nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
–rasm. Tajribaning 1–kunidagi ko‘rinishi

3.3–rasm. Tajribaning 1–kunidagi ko‘rinishi
A
B
3.5–rasm. Artezan suvi (A) bo’lgan hamda xrom bilan zararlangan suv
(A cr) bo’lgan idishdagi holat
Manba: Toshkent kimyo texnologiyasi institutida tasvirga olindi
.
Biologik hovuzlarda tozalovchi (agentlar) komponentlar –
mikroorganizmlar, suvo'tlari, suv makrofitlari va boshqa gidrobiontlar hisoblanadi.
60
Oqova suvlarni tozalash ularning tarkibiga, o'sishi va rivojlanishi xususiyatlariga
bog'liqdir. Suv havzasidagi o'simliklar turi qancha xilma–xil va ko'p bo'lsa oqova
suvning tozalanish samarasi shuncha katta bo'ladi. Suv havzasida turli ekologik
guruhlarga mansub o'simliklar bo'lsa ham natija shuncha yaxshi bo'ladi.
Oqova suvlarni tozalashning birinchi bosqichida mikroorganizmlar ishtirok
qiladi. Mikroorganizmlar ishtiroki anaerob va aerob sharoitida boradi. Anaerob
sharoitida, ya'ni kislorodsiz sharoitda organik moddalarning parchalanishi sekinlik
bilan boradi. Mineralizatsiya jarayonini tezlatish uchun oqova suvlar havo
yordamida aralashtiriladi, aeratsiya qilinadi. Aerob sharoitda mikroorganizmlar
faollik bilan rivojlanib organik moddalarni parchalaydi. Organik moddalarni
parchalovchi mikroorganizmlar bo'lmagan taqdirda, ular maxsus laboratoriyalarda
ko'paytirilib suvga yuboriladi.
Oqova suvlar tarkibidagi organik moddalar “faol loyqa” ta'sirida parchalanib
mineral moddalarga aylanishi, suv havzalarida evtrofikatsiya jarayonining sodir
bo'lishiga olib keladi. Suvdagi mineral moddalar hisobiga mikroskopik suv o'tlari va
yuksak suv o'simliklari rivojlanadi.
Yuksak suv o’simliklarning ko'pchilik vakillari biologik indikator vazifasini
ham bajaradi. Ifloslangan oqova suvlarda suv o'simliklari ko'p miqdorda
rivojlanishi natijasida suvni erkin kislorod bilan boyitib, uni tozalanishini
tezlashtiradi. Ular oqova suvlarning badbo'y hidini yo'qotadi va rangini
tiniqlashtiradi, suvdagi patogen va saprofit bakteriyalar hujayralarining rivojlanishi
kamayadi. Suv o'simliklari suvni 70–75% gacha tozalaydi. Shu bilan bir qatorda, suv
o'simliklar sanoat chiqindilari chiqarib tashlangan yerlarning ekin ekishga qanchalik
yaroqliligini aniqlashda ham bioindikator sifatida foydalaniladi. Shuningdek,
zaharli moddalar (gerbitsitlar) ishlatilgandan so'ng, yerlarning yaroqliligini
bilishda ham suv o'simliklari muhim indikatorlik vazifasini bajaradi
1
.
1
Таубаев Т.Т. Флора и растительность водоемов Средней Азии и их использование в народном хозяйстве. –Ташкент:
Фан, 1970. - 480 с.
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–rasm. Tajribaning birinchi kunidagi ko‘rinish

3.1–rasm. Tajribaning birinchi kunidagi ko‘rinish.
3.2–rasm. Tajribaning 3–4 kunlaridagi ko‘rinishi
Manba: Toshkent kimyo texnologiyasi institutida tasvirga olindi.
Yana bir tajriba 26 sentyabr – 3 oktyabr sanalarida Toshkent kimyo texnologiya
institutining “Vinochilik texnologiyasi va sanoat uzumchiligi” fakultetida tashkil
58
etildi. Tajriba davomida 1.5 m
3
to‘ldirilgan ikkita hovuzda mavjud Azolladan
fondalanildi. Birinchi hovuz to‘liq artezan suvi bilan to‘ldirilgan bo‘lsa, ikkinchi
hovuzda artezan suvi ishlab chiqarishdan keltirilgan xrom bilan zararlantirilgan.
Zararlantirish hajmi 5 litr (0.33%).
Tajriba davomida 6 ta idishdan foydalanildi. Idishlar 5 litrdan artezan suvi bilan
to‘ldirildi. 6 ta tanlab olingan idishlar uchun ikki hovuzda mavjud Azolla tanlab olindi.
Ya’ni birinchi hovuzda mavjud Azolla oddiy artezan suvida yashayotgan bo‘lsa,
ikkinchi artezan suvidagi Azolla xrom bilan oz miqdorda zararlantirilgan artezan
suvida o’stirildi. O‘z navbatida idishlar 2 ta Azolla uchun 3 donadan teng ulushda
bo‘lindi. Teng ulushda bo‘lingan idishlar 5 litrdan artezan suvi bilan to‘ldirilib, so‘ng
0.5, 1 va 1.5 foizlik nisbatda xrom bilan zararlantirildi. Birinchi hovuzdan olingan
Azolla A deb belgilangan bo‘lsa, ikkinchi hovuzdan olingan Azolla A.cr deb belgilab
olindi. Tajriba davomida havo harorati kunduz kunlari 20–22 C
o
daraja, kechalari esa,
7–9 C
o
darajada saqlanib turdi. Tajriba davom etgan kunlar davomida hech qanday
yog‘ingarchiliklar kuzatilmadi.
Tajribaning 4– kunidan boshlab A mavjud idishlarda ko‘k–yashil suv o‘tlari
asta sekin rivojlanishi ko‘zga tashlandi. A.cr mavjud idishlarda esa, badbo’y hid
yo‘qolishi hamda hech qanday ko‘k–yashil suv o‘tlarining rivojlanishi kuzatilmadi.
Tajribaning so‘ngi kunida A mavjud idishlar Azolla hamda baqaton bilan qoplanib
suvning yashil tusga kirishi va suvning ustida ko‘pirish holatlari kuzatildi. A.cr da esa,
aksincha suv tiniq holatda saqlanib qoldi hamda Azollaning massasi oshishi kuzatildi.
Tajriba davomida A va A.cr mavjud idishlarda Azollaning nobud bo‘lish holatlari
ham ko‘zga tashlandi. Albatta, A mavjud idishlarda nobud bo‘lish holatlari A.cr
mavjud idishlarga qaraganda ko‘proq kuzatildi.
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– rasm. A1-MND liniyasida uzluksiz dezodoratsiyalashning

