nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Statik mustaxkamlik va toliqishga qarshilik xususiyatlarini yo„qotishi detallarni ….ga olib keladi. Nuqtalar o‟rnini to‟ldiring

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Statik mustaxkamlik va toliqishga qarshilik xususiyatlarini yo„qotishi detallarni ….ga olib keladi. Nuqtalar o‟rnini to‟ldiring
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bet | 2/22 | Sana | 20.02.2024 | Hajmi | 2,45 Mb. | | #159319 |
Bog'liq yakuniy javoblariStatik mustaxkamlik va toliqishga qarshilik xususiyatlarini yo„qotishi detallarni ….ga olib keladi. Nuqtalar o‟rnini to‟ldiring. Sinishiga
Statik mustaxkamlik shartini ko‟rsating.
Toliqishga qarshilik shartini ko‟rsating.
Bikrlik bu–.yuklama ta’sirida deformatsiyaga qarshilik ko‘rsatish qobiliyati
Eyilishga chidamlilik bu–eyilishga qarshilik ko‘rsatish qobiliyati
Issiqqa chidamlilik (issiqbardoshlik)bu–.bеrilgan harorat chеgarasida bеrilgan xizmat muddati davomida ishlay olish qobiliyati
Titrashga chidamlilik bu–.rеzonans sohalaridan yеtarlicha uzoqdagi kеrakli maromlar diapazonida ishlay olish qobiliyati
Eyilishga chidamlilik bu–.eyilishga qarshilik ko‘rsatish qobiliyati
Konstruksion po’latlar uchun issiqlik chegarasini ko‟rsating. (300 ‚ 400)°t
Alyumin qoplamalari uchun issiqlik chegarasini ko‟rsating. (150 ‚ 200)°t
Metal qotishmalar uchun issiqlik chegarasini ko‟rsating. (1000)°t
Issiqbardosh po„latlar uchun issiqlik chegarasini ko‟rsating. (1000)°t
Buzilmasdan ishlash qobiliyati bu -mashinaning qandaydir hajmdagi ishni bajargunga qadar o‘zining ishlash qobiliyatini majburiy tanaffuslarsiz saqlash xususiyati
Ta‟mirlashga yaroqlilik qobiliyati bu -.mashina (agregat, uzel)ning texnik xizmat ko‘rsatish va ta’mirlash yo‘li bilan ishlamay qolishi hamda nuqsonlarining oldini olish, aniqlash va bartaraf etishga moslashganligidan iborat bo‘lgan xususiyati
Saqlovchanlik qobiliyati bu -.mashinaning o‘z ish ko‘rsatkichlarini saqlashi va saqlanish muddati davomida va bu muddat tugagandan keyin ham texnik hujjatlarda (G O ST 27.002—83) ko'rsatilgan qiymatlarda saqlanib turish xususiyati
Bajargan ishi bu -mashinaning ishlash davomiyligi yoki hajmi
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Statik mustaxkamlik va toliqishga qarshilik xususiyatlarini yo„qotishi detallarni ….ga olib keladi. Nuqtalar o‟rnini to‟ldiring
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Server va mijoz tushunchalarini tushuntirib bering

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Server va mijoz tushunchalarini tushuntirib bering
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bet | 9/22 | Sana | 12.01.2024 | Hajmi | 67,52 Kb. | | #135470 |
Bog'liq 1. Kompyuter tarmoqlarining hududiy taqsimlanishi-fayllar.org19. Server va mijoz tushunchalarini tushuntirib bering.
Mijozlar va serverlar. Internetda uzoqlashgan kompyuterlar bilan ishlash uchun mijoz/server texnologiyasi qo’llaniladi. Bunda foydalanuvchi bevosita ishlayotgan kompyuter (ishchi stantsiya) mijoz, asosiy ma’lumotlar va resurslar joylashgan uzoqlashgan kompyuter esa server deb qaraladi. Bu texnologiyaga tayanib, Internet resurslariga bemalol kirib, ulardan foydalanish imkoniyati paydo bo’ldi. Bunday texnologiyani qo’llash juda oddiy. Kerak bo’lgan ma’lumot yoki resursga kirish uchun klient programma ishga tushiriladi va u kerakli ma’lumot va resurslarni aniqlashtiradi. So’ngra bu programma kompyuter tarmog’i orqali resurs va ma’lumotlarni boshqaruvchi server programma bilan bog’lanadi
Mijoz va server orasidagi muloqotni qaydnomalar amalga oshiradi. Mijoz programma mijoz va server uchun bir xil bo’lgan amaliy programma qaydnomasiga o’tkazadi va uni uzatishni ta’minlovchi qaydnomalar orqali serverga uzatadi. Server esa mijoz so’rovini qabul qilib, mos qaydnoma orqali tegishli ma’lumot va resurslarni topib, tarmoq qaydnomasi asosida ularni mijoz kompyuterga jo’natadi. WWW bilan bog’liq bo’lgan savollar tahlilida ham ko’pincha ikkita so’z mijoz va server ko’p ishlatiladi. Mijoz server texnologiyasi WWW da ham keng foydalaniladi. Server programmasi Internetning har bir xost kompyuterlaridan olingan hujjatlarni boshqarish uchun xizmat qiladi.
20. Protokol so’zining ma’nosi?
Protokol – tarmoqda axborotni uzatish qoidalari to’plami, apparat va dasturiy ta’minotni birgalikda ishlashini ta’minlash uchun barcha kompaniyalar bu protokollarga amal qilishlari lozim. Protokol - xabarlar turi va formatini, xabarlarni uzatilish tartibini belgilaydi.
21. Kanal sathida ma’lumotlarni uzatishda qo’llaniladigan protokollar?
Tarmoqni ishlashi uchun esa bizga OSI modeli va TCP/IP protokollar steki zarur hisoblanadi. OSI (Open System Interconnection) modeli 7ta pog'onadan iborat va har bir pog'ona paket (ma'lumot uzatishning bir turi hisoblanadi) hosil qilishda o'z belgisini qo'yib boradi. Ya'ni bunda agar ma'lumot biror qurilmadan chiqib ketishdan oldin 7-pog'onadan boshlab pastki pog'onaga tushib borib paket ko'rinishiga keladi va uzatiladi. Ikkinchi kompyuter uni qabul qilib olgandan so'ng esa 1-pog'onadan boshlab yuqoriga qarab chiqib boradi va ma'lumot ko'rinishiga keladi. Bunda agar qaysidir pog'onada xatolik bo'lsa, paket qaytadan so'raladi yoki so'rov bekor qilinadi.
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O‘zbekiston respublikasi raqamli texnologiyalar vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi tоshkеnt aхbоrоt tехnоlоgiyalari univеrsitеti

