nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Mavzuning dolzarbligi va uning asoslanishi

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Mavzuning dolzarbligi va uning asoslanishi
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bet | 3/29 | Sana | 18.07.2024 | Hajmi | 3,88 Mb. | | #267908 |
Bog'liq rezerfMavzuning dolzarbligi va uning asoslanishi.
Hammamizga ma’lumki avtomobilni yo‘llarda tekis, ravon va xavfsiz harakatlanishida shinalarning o‘rni muxim ahamiyatga ega. Yong‘inlarni o‘chirishda, insonlarni va moddiy boyliklarni qutqarishda foydalaniladigan avtomobillar uchun shinalarni tanlash, ularni ekspluatatsiyasi va yo‘l bosib o‘tish meyorlarini belgilashni takomillashtirish choralari hamda shinalarni bosimini nazorat qilishda yangi innovatsion texnik qurilmalardan foydalanish bo‘yicha taklif va tavsiyalar ishlab chiqish hisoblanadi.
Yuqorida keltirilgan omillarni inobatga olgan holda yong‘in o‘chirish avtomobillari uchun shinalarni tanlash, ularni ekspluatatsiyasi va yo‘l bosib o‘tish meyorlarini belgilash chora-tadbirlari bugungi kunning dolzarb muammolari jumlasiga kiradi.
Tadqiqotning maqsadi va vazifalari
Favqulodda vaziyatlar vazirligidagi yong‘inlarni o‘chirishda, insonlarni va moddiy boyliklarni qutqarishda foydalaniladigan avtomobillar uchun shinalarni tanlash, ularni ekspluatatsiyasi va yo‘l bosib o‘tish meyorlarini belgilashni takomillashtirish choralari hamda shinalarni nazorat qilishda yangi innovatsion texnik qurilmalardan foydalanish va uni amaliyotda qo‘llash.
Tadqiqot obyekti va predmeti. Favqulodda vaziyatlar vazirligi tizimidagi yong‘in o‘chirish avtomobillar shinalarini tanlash, ularni ekspluatatsiyasi va yo‘l bosib o‘tish meyorlarini belgilash usullari, zamonaviy texnologiya va uskunalar orqali takomillashtirishdan iborat.
Tadqiqotning usullari. Tadqiqot jarayonida umumiy ilmiy uslublar: matematik statistika, matematik modellashtirish, funksional yondashuv, mantiqiylik, tizimlilik, amaliy tajriba - sinov (eksperiment) o‘tkazish, statistik tahlil va amaliy eksperimental tajribalarni tahlili kabi usullardan foydalanilgan.
Tadqiqot mavzusi bo‘yicha adabiyotlar sharhi (tahlili). Yuk avtomabillarida qo‘llaniladigan shinlarning yo‘l bosib o‘tish me’yorlari, harakatlanishi va ularning xavfsizligini ta’minlash masalalari bilan shug‘ullangan qator olimlar (Charlz Gudyer, Jon Dunlop, Endryu Mishlin, A.V.Sitschev, G.V.Sidelnikov, E.F.Kasatkina, R.M.Ustarov, A.M.Lamzin, Sh.D.Gechebaev, M.M.Murtuzov, V.I.Yakovlev, G.V.Abakumov, V.N.Abramov, V.A.Damzen, T.N.Volodina, T.N.Volodina, L.D.Slyudikov, N.S.Zaxarov) ilmiy izlanishlarining tahlili shuni ko‘rsatdiki, ular tomonidan muammoning holati va tadqiqotning vazifalari atroflicha ko‘rib chiqilgan.
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Qaymoq - Texnologik ta’limi bakalavriat ta’limi yo’nalishi tet 19/2 guruh talabasi xayrullayeva mehriniso nematjonovnaning

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Texnologik ta’limi bakalavriat ta’limi yo’nalishi tet 19/2 guruh talabasi xayrullayeva mehriniso nematjonovnaning
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bet | 4/12 | Sana | 20.05.2024 | Hajmi | 1,59 Mb. | | #246551 |
Bog'liq SUT VA SUT MAHSULOTLARIQaymoq. Bu sutning eng yog‘li qismi. Qaymoq tabiiy sof sigir sutini seperatordan o‘tkazib olingan mahsulot. Qaymoqni pasterizatsiya qilib, sterilizatsiyalab va kuvlab pasterizatsiya qilingan sutga qand, kakao, vanilin, ho‘l meva rezavor meva sharbati qo‘shib kuvlab chiqariladi. Sotuvga yog‘liligi 10, 20, 35% bo‘lgan qaymoq chiqariladi. Qaymoq. Bu sutning eng yog‘li qismi. Qaymoq tabiiy sof sigir sutini seperatordan o‘tkazib olingan mahsulot. Qaymoqni pasterizatsiya qilib, sterilizatsiyalab va kuvlab pasterizatsiya qilingan sutga qand, kakao, vanilin, ho‘l meva rezavor meva sharbati qo‘shib kuvlab chiqariladi. Sotuvga yog‘liligi 10, 20, 35% bo‘lgan qaymoq chiqariladi. Qaymoq butilkalarda, qog‘oz paketlarda, umumiy ovqatlanish tarmoqlari uchun esa sisternalarda jo‘natiladi. Sutning va qaymog‘ining sifati tashqi ko‘rinishiga, ta’mi va hidiga, konsistensiyasi, yog‘liligi, kislotaliligiga va boshqa ko‘rsatkichlariga ko‘ra belgilanadi. Yogurt. Bu yog‘i olingan sutdagi quruq moddalari ko‘p bo‘lgan qatiqli ichimlik. Boshqa qatiqli ichimliklarga nisbatan to‘la qiymatli oqsillar tarkibida ko‘proq bo‘lgani uchun, u ayniqsa qimmatlidir. Yogurt olish uchun sof sut va yog‘i olingan sut ishlatib, unga quruq sut, qaymoq, ho‘l mevali rezavor, mevali sharbat qo‘shiladi. Yogurt. Bu yog‘i olingan sutdagi quruq moddalari ko‘p bo‘lgan qatiqli ichimlik. Boshqa qatiqli ichimliklarga nisbatan to‘la qiymatli oqsillar tarkibida ko‘proq bo‘lgani uchun, u ayniqsa qimmatlidir. Yogurt olish uchun sof sut va yog‘i olingan sut ishlatib, unga quruq sut, qaymoq, ho‘l mevali rezavor, mevali sharbat qo‘shiladi. Qo‘shilgan qo‘shimchalariga qarab tarkibida 1,5; 3,2; 6,0% yog‘i bo‘lgan shirin va ho‘l mevali rezavor mevali yogurt chiqariladi. Yogurtning energetik qimmati juda yuksak va ta’m sifatlari juda yaxshi bo‘ladi. Yogurtning tashqi ko‘rinishi qaymoqqa o‘xshab ketadigan bir jinsli suyuqlik. Ta’mi va hidi sof, qatiqsimon, begona ta’m va hid aralashmagan; shirin yogurtda shirinlik mazasi yaxshi sezilib turadi, mevali yogurtda esa qo‘shilgan sharbatning ta’mi va xushbo‘yligi kelib turadi. Yogurtning rangi sutday oq, mevali yogurtning rangi qo‘shilgan sharbatning rangiga o‘xshaydi. Tarkibidagi qand shirin yogurtda 5%, mevali yogurtda esa kamida 6% bo‘lishi kerak; kislotalilik 80-140°T. Yogurtni qadoqlashda 200 g li butilkalarga solinadi.
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Bu metod yordamida sut va sut mahsuloti turlari sifatiga bo’lgan talablar mavzusidagi asosiy atama va so’zlar asos qilib olinadi va guruh u haqida ma’lumotlar to’plab so’zlab beradi. Qolgan o’quvchila

