nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Positives of immigration and Multi-cultural societies

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Positives of immigration and Multi-cultural societies
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bet | 15/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content Positives of immigration and Multi-cultural societies
From an economic perspective, immigration can be extremely positive
Many immigrants have skills that are needed in the country they move to
Immigrants who find work contribute to the economy of their new country
Many immigrants send money home to help family members
Immigration also creates cultural diversity
People of many different nationalities learn to live together
This can help people to become more open-minded and tolerant
Negatives of Immigration
Some people believe that immigrants take jobs that should go to local people
Some immigrant workers work longer hours for less money
Companies might pay lower salaries to immigrant workers
Unemployment rates could rise if there are too many immigrants
Opinions about Immigration
Immigration can help the economy of a country
It can create multi-cultural societies
However, immigration needs to be controlled
In many countries, immigrants need visas or work permit
Governments should stop companies from exploiting immigrant workers
Foreign and local workers should have the right to equal pay and conditions
Positives of Globalization
Business of becoming increasingly international
Multi-national companies do business across the world
Companies like MacDonald’s can be seen on high streets in most cities
Goods are produced in one country and sold in many others
A global economy means free trade between countries
This can strengthen political relationships
Globalization can also create opportunities for employment
It encourages investment in less developed countries
It could reduce poverty in the developing world
Negatives of Globalization
Globalization is not always beneficial to everyone
Companies can move to countries where labour is cheap
This creates redundancies, or job losses
Employees cannot be confident that they have stable jobs
Companies sometimes exploit their employees in developing countries
Global trade creates more waste and pollution
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Video cameras in public places

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Video cameras in public places
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bet | 17/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content Video cameras in public places
The use of CCTV is becoming widespread
Video cameras have been installed in many public places
They are supposed to protect us and deter criminals
Many people think that this surveillance violates our privacy
The authorities could build databases with our pictures and identities
We should not be treated like criminals
Smart cards: Positives
Governments will probably introduce a digital identification card system
Smart cards will have benefits and drawbacks
They could help to reduce crime
They could hold personal information, such as DNA
Digital bank cards could contain fingerprint information
It would be very difficult for criminals to use a stolen card
It would be easier for police to identify people and catch criminals
Smart cards: Negatives
Many people are worried about losing their privacy
Governments could store all our personal and medical information
This information could be used by insurance companies
Employers could check our health records
People with Disabilities
People with disabilities should be treated the same as everybody else
They should have the same rights as other people
They should have access to the same jobs as other citizens
Discriminations against disabled people is illegal in many countries
Ramps and lifts for wheelchairs should be installed in public buildings
Support teacher can be employed to help children with learning difficulties
Guns and Weapons
Why guns should be legal:
In some countries, people are allowed to own firearms
Individuals have the right to protect themselves
People can use guns in self defence
This deters criminals
Why gun ownership should be illegal:
There is a risk of accidents with guns
The number of violent crimes increases when guns are available
Criminals may be armed
The police then need to use guns
Suicide rates have been shown to rise when guns are available
Guns create violent societies with high murder rates
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The future of Globalization

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The future of Globalization
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bet | 16/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content The future of Globalization
There should be global regulations for salaries and working conditions
Governments should impose laws to protect the environment
Government and Society
What governments can do
Governments provide public services like healthcare and education
They support people who are living in poverty or unable to work
Governments raise money by taxing working people
They can spend money on resources and campaigns
They can introduce new laws
They can impose taxes
They can raise people’s awareness of issues (e.g climate change/healthy eating)
They can influence people’s habits and opinions
They can create jobs
They can regulate the activities of companies such as banks
They can provide resources for schools
They are also responsible for the security and well-being of their citizens
They control armed forces and police forces
Public services
Governments pay the salaries of public sector workers like police officers and teachers
The necessary money is raised by taxing people’s income
Free education and healthcare may be provided by the state
Some governments control public transport systems and even TV channels
In other countries, these services are provided by private companies
Some people believe that competition between private companies is good
It helps to improve quality while bringing prices down
Other people think that essential services should be free
Governments should pay for them
Censorship: Opinion
Governments can censor what public sees or reads in the media
To a certain extent censorship is necessary
We should use censorship to protect children from violent images
Some computer games involve killing people or committing crimes
The Internet also needs to be controlled
Many websites show pornography and violence
There should be age limits for websites and computers games
Parents need to take responsibility for checking what their children watch
It is impossible for governments to control everything we see
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Gender and education - Advertising Animal rights 3

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Advertising Animal rights 3
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bet | 13/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content Gender and education
Men and women should have access to the same educational opportunities
Males and females should be accepted onto courses according to their abilities
It is wrong to discriminate against students because of their gender
Gender should be irrelevant in education
Student’s achievements should depend on hard work and individual merit
In the UK, there are similar numbers of male and female students in higher education
Gender and work
Men and women should have access to the same professional opportunities
Both man and women should be able to pursue a career
They should earn equal salaries
They should be employed according to their abilities, qualifications and experience
Traditionally women have been restricted to certain roles
They were often employed as secretaries or receptionists
Nowadays, a range of occupations is available to both sexes
Career success depends on individual merit
Women’s and Men’s roles in the Family
Some people argue that a mother should not work
She should stay at home and bring up her children
The father should be the breadwinner of the family
Others believe that both parents should share these responsibilities
Working women can take maternity leave during and after pregnancy
Many mothers continue to work after this period
Many fathers and mothers share their parenting and domestic responsibilities
They contribute equally to childcare, cooking and cleaning
Some women many have better career prospects than their husbands.
Paternity leave and “househusbands” are becoming more common
Traditional gender roles and gradually changing
Families can divide roles and responsibilities in the most convenient way.
Genetic Engineering
Positives of genetic engineering
Genetic engineering is the practice of manipulating the genes of an organism
It is used to produce crops that are more resistant to insects and diseases
Some genetically modified crops grow more quickly
Some drugs and vaccines are produced by genetic engineering
It may become possible to change human’s genetic characteristics.
Scientists may use genetic engineering to cure diseases.
Inherited illnesses would no longer exist
Genes could be changed before a baby is born
It could also be possible to clone human organs
We could all have replacement body part
Humans could live longer, healthier lives
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Ma'lumotlarning - Malumotlar Bazasi