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O‘zbekiston respublikasi raqamli texnologiyalar vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi tоshkеnt aхbоrоt tехnоlоgiyalari univеrsitеti
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bet | 1/10 | Sana | 23.11.2023 | Hajmi | 496,14 Kb. | | #104156 |
Bog'liq Muzaffar kbs 2 O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALAR VAZIRLIGI MUHAMMAD AL-XORAZMIY NOMIDAGI TОSHKЕNT AХBОRОT TЕХNОLОGIYALARI UNIVЕRSITЕTI
“Axborot xavfsizligi” fakulteti
AMALIY ISH – 2
Guruh:
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712-20
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Bajardi:
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Mamaroziqov Muzaffar
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Tekshirdi:
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Radjabova Madina
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TOSHKENT 2023
2-AMALIY ISH ZARARKUNANDA DASTURLARNI ANIQLASH VA ULARDAN HIMOYA QILISH VOSITALARI. Ishning maqsadi: Kompyuter viruslaridan himoyalash vositalari bn ishlash amaliy ko'nikmalariga ega bo'lish va antiviruslar uchun xavfsizlik siyosatini shakllantirish bo'yicha ko'nikmalarni o'zlashtirish Zararli dasturlarni qanday olib tashlash mumkin: Windows va Mac uchun o'chirish bosqichlari
Antivirus dasturlari va xavfsizlik devorlari zararli dasturlarni qurilmalarni yuqtirishdan oldin ushlashda juda yaxshi, lekin vaqti-vaqti bilan zararli dastur himoya vositalaridan o'tib, shaxsiy va moliyaviy ma'lumotlarni xavf ostiga qo'yishi mumkin. Bu sodir bo'lganda, hamma narsa yo'qolmaydi; o'rtacha foydalanuvchilar uchun mavjud vositalar va texnikalar yordamida ko'pgina kiberhujumlardan qutulish mumkin.
Biz zararli dasturlarni oʻchirish vositalari va bosqichlarini koʻrib chiqamiz hamda qurilmalaringizni qayta yuqtirmaslik uchun baʼzi maslahatlar beramiz. Ushbu qadamlar ko'p hollarda ishlaydi, lekin agar sizni to'lov dasturi zarar ko'rgan bo'lsa, to'lov dasturi shifrini ochish , o'chirish va tiklash bo'yicha qo'llanmalarimizga qarang .
Qurilmangiz zararli dastur bilan zararlanganligini tasdiqlash
Qurilmangiz zararli dastur bilan zararlanganligini tasdiqlash va qanday zararli infektsiyaga duch kelayotganingizni aniqlash bilan boshlashni xohlaysiz. Biz quyida hujum ko'rsatkichlarini ko'rib chiqamiz, ammo bu erda nimaga e'tibor berish kerakligini umumlashtiradigan grafik:
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
O‘zbekiston respublikasi raqamli texnologiyalar vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi tоshkеnt aхbоrоt tехnоlоgiyalari univеrsitеti
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IV. Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash

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IV. Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash
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bet | 30/31 | Sana | 15.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,04 Mb. | | #263986 |
Bog'liq yozuv 2chorIV. Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash.
Yozuv daftarlari bilan ishlash. Ushbu yozilishi kerak bo’lgan so’zlar va gapni yozishda o’quvchilar bilan yozish uslublari o’tkaziladi. Havoda mashq qildiriladi. Ayrim o’quvchilarga doskada mashq qildiriladi. Har bir so’z tarkibi tahlil qilinib, Z harfining o’zidan oldin va keyingi harfga qo’shib yozish tushuntiriladi. Har bir so’zni shivirlab aytib turib, tushurib qoldirmasdan yozishlari tushuntiriladi. Yozuv daftarlaridagi;
So’zlarga diqqat qilgan holda yozdiriladi. So’zlarda bosh Z harfiga e’tibor qaratiladi. O’quvchilarning yozuvlari kuzatib boriladi. O’quvchilar bilan yakka tartibda ish olib boriladi va doskada yozuvlari takror mashq qildiriladi. Qo’shimcha daftar bilan ish olib boriladi . Unda yozuv daftarda yozilgan bo’g’in va so’zlar qayta og’zaki aytib turiladi. Qo’shimcha daftarda yozgan so’zlari va yozuvlari muhokama qilinadi. Chiroyli , to’g’ri yozgan o’quvchilarning daftari namuna qilib ko’rsatiladi. davri ko’chirib yozish shaklida yoziladi.
V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish .
Bugungi darsda o’tilgan kichik ch harfi yana bir bor eslatiladi va dars davomida qatnashgan o’quvchilar rag’batlantiriladi.
Yozuv
Mavzu : Kichik v harfining yozilishi.
Darsning maqsadi:
Ta’limiy: Kichik v harfi imlosini to’g’ri, aniq va chiroyli yozishga o’rgatish.
Tarbiyaviy: O’quvchilarda mehnatsevarlik tuyg’usini tarbiyalash
.
Rivojlantiruvchi: O’quvchilarda chiziqdan chiqib ketmaslik , Harf unsurlarini to’g’ri yozish. Vv harfiga oid yozuv ko’nikmalarini rivojlantirish
.
Dars turi : Yangi bilim va tushunchalarini shakllantiruvchi.
Dars metodlari : Analitik-sintetik tovush metodi, suhbat, tushuntirish, munozara, ko’rgazmalilik. “Kim to’g’ri yozadi” mashqi.
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Darsning borishi - 26 noyabr 2015 yil

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26 noyabr 2015 yil
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bet | 26/31 | Sana | 15.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,04 Mb. | | #263986 |
Bog'liq yozuv 2chorDarsning borishi:
I.Tashkiliy qism.
O’quvchilarni va yozuv daftarlarini darsga hozurlash.
O’quv qurollarini tekshirish.
II . O’tilgan mavzularni takrorlash.
O’tgan darsda o’tilgan kichik v harfiga oid so’zlardan doskada mashq qildirilib, o’quvchi-larning bilimlari tekshirilib ko’riladi. “Kim to’g’ri yozadi ?” o’yini o’tkaziladi. Oldin ushbu so’zlar aytib yozdiriladi.
So’z boshida, so’z o’rtasida va so’z oxirida tushib qolgan harflarni topish bo’yicha so’z kartochkalari beriladi. Topshiriqni to’g’ri bajargan o’quvchilar rag’batlantiriladi.
III. Yangi mavzu ustida ishlash.
Yangi mavzuni o’quvchilarga kichik p harfini tushuntirish bilan boshlanadi. Bosh V harfi-ning yozilish tehnologiyasi tushuntiriladi. Bosma bosh V harfi , yozma shaklini yozishda
IV. Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash.
Yozuv daftarlari bilan ishlash. Ushbu yozilishi kerak bo’lgan so’zlar va gapni yozishda o’quvchilar bilan yozish uslublari o’tkaziladi. Havoda mashq qildiriladi. Ayrim o’quvchilarga doskada mashq qildiriladi. Har bir so’z tarkibi tahlil qilinib, V harfining o’zidan oldin va keyingi harfga qo’shib yozish tushuntiriladi. Har bir so’zni shivirlab aytib turib, tushurib qoldirmasdan yozishlari tushuntiriladi. Yozuv daftarlaridagi;
So’zlarga diqqat qilgan holda yozdiriladi. So’zlarda bosh V harfiga e’tibor qaratiladi. O’quvchilarning yozuvlari kuzatib boriladi. O’quvchilar bilan yakka tartibda ish olib boriladi va doskada yozuvlari takror mashq qildiriladi. Qo’shimcha daftar bilan ish olib boriladi . Unda yozuv daftarda yozilgan bo’g’in va so’zlar qayta og’zaki aytib turiladi. Qo’shimcha daftarda yozgan so’zlari va yozuvlari muhokama qilinadi. Chiroyli , to’g’ri yozgan o’quvchilarning daftari namuna qilib ko’rsatiladi. davri ko’chirib yozish shaklida yoziladi.
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Kannallar kommutatsiyasi afzalliklari va kamchiliklari

