nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Granting Permissions - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Controlling File and Directory Permissions
51
Granting Ownership to a Group
To transfer ownership of a file from one group to another, we can use the
chgrp
(or change group) command.
Hackers are often more likely to work alone than in groups, but it’s not
unheard of for several hackers or pentesters work together on a project, and
in that case, using groups is necessary. For instance, you might have a group
of pentesters and a group of security team members working on the same
project. The pentesters in this example are the root group, meaning they
have all permissions and access. The root group needs access to the hack-
ing tools, whereas the security folk only need access to defensive tools such
as an intrusion detection system (IDS). Let’s say the root group downloads
and installs a program named newIDS; the root group will need to change
the ownership to the security group so the security group can use it at will.
To do so, the root group would simply enter the following command:
kali >
chgrp 
u
security - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

52
Chapter 5
x
The owner of the file
y
The size of the file in bytes
z
When the file was created or last modified
{
The name of the file
For now, let’s focus on the seemingly incomprehensible strings of letters
and dashes on the left edge of each line. They tell us whether an item is a
file or directory and what permissions, if any, are on it.
The first character tells you the file type, where
d
stands for a directory
and a dash (
–
) indicates a file. These are the two most common file types.
The next section defines the permissions on the file. There are three sets
of three characters, made of some combination of read (
r
), write (
w
), and
execute (
x
), in that order. The first set represents the permissions of the
owner; the second, those of the group; and the last, those of all other users.
Regardless of which set of three letters you’re looking at, for files, if
you see an
r
first, that user or group of users has permission to open and
read that file or directory. A
w
as the middle letter means they can write to
(modify) the file, and an
x
at the end means they can execute (or run) the
file or access the directory. If any
r
,
w
, or
x
is replaced with a dash (
-
), then
the respective permission hasn’t been given. Note that users can have per-
mission to execute only either binaries or scripts.
Let’s use the third line of output in Listing 5-1 as an example:
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 33685504 June 28 2018 hashcat.hcstat
The file is called, as we know from the right end of the line,
hashcat.hcstat.
After the initial
–
(which indicates it’s a file), the permissions
rw-
tell us that
the owner has read and write permissions but not execute permission.
The next set of permissions (
r--
) represents those of the group and
shows that the group has read permission but not write or execute permis-
sions. And, finally, we see that the rest of the users also have only read per-
mission (
r--
).
These permissions aren’t set in stone. As a root user or file owner, you
can change them. Next, we’ll do just that.
BS Application of NaYF - Table of contents Organizers

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Table of contents Organizers
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10BS Application of NaYF4 for nanothermometry of albumin thermolysis S.O. Ustalkov, Saratov National Research State University, Russia Mohammed A.H.M., Saratov National Research State University, Russia V.I. Kochubey, Saratov National Research State University and National Research Tomsk State University, Russia A.A. Skaptsov, Saratov National Research State University, Russia I.Yu. Yanina, Saratov National Research State University and National Research Tomsk State University, Russia
11BS Effect of hydrothermal synthesis conditions on the characteristics of upconversion particles E.A. Sagaidachnaya, Saratov National Research State University, Russia I. Yu. Yanina, Saratov National Research State University and National Research Tomsk State University, Russia V. I. Kochubey, Saratov National Research State University and National Research Tomsk State University, Russia
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BS Adsorption of biomacromolecules and drugs on carbon dots surface

7BS Adsorption of biomacromolecules and drugs on carbon dots surface Kirill Laptinskiy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Sergey Burikov, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Tatiana Laptinskaya, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Olga Shenderova, Adamas Nanotechnologies, USA Tatiana Dolenko, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
8BS Comparative study of methods of analysis of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy data to assess skin chromophores concentrations B.P. Yakimov, Department of Physics of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia G.S. Budylin,Faculty of Physics of Higher School of Economics, Russia D.A.Davydov, Department of Physics of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia V.V. Fadeev, Department of Physics of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University E.A. Shirshin, Department of Physics of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University and Institute of spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
9BS Study of the optical parameters of human gingival and dentin tissues in the spectral range 200-800 nm A.A. Selifonov, SSU; SSMU, Russia O.A. Zyuryukina, SSU, Russia V.V. Tuchin, SSU; University of ITMO; Precision Mechanics and Control Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
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BS Temperature dependences of the spectral characteristics of the skin

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BS Temperature dependences of the spectral characteristics of the skin
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5BS Temperature dependences of the spectral characteristics of the skin Irina Yu. Yanina,1,2 Alexander A. Skaptsov,1 Julia G. Konyukhova,1 Natalia I. Kazadaeva,1 Elena A. Sagaidachnaya,1 Anna A.Doronkina,1 Alexander B. Pravdin,1 Vyacheslav I. Kochubey1,2 1Saratov National Research State University (SSU), Russia 2National Research Tomsk State University (TSU), Russia
6BS Raman detection of skin cancer using portable spectroscopic system Yulia A. Khristoforova, Samara University, Russia Ivan A. Bratchenko, Samara University, Russia Alexander A. Moryatov, Samara State Medical University, Russia Sergey V. Kozlov, Samara State Medical University, Russia Andrey E. Orlov, Samara Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary Valery P. Zakharov, Samara University, Russia
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dIgItAl And onlIne mAPs - Tyner indb