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Bu metod yordamida sut va sut mahsuloti turlari sifatiga bo’lgan talablar mavzusidagi asosiy atama va so’zlar asos qilib olinadi va guruh u haqida ma’lumotlar to’plab so’zlab beradi. Qolgan o’quvchila
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bet | 8/12 | Sana | 20.05.2024 | Hajmi | 1,59 Mb. | | #246551 |
Bog'liq SUT VA SUT MAHSULOTLARIBu metod yordamida sut va sut mahsuloti turlari sifatiga bo’lgan talablar mavzusidagi asosiy atama va so’zlar asos qilib olinadi va guruh u haqida ma’lumotlar to’plab so’zlab beradi. Qolgan o’quvchilar esa bilimga ega bo’ladi . Klaster (tutam, bog’lam) – bu axborot xaritasini tuzish yo‘li - barcha tuzilmaning mohiyatini markazlashtirish va aniqlash uchun qandaydir biror asosiy omil atrofida g’oyalarni yig’ish. Klaster (tutam, bog’lam) – bu axborot xaritasini tuzish yo‘li - barcha tuzilmaning mohiyatini markazlashtirish va aniqlash uchun qandaydir biror asosiy omil atrofida g’oyalarni yig’ish. Bilimlarni faollashtirishni tezlashtiradi, fikrlash jarayoniga mavzu bo‘yicha yangi o‘zaro bog’lanishli tasavvurlarni erkin va ochiq jalb qilishga yordam beradi. Sut va sut mahsulotlariga bo’lgan talablar, saqlanishi va muddati mavzusini o’qitishda klaster metodini qo’llasak: Bu usul yangi mavzuni tushuntirishda samarali hisoblanadi. Klasterni markaziga sut va sut mahsulotlariga talab deb yozib olinib, chap tomonga chiziq tortib sut mahsulotlari, o’ng tomonga esa saqlash sharoiti deb yozib olingan holatda bu jumlalarni ham ma’lumotlar bilan tarmoqlab olamiz. Bu esa o’quvchilarni yangi mavzuni tushunishlari uchun qulaylik yaratadi. 2.4. Mavzu bo’yicha dars ishlanma. Fan: TEXNOLOGIYA (qiz bolalar) Mavzu: Sut va sut mahsuloti turlari sifatiga bo’lgan talablar Darsning maqsadi: Ta‘limiy maqsad: O’quvchilarga sut va sut mahsulotlari va ularga qo’yilgan talablar haqida ma’lumotlar berish. Tarbiyaviy maqsad: O‘quvchilarni atrof muhitga qiziqtirish, mehnatsevarlikka o‘rgatish. Turmushdagi ehtiyojlar va ulardan foydalanishni tushuntirish. Texnika xavfsizligi qoidalari, ish o‘rnini tashkil qilish qonun qoidalarini tushuntirish, sanitariya-gigiyena talablariga to‘liq rioya etishni o‘rgatish. Rivojlantiruvchi maqsad: O‘quvchilar tasavvurida sut mahsuloti haqida ya’ni uni qay tartibda olinish turli hayvonlar sigir, echki, ot, tuya sutlarining foydali jihatlari va ularning sutidan tayyorlanadigan mahsulotlar haqida bilim, ko‘nikma va malakalarni hosil qilish.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Bu metod yordamida sut va sut mahsuloti turlari sifatiga bo’lgan talablar mavzusidagi asosiy atama va so’zlar asos qilib olinadi va guruh u haqida ma’lumotlar to’plab so’zlab beradi. Qolgan o’quvchila
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Akmeologiya - Ona tili va adabiyot fanidan

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Ona tili va adabiyot fanidan
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bet | 72/143 | Sana | 12.12.2023 | Hajmi | 0,69 Mb. | | #116605 |
Bog'liq Ona tili va adabiyot fanidan-fayllar.orgAkmeologiya (akme– yunoncha: “ oliy nuqta”, yetuk, eng yaxshi davr”) – rivojlanayotgan insonning ijodkorlik, kashfiyotga intilish, kasbiy faoliyatining yetuklik pog’onasini o’rganish sohasidir.
Innovatsion faoliyat tuzilmasi tahlilida akmeologik yondashuv pedagogning kasbiy mahorati cho‘qqilariga erishuvida uning shaxsi rivojlanish qonuniyatlarini ochishi imkonini beradi.
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Kreativlik (lot., ing. “create ” – yaratish, “creative” – yaratuvchi, ijodkor) – individning yangi g’oyalarni ishlab chiqarishga tayyorlikni tavsiflovchi va mustaqil omil sifatida iqtidorlilikning tarkibiga kiruvchi ijodiyqobiliyati
Intellekt, ijodkorlik insonning aqliy salohiyati bo‘lsa, kreativlik ana shu aqliy salohiyatni maqsadga yo‘naltirilgan tarzda erkin ishlata olish qobiliyati natijasi hisoblanadi.
Ta’lim menejerining kreativligi. Kreativlik- rahbarning jarayonga innovatsion yondoshuvi asosida samarali natijaga erishishi demakdir. Kreativlik atamasi Angliya-Amerika psixologiyasida 60-yillarda paydo bo‘ldi. U individning yangi tushuncha yaratishi va yangi ko‘nikmalar hosil qilish qobiliyati, xislatini bildiradi. J.Gilford kreativlikni tavsiflaydigan qator individual qobiliyatlarni ko‘rsatadi:
fikr ravonligi;
fikrni maqsadga muvofiq yo‘llay olishi;
o‘ziga xoslik (originallik);
qiziquvchanlik;
farazlar yaratish qobiliyati;
hayol qila olish, fantaziya qilish;
Ta’lim menejeri kreativligida - tashabbuskorlikni, samarali muloqotni, yuksak siyosiy va ijtimoiy mavqyeni, oldindan ko‘ra olish intuitsiyasi rivojlanganlikni va tashkilot faoliyatining qaerga yo‘nalishini tezda payqab olishlari zarur. O‘ziga ishonchi bo‘lmagan rahbar vaziyat o‘zgarishi bilan, o‘z qarorini o‘zgartirib turadi. Bunday rahbar qo‘l ostida ishlaydigan xodimlar o‘z rahbari timsolida suyanchiq ko‘rmaydilar, tashkilotda o‘tkazayotgan kunlari vaqtinchalikdek tuyuladi. Bunday rahbar o‘zgalar bilan muzokaralar olib borishga ham qodir emas. Chunki o‘z shaxsiga va qobiliyatiga ishonmagan odam o‘zgalarda ham ishonch uyg‘ota olmaydi.
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Mog‘or bosib qolgan pishloqni tuzli suvda namlangan latta bilan yaxshilab artish lozim