Uzluksiz ishlaydigan dezodorator (4-rasm) ikki qismdan iborat. Yuqori qismi (5)
o‘zida silindrik kolonnani mujassam etadi. Dezodoratsiyalanadigan moy kolonnaning yuqori
qismidan purkagich (7) orqali kiradi. Kolonna ichiga 38 ta o‘roqsimon ko‘rinishdagi
plastinkalar (6) o‘rnatilgan bo‘lib, katta yuza hosil qiladi. Buning natijasida moy pastga plyonka
ko‘rinishida oqib tushadi.
Quyi qism (4) konussimon tubga ega bo‘lib, vertikal to‘siqlar (11) bilan 7 ta, markaziy
(10) va 6 ta radial seksiyaga bo‘lingan. Birinchi va oltinchi radial seksiyalar orasidagi to‘siq
yopiq. Har bir seksiya ichiga ejektori o‘rnatilgan. Birinchi, uchinchi va beshinchi seksiyalarda
zmeeviklari (9) joylashgan bo‘lib, ular moyni qo‘shimcha qizdirish uchun xizmat qiladi.
Kolonnalardan moy yig‘uvchi tarnov(3)ga, keyin markaziy seksiya (10) ga tushadi. So‘ng
qaytadan yana birinchi radial seksiyaga o‘tadi va shu kabi oltita seksiya orqali o‘tadi. Oltinchi
seksiyadagi bo‘shatuvchi truba (4) orqali moy dezodoratordan chiqib ketadi.
Ochiq moy
qalinligi orqali kubga kiradi, plastinka yuzasiga ko‘tariladi,g’lanuvchi moddalarga to‘yinadi va
patrubka (8) orqali tomchi yig‘gichga
chiqib ketadi, keyin esa vakuum sistemaga o‘tadi.
Distillatorda limon kislota kiradigan MAXSUS moslama mavjud. Apparat kislotaga chidamli
zanglamaydigan po‘latdan yasaladi. Moyni apparatda bo‘lish vaqti 45 minut.[2]
Texnologik jarayonning tavsifi.
List
Grammar for IELTS - Fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson

Unit 10
Practice exercises
1
Decide on the correct linking or signposting word and finish the sentences. Then w rite the
function. There may be more than one correct answer.
Example: I will look at the effects of peer pressure, and how young people can avoid peer pressure.
Function: Addition
1
There are not enough activities fo r teenagers in the area--------------- , many teenagers
ju s t socialize in the streets in the evenings.
Function:________
2 ________ dealing w ith the results of youth crim e, we m ust address the causes.
Function:________
3 Today I am going to ta lk about youth projects in the local area. Firstly, I w ill ta lk about
the sports projects. Then, I w ill ta lk about the c u ltu ra l projects
--------------- , I w ill ta lk
about the volunteering opportunities.
Function: --------------
4
Many students cannot get a place at u n iv e rs ity ________ rising tuitio n fees.
Function:
13
0 3
H
Teenagers are the future of this country,
Function: ________
many people ignore th e ir needs.
This ta lk has looked at many of the positive and negative aspects of vocational
courses fo r te e n s__________ although there are some drawbacks to these courses,
overw helm ingly they are a good thing.
Function:--------------
Listen to the lecture and complete the gaps 1-6 in the notes using no more than three
words in each space.
Youth initiatives in the UK
(1 ] ______________ schemes
1
cheap and (2)
Sports clubs
num erous but (3)
3 (4)
clubs
lack of num bers
expense
accom m odation problem s
In sum m ary, (6]_________
= (5) Not.
need to be found
Below is the audio script for the second part of the lecture. Decide on appropriate linking

football tournam ents in local playing fields or athletics days in local parks. This could
regenerate local areas and renew interest in activities fo r young people. Staffing would
s till be necessary, (3 )__________ young people could take an active
role in organizing and
managing com petitions. This could cut down staff costs significantly.
(4 )__________ the open spaces scheme, there has been discussion of reinvigorating the
'taste of w o rk' scheme, which gives young people a chance to
get w ork experience in a
variety of jobs in th e ir school holidays. (5 )__________ , this scheme has met w ith harsh
c riticism from some politicians who th in k that it is a way of providing
a free w orkforce by
stealth. In fact, I th in k it is fa ir to say that this scheme w ill not see any renewed interest
(6 ) _________these criticism s.
(7 ) _________, the scheme that there has been a lot of ta lk
about is the outward bound
activities courses, or OBAC fo r short. This has been successful in many other countries,
(8 ) __________ Canada, Mexico and Brazil. The activity courses
give young people a chance
to get out into the countryside and enjoy nature. (9) __________ this, they also give teens a
chance to learn life s k ills and experience adventure on a broader scale.
Read the following text and put the events 1-7 in the correct order.
Grammar for IELTS - Fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson

Exam practice: Speaking Part 2
Unit 8
Read the following prompt for an IELTS Speaking exam Part 2. Give yourself one minute to
prepare and make notes. Then speak for one to two minutes on the topic.
Describe a tra d itio n a l dish from your country. You should say:
• What it is made from
• How to cook it
•
When people eat it
And say why you like o r dislike it.
O
Now listen to the m odel answer.
12
Make some notes on how you could improve your answ er based on the m odel answer.
E.g.
I didn't have a ll the vocabulary fo r cooking that I needed - took it up and learn more vocabulary
fo r key topics!
Food
3 7
9
Employment and finance
A rtic le s
The definite article (the):
The is used mainly w ith singular nouns:
1
When the liste n e r/re a d e r knows which noun we are talking about, e ith e r because it has been
m entioned before or it is clear which one:
There is a new em ploym ent
law on retirem ent
ages. In my opinion, the law is unfair.
I th in k the governm ent needs to renew its
economic policy.
2 When the sp e a ke r/w rite r qualifies a noun w ith inform ation to make it definite:
You know, the m in iste r who was sacked because he was taking bribes.
3 Where there is only one of som ething:
The w orld is suffering from this economic downturn.
U With
'th e ... of ...’ and ‘the ... of a ... ’ (for definite noun phrases)
The rate of inflation is rising.
I noticed the papers of a fellow com m uter on the train.
5 With
superlatives, w ith geographical features and w eather, and w ith w ell-defined groups:
He is the hardest w orking
employee in the company.
I couldn't
get to w ork
because of the fog.
The bankers have put this
country into a state of crisis.
The indefinite article (a/an)