16. Kannallar kommutatsiyasi afzalliklari va kamchiliklari.
Afzalliklari
- foydalanuvchilararo o’rnatilgan kanalda ma’lumot uzatish tezligi doimiy va ma’lum bo’ladi (foydalanuvchi sifatli uzatishga mo’ljallangan kanalning o’tkazish qobiliyatiga moslab kerakli tezlikni belgilash imkoniyatiga ega);
- tarmoq orqali ma’lumot uzatishda to’xtalishlar darajasi past va doimiy bo’lishi (to’xtalishlarga sezgir real vaqtli trafik (ovoz, video)ning sifatli uzatilish imkoniyatiga ega).
Kamchliklari
- kanal bandligida foydalanuvchiga rad javobi berilishi;
- fizik kanallarning o’tkazish qobiliyatini samarasiz ishlatilishi (kanal ulash o’rnatish jarayoni mobaynida band bo’ladi);
- avvaldan ulash o’rnatilishi tufayli ma’lumot uzatish jarayonidan oldin shartli to’xtalish mavjudligi.
17. Paketlar kommutatsiyasi afzalliklari va kamchiliklari.
Afzalliklari
pulsatsiyali trafikni uzatishda tarmoqning o’tkazish
qobiliyatini oshirish imkoniyatini beradi;
foydalanuvchilararo trafik holatini inobatga olgan holda, tarmoq sharoitiga nisbatan fizikaviy kanallarning o’tkazish qobiliyatini taqsimlash imkoniyatini beradi.
Kamchiliklari
kommutatorlarning buferlaridagi xalaqit tarmoq holatiga bog’liq bo’lganligi sababli foydalanuvchilararo uzatish tezligining noaniqligi;
- ma’lumot paketlarining o’zgaruvchanligi;
buferlarda navbatlar ortib ketganligi sababli ma’lumot
(paketlar) yo’qolishi.
18. Paketlar kommutatsiyasining aloqa o’rnatish usullari.
Paketli kommutatsiyada aloqa o’rnatish usullari:
Deytagrammali uzatishi,
Logik ulanishni o’rnatish bilan uzatish,
Virtual kanal o’rnatish bilan uzatish.
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Darsning borishi - 26 noyabr 2015 yil

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26 noyabr 2015 yil
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bet | 24/31 | Sana | 15.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,04 Mb. | | #263986 |
Bog'liq yozuv 2chorDarsning borishi:
I.Tashkiliy qism.
O’quvchilarni va yozuv daftarlarini darsga hozurlash.
O’quv qurollarini tekshirish.
II . O’tilgan mavzularni takrorlash.
O’tgan darsda o’tilgan bosh V harfiga oid so’zlardan doskada mashq qildirilib, o’quvchi-larning bilimlari tekshirilib ko’riladi. “Kim to’g’ri yozadi ?” o’yini o’tkaziladi. Oldin ushbu so’zlar aytib yozdiriladi.
So’z boshida, so’z o’rtasida va so’z oxirida tushib qolgan harflarni topish bo’yicha so’z kartochkalari beriladi. Topshiriqni to’g’ri bajargan o’quvchilar rag’batlantiriladi.
III. Yangi mavzu ustida ishlash.
Yangi mavzuni o’quvchilarga kichik p harfini tushuntirish bilan boshlanadi. Kichik v harfi-ning yozilish tehnologiyasi tushuntiriladi. Bosma kichik v harfi , yozma shaklini yozishda
IV. Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash.
Yozuv daftarlari bilan ishlash. Ushbu yozilishi kerak bo’lgan so’zlar va gapni yozishda o’quvchilar bilan yozish uslublari o’tkaziladi. Havoda mashq qildiriladi. Ayrim o’quvchilarga doskada mashq qildiriladi. Har bir so’z tarkibi tahlil qilinib, v harfining o’zidan oldin va keyingi harfga qo’shib yozish tushuntiriladi. Har bir so’zni shivirlab aytib turib, tushurib qoldirmasdan yozishlari tushuntiriladi. Yozuv daftarlaridagi;
So’zlarga diqqat qilgan holda yozdiriladi. So’zlarda kichik v harfiga e’tibor qaratiladi. O’quvchilarning yozuvlari kuzatib boriladi. O’quvchilar bilan yakka tartibda ish olib boriladi va doskada yozuvlari takror mashq qildiriladi. Qo’shimcha daftar bilan ish olib boriladi . Unda yozuv daftarda yozilgan bo’g’in va so’zlar qayta og’zaki aytib turiladi. Qo’shimcha daftarda yozgan so’zlari va yozuvlari muhokama qilinadi. Chiroyli , to’g’ri yozgan o’quvchilarning daftari namuna qilib ko’rsatiladi. davri ko’chirib yozish shaklida yoziladi.
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V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish

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V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish
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bet | 25/31 | Sana | 15.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,04 Mb. | | #263986 |
Bog'liq yozuv 2chorV. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish .
Bugungi darsda o’tilgan kichik v harfi yana bir bor eslatiladi va dars davomida qatnashgan o’quvchilar rag’batlantiriladi.
Yozuv
Mavzu : Bosh V harfining yozilishi.
Darsning maqsadi:
Ta’limiy: Bosh V harfi imlosini to’g’ri, aniq va chiroyli yozishga o’rgatish.
Tarbiyaviy: O’quvchilarda mehnatsevarlik tuyg’usini tarbiyalash
. Rivojlantiruvchi: O’quvchilarda chiziqdan chiqib ketmaslik , Harf unsurlarini to’g’ri yozish. V harfiga oid yozuv ko’nikmalarini rivojlantirish
.
Dars turi : Yangi bilim va tushunchalarini shakllantiruvchi.
Dars metodlari : Analitik-sintetik tovush metodi, suhbat, tushuntirish, munozara, ko’rgazmalilik. “Kim to’g’ri yozadi” mashqi.
Dars jihozlari : Yozuv daftari, qo’shimcha daftar, V harfiga oid rasmlar.
Fanlararo bog’lanish: Alifbe, tasviriy san’at va odobnoma.
Darsning texnologik xaritasi
T|r
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Dars bosqichlari
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Bajariladigan ish mazmuni
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Bajariladigan ish shakli
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Ajratilgan vaqt
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1
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Tashkiliy qism
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O’quvchilarni darsga tayyorlash. Navbatchi axboroti.
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Suhbat.
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3 daqiqa
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2
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O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash
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O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash. Savol va topshiriqlar berib, xulosalash.
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Savol- javob.
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10 daqiqa
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3
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Yangi mavzu ustida ishlash
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Bosh V harfini yozish.
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Ko’rgazmalilik.
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20 daqiqa
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4
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Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash
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Yozuv daftari bilan ishlash
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Daftar bilan ishlash
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10 daqiqa
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5
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Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish
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Uyga vazifani tushuntirish
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Rag’batlantirish.
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2 daqiqa
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Mavzu : Bosh Z harfining yozilishi.


Darsning maqsadi

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Mavzu : Bosh Z harfining yozilishi.
Darsning maqsadi
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bet | 29/31 | Sana | 15.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,04 Mb. | | #263986 |
Bog'liq yozuv 2chorMavzu : Bosh Z harfining yozilishi.
Darsning maqsadi:
Ta’limiy: Bosh Z harfi imlosini to’g’ri, aniq va chiroyli yozishga o’rgatish.
Tarbiyaviy: O’quvchilarda mehnatsevarlik tuyg’usini tarbiyalash
.
Rivojlantiruvchi: O’quvchilarda chiziqdan chiqib ketmaslik , Harf unsurlarini to’g’ri yozish. Z harfiga oid yozuv ko’nikmalarini rivojlantirish
.
Dars turi : Yangi bilim va tushunchalarini shakllantiruvchi.
Dars metodlari : Analitik-sintetik tovush metodi, suhbat, tushuntirish, munozara, ko’rgazmalilik. “Kim to’g’ri yozadi” mashqi.
Dars jihozlari : Yozuv daftari, qo’shimcha daftar, Z harfiga oid rasmlar.
Fanlararo bog’lanish: Alifbe, tasviriy san’at va odobnoma.
Darsning texnologik xaritasi
T|r
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Dars bosqichlari
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Bajariladigan ish mazmuni
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Bajariladigan ish shakli
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Ajratilgan vaqt
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1
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Tashkiliy qism
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O’quvchilarni darsga tayyorlash. Navbatchi axboroti.
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Suhbat.
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3 daqiqa
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2
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O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash
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O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash. Savol va topshiriqlar berib, xulosalash.
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Savol- javob.
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10 daqiqa
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3
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Yangi mavzu ustida ishlash
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Bosh Z harfini yozish.
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Ko’rgazmalilik.
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20 daqiqa
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4
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Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash
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Yozuv daftari bilan ishlash
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Daftar bilan ishlash
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10 daqiqa
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5
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Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish
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Uyga vazifani tushuntirish
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Rag’batlantirish.
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2 daqiqa
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Darsning borishi:
I.Tashkiliy qism.
O’quvchilarni va yozuv daftarlarini darsga hozurlash.
O’quv qurollarini tekshirish.
II . O’tilgan mavzularni takrorlash.
O’tgan darsda o’tilgan kichik z harfiga oid so’zlardan doskada mashq qildirilib, o’quvchi-larning bilimlari tekshirilib ko’riladi. “Kim to’g’ri yozadi ?” o’yini o’tkaziladi. Oldin ushbu so’zlar aytib yozdiriladi.
So’z boshida, so’z o’rtasida va so’z oxirida tushib qolgan harflarni topish bo’yicha so’z kartochkalari beriladi. Topshiriqni to’g’ri bajargan o’quvchilar rag’batlantiriladi.
III. Yangi mavzu ustida ishlash.
Yangi mavzuni o’quvchilarga bosh Z harfini tushuntirish bilan boshlanadi. Bosh Z harfining yozilish tehnologiyasi tushuntiriladi. Bosma bosh Z harfi , yozma shaklini yozishda
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Optik tolali kabellar - 1. Kompyuter tarmoqlarining hududiy taqsimlanishi

12. Optik tolali kabellar.
Optik tolali kabellar quyidagi tarkibiy qismlardan iborat:
Yadro - nur o'tadigan shaffof plastik yoki shisha
Qoplama - yadro atrofidagi shisha qoplamasi, u nurni yadroga qaytarib aks ettirish uchun oyna vazifasini bajaradi. Bunga umumiy ichki ko'zgu deyiladi
Tampon qoplamasi - tolani qoplaydi va himoya qiladi
Aramid iplari mustahkamligi a'zosi - kabel ichidagi optik tolalar orqali ma'lumotlarni uzatish yaxlitligini kuchaytiradi.
Himoya tashqi ko'ylagi - Ekstrudlangan PVX odatiydir
Optik kabelning turlari
Kabelning ikkita asosiy turi mavjud. Simplex va Duplex . Kabelning har ikkala turi ham kiradi: Singlemode va Multimode. Singlemode uzoq masofali kabellar uchun va Multimode qisqa kabellar uchun mo'ljallangan.
Optik tolali asboblar va sinov uskunalari
Har bir tolani o'rnatish bilan ishni tugatish uchun maxsus vositalar va uskunalar talab qilinadi. FOCC Fusion Splicers-dan sinov to'plamlarini sinash uchun quyidagi Fiber Optik vositalar va uskunalarni taklif qiladi.
Optik kabelning dizayni
Kabel dizaynining ikkita asosiy turi mavjud. Ular quyidagilardir: bo'shashmasdan naycha (odatda "OSP" zavod qurilmalaridan tashqarida ishlatiladi) va Tight Bufered (odatda ichki o'rnatish uchun ishlatiladi).
Bo'shashgan naychali tolali kabel quyidagilardan iborat: (o'ngdagi rasmda ko'rsatilgan)
250 mkm qoplangan tolalar
Ushbu tolalarni ushlab turgan bir yoki bir nechta bo'shashmasdan naychalar
Namlikni blokirovka qilish va tolalar harakatini himoya qilish uchun jel-to'ldirgich
Markaziy quvvat a'zosi
Aramid iplari mustahkamligi a'zosi
Tashqi ko'ylagi
Qattiq tamponli tolali kabel (chap rasmda ko'rsatilgan) quyidagilardan iborat:
Taxminan 250 mk tolasi atrofida 900 mk tampon
Markaziy kuch a'zosi
Aramid iplari mustahkamligi a'zosi
Tashqi ko'ylagi
Optik tolali ajratgichlar
Fiber Optik Splitter yorug'lik signallarini birlashtiradi va ularni bitta yoki bir nechta chiqishlarga ajratadi. FOCC splitterlari elektromagnit shovqinlarga (EMI) qarshi turadi, elektr quvvatini iste'mol qilmaydi va tizim dizayniga shovqin qo'shmaydi. FOCC ajratgichlari maxsus tolali uzunliklarda va har qanday ulagich turlarida tayyorlanishi mumkin.
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Darsning borishi - 26 noyabr 2015 yil