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Mog‘or bosib qolgan pishloqni tuzli suvda namlangan latta bilan yaxshilab artish lozim
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bet | 7/12 | Sana | 20.05.2024 | Hajmi | 1,59 Mb. | | #246551 |
Bog'liq SUT VA SUT MAHSULOTLARIMog‘or bosib qolgan pishloqni tuzli suvda namlangan latta bilan yaxshilab artish lozim. Har qanday sut mahsulotini harid qilganda uning yorlig’iga qarash lozim. U yerda mahsulotni qanday sharoitda va qancha muddat saqlash ko’rsatilgan bo’ladi. II-BOB. PEDAGOGIK VA METODIK QISM. 2.1. Umumta’lim maktablarda texnologiya fanini o‘qitishning didaktik tamoyillari. Texnologiya fanini o‘qitishning didaktik tamoyillari va ularning mohiyatini bilish mazkur jarayon borasida aniq tasavvurga ega bo‘lishimizga imkon yaratadi. Shu bois biz quyida fanning asosiy didaktik tamoyillari va ularning mohiyati xususida so‘z yuritmoqchimiz. Umumiy o‘rta ta’lim muassasalarida texnologiya fani quyidagi tamoyillarga asoslanib o‘qitiladi.
Texnologiya darslarini onglilik va faollik tamoyili asosida o‘qitish
Texnologiya darslarida ilmiylik va tizimlilik tamoyili
Texnologiya darslarida nazariya bilan amaliyot birligi tamoyili asosida tashkil etish
Texnologiya darslarini unumli mehnat asosida o‘qitish tamoyili
Texnologiya darslarini ko‘rsatmalilik tamoyili asosida tashkil etish
2.2. Sut va sut mahsulotlari sifatiga bo’lgan talablar mavzusini o’qitish metodikasi. Zigzag metodi - sinf o`quvchilari 7ta guruhga bo`linadilar va guruhlar nomlanadi. Guruhlarda yangi sut va sut mahsuloti turlari sifatiga bo’lgan talablar mavzusimohiyatini yorituvchi so’zlar ya’ni sut, qaymoq, qatiq, pishloq, tvorog qismlarga ajratiladi va ajratilgan qismlar mazmuni bilan tanishib chiqish vazifasi guruhlarga topshiriladi. O`quvchilar so’zlarni diqqat bilan o`rganadilar va gapirib beradilar. Vaqtni tejash maqsadida guruh a‘zolari orasidan liderlar belgilanadi va qayd etilgan vazifa ular tomonidan bajariladi. Liderlarning fikrlari guruh a‘zolari tomonidan to`ldirilishi mumkin. Barcha guruhlarning o`quvchilari o`zlariga topshirilgan so’z mazmuni xususida so`zlab berganlaridan so`ng, so’zlar guruhlararo almashtirilib, avvalgi faoliyat takrorlanadi. Guruhlarga bir necha so’zlar taqdim etiladi. Shu tarzda barcha so’zlar mazmuni guruhlar tomonidan o`rganib chiqilgach o`quvchilar o`tilgan mavzu bo`yicha asosiy tushunchalarni ajratadilar, ularning o`zaro mantiqiy bog`liqligini aniqlaydilar, yuzaga kelgan g`oyalar asosida mavzuga oid sxema ishlab chiqiladi. So`ngra o`zlashtirilgan bilimlar asosida o`quvchilarning o`zlariga shunday sxemalarni ishlab chiqish vazifasi topshiriladi.
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Shinalarning ishlashi va yurish qobiliyati

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Shinalarning ishlashi va yurish qobiliyati
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bet | 14/29 | Sana | 18.07.2024 | Hajmi | 3,88 Mb. | | #267908 |
Bog'liq rezerf1.5. Shinalarning ishlashi va yurish qobiliyati
Yuqorida aytib oʻtilganidek, kompaniya longmarch lm 216 shinalaridan foydalanadi, Hisobot maʼlumotlariga koʻra, ushbu ishlab chiqaruvchining 621 ta shinalari tahlil qilindi. Tekshirilayotgan shinalarning aksariyati notekis yemirilishga ega (notekis deb tushuniladi, bu holda yelkama-yelka va oʻrta protektor zonalarining yemirilish farqi) - 57% bir xil yemirilish shinalarning atigi 30 foizi bor va boshqa yemirilish va shikastlanish turlari quyidagilarni oʻz ichiga oladi: lateral churra - 0,6%; lateral yemirilish-0,6 %; lateral impuls – 0,6 %, shnurning eskirishi 0,3% va protektorning shnurdan ajralishi 7,2 %.
Umumiy populyatsiyani statistik baholash juda qiyin, shuning uchun namuna parametrik boʻlmagan usul bilan aniqlandi. Shunday qilib, populyatsiyani baholash uchun minimal namuna hajmi 30 ta avtomobilni tashkil qiladi.
Tasodifiy oʻzgaruvchilarning taqsimlanish qonuniyatlarini va shinalarning ishonchliligi koʻrsatkichlarini baholash uchun shinalar ishlamay qolguncha oʻzgarishlar boʻyicha variatsiya seriyasini statistik qayta ishlash amalga oshirildi,
Hisobot maʼlumotlariga koʻra, shinalar hisobdan chiqarilgan paytda protektorning qoldiq chuqurligi ham tahlil qilingan. Protektorning oʻrtacha chegarasi qoldiq chuqurligi 2,17 mm, chap va oʻng chegarasi esa mos ravishda 1,98 mm va 2,08 mm. Yaʼni, uning ishlash muddati oxirida shinalar oʻrtasiga qaraganda koʻproq eskirgan yelka protektor zonasiga ega. Ichki bosim yetarli boʻlmagan operatsiya haqida nima deyish mumkin? Unda amalga oshiriladigan turli xil shinalar ishlab chiqarish davrlarida yuk mashinalari ishlaydigan ichki shinalar bosimi boʻyicha statistik maʼlumotlar toʻplami va shinalardagi ichki havo bosimining taqsimlanishining gistogrammasi keltirilgan. Oʻrtacha bosimi 7,47 bar boʻlgan 70 ta shinalar bosimi tekshirildi, bu standart bosimdan 12,13 % past (tartibga soluvchi bosim-8,5 bar), tartibga solish bosimiga koʻra, faqat ikkita shinalar shishirilgan. Bu holat vizual nazorat bilan izohlanadi, bu shinaning haqiqiy ichki bosimi haqida aniq maʼlumot bermaydi. Bosim oʻlchagich yordamida har bir bosim tekshiriladi, bu shinalarni atmosfera havosi bilan tartibga soluvchi bosimni ushlab turish uchun yetarli emas.
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“How did you __________ the criminal?” “I just went to his girlfriend’s house.”
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S
upplemental Reading
0
5
0
T
hough bounty hunting is very dangerous work,
it is a job that is not
limited to men; some women are bounty hunters, too. Mackenzie
Green is a woman--- and a very well-respected bounty hunter. In fact,
she has been called “the most successful bounty hunter in the US.” Why is she so
successful? She relies more on her brain than on physical strength. “A good
bounty hunter relies on gut feelings and people skills
to pick up information on
the whereabouts of a skip,” she says. This means that she trusts her feelings
about people and situations to figure out if they are telling her the truth or if
they are trying to hide something. She also doesn’t carry a gun. “You can’t tame
a bull
by hitting it with a stick,” she says. This means that violence always leads
to more violence. She prefers to use good people skills to get people to trust her.
Then, when they least expect it, she arrests them.
When asked what qualities make a good bounty
hunter, Mackenzie
Green had this to say, “Being a
bounty hunter is difficult work, and a person has
to have experience in self-defense like judo and
boxing, as well as a familiarity with weapons. A
person also must be part
detective to track down
the skips, part lawyer to know what the different
state laws allow, and part actor to try and get
people to give you information that they otherwise
wouldn’t give out. A
person must also be patient
and lucky.”
suspected - S e c o n d e d I t I o n 1 Reading for the Real World 1

