bilimni boshqarish, bilimni rivojlantirish va undan foydalanishdir. U bilimlarni qanday olish, uni tarqatish, o‘zgartirish, undan foydalanish hamda firma uchun zarur amaliy ustunliklarni uzluksiz topish bilan shug‘ullanadi.
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Yerga ulovchi o'tkazgichlar. Ximoyaviy zaminlash qurilmasini nazorat qilish - bet 4

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Yerga ulovchi o'tkazgichlar. Ximoyaviy zaminlash qurilmasini nazorat qilish
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bet | 4/4 | Sana | 21.05.2024 | Hajmi | 29,65 Kb. | | #248441 |
Bog'liq MavzuZ a m i n l a g i ch o’ r n a t i l a d i g a n g r u n t n i n g s o l i sh t i r m a qarshiligini o’lchash uchun to’rt qoziqli usul qo’llanadi . qoziqlar temir tayoqchalar ko’rinishida bo’lib,diametri 50 mm, uzunligi 2.5 m ni tashkil qiladi va yerga qoqiladi.qlchash MS-08 asbobi bilan bajariladi va gruntning solishtirma qarshiligi quyidagi ifoda bilan aniqlanadi Z a m i n l a g i ch o’ r n a t i l a d i g a n g r u n t n i n g s o l i sh t i r m a qarshiligini o’lchash uchun to’rt qoziqli usul qo’llanadi . qoziqlar temir tayoqchalar ko’rinishida bo’lib,diametri 50 mm, uzunligi 2.5 m ni tashkil qiladi va yerga qoqiladi.qlchash MS-08 asbobi bilan bajariladi va gruntning solishtirma qarshiligi quyidagi ifoda bilan aniqlanadi r = 2p *a*R, Om*m Bu yerda: R - o’lchov asbobining ko’rsatgan qiymati (om) va a - qoziqlar orasidagi masofa (m).qoziqlarni o’lchash asbobiga ulash ramda keltirilgan
Foydalanilgan Adabiyotlar.
Gayibov T.Sh. Elektr tarmoqlari va tizimlari/O‘quv qo‘llanma.
Gayibov T.Sh. Elektr tarmoqlari va tizimlari fanidan ma’ruzalar matni. Toshkent, ToshDTU, 2000
Боровиков В.А., Косарев В.К., Ходот Г.А. Электрические сети энергетических систем. - Л.: Энергия,
.Sayt: www.energystrategy.ru
Sayt: www.uzenergy.uzpak.uz
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Yerga ulovchi o'tkazgichlar. Ximoyaviy zaminlash qurilmasini nazorat qilish - bet 3

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Yerga ulovchi o'tkazgichlar. Ximoyaviy zaminlash qurilmasini nazorat qilish
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bet | 3/4 | Sana | 21.05.2024 | Hajmi | 29,65 Kb. | | #248441 |
Bog'liq MavzuYerga ulovchi o`tkazgichlar sifatida yerga ulanish kerak bo`lgan qismlarni yer bilan bog`lash uchun qoida buyicha po`lat polosalar va yumalok yuzali pulatlar qo`llaniladi. 1000 V dan yuqori kuchlanishlarda elektr qurilmalar effektli yerga ulangan bo`ladi va ularda ruxsat etilgan katta tok oqib yerga o`tganda termik chidamliligi aniqlanadi. Bunda o`tkazgichni qisqa vaqtda qizish releli himoyani ta'siri vaqtiga mos ravishda tula o`chgincha o`chirgichni temperaturasi 400 S oshmasligi kerak. Kuchlanishi 1000 V gacha va undan yuqori kuchlanishlarda izolyatsiya qilingan neytrallar qarshiligi faza o`tkazgichini 1/3 o`tkazuvchanlikdan kam bo`lmasligi kerak. Chiqarilgan yerga ulovchi qurilmalar yerga ulagichlar maydon chegarasida chiqarilgan bo`lib, yoki maydonning bir chekkasiga umumlashtirilgan. Shuning uchun bu chiqarilgan yerga ulagichlar bir joyga umumlashtirilgan deb ataladi. Bu yerga ulagichni kamchiligi himoya kilinuvchi ob'yektdan yerga ulagichni o`zoqlashtirilganligidir. Shuning uchun himoya territoriyasi qismida tegish koeffitsenti. Shu kamchiligi bilan kuchlanishi 1000 V gacha va yerga qisqa toki yoki kichiq bo`lganda ya'ni yerga ulagichni potentsiali tegish kuchlanishini ruxsat etilgan kiymatidan oshmaganda qo`llaniladi. Avzallik tomoni esa gruntni qarshiligi kichiq bo`lgan joyga elektrodlarni joylashtirishni tanlashni mumkinligidir. Kontur yerga ulovchi qurilmalar elektrodlar va ularni yerga ulagichlari kontur bo`yicha joylashgan bo`lib, yerga ulanishi kerak bo`lgan jixozlar joylashgan maydon ichida joylashtirilishni xarakterlaydi.