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26 noyabr 2015 yil
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bet | 28/31 | Sana | 15.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,04 Mb. | | #263986 |
Bog'liq yozuv 2chorDarsning borishi:
I.Tashkiliy qism.
O’quvchilarni va yozuv daftarlarini darsga hozurlash.
O’quv qurollarini tekshirish.
II . O’tilgan mavzularni takrorlash.
O’tgan darsda o’tilgan bosh V harfiga oid so’zlardan doskada mashq qildirilib, o’quvchi-larning bilimlari tekshirilib ko’riladi. “Kim to’g’ri yozadi ?” o’yini o’tkaziladi. Oldin ushbu gaplar aytib yozdiriladi.
So’z boshida, so’z o’rtasida va so’z oxirida tushib qolgan harflarni topish bo’yicha so’z kartochkalari beriladi. Topshiriqni to’g’ri bajargan o’quvchilar rag’batlantiriladi.
III. Yangi mavzu ustida ishlash.
Yangi mavzuni o’quvchilarga kichik ch harfini tushuntirish bilan boshlanadi. Kichik x harfining yozilish tehnologiyasi tushuntiriladi. Bosma kichik x harfi , yozma shaklini yozishda
IV. Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash.
Yozuv daftarlari bilan ishlash. Ushbu yozilishi kerak bo’lgan so’zlar va gapni yozishda o’quvchilar bilan yozish uslublari o’tkaziladi. Havoda mashq qildiriladi. Ayrim o’quvchilarga doskada mashq qildiriladi. Har bir so’z tarkibi tahlil qilinib, x harfining o’zidan oldin va keyingi harfga qo’shib yozish tushuntiriladi. Har bir so’zni shivirlab aytib turib, tushurib qoldirmasdan yozishlari tushuntiriladi. Yozuv daftarlaridagi;
So’zlarga diqqat qilgan holda yozdiriladi. So’zlarda kichik x harfiga e’tibor qaratiladi. O’quvchilarning yozuvlari kuzatib boriladi. O’quvchilar bilan yakka tartibda ish olib boriladi va doskada yozuvlari takror mashq qildiriladi. Qo’shimcha daftar bilan ish olib boriladi . Unda yozuv daftarda yozilgan bo’g’in va so’zlar qayta og’zaki aytib turiladi. Qo’shimcha daftarda yozgan so’zlari va yozuvlari muhokama qilinadi.
V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish .
Bugungi darsda o’tilgan kichik x harfi yana bir bor eslatiladi va dars davomida qatnashgan o’quvchilar rag’batlantiriladi.
Yozuv
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V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish

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V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish
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bet | 27/31 | Sana | 15.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,04 Mb. | | #263986 |
Bog'liq yozuv 2chorV. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish .
Bugungi darsda o’tilgan bosh V harfi yana bir bor eslatiladi va dars davomida qatnashgan o’quvchilar rag’batlantiriladi.
Yozuv
Mavzu : Kichik x harfining yozilishi.
Darsning maqsadi:
Ta’limiy: Kichik x harfi imlosini to’g’ri, aniq va chiroyli yozishga o’rgatish.
Tarbiyaviy: O’quvchilarda mehnatsevarlik tuyg’usini tarbiyalash
Rivojlantiruvchi: O’quvchilarda chiziqdan chiqib ketmaslik , Harf unsurlarini to’g’ri yozish. Xx harfiga oid yozuv ko’nikmalarini rivojlantirish
.
Dars turi : Yangi bilim va tushunchalarini shakllantiruvchi.
Dars metodlari : Analitik-sintetik tovush metodi, suhbat, tushuntirish, munozara, ko’rgazmalilik. “Kim to’g’ri yozadi” mashqi.
Dars jihozlari : Yozuv daftari, qo’shimcha daftar, x harfiga oid rasmlar.
Fanlararo bog’lanish: Alifbe, tasviriy san’at va odobnoma.
Darsning texnologik xaritasi
T|r
|
Dars bosqichlari
|
Bajariladigan ish mazmuni
|
Bajariladigan ish shakli
|
Ajratilgan vaqt
|
1
|
Tashkiliy qism
|
O’quvchilarni darsga tayyorlash. Navbatchi axboroti.
|
Suhbat.
|
3 daqiqa
|
2
|
O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash
|
O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash. Savol va topshiriqlar berib, xulosalash.
|
Savol- javob.
|
10 daqiqa
|
3
|
Yangi mavzu ustida ishlash
|
Kichik x harfini yozish.
|
Ko’rgazmalilik.
|
20 daqiqa
|
4
|
Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash
|
Yozuv daftari bilan ishlash
|
Daftar bilan ishlash
|
10 daqiqa
|
5
|
Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish
|
Uyga vazifani tushuntirish
|
Rag’batlantirish.
|
2 daqiqa
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V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish

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V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish
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bet | 23/31 | Sana | 15.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,04 Mb. | | #263986 |
Bog'liq yozuv 2chorV. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish .
Bugungi darsda o’tilgan kichik ch harfi yana bir bor eslatiladi va dars davomida qatnashgan o’quvchilar rag’batlantiriladi.
Yozuv
Mavzu : Kichik v harfining yozilishi.
Darsning maqsadi:
Ta’limiy: Kichik v harfi imlosini to’g’ri, aniq va chiroyli yozishga o’rgatish.
Tarbiyaviy: O’quvchilarda mehnatsevarlik tuyg’usini tarbiyalash
.
Rivojlantiruvchi: O’quvchilarda chiziqdan chiqib ketmaslik , Harf unsurlarini to’g’ri yozish. Vv harfiga oid yozuv ko’nikmalarini rivojlantirish
.
Dars turi : Yangi bilim va tushunchalarini shakllantiruvchi.
Dars metodlari : Analitik-sintetik tovush metodi, suhbat, tushuntirish, munozara, ko’rgazmalilik. “Kim to’g’ri yozadi” mashqi.
Dars jihozlari : Yozuv daftari, qo’shimcha daftar, Vv harfiga oid rasmlar.
Fanlararo bog’lanish: Alifbe, tasviriy san’at va odobnoma.
Darsning texnologik xaritasi
T|r
|
Dars bosqichlari
|
Bajariladigan ish mazmuni
|
Bajariladigan ish shakli
|
Ajratilgan vaqt
|
1
|
Tashkiliy qism
|
O’quvchilarni darsga tayyorlash. Navbatchi axboroti.
|
Suhbat.
|
3 daqiqa
|
2
|
O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash
|
O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash. Savol va topshiriqlar berib, xulosalash.
|
Savol- javob.
|
10 daqiqa
|
3
|
Yangi mavzu ustida ishlash
|
Kichik v harfini yozish.
|
Ko’rgazmalilik.
|
20 daqiqa
|
4
|
Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash
|
Yozuv daftari bilan ishlash
|
Daftar bilan ishlash
|
10 daqiqa
|
5
|
Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish
|
Uyga vazifani tushuntirish
|
Rag’batlantirish.
|
2 daqiqa
|
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The 1990’s - The first modern computer, was brought online in 1945, cybersecurity