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criminal or the criminal returns to New York. In most cases,
if the crime that a
person is suspected of is
relatively minor, or small, the police may not spend
the time and money to
chase the person. However, if
the person is wanted for a
serious or dangerous crime, the police may send out notices offering rewards to
whoever captures the suspect. This is where bounty hunters come in.
Is bounty hunting legal? The answer is both yes and no. In most states, it is
legal to go after people who have “
skipped bail.” Skipping
bail is when a person
commits a crime in a city or a state and then tries to run away to
another city or state before his or her court date. For many
situations in the US and Canada, if someone commits a minor
crime, he or she can pay some
money to the court and stay
out of jail until the court date; this money is called bail. If
the person goes to court on the
appointed date, then they get
the money back. If they miss the court appointment, then they
lose the money and must go to jail for a longer
time if they are caught
by the police or a bounty hunter.
Many states also allow bounty hunters who have special
licenses to go
after dangerous criminals called
felons, but some do not allow this at all.
Illinois, Kentucky, and Oregon have laws against bounty hunting, while
California only allows it up to 180 days after the skip flees. Interestingly enough,
in the states that allow bounty hunting, people are
allowed to break the law in
order to catch a fugitive.
Reading Time
_______ minutes _______ seconds
579 words
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relatively --- in comparison with others
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chase --- to follow or run after to catch
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skip --- a slang term for “run away”
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appoint --- to set; to assign
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license --- an official
document of permission
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felon --- a person guilty of committing a serious crime
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Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to the

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A
Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to theBog'liq Reading1A
Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to the
reading.
1. ____ The death penalty is still used in the United States today.
2. ____ In the past, people could receive the death penalty for stealing.
3. ____ As the United States became wealthier, the use of the death penalty
increased.
4. ____ Most people said Timothy McVeigh should receive the death penalty.
B
Choose the best answer.
1. Which was a reason for the use of the death penalty during the early 1700s?
a. Executions were a kind of entertainment.
b. People were very religious.
c. American states were poor.
d. The states could not control the criminals.
2. Which states stopped using the death penalty?
a.
Eastern
states
b.
Northern
states
c.
Southern
states
d.
Western
states
3. Why did the governor of Illinois stop the execution of prisoners?
a. To give DNA tests to all death-row inmates
b. To keep innocent people from dying
c. To save money for the state
d. To win support for his re-election
C
For the next two questions, look for the answers in the passage and
write them on the lines provided.
1. Today, why do most executions happen in the southern states?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. Why is it expensive to sentence a person to death?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
S
ummary
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V
ocabulary Extension
Here are six words that are related to the topic but are not in the reading.
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2 O‘quv uslubiy majmua O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi tomonidan 2021 yil “ ” dagi “ ” sonli buyruq bilan tasdiqlangan fan dasturi asosida ishlab chiqilgan. O‘UMni ishlab chiqqan tuzuvchi - bet 69

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2 O‘quv uslubiy majmua O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi tomonidan 2021 yil “ ” dagi “ ” sonli buyruq bilan tasdiqlangan fan dasturi asosida ishlab chiqilgan. O‘UMni ishlab chiqqan tuzuvchiBog'liq BETON TOLDIRUVCHILARI TEXNOLOGIYASI UM Хайдаролв НK
To‘ldiruvchilarning suvga va sovuqqa chidamliligi
To‘ldiruvchilarning mustahkamligi ular olinadigan tog‘ jinsidan kelib chiqib,
suvga bo‘ktirilgan holatida aniqlanadi. Ya'ni suvda saqlangan materialning
mustahkamligi o‘z navbatida kamayadi. G‘ovaklarga va mikro yoriqlarga kirgan
suv uning bog‘lanishlarini kuchsizlantiradi.
Shu sababli to‘ldiruvchilar mustahkamligini aniqlashda, namunaning quruq
holatdagi va suvga bo‘ktirgandan so‘ng mustahkamligi aniqlanib, yumshash
koeffitsienti topiladi:
курук
букт
сув
юм
R
.
.
,
(17)
bu yerda:
σ
suv.bo‘kt
- to‘ldiruvchining yoki u olingan tog‘ jinsining suvga
bo‘ktirilgandan so‘nggi (48 soat suvda saqlangan) mustahkamlik
chegarasi, kgs/sm
2
σ
quruq
- to‘ldiruvchining yoki undan olingan tog‘ jinsining quruq
holatidagi mustahkamlik chegarasi, kgs/sm
2
To‘ldiruvchilarning sovuqqa chidamliligi ularni suvga bo‘ktirilgan holatda
ko‘p martali muzlatish va eritish natijasida tekshiriladi. Bir fraksiyali to‘ldiruvchi
namunasi 48 soat davomida xona haroratida suvda saqlanadi. Sovitish kamerasida
-15
0
S dan -20
0
S gacha haroratda muzlatiladi. 4 soat davomida kamerada
saqlangan namuna idish bilan birgalikda suvli vannada ya'na 4 soat ushlab turiladi.
Bu holat standartda keltirilgan bo‘yicha to‘ldiruvchi turidan kelib chiqib
takrorlanadi. Shundan so‘ng to‘ldiruvchi namunasi quritilib elakdan o‘tkaziladi.
Sovuqqa chidamlilikni sinashda massa yo‘qotilishi (%) aniqlanadi:
%
100
1
2
1
.
m
m
m
М
чид
сов
,
(18)
Bu yerda: m
1
– sinovgacha to‘ldiruvchi namunasining massasi, g
m
2
– sinovdan so‘ng elakda qolgan qoldiq, g
Shundan so‘ng olingan natija (massa yo‘qotilishi) mavjud standart bilan
solishtiriladi. Sinov ishlarini tezlashtirish maqsadida namuna natriy sulfat
qorishmasiga solinadi va tezda 105-110
0
S da quritish shkafida quritiladi. So‘ngra
yuqorida keltirilgan holatda massa yo‘qotilishi aniqlanadi.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
2 O‘quv uslubiy majmua O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi tomonidan 2021 yil “ ” dagi “ ” sonli buyruq bilan tasdiqlangan fan dasturi asosida ishlab chiqilgan. O‘UMni ishlab chiqqan tuzuvchi
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ISHLAB CHIQARISH TEXNOLOGIYASI - 2 O‘quv uslubiy majmua O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi...

