nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Geografiya sabaqlarında o’tkiziletug’ın ta’jiriybelerge qoyılatug’ın

71
3. Oqıwshılardın’ aktivliligin ku’sheytiw h’a’m o’tkiziletug’ın ta’jiriybenin’
mazmunın qanshelli tu’singenligin tekseriw maqsetinde
klassqa soraw menen
mu’ra’ja’a’t etiw arqalı oqıwshılardı baqlap turıw kerek.
4. Ta’jiriybe dawamında oqıtıwshı oqıwshılarda baqlanıp atırg’an h’a’diyse
h’aqqında o’z betinshe pikirlew qa’biletin oyatıw kerek h’a’m ta’jiriybenin’
aqırında olar o’z betinshe juwmaq jasawları kerek. Ma’selen: qurg’aqlıq, suwdın’
ısınıwı h’a’m suwınıwı ta’jiriybede uyreniw dawamında oqıwshılar qurg’aqlıq
okeanlarg’a qarag’anda tez ısıp h’a’m tez suwınıwı h’a’m onın’ aqıbetinde h’a’r
tu’rli klimat zonalarının’ qa’liplesiwi h’aqqındag’ı bilimlerge iye boladı.
5. Ta’jiriybe dawamında su’wretler, tablitsalar, sızılma h’a’m ko’rgizbe
qurallardan da ko’rsetip beriliwi kerek.
6.Ta’jiriybe o’tkiziw uzaq dawam etpewi kerek. Juda’ quramalı ta’jiriybeler
bir saattan artıq dawam etpewi kerek.
7. Ta’jiriybe o’tkiziliwge oqıwshılar puxta tayarlanıwı kerek.
8.Ta’jiriybe o’tkizilgende priborlardı sonday jaylastırıw kerek olardı
oqıwshılardın’ h’a’mmesi ko’rip turıwı lazım.
Mektep geografiya maydanshasında to’mendegi ta’jiriybelerdi o’tkeriw
mu’mkin. Suwdın’ jemiriwshilik qasiyeti.Suw h’a’m qurg’aqlıq betinde h’awanın’
ısıwın h’a’m t.b.u’yreniw mu’mkin.
Releftin’ temperaturag’a ta’sirin u’yreniw ushın h’awa temperaturası
oypatlıq h’a’m taw janbawırlarında u’yreniledi. Alıng’an mag’lıwmatlardı
analiz
etiw tiykarında oypatlıq h’a’m janbawırlardın’ h’a’r tu’rli ısıwı h’aqqında
oqıwshılar bilimlerge iye boladı. Yag’nıy oqıwshılar ta’jiriybe tiykarında
janbawırlardın’ arqa h’a’m qubla bo’limlerinde o’simlik qatlamının’ h’a’r
qıylılıg’ın tu’sinip aladı.
Gruntlardın’ tu’ri, mexanikalıq quramı, ren’i, o’simlik penen qaplang’anlıq
da’rejesi, ıg’allıg’ının’ jer betinin’ ısıwına ta’siri to’mendegi ta’jiriybeden
ko’riledi.
- teren’ligi 0,5 m, ken’ligi 0,5 m, uzınlıg’ı 1 m bolg’an bir neshe shu’qırlıq
qazıladı;
- usı teren’ler h’a’r tu’rli taw jınısları h’a’m topıraqlar menen toltırıladı;
- ma’lim bir waqıt o’tkennen son’ olardın’ temperaturası u’yreniledi;
- tu’rli waqıtlarda tu’rli taw jınısları h’a’m topıraq temperaturası analiz
etiledi h’a’m taw jınıslarının’ tu’rleri, mexanikalıq quramı h’a’mde ıg’allılıq
da’rejesi topıraq temperaturasına qanday ta’sir etiwi anıqlanadı.
72
Geografiya maydanshasında yaki ashıq orında oqıwshılar ta’repinen
topıraqlardın’ h’a’m taw jınıslardın’ temperaturasın o’z betinshe u’yreniwi
geografiya ta’liminin’ turmıs penen baylanıslıg’ın bekkemleydi.
SORAW HA’M TAPSIRMALAR
1. Baqlaw degende neni tu’sinesiz h’a’m qay jerlerde alıp barıladı?
2. Ta’jiriybe degende neni tu’sinesiz?
3. Geografiyalıq baqlawlar qanday toparlarg’a bo’linedi?
4. Fenologiya degende neni tu’sinesiz?
5. Qanday waqıya h’a’m qubılıslardı ta’jiriybede ko’riw mu’mkin?
6. Litosfera temasında qanday ta’jiriybeler o’tkiziledi?
7. Gidrosfera temasının’ qaysı bo’limlerinin’ ta’jiriybe usılında o’tiw mu’mkin?
O’zi jasap turg’an ornı h’aqqında bilimlerdi teren’lestiriw

173
mu’mkin. Ma’selen: da’rya erroziyası, jer ju’zinin’ sho’giwi, awıl xojalıg’ı yamasa
sanaat o’nimlerin islep shıg’arıw h’a’m basqalardı belgili waqıtta baqlaw mu’mkin;
Ta’jiriybe–eksperemental usılı: ta’biyatta baqlaw qıyın bolg’an geografiyalıq
qubılıslardı baqlaw ushın qollanıladı. Ma’selen, sho’gindi jınıslardın’ payda bolıwı,
qurg’aqlardın’ tolqın ta’sirinde jemiriliwi;
Qurıw h’a’m modellestiriw usılı: U’yrenilip atırg’an geografiyalıq
qubılıslardın’ a’h’miyetin ko’rsete alatug’ın modellerdin’ ko’p tu’rliligin jaratıw,
priborlar, u’skeneler, buyımlardı qurıw h’a’m jasaw. Modeller geografiyalıq
obektlerdin’ du’zilisin analizlewde qollanıladı;
Sayaxat usılı: Geografiyalıq qubılıslar ta’biyatta, o’ndiriste, ko’rgizbelerde,
muzeylerde tikkeley u’yreniledi;
Dereklerden u’yreniw usılı: Oqıwshılardın’ o’z betinshe jumıslarında u’lken
a’h’miyetke iye. Bul usıl geografiyalıq qubılıslar h’a’mde obektlerdi u’yreniwdin’ tu’rli
basqıshlarında qollanıladı: izertlewdin’ tayarlıq basqıshında; izertlewdi o’tkiziw
basqıshında; izertlew juwmaqların ulıwmalastırıw basqıshında;
Kartografiyalıq usıl: Geografiyalıq izertlewlerde tiykarg’ı orın tutadı.
Geografiya ta’liminde geografiyalıq bilimlerdi su’wretlewde analiz etiwde h’a’m
u’yreniwde qollanıladı.
Joqarıdag’ı klasstan tıs jumıslardı o’tkiziw usılların oqıwshılardın’ o’z betinshe
bilim alıwların aktivlestiriwdin’ tu’rli basqıshlarında qollanıw mu’mkin.
Arnawlı ekonomikalıq geografiyalıq oqıw sayaxatları