Ma'lumotlarning yaxlitligi tamoyili .
Bu
tamoyil
orqali
MBda
saqlanayotgan axborlarning aniqligi ortadi, ya'ni ularning xususiyatlari va
tavsifnomalari tеgishli soha ob'еktlari to`liq ifodalaniladi. Ma'lumotlarning
yaxlitligi noto`g`ri axborotni kiritish yoki uning ma'lum bir qimini xotiradan
o`chirib tashlash natijasida buzilishi mumkin. Shuning uchun ham kiritilayotgan
axboratlarni nazorat qilish, saqlanayotgan ma'lumotlarni doimo tеkshirish, maxsus
tizim yordamida tiklash va boshqa tadbirlar orqali MB ning yaxlitligini taxminlash
mumkin. Ma'lumotlarning aloqadorligi tamoiyli. Bu tamoyilning mohiyatiga ko`ra
MBdagi barcha axboratlar o`zaro bog`langan bo`lib, ob'еktlar o`rtasidagi
munosabatlarni ifodalaydi. Axborat turlari va ular o`rtasidagi munosabatlar
majmuasi ma'lumotlarning mantiqiy tuzilishini tashkil qiladi. Ma'lumotlarning
o`zaro bog`liqligi 36-rasmda ko`rsatilgan. Buning natijasida еngillashadi va
tеzlashadi.
Ma'lumotlarning еtarli bo`lish tamoyili. Bu tamoyilning mohiyatiga ko`ra,
tеgishli axboratlar MBda yagona nusxa saqlanadi va ular istalgan masalani еchish
uchun o`zaro bog`lanadi hamda еtarli bo`ladi. Masalan , vatonom fayllardan iborat
bo`lgan AATda ba'zi bir axboratlar takrorlansa, MBda esa ularning takrorlanishi
butunlay barham topadi. 37-rasmda «Xodim», «Xodimlar» «Moliyalar» fayllari
o`rtasidagi bog`lanishlar tasvirlangan.
2-rasm MB dagi axboratlarning o`zaro aloqasi.
«Xodim»
«Xodimlar»
f
an
y
il
m
ansab
m
anzil
.
....
f
an
y
il
m
ansab
m
anzil
.
...
«Moliyalar»
fan
yil
ma
nsab
ma
nzil
.
...
«Xodim»
Fakultеt
Dеkanat
Kafеdra
Kurs
Muallim
Fan
Guruh
Talaba
f
an
y
il
m
ansa
b
Ish
staji
Ish
xaqi
ma
nzili
.
..
3-rasm Ma'lumotlarning еtarli bo`lishi
Rеlyatsion modеl - Malumotlar Bazasi

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Malumotlar BazasiBog'liq Ma’lumotlar bazasining maqsadi, vazifalari va asosiy tushunchalariRеlyatsion modеl
jadvalli usul asosida tashkil qilinadi. Bunda tеgishli
ma'lumotlar jadvalning ustun va qatorlarida joylashadi. Ustunlar ma'lumotning
maydonlarini, qarorlar esa yozuvlarni ifodalaydi. Bir ustunda ma'lum sohaga
tеgishli bo`lgan bir qancha ma'lumotlar joylashadi. Qatorda esa ustunlarda
joylashgan ma'lumotlar ko`rsatiladi. Ustun va qator o`rtasidagi bog`lanish
munosabat dеb ataladi. Har bir ustun, qator va munosabat o`z nomiga ega bo`ladi.
4-rasm. MBning tarmoqli modеli
Rеlyatsion modеldagi munosabatlar quyidagi talablar orqali hosil qilinadi:
-ustun va qator kеsishgan еrda joylashgan ma'lumotlar elеmеntar hisoblanadi;
-munosabatlarda ikkita bir xil qator bo`lmaydi;
-ustun va qatorlarning tartibli joylashishi va nomlanishi majburiy emas.
Rеlyatsion modеl bir nеcha munosabatlardan tashkil topishi mumkin.
Masalan, 39-rasmda ikki munosabadan tashkil topgan rеlyatsion ma'lumotlar
bazasi kеltirilgan. Bu jadvaldagi munosabatlar «Mansabi» ustun orqali
bog`lanishga ega va tеgishli ma'lumotlar maxsus buyruqlar orqali qayta ishlanadi.
MB ni tashuvchilarda hosil qilish bosqichi fizik tuzilishni tashkil etadi. Fizik
tuzilish tashqi xotiralarda ma'lumotlarni joylashtirish usullari va vositalaridan
iborat bo`lib, uni natijasida ichki modеl hosil qilinadi.
Ichki modеl ma'lumotning mantiqiy modеlini tashuvchilarida aks ettiradi va
yozuvlarning joylanishi, aloqasi va tanlab olinishini ko`rsatadi. Ichki modеl MBBT
orqali hosil qilinadi:
-ma'lumotlarning mantiqiy tuzilishini saqlash;
-tashqi xotiradan maksimal foydalanish;
-MB ni yuritish harajatlarini kamaytirish;
-ma'lumotni qidirish va tanlash jarayonlarining tеzkorligini oshirish va
boshqalar
Fakultеt
Dеkanat
Kafеdra
Kurs
Muallim
Фан
Gurux
Talaba
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Ma'lumotlar bazasini tashkil qilish tamoyillari

axborat va dasturlarni tashqi ta'sirlardan, bеgona foydalanuvchilardan
himoyalashni ta'minlash lozim.
Tizimning rivojlanishi
. Tizim tarkibi doimo yangi elеmеntlar, dasturlar
bilan taxminlanishi, axborot massivlari o`zgartirilishi, yangilanib borishi zarur.
Yuqorida kеltirilgan talablarga javob bеradigan MB quydagi tamoyillarga
asoslangan holda tashkil qilinishi mumkin:
Ma'lumotlarning intеgratsiyalashtirish tamoyili
. Bu tamoyilning
mohiyatiga ko`ra o`zaro bog`lanmagan axboratlar yagona ma'lumotlar bazasiga
birlashtiriladi. Buning natijasida ma'lumotlar foylalanuvchi va uning amaliy
dasturlariga axborat massivlari ko`rinishida taqdim etiladi. Axborat massivlaridan
foydalanilganda kеrakli ma'lumotlarni qidirish, qayta ishlash jarayonlarini
boshqarish osonlashadi, ma'lumotlarning ortiqchaligi kamayadi, MBni yuritish
еngillashadi.
Asosiy Qism - Malumotlar Bazasi