Unit 9
No article is used:
1
When re ferring to a noun in general (this is com m on in academic w ritin g ). Usually the noun is
in the p lu ra l:
Jobs are essential if vou w ant to make money.
Economics is an essential part of politics.
2
W ith uncountable nouns, when the noun is not a specific group:
Jobs are essential if vou w ant to make monev.
3
With m ost proper nouns (names):
She w orks fo r Gooqle.
I have another bank account in Switzerland.
Note: These rules cover m ost article usage,
but as so often in gram m ar, there are exceptions.
Practice exercises
Com plete the spaces w ith
the, a, an o r no a rtic le (-) and w rite the ru le num bers.
1
Economic advisors t o ______government warned against not regulating larger businesses.
R u le :______
2
I believe that there should b e ______system to manage economic instability.
R ule :______
3 ______inflation is a constant w orry f o r ______ em ployers.
R u le :______
R u le :______
U
_____ Toyota has one o f _______highest revenues fo r any company in Japan.
R u le :______
R ule :______
5
Every company ne ed s______good staff.
R u le :______
6
My fa th e r i s ______em ploym ent lawyer.
R ule :______
7 ______w orld economy, although presently unstable, w ill soon recover.
R u le :______
! G ra m m a r tip :
Proper nouns or names, can som etim es take articles. The best way to
\ decide is to th in k of w hether the proper noun is a part of a group. If it is, then it may
| take
the, e.g.
the UN (a group of nations),
the United States (a group of states),
the
\ Seychelles (a group of islands).
2
C om plete the spaces in the te xt below w ith
the, a, an o r no a rtic le (-).
(1 )___ third of a ll employees in (2 )____ UK see 'taking a s ickie ’
as an acceptable part of
(3 )___ w ork, nothing more than lig h t-h e a rte d fle x ib ility w ith w orking hours, yet taking
days off when not actually sick is costing (4 )____economy (5 )____ billions of pounds
(6 )___ year in (7 )____ UK alone. As such, (8 )____ reasons fo r these
days off of w ork need
to be addressed to counteract (9 )____'sick c u ltu re ’ em bracing society.
The reasons fo r these sick’ days are quite complex. One of (10)___ main reasons fo r this
kind of absence is 'w o rk fa tig u e ’, (11)____fact that (12)____ people are bored w ith th e ir
jobs. As
one leading professor states, 'jobs have become more fragm ented and as such,
Jam es th in ks that the topic of the presentation should be about
A

Unit 11
4
Now rewrite the following sentences from the student conversation changing positive
sentences to negative and negative to positive. More than one correct answer may be
possible.
1
The countryside has become more attractive to fa m ilie s nowadays.
2
You’ve thought about the presentation a lot more clearly than me.
3
We have done as much research fo r the presentation as we could.
4 Our fin a l grade w on ’t be nearly as high as our last presentation.
Employment and finance - Fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson

people cannot give meaning to th e ir w o rk and feel alienated from th e ir main roles. This
can be seen by (13)____masses of people who are sitting at (14)____ w orkstation every
day fo r seven or eight hours doing a job which is only one sm a ll part of a process.' Bringing
back this kind of meaning into w ork could be (15)____d iffic u lt task, one which may not
even be possible.
However, (16)___ most cited reason for taking 'sick days' is (17)____ family commitments,
such as childcare or illness within (18)___ family. This is an issue which can be addressed
with such things as (19)___ flexible working hours and home working. Perhaps, if employers
can be a bit more forward thinking in these areas, they w ill, in the long run, be (20)___ ones
to benefit the most.
!
Exam tip: A rticles can give you a clue to answers in sentence com pletion/sum m ary
i com pletion questions.
3
Complete the sentences using words from the text in exercise 2.
1
B illions of pounds are lost through unjustified sick' days, a n d ______________ fo r this
need to be looked at.
2 As much as a ___________ of w orkers see these sick days as acceptable.
3
W ork fatigue is w h e n _w ith th e ir w ork.
4 Changing people’s perspectives of th e ir jobs m ight be
a __
5
Problems w ith in ___________ are the most common reason for this kind of leave-taking.
4
Find and correct the mistakes in the following Part 1 Writing sample. There are eight
mistakes in the use of articles.
Millionaires in the USA, by main profession
10% 2%5%
□ Sports
15%
Television and Film
■ Politics
4%
W Business
Hi Music
□ Other
64%
The pie chart shows the main careers of m illionaires in the United States in percentages. We
can see that a m ajority of m illionaires are businesspeople, while other jobs such as in the
entertainm ent or the politics only represent sm all proportion of the total. However, it could
be said that m illionaires are mostly people in the business and entertainm ent industries.
In the USA, people who w ork in a business account fo r ju st under two th ird s of m illionaires.
Next largest group of m illion a ires on the chart is people who w o rk in film and television.
They account fo r 15% of the total. This group is closely followed by people who w ork in
music. This sector accounts fo r the tenth of a ll m illio n a ire s in the USA.
The sm a lle r groups a ll make up few er than ten per cent of m illion a ires when combined.
These people are sportspeople, politicians and people in oth e r careers. The sm allest group
is an ‘o th e r’ group w ith two per cent.
Complete the sentences - Fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson

2
Listen to a student conducting a survey on eating habits and complete the notes below
using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.
Student 1: eating habits
N a m e :.... J im .....
Degree co u rse:.... B io lo g y .......
Eating h a b its:.... Doesn't eat (1 )____________ because it's too expensive.
Regularly has vegetable-based (2 )___________ fo r lunch and dinner.
Thinks his diet is too high in (3 )____________
Needs to replace w ith (4 )___________ - cu rren tly only drinks
(5 )___________ glasses daily.
3
There are seven errors in the answer below. Listen and correct the errors in the text.
Describe a nice meal that you remember. You should say:
• What you ate
• Where you went
• What the occasion was
And say why you liked it.
Last year I w ent to a w onderful restaurant overlooking
the river in my city, M arseille, w ith
a group of friends. The special occasion was my frie n d ’s 21st
birthday and we decided to
go out for dinner. We wanted to eat a beef because this restaurant is fam ous fo r meat, but
as we arrived late they didn’t have many beefs left. Instead we
ate bouillabaisse w hich is
a kind of seafood stew containing a fish and shellfish. I had a couple of glasses of orange
juice. For dessert we each had a slice of birthday cakes which
the restaurant had made
especially fo r my friend. The cake had 21 candle and my friend blew them a ll out in one go
so she made much wishes fo r the future. We had so many fun that night.
Exam tip: In the IELTS Speaking Part 2 you often need
to be able to describe people,
places, experiences and objects. Understanding the correct use of countable and
uncountable nouns w ill help your fluency.
Ordering main points - Fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson

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Fiona Aish & Jo TomlinsonBog'liq Grammar for IELTS - Collins English for ExamsOrdering main points: Use: firstly, secondly, next, finally, lastly
Ordering a process or narrative: Use: first, then, a fte r that, afterwards
Giving examples: Use: fo r instance, for example
Summarizing: Use: in conclusion, in sum m ary
A ll of these signposting words can be followed by a comma and a clause.
Firstly, there are many activities youths can become involved in.
In speech, many can be followed by a noun, verb or adjective.
Today I am going to look at youth problem s. Firstly, alienation. Then, peer pressure. And lastly.
a n ti-socia l behaviour.
This cannot be done in w riting.
Linking words and phrases:
These words link ideas together so that speech or
w riting can be followed clearly.
Positioning of linking words: Linking words can be positioned in a variety of ways w ithin a
sentence. Here you can see a sim plified guide to the main constructions:
1
Link word + Noun, Clause
OR
Clause + Link word + Noun
2
Link word, + Clause
3
Clause 1, Link word + Clause 2
4
Link word + Clause 1, + Clause 2
D ifferent linking words have different functions and need different constructions:
Addition: in addition (2), in addition to (1), moreover (2), furtherm ore (2), and (3)
Contrast: however (2), in contrast (2), in contrast to (1), whereas (3/4), although (3/4),
even though (3/4), yet (3), but (3)
Reasons: due to (1), because (3/4), because o f[ 1), as (3/4)
Results: therefore (2/3), so (1/3), as a result (2), as a result of (1)
Repetition: in other words (2), by that I mean (2)
; Grammar Tip: Using linking words and phrases correctly is essential. When learning a
; new linking word, use a good dictionary to look at how it should be used w ithin and/or
j across sentences.
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инансы - download

