nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Local Vulnerabilities | 127

which may be the case if you are working
with proof-of-concept exploits, you should
be checking your system for viruses and other malware. Yes, this is just as true on
Linux as it is on other platforms. Linux is not invulnerable to attacks or malware. Best
to keep your system as clean and safe as you can.
Remote Vulnerabilities
While you may sometimes be given access to systems
by working closely with your
target, you definitely will have to run remote checks for vulnerabilities when you are
doing security testing. When you get complete access, which may include credentials
to
test with, desktop builds to audit without impacting users, or configuration set‐
tings from network devices, you are doing
white-box testing
. If you have no coopera‐
tion
from the target, aside from a clear agreement with them about what you are
planning on doing, you are doing
black-box testing
; you don’t know anything at all
about what you are testing. You may also do
gray-box testing
. This is somewhere
between
white box and black box, though there are a lot of gradations in between.
When testing for remote vulnerabilities, it’s useful to get a head start. You will need to
use a vulnerability scanner. The vulnerability scanner OpenVAS can be easily
installed on Kali Linux. While it’s not the only vulnerability
scanner that can be used,
it is freely available and included with the Kali Linux repositories. This should be
considered a starting point for your vulnerability testing. If all it took was to just run
a scanner, anyone could do it. Running vulnerability scanners isn’t hard. The value of
someone doing security testing isn’t loading up a bunch of automated tools. Instead,
it’s the interpretation and validation of the results as well as going beyond the auto‐
mated tools.
Earlier, we explored how OpenVAS can be used for local scanning. It can also be used,
and
perhaps is more commonly known, for scanning for remote vulnerabilities. This
is what we’re going to be spending some time looking at now. OpenVAS is a fairly
dense piece of software, so we’ll be skimming through some of its capabilities rather
than providing a comprehensive overview. The important
part is to get a handle on
how vulnerability scanners work.
The OpenVAS project began when Nessus, a well-known vulnera‐
bility scanner, became closed source with a commercial offering.
OpenVAS began as a fork of the last open source version of Nessus.
Since that time, significant architectural changes have occurred in
the design of the software. Although
Nessus has gone to a web
interface, there is no resemblance at all between OpenVAS and
Nessus.
When using OpenVAS or any vulnerability scanner, there will be a collection or data‐
base of known vulnerabilities. This means the collection should be regularly updated,
-rasm - Raqamli mobil aloqa

305
“Pastga” kanalda tayanch belgilaridan tashqari, sotalarni iden-
tifikatsiyalash va sinxronlashtirish uchun xizmat qiladigan sin-
xronlashtirish belgilari ham uzatiladi.
LTE tizimida “pastga” kanalda signalni shakllantirish ax-
borotlarni raqamli uzatuvchi zamonaviy tizimlardagidan ko‘p
farqlanmaydi (20.4-rasm). Jarayon kanal kodlashi, skrembl lash,
modulyatsion simvollarni shakllantirish, ularni antenna portlari
va resurs elementlar bo‘yicha taqsimlash va OFDM simvollar-
ni yaratish kabi jarayonlarni o‘z ichiga oladi. Kanal kodlashi
MAC-darajasidan keladigan ma’lumot bloklari uchun nazorat
summalarini (CRC-24) hisoblashni ko‘zda tutadi. Bundan
so‘ng nazorat summalik bloklar koder vositasida 1/3 tezlik-
da kodlanadi. LTEda qisqartirishli kodlash yoki turbo-kodlash
qo‘llanilishi ko‘zda tutilgan. Kodlashdan so‘ng oqim aralashti-
rish
(rus. перемежение) jarayonidan o‘tib skremblerga tushadi
va u yerda skrembllash muolajasidan o‘tadi. Keyin kompleksli
modulyatsiya simvollari shakllanib (QPSK, 16-QAM va 64-
QAM), ular resurs elementlari bo‘yicha taqsimlanadi. Bundan
keyin, OFDM-simvollari yaratiladi va ularning ketma-ketligi
berilgan chastota diapazonida chiquvchi YUCH signalni shakl-
lovchi modulyatorga yuboriladi. Qabul qilgich tomonida bu ja-
rayonlarni barchasi teskari tartibda bajariladi.
Yuqorida bayon etilganidek, E-UTRAN radioulanish tar-
mog‘ida “pastga” yo‘nalishi uchun 4-ta transport kanali
aniqlangan:
| Chapter 4: Looking for Vulnerabilities