101
mustaxkamligi – 300-500MPa) va yuqori zichligi (3000 kg/m
3
dan yuqori) bilan
ajralib turadi.
Cho‘kindi tog‘ jinslari mavjud tog‘ jinslarining tabiatda buzilishidan yuzaga
keladi. Ya'ni suv, shamol, harorat o‘zgarishi, kimyoviy va biokimyoviy
yemirilishlar natijasida paydo bo‘ladi. Cho‘kindi tog‘ jinslari asosida qum va
shag‘al yuzaga keladi va ular beton uchun eng arzon to‘ldiruvchilar hisoblanadi.
Kvars qumlar deb tarkibida kvars miqdori 60% dan ko‘p bo‘lgan qumlarga
aytiladi. Tarkibida 50% gacha dala shpati donalari bo‘lgan qumga kvars-
dalashpati qumi deyiladi.
Ko‘p miqdorda qazib olinadigan qum va shag‘al konlari allyuvial kelib
chiqishga ega. Ular daryo o‘zanlarida hosil bo‘ladi. Shu narsa ma'lumki, oqimning
tezligidan kelib chiqib suv katta yoki kichik tog‘ jinsi donalarini bir joydan
ikkinchi joyga oqizishi mumkin. Shu sababli suv oqimi qum va shag‘alni bir joyga
yig‘ishi bilan bir qatorda uni yuvadi va navlarga ajratadi.
Shamol ta'sirida (cho‘l shamoli) vujudga keladigan Eoll (barxan) qumlarni
betonlarda qo‘llash chegaralangan. Chunki bu qumlar juda mayda bo‘lib, donalari
o‘ta silliq yuzaga ega, bu esa ularning sement toshida birikishini yomonlashtiradi.
To‘ldiruvchilar ishlab chiqarishda asosiy o‘rinni karbonatli cho‘kindi jinslar-
ohaktosh va dolomitlar egallaydi. Ohaktoshlarning asosiy mineral tashkil
qiluvchisi bu kalsit SaSO
3
hisoblanadi. Kristall ohaktoshlarning zichligi-2700
kg/m
3
va siqilishga mustahkamligi 200 MPa gacha bo‘ladi.
Ohaktoshlar portlandsement toshidagi ishqorli muhitga chidamli bo‘lib,
betonda u bilan yaxshi bog‘lanadi va u och kulrang yoki sariq ranga ega.
Dolomitning asosiy mineral tashkil etuvchisi esa SaSO
3
· MgSO
3
. Bu tog‘
jinsi xam o‘ta zich va mustahkam bo‘lishi mumkin.
Metamorfik tog‘ jinslari otqindi yoki cho‘kindi tog‘ jinslarining yerning
chuqur qismida yuqori bosim va xarorat ta'sirida o‘zgarishidan yuzaga keladi.
Metamorfik tog‘ jinslaridan to‘ldiruvchilar ishlab chiqarishda gneyslar ishlatiladi.
Gneyslar granitdan qavatma qavat joylashuvi bilan farq qiladi. Marmarlar esa
ohaktoshlarning perekristallizatsiyasi jarayonida yuzaga keladi, kalsit kristallaridan
iborat bo‘ladi. Mustahkamlik chegarasi yuqori (300MPa gacha) bo‘ladi, tabiatda
turli ranglarda uchraydi, maydalashda qirrali yuzali donalar olinadi va beton uchun
og‘ir to‘ldiruvchi sifatida ishlatiladi.
A
Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to the

A Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to the reading. 1. ____ Only police can catch criminals.
2. ____ Bounty hunters hunt so they can get the reward money.
3. ____ Bounty hunters may travel to do their jobs.
4. ____ Bounty hunting is illegal in some places.
B Choose the best answer. 1. What information is probably important for bounty hunters to know?
a. The law in different states
b. Exchange rates for money in different countries
c. The names of important police officers
d. How to break the law
2. What is bail?
a. The money bounty hunters collect
b. The money criminals steal
c. The money the police offer for reward
d. The money given to the court
3. When do the police use bounty hunters?
a. When they are too busy
b. When the criminals have committed a serious crime
c. When a dangerous criminal escapes the police’s area
d. When a criminal committed a minor crime
C For the next two questions, look for the answers in the passage and write them on the lines provided. 1. When can’t bounty hunters go after criminals?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. How do bounty hunters get paid?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
V
ocabulary Extension
S
ummary
75
Here are six words or phrases that are related to the topic but are not in the reading. Fill in each blank with the best word or phrase from the list. Use each word or phrase only once. handcuffs probation case offense violated track down
Use each word or phrase only once

118
5
10
15
20
0
5
0
S
upplemental Reading
A
merica was founded on the principle that
all people have the same right to live in
freedom and be happy. Its main law,
the
Constitution, states that every person must be
treated equally. But for most of the country’s
history, this hasn’t been the case.
After the United States earned independence
from Britain, for example, it continued to allow slavery. After the Civil War,
when slavery was outlawed
and slaves were declared free, African-American
people did not have the same rights as white people. In fact, until less than fifty
years ago, African-American people were usually separated from white people.
They went to separate schools, slept in separate hotels,
and ate in separate
restaurants. They could not vote for the president and could not get the same
jobs as white people.
American women, too, have been treated differently than American men.
Until 1920, women did not have the right to vote. Until the mid-1960s, they
could be denied jobs due to their gender. Despite amendments to the
Constitution, many women and people who belong to minority groups still feel
unfairly treated in the US today.
US leaders admit the country has made mistakes in the past. However, they
point out that because of the laws written in the Constitution, there is always
hope of change. Other countries don’t
have this hope, so America still provides
the fairest opportunity in the world.
A
Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to the