Continuity and Change in the Computer era 203
person or a team examining a data set to look for spatiotemporal patterns, that is,
visualization, or will it be used to communicate information?
When creating animated maps there are additional graphic variables (see Chap-
ter 7) to consider: duration, rate of change, order, display date, frequency, and syn-
chronization (Table 11.1).
Duration is the period of time a frame or scene remains on
the screen. A frame is a single image; a scene is a group of frames. The shorter the
duration, generally, the smoother the animation.
Rate of change is the relationship
between the magnitude of the change of attributes and the duration of the frame or
scene. Less magnitude of change between frames or a longer duration for each frame
makes a smoother animation.
Order is the arrangement or sequence in which the
frames are presented. Most commonly the order is chronological, but other arrange-
ments can also be used, such as quantities, that may help viewers to visualize pat-
terns.
Display date is the time some change is started.
Frequency is the number of
recognizable stages for each unit of time and
synchronization is the correspondence
time series.
In designing the animated map page layout there are three major considerations.
The map image itself, of course, is primary and should, like conventional maps, take
up most of the space available. Because of limitations of screen size and performance
and the need for expanded legends and interface, these maps may be smaller than
desired. This has implications for the amount of information shown. Animated maps,
like static maps, require a title and legend or legends. There may be a conventional
legend to explain symbols and a temporal legend to track time, but a legend is also
needed to navigate the map. Three types of temporal legend are shown in Figure 11.1.
The final element is the interface that allows the user to interact with the animation.
This provides tools to pause, fast-forward and fast-reverse, go to a specific frame, or
even reorder the sequence of frames. There may also be a link to the database.
Mark Harrower (2003) provided a series of “tips” for designing an attractive,
effective animated map. He noted four challenges that animated maps present. One
of these is that the reader can miss important information because it flashes on the
screen too quickly. This is referred to as
disappearance. Because of this problem,
many map-reading tasks that are simple with static maps, such as estimating sizes,
matching colors to a legend, comparing symbols, or reading labels, are difficult for
users of animated maps. Some animations include large blocks of text that show too
briefly for the user to read this text and look at the map. Some of Harrower’s sugges-
geographic location - Tyner indb

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Bog'liq Judith A. Tyner. Principles of map design. New York. „The Guilford Press”, 2010geographic location
The geometry of geographic space is determined by reference to coordinates, either
longitude and latitude for conventional mapping, or some other form for cartograms
or other distorted maps.
leVels of clAssIfIcAtIon of geogRAPhIc dAtA
The data gathered for geographic phenomena may simply show location and nature,
that is, where and what the phenomena are; or they may rank phenomena, or they
may specify actual values. There are four levels of measurement for data, each of
which provides a certain degree of information. These are nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio classification. Nominal classification is also called qualitative and is the
lowest level of information. Ordinal, interval, and ratio classification come under the
general heading of quantitative information and represent successively higher levels
of information (Figure 7.4).
Nominal classification locates and names. Items are placed into mutually exclu-
sive categories and located on the map. The categories are qualitative, since no rank-
ing or value is attached, and no item can be placed in more than one category. Thus, a
vegetation map shows deciduous forests, coniferous forests, grasslands, and the like,
and a land-use map might identify urban and rural categories. Where there is some
mixture, such as a forest with 90% deciduous trees and 10% coniferous trees, the
category would be chosen as a part of the generalization process (see Chapter 5).
Ordinal classification “orders” or places data into ranked categories, but does
not give exact values within categories. Sometimes a series of numerical categories is
given, while at other times a descriptive ranking, such as small, medium, or large is
used. A city might be classified as 500,000–1,000,000 population, but no indication
of its exact place within the category is given.
Interval and ratio classification are similar, since actual values are given, as
well as function and rank. A uniform unit of measurement is used for both, such as
degrees, feet, meters, Euros, or dollars. They differ in that interval measurement has
an arbitrary starting point instead of an absolute zero point. The Celsius temperature
scale begins at an arbitrarily assigned zero, the temperature at which water freezes.
Population measure begins at an absolute zero. Therefore, comparisons such as twice
as hot or half as hot are not possible using interval measurement, but twice as many
people or half as many people is possible with ratio measurement. In cartographic
practice, the difference between these two levels of measurement has little or no effect
136 sYMBOLizaTiOn
on symbol selection. When symbols are attached to data that have been scaled by
interval or ratio measurement, value can be determined from the size or some other
characteristic of the symbol.
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The NaTure of GeoGraphic pheNomeNa

Basics of symbolization 135
continuity
Geographic phenomena may be discontinuous or
discrete, that is, found only at cer-
tain locations, or
continuous, that is, found everywhere within the mapped area.
Point phenomena are by nature discontinuous, but area and volume phenomena may
be either. Barometric pressure and temperature are continuous over the world; forests
are not, although they may be considered continuous over small areas. Discrete phe-
nomena may also be either concentrated or dispersed.
Appearance of the graticule