just like antivirus programs. When you set up OpenVAS, one of the first things that
happens is that the current collection of vulnerability definitions will be downloaded.
If you have the system running regularly with the OpenVAS services, your vulnerabil‐
ities will get updated for you. If you have had OpenVAS
down for a time and you
want to run a scan, it’s worth making sure that all of your signatures are updated. You
can do this on the command line by using the command
greenbone-nvt-sync
. Open‐
VAS uses the Security Content Automation Protocol to exchange information
between your installation and the remote servers where the content is stored.
OpenVAS
uses a web interface, much like a lot of other applications today. To get
access to the web application, you go to
https://localhost:9392
.
When you log in, you
are presented with a dashboard. This includes graphs related to your own tasks. The
dashboard also presents information about the vulnerabilities it knows about and
their severities. In
Figure 4-5
, you can see a web page open to the dashboard. You will
see the URL is a host on my local network because I’m accessing it remotely from my
laptop. If you were on the
desktop of your Kali system, you would use the preceding
URL. The OpenVAS team calls their UI the
Greenbone Security Assistant
.
Figure 4-5. Greenbone Security Assistant
The menus for accessing features and functions are along the top of the page. From
there, you can access features related to the scans, assets, and configurations, as well
as the collection of security information that OpenVAS knows about, with all the vul‐
nerabilities it is aware of.
Quick Start with OpenVAS
While OpenVAS is certainly a dense piece of software, providing a lot of capabilities
for customization, it does provide a simple way to get started.
A scan wizard allows
you to just provide a target and get started scanning. If you want to get a quick sense
of common vulnerabilities that may be found on the target, this is a great way to go. A
simple scan using the wizard will use the defaults, which
is a way to get you started
Remote Vulnerabilities | 129

quickly.
To get started with the wizard, you navigate to the Scans menu and select
Tasks. At the top left of that page, you will see some small icons. The purple one that
looks like a wizard’s wand opens the Task Wizard.
Figure 4-6
shows
the menu that
pops up when you roll your cursor over that icon.
Figure 4-6. Task Wizard menu
From that menu, you can select the Advanced Task Wizard, which gives you more
control
over assets and credentials, among other settings. You can also select the Task
Wizard, which you can see in
Figure 4-7
. Using the Task Wizard, you will be promp‐
ted for a target IP address. The IP address that is populated when it’s
brought up is
the IP address of the host from which you are connected to the server. You can enter
not only a single IP address here—such as the one seen in
Figure 4-7
, 192.168.86.45—
but also an entire network. For my case, I would use 192.168.86.0/24. That is the
entire network range from 192.168.86.0–255. The
/24
is
a way of designating network
ranges without using subnet masks or a range notation. You will see this a lot, and it’s
commonly called
CIDR notation
, which is the Classless Inter-Domain Routing nota‐
tion.
Figure 4-7. Task Wizard
130 | Chapter 4: Looking for Vulnerabilities
Once you have entered your target or targets, all you need to do is click Start Scan,
and OpenVAS is off to the races, so to speak. You have started your very first vulnera‐
bility scan.
It may be useful to have some vulnerable
systems around when you
are running your scans. Although you can get various systems (and
a simple web search for vulnerable operating systems will turn
them up) one is really useful. Metasploitable 2 is a deliberately vul‐
nerable Linux installation. Metasploitable 3 is the updated version
based on Windows Server 2008. Metasploitable 2 is a straight-up
download. Metasploitable 3 is a
build-it-on-your-own-system
operating system. It requires VirtualBox and additional software.
We’ll get into doing a scan from end to end, but let’s take a look at the Advanced Scan
Wizard, shown in
Figure 4-8
. This will give you a quick look ahead to what we will be
working with on a larger scale when we move to creating scans from start to finish.
Figure 4-8. Advanced Scan Wizard
va S - Raqamli mobil aloqa