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The first modern computer, was brought online in 1945, cybersecurity
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bet | 3/4 | Sana | 23.01.2024 | Hajmi | 48,5 Kb. | | #143790 |
Bog'liq WhenThe 1990’s
The 1990s are widely considered to be the era of viruses. Computers that connected to the internet became more common in households and this increased access. This led to unskilled script kiddies — individuals who download a piece of code and run it without having to write any code themselves. They can use that code to launch attacks they don’t understand in order to vandalize or destroy targets for fun.
The unfocused, scattered attacks of the era led to the rise of the anti-malware industry, evolving from a curiosity to a core part of modern cybersecurity. Cybersecurity, as a whole, started to be taken much more seriously. Large companies made public pushes to improve the security of their products. Household computers were often targeted by the rampant malware of the era, demonstrating the consequences of poor cybersecurity to their owners.
The 2000’s
More and more data became digitized — particularly monetary transactions. As the script kiddies of the 90s grew up and gained more experience, the scale of threats shifted, and attackers started having larger targets beyond vandalism and destruction. Credit-card breaches, hacktivism, and holding corporations’ systems for ransom became increasingly common, as malicious hackers realized there was real money to be made from cybercrime.
Hundreds of millions of sets of credit card data were breached over the course of the decade.
The threats of data breaches and ransomware attacks forced large businesses to improve their cybersecurity programs. Being hacked was no longer just a matter of vandalism; it could lead to extended downtime, loss of customer loyalty, lawsuits, and fines from regulatory bodies.
The 2010’s
During the 2010s, the scale of threats continued to grow: Attacks by nation-states increased in frequency, and they carried out infiltration and surveillance campaigns and deployed cyberweapons to attack strategic objectives. Malicious hacker groups targeted major corporations and government organizations, stealing data and launching ransomware attacks, and the growing number of smart devices in circulation gave these groups an entirely new type of target.
The most dangerous of these new threat actors are known as APTs: Advanced Persistent Threats. Often funded by nation-states, APTs possess resources and determination far beyond what smaller threat actors might have access to. While lesser threat actors might be capable of launching cyber attacks against a target, APTs are capable of running entire cyber-campaigns, attempting to infiltrate their target across multiple domains simultaneously.
Large-scale cybersecurity incidents became more and more common: WannaCry and NotPetya caused global damage, the [Equifax) and Yahoo! breaches revealed hundreds of millions of pieces of personal information, and countless companies and organizations were hit by ransomware attacks, bringing their operations grinding to a halt.
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Koaksial kabel bo’yicha tushuncha bering

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Koaksial kabel bo’yicha tushuncha bering
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bet | 5/22 | Sana | 12.01.2024 | Hajmi | 67,52 Kb. | | #135470 |
Bog'liq 1. Kompyuter tarmoqlarining hududiy taqsimlanishi-fayllar.org11. Koaksial kabel bo’yicha tushuncha bering.
Koaksial raqamli kabel keng inson faoliyatining ko'plab sohalarda ishlatiladi. Xususan, u sun'iy yo'ldosh signallari va video kameralar uzatish uchun ishlatiladi. Bu ideal yuqori chastotali o'qlaridan uzatish uchun mos deb aslida tufaylidir. Uning maxsus dizayn yo'qolgan holda biron-signallarining yuqori sifatli yetkazib berish erishish imkonini beradi. Bu holda, axborot oqimi kam yoki hech zaiflashuvi bilan uzoq masofalarga uzatilishi mumkin.
Umuman, koaksial kabel quyidagi tuzilishga ega: dirijyor o'rtasida bo'lib dielektrik xususiyatlariga ega bo'lgan o'rash yuqori zichlikdagi polietilen joylashtirilgan (odatda mis, hosil) va ingichka metall simlar to'quv gözenekli tepasida. yuqoridan bu polietilen yoki polivinilxlorid bir izolyatsiyalash o'ramagan bilan qoplangan.
Koaksial kabel, boshqa jismoniy uzatish o'rta kabi, o'ziga xos xususiyatlari bir qator ega. boshi ochiq, u ishlatiladi, va faqat keyin eng munosib xususiyatlari turini tanlang qilinadi qanday atrof-muhit bilan nima maqsadda, uchun bilaman dan Shuning uchun zarur.
Misol uchun, video kuzatuv uchun koaksial kabel quyidagi xususiyatlarga ega bo'lishi kerak:
Bu chastota spektrining imkon qadar yuborilishi mumkin.
elektr uzatiladi orqali keyingi Pass davri haqida Minimal ta'siri.
tashqi ta'sirlarga eng yuqori imkon qarshilik.
aralashish qarshi himoya.
Bu, masalan, bir mahsulot asosiy kamchiligi sifatida ham muhim omil past chastotali shovqin qarshilik, - u past chastotalar uzatiladi signallari moyil bo'ladi.
Koaksial kabel eng keng tarqalgan uchun ishlatiladi ma'lumotlar uzatish qabul qilish va uzatish qurilmalar o'rtasida. U televizor signallari va video uzatish uchun eng keng tarqalgan yo'llaridan biri hisoblanadi. Uning tarqalganligi tufayli nisbiy ucuzluğu uchun kamida emas.
koaksial kabel turli turdagi juda ko'p sonli mavjud. Asosiy farq jismoniy xususiyatlari yotadi. Shu bilan birga u shu mahsulot har xil turdagi harakat tamoyili ta'kidlash joiz.
Agar (uyda yoki ofis ichida) video kuzatuv tizimi joyda o'rnatish qaror qilsangiz, eng samarali uzatish o'rta aniq koaksial kabel bo'ladi. Siz pul nisbatan kichik miqdorda ishonchli ish tizimini oladi. Va bozorda qurbonliklarining tarqalganligi va soni siz individual talablariga to'liq rioya qiladi, bir mahsulotni tanlash imkonini beradi. Bu sizga biron-bir boshboshdoqlik va dallanma tizimini amalga oshirish uchun yordam beradi.
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Tushunchalar