126 THe geOgRaPHiC anD CaRTOgRaPHiC FRaMeWORK
sible to condense an interrupted projection to gain scale and put a larger scale map
on a specific page size.
orientation Indication
Frequently one sees maps in textbooks, atlases, and other works that do not show the
projection name. This is not a problem when the area represented is a small one, such
as a city or county, but for larger areas, omitting the projection name does the reader
a grave disservice. This is especially so when the graticule has also been omitted, leav-
ing only ticks to show latitude and longitude, or when even the ticks have been left
off (a practice that cannot be recommended for world maps). When this is done, the
reader has no way of determining where the zone of best representation is found or
what the projection properties are.
Except for maps of easily recognizable areas where no reason exists for determin-
ing latitude and longitude and where the orientation is obvious, some indication of
orientation is needed. The graticule will serve this purpose, as will grid ticks.
North arrows are the most frequently misused indicators of direction, as noted
in Chapter 2. A north arrow does not show the general direction of north on maps; it
is specific. The north arrow must be true for the entire map, not just one small spot;
therefore, unless the meridians are all straight and parallel, a north arrow cannot
be used. This means that, except for maps of small areas, the use of such an arrow
is limited to cylindrical projections in the equatorial case. It is not suited to conics,
azimuthals, or any projection with curved meridians.
sUggestIons foR fURtheR ReAdIng

128 THe geOgRaPHiC anD CaRTOgRaPHiC FRaMeWORK
Monmonier, Mark. (1995).
Drawing the Line: Tales of Maps and Cartocontroversy. New
York: Holt.
Monmonier, Mark. (2004).
Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social History of the Mercator
Projection. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Price, Edward T. (1995).
Dividing the Land: Early American Beginnings of Our Private
Property Mosaic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Snyder, John P. (1993).
Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections. Chi-
cago: University of Chicago Press.
Snyder, John P., and Voxland, Philip M. (1989).
An Album of Map Projections. U.S. Geologi-
cal Survey Professional Paper 1453. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Thrower, Norman J. W. (1966).
Original Survey and Land Subdivision: A Comparative
Study of the Form and Effect of Contrasting Cadastral Surveys. Washington, DC: Rand
McNally and The Association of American Geographers.
misuse of Projections - Tyner indb

The earth’s graticule and Projections 127
ure 6.40). It is created by using longitude and latitude as rectangular or
x,
y coor-
dinates and is similar to plane charts of the 16th century. Mark Monmonier flatly
states, “If any projection is worth denouncing, it’s the vaguely named ‘geographical
projection’ popular among users of geographic information system (GIS) software”
(Monmonier, 2004, p. 176). On the map shown, one can see that the map enlarges
the northern states of the United States; this is because, like other rectangular projec-
tions, the meridians do not converge at the poles.
Other examples of the misuse of projections abound and yet should not happen.
There is little excuse for ignorance given the number of readily available tables of pro-
jection use, and no excuse for negligence or laziness. Using an unsuitable projection
because it was the most readily available base map is not acceptable.
location of the subject Area

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Bog'liq Judith A. Tyner. Principles of map design. New York. „The Guilford Press”, 2010location of the subject Area
Just as the zone of best representation of the various projections makes them more
suitable for areas of different sizes and shapes, so too are they suited to different
latitudinal positions. For example, the conic projections generally show midlatitudes
best and especially midlatitude areas that have a greater east–west than north–south
extent. An oblique conic or a portion of the polyconic projection could be used for
narrow north–south areas.
If one is using a world projection, the issue of centering arises. Normally, one
puts the primary area of interest in the center of the map, but for a world distribution
map on which no one area is primary, one must decide what to put in the center. Pro-
jections in normal or equatorial aspects can be centered on any meridian. Commonly
the prime meridian is chosen. However, some have accused cartographers of being
deliberately Eurocentric when using the prime meridian because it places Europe in
the center of the map. However, studies have found that when students create mental
maps of the world, they tend to put their home country or continent in the middle so
centering for the audience makes sense. Thus, a reasonable option is to place North
America in the center for western hemisphere audiences or Asia for Chinese audi-
ences and so forth. Again, some will criticize the selection, but if the cartographer
is aware of potential bias, has considered the audience and purpose of the map, and
based the choice on these factors, the choice can be defended.
Audience
Map audiences vary widely, but, as detailed in Chapter 2, maps are generally aimed at
a specific audience. When the cartographer chooses a projection, he or she has some
knowledge of the degree of sophistication of the map user. Taking this information,
the cartographer can decide if the graticule form is distracting or if an interrupted
projection might be confusing.
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OBUNA BO'LING - Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining

OBUNA BO'LING TFTDÿL ismingiz familiyangiz
Javobni olganingizda va birinchi sondagi ma'lumotlarni o'qiganingizda, siz xuddi shu xabarni yuboradigan ro'yxatdan obunani bekor qilishingiz mumkin, ammo tanadagi buyruq bilan o'zgartirildi.
OBUNA BO'LING TFTDÿL ismingiz familiyangiz
O'zingiz o'rganing yoki Internetda ishlaydigan boshqa birovdan www.newsville.com/news/groups veb-saytini o'rganishda yordam berishini so'rang, u erda turli xil yangiliklar guruhlari (Usenet Newsgroup Hierarchies) to'plamini topishingiz mumkin. Eng qiziqarli mavzularga ega ro'yxatlardan birini tanlang va ularga obuna bo'lishga harakat qiling.
81
O'QITUVCHILAR UCHUN INTERNET. AMALIY KURS
Usenet yangiliklar guruhlari
Usenet (Foydalanuvchi tarmog'ining qisqartmasi) - bu xalqaro telekonferentsiya tarmog'i bo'lib, u Internet tarmog'idan ancha uzoqqa cho'zilgan. Usenetdagi muhokama guruhlari yangiliklar guruhlari deb ataladi. Yangiliklar guruhlari foydalanuvchilar konferentsiyaga yuborgan oldingi nashrlar uchun maqolalar va javoblardan iborat. Konferentsiyalar qat'iy ierarxiya bo'yicha guruhlangan (ÿ Konferentsiya nomlari misollariga qarang . 2-ilova).
Yangilik guruhlari xabarlari pochta qutisida emas, balki maxsus yangiliklar serverida saqlanadi. Foydalanuvchi tanlangan yangiliklar guruhlarida ro'yxatdan o'tishi kerak. Aslida, bu foydalanuvchi har safar tarmoqqa kirganida (elektron pochtani yuklab olish va yuklash) o'z kompyuteriga yuklab olinadigan yangiliklar guruhlari manzillari (nomlari) ro'yxatini belgilaydi.
Yangilik guruhlarini o'qish uchun foydalanuvchi o'zida mavjud bo'lgan pochta dasturiga (Outlook Express) maxsus sozlamalarni qo'shishi kerak:
|
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar

310
2.
Jobirovich Y. M. The Role Of Digital Technologies
In Reform Of The Education
System //The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations. – 2021. – Т. 3. – №. 04. –
С. 461-
3. Amonov U. S. O ‘qish darslarida maqol janridan foydalanish usullari va ahamiyati: DOI:
10.53885/edinres. 2021.53. 34.124 US
4. O.R.Avezov.
Ekstrennaya psixologicheskaya pomosh v ekstremalnix situatsiyax
. Vestnik
integrativnoy psixologii 4 (No. 21), 34-37.
5. Nigora Adizova Baxtiyorovna. 3-4-sinf ona tili darslarida qoʻllanadigan
tayanch
kompetensiyalar. Journal of Advanced Research and Stability. Volume: 02 Issue: 01 | 2022
6. Rakhmonovich,
Adizov Bakhtiyor, and Nodira Adizova Bakhtiyorovna.
"linguistic
classification of toponyms of bukhara district." Emergent: Journal of Educational Discoveries and
Lifelong Learning
(EJEDL) 2.09 (2021): 1-
7. Safarov F. S. et al. The effect of a tissue biostimulator on embryonic
and post-embryonic
development of lambs //Uchen. Zap-azerb. sel'.-khoz-Inst. Ser. zhivot. – 1970. – №. 2. – С. 38-41.
8. Hayitov H. A. Sharq mumtoz adabiyotida ohang talqini //Мировая наука. – 2019. – №. 8. – С.
3-5.
9. Saidova Mohinur Jonpulatovna, Ibrahimova Mohichehra Furkat Qizi.
An integrated approach to
the use of pedagogical technologies in primary school mathematics
// Middle European Scientific Bulletin.
Volume 8
, January 2021, 174
10.
Ergashovna S. G. Formation of concepts about length
in primary school students, developing
length measuring skills. – 2021.
11. Джураева С. Н., Дустова Д. С. Способы воспитания
личных качеств у студентов
педагогической специальности //Academy. – 2019. – №. 6 (45). – С. 96-98
12.
O‘ktamovna X. N.
O‘zbek romanlarida tarixiy inversiyani berish usullari va vositalari
//Барқарорлик ва Етакчи Тадқиқотлар онлайн илмий журнали. – 2021. – Т. 1. – №. 5. – С. 430-433.
13.
Hayitov H. A. QUSHLARGA IBRAT-HAZRATI XIZR! //Интернаука. – 2020. – №. 12-3. –
С. 72-73.
14.
Hayitov,
Hamza
Ahmadovich.
"SHARQ
MUMTOZ
ADABIYOTIDA
OHANG
TALQINI."
Мировая наука 8 (2019): 3-5.
15.
Hayitov,
Hamza
Ahmadovich.
"LITERARY
INFLUENCE
AND
ARTISTIC
IMAGE."
Экономика и социум 8 (2019): 11-14.
16.
Ahmadovich, Hayitov Hamza. "Expression of Folklorisms
in the Works of Ghafur
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17.
Хаитов, Хамза. "Адабиётда кулгидан фойдаланиш анъанасининг асослари."
Общество и
инновации 2.3/S (2021): 49-52.
18.
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SINTAKSIS BOʻLIMINI OʻQITISHDA OPTIMAL YONDASHUV SIFATIDA //Buxoro
davlat
universitetining Pedagogika instituti jurnali. – 2021. – Т. 1. – №. 1
O‘SPIRINLIK DAVRIDA RIVOJLANISHNING O‘ZIGA XOS AYRIM PSIXOLOGIK XUSUSIYATLARI

O‘SPIRINLIK DAVRIDA RIVOJLANISHNING O‘ZIGA XOS AYRIM PSIXOLOGIK XUSUSIYATLARI.
M.Xolnazarova
Gul DU “Psixologiya” kafedrasi professori
Sh.G‘ofurova
Gul DU 62-20 - amaliy psixologiya yo‘nalishi II kurs talabasi
Ijtimoiy hayotning barcha sohalari shiddat bilan rivojlanib borayotgan hozirgi ilg‘or texnika va
texnologiyalar asrida barcha fanlar qatorida psixologiya fanining ham kishilar turmush tarzidagi o‘rni va
ahamiyati kun sayin oshib bormoqda. Muhtaram Prezidentimiz Shavkat Mirziyoevning “Psixologiya
sohasida kadrlarni tayyorlash tizimini yanada takomillashtirish va jamiyatda huquq buzarliklarning oldini
olish chora tadbirlari to‘g‘risida” gi
1
qarori loyihasi e’lon qilinishi yuqoridagi
fikrimizning yaqqol dalili
bo‘la oladi.
Loyihaga binoan psixoprofilaktika,
psixodiagnostika, psixokorrektsiya psixologik maslahat,
psixoterapiya sohalarida kasbiy bilim, malaka va kompetentsiyalarga ega yuqori malakali kadrlarni
1
Qarang: Prezident Sh.M.Mirziyoevning “Aholiga psixologik hizmat ko’satish
va psixologiya sohasida
kadrlar tayyorlash tizimini tubdan takomillashtirish chora-tadbirlari to’g’risida” gi qarori. PQ 472. 7.06.2019
yil.
chmod u-w hashcat.hcstat - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