295
Panjarali adaptiv antennalar tizimlariga signalning kelish yo‘na-
lishi – DoA
(ingl. Direction of Arrival)ni aniqlash va mos ra-
vishda o‘z YDni sozlash imkoniyati bilan farqlanadigan “aqlli”
(intellektual) antennalar ham kiradi. Yo‘naltirilgan antennalar,
shuningdek, umumiy nurlantiriladigan
quvvatni ham sezilarli
kamaytirishga imkon berib, kanallararo interferensiyani kamay-
tiradi. Abonent uskunalari bilan teskari aloqa bor-yo‘qligidan
qat’i nazar “aqlli” antennalar mustaqil ravishda AUga yo‘nalti-
rilgan nurlarni shakllantirishi mumkin. Ammo, qo‘shimcha, AU
bilan teskari aloqa bo‘lsa, murakkab antenna panjaralarini sod-
dalashtirish imkoni paydo bo‘ladi.
Aksincha, MIMO tizimlari,
odatda, AU bilan teskari aloqa mavjudligini talab qiladi.
“Nurlarni shakllantirilish” — bu antenna panjarasining nursi-
mon YD ni yaratish uchun foydalaniladigan usuldir. U barcha an-
tenna panjaralari tizimlarida qo‘llanilishi mumkin.
Buni hisobga
olganda “aqlli” antenna tizimlari ikki guruhga bo‘linishi mumkin
(19.6-rasm):
• Oldindan aniqlangan turg‘un (rus. фиксированный) YDlar-
ning cheklangan soniga ega fazalashtirilgan antenna panjaralari
tizimlari (yoki nurlarni turg‘un tarzda shakllantirish);
Network Device Vulnerabilities | 141

[
9
]
-
Cisco
514
UDP Flood Denial
of Service Vulnerability
[
10
]
- CiscoSecure ACS
for
Windows NT Server Denial of Service Vulnerability
[
11
]
- Cisco Catalyst Memory Leak Vulnerability
[
12
]
- Cisco CatOS CiscoView HTTP Server Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
[
13
]
-
0
Encoding
IDS Bypass Vulnerability
(
UTF
)
[
14
]
- Cisco IOS HTTP Denial of Service Vulnerability
One final Cisco tool to look at is
cisco-ocs
.
This is another Cisco scanner, but no
parameters are needed to perform the testing. You don’t choose what
cisco-ocs
does; it
just does it. All you need to do is provide the range of addresses.
You can see a run of
cisco-ocs
in
Example 4-9
. After you tell it the range of addresses, and start and stop IP,
the tool will start testing each address in turn for entry points and potential vulnera‐
bilities.
Example 4-9. Running cisco-ocs
root@rosebud:~# cisco-ocs 192.168.86.1 192.168.86.254
********************************* OCS v 0.2 **********************************
**** ****
**** coded by OverIP ****
**** overip@gmail.com ****
**** under GPL License ****
**** ****
**** usage: ./ocs xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx yyy.yyy.yyy.yyy ****
**** ****
**** xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
=
range start IP ****
**** yyy.yyy.yyy.yyy
=
range end IP ****
**** ****
******************************************************************************
(
192.168.86.1
)
Filtered Ports
(
192.168.86.2
)
Filtered Ports
As you can see, several programs are looking for Cisco devices and potential vulnera‐
bilities. If you can find these devices, and they show either
open ports to test logins
or, even worse, vulnerabilities, it’s definitely worth flagging
them as devices to look
for exploits.
E-UTRA texnologiyasi funksionalligiga ayrim talablar