170
Orta Aziyada qa’dimgi adamlar jasag’an ma’nzillerin qıdırıw qa’dimgi
suwg’arıw sistemaları tarqalg’an orınlarda alıp barıladı. Sebebi ko’p g’ana qa’dimgi
ma’nziller suwg’arıw sistemaları boylap jaylasadı.
Arxeologiyalıq qazıw ju’mısları dalada alıp barılatug’ın tiykarg’ı arxeologiyalıq
izertlewler esaplanadı. Qazıw jumısların alıp barıwdan aldın anıq obekt tan’lap alınadı
h’a’m estelik jaylasqan orınnın’ planı du’ziledi.
Son’ izertlew jumısları to’mendegi ta’rtipte alıp barıladı:
1. Ha’r bir qatlam ushın plan du’ziledi h’a’m onda anıqlang’an tabılmalar
belgilenedi h’a’m imarattın’ qaldıqları sızıladı. Ha’r bir tabılma qaysı kvadrattan h’a’m
qaysı teren’likten tabılg’anlıg’ı jazıp qoyıladı.
2. Ha’r bir tabılma oralıp etiketka japıstırıladı, etiketkada esteliktin’ atı, jılı, sanı,
kvadrat sanı, teren’ligi jazıp qoyıladı.
SORAW HA’M TAPSIRMALAR
1. Oqıw sayaxatlarının’ maqset h’a’m wazıypaları nelerden ibarat?
2. Ta’biyiy geografiyalıq sayaxatlardın’ tiykarg’ı maqseti ne?
3. Oqıw sayaxatlarının’ qanday tu’rlerin bilesiz?
4. Ulıwma h’a’m ta’biyiy geografiyalıq sayaxatları qaysı waqıtları o’tkiziledi?
5.Sotsiallıq h’a’m ekonomikalıq oqıw sayaxatları qaysı klasslarda o’tkiziledi?
6. Sanaat h’a’m awıl xojalıg’ı ka’rxanaları qanday ta’rtipte u’yreniledi?
7. Tariyxıy-geografiyalıq u’lketanıwshılıqtın’ obektlerine neler kiredi?
8. Arxeologiyalıq izrtlewler neshe toparg’a bo’linedi?
Mutlaq samaradorlik - Microsoft Word 04 Kishlok xujaligida investitsion jarayonlar

57
«Keys» 35+0,16*18,3=37,9 ming so‘m;
«KLASS» 40+0,16*22,6=43,6 ming so‘m.
Tahlillardan ko‘rinib guribdiki, fermer xo‘jaligi «enisey» rusumli kombaynni sotib olganda 1 tonna
boshoq- li donni o‘rib-yig‘ib olishga — 54,2 ming so‘m, «KLASS» kombaynini xarid qilganda - 43,6
ming so‘m, «Keys» kom- baynidan foydalanganda — 37,9 ming so‘m sarf qilgan bo‘lar- di. Yoki
«KLASS» kombaynidan foydalangandan ko‘ra — 5,7 mingga, «enisey»ga nisbatan esa — 16,3 ming
so‘m kam sarf qilishga erishadi. Shuning uchun fermer xo‘jaligi «Keys» rusumli kombaynni sotib
olgani ma'qul.
Mustaqil bozor munosabatlarida shakllanayot- gan respublika iqtisodiyotiga investitsiya
mablag‘lari, yangi samarali texnologiyalarning kirib kelishi mahsulot hajmini, assorti- mentini hamda
daromadini oshirishga imko- niyat yaratdi. Investitsiyalar kapital, inno- vatsiya va ijtimoiy shakllarda
Respublika- ning barcha xalq xo‘jaligida samarali faoli- yat ko‘rsatmoqda. Hukumat tomonidan inves-
titsiya olib keluvchi investorlarni huquqiy himoyalash to‘g‘risida barcha qonuniy asoslar yaratildi.
Investitsiya olib kirish va undan hamkorlikda foydalanish hamda moliyalash me- xanizmlari davlat
tomonidan boshqariladi, tartibga solinadi va nazorat ishlari olib boriladi. Respublikaning jahon
bozoriga chi- qishi uchun yangi texnologiyalar zarur ekan, bu sohani rivojlantirishga katta e'tibor saq-
lanib qoladi. Ayniqsa, fermer xo‘jaliklari- ni rivojlantirishda ijtimoiy va ishlab chi- qarish
infratuzilmasini rivojlantirishda investitsiya mablag‘lari va texnologiyalari mu- him rol o‘ynaydi.
Davlat investitsiya dasturini moliyalashtirish manbalari

76
- davlat byudjeti mablag'lari;
- davlat byudjetidan tashkari fondlar mablag'lari;
- hukumat kafolati ostida beriladigan xorijiy kreditlar;
- hukumat qarorlariga ko‘ra belgilanadigan boshqa manbalar.
2. Markazlashtirilmagan investitsiyalar, ular quyidagilarni o‘z ichiga oladi:
- mulkchilikning barcha shakllaridagi korxonalar mablag'lari;
- tijorat banklarining, bu jumladan xorijiy tijorat banklarining kreditlari;
- jismoniy shaxslar, bu jumladan xorijiy jismoniy shaxslar mablag'lari;
- qonun hujjatlarga zid bo‘lmagan boshqa manbalar.
Markazlashtirilgan investitsiyalar Respublika xalq xujaligini tarkibiy qayta qurishni,
Respublikaning Ishlab chiqarish va noishlab chiqarish saloxiyatini saqlab qolish va rivojlantirishni,
moliyalashtirishning boshqa manbalari hisobiga mumkin bo‘lmagan ijtimoiy muammolarni va boshqa
muammolarni hal etishni ta`minlovchi Respublika iqtisodiyotining ustuvor yo'nalishlarida asosiy
fondlarini yaratish va ko‘paytirish uchun foydalaniladi.
Markazlashtirilgan ivestitsiyalar faqat:
- Respublika iqtisodiyotining ustuvor yo'nalishlariga davlat maqsadli dasturlarini va davlatlararo
bitimlarni amalga oshirishga;
- aholining extiyojmand qatlamlarini davlat tomonidan ijtimoiy muhofaa qilishni ta`minlash
uchun uy-joy qurilishiga;
- suv ho‘jaligi qurilishiga;
- aholi yashaydigan joylarning muxandislik infratuzilmasini rivojlantirishga;
- davlat boshqaruvi organlari, mudofaa va huquqni muhofaza qilish organlarining moddiy-
texnika bazasini rivojlantirish va mustaxkamlashga;
- fan, ta`lim, sogliqni saqlash, sport, madaniyat va ijtimoiy infratzilmaning boshqa tarmoqlari
ob`ketlari qurilishiga;
- umumdavlat tabiatni muxofaza qilish tadbirlarini amalga oshirishga va tabiiy ofatlardan ximoya
qilish inshootlari qurilishiga ajratiladi.
Kartalardı tu’sindiriw texnologiyası