4.Ximoyaviy zaminlagich qurilmasi ishga tushirilishidan oldin "qoidalar"da ko’rsatilgan vaqt ichida nazorat qilinadi. Nazorat ikki turdan : tashqi ko’rik o’tqazish va zaminlagichlar qarshiligini o’lchashdan iborat.
Tashqi ko’rik zaminlagichlarning qarshiligini o’lchamasdan turib kamchiliklarni aniqlashga qaratilgan.Ushbu nazoratda zaminlagichlarni ulovchi simlarning butunligi va ulangan kontaktlarning maxkam biriktirilgani tekshiriladi. SHu sababli,ulovchi simlar va ularning ulangan joylari (kontaktlari) ko’zga ko’rinadigan,qulay joylarda joylashishi kerak.
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Yerga ulovchi o'tkazgichlar. Ximoyaviy zaminlash qurilmasini nazorat qilish - bet 2

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Yerga ulovchi o'tkazgichlar. Ximoyaviy zaminlash qurilmasini nazorat qilish
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bet | 2/4 | Sana | 21.05.2024 | Hajmi | 29,65 Kb. | | #248441 |
Bog'liq Mavzu2. Yerga ulovchi qurilmalar deb-yerga ulagichlar-o`tkazgichlar (elektrodlar)ni yerga tegib turgan holatida o`zaro bog`lanishi va yerga ulovchi o`tkazgichlarning elektr qurilmalarni yerga ulanuvchi qismlarini yerga ulovchilar bilan bog`lanishiga aytiladi.
Yerga ulanuvchi jixozlarga nisbatan yerga ulagichlarni joylashtirilish joyiga qarab chiqarilgan va konturli turlarga bo`linadi.
Chiqarilgan yerga ulovchi qurilmalar yerga ulagichlar maydon chegarasida chiqarilgan bo`lib, yoki maydonning bir chekkasiga umumlashtirilgan. Shuning uchun bu chiqarilgan yerga ulagichlar bir joyga umumlashtirilgan deb ataladi. Bu yerga ulagichni kamchiligi himoya kilinuvchi ob'yektdan yerga ulagichni o`zoqlashtirilganligidir. Shuning uchun himoya territoriyasi qismida tegish koeffitsenti. Shu kamchiligi bilan kuchlanishi 1000 V gacha va yerga qisqa toki yoki kichiq bo`lganda ya'ni yerga ulagichni potentsiali tegish kuchlanishini ruxsat etilgan kiymatidan oshmaganda qo`llaniladi.
Chiqarilgan yerga ulovchi qurilmalar yerga ulagichlar maydon chegarasida chiqarilgan bo`lib, yoki maydonning bir chekkasiga umumlashtirilgan. Shuning uchun bu chiqarilgan yerga ulagichlar bir joyga umumlashtirilgan deb ataladi. Bu yerga ulagichni kamchiligi himoya kilinuvchi ob'yektdan yerga ulagichni o`zoqlashtirilganligidir. Shuning uchun himoya territoriyasi qismida tegish koeffitsenti. Shu kamchiligi bilan kuchlanishi 1000 V gacha va yerga qisqa toki yoki kichiq bo`lganda ya'ni yerga ulagichni potentsiali tegish kuchlanishini ruxsat etilgan kiymatidan oshmaganda qo`llaniladi.