56
Chapter 5
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Dec 5 11.17 Public
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Dec 5 11.17 Templates
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Dec 5 11.17 Videos
We can see
newhackertool at
u
, along with the
rest of the contents of the
root directory. We can see that our
newhackertool doesn’t have execute per-
mission for anyone. This makes it impossible to use. It might seem strange
that by default, Linux won’t let you execute a file you downloaded, but over-
all this setting makes your system more secure.
We can give ourselves permission to execute
newhackertool by
entering
the following:
kali >
Changing Permissions - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Changing Permissions We can use the Linux command
chmod
(or change mode) to change the per-
missions. Only a root user or the file’s owner can change permissions.
In this section, we use
chmod
to change permissions on hashcat.hcstat using two different methods. First we use a numerical representation of
permissions, and then we use a symbolic representation.
Changing Permissions with Decimal Notation We can use a shortcut to refer to permissions by using a single number
to represent one
rwx
set of permissions. Like everything underlying the
Controlling File and Directory Permissions
53 operating system, permissions are represented in binary, so ON and OFF
switches are represented by 1 and 0, respectively. You can think of the
rwx
permissions as three ON/OFF switches, so when all permissions are
granted, this equates to 111 in binary.
A binary set like this is then easily represented as one digit by convert-
ing it into octal, an eight-digit number system that starts with 0 and ends
with 7. An octal digit represents a set of three binary digits, meaning we
can represent an entire
rwx
set with one digit. Table 5-1 contains all possible
permission combinations and their octal and binary representatives.
Table 5-1:
Octal and Binary
Representations of Permissions
Binary
Octal
rwx
000
0
---
001
1
--x
010
2
-w-
011
3
-wx
100
4
r--
101
5
r-x
110
6
rw-
111
7
rwx
Using this information, let’s go through some examples. First, if we
want to set only the read permission, we could consult Table 5-1 and locate
the value for read:
r w x
4 - -
Next, if we want to set the permission to
wx
, we could use the same
methodology and look for what sets the
w
and what sets the
x
:
r w x
- 2 1
Notice in Table 5-1 that the octal representation for
-wx
is 3, which not
so coincidently happens to be the same value we get when we add the two
values for setting
w
and
x
individually: 2 + 1 = 3.
Finally, when all three permissions are on, it looks like this:
r w x
4 2 1
And 4 + 2 + 1 = 7. Here, we see that in Linux, when all the permission
switches are on, they are represented by the octal equivalent of 7.
54 Chapter 5
So, if we wanted to represent all permissions for the owner, group, and
all users, we could write it as follows:
7 7 7
Here’s where the shortcut comes in. By passing
chmod
three octal digits
(one for each
rwx
set), followed by a filename, we can change permissions on
that file for each type of user. Enter the following into your command line:
kali >
general guidelines - Tyner indb

142 sYMBOLizaTiOn
must look the same on the map and in the legend. The symbol must be appropriate
for the purpose and audience of the map.
Frequently, several different symbol types will initially seem equally acceptable,
but upon consideration of all factors only a few will be truly suitable. Although GIS
can create a variety of symbols, the ultimate choice still resides with the cartogra-
pher.
Several factors are involved in making the symbol choice: the purpose and theme
of the map; the cartographer’s conception of the geographic phenomena; identifica-
tion of the basic spatial attributes of the phenomena; quality, nature, and measure-
ment level of the data; scale; abilities of the map user; cartographic conventions; and
compatibility of symbols.
Geographic phenomena, as we have seen, may be positional, linear, areal, or
volumetric, and they may also be continuous or discontinuous. Point symbols are not
limited to the representation of point data. Often it is desirable to symbolize areal
data at points. Figure 7.10 shows the number of farms in the western United States
by point symbols. Although the actual data apply to an entire state, they may be
displayed as totals at point locations. In this example the points are at the centers of
the states. Volume phenomena may be symbolized by linear or areal symbols. Data
for continuous phenomena are often obtained only at certain points, for example,
weather stations for temperature or rainfall or control stations for elevations. In these
cases, although the data are determined at points, the actual distribution represents a
volume, and the distribution is shown with a linear symbol (Figure 7.11).
The
purpose and
theme of the map, as we have seen, must be considered at all
stages of the cartographic process but are especially important here. Several questions
might be asked: What are the general and specific purposes? The general purposes
of thematic maps are to provide qualitative or quantitative information for different
locations or to map the characteristics of the phenomena to reveal spatial patterns
NUMBER
OF FARMS
Under 5,000
5,001-10,000
10,001-20,000
20,001-50,000
50,001-100,000
Over 100,000
Creating a User-Defined Variable - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Creating a User-Defined Variable
You can create your own custom, user-defined variables in Linux by simply
assigning a value to a new variable that you name. This may be useful when
you are doing some more advanced shell scripting or find you’re often using
a long command that you get tired of typing over and over.
78
Chapter 7
The syntax is straightforward: enter the name of your variable, followed
by the assignment symbol (
=
) without a space, and then the value to put in
the variable, as shown here:
kali >
MYNEWVARIABLE="Hacking is the most valuable skill set in the 21st century"
This assigns a string to the variable
MYNEWVARIABLE
. To see the value in
that variable, use the
echo
command and the
$
content symbol with the vari-
able name, as we did earlier:
kali >
echo $MYNEWVARIABLE
Hacking is the most valuable skill set in the 21st century
Just like our system environment variables, user-defined variables must
be exported to persist to new sessions.
If you want to delete this new variable, or any variable, use the
unset
command. Always think before deleting a system variable, though, because
your system will probably operate much differently afterward.
kali >
unset MYNEWVARIABLE
kali >
echo $MYNEWVARIABLE
kali >
As you can see, when you enter
unset MYNEWVARIABLE
, you delete the vari-
able along with its value. If you use
echo
on that same variable, Linux will
now return a blank line.
Summary
You might find environment variables foreign, but it’s worth getting to know
them. They control how your working environment in Linux looks, acts,
and feels. You can manage these variables to tailor your environment to
your needs by changing them, exporting them, and even creating your own.
In some cases, they may be useful for covering your tracks as a hacker.
Managing User Environment Variables
|
Monte Carlo simulation of Raman light scattering in biological tissues