79
anıqlawları mu’mkin. Oqıwshılar geografiyalıq kartada aralıqtı shama menen
anıqlawı ushın ayırım geografiyalıq ortalıqtag’ı obektlerdin’ uzınlıg’ın anıqlap,
onın’ ja’rdeminde kerekli aralıqlardı salıstırıw arqalı tabıwı mu’mkin. Ma’selen:
Saxalin atawının’ uzınlıg’ı 1000 km, sonnan paydalanıp u’yrenilgen obekttin’
uzınlıg’ına 2 Saxalin atawı tuwra kelse onda onın’ uzınlıg’ı 2000
km.bolatug’ınlıg’ı belgili. Bunnan basqa gradus torınan paydalanıp aralıqtı o’lshep
u’yreniw mu’mkin. Bunın’ ushın 1
0
torının’ uzınlıg’ın biliw jeterli. Meridian
boyınsha 1
0
koordinatının’ ortasha uzınlıg’ı 111 km. Eger eki tochka arasındag’ı
aralıq 10
0
bolsa, ol km-de to’mendegishe da’lillenedi: 10x111=1110km.
Planning Based On Performance Characteristics

where t
n +1
- estimate the length of the interval;
t
n
is an estimate of the length of the previous interval;
T
n
is the true length of the previous interval .
The most commonly used values are a = 0.5, in this case, it is sufficient to
calculate the average between the previous estimate and the actual interval
value.
Shortest Remaining Time to Completion First, SRTCF.
Its difference from STCF is that when a new thread is queued for ready
threads, the next CPU usage time is shorter than the time remaining before
the current thread completes, the current thread is interrupted and a new
thread becomes in its place.
The Main Problems Of Flow Interaction

1.
Stream T
A
reads total _ amount, increase it to 1000 and records
the value 1100 in the global memory
2.
Stream T
in
reading total _ amount, equal to 1100, it increased to
100 in 1200 and writes the value into a global city
As a result, both contributions were successfully registered.
As you can see, the result of executing the simplest code snippet above
depends on the sequence of execution of threads in the system. This leads to
the following: in one situation the code may work, in the other - no, and in
general it is impossible to predict the occurrence of an error. This situation
is referred to
as race ( or race condition ), which is one of the most difficult
bugs captured faced by programmers. It is practically non-negotiable (since
it is unrealistic to override all possible combinations of flow execution
sequences, especially if there are many).
Attempts to bind these necessitated problems
into synchronization streams.
Immediately note that the problems of synchronization and organization of
parallel computing are some of the most difficult in practical
programming. Therefore, the development and debugging of multithreaded
programs in particular often seen as a kind of "art" that is not known to all
programmers.
In fact, such development and debugging is not an art, but a strict
discipline, subject to one basic principle: because for multithreaded
programs, traditional debugging is not suitable, the programmer must write
the code so that at the stage of development, there is room for errors. Let us
familiarize ourselves with the rules that must be followed in order for the
generated code to comply with this principle. Consider the main approaches
to competition problems.
Sometimes (but rarely enough) you can just ignore these mistakes. This
may make sense when we are not interested in the accurate recording of
Multilevel Feedback Queues - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating...

Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System with Tools On Security and Kali Hacking to Understand Computer Programming, Data Science and Command Line
Linux This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts The Underground Bible
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar Bosh sahifa Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System with Tools On Security and Kali Hacking to Understand Computer Programming, Data Science and Command Line
|
Implementation Of Planning In Linux

have quanta of different lengths. When the process has exhausted its
quantum, it is displaced and during the current era, it will no longer be
performed. Management is given to another process. If, however, the
process is paused for I / O or due to synchronization, its quantum is not
considered exhausted and it may be exhausted by the scheduler during the
current era. The era ends when all ready-to-complete processes have
exhausted their quanta. In this case, the scheduling algorithm recalculates
the quanta for all processes and begins a new era.
The quantum, which is set at the beginning of the era, is called the
basic
quantum of the processing time. Its values can be dynamically modified by
the nice () and setpriority () system calls. The descendant process always
inherits the basic quantum of its ancestor.
There are two types of process priority: fixed, for real-time processes that
are set only during the process creation, and dynamic, for normal processes,
which depend on the basic priority and the time remaining until the
quantum is exhausted. Dynamic priority to any conventional process is
always lower than the priority of any real process for the first time.
We describe the most important fields of the process data structure for
planning:
❖
Policy - determines to which group the process belongs (normal,
real-time FIFO algorithm, etc.)
❖
Nice - specifies the value on which the base quantum of the
processing time is based (in the future, for simplicity, we will
consider nice to be equal to the base quantum; in fact, this is not quite
so)
❖
Counter - Contains the number of timer interrupts left before the
process quantum is exhausted. At the beginning of the era of a
counter, the values of the base quantum are reduced and reduced by
one in the timer interrupt handler
Planning Principles - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System...

Medium-term scheduling controls the transition of paused flows to standby
and back. In the control unit which is ready for execution,
threads are
immediately organized in a structure called queue of ready threads ( or
ready queue ).
The transition to a suspended state can be caused by the following factors:
❖
Waiting for an I / O operation
❖
Waiting for the completion of another thread (joining)
❖
Blocking a stream because it needs to be synchronized with other
streams
Usually, for the correct organization of this expectation, in addition to the
queue
of ready threads, they implement an additional set of queues. Each
such queue is associated with a resource that may cause flow expectations
(eg, an I / O device); These queues are called scheduling queues or
waiting
for queues ( wait for queues ). The mid-term scheduler manages all these
queues by moving threads between them and the queue of ready threads.
Short-Term Planning - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System...