Avzallik tomoni esa gruntni qarshiligi kichiq bo`lgan joyga elektrodlarni joylashtirishni tanlashni mumkinligidir. Kontur yerga ulovchi qurilmalar elektrodlar va ularni yerga ulagichlari kontur bo`yicha joylashgan bo`lib, yerga ulanishi kerak bo`lgan jixozlar joylashgan maydon ichida joylashtirilishni xarakterlaydi.
3.Sun'iy paytlarda tabiiy yerga ulagichlar sifatida xavoda elektr uzatish liniyalarida tayanchlarning temir-beton fundamentlari qo`llanilmoqda. Kapiliyarlik xususiyati bilan beton suv tomchilarini va namlikni simirib armaturalari qarshiligi kamayib o`tkazuvchan bo`lib turadi. Kachiligi-elektr bilan bog`liq bo`lmagan personalarni bu yerga ulagichlarda ishlashi va bu ulagichlarning yerdan ajralish extimolidir (ta'mirlashda,almashtirishda)
Yerga ulovchi o`tkazgichlar.
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Axborot texnologiyasi - Oliy va o’rta mahsus ta’lim vazirligi

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Oliy va o’rta mahsus ta’lim vazirligi
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bet | 185/217 | Sana | 15.05.2024 | Hajmi | 2,85 Mb. | | #236153 |
Bog'liq Raqamli iqtisodiyot-Darslik-18.02.2020Axborot texnologiyasi – axborotni to‘plash, saqlash, izlash, unga ishlov berish va uni tarqatish uchun foydalaniladigan jami uslublar, qurilmalar, usullar va jarayonlar.
Axborot tizimi – axborotni to‘plash, saqlash, izlash, unga ishlov berish hamda undan foydalanish imkonini beradigan, tashkiliy jihatdan tartibga solingan jami axborot resurslari, axborot texnologiyalari va aloqa vositalari.
Autentifikatsiya – ma’lumot uzatuvchi kimligini aniq bilish imkoniyati.
Buni elektron raqamli imzo va sertifikat amalga oshirib beradi;
B2B – Businees-to-Business
B2C – Business-to-Customer
B2B2C - Businees-to-Business-to-Customer
B2E – Business-to-Employee B2P – Business-to-Partners B2G – Businees-to-Gevernment
BSC - Balanced score Card – Balanslangan ko’rsatgichlar tizimi
Butunlilik – informatsiyaning saqlanish va uzatilish jarayonida ruxsatsiz o’zgartirila olinmasligi. Bu talab elektron raqamli imzo va imitohimoya orqali bajariladi;
Blokcheyn – ma’lumotlar bloklarining uzluksiz zanjiri, ya’ni bir butun ma’lumotlar bazasi bo’lib, unda kriptovalyutalar bilan amalga oshirilgan barcha ma’lumotlar saqlanadi. Uni kim, qachon va qancha operatsiyalar amalga oshirganini ko’rsatib turadigan katta hisob-kitob jurnali deb tasavvur qulish ham mumkin.
Bayopik – inglizcha «biographical picture» (biografik chizgi) biror ajoyib insonning hayoti haqida biografik kino. Masalan, «Ijtimoiy tarmoq» filmi Mark Sukerberg haqida suratga olingan bayopik sanaladi”.
Branch (brunch) - inglizcha «breakfast» (nonushta) va «lunch» (tushlik) so‘zlarining qo‘shilishidan kelib chiqqan tushuncha bo‘lib, odatda soat 11 va 14 oralig‘ida iste’mol qilinadi.
Benchmarketing – eng yaxshi kompaniyalarning ishlash jarayonini o’rganadi va shu asosda ularning ijobiy tajribalarini o’z kompaniyasiga ko’chiradi.
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qadam:Blok simvollari yordamida jadval to’ldiriladi va bu jadvalda simvolning tartib raqami uchun ma’lum bir joy ajratiladi.
 
qadam

Shifrlashning additiv usullariga binoan dastlabki informatsiya simvollariga mos keluvchi raqam kodlarining ketma-ketligigamma deb ataluvchi qandaydir simvollar ketma-ketligiga mos keluvchi kodlar ketma-ketligi bilan ketma-ket jamlanadi.