Qidiruv: инансы
1 bob. Buxg alteriya h iso b I n a z a r iy a si fa- n in in g a h a m iy a t I, pr e d m e t I, m eto d I va
B n id iz, H. A nderson, d k o ld u y ell ‘P rincibles o f a ccounting. М. Ф инансы и эк о
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Katta o‘lchamli qismlarni tosh chiplari bilan tozalash uchun statsionar kamerani o‘rnatishning texnik xususiyatlari

Katta o‘lchamli qismlarni tosh chiplari bilan tozalash uchun statsionar kamerani o‘rnatishning texnik xususiyatlari
Siqilgan havo bosimi, MPa. ……..0,4—0,6
Havo sarfi, m3/4 ........................ 200
Umumiy o‘lchamlar, mm:
uzunligi ..................................... 2100
kengligi ..................................... 1090
balandligi ................... …………..2300
Og‘irligi, kg ................... ………..350
Katta o‘lchamli qismlarni (silindr bloki, blok boshi) danak donachalari qirg‘ichi bilan tozalash uchun o‘rnatish (9.8-rasm) tozalash kamerasidan 11, qirg‘ichli bunker 9, aralashtirish mexanizmi 7, namlikni ajratuvchi b, qabul qilish stolidan iborat. 5, aravacha 4. Kamerani tozalash - bu payvandlangan metall ramka, tashqi tomondan metall karkas bilan qoplangan. Jihozning ishlashi paytida shovqinni kamaytirish uchun kamera ichini kauchuk bilan qoplangan. Kameraning pastki qismi ramkaga biriktirilgan ikkita teshikli temir to‘shalmadan iborat. Orqa devor orqali shlang 2 kamera uchida qismlarni tozalash uchun mo‘ljallangan soplo 3 bilan kiradi. Oldinda, xududda xizmat ko‘rsatish maydonida, vertikal qoplamali listda, ishchining qo‘llaiga tozalash joyi kirish uchun ikkita teshik mavjud. Ushbu teshiklarning chetlariga ishchining qo‘llarini shikastlantirmaslik va tozalash ishlarini ximoyalash uchun qilish uchun maxsus yenglar biriktirilgan. Kameraning ventilyatsiya qopqog‘i 1 zont shamollatish tarmog‘iga ulangan. Eğilgan old listda ko‘rish oynasi 12 va ish joyini yoritish uchun ikkita chiroq o‘rnatilgan.
Tozalash kamerasida qismlarni tozalashdan keyin havo bilan purkash uchun soplo 10 mavjud. O‘ng tomonda kamerada qismlarni yuklash uchun eshik o‘rnatilgan. Aralashtirish mexanizmida injektor moslamasi mavjud bo‘lib, uning kirish qismiga siqilgan havo namlagichdan probkali kran orqali etkazib beriladi. Enjektorli qurilmaning chiqishiga egiluvchan shlang biriktirilgan! ishchi aralashmani etkazib berish uchun xizmat qiladi. Injektorli qurilma tyaga bilan pedal 8 ga ulangan probkali kran orqali boshqariladi.
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-rasm. Har xil yuvish vositalari bilan ifloslangan dvigatel qismlarini tozalash dinamikasi

9.4-rasm. Har xil yuvish vositalari bilan ifloslangan dvigatel qismlarini tozalash dinamikasi.
1 - Labomid-311 va Uplide - fenollar va sirt faol moddalar bilan xlorlangan uglevodorodlar; 2 - DVP-1, MK-3, AM-15, ML-51 - sirt faol moddalar bilan organik erituvchilar; 3 - ML-52, ML-51, Labomid-203, Labomid-101, MS-8 - sintetik yuvish vositalari.
Tarkibi va xususiyatlariga ko‘ra, mashina qismlarini tozalash uchun mo‘ljallangan erituvchi-emulsifikatsiya qiluvchi vositalarni ikki guruhga bo‘lish mumkin: RES-1 - neft uglevodorodlarining sirt faol moddalar bilan yonuvchan aralashmalari (ho‘llashtiruvchi moddalar, emulsifikatorlar va birgalikda erituvchilar): MK-3, Termos, AM-15, DVP-1 va boshqalar; RES-11 - namlovchi moddalar, emulsifikatorlar, ba’zan fenollik birikmalar bilan galoid hosilalari (ko‘pincha xlorlangan) uglevodorodlarning yonmaydigan aralashmalari: Labomid-315, Ardrox-667, Uplide 8-77, Labomid-311, Ardrox-610, Uplide 8-66 va boshqalar.
9.5-rasm. Yuvish va tozalash vositalarining tozalash kuchi
Asfaltsmolali va uglerodli ifloslantiruvchi moddalarga nisbatan suvga bo‘ktirish yo‘li bilan RES uchun yuvish vositalari va tozalash vositalarini tozalash qobiliyatining qiyosiy tavsiflari 13.5-rasmda ko‘rsatilgan. Tahlil shuni ko‘rsatadiki, RES-1 og‘ir asfalt-qatronli va uglerodli konlarga nisbatan yonuvchanlik va past faollikka ega. RES-11 yonmaydi, neft va asfalt-qatron konlarini tez tozalaydi, ammo uning ko‘pgina kompozitsiyalari og‘ir asfalt-qatron va uglerod konlariga nisbatan etarlicha faol emas va bu jihatdan samarali RES juda zaharli hisoblanadi.
9.3. Yuvish va tozalash jixozlari.
Ta’mirlanayotgan ob’ektlarning etarli darajada tozalanmaganligi ularni ta’mirlash sifatining pasayishining jiddiy sabablaridan biridir. Ifloslangan ta’mirtalab jixozlarning demontaj qilish va yig‘ish paytida mehnat unumdorligi keskin kamayadi. Tadqiqotlarga ko‘ra, faqat tozalash sifatini oshirish natijasida ta’mirlangan agregatlarning resursini 20-30% ga oshirish va demontaj va yig‘ish ishlarida mehnat unumdorligini 15 - 20% ga oshirish mumkin.
OM-4267 reaktiv yuvish moslamasi (9.6-rasm) SYuV yordamida yig‘ma birliklari va qismlarini yuvish uchun mo‘ljallangan. Biroq, mos kir yuvish mashinalarida, shu jumladan sintetik yuvish vositalaridan foydalangan holda yuvish, smolali qatlamlardan, ayniqsa, to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri oqimlarga ta’sir qilmaydigan yuzalarni tozalash darajasini ta’minlamaydi. Shu munosabat bilan, smolali cho‘kindi bo‘lgan qismlar vannalarda tozalanadi (cho‘ktirsh bilan tozalash - "qaynatish"). Shu tarzda, hatto avtomobil shassisini ham tozalash mumkin.
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Exercise 5
1 will have shifted
2 will have been playing
3