AMT talab-javob tartibida ishlaydi. Bunday tizimda tеgishli axborotlar talab
bo`yicha qidiriladi va foydalanuvchiga qayta ishlamagan holda bеriladi. Ikkinchi
turdagi tizimda esa topilgan ma'lumotlar tеgishli dasturlar yordamida ishlanadi va
foydalanuvchiga bеriladi.
Ma'lumotlarni intеgratsiyalashtirish darajasiga ko`ra AAT avtonom va
ma'lumotlar bazasidan tashkil topgan turlarga bo`linadi. Avtonom fayli tizimlarda
(AFAAT) to`plangan ma'lumotlar o`zaro bog`lanmagan holatda bo`ladi. Shu
sababli bunday turdagi tizimlar o`rniga ma'lumotlar bazasidan (MB)
foydalanilmoqda.
Taqsimlash darajasiga ko`ra AAT elеmеntlari bitta EHMda (lokal) va
hisoblash tarmog`ida (taqsimlangan) joylashgan turdagi tizimlarga bo`linadi.
Malumotlar Bazasi

O’zbekiston Respublikasi Raqamli Texnalogiyalar
Unversiteti Toshkent Axborot Texnalogiyalar
unversiteti
Malumotlar Bazasi
Bajardi:Sobirjonov Asadbek
Tekshirdi:
Kuvnakov Avaz
Toshkent 2024
Ma’lumotlar bazasining maqsadi, vazifalari va asosiy tushunchalari.
Rеja
I.Kirish
II.Asosiy Qism
1.
Axborot tizimlari va ma'lumotlar bazasi
2.
Ma'lumotlar bazasini tashkil qilish tamoyillari
3.
Ma'lumotlar bazasining tarkibi va uni tashkil etish
III. Xulosa
Kirish
Ma’lumki, informatika fani ma’lumotlar (axborotlar) ustida ish olib boradi,
ya’ni bir ma’lumotdan (ma’lumotlardan) boshqa bir ma’lumotni
(ma’lumotlarhi) hosil qiladi. Masalan, ixtiyoriy programmalashtirish tillari
yordamida boshlang'ich ma’lumot asosida yangi ma’lumotlami hosil qilishni
ko'rgansiz. Kvadrat tenglama koeffitsiyentlari a, b, s be rilgan deb, yangi
ma’lumotlar: kvadrat tenglamaning ildizlari X, va X2 larni hosil qilishni har
birimiz o‘rta maktabdan bilamiz.
Zamonaviy
kompyuterlardan
foydalangan
holda
yangi
axborot
texnologiyalari asosida ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlash bilan akademik litsey va
kasb-hunar kollejlari o'quvchilari, shuningdek, institut va universitet
talabalari keng shug'ullanmoqdalar. Hozirgi kunda kom pyuterdan
foydalanuvchi har bir kishi WORD matn muharriri yor damida matnlami
qayta ishlashni, ya’ni кёгакЦ ko‘rinishda formatlashni, chop etishni va bir
qancha nusxa olishni qiynalmasdan arftalga oshiradi. Hisoblashiar bilan
bog‘liq masalalami EXCELda, taqdimbt jarayonlarini PowerPointda amalga
oshirish ko'pchilikka ma’lum. Xuddi shuning'dek, internet sahifalariga
ma’luriiotlarni kiritish uchun HTML tilidan yoki FrontPage programmasidan
foydalanish kerakligini bilasiz.
Kompyuter bilan bogiiq va kompyuter yordamida juda tez amalga oshirish
mumkin bo'lgan shunday masalalar turkumi mavjudki, ular bilan har kuni va
har qadamda ro‘baro‘ bo‘lasiz. Bunday masalalar turkumi ma’lumotlar bazasi
deb ataladi. Ma’lumotlar bazasini loyihalash, hosil qilish, ma’lum bir
sistemaga keltirish, ma’lumotlarni to‘plash, tashkil etilgan bazadan kerakli
ma’ lumotlarni qidirib topish va h.k. masalalar bilan shug‘ullanuvchi
programmaga ma’lumotlar ba zasini boshqarish sistemasi deb ataladi.
Windows muhitida ishlovchi shunday programmalardan biri Accessdir.
Hozirgi kunda Accessning juda ko‘p ko‘rinishlari (versiyalari) mavjud.
Masalan, Access 2.0, Win dows 95 uchun Access, Access 2000 va b.q. Bu
programmalar zamonaviy kompyuterlaming paydo bo'lishi va zamonaviy
operatsion sistemalarning yaratilishi bilan bog‘liq bo‘lib, ular bir-birini
to‘ldirib boradi. Programmalaming har biri oldingisining imkoniyatlarini
qay tarish bilan birga, yangi imkoniyatlarga ham ega. Lekin bu
programmalarning qaysi birini o'rganishingizdan qat’i nazar, ulaming asosi
bir xildir.
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MBni boshqarishini markazlashtirish tamoyili

bajarishda asosiy rol o`ynaydi. Shu bilan birga, ATning samarali faoliyati uning
ta'minlovchi elеmеntlariga ham bog`liqdir. Bu ta'minot tarkibiga quyidagi
elеmеntlar kiradi.
Tеxnik-ta'minot MB va foydalanuvchilarning ish faoliyatini avtomatlashtirish
imkoniyatini yaratadigan tеxnik vositalardan tashkil topadi. Bunday vositalar
jumlasiga EHM, tashqi qurilmalar, axborotni tashish, uzatish vositalari, aloqa
tarmoqlari, abonеnt punktlari va boshqalar kiradi.
Malumotlar Bazasi - bet 10

Tartiblashmagan fayllar kеrakli ma'lumotlarni tеz
qidirish imkoniyatini bеrsa-
da, ularda saqlanayotgan ma'lumotlar bir nеcha marta takrorlanadi.
Natijada
xotiradan foydalanish samaradorligi kamayadi. Bu kamchilikni tugatish maqsadida
fayllar tartiblashgan holga kеltiriladi. Bunday
holatlarda yozuvlar emas,
balki
ularning joylashgan manzilgohlari saqlanadi. Kеrakli ma'lumotlar manzilgohlar
bo`yicha qidiriladi va u xotirada kam joyni egallaydi.42-rasmda tartiblashgan fayl
kеltirilgan. Bunda «tug`ilgan yil» maydoni I1 indеksga ega.
Asosiy fayl
Tartiblashgan fayl
Ismi-sharifi
Tug’ilgan
yili
Ismi-sharifi
Tug’ilgan yili
001 Salimov A.A.
1970
1969
002, 003
002 Halimov B.T.
1969
1970
001
003 Jalilov A.S.
1969
1976
004
004 Valiev A.S.
1976
1976
004
8-rasm. Tartiblashgan fayl va indеks
Bunday fayl MBBT orqali avtomatik tarzda hosil qilinadi.
Tеgishli
ma'lumotlar manzilgoh indеkslarini izlash orqali chiqariladi.
Zanjirli ro`yxat - Malumotlar Bazasi