Shu sabali, shifrlashning additiv usullari
gammalsh deb ham ataladi. Ushbu usullar uchun kalit sifatida gamma ishlatiladi. Additiv usullarning kriptoturg’unligi kalit uzunligiga va uning statistik ko’rsatgichlarining tekisligiga bog’liq. Agar kalit shifrlanuvchi simvollar ketma-ketligidan qisqa bo’lsa, shifromatn kriptoanalitik tomonidan statistik usullar yordamida rasshifrovka qilinishi mumkin. Kalit va dastlabki informatsiya uzunliklari
qanchalik farq qilsa, shifromatnga muvaffaqiyatli hujum ehtimolligi ham shunchalik ortadi. Agar kalit uzunligi shifrlanuvchi informatsiya uzunligidan katta bo’lgan tasodifiy sonlarning davriy bo’lmagan ketma-ketligidan iborat bo’lsa, kalitni bilmasdan turib, shifromatnni rasshifrovka qilish amaliy jihatdan mumkin emas. Amaliyotda asosini psevdotasodifiy sonlar generatorlari (
yoki datchiklari) tashkil
etgan additiv usullar
Mahsulot siyosati - Raqamli iqtisodiyot asoslari (Darslik) toshkent – 2020

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Raqamli iqtisodiyot asoslari (Darslik) toshkent – 2020
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bet | 179/201 | Sana | 14.05.2024 | Hajmi | 4,94 Mb. | | #232599 |
Bog'liq O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligiMahsulot siyosati - bozorda yangi mahsulot yoki mahsulotlar guruhini chiqarish (innovatsiya), bozorda allaqachon mavjud bo‘lgan mahsulotlarni modernizatsiya qilish (o‘zgartirish) yoki ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotni ishlab chiqarish dasturidan chiqarish (yo‘q qilish), tadbirkorlik maqsadlarini belgilash va unga erishish uchun yo‘naltirilgan chora-tadbirlar va strategiyalar, shuningdek, assortiment siyosati.
Maqsadli bozor - ma’lum bir mahsulot yoki xizmatni sotish bozorini o‘rganish natijasida tanlangan, minimal marketing xarajatlari bilan ajralib turadigan va kompaniyaga o‘z faoliyati natijasining asosiy ulushini taqdim etadigan bozor (mahsulot yoki xizmatni bozorga olib chiqish maqsadida foyda yoki boshqa mezonlar).
Marketing kommunikatsiyalari tizimi - bu, birinchi navbatda, marketing tizimining tashqi muhit bilan o‘zaro ta’siri jarayonida sub’ektlar (jo‘natuvchilar va qabul qiluvchilar), vositalar, to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri (xabarlar) va teskari aloqa (qabul qiluvchining reaktsiyasi) aloqalaridir. Ikkinchidan, shaxslararo o‘zaro ta’sirning shakllari va vositalarining umumiyligi.
Marketing kompleksi (marketing mix) - birinchidan, marketing tuzilmasi; marketing tizimining tarkibiy qismlari, elementlari; marketingni tashkil etadigan jarayonlar. Ikkinchidan, marketing xarajatlari tarkibi. Uchinchidan, marketing retsepti, undan foydalanish kompaniyaga maqsadli bozorlarning ehtiyojlarini eng yaxshi qondirish va atrof-muhitning mumkin bo‘lgan buzilishlariga moslashishga imkon beradi. Marketing retseptining eng sodda tuzilishi mahsulot, narx, marketing va kommunikatsiya siyosati sohasida muvofiqlashtirilgan faoliyatni talab qiladi (taniqli 4P formulasi product; price; place; promotion).
Marketing kontsepsiyasi - korxona maqsadlariga erishish uchun foydalaniladigan (foyda olish va oxirgi foydalanuvchining ehtiyojlarini qondirish) marketing faoliyatining asosiy g‘oyalari, qoidalari va vositalari tizimi. Atrof-muhitning o‘ziga xos holatiga qarab, bozor munosabatlarining rivojlanish darajasi (sotuvchi yoki iste’molchining bozori), an’anaviy, ishlab chiqarish, marketing, mahsulot, ijtimoiy, axloqiy va xizmat marketing tushunchalari ajralib turadi.
