CALL - 0 the Pre-History

Reading, Exercise 1
Instructions: Read the following text entitled “What a Waste!” and answer questions
23-36 on the answer sheet.
WHAT A WASTE!
Every day, all over the world, unwanted waste is disposed
of from both domestic and
commercial sources, usually with insufficient attention paid to the resulting problems. The
increase in excess refuse and how to dispense with it has become a major headache for the
government and the environmental agencies.
This has certainly been the case in Britain where there has been a steady rise in the amount
of rubbish generated in recent years. In industry, the mining, agriculture and construction
sectors are the biggest culprits, being amongst the greatest producers of waste. Also,
household waste has grown at a rate of 3% a year as a consequence of society becoming
more affluent
and thus consuming more goods, resulting in more rubbish to discard. As this
waste is economically and environmentally costly to deal with, local authorities have been
required to ensure that the arrangements made to dispose of the surplus detritus are
efficient and practicable, considering social as well as economic implications.
For many years, the preferred option for refuse disposal in Britain has been the landfill. In
fact, the UK, more than
any other European country, makes use of landfills to get rid of its
biodegradable waste. However, problems have arisen with this method and alternative
solutions have had to be researched.
One of the biggest drawbacks to landfills is the cost. In the past this was not the case as land
was plentiful and cheap with abandoned quarries and mines often being utilised. But by
2015, since space for approved and licensed landfills will have run out, viable alternatives to
waste disposal have to be found. Another disadvantage is the environmental impact made
by the acids and hazardous chemicals that are leaked from the landfills. Older sites
depended on these substances being diluted naturally by rain but this often did not occur
and surrounding agricultural land was affected and livestock poisoned. Nowadays, more
modern landfills use liners within the pits to contain any dangerous material
and the liquid is
then collected, treated and discharged within the site itself. But perhaps the most apparent
annoyance for the general public living in the immediate vicinity of the landfill is the
nuisance that results from the traffic, the noise, the dust and the unpleasant odours
emanating from the site. Although no risks to human health have been
verified, symptoms
such as headaches, drowsiness and exhaustion have been reported by people living close to
landfills. These may have been caused by toxic emissions from the site but they may be
connected to the impact that living next to the sites can have on stress and anxiety.
In order to reduce the amount of waste being sent to the landfill, a special tax was
introduced in 1996, to discourage this practice. The charges range from two to eleven
pounds per tonne depending on the type of rubbish being discarded and due to this tax the
amount of waste from the construction industry has been markedly reduced. Other targets
have been set to reduce biodegradable waste deposited in these sites by 2006 but it is
thought that the greatest impact could be made through the introduction of more intensive
recycling, which could be funded from the proceeds of the landfill tax.
In Europe, Britain is bottom of the recycling table with the lowest rate of 8% compared to
the Netherlands where they recycle 72% of their detritus. According to government
research, only 7% of plastic was salvaged, as was only 22% of the six billion glass containers
manufactured annually in Britain. On the other hand, the same sources found that 90% of
car batteries and 66% of lead is recycled. This proportion is high because of the economic
value of the material and so reprocessing is an opportunity to gain an income from an
environmentally friendly undertaking. Also, of the thirteen billion steel cans produced yearly,
about a quarter come from recycled metal. These goods only consume 25% of
the energy
needed to make the same products from raw materials.
Biodegradable wastes can be made into organic compost to use as fertiliser for the land. At
present less than half the local authorities have facilities for this and about a fifth of
municipal waste is being treated but in some areas, schemes are being set up to collect
waste from both domestic properties and supermarkets to help effect this procedure.
Yet even now in the 21st century, less progressive authorities are still constructing and
employing incinerators to dispose of waste despite the subsequent health hazards. They also
have to confront opposition from the public over a policy which has proved to be the most
unpopular technology since the introduction of nuclear power.
So, what can be done to encourage more recycling? Probably what should be the
government’s priority is the reduction in the number of landfills in regular use. Even
materials that are biodegradable such as paper cannot easily be broken down as the landfill
pits are constructed to keep
air out and moisture in, thus slowing down the process to
degrade this matter. Therefore, more reprocessing plants for refuse must be constructed to
replace the outmoded landfills. Also, companies should be encouraged to take a more
responsible approach to the packaging of their products, only using the minimum and
environmentally friendly recycled materials. Then, the public must be convinced of the
benefits of recycling and be made aware of the ecological consequences of not recycling. In
Britain, more intensive reprocessing would lower the production of gases harmful to the
ozone layer by 12.8 million tonnes of carbon a year, the equivalent of taking nearly five
million cars off the road. Also, a strong incentive for the public to support recycling is the
prospect of higher employment. In Germany, it has been estimated that 150,000 people are
employed in the recycling business, a number greater than those employed in the steel
industry. It is believed that up to 50,000 jobs could be created in Britain if recycling was
adopted.
What will happen in the future regarding the disposal of waste matter very much depends
on the attitude and party policies of the particular government in power. Yet, if
reforms to
the methods of waste disposal are not made, serious environmental problems will arise in
the immediate future, the consequences of which are too dire to contemplate.