set
the priorities, wood or disordered, which is called the related list.
All of the planning strategies and algorithms that we will look at below are
short-term planning.
Planning Strategies - Displacement And Non-
Displacement Multitasking
Before considering basic planning strategies, let's
list the options for
transferring controls from one thread to another:
❖
After the flow has entered a standby state (for example, during
input-output or connection)
❖
After completion of the flow
❖
Explicit (the thread itself gives the processor other threads for a
while until it is busy)
❖
Interrupts (for example, a timer interrupt can interrupt a stream that
is running longer than allowed)
The latter option differs from the others in
that the flow cannot control
when the control transfer time has come, which is the responsibility of the
operating system scheduler. Depending on this variant of control
transmission, there are two main strategies for flow planning - displacement
and non-displacement multitasking.
In pre-emptive multitasking, logical flows may
be temporarily interrupted
without the need for them to transfer control to other flows. Interrupting the
flow and transfer control to another stream often done in the interrupt
handler of the system (and also the mayor). This strategy is implemented in
all modern operating systems.
In multitasking, flows may be performed
during an unlimited time and
cannot be used in interrupted OSes. For non-redundant multitasking, the
latter control transmission is not implemented, and the streams themselves
must give control of the OS for transmission to other threads or at least go
to standby. If a thread forgets or fails to do so, for example, it will take the
processor an endless loop, other threads will not be able to continue their
work. This strategy was implemented in Nowell Net Ware.
Naturally, the implementation of non-redundant multitasking in the general
case makes the system quite unstable (any incorrectly written application of
the user can cause a "hang" of the whole system). The practice has shown
that non-redundant multitasking in systems with user applications cannot be
implemented. Such a strategy, however, can
be used in systems where all
applications are executed in kernel mode and are actually system
drivers. The development of such applications requires high skills of
programmers, requirements for reliability of applications can be compared
with the requirements for the OS itself.
With the simplicity of
implementation and absence of external interruptions of flows from the OS,
the scheduler can increase system productivity for the limited range of tasks
(for example, in the case of Net Ware OS it was to use the system as a file
server).
Circular Planning - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System...

that one could not know who signed up first (this name indicates that for
such an algorithm all flows are equal).
Each stream allocated time period in which this stream is allowed to run is
called a
time slice ( or time quantum ). When the thread is still running
after
the time quantum is exhausted, it is interrupted and the processor
switches to perform instructions from another thread. When it blocks or
completes its execution until the time quantum runs out,
the processor is
also passed to another thread. The length of time quantum for the whole
system is the same.
Such an algorithm is quite easy to implement. For this, the turn of the ready
threads should be a cyclic list. When a stream has exhausted its quantum of
time, it is moved to the end of the list, where new flows are
provided. Checking the exhaustion of the quantum of time is performed in
the interrupt handler from the system timer .
The only characteristic that affects the operation
of the algorithm is the
length of the quantum of time. The balance between time spent switching
contexts and having to respond to many simultaneous interactive queries
should be kept in mind here.
Tasking too short a quantum of time leads to a lot of context switches, and a
significant percentage of CPU time is spent not on useful work, but on
those switches.
On the other hand, the task of a too-long quantum, while
saving CPU time, also reduces the response time for interactive queries
because if ten users press a key at the same time, ten threads will be in the
ready list, resulting in the last one expecting ten long quanta time. In the
case of
a quantum of infinite length, circular scheduling is reduced to
the FIFO algorithm (all threads have time to block or end before the
quantum is exhausted). In practice, it is recommended
to set the quantum
length to 10 - 100 ms.
Note that traditional circular scheduling can "skew" toward streams that are
constrained by processor capabilities. Such threads preferably utilize their
quantum completely, whereas threads limited by I / O often transmit control
until the quantum runs out, and as a result,
they have less processing
time. To solve this problem, you can increase the length of the quantum
(given the problems described earlier) or enter an additional queue of
completed I / O streams, which takes precedence over completed queues .
Cloud flare web sploit - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System...

example@ linuxwar : websploit select cloudfare www.exampleweb.com
Now after getting the interface you can install
cloud flare in any of the
sample websites to check whether it works or not. The working process of
cloud fare deals with changing the original network address of the system to
one of its servers. Thus, if there are any injection attacks or brute force
attacks it would stop or ban that address at once.
Cloud fare acts like an
intrusion detection system for the websites at a very low cost.
Why the cloud flare is still easy to bypass ?
As we said before it just spoofs the attacker with an IP address. Many
hackers started collecting hundreds of Cloudflare addresses and started to
abandon them whenever they attack. Some tricks can be still used like using
this cloud flare scanner to find all the IP addresses that the website hosts
with.
In the next, we will learn about uniscan one
of the most important web
fingerprinting tools.
Uniscan
Uniscan is used normally for the remote code execution or remote file
insertion of the vulnerability scanners. It also can perform network
commands
like ping, traceroute, software detection.
Here is the command that searches to determine the operating system using
the uniscan
example@ linuxwar :
uniscan select domain
Uniscan also provides a tool like NMap open port detection. It specifically
checks the os version of the server and scans the service.
Uniscan also provides a way to report the scanning reports using the export
options as shown below
example@ linuxwar : uniscan export domain to domai n
With this, we have completed a brief introduction to uniscan and would
now leave for the next section which will
deal with the listing of
subdirectories.
Sublist3r
Websites consist of a lot of subdomains. Usually, domains that are in the
scope can be used easily to manipulate using applications like burp suite.
For suppose, Gmail has a lot of subdomains and if we can find access to
one of these, we can easily manipulate the whole website.
This is the reason why subdomain enumeration is one of the most important
concepts hackers should learn. We have a lot of tools that will help us find
subdomains.
In this section, we will use a sublist3r to do the task.
Sublist3r is not present in the Kali Linux tools list. For this reason, we need
to install it from the git repository. Below we explain how to install
sublist3r. You can use this method to install any third-party applications that
are not available in the Kali Linux repository
2. Ta’jiriybe metodı - Vaxabov X., Gaypova r., Tursinov m

68
h’a’m saz salınadı son’ banka silkitiledi. Silkiw protsesinde qum h’a’m saz ılay
suw menen aralasadı h’a’m ılay payda boladı. Sonnan keyin banka stol u’stine
qoyılıp tındırıladı. Tındırıw protsesin oqıwshılar baqlap turıwları kerek. Tındırıw
protsesinde banka tu’bine da’slep awır jınıs yag’nıy, qum tu’sip qum qatlamı
payda boladı son’ jen’ilirek saz qatlamı sho’ge baslaydı h’a’mde qum qatlamı
to’besine saz (ılay) qatlamı h’asıl boladı, onın’ to’besine suw qatlamı jaylasadı.
Ta’jiriybeden son’ oqıtıwshı klassqa to’mendegi sorawlar beriledi:
Qaysı taw jınısları aldınıraq sho’kti?
Qaysı taw jınısları keyinirek sho’kti?
Ne ushın ıdıs tu’binde payda bolg’an jınıstı sho’gindi taw jınısı dep
ataladı?
Sho’gindi taw jınısları qanday belgilerge qarap anıqlaw mu’mkin?
Taw sistemaları qatparlanıwının’ payda bolıwın ko’rsetiw ushın 20-30 dana
qag’azın yaki oqıwshılardın’ da’pterlerinen paydalanıw mu’mkin bunın’ ushın
qag’azlar qatlamı yaki klass da’pteri stol u’stine gorizontal jag’dayda qoyıladı.
Son’ eki ta’repinen sıg’ıladı, na’tiyjede taw dizbegi h’a’m dizbekler arasındag’ı
alaplar payda boldı. Vertikal qatlamı bolsa qatparlanıwının’ ju’zege keliwin
ko’rsetedi. Bunnan tısqarı gorst h’a’m grabenlerdin’ payda bolıwın plastilinnen
paydalanıp oqıwshılarg’a ko’rsetilse de boladı.
Installing sublist3r - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System...