297
Spektral samaradorlik
(bit/sek/Gs/sektor)
0,6–0,8 – “pastga”;
0,35 – “yuqoriga ”
3–4 marta ko‘p –
“pastga”;
2–3 marta ko‘p –
“yuqoriga”
Paket uchun o‘rtacha
o‘tkazish qobiliyati
64 kbit/sek – “pastga”;
5 kbit/sek – “yuqoriga”
3–4 marta ko‘p –
“pastga”;
2–3 marta ko‘p –
“yuqoriga”
Abonent uchun o‘rtacha
o‘tkazish qobiliyati
900 kbit/sek – “pastga”;
150 kbit/sek – “yuqo-
riga”
3–4 marta ko‘p –
“pastga”;
2–3 marta ko‘p –
“yuqoriga”
Javob kechikishi vaqti
50 ms
5 ms
Aloqani o‘rnatish vaqti
2 sek
50 ms
Keng qamrovli uzatish
rejimida ma’lumot uza-
tish tezligi
384 kbit/sek
6–8 marta yuqori
Abonent mobilligi
250 km/soat gacha
350 km/soat gacha
Ko‘p antennali tizimlar-
ni qo‘llab-quvvatlash
Yo‘q
Bor
Kanal kengligi
5MGs
20MGs gacha
kengayadi
19.6. LTE tizimining radiointerfeysining tashkil etilishi
LTE tizimlari funksionalligiga qo‘yilgan talablarni hamda abo-
nentlar xarajatlarini kamaytirish va ularga mo‘ljallangan xizmatlar
tarkibini va sifatini yaxshilash, shuningdek operatorlarning eks-
pluatatsion sarflarini kamaytirish bo‘yicha talablarni hisobga ol-
gan holda LTE tizimi radiointerfeysini tashkil etishni asosiy prin-
siplari quyidagilardan iborat:
• 1 bit axborotni uzatishga taqsimlangan tarmoq ekspluatatsi-
yasi qiymatini tushirish;
| Chapter 4: Looking for Vulnerabilities

bility scanning, is to improve the security posture of your target. If the organization is
getting your recommendations and then not doing anything with them, that’s worse
than not running the scans at all. What happens when
you present a report to the
organization you are working for is that they become aware of the vulnerabilities you
have identified. This information can then be used against them if they don’t do any‐
thing with what you have told them.
OpenVAS Reports
The report is the most important aspect of your work. You will be writing your own
report
when you are complete, but the report that is issued from the vulnerability
scanner is helpful for you to understand where you might start looking. There are
two things to be aware of when we start to look at vulnerability scanner reports. First,
the vulnerability scanner uses specific signatures to determine whether the vulnera‐
bility is there. This may be something like banner grabbing to compare version num‐
bers. You can’t be sure that the vulnerability exists because
a tool like OpenVAS does
not exploit the vulnerability. Second, and this is related, you can get false positives.
Since the vulnerability scanner does not exploit the vulnerability, the best it can do is
get a probability.
If you are not running
a scan with credentials, you are going to miss detecting a lot of
vulnerabilities. You will also have a higher potential for getting false positives. A
false
positive
is an indication that the vulnerability exists when it doesn’t. This is why a
report from OpenVAS or any other scanner isn’t sufficient. Since there is no guaran‐
tee that the
vulnerability actually exists, you need to be able to validate the reports so
your final report presents legitimate vulnerabilities that need to be remediated.
However, enough with the remonstration. Let’s get on with looking at the reports so
we can start determining what is legitimately troubling and what may be less con‐
cerning. The first thing we need to do is go back to the
OpenVAS web interface after
the scan is complete, and scans of large networks with a lot of services can be very
time-consuming, especially if you are doing deep scans.
In the Scans menu, you will
find the item Reports. From there, you get to the Report dashboard.
That will give
you a list of all the scans you have done as well as some graphs of the severity of the
findings from your scans. You can see the Report dashboard in
Figure 4-12
.
Ayrim toifadagi jismoniy axslar uchun sug‘urta badallarini hisoblab chiqarish va

