nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Issiqlikdan keyin massani o'lchash

Issiqlikdan keyin massani o'lchash
Issiqlikdan keyin massani o'lchash, yuqori haroratlarda uzoq muddatli saqlashda bitumning barqarorligini tavsiflaydi. [2]
1.7 Bitum ishlab chiqarish jarayoni uchun shartlar
Yo'l qoplamalarini ishlab chiqarishda oksidlangan neft qoldiqlaridan, ko'pincha smoladan olingan oksidlangan bitumlar eng keng tarqalgan.
Tijorat bitumining tarkibi va fizik-kimyoviy xususiyatlariga oksidlanish jarayonining texnologik parametrlari ta'sir qiladi.
Qatronning oksidlanish jarayoniga ta'sir qiluvchi asosiy omillar quyidagilardir: xom ashyoning tabiati - neft, smolaning dastlabki shartli yopishqoqligi, tarkibidagi yog'lar, smolali birikmalar va asfaltenlar, oksidlanish harorati, havo oqimi va Natijada, oksidlanish davomiyligi. Bunday omillar, shuningdek, reaktsiya zonasidagi bosim, oksidlanish uchun beriladigan siqilgan havoning isishi va oksidlanish ustunidagi suyuqlik fazasining darajasini o'z ichiga olishi kerak. Xom ashyoni to'g'ri tanlash orqali turli navlarning oksidlangan bitumlarini olish mumkin. Asl smoladagi yog 'miqdori kamayishi bilan bitumning cho'ziluvchanligi va porlash nuqtasi ortadi, ularning issiqlikka chidamliligi, plastikligi va sovuqqa chidamliligi pasayadi. Qattiq kerosin birikmalari, asfaltenlar kabi, dispers fazaning shakllanishiga va shuning uchun bitumning dispers tuzilishiga ta'sir qiladi. Xom ashyo tarkibidagi n-parafin birikmalarining ko'payishi bitumning cho'ziluvchanligini pasaytiradi, havo sarfini va oksidlanish davomiyligini oshiradi.
Xom ashyo tarkibidagi parafin-naftenik birikmalar bitumning xossalarini yaxshilaydigan yupqalashtiruvchi va plastifikator bo'lib, ularning xomashyoda 10-20% gacha bo'lishi maqsadga muvofiqdir.
Xom ashyoda oltingugurt va oltingugurt birikmalarining mavjudligi oksidlangan bitumning plastik xususiyatlarini yaxshilashga va ularning haroratga sezgirligini kamaytirishga yordam beradi. Xom ashyo tarkibidagi turli birikmalarning miqdori asosan neftning kimyoviy tabiati bilan oldindan belgilanadi.
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Asfalten kislotalari va ularning angidridlari

Asfalten kislotalari va ularning angidridlari. Asfalten kislotalar va ularning angidridlari qalin, smolasimon konsistensiyaga ega jigarrang-kulrang moddalardir. Asfaltogen kislotalar spirt va xloroformda oson eriydi, benzinda esa qiyin eriydi. Zichlik 1 g/sm dan oshmaydi3.. Bitumning kolloid tuzilishi asfalten kislotalar va ularning angidridlari bilan barqarorlashadi
Karbenlar va karboidlar. Neftni yuqori haroratda qayta ishlashning yuqori uglerodli mahsulotlari va uning qoldiqlari karbenlar va karboidlardir.Karbenlar toʻrt xlorid uglerodda, uglerod disulfidida esa karboidlar erimaydi.
1.6 Bitumning asosiy fizik-kimyoviy xossalari.
Zichlik.
Zichlik bitumning eng muhim xususiyatlaridan biridir. Bu bitumning kimyoviy tarkibiga bog'liq: aromatik tuzilmalar tarkibining ko'payishi uning zichligini oshiradi va to'yingan birikmalarning ko'payishi uni kamaytiradi. Zichlik 20∘Bitum bilan 1,00-1,04 g / sm3.
O't olish nuqtasi.
Bitum va smolaning porlash nuqtasi odatda 230 ° C dan yuqori. Ushbu ko'rsatkich xom ashyo va tayyor bitumda past qaynaydigan fraktsiyalarning mavjudligini va shuning uchun bitum ishlab chiqarish va ishlatish jarayonida ularning portlashi va yong'in xavfini baholash uchun ishlatiladi.
Yopishqoqlik.
Yopishqoqlik penetratsiya va yumshatilish nuqtasiga nisbatan turli xil qo'llash haroratida bitumning mustahkamligini to'liqroq tavsiflaydi. Bitum, boshqa narsalar teng bo'lsa, maksimal foydalanish haroratida eng yuqori yopishqoqlikka ega bo'lishi ma'qul.
Maxsus issiqlik.
Turli bitumlar uchun o'ziga xos issiqlik quvvati deyarli bir xil. Haroratning oshishi bilan u ortadi: har xil konsistensiyadagi bitumning issiqlik sig'imi 1 ga o'zgaradi∘C 0,00032-0,00078 kal/(g∙deg) ga teng.
Eruvchanlik.
Erituvchilarning selektivligi ekstraksiya qilingan asfaltenlarning tarkibiga ta'sir qiladi, bu ularni tor fraktsiyalarga ajratishda muhimdir. Organik erituvchilarda eruvchanligi bo'yicha, kul tarkibi va porlash nuqtasiga qo'shimcha ravishda, bitumning tozaligi baholanadi. Kul tarkibi eruvchanlik sinovi bilan bir vaqtda aniqlanadi. Bitumda ruxsat etilgan kul miqdori 0,1% dan oshmaydi.
Bitumning organik erituvchilarda: xloroform, benzol, uglerod disulfidi va uglerod tetrakloridida eruvchanligi aralashmalar - minerallar va boshqa qattiq moddalar (karbenlar, karboidlar) mavjudligi bilan tavsiflanadi. Ushbu erituvchilarda oksidlangan bitumlar 99% dan ko'proq eriydi.
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Penetratsiya indeksi - Translated from Russian to Uzbek