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Malumotlar BazasiBog'liq Ma’lumotlar bazasining maqsadi, vazifalari va asosiy tushunchalariZanjirli ro`yxat
usulida hosil qilingan faylda har bir yozuv boshqa yozuv
bilan bog`langan bo`ladi. Bunda aloqa vositasi sifatida ko`rsatkichlar ro`yxatidan
foydalaniladi. Ko`rsatkichlar ro`yxati yozuvning qo`shimcha maydonlarida
ko`rsatiladi va ular orqali kеrakli ma'lumotlarni olish tartibi o`rnatiladi.
Ro`yxatga kirish uchun ro`yxatning boshlang`ich manzilgohini (RBM)
ko`rsatish lozim. Bu manzilgoh ro`yxat sarlavhasida (RS) saqlanadi. 40-rasmda
zanjirli ro`yxatning chiziqli (a) va jadvalli (b) tasviri kеltirilgan.
Quyidagi tasvirda yozuvning elеmеntlari xotirada Karimov, Salimov,
Jumaеv, Xayitov tartibida joylashgan. Ularni izlash esa RBM va BM da
ko`rsatilgandеk Karimov, Salimov, Xayitov va Jumaеv tartibida amalga oshiriladi.
Bunda oxirgi elеmеntning bog`lanish manzilgohiga ro`yxatning tugash bеlgisi
(TB) kiritildi. Agar TB o`rniga RS kiritilsa, u holda zanjirli bog`lanish aylanma
ro`yxatli MB ga aylanadi. Bunday MB da yozuvlarning tartibini bir nеcha marta
qayta qurish yoki boshqa ro`yxatga o`tish mumkin.
Ma'lumki, MBning yozuvlari asosiy maydon bo`yicha tartiblashgan bo`ladi.
Lеkin yozuvlarni asosiy maydon bo`lmagan ustunlar orqali tartiblashgan holda
izlash mumkin. Buning uchun tartiblashmagan fayllar hosil qilinadi. Ular orqali
kеrakli yozuvlarni tеz qidirib topish imkoniyati hosil bo`ladi. 41-chizmada
tartiblashmagan fayl kеltirilgan. Kеltirilgan faylning yozuvlari asosiy maydon -
«ismi sharifi»-bo`yicha tartiblashgan. Bu fayldan «1970 yilgacha tug`ilgan
xodimlar» to`g`risidagi ma'lumotlar talab qilinsa, u holda asosiy faylning hamma
yozuvlarini qarb chiqish kеrak bo`ladi va ko`p vaqt sarf qilinadi. Bu vazifani yana
ham tеzroq bajarish uchun asosiy faylni yordamchi maydoncha «tug`ilgan yil»
bo`yicha tartiblashtirish lozim. Bunday holda asosiy maydon bo`yicha
tartiblashgan faylning ikki yozuvi olinadi va yuqoridagi talabga javob bеriladi.
(a)
RBM
(b) RBM
BM BM BM BM
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Xulosa - Malumotlar Bazasi

Xulosa
Mazkur bobda ma’lumotlar bazasi haqida fikr yuritiladi. Ma’lumotlar bazasi
o‘zi nima, u qanday yaratiladi? Ma’lumotlar bazasini
loyihalash deganda nimani
nazarda tutish kerak? Ma’lumotlarni jadvallarda qay yo'sinda saqlash, ularning
takrorlanmasligini ta’minlash kabi bir qator tushunchalar keltiriladi.
Kitobning
kirish qismida ta’kidlanganidek, ma’lumotlar bazasi narsalar yoki predmetlar
ombori emas, balki ombordagi predmetlar haqidagi ma’lumotlaming
sistemalashtirilgan ma’lum bir strukturasidir. Bu strukturada nafaqat predmetlar,
balki insonlar haqidagi ma’lumotlar ham bo‘lishi mumkin. Masalan,
kadrlar
bo'limidagi xodimlar haqidagi ma’lumot, o‘qishga kirayotgan abiturientning
shaxsiy varaqasi yoki shifoxonadagi har bir bemor uchun to‘ldiriladigan
kasallik
tarixi varaqasi va h.k.
Ma’lumotlar bazasini yaratishda eng muhim narsalardan biri - loyihalash.
Yaxshi loyihalangan ma’lumotlar bazasi tejamli, puxta bo‘lib, ma’lumotlarning
takrorlanmasligini va undan boy ma’lumotlar olish imkonini yaratadi. Siz
qurayotgan uyingiz uchun awalo loyiha tayyorlaysiz. Loyihani tajribali mutaxassis
ustalardan so'rab olasiz.
Natijada, siz qurgan uy puxta, ko‘rkam bo‘ladi
va eng
asosiysi kam mablag* sarflanadi, lekin uning foydali xonalari ko'proq bo‘ladi.
Ma’lumotlar bazasini qurish ham xuddi uy qurishdek gap. Avval, uni
loyihalash kerak. Loyihalashda qanaqa turdagi ma’lumotlarning bo‘lishi va bu
ma’lumotlardan qanday foydalana olish juda muhimdir.
Chunki biror loyiha
asosida qurilgan uyni buzib, qaytadan qurish qanchalik
qimmatga tushishini
tasawur qilamiz, albatta. Xuddi shuningdek, ma’lumotlar
bazasining loyihasi
yoqmasa yoki loyihaning ayrim elementlarini o‘zgartirishga ehtiyoj tug'ilsa, bu
ishni Access osongina amalga oshiradi, faqatgina ayrim ma’lumotlar yo'qolishi
mumkin. Bundan hech cho‘chimaslik kerak. Qilingan ayrim xato va kamchiliklar
sizga keyingi loyihalarning puxta bo'lishi uchun dars vazifasini bajaradi.
Foydalanilgan Adabiyotlar
1.
MA’LUMOTLAR
BAZASINI
BOSHQAMSH
SISTEMASI
(ACCESS WINDOWS - 9X/2000 UCHUN) TOSHKENT – 2006
2.
AХBOROТ ТEХNOLOGIYALARI VA ULARNING ТURLARI
3.
AXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYASI VA TIZIMLARI ,,V O R I S -N A
S H R I Y O T “ T O S H K E N T - 2 0 11’
Ismi-sharifi - Malumotlar Bazasi