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A
Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to theBog'liq Reading1A
Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to the
reading.
1. ____ Obama’s father was a cook.
2. ____ Barak is an African name for “blessed.”
3. ____ He is in favor of cheap foreign labor.
4. ____ Obama’s parents believed in a tolerant America.
B
Choose the best answer.
1. How did Obama’s parents meet?
a. In a Maytag plant in Mexico
b. While his father was studying in university
c. While living in the same village in Kenya
d. While working in Galesburg, Illinois
2. Which is NOT a right mentioned in the reading passage?
a.
Liberty
b.
Petition
c.
Life
d. Pursuit of Happiness
3. Which statement would the writer probably agree with?
a. Living in Kenya taught him many valuable life lessons.
b. You don’t have to be rich to achieve your dreams in America.
c. Government programs can solve all social problems.
d. The pride of America’s greatness lies in the strength of its military.
C
For the next two questions, look for the answers in the passage and
write them on the lines provided.
1. According to the reading passage, what are some social causes that Obama
supports?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. Why does Obama say, “We have more work to do”?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
S
ummary
117
V
ocabulary Extension
Here are six words or phrases that are related to the topic but are not in
the reading. Fill in each blank with the best word or phrase from the list.
|
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premise, summed up in a declaration

premise, summed up in a declaration made over two
hundred years ago: “We hold these truths to be self-
evident, that all men are created equal, that they are
endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable
rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit
of happiness.”
That is the true genius of America, a faith in
simple dreams, an insistence on small
7
beacon --- a source of light or inspiration
11
abiding --- continuing
19
premise --- something assumed to be true
19
declaration --- a formal announcement
22
endow --- to provide with
22
inalienable --- incapable of being surrendered or transferred
Track 37
27
tuck in --- to make comfortable in bed
31
retribution --- punishment
34
union --- a workers’ association
38
health benefits --- money paid by employers for health care
30
35
40
miracles; that we can tuck in our children at night and know that they are fed
and clothed and safe from harm; that we can say what we think, write what we
think, without hearing a sudden knock on the door; that we can have an idea
and start our own business without paying a bribe; that we can participate in the
political process without fear of retribution; and that our votes will be counted.
And fellow Americans, I say to you, tonight, we have more work to do
---
more work to do for the workers I met in Galesburg, Illinois, who are losing their
union jobs at the Maytag plant that’s moving to Mexico, and now they’re having
to compete with their own children for jobs that pay seven bucks an hour; more
to do for the father I met who was losing his job and choking back the tears,
wondering how he would pay $4,500 a month for the drugs his son needs
without the health benefits that he counted on; more to do for the young
woman in East St. Louis and thousands more like her who have the grades, have
the drive, have the will, but don’t have the money to go to college.
People don’t expect the government to solve all their problems. But they
sense, deep in their bones, that with just a slight change in priorities, we can
make sure that every child in America has a decent shot at life, and that the
doors of opportunity remain open to all.
Reading Time
_______ minutes _______ seconds
562 words
115
R
eading Comprehension
116
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Fill in each blank with the best word from the list. Use each word only

70
5
10
15
20
S
upplemental Reading
0
5
0
M
entally challenged people have IQs of below seventy. Many mentally
challenged people with IQs of fifty-five and above can hold jobs,
have children, and do many things that “normal” people do. They
even commit murder and other crimes. When
mentally challenged people
commit crimes and are convicted, is it fair to put them to death, as other
criminals are sentenced to death? This is a question
that American people and
their courts have struggled with for many years. However, in recent years, it
seems that the majority of Americans have come closer to agreement on the
issue. Many people now think that putting mentally challenged people to death
is a “cruel and unusual” punishment.
Daryl Atkins had an IQ of fifty-nine. In the late 1990s,
Atkins was found guilty of killing
a person and was given
the death penalty in Virginia. His case was appealed all the
way up to the Supreme Court. In 2002, the court ruled that
Atkins and other mentally challenged persons may not be
executed. This decision opposed a 1989
Supreme Court
decision that said mentally challenged persons may be
executed. Since 1976, approximately thirty-five mentally
challenged people have been executed in the United States.
In the 2002 decision, the court said that
the nation had come to a
consensus against executing the mentally challenged. They said it is unfair to
execute someone who cannot fully understand how bad their actions were. It is a
violation of the US Constitution’s ban against “cruel and unusual punishment.”
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NOANANAVIY DARS ISHLANMALARI UCHUN METODLARDAN FOYDALANISH USULLARI

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NOANANAVIY DARS ISHLANMALARI UCHUN METODLARDAN FOYDALANISH USULLARI
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bet | 108/143 | Sana | 12.12.2023 | Hajmi | 0,69 Mb. | | #116605 |
Bog'liq Ona tili va adabiyot fanidan-fayllar.orgNOANANAVIY DARS ISHLANMALARI UCHUN METODLARDAN FOYDALANISH USULLARI
144
Munozarali darslar ham muammoli ta’lim texnologiyalariga asoslanadi. Munozarali darslar mazmuni va mohiyatiga ko‘ra:
Ilmiy munozara darslari;
Erkin fikrlash darslariga ajratiladi.
Ilmiy munozara darslari dasturdagi muayyan bir mavzuni o‘rganishga bag`ishlanadi. Mazkur dars oldida qo‘yidagi vazifalar turadi:
O‘quvchilarning bilish faoliyatini faollashtirish orqali tahsil olishga va fanga qiziqishlarini orttirish, bilimlarini kengaytirish.
O‘quvchilarning avval o‘zlashtirgan bilim, ko‘nikma va malakalarini odatiy, tanish va kutilmagan yangi vaziyatlarda qo‘llanishi orqali yangi bilimlarni egallashlariga erishish.
O‘quvchilarning bilimidagi mavhum tushunchalarni aniqlash va ularga barham berish, bilim olishga bo‘lgan intilishlarini rivojlantirish.
O‘quvchilarni nutq madaniyatini o‘stirish, o‘z fikrlarini lo‘nda va mantiqan to‘g`ri bayon etish, ularda dalillash ko‘nikmalarini hosil qilish.
Masalan: Ona tili fanida nutqning to‘g‘riligi, yozuvlarning xatosizligi muhokamali bo‘lsa, geografiya fanidan munozarali darslar «Atrof muhitning ifloslanishi», «Yerda hayot paydo bo‘lishi va dastlabki rivojlanish» kabi mavzulardagi umumlashtiruvchi darslarda foydalaniladi.
Ilmiy munozarali darslarning tuzilishi quyidagicha bo‘ladi:
I. O‘qituvchining kirish so‘zi. Bunda o‘qituvchi dars mavzusi, maqsadi va vazifalari, ilmiy munozara o‘tkaziladigan muammolarning umumiy vazifasi darsda o‘quvchilar guruhi bajaradigan topshiriqlar bilan tanishtiradi.
II. O‘quvchilar faoliyatini munozarali va muammoli vazifalarni bajarish va hal etishga yo‘llash.
III. O‘quvchilar guruhi o‘rtasida o‘quv bahsi va munozarani tashkil etish.
IV. O‘quv bahsi va munozara yakuni. O‘qituvchi dars davomida bahs va munozara keltirib chiqargan muammolar yechimidagi asosiy g`oya va tushunchalarni ta’kidlab, xulosalar chiqaradi.
IV. O‘quvchilarni baholash. O‘quv bahsi va munozaralarda faol ishtirok etgan o‘quvchilar rag`batlantiriladi va reyting tizimiga muvofiq baholanadi.
V. Uyga vazifa berish.
VI. Darsni yakunlash.
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Test sinov darslari - Ona tili va adabiyot fanidan