Penetratsiya indeksiVa.
Penetratsion indikator standart ignaning kirib borish chuqurligini qayd etadi.
bitum ma'lum bir rejimda (harorat va kuch yuki) Penetratsiya millimetrning o'ndan birida o'lchanadi.
Yumshatish harorati.
Bitumning kogerent dispers holatidan erkin dispers holatiga o'tish haroratini belgilaydigan eng muhim ko'rsatkich yumshatuvchi haroratdir. Sinov GOST 11506-73 bo'yicha "Ring and ball" (R&B) usuli yordamida amalga oshiriladi.
Mo'rtlik harorati.
Standart kuchlanish davomiyligi 11 s bo'lgan bitumning elastiklik moduli 1100 kg / sm bo'lgan harorat2yoki 1,0787∙108n/m2, mo'rtlik harorati deb ataladi. Bu bitumning elastik-mo'rt reologik holatga o'tish fazasiga to'g'ri keladi. Ushbu sinovning texnikasi - yupqa bitum qatlamida harorat kuchlanishining bir vaqtning o'zida ortishi bilan bir nechta egilish - og'ir transport vositalari harakati sharoitida yil davomida haroratning keskin o'zgarishi paytida yo'l sirtlarida yuzaga keladigan eng xavfli kuchlanish holatini simulyatsiya qiladi.
Egiluvchanlik (egiluvchanlik).
Bitumning plastik xossalari, standart yuklar va kuchlanishlar ostida strukturani buzmasdan va uzluksizlikni yo'qotmasdan deformatsiya o'zgarishiga qobiliyati ularning cho'zilishi yoki egiluvchanligi qiymatlari bilan belgilanadi. Ushbu ko'rsatkichning past qiymatlari (25 da 50 sm dan kam).∘C) yo'l bitumining past ishlash xususiyatlarini har doim ham aniq ko'rsatmaydi. Bitumning cho'zilishi 25 da∘C tuzilish darajasini va shuning uchun bitumning dispers tuzilishi turini tavsiflaydi. 25 da past cho'zilish qiymatlari∘C ish paytida bitumning qarishga moyilligini ko'rsatadi. Yo'l neft bitumi 40 sm dan ortiq kuchlanish kuchiga ega.
Adezyon (yopishqoqlik).
Yopishqoqlik (yopishish) mineral material va bitum plyonkasi o'rtasidagi interfeysda qo'sh elektr maydonining hosil bo'lish jarayoni bilan izohlanadi. Bitumlarning yopishishi ularning tarkibiy qismlarining polaritesiga va mineral materialning kislotaligiga bog'liq. Elektr o'tkazuvchanligining qiymati bilan aniqlanadi
bitumning qutbsiz erituvchilardagi eritmalari yoki oraliq sirt tarangligi qiymati bo'yicha. Rossiya Federatsiyasi standartlarida yopishtiruvchi xususiyatlar suv ta'sirida bitumning mineral materialga yopishish usuli bilan belgilanadi.
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Slika 32: per_test predloga

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Slika 32: per_test predloga
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Slika 32: per_test predloga
Kot vidimo na Slika 32, predloga združi študentovo kodo ({{STUDENT_ANSWER}}) in kodo v testnem primeru ({{TEST.testcode}}) v izvršilni program. Izhodni podatek tega programa se nato primerja s podatkom v polju Expected output v določenem testnem primeru. V polju Grading nastavimo način ujemanja, opisanega zgoraj. Poglejmo si že prej uporabljen primer, kjer naloga zahteva, da napišemo funkcijo kvadrat(x), ki vrne kvadrat števila x. Ta naloga ima rešitev v obliki:
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Napredna uporaba predlog - Univerza V ljubljani fakulteta za matematiko in fiziko

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Univerza V ljubljani fakulteta za matematiko in fiziko
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5.1.2 Napredna uporaba predlog
Pogosto se srečamo s težavo, ko vgrajeni tip vprašanja (prototip) ne ustreza za sestavljanje naloge. Težava se pojavi, ko se v predlogi neuspešno združita odgovor študenta in testni primer. Takrat je treba predlogo ustrezno prilagoditi. Če sestavljamo vprašanja v programskem jeziku Python3, imamo med vgrajenimi tipi vprašanj na voljo samo prototip 'napiši funkcijo'.
Oglejmo si primer, kjer naloga zahteva, da v programskem jeziku Python3 napišemo program, ki ugotovi, ali je dano leto prestopno (Slika 38).
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Slika 36: Prikaz kombinirane predloge

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Slika 36: Prikaz kombinirane predloge
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Slika 36: Prikaz kombinirane predloge
Opazimo, da je kombinirana predloga sestavljena podobno kot predloga per_test. V tej predlogi je definiran še ločilni niz (SEPARATOR), potem pa si sledijo testni primeri z različnimi vhodnimi podatki. Med posameznimi tesnimi primeri z ukazom 'print(SEPARATOR)' izpišemo ločilni niz. Ta ukaz bo poskrbel, da se bodo testni primeri v tabeli izpisali ločeno.
Primer sestavljanja vprašanja s prilagoditvijo predloge si bomo ogledali v nadaljevanju.
Če želimo spreminjati ali ustvariti svojo kombinirano predlogo, moramo dobro razumeti delovanje zanke v predlogi in TWIG mehanizma, kar presega okvirje te diplomske naloge.
Poglejmo si primer, kako kombinirana predloga združi študentov odgovor z vsemi testnimi primeri. Za zgled si ponovno izberimo zgoraj omenjeno nalogo kvadrat(x). Predvidevajmo, da imamo za to nalogo sestavljene 3 testne primerez različnimi vhodnimi podatki (5,-3 in 0). Predloga bo združila vse testne primere skupaj z odgovorom iz polja Answer, ki ga poda študent (Slika 37).
Slika 37: Kombinirana predloga
Opazimo, da je prvi del kode enak kot v per_test predlogi. Definiran je še separator, potem pa si sledijo vsi trije testni primeri z različnimi vhodnimi podatki, ločeni z ukazom 'print(SEPARATOR)', ki poskrbi, da se bodotestni primeri v tabeli izpisali ločeno.
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Yog'lar - Translated from Russian to Uzbek