Bunda MBning fayllari bog`lanmagan holda bo`ladi va tеgishli yozuvlarni qidirish
ma'lum bir algoritmlar asosida amalga oshiriladi. Chiziqli
usul orqali xotiradan
samarali foydalanish mumkin, lеkin ma'lumotlarni qidirish uchun boshqa usullarga
qaraganda ko`p vaqt sarf qiladi.
Matеmatik ta'minot - Malumotlar Bazasi

Chizmali usulda ma'lumotlar o`rtasidagi bog`lanish graflar yordamida tasvirlanadi.
Bunda grafning uchlari yozuvlarni ifodalaydi. Graflarning
qirralari yozuvlar
o`rtasidagi aloqalarni ko`rsatadi. Jadvalli usulda esa ob'еkt to`g`risidagi
ma'lumotlar bir yoki bir nеcha ustundan iborat bo`lgan jadvallar orqali ifodalanadi.
Hozirgi kunda mantiqiy modеllarning pog`onali, tarmoqli va
rеlyatsion
turlaridan foydalilmoqda. Shaxsiy E?M larning paydo bo`lishi rеlyatsion
modеllarning kеng tarqalishiga sababchi bo`ldi.
Pog`onali modеl
chizmali usul asosida tashkil qilinadi. Bunda ma'lumot
yozuvlari grafning uchlarini ifodalaydi va har bir yozuv oldingi pog`ona uchlariga
bog`langan bo`ladi. Bunday tuzilishidagi MBdan tеgishli axborotlar hamma vaqt
bitta yo`nalish bo`yicha qidiriladi va uning joylashgan o`rni to`liq ko`rsatiladi.
Masalan, «Talaba» to`g`risidagi ma'lumotlarni olish uchun «Fakultеt», «Kurs»,
«Guruh» yozuvlari ko`rsatilishi lozim.
Tarmoqli modеl
ham chizmali usul yordamida tashkil qilinadi. Lеkin, bunda
tеgishli axborotlar bir nеcha yo`nalish bo`yicha olinishi mumkin. Masalan,
«Talaba» to`g`risidagi ma'lumotlarni olish uchun yuqoridagi tasvirga «Muallim-
fan» va «Fan-talaba» tarmoqli modеli hosil bo`ladi (38-rasm).
Nature or Nurture - Advertising Animal rights 3

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Advertising Animal rights 3
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bet | 23/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content Nature or Nurture
Some people believe that our personalities are determined mainly by genetics
We inherit our abilities and talents from our parents
Others think that our education and upbringing are more important
We develop according to the influences around us
Our personalities and achievements depend more on nurture than nature
Many people argue that we control our own destinies
We can shape our own personalities
By working hard we can achieve and goal that we put our minds to
Many successful people are “self-made”
We are not limited by our genetic characteristic or upbringing
Sport and Leisure
Arguments against Professional/competitive sport
Sport has become a business
Professional sport encourages people to compete for money
Many sports stars are only concerned about money and fame
Some athletes take drugs in order to win at any cost
Competitors are often selfish and rude
They are not good role models for children
All sports should be amateur
Sports should be leisure activities rather than jobs
People should do sporting activities for enjoyment and health reasons
Taking part is more important than winning
Arguments for Professional sport
Professional sports are the same as any other business
Many people are employed in the sports industry
People should be able to use their talents to earn a salary
Sports stars entertain millions of people
Money is necessary to improve facilities and train athletes
The level of professional sport is much higher than that of amateur sport
Arguments for Competitive sport
Competition is a natural instinct in humans
In daily life we compete to get jobs or the highest grades
Sports are a safe form of competition
Competition is healthy because it pushes us to give our best
Competitors and fans can release energy and aggression
Supporters of teams feel a sense of belonging to a community
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The future of tourism - Advertising Animal rights 3

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Advertising Animal rights 3
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bet | 27/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content The future of tourism
Government should introduce laws to protect natural environments and local cultures
Tourism should have a low impact on wildlife
Renewable resources like solar or water power should be used
Waste should be recycled
Local businesses such as farms should be supported
Traditional vs Modern
Losing traditional skills
Because of industrialization and global trade, many traditions have disappeared
Global advertising encourages everyone to buy the same products
Most products are now made in factories
Machinery has replaced skilled human labour
Factory work is boring and leaves people feeling unfulfilled
Goods are produced very quickly and in large numbers
Products are cheaper, which means that more people can buy them
Examples
Clothes are mass produced in standard sizes
People wear similar clothes, rather than traditional costumes
Jeans and T-shirt are now worn throughout the world
Historic buildings took skilled craftsmen years to build
Modern concrete, steel and glass buildings are built in only weeks or months
There are fewer people who can create hand-made goods
Traditional customs
Traditional customs are still important during weddings and religious festivals
People wear traditional costumers and eat special foods
It is important to maintain our different cultural identities
We should celebrate festivals, teach traditional skills and protect historic places
Transport
Traffic problems
Traffic congestion is caused by commuters travelling to work
Most people live in the suburbs outside city centre
Commuters tend to travel at the same time of day
They tend to travel alone
Cars and road space are not used efficiently
This causes traffic jams during the rush hour
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Uskuna ko‘rsatkichini o‘zgartirish