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As Voltaire once wrote - Atomic Habits: Tiny Changes, Remarkable Results

long-term potentiation
: Long-term potentiation was discovered by Terje Lømo in 1966. More
precisely, he discovered that when a series of signals was repeatedly transmitted by the brain,
there was a persistent effect that lasted afterward that made it easier for those signals to be
transmitted in the future.
“Neurons that fire together wire together”
: Donald O. Hebb,
The Organization of Behavior: A
Neuropsychological Theory (New York: Wiley, 1949).
In musicians, the cerebellum
: S. Hutchinson, “Cerebellar Volume of Musicians,”
Cerebral Cortex
13, no. 9 (2003), doi:10.1093/cercor/13.9.943.
Mathematicians, meanwhile, have increased gray matter
: A. Verma, “Increased Gray Matter
Density in the Parietal Cortex of Mathematicians: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study,”
Yearbook of Neurology and Neurosurgery 2008 (2008), doi:10.1016/s0513–5117(08)79083–5.
When scientists analyzed the brains of taxi drivers in London
: Eleanor A. Maguire et al.,
“Navigation-Related Structural Change in the Hippocampi of Taxi Drivers,”
Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 8 (2000), doi:10.1073/pnas.070039597; Katherine
Woollett and Eleanor A. Maguire, “Acquiring ‘the Knowledge’ of London’s Layout Drives
Structural Brain Changes,”
Current Biology 21, no. 24 (December 2011),
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.018; Eleanor A. Maguire, Katherine Woollett, and Hugo J. Spiers,
“London Taxi Drivers and Bus Drivers: A Structural MRI and Neuropsychological Analysis,”
Hippocampus 16, no. 12 (2006), doi:10.1002/hipo.20233.
“the actions become so automatic”
: George Henry Lewes,
The Physiology of Common Life
(Leipzig: Tauchnitz, 1860).
Marketing rejasi - Raqamli iqtisodiyot asoslari (Darslik) toshkent – 2020

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Raqamli iqtisodiyot asoslari (Darslik) toshkent – 2020
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bet | 180/201 | Sana | 14.05.2024 | Hajmi | 4,94 Mb. | | #232599 |
Bog'liq O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligiMarketing rejasi - bu marketing maqsadlariga erishish amalga oshiriladigan faoliyatning batafsil ketma-ket bayoni.
Marketingni rejalashtirish - tovarlarni sotish hajmini oshirishga va kompaniyaning daromadini oshirishga yo‘naltirilgan marketing strategiyasini tanlash bilan, marketing rejasini tayyorlash bilan bog‘liq jarayon.
Marketing tadqiqotlari dizayni - marketing tadqiqotlari jarayonini loyihalash va qurish, uning modeli; tadqiqotlar o‘tkazish, marketing ma’lumotlarini izlash bo‘yicha ishlarni olib borish uchun oqilona rejani ishlab chiqish. Buni qo‘lda va axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalangan holda amalga oshirish mumkin.
Marketing tadqiqotlari - marketing faoliyatining turli jihatlari bo‘yicha ma’lumotlarni to‘plash, tizimlashtirish va baholash.
Marketing tadqiqotlari jarayoni - bu muammoli vaziyatni shakllantirish, tadqiqotni oldindan rejalashtirish, tadqiqot kontseptsiyasining loyihani ishlab chiqish, ma’lumot, ma’lumotni qayta ishlash va tayyorlash, tadqiqot natijalarini (tahlil va bashorat) yig‘ish bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan bosqichlar va harakatlar majmui.
Marketing tizimi - mustaqillik va yaxlitlikka ega bo‘lgan va foyda olish uchun tovarlar va xizmatlarga talabning shakllanishi va rivojlanishi bo‘yicha uzluksiz o‘zaro aloqada bo‘lgan bozor maydonining (atrof-muhitning) ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy shakllanishlari (elementlari) majmui. Marketing tizimi quyidagi elementlarni o‘z ichiga oladi: ishlab chiqaruvchi, yetkazib beruvchi, raqobatchi, vositachi, iste’molchi (bozor).
Marketing faoliyatining iqtisodiy samaradorligi - birinchidan, marketing faoliyati natijasi (samarasi) ning ularni amalga oshirish uchun zarur bo‘lgan xarajatlar yig‘indisiga nisbati. Ikkinchidan, marketing aralashmasi (marketing aralashmasi) samaradorligining ko‘rsatkichi. U tabiiy (moddiy va nomoddiy) va qiymat shakllarida o‘lchanadi.