Monte Carlo simulation of Raman light scattering in biological tissues Irina A. Matveeva, Samara National Research University, Russian Federation Oleg O. Myakinin, Samara National Research University, Russian Federation Ivan A. Bratchenko, Samara National Research University, Russian Federation Valery P. Zakharov, Samara National Research University, Russian Federation
September 26, Thursday
JOINT POSTER/INTERNET SESSION AND INTERNET DISCUSSION
(Building 3)
Chair (BS): Natalia Kazadaeva, Saratov State University, Russia
18.00-19.30
1BS Study of carotenoids in gall-forming insects with the Raman spectroscopy M.I. Nikelsparg, Gymnasium 3, Saratov, Russia E.I. Nikelsparg, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University D.N. Bratashov, N.G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State National Research University V.V. Anikin, N.G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State National Research University
2BS Diagnostics of biological objects using surface plasmons at the gold-air boundary according to the Otto scheme Valeriy Yatsishen, Volgograd State University, Russia Potapova Irina,Volgograd State University, Russia
3BS Prospects for using laser fluorescence spectroscopy and optical oximetry for an objective assessment of the minimal erythema dose M.B. Makmatov-Rys, MONIKI M. F. Vladimirskii Moscow Regional Scientific
Research Institute, Moscow A.A. Glazkov, MONIKI M. F. Vladimirskii Moscow
Regional Scientific Research Institute, Moscow D.A. Kulikov, MONIKI M. F. Vladimirskii Moscow Regional Scientific Research Institute, Moscow E.V. Kaznacheeva, Cosmetologic clinic Lemark, Voronezh A.V. Molochkov, MONIKI M. F. Vladimirskii Moscow Regional Scientific Research Institute, Moscow D.A. Rogatkin, MONIKI M. F. Vladimirskii Moscow Regional Scientific Research Institute, Moscow
4BS The change in the absorption spectra of ascorbic acid solutions, depending on their acidity Julia Danyaeva, Volgograd State University, Russian Federation Svetlana Kutsenko, Volgograd State University, Russian Federation Natalya Kudrya, Volgograd State University, Russian Federation
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Endovascular addressing as a way of efficiency improvement of drugs carrier delivery

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Endovascular addressing as a way of efficiency improvement of drugs carrier delivery
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Endovascular addressing as a way of efficiency improvement of drugs carrier delivery, Oksana Mayorova, Olga Gusliakova, Olga Sindeeva, Saratov State University, Russia
The study of spectral changes in THz range in normal and pathological skin in vitro and in vivo depending on the used dehydration methods, I.Yu. Yanina1,2, V.V. Nikolaev2,3, A.V.Borisov2,4, A.I. Knyazkova2,3, E.E. Buyko4,5, V.I. Kochubey1,2, V.V. Ivanov4, Yu.V. Kistenev2,4, V.V. Tuchin1,2, 1Saratov State University; 2Tomsk State University, Tomsk; 3Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science SB RAS, Tomsk; 4Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk; 5Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
|
| |
Study of the band structure of columnar graphene based on nanotubes (20,0)

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Study of the band structure of columnar graphene based on nanotubes (20,0)
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bet | 87/138 | Sana | 22.12.2020 | Hajmi | 492,9 Kb. | | #12926 |
Study of the band structure of columnar graphene based on nanotubes (20,0) A.A. Petrunin, O.E. Glukhova, Saratov State University, Russia
15.50-16.05
Optical and photovoltaic properties of graphene-based composite films and borophene D.A. Kolosov, O.E. Glukhova, Saratov State University, Russia
JOINT POSTER/INTERNET SESSION AND INTERNET DISCUSSION
(Building 3, 3d floor Hall)
Chair (L): Olga E. Glukhova, Saratov State University Russia
18.30-19.30
Creation of tungsten autoemission cathodes with picosecond pulse laser radiation technological processes D. Bessonov, T. Sokolova, I. Popov, E. Surmenko, SSTU, Russia
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dIAgRAms - Tyner indb