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Uskuna ko‘rsatkichini o‘zgartirish
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bet | 15/66 | Sana | 13.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,01 Mb. | | #263336 |
Bog'liq Kompyuter grafikasi Adobe Photoshop CC dasturida ishlash O‘QUV QO‘LLANMAUskuna ko‘rsatkichini o‘zgartirish
Turli uskunalar turlicha ta’sir doirasi, ya’ni effekt yoki amal tasvirga ta’sir qilish nuqtasiga ega. Aksariyat hollarda uskunaning kursori uskuna tugmasidagi yorliq bilan bir xil ko‘rinishga ega bo‘ladi. Masalan, marquee uskunasi uchun kursor + ko‘rinishiga, matn uskunasi uchun I ko‘rinishga, mo‘yqalam uskunasi uchun moyqalam uchi ko‘rinishiga ega. Uskunalar bilan ishlashda aniqlilikni oshirish maqsadida uning kursorini + ko‘rinishga ega aniq kursorga o‘zgartirib olish mumkin.
Uskunalar kursorining ko‘rinishini o‘zgartirish uchun quyidagilarni bajarish kerak:
Dasturning Edit menyusi Preferences bo‘linmasidan Cursors qatori tanlanadi va kursor xususiyatlarini o‘zgartirish dialog oynasi ochiladi:
Ochilgan dialog oynasidan uskuna kursorining quyidagi xususiyatlarini o‘zgartirib olish mumkin:
Standard - kursor uskunaning tugmasida aks ettirilgan yorlik ko‘rinishida aks ettiriladi;
Precise - kursor + ko‘rinishiga ega;
Normal Brush Tip - kursor mo‘yqalam uchining ta’sir doirasini 50% ko‘rinishida aks ettiriladi;
Full Size Brush Tip - kursor mo‘yqalam uchining ta’sir doirasini 100% ko‘rinishida aks ettiriladi;
Show Crosshair In Brush Tip - mo‘yqalam uchining markazida + elementini aks ettiriladi;
Show Only Crosshair While Painting - mo‘yqalm bilan chizilganda mo‘yqalam uchining markazida + elementini aks ettiradi.
Dialog oynasining OK tugmasi bosiladi.
Dialog oynasining Painting Cursors bo‘limidagi elementlar quyidagi uskunalarning kursorlariga ta’sir qiladi: Eraser, Pencil, Paintbrush, Healing Brush, Clone Stamp, Quick Selection, Smudge, Blur, Sharpen, Dodge, Burn va Sponge.
Dialog oynasining Other Cursors bo‘limidagi elementlar quyidagi uskunalarning kursorlariga ta’sir qiladi: Marquee, Lasso, Polygonal Lasso, Magic Wand, Crop, Slice, Patch, Eyedropper, Pen, Gradient, Line, Paint Bucket, Magnetic Lasso, Magnetic Pen, Freeform Pen, Measure va Color Sampler.
Chizish uskunalarining kursor o‘lchami o‘zgartirish uchun uskunani tanlab klaviaturadan Alt tugmasini bosib turgan holda sichqon ko‘rsatkichini chapga yoki o‘ngga siljitish kerak. Kursorning ta’sir darajasini o‘zgartirish uchun uskunani tanlab klaviaturadan Alt tugmasini bosib turgan holda sichqon ko‘rsatkichini tepaga yoki pastga siljitish kerak.
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Shaffoflik - Rashid turgunbaev

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Rashid turgunbaev
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bet | 22/66 | Sana | 13.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,01 Mb. | | #263336 |
Bog'liq Kompyuter grafikasi Adobe Photoshop CC dasturida ishlash O‘QUV QO‘LLANMAShaffoflik - aksariyat effektlar tasvirga qisman shaffof piksellarni qo‘shadi va chop etilganda tasvir sifatiga ta’sir qilishi mumkin.
Piksellar zichligi - rastrli tasvirladda har bir dyuymdagi piksellar soni bilan o‘lchanadi. Past piksellar zichlikdan foydalanish tasvirni qo‘rslashishiga olib keladi. Yuqori piksellar zichligidan foydalanish tasvirni chop etish sifatini oshirmagan holda tasvir fayl hajmini oshishiga olib keladi.
Printerning niqtalar zichligi - tasvirning chop etish sifatiga chop etuvchi printerning nuqtralar zichligi ta’sir qiladi.
Rang kanallari
Photoshop dasturida har bir tasvir undagi rang elementlari to‘g‘risidagi ma’lumotlarni saqlovchi bir yoki bir nechta kanallarga ega. Tasvirdagi rang kanallarining soni uning rang rejimiga bog‘liq. Odatda, Bitmap, Grayscale, Duotone va Indexed Color rang rejimlaridagi tasvirlar bitta rang kanaliga, RGB, Lab Color rang rejimlaridagi tasvirlar uchta rang kanaliga, CMYK rang rejimidagi tasvirlar to‘rtta rang kanaliga ega. Rangli tasviming rang kanallari tasviming ma’lum rangini aks ettiradi. Masalan, RGB rang rejimidagi tasvir uchta ranglar (qizil, yashil, ko‘k) uchun alohida rang kanallariga ega.
Ranglar miqdori
Ranglar miqdori tasvirning har bir pikseli uchun mavjud rang ma’lumotlarining miqdorini belgilaydi. Har bir piksel uchun mavjud rang ma’lumotlarining soni qanchalik yuqori bo‘lsa shuncha tasvirning ranglar uyg‘unligi yuqori bo‘ladi. Masalan, ranglar miqdori qiymati 1 ga teng tasvirda piksellar faqat ikkita qiymatga ega bo‘lishi mumkin, oq va qora. Ranglar miqdori qiymati 8 ga teng tasvirda piksellar 256 rang qiymatiga ega bo‘lishi mumkin.
RGB rang rejimidagi tasvirlar uchta rang kanallariga ega. Har bir rang kanali uchun ranglar miqdori 8 bit qiymatiga ega RGB rang rejimidagi tasvirda jami 16 milliondan ortiq rang ma’lumotlari mavjud.
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Opinion: professional sport salaries are too high

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Opinion: professional sport salaries are too high
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bet | 24/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content Opinion: professional sport salaries are too high
Sports professionals earn too much money
They do not provide a vital service
Football players, for example, earn enormous salaries by simply kicking a ball
We could all live happily without professional football
Life would be difficult without doctors, engineers and other vital professionals.
Society does not seem to value these professions as highly as professional sport
Sports salaries should be compatible with the wages most people earn
Opinion: professional sport salaries are fair
It is fair that the best professional earn a lot of money
Sport is a multi-million-pound industry
There is a large audience of sports fans
Sports on television attract many viewers
Sports stars have dedicated hours of practice to developing their fitness and skills
Only the most talented among them will reach the top
A sports career many only last 10 years
Sports fans are willing to pay to support their teams
Sports and Politics
Some people think that sport and politics should remain separate
Governments are involved in the hosting of sporting events such as the Olympics.
These events attract investment and create jobs.
The Olympic Games are an advertisement for the host nation
They attract huge numbers of visitors and sports fans
Wealthy countries tend to hold these events
Developing countries should be given the chance to become hosts
Television, Internet, Phones
Positives of television
Watching television is a good way to relax
It is many people’s favorite way to wind down after a hard day at work
Television programs can be entertaining and enjoyable
Viewers have access to a huge variety of entertainment channels
Television brings the best comedians, musicians and actors into our homes
Programmers can also be informative and educational
News coverage makes the public aware of events around the world
Documentaries can make learning more interesting
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Traffic solutions - Advertising Animal rights 3