yearning for the days of traditional family values. He
asserts, " ...we can see examples of a renaissance of
family values everywhere: in the TV adverts that sell
products using happy families; in the promotions of
seasonal family celebrations like Christmas^ even in
the language of politicians about sociat cohesion/^
Lloyd’s claim s have recently been echoed by other
sociologists around the globe, which gives them even
more weight. So, are we beginning to see a return to
the traditional family structure? Only time will tell.
Exercise 3
I'm going to talk about my grandm other on my father’s
side. She is quite little and has white hair and glasses.
I have gla sse s too. We are the only people in the family
that wear glasses! She is very old now and I don't get
to see her very often... I think I see her maybe two
or three times a year. She lives quite far away in the
countryside. It takes us about three hours to travel
there. Whenever we visit, she always gives sw eets to_
m e. She is important to me because she is so kind
and so nice, and I really love her. She is definitely my
favourite family member! I think I take after her in
som e ways. We laugh at the sam e things and we both
like reading. When we go and visit, we always go out
walking in the fields and have a really lovely time. My
dad always says that we are very similar. I would like
to be as wise as her when I am older. I would also like
to have a sim ilar life. She had a very successful career.
She w as a doctor and worked for charities. She w as
very much in love with my grandfather, which I think is
lovely.
Audio script - Fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson

prey unnoticed. It is th e ir claws which are used to catch prey. Once they are upon the prey, the
extrem ely pow erful claws go into action. So, y o u 'll see, they are not really as sweet' as they look!
Now, th e ir habitats...
Track 35
In this module, w e're going to be exploring the natural habitats that the planet Earth provides,
starting w ith probably one of the most famous, rainforests. Now, rainforests are exactly that:
forests which see a great am ount of rain. The reason they are so im portant is that they provide
excellent conditions fo r many species to survive in. L e t’s look at how this is by exploring exactly
w hat the rainforest is made up of.
Now, starting from the bottom of the rainforest, we can find the forest floor. Or ra th e r we can’t
find it, as it is littered w ith leaves and branches which cover the ground! This area is a haven fo r
creatures like spiders and a ll kinds of w ild life . Now, this forest flo o r occasionally has a shrub
layer. This layer, which is only located near rivers, contains sm a ll trees and w ell, shrubbery, as
the name suggests. It is a popular area fo r a ll m anner of am phibians.
The next area w ithin the rainforest is generally w itho u t lig h t and extrem ely hot and damp.
This area, which is called the understory, w hich by the way is a ll one word - under - story, is a
popular home fo r creatures w hich dw ell in the branches, like snakes, lizards, and som etim es
even jaguars!
The m ost w ell-kno w n area, called the canopy, is populated by some birds and s m a ll insects.
The canopy is basically the tree-tops. It is the densely-packed canopy that blocks the lig h t to the
low er areas of rainforest. Not much reaches above the canopy, but there are a few exceptional
trees that clim b much fu rth e r into the sky. These trees grow in areas called em ergent zones.
These zones, w hich are a perfect environm ent for birds and other s m a ll creatures, lie at the very
top of the rainforest, and individual trees can stretch up to 50 m etres in the air.
Now, as we can see, this means that rainforests have a m ultitu de of unusual conditions,
perfect fo r many creatures. But why are such conditions perfect? Well, let's go on to look....
Exercise 
U
1 - Fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson

Units 3 -6
Librarian:
Okay. The biographies are on the third
floor. I'll te write the aisle num ber down
for you.
John:
Thanks.
I might use the Internet too and
look for resources on there.
Librarian:
That's a good idea. If you're going
to use
the Internet, have a look on the Great
British Authors website.
John:
Thanks.
I w ill I'm g o ing te .
I haven't
heard of that site before. Thanks very
much for the information.
Librarian:
That's quite all right. Feel free to come
and a sk me any questions and
I wornfe-
w ill do my best to help.
Exam practice
8 B
5 The Internet
Exercise 1
1 'II be watching
Tense: Future continuous
OR
’m watching
Tense: Present continuous
2 will have moved
Tense: Future perfect
3 "m changing
Tense: Present continuous
U will have become
Tense: Future perfect sim ple
5 will have started
Tense: Future perfect sim ple
Exercise 2
In the late 1990s experts predicted that online
shopping would not be able to compete with in-store
shopping yet the recent rise in online sales figures
su g g e sts that their predictions were wrong. In fact all
evidence points to the fact that online shopping will
have outstripped in-store shopping within the next
five years. This rapid increase has been driven by a
num ber of factors including price, convenience and
choice. Most online retailers use a delivery service and
as a result of tracking retailers shopping habits, many
will soon be introducing specific delivery tim ings so
that custom ers can ensure their goods are delivered
when they are at home. Online com panies are already
working on innovative w ays to attract custom ers. For
example, later this year one of the country's largest
electronics retailers, Browns, is launching a 24-hour
replacement products service for custom ers who need
to return faulty goods. Brow ns hopes that by 2015 over
9 0 % of its custom er base will have graduated to online
purchasing.
A s well a s consum er goods another growth area
is the travel industry. Travel experts estimate that in
as little as five years’ time travel agencies will have
disappeared from our shopping centres and alm ost all
travellers will be buying hotels and flights from online
agencies.
Exercise 3
1 C
E
A
B
D
Exercise 6
1 over 50s
2 networked
3 Asia
U (interactive) movies
-chizma. Ishlab chiqarish faoliyati jarayonlari tarkibiy tuzilishi

X o‘jalik faoliyatining mahsulot ishlab chiqarish, ishlar ba-
jarish, xizmatlar ko‘rsatish jarayonlarini tashkil etishning asosiy
bug‘ini uni m ablag‘ bilan ta ’minlash hisoblanadi. X o‘jalik yuritu-
vchi subektlar m alag ia ri quyidagi ikki manbalar hisobidan shakl-
lanadi:
o ‘z m ablaglari;
qarz (jalb etilgan) m ablag‘lar.
Amaliyot
va
k o ‘pchilik
ilmiy
adabiyotlarda
korxona
m ablag‘lariga nisbatan “kapital” iborasi qoilaniladi. Shu bois bux
galteriya hisobida ham “m ablag‘lar” va “kapital” iboralari ishlati-
lishi mumkin.
M a’lumki, korxona m ablag lari miqdori x o ‘jalik jarayonlari
natijasida k o ‘payishi kamayadi. K orxona m ablag‘lari miqdorida
“qo‘yilm alar”, “foyda”, “xarajat” va “kapital chiqimi” x o ‘jalik ja-
rayonlari asosida ko ‘payish yoki kamayish holatlari sodir b o ‘ladi.
Ushbu jarayonlar mazmunini quyidagi chizmada ko‘rish mumkin
(1.4.2-chizma).
Г
K o 'p a y is h i
=0=
Q o 'v ilm a la r
'-ГГ ~
fovda
Xususiy kapital
1 .
Kamayishi
Ж
xarajat
33=
K a p ita l c h iq im i
1.4.2-chizma. Xususiy kapital miqdori o'zgarishi bilan
bog'liq jarayonlar”
M ab lag lar aylanishidagi asosiy bosqich bu moddiy boyliklar-
ni yaratish jarayoni sodir bo‘ladigan ishlab chiqarish bosqichidir.
Bu yerda ishlab chiqarilgan buyumlar nafaqat tashqi k o ‘rinishi va
xususiyati bilan, balki qiymatining hajmi bilan farq qiladigan yangi
11 B .N id iz. H, .Ajidcrson, D. K old u yell “P rinciblcs o f A cco u n tin g ” . М .Ф инансы и эко
Axborot uzatish muhiti deb