Cartograms and Diagrams 199
Some road maps include a diagram showing distances
and estimated driving
times between various points, but these are not scaled according to time as are dis-
tance-by-time cartograms, and they preserve the spatial
relationships between the
points (Figure 10.11).
Because of the nature of these diagrams, there are no guidelines for construc-
tion; each presents a different problem. The goals are clarity, simplicity, and speed of
interpretation. It is also desirable for the diagram to be converted easily into a mental
map for the reader.
tABle 7.1. Vermont cattle and calves, 2007

tABle 7.1. Vermont cattle and calves, 2007
County
Number
Addison
62,263
Bennington
3,370
Caledonia
13,550
Chittendon
10,469
Essex
5,550
Franklin
62,636
Grand Isle
5,857
Lamoille
6,365
Orange
18,239
Orleans
37,918
Rutland
15,673
Washington
7,161
Windham
6,526
Windsor
9,246
VERMONT
CATTLE & CALVES
1 DOT = 1,000
3,370
6,526
9,246
15,673
18,239
62,263
7,161
10,469
6.365
13,550
5,550
37,918
62,636
5,857
NUMBER OF
CATTLE & CALVES
BY COUNTY
fIgURe 7.1.
Tables and even numbers placed on a map are not as effective at showing a spa-
tial distribution as symbols.
Basics of symbolization 133
Yield!, Do not enter!—no further analysis is necessary, and no legend is required on
the sign. This is basically symbol matching, not interpreting (Figure 7.2). It is this
kind of symbolization that is proposed for emergency response maps. To interpret a
map, however, the reader must not only identify the symbols from the legend, but also
recognize the spatial relationships between the objects symbolized; this is a three-
level problem in perception: identify symbols, recognize patterns, and then interpret
patterns.
Because of this multilevel perception, the cartographer must choose symbols that
are distinct and easily identified in the legend and must also choose the symbol system
that most effectively portrays the relationships featured. Well-chosen symbols result
in a map that is readily understood because it states its message clearly and unam-
biguously. A poor choice of symbolism produces a map that is confusing and may
even mislead the reader.
We must distinguish between two terms that are sometimes used synonymously:
phenomena and data. Phenomena are the features and attributes of the real world
that are being mapped. They are the features to be conceived and communicated,
such as rivers, roads, and countries, and the attributes of those features, such as form,
continuity, and location.
Data are facts gathered by measuring, counting, calculating, or derivation. Geo-
graphic, or spatial, data are those that describe or measure aspects or attributes of
geographic phenomena. It is important to remember that we are portraying spatial
data, rather than phenomena, on maps.
In this chapter the nature of the geographic phenomena and data being symbol-
ized, the measurement of data, and the nature of symbols are discussed so that an
appropriate symbol can be chosen.
fIgURe 7.2.
Qualitative pictorial symbols. These symbols require little or no interpretation
and may be grasped quickly.
|
Chapter 7
kali >
export PS1='C:\w> '

|
Chapter 7
kali >
export PS1='C:\w> 'Bog'liq linuxbasicsforhackers76
Chapter 7
kali >
export PS1='C:\w> '
kali >
cd /tmp
C:/tmp>
Listing 7-2: Changing the prompt and showing the current directory
Having your prompt show your current directory can be generally
useful, particularly to a beginner, so it’s something to consider when you
change your
PS1
variable.
Changing Your PATH
One of the most important variables in your environment is your
PATH
vari-
able, which controls where on your system your shell will look for commands
you enter, such as
grep
,
ls
, and
echo
. Most commands are located in the sbin
or bin subdirectory, like /usr/local/sbin or /usr/local/bin. If the bash shell
doesn’t find the command in one of the directories in your
PATH
variable, it
will return the error
command not found
, even if that command does exist in a
directory not in your
PATH
.
You can find out which directories are stored in your
PATH
variable by
using
echo
on its contents, like so:
kali >
echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
These are the directories where your terminal will search for any com-
mand. When you enter
ls
, for example, the system knows to look in each
of these directories for the
ls
command, and when it finds
ls
, the system
executes it.
Each directory is separated by a colon (
:
). Don’t forget to add the
$
content symbol to
PATH
. When we put a
$
before a variable, we are asking the
system for the content of the variable.
Adding to the PATH Variable
You can probably see why it’s important to know what is in your PATH vari-
able: if you downloaded and installed a new tool—let’s say
newhackingtool
—
into the /root/newhackingtool directory, you could only use commands from
that tool when you’re in that directory because that directory is not in the
PATH
variable. Every time you wanted to use that tool, you would first have to
navigate to /root/newhackingtool, which is a bit inconvenient if you want to
use the tool often.
To be able to use this new tool from any directory, you need to add the
directory holding this tool to your
PATH
variable.
To add newhackingtool to your
PATH
variable, enter the following:
kali >
|
| |
PATH=$PATH:/root/newhackingtool - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Managing User Environment Variables
77
This assigns the original
PATH
variable plus the
/root/newhackingtool
directory to the new
PATH
variable, so the variable contains everything it did
before, plus the new tool directory.
If you examine the contents of the
PATH
variable again, you should see
that this directory has been appended to the end of
PATH
, as shown here:
kali >
echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin/bin:/root/newhackingtool
Now you can execute
newhackingtool
applications from anywhere on
your system, rather than having to navigate to its directory. The bash shell
will look in all directories listed for your new tool!
N O T E
Adding to
PATH
can be a useful technique for directories you use often, but be careful
not to add too many directories to your
PATH
variable. Because the system will have to
search through each and every directory in
PATH
to find commands, adding a lot of
directories could slow down your terminal and your hacking.
How Not to Add to the PATH Variable
One mistake commonly made by new Linux users is assigning a new direc-
tory, such as
/root/newhackingtool, directly to the
PATH
variable in this way:
kali >
PATH=/root/newhackingtool
kali >
echo $PATH
/root/newhackingtool
If you use this command, your
PATH
variable will
only contain the
/root/
newhackingtool directory and no longer contain the system binaries direc-
tories such as
/bin,
/sbin, and others that hold critical commands. When
you then go to use any of the system commands, you’ll receive the error
command not found
, as shown next, unless you first navigate to the system
binaries directory when you execute the command:
kali >
ls
bash: ls: command not found
Remember that you want to
append to the
PATH
variable, not replace it.
If you’re in doubt, save the contents of the variable somewhere before you
modify it.
HISTSIZE=1000 - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