We will let you understand dependencies with a perfect example. Imagine
that you are trying to install a java application like Android studio. If there
is no java installed in the system you cannot install and use the Android
studio. That is what a dependency stands for.
In
the next section, we will explain the working of the sublist3r. Follow
along to learn about it in detail.
Starting the sublist3r tool
Run the following command to start the subdomain searching tool .
example@ linuxwar : run sublist3r
We will get a lot of options that can be chosen from this tool. We will even
have a help section when entered -h that explains the commands that can be
used.
Here are the functionalities that this tool can perform in detail:
a)
Domain -d
You can enter this parameter to insert the domain you want to find
subdomains for.
b)
Brute force
This parameter can be used to start a brute force attack using a lot of
domain lists that are entered in a text file. This can be particularly used
when you have a lot of domains to test.
c) Ports
Ports are the functionalities that can
be used for easy sub domain
referencing. This parameter can help the user find vulnerable subdomains
using the open ports .
Apart from these basic parameters, you can use output functionality to get
the results into a text file from a shell interface.
We will now give some example commands
that will let you understand
subdomain enumeration in detail:
1) Python sublist3r.py -d
amazon.com
This command will start an execution that will display all the subdomains
that are present after using the
2) You can use this command to brute force the first 100 domains that are
present in the text file.
python sublist3r text.txt
Through
these simple techniques, you can find subdomains. After finding
the subdomains list you can use techniques like a recon to further dig a lot
of information about them.
While trying
to hack a web application, hackers should prefer this
methodology to easily catch the easy way to get onto the application. That's
it we have completed a brief explanation
about the available web
application tools and in the next section, we will start a detailed explanation
about network tools. Let's go!
Planning Algorithms - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System...

going to standby explicit transmission or completion. The queues of
finished streams are organized according
to the FIFO principle, so the
algorithm is called the FIFO algorithm.
As soon as a new stream is created in the system, its control unit is added to
the tail of the queue. When the processor is released, it is provided to the
stream from the queue head.
This algorithm has many disadvantages:
❖
It is
by definition irreversible
❖
The average response time for it may be quite significant (for
example, if the former receives a stream with a long CPU usage
interval, other streams will wait even if they
themselves use only short
intervals)
❖
It is subject to the convoy effect (convoy effect)
The effect of the convoy can be explained by this situation. Suppose there is
a single thread (let's call it T
CPU
) in the system, limited by the processor
capabilities, and many T
io
threads limited by the I / O capabilities. Sooner
or later, the T
CPU
thread will be available to the processor and will execute
instructions with a long interval of use of the CPU. During this time, the
other T
io
streams will complete the I / O, queue the finished threads and
wait there, with the idle I / O devices. When T
CPU
finally block and will
transfer
control of all flows T
io
quickly follow the instructions of their
ranges CPU and then move to the IO. After that, T
CPU
will again capture
the
processor for a long time, etc.
websploit - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System with Tools...

Below we explain some of the commands that are present in the directory
scanner module which can be used to scan hidden directories:
1) Show - This command will display all the web modules that are present.
When hackers deal with a lot of exploits they often get confused and mess
up things. For this exact reason, web sploit consists of inbuilt modules that
are used to find vulnerable directories. And this show command can help us
find some of these for us.
example@ linuxwar : show websploit www.exampleweb.com
2) Verbosity
Verbosity is a simple statement that lets us set the number of results that can
appear on the Linux shell. When we start searching hidden directories
usually a lot are found and can make things confusing. To get away from
this problem we can use verbosity command to display the custom
directories. There is also an option that will make us look at all the things in
a static form.
3) And the next important command is RUN which helps us to run the
exploits with the websites we desire. We can also use this network
transmitting system.
example@ linuxwar : run websploit www.exampleweb.co m
When you follow these commands with perfection then there are huge
chances of websites getting compromised.
M. A. Raxmatullayev, B. I. Ganiyeva - bet 120

168
информационной работы. – 2008. – № 11. – c. 22-25.
Moskovkin_nti0811.pdf
(329 Кб)
19. Институтциональные политики открытого доступа к
результатам научныx исследований / В.М. Московкин // Научно-
теxническая информация. Сер. 1. Организация и методика
информационной работы. – 2008, – № 12. – c. 7 - 11.
Moskovkin_nti0812.pdf
(522 Кб)
20. From Michael Kurtz, American Scientist Open Access Forum, 28
September
2005
http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Hypermail/Amsci/4807.html
21. Берлинская Декларация об открытом доступе к научному и
гуманитарному знанию / Berlin Declaration on Open Access to
Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities. [Электронный ресурс].
URL:
http://www.mpg.de/pdf/openaccess/BerlinDeclaration_en.pdf
(дата обращения: 16.12.2009).
22. Московкин В.М. Механизмы и инструменты открытого
доступа
к
научному
и
гуманитарному
знанию.
http://www.slidefinder.net/m/механизмы
инструменты_открытого_доступа_научному/3373291
23. https://www.doi.org/.
24. GOST R ISO 26324-2015
25.
http://shareill.org/managing-your-ill-operation/library-networks-
and-consortia/
все ведущий библиотечный консорсиумы мира
26.
AGRICOLA-Agricultural
On-Line
Access
http:
//
agricola.nal.usda.gov/
27. AGRIS - International Information System for the Agricultural
Sciences and Technology
http://www.fao.org/agris
28. Alexander Street Press
http://www.alexanderstreet.com/
29.
American
Chemical
Society
ACS
Publications
http://pubs.acs.org/
30. Annual Reviews Annual Reviews Science Collection
http://www.arjournals.annualreviews.org/action/showJournals
31. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
http://portal.acm.org/ http://portal.acm.org/dl.cfm
32.
CAB
International
CAB
Abstracts
http://www.cabi.org/datapage.asp?iDocID=165
33.
ScienceDirect http://www.sciencedirect.com/
34. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
https://www.
Jurnalni rivojlantirish uchun qo‘shimcha tavsiyalar