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Advertising Animal rights 3
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bet | 28/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content Traffic solutions
In order to reduce traffic we should change our working habits
The internet can now be used to connect people
More people could work from home
Meetings can be held as video conferences
Workers could be given flexible timetables
Another solution would be to tax drivers
Workers should share their cars and travel together
In London, for example, there is a congestion charge
This helps to raise money for better public transport
Public transport needs to be reliable and efficient
Positives of Public transport
We need to reduce our dependence on cars
Parking a car can be extremely difficult in big cities
Well-designed transport systems are comfortable and convenient
Modern public transport can be fast and cheap
Public transport can help to reduce pollution in cities
Investment in buses and trains will ease traffic congestion
Buses can be given special lands to avoid traffic
Negatives of public transport
Public transport if often slow and unreliable
Metro systems and trains are often dirty and crowded
People feel like “sardines in a can”
Cars are much more comfortable
Road safety
Driving while tired or drunk is extremely dangerous
Mobile phones can be a dangerous distraction for drivers
They draw the driver’s attention away from the road
The use of phones while driving has been banned in many countries
Punishments are becoming stricter
Television campaigns are used to remind people to drive safely
Speed cameras have become more common
Speed bumps are another form of traffic calming
Many streets are designed with the aim of slowing traffic down
Water
Importance of clean water
Water is as necessary natural resource
Humans need access to clean, safe drinking water in order to live
Poor water quality is a major cause of disease and death in some countries
Water usually needs to be treated before we can drink it
Developing countries often lack the means to treat and supply water to citizens
Developed countries tend to have much better sanitation
Citizens have access to clean tap water
Drinking water is not contaminated by sewage or waste water
The supply of clean water would improve public health in many developing countries
Water supply
Urban life would be impossible without water supply systems
These systems are massive engineering projects
Many professionals are involved in their planning, construction and maintenance
The supply and distribution of water are major concerns
Water is becoming scarce in some countries
Areas that suffer droughts often need to import water
As populations grow, there is more pressure on water supplies
This could lead to a water crisis
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The benefits of not staying in the same job

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The benefits of not staying in the same job
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bet | 30/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content The benefits of not staying in the same job
People often change jobs in order to further their career
Another company may offer a promotion or a higher salary
People who change jobs can gain experience
They can learn different skills
Changing jobs is interesting and challenging
People can retrain in a different occupation
In a fast-changing world workers need to be flexible
People need to develop a range of experience and skills
Self-employment
Nowadays, it is easy to set up a company
The Internet provides a global marketplace
Self-employment offers greater freedom than working for a company
However, there are risks to starting a new business
Self-employed people may face financial difficulties
Many businesses fail to make a profit
There is less stability in self-employment
There are no benefits like pensions, sick pay and holiday pay
Self-employment involved hard work, long hours and total responsibility
Unemployment
Unemployment is a big problem for individuals, communities and society
Some people are unable to find a job
They may not have the sufficient level of education or qualifications
They may find themselves homeless
Unemployment causes frustration and stress
Jobless people may become involved in crime as a means to get money
The unemployed need careers advice
Governments need to provide vocational courses and retraining
Unemployment benefits: positives
Some governments pay unemployment benefits in order to help jobless people
Unemployed people need financial support until they find a new job
By claiming benefits they can continue to pay for their homes
The benefits system helps to reduce poverty, homelessness and crime
Unemployment benefits: negatives
Some people claim benefits rather than working
They become dependent on the government
They are not motivated to find a job
The benefits system is a burden on taxpayers
All citizens should work to earn a living and support themselves
Receiving benefits affects people’s self esteem
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Water and politics - Advertising Animal rights 3

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Advertising Animal rights 3
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bet | 29/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content Water and politics
The supply of water is also an important political issue
Huge amount of water are needed for agriculture and industry
The irrigation of crops accounts for a large proportions of water use
A water crisis could lead to political conflicts or even wars
Argument: water should be free
Some people believe that water should be free for everyone
Governments should supply water to all homes at no cost
Private companies should not be allowed to profit from this natural resource
Money from taxes can be used to pay for water supply systems
Argument: water should not be free
If water is free, people take it for granted
They do not think about how much water they waste
They leave taps running while washing or brushing their teeth
If we have to pay for water, we will use it more responsibly
Water supply systems are extremely expensive
Investment is needed to maintain and improve them
Private companies may provide a better service than governments
If they provide an efficient service, they will make more money
They will repair leaks to avoid losing money
Bottled Water: Opinions
Some people carry bottles of water wherever they go
For example, they take bottles of water to work or to the gym
They believe that bottled water is healthier than tap water
They also argue that it tastes better
However, other people believe that we should consume less bottled water
Plastic water bottles add to litter and waste problems
Companies should not be able to make a profit from water
It is unethical to make money by selling packaged water
There is no difference in quality between bottled and tap water
Work
The benefits of staying in the same job for life
Employees have a stable career with one employer
They have a good pension and health insurance
Their salaries gradually increase
They may be promoted within the organization
They demonstrate loyalty
Experienced staff can be trusted with more responsibility
They become part of a team
There is a clearly defined path for development
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1-ma’ruza Kompleks sonning moduli va argumenti. Kompleks sonlar ustida amallar. Kompleks sonning trigonometrik va ko’rsatkichli shakli. Muavr formulasi. Kompleks sondan ildiz chiqarish