HISTSIZE=1000
kali >
export HISTSIZE
This code snippet will set your
HISTSIZE
variable’s value to 1,000 and
export it to all your environments.
Managing User Environment Variables
75
Changing Your Shell Prompt
Your shell prompt, another environment variable, provides you with useful
information such as the user you’re operating as and the directory in which
you’re currently working. The default shell prompt in Kali takes the follow-
ing format:
username@hostname:
current_directory
#
If you’re working as the root user, this translates to the following
default prompt:
root@kali:
current_directory
#
You can change the name in the default shell prompt by setting the
value for the
PS1
variable. The
PS1
variable has a set of placeholders for
information you want to display in the prompt, including the following:
\u
The name of the current user
\h
The hostname
\w
The base name of the current working directory
This is very useful if you happen to have shells on multiple systems or
are logged on as multiple accounts. By using the
\u
and
\h
values, you can
tell at a glance who you are and what your current system is.
Let’s have a little fun and change the prompt in your terminal. For
example, you could enter the following:
kali >
PS1="World's Best Hacker: #"
World's Best Hacker: #
Now, every time you use this terminal, you’ll be reminded that you are
the “World’s Best Hacker.” But any subsequent terminal you open will still
have the default command prompt, because the
PS1
variable only holds val-
ues for your terminal session. Remember, until you export a variable, it is
only good for that session. If you really like this new command prompt and
want to continue to use it, you need to export it, like so:
kali >
export PS1
How about a little more fun? Say you really want your terminal to look
like a Windows
cmd
prompt. In this case, you could change the prompt name
to
C:
and keep the
\w
to have the prompt show your current directory, as
shown in Listing 7-2.
|
Histological analysis of changes in the tumor after upconversion particles administration

|
Histological analysis of changes in the tumor after upconversion particles administration
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Histological analysis of changes in the tumor after upconversion particles administration in vivo, Nikita A. Navolokin1, Vyacheslav I. Kochubey2,3, Irina Yu. Yanina2,3, 1Saratov State Medical University; 2Saratov State University; 3Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
Application of optical trap combined with micro-Raman spectroscopy: quality testing of intravenous fluids using red blood cell as the sensor, Jijo Lukose1, Mithun N.2, Ganesh Mohan3, Shamee Shastry3, Santhosh Chidangil1, 1Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education; 2Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education; 3Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India
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Synthesis of selenium nanoparticles from selenium-organic molecules

Synthesis of selenium nanoparticles from selenium-organic molecules Ya.B. Drevko, S.A. Kalganov, S. V. Gorshunova, M.V. Osipova, S.V. Kozlov, B.I. Drevko, Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilov, Russia
Quantum Capacity of Carbon Nanotubes Decorated with Maghemite V.V. Shunaev, A.V. Ushakov, Saratov State University, Russia
Atomic structure and electronic properties of new 2D / 3D composite materials based on graphene monolayers and C60 fullerenes M.M. Slepchenkov, O.E. Glukhova, P.V. Barkov, Saratov State University, Russia
Optical properties of graphene-nanotube composite films with an irregular arrangement of nanotubes V.V. Mitrofanov, O.E. Glukhova, M.M. Slepchenkov, Saratov State University, Russia
Heterostructures based on graphene and monolayers of dielectric and semiconductor graphene-like materials: atomic structure and energy stability M.M. Slepchenkov, O.E. Glukhova, D.A. Kolosov, Sararov State University, Russia
Electromechanical properties of mono- and bilayer graphene / carbon nanotube composite films V.V. Mitrofanov, O.E. Glukhova, M.M. Slepchenkov, Saratov State University, Russia
A computational study of the effect of alcohols on the conductive properties of cobalt oxide D.A. Kolosov, O.E. Glukhova, Saratov State University, Russia
Conference on  Low-Dimensional Structures IХ

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Conference on Low-Dimensional Structures IХ
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Low-Dimensional Structures IХ
Workshop Chair: Olga E. Glukhova, Saratov State University (Russia)
Secretaries: Pavel V. Barkov, Saratov State University (Russia), Kirill R. Asanov, Saratov State University (Russia)
International Program Committee: Ming-Fa Lin, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Albert G. Nasibulin, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russia, Zhang Gang, Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Tatiana R. Prytkova, Cloud Pharmaceuticals, USA, Irina V. Zaporotskova, Volgograd State University, Volgograd, Russia, Galina N. Maslyakova, Saratov State Medical University named after V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia, Igor S. Nefedov, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
|
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