Yog'lar.Yog'lar bitumning qattiqligi va yumshatilish nuqtasini pasaytiradi, suyuqlik va uchuvchanlikni oshiradi.
Yog'larning elementar tarkibi:
-uglerod 85-88%;
-vodorod 10-14%;
-oltingugurt 4,5% gacha;
Yog'larning molekulyar og'irligi 240-800, uglerod-vodorod nisbati odatda 0,55-0,66, zichligi 1 g / sm dan kam.3.
Yog'larning naften tuzilmalarida 20 dan 35 gacha uglerod atomlari mavjud va zichligi 0,82-0,87 g/sm.3, sinishi indeksi 1,4-1,49, molekulyar og'irligi 450-600.
Bisiklik aromatik uglevodorodlarning sindirish ko'rsatkichi 1,535-1,59, molyar massasi 430-600. Politsikliklarning sinishi ko'rsatkichi 1,59 dan yuqori va molekulyar og'irligi 420-670 ga teng.
Qatronlar.Oddiy haroratda qatronlar qizil-jigarrang qattiq moddalardir. zichligi 0,99-1,08 g/sm3. Qatronlar xarakterlidir
bitumning plastikligi, qattiqligi va cho'ziluvchanligi. Ular alifatik zanjirlar bilan o'zaro bog'langan yuqori kondensatsiya darajasiga ega, geterotsiklik va tsiklik tuzilishga ega yuqori molekulyar organik birikmalarga tegishli. Qatronlar molekulyar og'irligi 300-2500.
Qatronlar elementar tarkibi
-uglerod og'irligi 79-87%;
-vodorod 8,5-9,5%;
- kislorod 1-10%;
-oltingugurt 1-10%;
- ikki% gacha azot;
Qatronlar molekulalarining uglerod skeleti politsiklik tizim bo'lib, asosan alifatik yon zanjirli aromatik birlashtirilgan halqalardan iborat. Qatronlardan asfaltenlarga o'tish aromatik tuzilmalarda uglerod atomlari ulushining ortishi bilan birga keladi.
asfaltenlarning kondensatsiyalanish darajasini oshirish. Bu vodorod tarkibining pasayishi va uglerod-uglerod nisbatining oshishi bilan tasdiqlanadi.
vodorod. Qatronlar tashkil etuvchi birikmalardagi uglerod atomlarining soni 80-100 ga etadi. Qatronlar, asfaltenlarga nisbatan, ko'p sonli va uzunlikdagi alifatik zanjirlarga ega. Qatronlar yumshatilishining harorati (KISH bo'yicha) 35-90∘Asfaltenadan. Asfaltenlar qora yoki jigarrang rangli qattiq, mo'rt moddalardir. Oddiy tuzilishdagi to'yingan uglevodorodlarda, aralash qutbli erituvchilarda erimaydi, lekin sirt tarangligi yuqori bo'lgan suyuqliklarda - benzol va uning gomologlarida oson eriydi,
uglerod disulfidi va uglerod tetraklorid.
Asfaltenlarning elementar tarkibi % og'irlikda.
-uglerod 80-84;
-vodorod 7,5-8,5;
-oltingugurt4,6-8,3;
- kislorod 6 gacha;
-azot 0,4-1;
Asfalten zichligi 1 g/sm dan ortiq3. Molekulyar og'irligi 1200-200000. Tsiklik birikmalarning siqilish mahsuloti fazoviy struktura yaratilgunga qadar asfaltenlardir. Asfaltenlardagi aromatik, naftenik va geterotsiklik halqalarning sikllik darajasi hamda ularning kondensatsiyalanish darajasining nisbati keng kelib chiqishi asfaltenlar uchun juda xilma-xildir. Asfaltenlar uchun atom uglerod-vodorod nisbati 0,94-1,3 oralig'ida. Daraja
aromatiklik 2,8-4,7.
Chuqur oksidlanish jarayonida asfalten molekulalari kamayadi. Moslashuvchanlik, harakatchanlik va bo'shashmaslik yo'qoladi, eruvchanlik yomonlashadi. Ushbu transformatsiyalar oksidlangan bitumlardan ajratilgan ikkilamchi asfaltenlarning xom ashyo tarkibidagi asfaltenlarga qaraganda ko'proq mo'rtligi va uglerod-vodorod nisbati, past molekulyar og'irligi va eruvchanligi bilan ajralib turishini tushuntiradi.
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Oksidlanish jarayonining harorati

Oksidlanish jarayonining harorati
jarayonning haroratini oshirish orqali smola oksidlanish tezligi oshadi, oksidlangan bitumdagi kislorod miqdori kamayadi,
Oksidlanish jarayonining davomiyligi va zarur bo'lgan umumiy havo oqimi kamayadi va atmosfera kislorodidan foydalanish darajasi oshadi.
250 °C dan yuqori haroratning oshishi bitumning ba'zi tijorat va texnik xususiyatlarini o'zgartiradi: bitumning mo'rt harorati oshadi va oksidlangan bitumning penetratsiyasi, cho'zilishi, issiqlikka chidamliligi va plastisiya diapazoni pasayadi. Xom ashyoning tabiatiga va bitumning kerakli xususiyatlariga qarab, tegishli oksidlanish harorati tanlanishi kerak. Bitumning yo'l navlari uchun tavsiya etilgan oksidlanish harorati 250-290 ° C, bitumning qurilish navlari uchun esa undan yuqori emas.
320 ° S.
Oksidlanish harorati 190-220 ° S ga tushganda, reaktsiya tezligi juda past bo'ladi, bu iqtisodiy jihatdan mumkin emas.
Oksidlanish gazlarida erkin kislorod miqdori
Issiq oksidlanish gazlarida erkin kislorodning ruxsat etilgan kontsentratsiyasi 8% dan, sovutilgan oksidlanish gazlarida esa 10% dan yuqori bo'lmagan miqdorda belgilanadi.
Bosim
Oksidlangan bitum sifatini yaxshilash va oksidlanish jarayonini kuchaytirish reaktsiya zonasida bosimni oshirish orqali osonlashadi.
Reaksiya zonasida bosimning oshishi oksidlanish davomiyligini qisqartiradi, kislorodning suyuq fazaga tarqalishini yaxshilaydi va kondensatsiya natijasida hosil bo'lgan bitumning plastisiya diapazoni oshadi. Gaz fazasidan yog 'bug'i issiqlik va sovuqqa chidamliligini yaxshilaydi.
Olingan bitum va kompozitsiyaning xususiyatlari tizimdagi bosimni to'g'ri tanlash bilan tartibga solinishi mumkin.
Bosim odatda 0,3 dan 0,8 MPa gacha. [2] 1.9 Xom-ashyo va tayyor mahsulotlarning xarakteristikalari 1.9.1.Birlamchi xom ashyoning xarakteristikalari Tar.
Qatron - 400-600 oralig'ida qaynab ketadigan neft fraktsiyalarini distillash natijasida hosil bo'lgan qoldiq.∘C atmosfera bosimida va vakuum ostida. U yo'l va qurilish bitumlarini ishlab chiqarish uchun xom ashyo sifatida ishlatiladi. Bitum o'rnatish uchun xom ashyo sifatida vakuumli qurilmadan G'arbiy Sibir moylari aralashmasidan olingan smola ishlatilgan. 2-jadval – smolaning xarakteristikalari.
Ko'rsatkich nomi
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Norm
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Kishning so'zlariga ko'ra, yumshatilish harorati,OBILAN;
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36
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Zichlik, 20 da∘BILAN,kg/m3
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980
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Ochiq tigelda porlash nuqtasi,∘BILAN
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274
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Oltingugurt miqdori, og'.%
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2.63
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An'anaviy yopishqoqlik 80 da°VUB dan
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40-91
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Asfalten miqdori, og'.%
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12
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Bitumning strukturaviy turlari