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Axborot uzatish muhiti deb
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bet | 26/41 | Sana | 17.05.2024 | Hajmi | 1,43 Mb. | | #240041 |
Axborot uzatish muhiti deb, kompyuterlar o‘rtasida axborot almashinuvini ta’minlovchi axborot yo‘llariga (yoki aloqa kanallariga) aytiladi. Ko‘pchilik kompyuter tarmoqlarida (ayniqsa, mahalliy tarmoqlarda) simli yoki kabelli aloqa kanallari ishlatiladi, baholanki, simsiz tarmoqlar ham mavjuddir.
Aloka kanallari (AK) istalgan axborot uzatish tizimining, umumiy bo‘g‘imidir.
Fizik tabiati bo‘yicha aloqa kanallari quyidagilarga bo‘linadi:
mexanik - axborotning moddiy tashuvchilarini uzatish uchun ishlatiladi;
akustik - tovushli signal uzatiladi;
optik - yorug‘lik signali uzatiladi;
еlektr - еlektr signal uzatiladi.
Еlektr va optik aloqa kanallari quyidagicha bo‘lishi mumkin:
simli, signallarni uzatish uchun fizik o‘tkazgichlar (еlektr simlar, kabellar, svetovodlar va b.) ishlatiladi;
simsiz (radiokanallar, infraqizil kanallar va b.), signallarni uzatish uchun еfir bo‘yicha tarqaladigan еlektromagnit to‘lqinlardan foydalaniladi.
Uzatilayotgan axborotni tasvirlash shakli bo‘yicha aloqa kanallari quyidagicha bo‘ladi:
analogli (uzluksiz) - axborot analog kanallar bo‘ylab uzluksiz shaklda tasvirlangan, ya’ni biror fizik kattalikning uzluksiz qiymatlari qatori ko‘rinishida uzatiladi;
raqamli - axborot raqamli kanallar bo‘yicha u yoki bu fizik tabiatdagi raqamli (diskret, impulsli) signallar ko‘rinishida uzatiladi;
Axborot uzatilishining mumkin bo‘lgan yo‘nalishlariga bog‘liq ravishda quyidagi aloqa
kanallari bo‘ladi:
simleksli - axborotni faqat bir yo‘nalishda uzatishga imkon beradi;
yarim dupleks - axborotning to‘g‘ri va teskari yo‘nalishlarda galma-gal uzatilishini ta’minlaydi;
dupleksli - axborotni bir vaqtning o‘zida ham to‘g‘ri, ham teskari yo‘nalishlarda uzatishga imkon beradi.
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-chizma. Xo'jalik jarayonlari va hisob siyosatining bog'lanishi

harakatidan iborat ekan. X o‘jalik operatsiyalarini
buxgalteriya hi-
sobida aks ettirish, boshqarish obyekti haqida kerakli axborotlarni
olish m ablagiardan samarali foydalanish
darajasini baholash im-
konini beradi. Shuning uchun ham ular buxgalteriya hisobining
asosiy mazmunini tashkil qiladi.
Iqtisodiyotning yuksalishi omillaridan
biri mulkchilik shak-
li turliligiga erishib, davlat mulkchiligining yagona hukmronligiga
chek q o ‘yishdir. Hozirgi davrga kelib xo‘ja lik korxonalari, muas-
sasalari, konsern va birlashmalari
nafaqat davlat mulkiga, balki
xususiy, jam oa, aksionerlar mulkiga ham da qo ‘shma
korxonalar
m ulkiga ham asoslanmoqda. Korxonalar qaysi mulkchilik shakli-
ga asoslanganligi va ularning faoliyat turi, doirasiga k o ‘ra, ulardagi
x o ‘jalik m ablag‘lari miqdori ham da hajmi turlicha b o ‘ladi.
Buxgalteriya hisobi korxonalar faoliyatini o ‘rganib, unda sodir
b o ‘lgan jarayonlar hisobini yuritar ekan, demak, buxgalteriya hiso
bining obyektlari
aktivlar, majburiyatlar, xususiy kapital, zahiralar,
daromadlar, xarajatlar, foyda, zararlar va ular harakati bilan bog‘liq
x o ‘jalik jarayonlari hisoblanadi.
Buxgalteriya hisobining yuqorida qayd etilgan obyektlarini
quyidagi tarzda guruhlash mumkin:
1. X o‘jalik m ablag‘lari.
2. X o‘jalik m ab lag larini tashkil topish manbalari.
3. X o‘jalik jarayonlari.
X o‘jalik m ablag‘lari guruhidagi hisob obektlari tarkibini qu
yidagi chizmada k o ‘rish mumkin (1 4,4-chizma).
X o‘jalik m ablag‘larini yaxshi o ‘rganish
va buxgalteriya hi-
sobining yuritishni osonlantirish m aqsadida ular turkumlanadi.
X o ‘jalik m ablag‘lari turkumlanayotganida ularning quyidagi xu-
susiyatlarini e ’tiborga olish zarur:
- xo'jalik m ablaglari dan foydalanish xarakteriga ko'ra;
- x o ‘jalik m ablag‘larini korxona faoliyatida qatnashish xarak
teriga k o ‘ra.
X o‘jalik m ablag‘lari birinchi xususiyatiga k o ‘ra
quyidagi tur-
larga bo‘linadi:
30
EOʻA ning aniqlik sinfi - 1-laboratoriya ishi: Frontal laboratoriya ishi. Elektr oʻlchash asboblarini oʻrganish...