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Ona tili va adabiyot fanidan
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bet | 110/143 | Sana | 12.12.2023 | Hajmi | 0,69 Mb. | | #116605 |
Bog'liq Ona tili va adabiyot fanidan-fayllar.orgTest sinov darslari. O‘qituvchi o‘quvchilarga 2 xil variantda test materiallarini tarqatadi. Bunda test materiallari variantlar bo‘yicha sinf o‘quvchilariga teng yetadigan darajada bo‘lishi kerak. Bir xil variantdagi o‘quvchilarning joylashuvi va munosabatlari dars davomida e’tiborga olinadi. Testlarni yechishda o‘quvchilarni nazorat qilishni 2 ta a’lochi o‘quvchiga bolalar sonini teng ikkiga bo‘lib topshiriladi. O‘z-o‘zini nazorat qilish natijasida test savollarini yechishga kirishiladi. Yakunlangan testlarni tekshirish uchun yig`ishtirib olinib, almashtirib tarqatiladi. Javoblar 2 ta o‘quvchi tomonidan o‘qib beriladi. Guruhdoshlari esa tekshirishni amalga oshiradi. Darsning o‘z-o‘zini boshqarishi va natijalarni baholashga 10-15 minut vaqt sarflanadi. Qolgan vaqtlarda darsning boshqa bosqichlari amalga oshiriladi. Bunda o‘quvchilarni 100 foiz baholashga erishiladi.
Modifikatsiyalangan - shakli o‘zgartirilgan ma’ruza . Bu o‘qitish usulidan o‘qituvchi mavzu mazmunini og`zaki nutq orqali o‘quvchilarga yetkazadi, o‘quvchilar bilan muloqot olib boradi. Ammo, an’anaviy ma’ruzadan farqi - o‘qituvchi va o‘quvchi orasida muloqot ketadi.
Qo‘llanilishi:
• o‘quvchilarga umumiy axborot berish uchun;
• fanga kirish va asosiy materiallarni berish uchun;
• qaysidir turdagi faoliyatni boshlashdan oldin namoyish qilish, rolli o‘yinlar va boshqa turdagi usullarni qo‘llashdan oldin;
• ta’rif, qoida, formulalarni masala yoki laboratoriya ishlarida qo‘llashni namoyish qilish uchun.
Afzalligi:
• tezkorlik bilan amalga oshirilishi;
147
darsga kerak bo‘lgan ko‘rgazmali qurollar, ko‘rsatma materiallarni tayyorlanishi;
katta guruhlarda samaradorligi;
kam resurslarni talab qilishi;
boshqa usullar bilan birgalikda qo‘llash mumkinligi;
vaqtni yengil boshqara olishi;
guruhni birgalikda ishlash imkonini berishi.
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Gi as a Weapon? - S e c o n d e d I t I o n 1 Reading for the Real World 1

Vocabulary Preview
Match each word or phrase with the correct definition.
1. affirm
a. persisting; not stopping
2. bribe
b. accepting of differences
3. perseverance
c. to assert positively; to confirm
4. priority
d. a tall building
5. skyscraper
e. money or a favor given to get something you want
6. tolerant
f. the most important thing
Pre-Reading Questions
Think about the following questions.
1. Do you think America is the land of opportunity? Why or why not?
2. What social issues you are concerned about?
3. What are some ways individuals can help to solve these social
issues?
Pre-Reading Questions
Barack Obama’s
Keynote Address at the
Democratic National
Convention
P e o p l e & O p i n i o n s 1
U N
I
T
10
114
Barack Obama’s Keynote Address at
the Democratic National Convention
5
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15
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T
onight is a particular honor for me because, let’s face it,
my presence
on this stage is pretty unlikely. My father was a foreign student, born
and raised in a small village in Kenya. He grew up herding goats and
went to school in a tin-roof shack. His father, my grandfather, was a cook, a
domestic servant to the British. But my grandfather
had larger dreams for his
son. Through hard work and perseverance my father got a scholarship to study in
a magical place, America, that shone as a
beacon of freedom and opportunity to
so many who had come before him.
While
studying here, my father met my mother. She was born in a town on
the other side of the world, in Kansas. My parents shared not only an
improbable love; they shared an
abiding faith in the possibilities of this nation.
They
would give me an African name, Barack, or “blessed,” believing that in a
tolerant America, your name is no barrier to success. They imagined me going to
the best schools in the land, even though they weren’t rich, because in a
generous America you don’t have to be rich to achieve your potential.
Tonight, we gather to affirm the greatness of our
nation not because of the
height of our skyscrapers, or the power of our military, or the
size of our economy; our pride
is based on a very simple
«Mehnatni muhofaza qilish»