1.4. Bitumning strukturaviy turlari
Bitum - bu dispers tizimlar bo'lib, ularning xususiyatlari nafaqat ularning tarkibiga, balki ularning tarkibiga kiritilgan dispers zarrachalarning o'zaro ta'sirining tuzilishi va tabiatiga ham bog'liq. Zarrachalar orasidagi o'zaro ta'sirning yo'qligi yoki mavjudligiga qarab, bitumlar tuzilishiga ko'ra gel (1-toifa), sol-gel (3-toifa) va sol (2-tur) ga bo'linadi.
Jel - immobilizatsiyalangan dispersiya muhiti bo'lgan yagona uzluksiz ramkada bir-biriga bog'langan murakkab strukturaviy birlikning eng muhim o'lchamlari bilan tavsiflanadi. Qoida tariqasida, ushbu strukturaning bitumlari 25% dan ortiq onalarni o'z ichiga oladi. asfaltenlar, kamroq
% wt. qatronlar va 50% dan ortiq ma. uglevodorodlar. Bunda qatronli-asfalten moddalarning umumiy miqdorida asfaltenlarning ulushi 0,5 dan ortiq, asfaltenlar miqdori esa qatronlar va uglevodorodlar miqdori yig'indisiga nisbati.
Sol - bitumning dispers fazasi bir-biri bilan o'zaro ta'sir qilmaydigan va uzluksiz dispersiya muhitida tasodifiy taqsimlangan minimal o'lchamlarga ega (asfaltenlarning eng past darajadagi assotsiatsiyasi) murakkab strukturaviy birlik bilan ifodalanadi. Ushbu turdagi bitum tarkibida 18% dan ko'p bo'lmagan asfaltenlar, 36% dan ortiq qatronlar va 48% dan ko'p bo'lmagan uglevodorodlar mavjud. Asfalt-qatron moddalarining umumiy miqdorida asfaltenlarning ulushi 0,34 dan kam, uglevodorodlar va smolalar miqdoriga nisbatan esa 0,22 dan ortiq.
Sol-gel - oraliq o'lchamlarga ega va oraliq tuzilmani hosil qiladi (yaxshisi yo'l bitumlari uchun).
Shunday qilib, neft bitumining strukturaviy turlarini tasniflash ulardagi murakkab strukturaviy birlikning o'lchamlari taqsimotidagi farqga asoslanadi.
1.4 Bitumning tarkibi.
1-jadval - Bitumning elementar tarkibi
Element
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% wt.
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Uglerod
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80-85
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Vodorod
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8-11,5
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Kislorod
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0,2-4
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Oltingugurt
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0,5-7
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Azot
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0,2-0,5
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Bitumni ajratish uchun turli usullarni qo'llashda guruhlar soni, ularning tarkibi va tuzilishi bo'yicha turli usullar olinadi. Markuson usuli bo'yicha bitumlar moylar, smolalar, asfaltenlar va asfaltogen kislotalar va ularning angidridlariga bo'linadi. Shuningdek, ular bitumning qatronlar va moylarning yig'indisi bo'lgan asfalten va maltenlarga bo'linishidan foydalanadilar.
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MS ACCESS DASTURINING TAVSIFI - 8 – mavzu: Texnik tizimlarda ma’umotlar bazasi (MB). Mb xarakteristikasi va modellari

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8 – mavzu: Texnik tizimlarda ma’umotlar bazasi (MB). Mb xarakteristikasi va modellari
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Bog'liq 8 – mavzu Texnik tizimlarda ma’umotlar bazasi (MB)MS ACCESS DASTURINING TAVSIFI
Microsoft Access 2007 maʼlumotlar bazasini boshqarish tizimi (DBMS) boʻlib, foydalanuvchining toʻlaqonli grafik interfeysini, obʼyektlar va ular oʻrtasidagi munosabatlarni yaratish tamoyilini, shuningdek, tizimli SQL soʻrovlar tilini amalga oshiradi. Ushbu DBMSning yagona kamchiliklari sanoat miqyosida ishlashning mumkin emasligidir. U katta hajmdagi ma'lumotlarni saqlash uchun mo'ljallanmagan. Shuning uchun MS Access 2007 kichik loyihalar va shaxsiy notijorat maqsadlarda qo'llaniladi.
Ammo ma'lumotlar bazasini yaratishni bosqichma-bosqich ko'rsatishdan oldin, siz ma'lumotlar bazasi nazariyasidan asosiy tushunchalar bilan tanishishingiz kerak.
ASOSIY TUSHUNCHALARNING TA'RIFLARI
Ma'lumotlar bazasini yaratish va sozlash uchun foydalaniladigan boshqaruv elementlari va ob'ektlari haqida asosiy bilimlarsiz, mavzu sohasini sozlash printsipi va xususiyatlarini muvaffaqiyatli tushunish mumkin emas. Shuning uchun, endi men barcha muhim elementlarning mohiyatini sodda tarzda tushuntirishga harakat qilaman. Shunday qilib, boshlaylik:
Mavzu sohasi - bu asosiy va ikkinchi darajali kalitlar yordamida bir-biri bilan bog'langan ma'lumotlar bazasida yaratilgan jadvallar to'plami.
Ob'ekt alohida ma'lumotlar bazasi jadvalidir.
Atribut - jadvaldagi alohida ustunning sarlavhasi.
Kortej - bu barcha atributlarning qiymatini oladigan satr.
Birlamchi kalit har bir kortejga tayinlangan noyob qiymat (id).
"B" jadvalining ikkilamchi kaliti "B" jadvalida qo'llaniladigan "A" jadvalining yagona qiymatidir.
SQL so'rovi ma'lumotlar bazasi bilan ma'lum bir amalni bajaradigan maxsus ifodadir: maydonlarni qo'shish, tahrirlash, o'chirish, tanlovlar yaratish.
Endi biz nima bilan ishlashimiz haqida umumiy tasavvurga ega bo'lganimizdan so'ng, biz ma'lumotlar bazasini yaratishni boshlashimiz mumkin.
MA'LUMOTLAR BAZASINI YARATISH VA ULARNING TURLARI
Butun nazariyaning aniqligi uchun keling, "Talabalar-imtihonlar" o'quv ma'lumotlar bazasini yarataylik, unda 2 ta jadval mavjud: "Talabalar" va "Imtihonlar". Asosiy kalit "Rekord raqami" maydoni bo'ladi, chunki. bu parametr har bir talaba uchun o'ziga xosdir. Qolgan maydonlar talabalar haqida toʻliqroq maʼlumot olish uchun moʻljallangan.
Shunday qilib, quyidagilarni bajaring:
Hamma narsa, endi faqat jadvallarni yaratish, to'ldirish va ulash uchun qoladi. Keyingi elementga o'ting.
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Slika 97: Koda ni v skladu s sintakso

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Slika 97: Koda ni v skladu s sintakso
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bet | 91/106 | Sana | 06.07.2020 | Hajmi | 10,53 Mb. | | #11122 |
Slika 97: Koda ni v skladu s sintakso
V tabeli z rezultati opazimo nekaj opozoril, na koncu pa je izpisano sporočilo Sorry, but your code doesn't pass the pylint checks. To pomeni, da naša koda ni prestala testiranja sintakse. Poglejmo si razlago zgoraj prikazanih opozoril v tabeli:
Exactly one space required around assignment – natanko en presledek je potreben okoli operatorja '='
Redefining name 'produkt' from outer scope – potrebno je spremeniti ime spremenljivke 'produkt'
Missing function docstring – manjka dokumentacijski niz funkcije
Študent mora kodo dopolniti in preurediti tako, kot opisujejo opozorila.
Slika 98 prikazuje primer, ko je študentova koda napisana v skladu s sintakso, vendar ne deluje popolnoma pravilno.
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BLUETOOTH - 10-Mavzu: Ma’lumotlarni tarmoqli qayta ishlash texnologiyalari reja