164
Obyektning raqamli identifikatori - GOST R ISO 26324-2015 tarmoqda
taqdim etilgan ob’ekt haqidagi axborotni belgilash standarti hisoblanadi.
DOI elektron hujjatdagi mavjud axborot, uning qayerda joylashuvi
ko‘rsatkichi (masalan, URL), uning nomi (nomlanishi), obyektning
boshqa identifikatorlari (masalan, ISBN kitobning elektron shakli
uchun) va ma’lumotlarni tavsiflash bilan bog‘liq (metama’lumotlar)
tuzilgan va kengaytirilgan shaklda aks etadi. DOI ilmiy muhitda olimlar
o‘rtasida ma’lumot almashish uchun qo‘llaniladi. Mohiyatiga ko‘ra, DOI
- bu hujjatdan zarur axborotni olishdagi umumiy axborot-virtual
muhitidagi (Internetda) yo‘l deb tushunish mumkin.
britannica - M. A. Raxmatullayev, B. I. Ganiyeva

170
63. http://www.sci-nnov.ru/library/
64. http://www.kb.nl/kb/manuscripts/
65.
www.ifap.ru
.
66. ProQuest
http://www.proquest.co.uk/en-UK
/
67. ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses
www.proquest.com/products_umi/dissertations
68. Oxford Islamic Studies Online www.oxfordislamicstudies.com
69. Oxford Scholarship Online
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com//oso/public/index.html
70. The Premium Collection: Oxford Reference Online
http://www.oxfordreference.com/pages/Subjects_and_Titles__2F
71. http://www.springerlink.com/
72. Ovid www.ovid.com
73. Oxford Online Reference
http://www.oxfordreference.com
74. Oxford Scholarship Online
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com//oso/public/index.html
75. Oxford University Press Oxford Journals
http://oxfordjournals.org/
76. Project MUSE http://muse.jhu.edu/
77. JSTOR http://www.jstor.org
78.
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESSSPRINGER SCIENCE

74
Nashriyot
ilmiy-tadqiqot
jurnallari,
shuningdek
ilmiy
va
ma’lumotnoma nashrlarni elektron shaklda taqdim etadi. Jurnal va
onlayn resurslar gumanitar, ijtimoiy, tabiiy fanlar, tibbiyot va huquq
kabi mutaxassisliklarning asosiy qismini o‘z ichiga oladi.
Elektron resurslar dars berish va tadqiqot o‘tkazish uchun
mo‘ljallangan
funksional
imkoniyatlarni,
shuningdek
ulardan
kutubxonada foydalanishni amalga oshiradigan qator bepul vazifalarni
taqdim etadi.
Resurslar sharhi
Oksford universiteti qoshidagi nashriyot tibbiy, huquqiy, gumanitar,
ijtimoiy, tabiiy fanlar bo‘yicha qator elektron resurslarni nashr etadi.
Mutaxassisliklar bo‘yicha asosiy resurslarning ro‘yxati:
San’at va arxitektura
Benezit Dictionary of Artists
Berg Fashion Library
Grove Art Online
Oxford Bibliographies
Oxford Journals Humanities
Collection
Very Short Introductions Online
Biografik nashrlar
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Who’s Who and Who Was Who Online
Very Short Introductions Online
Web of Science Core Collection ga jurnalni kiritish uchun

165
4.Ilmiy tadqiqotlarni samaradorligi,
milliy va xalqaro natijalar
monitoringi bo‘yicha tizimni tuzishga xizmat qiladi;
5.Ilmiy tadqiqot tashkilotlari va universitetlar, ilmiy jurnallar,
respublikadagi olimlarning ish samaradorligini
obyektiv baholashga
imkon beradi;
6.Yuqori reytingli ilmiy jurnallarda ilmiy ishlar chop etilishini
rag‘batlantiradi.
7.Tadqiqotchiga «bajarilgan ishlar»ni tahlil qilishga, o‘zining
sohasidagi perspektiv fan yo‘nalishlari, ishlanmalari haqida ma’lumot
olishga imkon beradi;
8.O‘z yo‘nalishiga mos tadqiqotlar bo‘yicha
eng nufuzli xorijlik
hamkorlar, tadqiqotlarga homiy tashkilotlarni topishga yordam beradi.
Oxford Journals Collection

78
chiqmasdan oldin onlayn nashr etilishi bois olimlar ma’lum sohadagi
eng so‘nggi yutuqlar bilan tez tanishib chiqishlari mumkin.
Mutaxassisliklar:
Biznes va boshqaruv Adabiyot
Moliya va iqtisod Musiqa
Tarix Falsafa
Huquq Politologiya
Tilshunoslik Psixologiya
Oxford Reference
Oxford Reference 24 ta yo‘nalish bo‘yicha 2 milliondan ortiq
raqamlangan maqolalardan iborat bo‘lgan Oksford universitetining
ma’lumotnoma nashri hisoblanadi. Uning tarkibiga taqriz qilingan
maqolalar, mavzuli havolalar (ссылка), iqtiboslar (цитата), inglizcha
lug‘atlar, ikki tilli lug‘atlar kabi bo‘limlar kiritilgan.
Oxford Scholarship Online
Oxford Scholarship Online
(OSO) – 10000 dan ziyod ilmiy ishlar va
170000 dona rasmlardan erkin foydalanish imkoniyatini beradigan, keng
ko‘lamli va doimiy ravishda yangilanadigan kutubxona. Gumanitar,
ijtimoiy, tibbiy, huquqiy va tabiiy fanlar bo`yicha 20 ta mavzuli
modullardan tarkib topgan. Bu yerda 8900 nafar mualliflarning nashrlari
mavjud.
Mualliflar
ro‘yxati klassiklardan boshlab zamonaviy
mualliflargacha farq qilib, Nobel mukofoti sovirindorlarini ham o‘z
ichiga olgan.
OSO quyidagi imkoniyatlarni taklif etadi:
- qidiruv natijalarini filtrlash, ya’ni berilgan natijalar shaklini (qisqa
va to‘liq) tanlash imkoniyati, ochiq va yopiq tarzdagi natijalarning
taqdimoti;
- mutaxassisliklar bo‘yicha qidiruv;
- annotatsiyalarni ko‘rib chiqish;
- onlayn o‘qish va yuklash.
Til va lingvistika - M. A. Raxmatullayev, B. I. Ganiyeva