1-ma’ruza
Kompleks sonning moduli va argumenti. Kompleks sonlar ustida amallar.
Kompleks sonning trigonometrik va ko’rsatkichli shakli. Muavr formulasi.
Kompleks sondan ildiz chiqarish
Ma’ruza rejasi:
1.
Kompleks son tushunchasi. Kompleks sonning algebraik shakli.
2.
Algebraik shakldagi kompleks sonlar ustida amallar.
3.
Kompleks sonning trigonometrik va ko’rsatkichli shakli.
4.
Kompleks sondan ildiz chiqarish.
Kompleks son tushunchasi. Kompleks sonning algebraik shakli.
1-
Ta’rif. Kompleks son deb,
(1)
ko’rinishdagi ifodaga aytamiz,
bu yerda x va
y haqiqiy sonlar bo’lib, ular
kompleks sonning mos ravishda haqiqiy va mavhum qismi deb ataladi va ular
ko’rinishda belgilanadi,
i esa
xossaga ega bo’lgan mavhum bir deb
ataladi.
ko’rinishdagi kompleks sonni
haqiqiy son bilan bir deb
hisoblanadi.
Kompleks sonning algebraik, trigonomentrik va ko’rsatkichli shakllari
mavjud. (1) tenglik bilan ifodalangan shakl,
kompleks sonning algebraik shakli deb
yuritiladi.
Dekart
koordinatalar sistemasida
kompleks sonni geometrik
jihatdan
nuqta sifatida, yoki koordinatalar boshini nuqta
bilan
tutashtiruvchi vektor sifatida, yoki proyeksiyalari
bo’lgan ̅ radius
vektor sifatida talqin qilish mumkin (1-rasm).
Kompleks
son tasvirlanadigan
tekislik (Z) kompleks tekislik deb
ataladi.
Agar kompleks son
ko’rinishda, ya’ni
u haqiqiy sondan
iborat bo’lsa, u holda unga mos
keluvchi nuqta
o’qda yotadi,
shuning uchun abssissalar o’qi haqiqiy
o’q deb ataladi.
Sof mavhum
kompleks son
o’qda tasvirlanadi,
shuning uchun ham ordinatalar o’qi
mavhum o’q deb ataladi.
Negatives of Television - Advertising Animal rights 3

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Advertising Animal rights 3
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bet | 25/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content Negatives of Television
Television is having a negative impact on society
Some people link violence on television with crime rates in the real world
Children copy the behavior they see on the screen
Children are less healthy because they spend less time palying
Advertisers direct their marketing at children
Most programs do not require much thought
Watching TV is a waste of time
Opinions about Television
Television has many benefits
However, it can be addictive
Children should play outside rather than sit in front of a screen all day
Behaviour shown on TV can influence people
Parents should choose carefully what their children watch
Children should not be exposed to violence, swearing or sexual images
Advertising during children’s programs should be strictly controlled
TV companies should make more positive, educational programs
Positives of the Internet
There are many advantages to using the Internet
It gives us instant access to information on almost any subject
Shops and other services are now available online
People can buy goods and services from the comfort of their homes
The Internet is starting to replace other forms of entertainment
It has revolutionized communication
We can keep in touch by email or instant messenger services
Video messaging is becoming common for business meetings
Negatives of the internet
Many websites contain offensive content
Some sites show violent or sexual images
Parents find it difficult to control what their children see online
They do not always know who their children are chatting to
With so many websites it is difficult to search for good information
Criminals increasingly use the Internet to steal people’s money
Internet compared to newspaper and books
Newspapers and books are now published online as well as in print
We can read the news in any language from any country in the world
It costs nothing to publish or access information on the Internet
The Internet allows anybody to publish their own writing
Newspaper articles and books are written by professionals
Professionals produce better quality writing than amateur
People still buy newspapers and books because they are portable
People do not like reading from a screen
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The Dodge tool - Rashid turgunbaev

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Rashid turgunbaev
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bet | 12/66 | Sana | 13.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,01 Mb. | | #263336 |
Bog'liq Kompyuter grafikasi Adobe Photoshop CC dasturida ishlash O‘QUV QO‘LLANMAThe Dodge tool - tasvir sohalarini oqartiradi
The Burn tool - tasvir sohalarini qoraytiradi
The Sponge tool - tasvir sohalarining rang zichligini o‘zgartiradi
Bo‘yash uskunalari
T he Brush tool - mo‘yqalam bilan chizadi
The Pencil tool - o‘tkir chegarali chiziqlarni chizadi
The Color Replacement tool - belgilangan rangni yangi rangga o‘zgartiradi
T he Mixer Brush tool - ranglarni aralashishi va bo‘yoq namligini kabi real bo‘yash texnikasini takrorlaydi
The History Brush tool - belgilangan tasvir holatini joriy tasvir oynasiga chizadi
The Art History Brush tool - belgilangan tasvir holatidan foydalanib tasvirni turli bo‘yash stillarini takrorlaydigan ko‘rinishida bo‘yaydi
The Gradient tools - to‘g‘ri chiziqli, radial, burchakli, akslangan va brilliant ko‘rinishida ranglar aralashmalarini yaratadi
The Paint Bucket tool - o‘xshash rangdagi sohalarni old fon rangi bilan to‘ldiradi
Chizish va yozish uskunalari
T he Path Selection tools - langar nuqtalari, yo‘nalish chiziqlari va yo‘nalish nuqtalarini ko‘rsatuvchi shakl yoki segment belgilashlarni yaratadi
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The Type Mask tools - Rashid turgunbaev

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Rashid turgunbaev
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bet | 13/66 | Sana | 13.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,01 Mb. | | #263336 |
Bog'liq Kompyuter grafikasi Adobe Photoshop CC dasturida ishlash O‘QUV QO‘LLANMAThe Type Mask tools - matn ko‘rinishdagi belgilanishlarni yaratadi
T he Pen tools - silliq chegarali yo‘llarni yaratish imkonini beradi
The Shape tools, Line tool - oddiy qavat yoki figura qavatga geometrik figuralarni va chiziqlarni chizadi
The Custom Shape tool - belgilangan figuralar ro‘yxatidan tanlangan figurani chizadi
Navigatsiya, izoh va o‘lchash uskunalari
T he Hand tool - tasvirni o‘z oynasi ichida siljitish imkonini beradi
The Rotate View tool - xolstni aylantirib ko‘rish imkonini beradi
The Note tool - tasvirga biriktiriladigan izohlarni yaratadi
T he Eyedropper tool - tasvirdan rang tanlaydi
The Color Sampler tool - to‘rtagacha bo‘lgan nuqtalarning rang qiymatini aks ettirish imkonini beradi
The Ruler tool - masofa, joylashish va burchakni o‘lchash imkonini beradi
The Count tool - tasvirdagi obyektlar sonini sanaydi
3D uskunalari
T he 3D Object Rotate tool - obyektni x o‘qi atrofida aylantiradi
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