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10-Mavzu: Ma’lumotlarni tarmoqli qayta ishlash texnologiyalari reja
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bet | 5/6 | Sana | 08.10.2020 | Hajmi | 1,72 Mb. | | #12034 |
BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth (blyutuz, deb ukiladi va moviy tish, degan ma’noni bildiradi) kompyuter, telefon, chuntak kompyuterlari va xatto maishiy va ruzgor buyumlarini bir biri bilan boglanishi imkonini beradi. Xar bir Bluetooth li qurilma maxsus mikrosxemaga ega bo’lib, u radiosignalni uzatish va qabul qilib olishi mumkin. Radio signallar 2,4 GGq chastotada uzatiladi. Bu chastota ISM (Industrial, Scientific and medical - sanoat, ilmiy va tibbiy) polosasida joylashgan. Mikrosxemaning o’z xotirasi bo’lib, unda boglanish kontrolleri deb ataluvchi dasturiy ta’minot joylashgan. Bu dasturiy ta’minot blyutuz qurilmalarini topish, ma’lumotlarni uzatish va qabul qilishga xizmat qiladi.
Ikkita yoki undan ko’proq blyutuz qurilmalari bir-biri bilan boglanishidan hosil bo’lgan tarmoq pikonet (piconet) deb ataladi.
2.11. Wi-Fi tarmoq
ELEKTRON POCHTA
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Avtomatlashtirilgan axborot texnologiyasi turlari

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Avtomatlashtirilgan axborot texnologiyasi turlari
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Bog'liq O`zbekiston respublikasi Avtomatlashtirilgan axborot texnologiyasi turlari.
Avtomatlashtirilgan axborot texnologiyasini (AAT) bir qator belgilarga, xususan, axborot tizimini avtomatlashtirishni amalga oshirish imkoniyati, AATning boshqaruv vazifalarini qamrash darajasi, texnologik operatsiyalar
sinfi, foydalanuvchining interfeys turi, EHM tarmog‘idan foydalanish variantlari va hokazo xususiyatlariga ko‘ra klassifikatsiyalash mumkin.
AATni amalga oshirish usuliga ko‘ra, avtomatlashtirilgan axborot tizimida an’anaviy ravishda yuzaga kelgan yangi axborot texnologiyalari ham ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Agar an’anaviy AAT birinchi galda ma’lumotlarni markazlashgan holda qayta ishlash sharoitiga mo‘ljallangan bo‘lsa, ShKdan ommaviy foydalanishga o‘tish esa mashaqqatli ish hajmini yengillashtirishga mo‘ljallangan. Amalga oshirish usuliga ko‘ra AAT lar On-Line rejimida ishlovchi va Off-Line rejimida ishlovchi turlarga ajraladi. On-Line rejimida ishlovchi AAT larda ma’lumotlar shakllanishi zahotiyoq (real vaqt oralig‘ida) tizimga kiritilishi, qayta ishlanishi va hisobotlari tegishli bo‘g‘inlarga uzatilishi amalga oshiriladi. Off-Line rejimida ishlovchi AATlarda ma’lumotlar shakllanib bo‘lgan vaqtdan ancha keyin ham (1 kundan, 1 haftadan keyin ham) tizimga kiritilishi, qayta ishlanishi mumkin.
Qamrov darajasi bo‘yicha avtomatlashtirilgan axborot texnologiyalari Qamrov darajasi bo‘yicha AATning vazifalari ma’lumotlarni elektron
usulda qayta ishlashni o‘z ichiga oladi.
Bunda EHMdan foydalangan holda ayrim iqtisodiy masalalar hal etilib, ma’lumotlar qayta ishlanadi va boshqaruv faoliyatini avtomatlashtirish olib boriladi.
Boshqaruv faoliyatini avtomatlashtirishda boshqaruv qarorlarini tayyorlash uchun axborot — ma’lumotnoma rejimida ishlarni va doimiy hisobotni shakllantirish, xizmat vazifalarini kompleks ravishda hal etish uchun hisoblash vositalaridan (jumladan super EHM va ShK) foydalaniladi. Ushbu guruhga qarorlarni qabul qilishni qo‘llab-quvvatlash bo‘yicha AATni ham kiritish mumkin. U tahliliy ishlar va bashoratlarni shakllantirish, biznes-rejani tuzish, o‘rganilayotgan jarayonlar, ishlab chiqarish-xo‘jalik amaliyoti voqealari bo‘yicha asoslangan baho va xulosalar chiqarish uchun iqtisodiy-matematik modellardan keng foydalanishni nazarda tutadi. Hozirda keng tadbiq etilayottan
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Slika 99: Kako vidi študent odgovor

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Slika 99: Kako vidi študent odgovor
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Slika 99: Kako vidi študent odgovor
Študentu se prikažeta samo testna primera 1 in 3. Testni primer 2 je skrit, kljub temu da je pravilen. Testna primera 4 in 5 nista prikazana, ker smo v testnem primeru 3 obkljukali možnost Hide rest if fail. Študent dobi za odgovor 4 točke, ker je koda uspešno rešila 1. in 2. testni primer (vsak vreden 2 točki).
Slika 100 prikazuje primer, kako vidi študent vprašanje, ko napiše pravilen odgovor.
Slika 100: Kako vidi študent pravilen odgovor
Tudi pri pravilnem odgovoru študent ne vidi vseh testnih primerov. Pri sestavljanju testnih primerov smo skrili 2. in 4. testni primer, ostali trije so vidni.
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Zavarovanje in registracija vozila

5.6. Zavarovanje in registracija vozila
Slika 42: Zavarovanje vozila
Slika 43: Registracija in tehnični pregled vozila
Slika 44: Registracija električnega avtomobila
Izbira električnega avtomobila je sedaj v tem obdobju še vedno nekaj nerazumljivega in nekaj povsem drugega česar smo ljudje navajeni. Vendar zaenkrat tudi če bi imel možnost izbrati električni avtomobil ga po vsej verjetnosti ne ni izbral (hibridnega pa bi izbral) saj ima po mojem še premajhen domet, prepočasno polnjenje in premalo polnilnic. A vendar vse to hitro napreduje in bi lahko mogoče čez nekaj let premislil o nakupu električnega avtomobila. Nekatere moti (tudi mene) tudi to, da je motor tih in ne oda nobenega zvoka. Priznati moram da bi potreboval nekaj časa da se privadim na novo zahtevano okolje, ki ga ponuja električni avto. Velika prednost je ta da vozilo na okolju ne pusti posledic, saj ne izpušča nič emisij in avtomobil ima trenutno ekonomično porabo. Cena avtomobila z zavarovanjem in registracijo je cca.9700€. Moja ocena: 3.5
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Zavarovanje in registracija vozila