|
M. A. Raxmatullayev, B. I. GaniyevaBog'liq 1.RaxmatullayevM. GaniyevaB. Jahon axborot resurslariTil va lingvistika
Oxford Bibliographies
Oxford Dictionaries
Oxford English Dictionary
Oxford Handbooks Online
Oxford Journals Humanities
Collection
Oxford Reference
Oxford Scholarly Editions Online
University Press Scholarship
Online
Very Short Introductions Online
Yurisprudensiya va huquq
Financial and Banking La
International Commercial
Arbitration
International Commercial Law
Investment Claims
Max Planck Encyclopedia of
Public International Law
Oxford Bibliographies
Oxford Competition Law
Oxford Constitutions of the
World
Oxford Handbooks Online
Oxford Historical Treaties
Oxford Journals Law Collection
Oxford Reports on International
Law
Oxford Scholarly Authorities on
International Law
Private International Law
University Press Scholarship
Online
US Constitution Law
Very Short Introductions Online
Adabiyot
Electronic Enlightenment
Oxford Bibliographies
Oxford Handbooks Online
Oxford Journals Humanities
Collection
Oxford Reference
76
Oxford Scholarly Editions Online
University Press Scholarship
Online
Very Short Introductions Online
Matematika va tabiiy fanlar
Electronic Enlightenment
Oxford Bibliographies
Oxford Handbooks Online
Oxford Journals Mathematics
and Physical Sciences
Collections
Oxford Reference
University Press Scholarship
Online
Very Short Introductions Online
Meditsina
AMA Manual of Style
Mayo Clinic Toolkit
Oxford Journals Medicine
Collection
Oxford Medicine Online
University Press Scholarship
Online
Very Short Introductions Online
Musiqa
Oxford Bibliographies
Oxford Handbooks Online
Oxford History of Western Music
Oxford Journals Humanities
Collection
Oxford Scholarly Editions Online
Grove Music Online
University Press Scholarship
Online
Very Short Introductions Online
Filosofiya
Electronic Enlightenment
Oxford Bibliographies
Oxford Handbooks Online
Oxford Islamic Studies Online
Oxford Journals Humanities
Collection
Oxford Reference
Oxford Scholarly Editions Online
University Press Scholarship
Online
Very Short Introductions Online
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Biznes va boshqaruv - M. A. Raxmatullayev, B. I. Ganiyeva

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M. A. Raxmatullayev, B. I. GaniyevaBog'liq 1.RaxmatullayevM. GaniyevaB. Jahon axborot resurslariBiznes va boshqaruv
International Commercial
Arbitration
International Commercial Law
Oxford Bibliographies
Oxford Handbooks Online
University Press Scholarship
Online
Very Short Introductions Online
Qadimgi dunyo tarixi va arxeologiya
Oxford Bibliographies
Oxford Handbooks Online
Oxford Journals Humanities
Collection
University Press Scholarship
Online
Very Short Introductions Online
Iqtisod va moliya
Oxford Handbooks Online
Oxford Journals Social Sciences
Collection
Oxford Scholarly Editions Online
University Press Scholarship
Online
Very Short Introductions
Ta’lim va pedagogika
Oxford Bibliographies
University Press Scholarship Online
75
Very Short Introductions Online
Radio, Televideniya va kino
Oxford Bibliographies
University Press Scholarship
Online
Very Short Introductions Online
Who’s Who and Who Was Who
Online
Tarix
Electronic Enlightenment
Oxford Bibliographies
Oxford Dictionary of National
Biography
Oxford Handbooks Online
Oxford Historical Treaties
Oxford History of Western Music
Oxford Journals Humanities
Collection
Oxford Reference
Oxford Scholarly Editions Online
University Press Scholarship
Online
Very Short Introductions Online
Who’s Who and Who Was Who
Online
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Elektron xujjat - Informatikaning asosiy atamalari

|
Informatikaning asosiy atamalari
|
bet | 121/150 | Sana | 07.01.2024 | Hajmi | 1,42 Mb. | | #131556 |
Bog'liq Информатикадан изохли лугатElektron xujjat - elektron shaklda kayd etilgan, elektron rakamli imzo bilan tasdiklangan va elektron xujjatning uni identifikatsiya kilish imkoniyatini beradigan boshka
193
rekvizitlariga ega bo‘lgan axborot. Elektron xujjat texnika vositalaridan va axborot tizimlari xizmatlaridan ‘amda axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalanilgan xolda yaratiladi, ishlov beriladi va saklanadi. Elektron xujjat elektron xujjat aylanishi ishtirokchilarining mazkur xujjatni idrok etish imkoniyatini inobatga olgan xolda yaratilishi kerak.
Emulyator - Emulyatsiya kompyuter dasturini platformada (kompyuter arxitektura va/yoki operatsion tizimda) bajarishga imkon beradi, original xolatda yozilgan platformadan farq kiladi. Emulyatsiya deb shu jarayonni xam nomlashadi.
Emulyatsiya - Faoliyati boshqa bir ob’ektning ishidan farqlanmaydigan ob’ektning yaratilishi. Emulyatsiya ob’ekti sifatida qurilma yoki dastur bo‘lishi mumkin. Emulyatsiyaga an’anaviy misol - xaqiqiy virtual terminalning yaratilishi. Terminalga emulyatsiya jarayonini bajaradigan dastur qo‘shib qo‘yiladi. Natijada berilgan standart bilan belgilanadigan tavsifnomalari o‘zgacha terminal xosil bo‘ladi.
Ensiklopediya (Ensiklopediya) - maxsus termin (ibora)larni ensiklopediya ko‘rinishda tasvirlanadi.
ERI ruyxatga olish markazi - ESP Maxsus vakolatli organda davlat ruyxatidan o‘tgan va “Elektron raqamli imzo to‘g‘risidagi” O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Qonunida nazarda tutilgan vazifalarni bajarayotgan yuridik shaxs. Ruyxatga olish markazi: elektron raqamli imzoning yopik va ochiq kalitlarini yaratadi; elektron raqamli imzo yopik kaliti muhofazalanishini ta’minlaydi; elektron raqamli imzo kalitlari sertifikatlarining reyestrini yuritadi, uning uz vaqtida yangilanishini xamda undan yuridik va jismoniy shaxslarning foydalanish imkoniyatini ta’minlaydi; yuridik va jismoniy shaxslarga elektron raqamli imzo kalitlarining sertifikatlarini elektron xujjatlar shaklida va kogoz xujjatlar shaklida taqdim etadi; elektron raqamli imzo kalitlarining sertifikatlarining amal qilishini tuxtatib
194
turadi va qayta tiklaydi, shuningdek, ularni bekor kiladi; elektron raqamli imzoli kogozdagi elektron xujjatlarning kuchirma nusxalarini tasdiklaydi va x.k.
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Elektron ta’lim - Informatikaning asosiy atamalari