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1-laboratoriya ishi: Frontal laboratoriya ishi. Elektr oʻlchash asboblarini oʻrganish va ularda oʻlchash xatoliklarini hisoblash Ishning maqsadi
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Bog'liq 1,2-laboratoriya elektrotexnikaEOʻA ning aniqlik sinfi asbobning absolyut xatosi A uning butun maksimal shkalasining Amax qancha foizini tashkil qilishini bildiradi:
(5)
bu yerda: Amax - asbobning oʻlchov chegarasi, A- absolyut xatolik.
Normal ish sharoitlarida yoʻl qoʻyadigan asosiy xatoligi boʻyicha bevosita baholaydigan barcha EOʻA lari davlat standartiga koʻra 8 ta aniqlik sinfiga ajratiladi: 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,5 va 4. Ular oʻlchash asboblarining shkalalarida koʻrsatilgan boʻladi. Aniqlik sinfini bildiruvchi raqam asosiy eng katta keltirilgan xatolikni bildiradi.
Agar asbob hujjatida koʻrsatilgan qoidaga asosan ishlatilsa, uning aniqligi koʻrsatilgan sinfga mos keladi. Oʻlchashdagi absolyut xatolik aniqlik sinfidan foydalanib aniqlanadi. (5) tenglikka asosan absolyut xatolik topiladi.
(6)
Absolyut xatolik asbobning butun shkalasi boʻyicha bir xil deb hisoblanadi.
EOʻA absolyut xatoligi A ning unda oʻlchangan miqdor Aoʻ qiymatiga nisbati oʻlchashdagi nisbiy xatolik deb ataladi, yaʼni:
(7)
Agar (7) formuladagi A oʻrniga (6) ifodani quysak, oʻlchashdagi nisbiy xatolik qoʻyidagi formula boʻyicha aniqlanadi:
(8)
Demak, oʻlchanayotgan miqdor asbobning oʻlchash chegarasi (Amax) ga yaqin boʻlsa, oʻlchashdagi nisbiy xatolik asbobning aniqlik sinfi — ga teng boʻladi.
Masalan, aniqlik sinfi 0,5 boʻlgan asbobning shkalasi 150 boʻlimga ega boʻlsin, strelka 150 boʻlimga burilganda nisbiy xatolik 0,5% va absolyut xatolik 0,5%·150= =0,75 ga teng boʻldi. Strelka 25 boʻlimga burilganda esa nisbiy xatolik 3%, absolyut xatolik esa 0,75 boʻladi. Demak, bundan koʻrinadiki, EOʻA ning kichik boʻlimlariga mos keluvchi qiymat oʻlchanganda katta nisbiy xatolikka yoʻl qoʻyiladi, ammo bunda elektr kattalikni oʻlchashdagi absolyut xatolik qiymati ayni bir asbobning butun shkalasi boʻyicha bir xil boʻladi.
Yuqori aniqlikdagi maxsus asboblarda aniqlik sinfi, shkala boʻlim qiymatiga mos keladi. Baʼzan biz ishlatadigan oddiy asboblarda oʻlchashdagi absolyut xatolik sifatida asbob shkalasi eng kichik boʻlimining yarmi, yaʼni 0.5 C olinishi mumkin. Bu hol quyidagi hollarda bajariladi:
1) agar 0,5C >ΔA boʻlsa, oʻlchashdagi nisbiy xatolik
2) agar 0,5C <ΔA boʻlsa , oʻlchashdagi nisbiy xatolik
Masalan, oʻlchash chegarasi 30 mA, aniqlik sinfi- 2,5 boʻlgan shkalasi teng boʻlimlardan iborat milliampermetrning boʻlim qiymati 1A teng. Unda 10 mA tok oʻlchansa, qanday absolyut va nisbiy xatoliklarga yoʻl qoʻyilgan?
Agar ΔI >0,5C boʻlsa, (0,5C=0,5mA) oʻlchashdagi nisbiy xatolik ga teng boʻladi.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
1-laboratoriya ishi: Frontal laboratoriya ishi. Elektr oʻlchash asboblarini oʻrganish va ularda oʻlchash xatoliklarini hisoblash Ishning maqsadi
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Elektr oʻlchash asboblarining sezgirligi, boʻlim qiymati va xatoliklari

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Elektr oʻlchash asboblarining sezgirligi, boʻlim qiymati va xatoliklari
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bet | 4/7 | Sana | 12.02.2024 | Hajmi | 366,5 Kb. | | #155327 |
Bog'liq 1,2-laboratoriya elektrotexnikaElektr oʻlchash asboblarining sezgirligi, boʻlim qiymati va xatoliklari
Asbob qo‘zgʻaluvchan qismi burilish burchagi orttirmasining oʻlchanadigan kattalik orttirmasiga nisbatini koʻrsatuvchi kattalik EOʻA sezgirligi deyiladi. Asbobning sezgirligi oʻlchanayotgan miqdorlar birligiga mos keluvchi shkalaning boʻlimlar soni bilan aniqlanadi.
Asbob sezgirligi quyidagi munosabatdan aniqlanadi:
; (1)
A–oʻlchanayotgan kattalik, n–shkaladagi boʻlimlar (xonalar) soni.
Masalan: 2,5 A tokni oʻlchashda asbob strelkasi 50 xonani (boʻlimni) koʻrsatsa, asbobning tokka sezgirligi daraja qiymati:
Asbobning sezgirligiga teskari boʻlgan kattalik asbobning boʻlim (daraja) qiymati deyiladi. U asbobning harakatlanuvchi qismini bir boʻlimga bura oluvchi fizik kattalikni ifodalaydi.
(2)
Agar EOʻA shkalasi teng boʻlimlardan iborat boʻlsa, asbobning darajasi qiymati quyidagicha aniqlanadi:
(3)
A max – asbobning oʻlchashdagi chegara qiymati, N - asbob shkalasidagi boʻlimlarning umumiy soni. Bu ifodadan asbobning boʻlim qiymatini bilgan holda boʻlimlar sonini sanab, aniqlanadigan kattalikni quyidagicha topamiz:
(4)
Boʻlimlar oraligʻi tekis boʻlmagan shkalada xonalarning darajalanishi har xil boʻladi. Bu holda asbobning darajasi qiymati (2) ga asosan topiladi.
Elektr oʻlchov asbobida bir nechta oʻlchash chegarasi boʻlishi mumkin, bunday asbobga koʻp chegarali asboblar deyiladi. Asbobni kuydirib qoʻymaslik maqsadida ularni eng katta chegarasiga qoʻyib zanjirga ulanadi. Koʻp chegarali asboblarni ishlatishda har bir chegara uchun alohida daraja qiymatini aniqlash kerak boʻladi.
Masalan, voltmetr 0 dan 3V gacha va 0 dan 6V gacha oʻlchash chegarasiga ega boʻlsin. Umumiy xonalar soni 30 ta boʻlsa, daraja qiymati:
Birinchi holda
Ikkinchi holda
Har qanday oʻlchashda oʻlchash natijasi oʻlchanayotgan miqdorning haqiqiy qiymatidan bir oz farq qiladi. Bunga sabab EOʻA ning oʻzidagi nuqsonlar va tashqi taʼsirlar boʻlishi mumkin. EOʻA oʻlchash natijasini baholashda "aniqlik sinfi" dan foydalaniladi.
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Ishning bajarilishi va topshiriqlar