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Zavarovanje in registracija vozila
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bet | 18/32 | Sana | 04.04.2021 | Hajmi | 9,09 Mb. | | #14120 |
Slika 32: Zavarovanje vozila
Slika 33: Registracija in tehnični pregled vozila
Preden bi se odločil za nakup vozila, bi prodajalca kontaktiral in se z njim srečal ter pregledal avtomobil od blizu, da bi se prepričal o realnosti podanih podatkov. Prosil bi ga tudi za testno vožnje, da bi dobil občutek vožnje in udobja. Všeč mi je kako kombinirajo staro tehnologijo (bencinski motor…) z novejšo (elektro motor) in imajo zaradi tega obetavne rezultate. Osebno sem vedno imel zanimanje za hibridne avtomobile saj sem v njih videl prihodnost avtomobilizma, vendar je za moje finančno stanje hibridni avtomobil predrag. Vendar pa resno razmišljam o nakupu hibrida v daljši prihodnosti. Končna cena z zavarovanjem in registracijo je cca. 10500€ kar se mi zdi previsok znesek za moj prvi avtomobil. Moja ocena avtomobila: 4.4
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Novosti in smer razvoja električnih avtomobilov

5.3. Novosti in smer razvoja električnih avtomobilov
Največja težava električnih avtomobilov je seveda domet oz. razdalja, ki jo avto premore z enim polnjenjem. Tesla je tu najbolj v ospredju in so sestavili koncept avtomobila, ki zmore do 500km razdalje.
Vsi proizvajalci se ukvarjajo predvsem z tem, ter kako bi na čim hitrejši način napolnili prazno baterijo. Na črpalkah lahko že zasledimo tako imenovane hitre polnilnice, ki napolnijo baterijo v 1-2 urah.
Tesla pod vodstvom Elona Muska je pokazala največji napredek pri električnih avtomobilov kar se tiče dometa vozila (500km in več), hitrega polnjenja in hranjenja električne energije (baterije). Pri Tesli verjamejo, da bo nekoč električni avtomobil popolnoma nadomestil bencinski in dizelski motor.
Slika 36: Model 3 (Tesla)
Volkswagen: se je tudi usmeril na področje elektrike in tako na trg postavil novega električnega Golfa oz. e-Golfa, ki ima zmogljivo baterijo, bolj učinkovit polnilnik in večji doseg. Avtomobil z LED-tehnologijo ponuja velik svetlobni izkoristek in majhno porabo el. energije. Tanka aluminijasta platišča in pnevmatike z manjšim uporom zvišujejo učinkovitost. Na doseg pozitivno vpliva aerodinamika, ki jo izboljšuje usmernik zraka nad zadnjim steklom.
Tesla: Velik korak naprej z električnimi avtomobili so storili tudi v podjetju Tesla, ki svojimi modeli, kot so: S, X in 3 počasi prihaja na trg. Poudarek so naredil predvsem v varnosti in pospeševanju, kar pa je ironično. Model S pospeši iz 0 do 100 km, kar v 2.7 sekundah. Poleg tega pa imajo vsi Teslini modeli vgrajeni možnost avtopilot, to pomeni da lahko avto vozi sistem sam brez voznikove pomoči.
Slika 37: VW e-Golf
Prihodnost za električne avtomobile je obetavna, svetovni proizvajalec vozil Daimler sporoča da bo pospešil razvoj električnih vozil. V naslednjih petih letih pa namerava izdelati deset novih modelov na električni pogon. In obljublja da bo do leta 2022 na voljo električne različice vseh vozil.
Baterije- Trenutno je trg omejen, ker je proizvodnja baterij sorazmerno majhna za hitro razširitev in je kapaciteta le-teh baterij majhna. Zato je doseg električnih vozil manjši kot pri klasičnih vozilih. Z večanjem števila električnih avtomobilov bo treba tudi povečati proizvodno kapaciteto elektrarn. Jedrska elektrarna kapacitete 1.200 MW, predvidevana kapaciteta drugega bloka jedrske elektrarne Krško (JEK), bi s polovico svoje moči lahko napajala 700.000 električnih vozil s 100 prevoženimi kilometri na dan.
Je pa treba tudi poudariti, da so električne baterije sorazmerno drage, težke, potrebujejo veliko energije in drugih sredstev za izdelavo. Imajo omejeno življenjsko dobo, okrog 1000 ciklov in kapaciteta se s časom zmanjšuje. . Lahko pa kupimo avto brez baterije, in jo pravzaprav najamemo, za najemnino bi pa na mesec plačali približno toliko, kot stane poln tank goriva.
Slika 38: Model S (Tesla)-baterija
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Prednosti in slabosti električnega avtomobila

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Prednosti in slabosti električnega avtomobila
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bet | 22/32 | Sana | 04.04.2021 | Hajmi | 9,09 Mb. | | #14120 |
5.4. Prednosti in slabosti električnega avtomobila
PREDNOSTI
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SLABOSTI
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Cenejša izdelava
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Omejena življenjska doba baterije/akumulatorja
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Tihi (to je lahko tudi slabost)
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Kratek domet vožnje
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Ni emisij (co2, trdnih delcev)
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Daljše polnjenje (v primerjavi z bencinskim…)
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Ne obremenjujejo okolja
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Cenovno dražji
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Energent je poceni-elektrika
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Enostavna in lahka uporaba vozila
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Motor je dovolj zmogljiv-veliko navora
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Dobri pospeški
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Ne potrebuje olja za mazanje
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Stroški vzdrževanja so majhni
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5.5. Moja izbira električnega avtomobila
Moja izbira avtomobila z električnim motorjem bi bila Renault Fluence Z.E, ki sem ga našel na spletni strani Avto.net. Avto ima prevoženih 22500 km in je letnik 2012 zato je dokaj nov avto, saj se je proizvodnja in napredek električnih avtomobilov začel šele v 20.stoletju. Motor, ki je na elektro pogon ima moč 70kW oz. 94KM kar je po mojem veliko za električni avtomobil tega letnika. Vendar glavni minus je, da ima domet samo 185 km in polnjenje traja kar nekaj časa. Ima pa tudi avtomatski menjalnik, ki pa ni nič novega pri električnih avtomobilih.
Slike 39, 40 in 41: Osnovni podatki o vozilu
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Slika 31: Obkljukamo možnost Customise

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Slika 31: Obkljukamo možnost Customise
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Slika 31: Obkljukamo možnost Customise
S klikom na možnost Customise se nam pojavita dva nova razdelka, Customisation in Advanced Customisation. V razdelku Customisation se nahaja per_test predloga (Slika 32).
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Delovanje elektromotorja - Izbira avtomobila