|
Informatikaning asosiy atamalari
|
bet | 118/150 | Sana | 07.01.2024 | Hajmi | 1,42 Mb. | | #131556 |
Bog'liq Информатикадан изохли лугатElektron ta’lim (Electronic learning) - elektron o‘qitish tizimi, elektron o‘qitish, masofaviy o‘qitish kabi atamalar sinonimi bo‘lib, kompyuterlarni qo‘llash bilan o‘qitish, tarmokli o‘qitish, virtual o‘qitish, shuningdek axborot, elektron texnologiyalar yordamida o‘qitish.
Elektron tijorat - xaridor va sotuvchi o‘rtasida tarmoqlararo o‘zaro ta’sirlar asosida axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalangan holda tovarlar va xizmatlarni sotishga qaratilgan faoliyat.
Elektron tijorat - tomonlarning o‘zaro hamkorligi axborot va telekommunikatsiya texnologiyalari, tizimlari va tarmoqlari (Internet+) imkoniyatlaridan foydalangan holda amalga oshiriladigan savdo bitimlarining shakllari.
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Elektron tijorat texnologiyalari - elektron tijoratni amalga oshirish usullari, monetizatsiya sxemalari, elektron tijoratni boshqarish vositalari va mexanizmlaridir.
Elektron tijoratning an’anaviy savdo turlaridan farqi. Xaridor o‘ziga qulay vaqt, joy va tezlikda mahsulotni tanlash va sotib olish imkoniyatiga ega; Savdo-sotiq faoliyatini ish faoliyati bilan birga parallel ravishda, ya’ni ishlab chiqarishdan ajralmagan holda olib borish imkoniyati; Ko‘p sonli xaridorlarning bir vaqtning o‘zida bir nechta firmalarga murojaat qila olish imkoniyati; Kerakli mahsulotlarni tezlikda izlab topish va ushbu mahsulotlar mavjud bo‘lgan korxonalarga murojaat qilishda texnika va transport vositalaridan samarali foydalanish imkoniyati; Xaridorning yashash joyi, sog‘lig‘i va moddiy ta’minlanish darajasidan qat’iy nazar hamma qatori teng huquqli mahsulot sotib olish imkoniyati; Hozirgi kundagi mavjud jahon standartlariga javob beradigan mahsulotlarni tanlash va sotish imkoniyati; Elektron tijoratda savdoni tashkil qilish korxonalarning raqobatini kuchaytiradi, monopoliyadan chiqaradi va mahsulotlarning sifatini oshirish imkoniyatini beradi.
Elektron to‘lov tizimlari. WEBSUM, iPAY, PAYNET, WEBMONEY, IntellectMoney, Perfect Money, RBK Money, V-money. Texnika vositalaridan, axborot texnologiyalaridan va axborot tizimlari xizmatlaridan foydalangan holda elektron to‘lov hujjatlari vositasida naqd pulsiz hisob-kitoblarni amalga oshirish elektron to‘lovdir.
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Marshrutlash - Informatikaning asosiy atamalari

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Informatikaning asosiy atamalari
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bet | 58/150 | Sana | 07.01.2024 | Hajmi | 1,42 Mb. | | #131556 |
Bog'liq Информатикадан изохли лугатMarshrutlash (routing) - Kommunikatsiya tarmog‘ida ma’lumotlar bloki xakikiy oluvchiga yetib borishi mumkin bo‘lgan marshrutni aniqlash jarayoni. Marshrutlash ob’ekt manzilini ushbu blok uzatiladigan kanallar ruyxatiga aylantirishni ta’minlaydi. Marshrutlash taqsimlangan jarayon bo‘lib, ma’lumotlar marshrutizatorlariga ega bo‘lgan tarmoqning barcha boglamalari tomonidan amalga oshiriladi. Buning uchun xar bir boglama chakiruv yoki ma’lumotlar blokini marshrutlash lozim bo‘lgan kanalni aniqlaydi. Tarmoqlarda marshrutlashning turli uslublari qo‘llaniladi: Tanlab marshrutlashning xususiyati shundaki, ma’lumotlar bloklari, ular xakikiy oluvchiga yetib bormasligi mumkinligini nazarda tutgan xolda, birdaniga bir necha yo‘nalish bo‘yicha jo‘natiladi. Bunda marshrut oldindan tanlanib, u tarmoq xolatiga bog‘liq emas. Belgilangan marshrutlash tarmoqning mumkin bo‘lgan trafigining eng samarali marshrutlarini ko‘rsatuvchi marshrutlari jadvalini tuzishni nazarda tutadi. Moslashtiriladigan marshrutlashning belgilangan marshrutlashdan farqi shundaki, marshrutlari jadvallari trafik o‘zgarishlariga karab yangilanib turadi. Extimoliy marshrutlashda ma’lumotlar bloklarini uzatish yo‘lini tasodifiy tanlash nazarda tutiladi, bunda ular xakikiy oluvchiga yetib borishi aniq deb hisoblanadi.
Masofaviy bank xizmatlari telekommunikatsiya tizimlaridan foydalangan holda kredit tashkilotlari mijozlari uchun bank operatsiyalari va bitimlarini amalga oshirishdir
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Masofaviy ta’lim -bu o‘qituvchi va o‘quvchilarning axborot va kommunikatsiya texnologiyalaridan faol foydalanish bilan bevosita o‘zaro ta’sirini o‘z ichiga olgan ta’lim turi bo‘lib, u o‘quvchining shaxsini rivojlantirishga va ta’lim jarayonida tomonlarning kelishilgan bilim, ko‘nikma va ko‘nikmalar standartini o‘rganishga qaratilgan.
Masofaviy ta’lim instituti (MTI) - zamonaviy axborot va komunikatsiya texnologiyalari asosida biror universitetning innovatsiya ta’lim mu’itini shakllantirish maqsadida tashkil etiladi. U universitet bo‘limlari, kafedralari va fakultetlari faoliyatini axborotlashtirish jarayonlarini muvofiklashtiradi xamda masofaviy ta’lim texnologiyasidan foydalangan xolda turli ta’lim dasturlarini amalga oshiradi. Masofaviy ta’lim institutlari multimediya va web – texnologiyalari asosida o‘quv-uslubiy va texnologik bazaga, zamonaviy kompyuter vositalari va litsenziyalangan dasturiy taominotga ega bo‘lishi lozim. Binobarin, ular yordamida multimediyali kurslarni yaratish va tayyorlash, o‘quv jarayonini uslubiy va texnologik jixatdan quvvatlash lozim bo‘ladi.
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