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«Mehnatni muhofaza qilish»
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bet | 12/17 | Sana | 27.05.2024 | Hajmi | 52,5 Kb. | | #254497 |
Bog'liq O\'zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi va Mehnat kodeksining mehnatni muhofaza qilish sohasidagi ahamiyati.«Mehnatni muhofaza qilish» fani insonning ishlab chiqarishdagi faoliyatida sodir bo‘ladigan turli shakldagi xavflarni bartaraf etish va ulardan himoyalanish уo‘llarini o‘rganishga qaratilgan nazariy fandir. U keng qamrovli ilmiy-amaliy izlanishlar va tadqiqotlar asosida rivojlanib, takomillashib boradi.
Insonning mehnat xavfsizligini ta’minlashda ilmiynazariy izlanishlar asosida vujudga kelgan qonunlar, nizomlar, standartlar, ko‘rsatmalar, qoidalar va sanitartexnik me’yorlar hamda ularni o‘rganish bo‘yicha uzluksiz ta’lim-tarbiya tizimini vujudga keltirish, uni rivojlantirish muhim o‘rin tutadi.
Mehnatni muhofaza qilish fanining asosiy maqsadi talabalarga insonning ishlab chiqarishdagi mehnat faoliyati davrida yuzaga keladigan xavfli faktorlar, ularning kelib chiqish sabablari va bartaraf etish уo‘llari, mehnat xafsizligini ta’minlash hamda xavfsiz va sog‘lom ish sharoitlarini yaratish bo‘yicha nazariy bilim berish va amaliy ko‘nikmalar hosil qilishdan iboratdir.
Yuqoridagilarga mos holda talabalar fanni o‘rganish davomida quyidagilarni nazariy jihatdan о‘zlashtirishlari lozim:
mehnat xavfsizligining nazariy asoslari. Ergonomika va mehnat xavfsizligi psixologiyasi haqida tushuncha;
mehnat xavfsizligini ta’minlovchi asosiy tamoyillar, uslublar va vositalar tizimi;
mehnat xavfsizligini boshqarish asoslari;
mehnat xavfsizligining huquqiy va tashkiliy asoslari.
Mehnatni muhofaza qilish bo‘yicha qonunlar, standartlar tizimi, nizomlar, ko‘rsatmalar, ishlab chiqarish sanitariyasi me’yorlari va boshqa me’yoriy hujjatlar:
ishlab chiqarishda mehnat xavfsizligini ta’minlash, sog‘lom va xavfsiz ish sharoitlarini yaratish bo‘yicha rejali tadbirlar mazmuni, uni ishlab chiqish tartibi;
ishlab chiqarishdagi baxtsiz hodisalarni tahlil qilish, ularni tekshirish va hujjatlashtirish tartiblari;
mehnat xavfsizligini ta’minlashning iqtisodiy samaradorligini oshirish, baxtsiz hodisalar sabablarini aniqlash uslublarini o‘rganish;
xavfsiz mehnat sharoitini ta’minlashga qaratilgan shaxsiy himoya vositalari bilan ishchi-xizmatchilarni ta’minlash tartibi va ulardan foydalanish уo‘llari;
sog‘lom va xavfsiz mehnat sharoitini yaratish
bo‘yicha sanitar-gigiyenik tadbirlar;
ishlab chiqarishdagi texnika vositalaridan, mashina- mexanizmlar, qurilmalar va moslamalardan foydalanishdagi xavfsizlik qoidalari;
yong‘in xavfsizligi. Yong‘inning kelib chiqish sabablari, uning oldini olish, yong‘inni o‘chirish texnika vositalari va usullari;
jarohatlanganlarga birinchi tibbiy yordam ko‘rsatish tartibi va qoidalari.
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Malcolm X: “By Any Means Necessary”

Vocabulary Preview
Match each word or phrase with the correct definition.
1. blow
a. a room devoted
to reading and studying
2. bonfire
b. a forcible stroke to the body
3. curse
c. a large fire built outside
4. remnant
d. an unusual public display
5. spectacle
e. a small remaining part
6. study
f. to bring great evil upon
Pre-Reading Questions
Think about the following questions.
1. Do you know anyone who has a multiracial background?
2. In the past, how were multiracial people treated by society?
3. How are multiracial people treated by society today?
Desiree’s Baby
by
Kate Chopin
L a n g u a g e & L i t e r a t u re 2
U N
I
T
7
84
Desiree’s Baby
by Kate Chopin
5
10
15
20
25
D
esiree sat in her room, one hot afternoon. The baby lay asleep upon
her own great mahogany bed. One of
La Blanche’s little
quadroon
boys stood fanning the child. Desiree’s eyes
had been fixed absently
and sadly upon the baby. She looked from her child to the boy who stood beside
him and back again “Ah!” The blood turned like ice in her
veins, and a
clammy
moisture gathered upon her face. She stayed motionless, with her gaze riveted
upon her child and her face the picture of fright.
Presently, her husband entered
the room and without
noticing her, went to a table and began to search among some
papers. “Armand,” she called to him. But he did not notice.
“Armand,” she said again. Then she rose and
tottered
toward him. “Armand,” she panted once more, clutching his
arm, “look at our child. What does it mean? Tell me.”
“It means,”
he answered lightly, “that the child is not
white; it means that you are not white.”
When she could hold a pen in her hand, she sent a despairing letter to
Madame Valmonde.
“
My mother, they tell me I am not white. For God’s sake, tell them it is not
true. I will die. I must die. I cannot be so unhappy and live.”
The answer that came was brief:
“
My own Desiree: Come home to Valmonde, back to your mother who
loves you. Come with your child.”
When the letter reached Desiree, she went with it to her husband’s study,
and laid it open upon the desk before which he sat.
He said nothing. “Shall I go, Armand?” she asked in tones sharp with
agonized suspense.
2
La Blanche --- the
name of the head slave
2
quadroon --- a person with one-quarter black ancestry
5
vein --- a vessel that carries blood toward the heart
5
clammy --- damp, sticky, and cool
11
totter
--- to walk unsteadily
Mavzuni mustaqil o’zlashtirish - 2 O‘quv uslubiy majmua O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi...

154
Referat, kurs ish(loyixa)larini bajarish - bu talabalar mustaqil ishlarining
samarali shakllaridan biridir. Mazkur shakl talaba tomonidan
izox xati mavzulari
bo’yicha unda yoritiladigan masalalar mazmunini oldindan rejalashtirish, izox
xatini tayyorlash va kurs ishi(loyixasi)ni bajarishning barcha bosqichlarida
kafedra
professor-o’qituvchilarining tashkiliy-uslubiy yordami va maslaxati asosidagina
samarali amalga oshishi mumkin. Bu yerda o’qituvchi
tomonidan talabalarning
kurs(loyixa) ishlariga raxbarlik qilish qanchalik batafsil va malakali amalga
oshirilganligi va ularga talablar mezoni qanchalik to’g’ri qo’yilganligi albatta, xal
qiluvchi axamiyatga ega. Тopshiriq talabalarning referat yozish ko’nikmalarini,
ilmiy qiziqishlari va bilim darajasini xisobga olgan xolda berilishi juda muxim.
Тalabalar mustaqil ishlarini tashkil etishning asosiy tamoyillari

156
4. Mustaqil ishni amalga oshirishda talaba bajarishi lozim
bo’lgan vazifalar.
Тalabalar mustaqil ishlarini tashkil etishda quyidagi
vazifalarni bajarishlari
lozim:
yangi bilimlarni mustaqil tarzda puxta o’zlashtirish ko’nikmalariga ega bo’lish;
zarur ma’lumotlarni izlab topish uchun qulay usullarni va vositalarni aniqlash;
axborot manbalaridan samarali foydalanish;
an’anaviy o’quv va ilmiy adabiyotlar xamda me’yoriy xujjatlar bilan ishlash;
elektron o’quv va ilmiy adabiyotlar va ma’lumotlar banki bilan ishlash;
Internet tarmog’idan maqsadli foydalanish;
ma’lumotlar bazasini taxlil etish;
ish natijalarini ekspertizaga tayyorlash va ekspert
xulosasi asosida qayta
ishlash;
topshiriqlarni bajarishda tizimli va ijodiy yondashish;
ishlab
chiqilgan yechim, loyixa yoki g’oyani asoslash va mutaxassislar
davrasida ximoya qilish.