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Izbira avtomobila
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bet | 20/32 | Sana | 04.04.2021 | Hajmi | 9,09 Mb. | | #14120 |
5.2. Delovanje elektromotorja
Električni avtomobil je vrsta avtomobil, ki ga poganja elektromotor namesto motorja z notranjim izgorevanjem. Elektromotor pridobiva energijo iz baterije ali akumulatorja, ki ju je potrebno po določenem času napolniti. Regulator črpa energijo iz baterije in jo pošlje v motor ter s spreminjanjem enosmernega električnega toka v dvosmernega trifaznega, ki poganja motor ter omogoča gladko vožnjo. Stopalka za plin pa je povezana s potenciometri, ki sporočajo koliko moči je potrebno za vožnjo.
Slika 35: Shema delovanja elektromotorja
Razlika med bencinskim in električnim motorjem je ta, da električni avtomobili nimajo menjalnika, kar pomeni da jih inženirji lažje sestavljajo in uporabniki lažje upravljajo- IMA AVTOMATSKI MENJALNIK. Elektro motor je lahko:
En sam (centralni)- katerega preko prestav in prenosnih mehanizmov prenese navor do pogonskih osi vozila
Lahko jih je več- pa ima več majhnih motorjev, ki so nameščeni direktno v kolesih, tako da ni potreb po dodatnih mehanskih prenosih
Baterija je običajno nameščena v spodnjem delu avtomobila, s čimer se zagotovi nizko težišče avtomobila.
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Električni avtomobil 


5.1. Zgodovina

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Električni avtomobil
5.1. Zgodovina
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bet | 19/32 | Sana | 04.04.2021 | Hajmi | 9,09 Mb. | | #14120 |
Prvi električni avti so se pojavili 1880-ih. Uporabljali so jih preden so pojavili motorji z notranjim zgorevanjem. Vendar začetki segajo v leto 1835, kjer se je pojavil električni avtomobil, ki ga je oblikoval profesor Sibrandus Stratingh.
Slika 34: Prvi električni avtomobil
Energetska kriza leta 1973 je kratkotrajno povzročila zanimanje za električne avtomobile. Šele po letu 2000 z uporabo Li-ion baterije in visokih cen goriva so postali električni avtomobili resna alternativa klasičnim avtom. Veliko svetovnih vlad in ekološke agencije ponuja subvencije in davčne olajšave za električne avtomobile z namenom razširitve trga. Trenutno so električni avti dražji, vendar bo z masovno proizvodnjo cena padla. Trg je tudi omejen zaradi sorazmerno majhne proizvodnje proizvajalcev baterij.
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Slike 19, 20 in 21: Osnovni podatki o vozilu

3.6. Zavarovanje in registracija vozila
Slika 22: Zavarovanje vozila
Slika 23: Registracija in tehnični pregled vozila
Preden bi se odločil za nakup vozila, bi prodajalca kontaktiral in se z njim srečal ter pregledal avtomobil od blizu, da bi se prepričal o realnosti podanih podatkov. Prosil bi ga tudi za testno vožnje, da bi dobil občutek vožnje in udobja. Za ta avtomobil bi se odločil, kljub temu da sem oboževalec bencinskih avtov, zato ker je po slikah dobro ohranjen, ima zadostno moč motorja je zelo dobro opremljen in cena ni previsoka. Edini problem je število kilometrov, ki jih je ta avto prevozil (225000km) in se bojim, da je motor v slabem stanju. Končna cena z zavarovanjem in registracijo je cca. 4100€ kar se mi zdi zmeren znesek za moj prvi avtomobil. OCENA: 4.0
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Hometown - Mat Clark ielts speaking

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
29
There is no idiomatic language.
The grammar is correct but it is very basic grammar.
There are no complex sentence structures.
The tense use is limited.
This answer is therefore typical of a lower score (4~5).
Now consider the following answer:
―Well as you can probably guess I come from Beijing and I have lived here all my
life, although at the moment I'm studying in another city – Tianjin. I suppose if I had to
describe Beijing, the first thing I would say is that it's absolutely enormous, maybe even one
of the biggest city in Asia I guess. It's so big in fact that even the locals have problems
finding their way around. Another significant characteristic is that it offers examples of both
classical and contemporary architecture. Actually some of the China's most renowned
landmarks are ―slap-bang‖ in the middle of Beijing.‖
This response is much better in quality than the first answer for the following
reasons:
It is long but doesn't move away from the topic/ questions.
It contains redundant language.
It contains linking phrases.
It contains one idiom.
It contains some uncommon vocabulary.
The vocabulary is topic-specific.
It contains examples of complex sentence structures.
It contains a mix of tenses.
The grammar is correct (even in the longer structures).
Because this answer meets many of the marking system descriptions required to
achieve a higher score it would be typical of a score of 7+.
The Marking System – The Overall Score

The Marking System – The Overall Score The candidate is awarded four different scores and the overall score is an average of
these scores. For example:
Fluency and Coherence
5
Lexical Resource
5
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
6
Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
23
Pronunciation
6
The average of these four scores
5.5
In the IELTS speaking test, scores are rounded up or down to the nearest half-band
(5.0 5.5 6.0 etc.), so in this example the candidate would score an overall 5.5 for speaking.
5.25 = 5 5.5 = 5.5 5.75 = 6 etc
5. A Summary of the Marking System In this section we have looked in detail at the way that the speaking test is marked. It
should now be quite clear that in order to achieve a higher score, the candidate must produce
the features specially described in the marking system under that score.
One very important point to emphasize here is that the marking system does not
include references to the following points:
Interesting or original content
Amusing or funny answers
Polite or well-mannered attitudes
Body language
Eye contact
Intelligent answers
The truth
Correct answers
Opinions or ideas
Appearance or dress code
So in fact it can be concluded that your speaking score is awarded purely on the basic
of your spoken language. In theory it could be possible for a candidate to arrive at the
interview in dirty old clothes, be impolite, invent answers, tell lies and hold unreasonable or
controversial opinions and still achieve a high score if he or she demonstrated the features
described in the marking system – i.e. native-speaker style spoken English. I can add an
example from my own experience here. Many years ago in an IELTS speaking test, I
interviewed a young lady who was arrogant , impolite, impatient and quite rude – I awarded
this candidate a score of 8 because her spoken English matched the descriptions in the
marking system for band score 8.
Mat Clark ielts speaking - bet 21

Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking
26
The number of questions asked in Part One depends on the length of time the
candidate spends speaking. A candidate who produces long responses will be ask fewer
question because Part One is limited to four or five minutes. A candidate give short answers
will be asked more questions.
Candidates often ask the question: ―Is it better to give long or short answers in Part
One?‖
The answer to this question is quite simple. If you have read the earlier chapter on the
marking system you should know that longer responses result in a higher score, to obviously
in all parts of the speaking test longer answers are preferable to short answers.
The Speaking Test Format - Mat Clark ielts speaking

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―Oh, you must be very tired today...‖
is unneccessary because the test has not really started. Save your energy until the
actual test has begun. The best way to deal with the start of the interview is to follow the
examiner.
The actual speaking test will begin when you hear the words:
―In this first part I'd like to ask you some questions about yourself.‖
In other words, everything you say after this point is being tested, anything you say
before this point is not being tested.
The start of the speaking test (asking for candidate name and checking ID card)
usually taks about 30 seconds to 1 minute. This time is not included in the interview time.
The examiner starts timing the interview when the test questions begin.
Pronunciation 9 - Mat Clark ielts speaking