6.1. Kompyuter tarmoqlari, ularning turlari va asosiy
tushunchalar
Tarmoq texnologiyalarini va tarmoqda ishlashni qo‘llab-
quvvatlash zamonaviy operatsion tizimlarning ajralmas qismidir.
Zamonaviy sharoitda kompyuterlardan foydalanish alohida holda
emas, balki taqsimlangan tizim va tarmoqlarda uy yoki ofisning
mahalliy tarmog‘i, Internet, korporativ tarmoqlarda va boshqalarda
amalga oshiriladi.
Kompyuter tarmog‘i - bu aloqa tizimiga ulangan va tegishli
dasturiy ta’minot bilan jihozlangan kompyuterlar majmui bo‘lib,
tarmoq foydalanuvchilariga ushbu kompyuterlarning resurslariga
kirishga imkon beradi. Turli xil kompyuterlar tarmoqni tashkil qilishi
mumkin, masalan, kichik mikroprotsessorlar, ishchi stansiyalar, mini
kompyuterlar, shaxsiy kompyuterlar va superkompyuterlar. Aloqa
tizimi har qanday juft kompyuter o‘rtasida xabar almashishni
ta’minlaydigan kabellar, kommutatorlar, marshrutizator va boshqa
qurilmalarni o‘z ichiga olishi mumkin.
Tarmoq operatsion tizimi- foydalanuvchiga o‘z kompyuterlari
bilan mustaqil ishlashga imkon beradi va shu bilan tarmoqdagi boshqa
kompyuterlarning axborot va qurilma resurslariga kirish imkoniyatini
oshiradi.
Tarmoq
operatsion
tizimining
soddalashtirilgan
ishlashi
quyidagicha amalga oshiriladi. A kompyuteridagi foydalanuvchi o‘z
faylini tarmoqdagi boshqa B kompyuteriga qo‘yishga qaror qildi
deylik. Buning uchun u klaviaturada tegishli buyruqni kiritadi.
Foydalanuvchi interfeysi uchun javobgar bo‘lgan operatsion tizimning
dasturiy moduli ushbu buyruqni oladi va uni A kompyuterning mijoz
qismiga o‘tkazadi. OT mijoz qismi boshqa kompyuter resurslariga
to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri kira olmaydi (masalan, B kompyuter disklari yoki
kompyuterlariga). U faqat ushbu resurslar joylashgan kompyuterda
ishlaydigan OT server qismini "so‘rashi" mumkin. Ushbu “so‘rovlar”
tarmoq orqali uzatiladigan xabarlar shaklida ifodalanadi. Xabarlarda
nafaqat
muayyan
harakatlarni
bajarish
buyruqlari,
balki
ma’lumotlarning o‘zi ham bo‘lishi mumkin, masalan, ma’lum bir
faylning tarkibi.
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Elektron Hukumat” fanidan amaliyot

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Elektron Hukumat” fanidan amaliyot
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bet | 1/9 | Sana | 21.05.2024 | Hajmi | 34,23 Kb. | | #247190 |
Bog'liq elektron.xka22
MUHAMMAD AL-XORAZMIY NOMIDAGI TOSHKЕNT AXBOROT TЕXNOLOGIYALARI UNIVЕRSITЕTI
“Elektron Hukumat”
fanidan
AMALIYOT
TOPShIRIQ №3
217-guruh talabasi
Bajardi: Xoshimov Kamron
Qabul qildi:Yuldashov Rahmon
Toshkent 2024
Mavzu: Qishloq xojaligi
Elektron hukumat tizimida sun’iy intellektni o‘rni va ahamiyati.
1. AI tomonidan kengaytirilgan geofazoviy tahlilga kirish
Geofazoviy tahlil tasvirlar, GPS, sun'iy yo'ldoshdan suratga olish va geografik jihatdan havola qilingan tarixiy ma'lumotlarni yig'ish, namoyish qilish va manipulyatsiya qilishni o'z ichiga oladi. AIning, xususan, mashinani o'rganish va chuqur o'rganishning geofazoviy tahlil bilan integratsiyalashuvi yanada murakkab, samarali va aniq atrof-muhit monitoringi tizimlarini ishlab chiqishga olib keldi. Ushbu kombinatsiya AI algoritmlarining katta hajmdagi geofazoviy ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlash va tahlil qilish kuchidan foydalanadi va ilgari erishib bo'lmaydigan tushunchalarni beradi.
2. Ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlashning ilg'or imkoniyatlari
Geofazoviy tahlilda AIning asosiy afzalliklaridan biri uning katta hajmdagi ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlash qobiliyatidir. Ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlashning an'anaviy usullari ko'pincha ko'p vaqt talab qiladi va atrof-muhit monitoringida hosil bo'ladigan katta hajmdagi ma'lumotlar bilan ishlashda samarali bo'lmasligi mumkin. AI algoritmlari ushbu ma'lumotlarni tezda qayta ishlash va tahlil qilish, real vaqt rejimida tushuncha va bashoratlarni taqdim etishi mumkin. Bu qobiliyat o'rmonlarni kesishni kuzatish, yovvoyi tabiatning migratsiyasini kuzatish yoki tabiiy ofatlarni bashorat qilish kabi holatlarda juda muhimdir.
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The present - The first modern computer, was brought online in 1945, cybersecurity

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The first modern computer, was brought online in 1945, cybersecurity
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bet | 4/4 | Sana | 23.01.2024 | Hajmi | 48,5 Kb. | | #143790 |
Bog'liq WhenThe present
With the world as connected as it is, cybersecurity is about protecting people as much as it is about protecting computers. People are fallible, and, like computers, we have vulnerabilities that can be exploited: Emotional manipulation and social engineering are powerful tools, used by hackers to gain access to secure systems. Many of the systems we rely on run on computers, and the stakes for protecting them have never been higher. Attacks on those computers can disrupt transportation, power, economy, healthcare, communication, and even lives.
With computers so integrated into our lives, it’s crucial that we protect them. In cybersecurity, we must learn from our mistakes, applying the lessons learned in the past to prevent attacks in the future. This is the domain of security researchers and ethical hackers: Finding and fixing vulnerabilities before they can be exploited, and helping to make us and our computers as safe as possible.
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What do these threats have in common?