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Ishning bajarilishi va topshiriqlar
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bet | 6/7 | Sana | 12.02.2024 | Hajmi | 366,5 Kb. | | #155327 |
Bog'liq 1,2-laboratoriya elektrotexnikaIshning bajarilishi va topshiriqlar
Oʻqituvchi tomonidan berilgan asboblarning ishlash prinsipini tushuntirib bering hamda aniqlik sinfi, boʻlim qiymati, sezgirligi, absolyut va nisbiy xatoliklarini aniqlang.
Texnika xavfsizlik qoidalarini esda saqlang.
Nazorat savollari
Elektr oʻlchov asboblari qanday belgilariga koʻra klassifikatsiyalanadi?
Elektr oʻlchov asboblarining shkalasiga qanday shartli belgilar qoʻyiladi?
Asbobning sezgirligi, daraja qiymati nima va ular qanday oʻzaro bogʻlangan.
Koʻp chegarali asbob nima va u qanday ishlatiladi?
Asbobning absolyut va nisbiy xatoligi qanday topiladi?
Texnika xavfsizlik qoidalarini ayting.
2-laboratoriya ishi: Zanjirning bir qismi uchun Om qonuni yordamida oʻtkazgich qarshiligini aniqlash
Ishning maqsadi: O’zgarmas tok zanjirida Om qonunini o’rganish.
Kerakli jihozlar: voltmetr, ampermetr, o’zgarmas tok manbai, reostat, rezistor.
Nazariy qism
Zaryadli zarralarning tartibli harakati elektr toki deyiladi. Zaryadlangan va potensiallari turlicha bo’lgan ikki o’tkazgichni uchinchi o’tkazgich bilan ulasak, bu ikki o’tkazgichning potensiallari tenglashguncha undan qisqa muddatli elsetr toki o’tadi.
O’tkazgichda yuzaga kelgan elektr maydoni undagi erkin elektronlarni maydon kuchlanganligiga teskari yo’nalishda tartibli harakatga keltiradi (1-rasm). Elektronlarning bu harakati musbat zaryalarning maydon bo’ylab harakatiga ekvivalentdir. Tokning yo’nalishi qilib musbat zaryadlarning tartibli harakat yo’nalishi qabul qilingan.
1-rasm. O’tkazgichdagi zaryadli zarralarning harakati
Muayyan sharoitda (1) nisbat o’zgarmas kattalik bo’lib, I=f (U) bog’lanish ko’rinishda yoziladi (1) ifoda elektr zanjirining bir jinsli qismi uchun Om qonuni bo’lib, tok kuchining kuchlanishiga to’g’ri proporsional ekanligini ko’rsatadi. R o’tkazgichning qarshiligi deb yuritiladi va Om deb qabul qilingan birlikda o’lchanadi. O’tkazgich uchlaridagi kuchlanish 1 B bo’lganda, undan 1 A tok o’tsa, bu o’tkazgichning qarshiligi 1 Om bo’ladi (1Om=1B/1A).
Zanjirdan uzluksiz tok oqishi uchun zaryadni ko’chirishda yo’qotilgan energiyani tashqi kuch yordamida to’ldirib turish kerak. Tabiatan noelektrik bo’lgan bu kuchning bajargan ishi EYUK degan fizik kattalik bilan belgilanadi.
(3)
Bunda E’ (musbat birlik zaryadga ta’sir qilayotgan noelektrik kuch) maydonining kuchlanganligi, dl - zaryadning kuchish masofasi. Shunday qilib, musbat birlik zaryadni yopiq kontur bo’ylab kuchirishda tashqi kuchning bajargan ishiga son jihatdan teng bo’lgan kattalik EYUK deyiladi EYUK manbai o’langan zanjir uchun Om qonuni.
(4)
ya’ni, zanjirdagi tok kuchi manbaining elektr yurituvchi to’gri proporsional, zanjirning to’la qarshilishga teskari proporsionaldir
Bunda manbaning elektr yurituvchi kuchi, r - uning ichki qarshiligi
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O’lchash va natijalarni hisoblash

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O’lchash va natijalarni hisoblash
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bet | 7/7 | Sana | 12.02.2024 | Hajmi | 366,5 Kb. | | #155327 |
Bog'liq 1,2-laboratoriya elektrotexnikaO’lchash va natijalarni hisoblash.
1-topshiriq
Tajriba qurilmasining elektr sxemasi 2-rasmda tasvirlangan Ampermetr ko’rsatayotgan tok kuchi C nuqtada tarmoqlanadi uning Ix qismi qarshiligi noaniq bo’lgan Rx o’tkazgichdan, Ib qismi esa Rb qarshilikli voltmetrdan o’tadi Om qonuniga ko’ra,
va
2-rasm. 1-topshiriqning elektr sxemasi
Kirxgof qonuniga asosan Ix=I-Ib noma’lum qarshilik quyidagi formuladan aniqlanadi:
2-rasmda ko’rsatilga sxema bo’yicha elektr zanjirini yiging.
Reostatni qarshiligini o’zgartirib, ampermetrni ko’rsatgichlari yozib olinadi. Rezistordan ma’lum qiymat tanlanib, voltmetr va amperimetrning ko’rsatgichlari yozib olinadi.
(5) ifodadan foydalanib, o’tkazgichning qarshiligi Rx aniqlanadi.
O’lchashlar 3-4 marta har xil toklar uchun takrorlanib, har bir o’tkazgich qarshiligining o’rtacha qiymati olinadi.
2-topshiriq.
Bu tajriba qurilmasining elektr sxemasi 3-rasmda keltirilgan. Ampermetr hamda o’lchanayotgan qarshilik ketma-ket ulanganligidan voltmetrning ko’rsatishi
U=Ua+Ux
bunda Ua - ampermetr ulangan qismning kuchlanishi, Ux - noma’lum qarshilik uchlaridagi potensiallar tushishi, Izlanayotgan qarshilik
Rx=
bunda Ua=IRa (Ra-ampermetr qarshiligi, I-ampermetrning ko’rsatishi). U holda
(6)
Avometr yordamida ampermetrning ichki qarshiligi o’lchanib, 3-rasmda ko’rsatilgan zanjir yig’iladi.
3-rasm. 2-topshiriqning elektr sxemasi
Reostat qarshiligani o’zgartirib, ampermetrni ko’rsatishi yozib olinadi. Rezistordan qarshilik o’zgartiriladi hamda voltmetr V va ampermetr I ni ko’rsatkichlari yozib olinadi.
(6) ifodadan foydalanib, o’tkazgichning qarshiligi Rx aniqlanadi.
O’lchashlar har xil toklar uchun takrorlanib, o’tkazgichning o’rtacha qarshiligi topiladi.
Nazorat savollari
O’zgarmas elektr toki nima? Qanday kattaliklar bilan xarakterlanadi?
Zanjirning bir qismi uchun Om qonunini tushuntiring.
Qaysi holda Om qonunini qo’llab bo’lmaydi?
O’tkazgichlarning qarshiligini qaysi usul bilan aniqroq o’lchash mumkin?
Natijalarni tahlil qiling va xulosa chiqaring.
Olingan natijalarni asosida metallar uchun Volt Amper xarakteriskasini chizing.
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