Maxfiy kalitlarni bilan shifrlash - bu xuddi shu kalit yordamida matnni shifrlash va dekodlash uchun ishlatiladigan usul.
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Buyumlar Internetini ta’riflash

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Buyumlar Internetini ta’riflash
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bet | 43/201 | Sana | 14.05.2024 | Hajmi | 4,94 Mb. | | #232599 |
Bog'liq O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi Buyumlar Internetini ta’riflash
Bugungi kunga kelib, mutaxassislar Buyumlar Interneti nima ekanligini aniqlash borasida bir fikrga kela olishmadi. Quyida nufuzli tashkilotlar tomonidan aytilgan ta’riflar keltirilgan [2, 5] .
"Buyurmalar Interneti" atamasi ( inglizcha - Internet of Things, qisqartirilgan IoT ) Internetga ulangan va bir-biri bilan yoki tashqi muhit bilan o‘zaro aloqada bo‘lgan jismoniy obyektlar ("Buyumlar") tarmog‘ini anglatadi.
Internet – buyum ( Internet of Things, IoT ) - bu tashqi muhit bilan o‘zaro aloqada bo‘lish, ularning holati to‘g‘risida ma’lumot uzatish va tashqaridan ma’lumotlarni olish imkonini beruvchi ichki texnologiyalarga ega bo‘lgan jismoniy ob’ektlar tarmog‘I [5].
Internet – buyum ( Internet of Things, IoT ) - jismoniy obyektlarga o‘rnatilgan va internetni bog‘lovchi Internet protokol (IP) yordamida kabel yoki simsiz tarmoq orqali ulangandatchiklar va uzatgichlar (bajaruvchi moslamalar) [2].
ITUning Telekommunikatsiya standartlar bo‘limi (International Telecommunication Union, Xalqaro, telekommunikatsiya ittifoq’i ) "Buyumlar Interneti haqida tavsilot» deb nomlangan Tavsiya Y.2060 (Overview of the Internet of Things) e’lon qilindi. Ushbu hujjat IoTni tavsiflovchi quyidagi ta’riflarni o‘z ichiga oladi:
"Internet of Things" (IoT): Axborot jamiyati uchun global infratuzilma bo‘lib, mavjud va rivojlanayotgan axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalariga asoslanib, bir-biriga (jismoniy va virtual) buyurmalarni ulash orqali yanada murakkab xizmatlarni taqdim etish imkoniyatini beradi.
Buyum: Buyumlar Internetiga nisbatan, bu aniqlanishi va aloqa tarmoqlariga birlashtirilishi mumkin bo‘lgan jismoniy dunyo (jismoniy Buyurmalar) yoki axborot dunyosi (virtual Buyurmalar) degan ma’noni anglatadi.
Qurilma: Buyumlar Internetiga kelsak, bu ma’lumotni o‘lchash, ishga tushirish, kiritish, saqlash va ishlov berish uchun zarur bo‘lgan aloqa qobiliyatiga va qo‘shimcha imkoniyatlarga ega uskunani anglatadi.
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Aqlli transport tizimi va harakatni boshqarish;
Kommunal sohada aqlli shahar infratuzilmasi;
Aqlli sog‘liqni saqlash tizimi; Xavfsizlikni ta’minlash.
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Moliyaviy ko‘rsatkichlar haqida umumiy ma’lumot;
Qo‘ng‘iroqlar qilish, aloqa xabarnomalari va ijtimoiy tarmoqlarni ko‘rish;
Ijtimoiy tarmoqlarda natijalar bilan almahih;
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Iqlim va ventilyasiya tizimni boshqarishi;
Boshqarish, sozlash va yoritishni boshqarish;
Video nazorati tizimini boshqarish;
Multimedia (TV, audio, video) tizimini boshqarish;
Datchiklar va sensorli panellardan
foydalangan holda muhandislik tizimini to‘liq avtomatlashtirish.
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Avtomobilni masofadan turib diagnostika qilish;
Navigatsiya va axborot tizimi;
Avtomobil xavfsizligini ta’minlash;
Avtomobilni boshqarish.
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