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What do these threats have in common?
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bet | 9/15 | Sana | 30.03.2021 | Hajmi | 58,92 Kb. | | #13786 |
What do these threats have in common?
Processing: consumption of CPU cycles by infinite or very long programmatic looping.
Storage: large allocation of memory or file quota that blocks legitimate use of the same.
Excessive and unwanted use of screen space, printer paper, and so forth.
Causing a crash or error mechanism that interferes with normal usage or that requires restarting.
Elevation of privilege can exacerbate D.o.S. by gaining larger resource quotas.
Examples
SYN attacks and packet bombs that use various network protocol vulnerabilities to cause servers to crash.
Sophisticated buffer overflow problems, such as parameters with no length, can cause the server to chase a nonexistent memory location and crash. Similarly, GetAdmin-style handcrafted stacks can cause privileged instructions to shut down the system.
Common coding errors, such as unhandled memory allocation failures (referencing an invalid pointer), uninitialized memory (bad data used), use of freed memory and resources (referencing invalid memory), and miscalculations (divide by zero), can cause exceptions that would crash the software.
Weak policies (inherent in design or due to misconfiguration), such as a process taking up all CPU time.
Trojans, such as viruses, can also cause the software to become unusable.
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The 1970’s - The first modern computer, was brought online in 1945, cybersecurity

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The first modern computer, was brought online in 1945, cybersecurity
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Bog'liq WhenThe 1970’s
The creation of ARPANET, the earliest form of the internet, gave hackers a lot to think about and explore. ARPANET was a testing ground for new technologies, and the hacker and technical communities busied themselves with developing and prototyping new technologies, including email. There were a few adventures into the development of malware (short for malicious software), including Creeper and Reaper, the first computer worms, but these were academic exercises more than anything else.
I'M THE CREEPER; CATCH ME IF YOU CAN
The message you would have seen if you received a visit from Creeper!
In this era of rapid development and experimentation, the security of the technology being developed was not a concern. The widespread view of ARPANET as a cooperative academic endeavor and the absence of well-established best practices meant that the motivation and means to design secure systems and software were limited. However, people were starting to think about security. A 1975 paper titled The Protection of Information in Computer Systems presented principles and concepts that would become critical to cybersecurity in the future.
The 1980’s
The 1980s were a chaotic time; the Internet was formed in 1983, and the adoption of the Internet Protocol Suite by ARPANET and other networks added more potential targets and attackers to the mix. The first “real” malware emerged during this time, as did the public panic around The Cold War. Tools and techniques developed during this era would become common in modern cybersecurity; dictionary attacks used stolen lists of passwords and exploited weak default credentials, while decoy computer systems trapped attackers.
The late 80’s gave two major events.
The first was the discovery that a hacker working for the KGB gained access to sensitive documents from the U.S. military.
The second was the creation of the world’s truly serious piece of malware: the Morris Worm. It was originally written to map the size of the internet but quickly grew out of control, choking computers with multiple copies of itself, and clogging the network as it kept replicating.
These incidences exploited unsecured default settings; default passwords like “admin” ensured a system or piece of software was easily exploitable.
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Rogue administrator - The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg

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The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg
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Rogue administrator is another variation of privilege misuse attack. With all our products, an administrator typically has godlike powers, and when the administrator turns rogue, there is very little we can do to protect the system from utter compromise and destruction. However, more often the attack is unintentional because the administrator is doing non-administrative operations like browsing the Web with administrative privileges.
Trust abuse is another attack in this category. Trust abuse is the kind of attack where a software product from a trusted source, such as Microsoft, intentionally or unintentionally violates the user's privacy requirements. An example of trust abuse is if a piece of code sends a user's profile information back to the vendor without the user's confirmation.
Technologies like Restricted Tokens and RunAs in Windows 2000 attempt to address these issues at different levels, but a security-conscious customer must still play a part by setting proper policies and procedures to prevent non-administrative operations, such as browsing the Internet, when logged on using accounts with administrative privileges. Because of the potential impact of such issues, each of our products should clearly identify during proactive security reviews whether this is addressed or not.
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Server operating systems - The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg

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The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg
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Server operating systems Windows NT/2000 Server
Client operating systems Windows NT/2000 Workstation, Win9x, WinCE, Internet Explorer
Client/server applications Exchange, SQL, etc.
Desktop applications Office, etc.
Web and media applications WebEssentials, portal Web sites, etc.
But first, let's define some important terms that we'll use throughout this piece and that have very precise meaning in security discussions.
Threat Any potential occurrence, malicious or otherwise, that can have an undesirable effect on the system resources (files, registry keys, data-on-wire, etc.). Undesirable effects can be a system crash, the ability to read a sensitive file or modify a registry key, and so forth.
Vulnerability Some unfortunate characteristic that makes it possible for a threat to occur. Examples include bad security on a file, buffer overflows, and (in a server product running on Windows NT) missing client impersonation calls when servicing client requests.
Attack An action taken by a malicious intruder to exploit certain vulnerabilities to enact the threat. Examples of attacks include steps taken by a non-administrator to acquire administrator privileges and a technique that allows private data to be leaked.
Three aspects of system security
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What products are susceptible? - The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg

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The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg
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What products are susceptible? All software products, with the possible exception of desktop applications, are susceptible to such threats. Desktop applications typically depend on the underlying operating system to handle non-repudiability requirements of the environment. This mostly includes the ability to trace "who-done-it" for unauthorized data modifications.
Information disclosure (privacy breach)
What's the threat? Compromising the user's private or business-critical information. Information disclosure threats expose information to individuals who are not supposed to see it. A user's ability to read a file that she or he was not granted access to, as well as an intruder's ability to read the data while in transit between two computers, are both disclosure threats. Note that this threat differs from a spoofing threat in that here the perpetrator gets access to the information directly rather than by having to spoof a legitimate user.
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Multiple users on Win9x - The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg

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The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg
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Multiple users on Win9x is also a system where one user's data is not protected from another user. This is a fundamental limitation of the platform.
Intellectual property violation is another security threat that is becoming significant and will need to be addressed soon. Though it is not necessary for products to handle it, it is necessary for them not to violate it intentionally. The Security Task Force recommends that a proactive security review process for Microsoft products explicitly call this out as a customer consideration and provide a rationale.
Physical security is typically assumed in most software security systems. But because physical security requirements are becoming hard to meet in today's Internet-based, connected world, meeting physical security threats is becoming important even though it is not typically necessary, so product review should explicitly make recommendations even if the product doesn't handle it.
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Microsoft may have patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights covering subject matter in this document. Except as expressly provided in any written license agreement from Microsoft, the furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property.
© 2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
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What products are susceptible? - The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg

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The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg
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What products are susceptible? All types of software products may be subject to these threats.
Tampering with data
What's the threat? Modifying system or user data with or without detection. An unauthorized change to stored or in-transit information, formatting of a hard disk, a malicious intruder introducing an undetectable network packet in a communication, and making an undetectable change to a sensitive file are all tampering threats.
What do these threats have in common?
Modification of data that should not be accessible.
Causing a trusted entity to modify data improperly.
Elevation of privilege can enable tampering
Examples
Packet injection attacks where data on the wire is modified. The vulnerability that exposes this threat is a lack of integrity on data sent on the wire.
Modification of file data without authorization checks. The vulnerability that exposes this threat is missing access checks, buffer overflows, no integrity checks, and so on.
Data corruption due to execution of erroneous code. Vulnerabilities include unhandled memory allocation failures, uninitialized memory, use of freed memory resources, and miscalculations like divide by zero.
Data corruption or modification by Trojans and viruses. The vulnerability is the software's susceptibility to Trojans.
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