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In the past, because pronunciation scores were awarded 2-4-6-8, the absence of the score 7
meant that many candidates narrowly missed their target score of 6.5 or 7.0 simply because
their pronunciation score was 6.
Now it should be easier to score 6.5 or 7.0 if the candidate can score 7 for
pronunciation. Also, because there is a pronunciation score of 9, the requirements for a
pronunciation 8 have been lowered slightly; this means more candidates will be awarded a
score of 8 for pronunciation. It should also be remembered that
some candidates will be
worse off under this new system of marking. There will be situations where examiners will
award a 5 for pronunciation when in the older system (2-4-6-8) the score would have been
6.
The Skills Required for a Pronunciation 7
If candidates can focus on the following skills and techniques,
it will be easier to
achieve a 7 in pronunciation.
1)
Using variations in volume and pitch to highlight important meaning
E.g: I suppose that I occasionally read magazines but I rarely pick a newspaper.
In this sentence we can increase the volume or pitch of the adverbs.
2)
Using variation in speed to emphasize meaning
E.g: I used to be quite into Yoga but more recently I've been getting into ballet
dancing.
In this sentence we can slow down or stretch the phrases ―used to‖ and ―more
recently‖ to emphasize the time comparison.
3)
Dividing utterances into “chunks”
E.g: (I recently went on holiday to Sanya) (which is a small resort on Hainan Island.)
(I guess it's one of the most popular tourist destinations in South China because of its
beaches.) (Of course you can find a
wide variety of seafood there, things like crab,
shellfish and lobster.)
Each ―chunk‖ of speech can be delivered as on ―flowing segment‖ where sounds at
the start of end of words can flow into each other. This is also called ―elision‖.

Activity - Mat Clark ielts speaking

Activity Example questions: ―Tell me about your studies or job.‖
Choose a lead-in and pointing phrase. Introduce your first point and use a structure
with ―that‖. Add a linking word to introduce a detail about your first point. Now we can
look at the full structure.
(1)
Lead-in phrase
(2)
1
st
pointing phrase
(3)
Point 1
(4)
Linking word/ phrase + detail about point 1
(5)
2
nd
pointing phrase
(6)
Point 2
(7)
Linking word/ phrase + detail about point 2
(8)
3
rd
pointing phrase
(9)
Point 3
(10)
Linking word/ phrase + detail about point 3
Examples of 2
nd
pointing phrases:
Another point which I could add is that...
A second feature which I should mention is that...
As well as that, I could say that...
On top of that I can also add that...
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Also, I suppose I should say that...
Examples of 3
rd
pointing phrases:
And I shouldn't forget to mention that...
In addition to what I've just said, I can add that...
Something else that I need to comment on is that...
I guess I could also remark on the fact that...
So a complete response might look something like this:
―Well first of all, the main thing you need to know is that...(point 1)...In fact...(detail
1)...On top of that I can also add that...(point 2)...which means...(detail 2)...Something else
that I need to comment on is that...(point 3)...So actually (detail 3)...‖
Activity Practice saying the full example structure with your own points and details for the
following
questions:
Tell me about the house/ flat you live
in.
Describe your hometown.
Tell me about your job.
Tell me about your family.
Tell me about your city.
What is your main ambition?
What
makes
you
happy?
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Now write out your full describing structure using the example phrases. Now
practice using your structure for the questions above.
Part Thee Question Type 6: Problems

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Additionally, another major cause for concern has to be the fact that cars consume
huge amounts of our energy resources. And the underlying repercussions of this are that we
will soon be confronted with a global energy crisis.‖
Some candidates try to offer solutions to the problems in the same answer. In most
cases the examiner will follow the ―problem‖ question with a ―solution‖ question, so do not
offer the solutions until you are asked this question.
―What are the problems associated with the increase in car use?‖
(Your answer)
―How could these problems be solved?‖
Use your ―problem‖ structure to answer the following questions:
What problems are caused by international tourism?
Tourism can cause problems in natural areas. What are these problems?
What environmental problems are common in your country?
What are the problems facing the natural environment?
What problems are associated with overcrowded cities?
What problems are associated with the Internet?
What problems are associated with globalization?
What problems are caused by the use of too much technology?
What problems are associated with the news media (journalists)?
Summary of ― Types of‖ Questions

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You know like, to be exact …
More precisely like …
Like, to be more direct …
Notice that all of these linking phrases include the word ―like‖. In these structures
―like‖ is a conjunction used as a meaningless filler word. This is very typical of informal
native-native speaker English.
It is important to get the next step exactly right. The success of this structure relies
on the following conditional grammar structure:
Select one of the following:
If (situation A) … then I will most likely …
If (situation A) … then it’s quite possible that I will …
If (situation A) … then as a consequence I will probably …
If (situation A) … then I guess it’s quite likely that I will …
Your answer is going to compare two different situations or conditions. These can
be quite flexible. Here are some possible ideas to use:
Part Three Question Type 5: Disadvantages

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And the trouble with this is that …
And this can be a hassle because…
This is usually an aggravation because…
So a complete answer to the question might look like this:
―What are the disadvantages of train travel?‖
―I think it’s fair to say that there are a few negative aspects. I suppose the most
unfavorable quality might be that trains are often overcrowded at certain times of year. This
is a clear limitation because on a long journey you might not be able to find a seat which
means you have to stand up for hours. At the same time, another stumbling block might be
that train tickets are sometimes difficult to buy, especially around Spring Festival, and this
can be a hassle because it means you can’t always travel on the actual day that you want to.‖
When the examiner hears this answer, the first thing he will notice is the appropriate
disadvantage language: negative aspects, unfavorable quality, clear limitation, stumbling
block, hassle. Because you have used these words in complex linking structures, it affects
your score in three ways: fluency-grammar-vocabulary.
Now use your disadvantage structure to practice the following Part Three Questions‖
What are the disadvantages of air travel?
What are the disadvantages of shopping in supermarket?
What are the disadvantages of using technology in education?
What are the disadvantages of going on holiday in foreign country?
What are the disadvantages of having a fixed daily routine?
What are the disadvantages of machine-made products?
What are the disadvantages of zoos?
What are the disadvantages of eating out in restaurants?
What are the disadvantages of online (Internet) shopping?
What are the disadvantages of being famous?
What are the disadvantages of living in cities?
What are the disadvantages of living in the countryside?
What are the disadvantages of living near the sea?
What are the disadvantages of living in an old building?
What are the disadvantages of advertising?
Part Three Question Type 3: Why questions

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Why is it important to protect old/historical building?
Why do so many people move from the countryside to cities?
Why is it important to protect the environment?
Why do people like to know about the private lives of famous people?
Why do many people want to live abroad?
Why do people like travelling to foreign countries?
Why is it important to learn a foreign language?
Why do children find it easier to learn to play a musical instrument?
Why are supermarkets so popular nowadays?
Why is it important to play sports?
Why is watching TB so popular around the world?