|
Ayrim toifadagi jismoniy axslar uchun sug‘urta badallarini hisoblab chiqarish va Pdf ko'rish
|
bet | 308/371 | Sana | 21.11.2023 | Hajmi | 4,92 Mb. | | #102937 |
Bog'liq BuxgalteriyaAyrim toifadagi jismoniy axslar uchun sug‘urta badallarini hisoblab chiqarish va
to‘lashning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari. Yakka tartibdagi tadbirkorlar hamda yuridik shaxs tashkil
etgan va tashkil etmagan holda tuzilgan dehqon xo‘jaliklarining a’zolari sug‘urta badallari miqdorini
oyiga eng kam ish haqidan kam bo‘lmagan miqdorda, qoramollarni yetishtirish bilan shug‘ullanuvchi
dehqon xo‘jaliklarining a’zolari esa oyiga eng kam ish haqining 50 foizidan kam bo‘lmagan miqdorda
belgilaydilar. Dehqon xo‘jaliklarining a’zolari sug‘urta badallarini ixtiyoriy ravishda amalga
oshiradilar.
Yoshga doir pensiya olish huquqiga ega bo‘lgan, shuningdek I va II guruh nogironlari bo‘lgan
yakka tartibdagi tadbirkorlar hamda yuridik shaxs tashkil etgan va tashkil etmagan holda tuzilgan
dehqon xo‘jaliklarining a’zolari uchun sug‘urta badalining miqdori eng kam ish haqining kamida 50
foizini tashkil etishi kerak.
Sug‘urta badallarini to‘lash har oyda keyingi oyning 10-kunidan kechiktirmay amalga
oshiriladi. To‘lov topshiriqnomasida soliq to‘lovchining identifikatsiya raqami va to‘lov
to‘lanayotgan davr albatta ko‘rsatilishi kerak. Agar davr ko‘rsatilmagan bo‘lsa, to‘lov u amalga
oshirilayotgan oy uchun to‘langan deb hisoblanadi.
28.5. Byudjetdan tashqari Pensiya jamg‘armasiga majburiy ajratma
312
Majburiy ajratma to‘lovchilari, ob’ekti, bazasi va stavkalari. Pensiya ta’minoti tizimidagi
boshqaruv tuzilmasini takomillashtirish davlat ijtimoiy sug‘urtasi bo‘yicha majburiy badallar
to‘liq yig‘ilishini samarali tashkil qilish, amaldagi boshqaruv tuzilmalarini qisqartirish hamda
pensiyalar va nafaqalar to‘lashga yo‘naltiriladigan mablag‘lardan foydalanish samaradorligini
oshirish maqsadida Vazirlar Mahkamasining 2000 yil 15 noyabrdagi "O‘zbekiston Respublikasi
|
| |
Scanning for Targets | 177

[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:5985
- TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:7676 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8009 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8019 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8020 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8022 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8032 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8027 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8031 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8028 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8080 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8181 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8282 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8383 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8444 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8443 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8484 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8585 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:8686 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:9200 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:9300 - TCP OPEN
[
*
]
Scanned
1
of
1
hosts
(
100%
complete
)
[
*
]
Auxiliary
module execution completed
You’ll notice that I made some changes to the parameters that would make the mod‐
ule go faster. I increased the threads and the concurrency setting. Since this is my net‐
work, I feel comfortable increasing the amount of traffic going to my target host. If
you are less confident about causing issues with either traffic generation or alerts
through a firewall or intrusion detection system, you may consider leaving your
threads at 1 and maybe reducing your concurrency from the 10, which is the default.
One disadvantage to using this module is that we don’t get the application that is run‐
ning on the ports. The well-known ports are easy enough. I know what’s likely run‐
ning on ports like 22, 135, 139, 445, 3306, and others. There are many in the 8000
range, though, that may not as readily identifiable. Since there are so many of them, it
seems reasonable to get those holes filled in.
The easiest way to do this, rather than
running through several specific service scan modules, is to use a version scan from
nmap
. This will populate the services database for us. You can see a search of the serv‐
ices that belong
to this particular host in
Example 6-3
.
| Chapter 6: Owning Metasploit

There is an instance of Metasploitable 3 on my network.
This is a Windows server, as
opposed to the Linux system we had targeted previously in Metasploitable 2. Because
I know the IP address from a separate scan, I’m going to focus on getting the list of
ports that are open on this system rather than scanning the entire network. To do
this, I’ll use the TCP scan module,
shown in
Example 6-2
. You’ll see from the output
that after using the module, I set the
RHOSTS
parameter to just a single IP address.
Because it’s expecting a range or a CIDR block, I have appended the
/32
to indicate
that we are looking at a single IP address. Leaving that off
would have worked just as
well, but including it perhaps clarifies that I meant a single host rather than just for‐
getting the end of the range of IP addresses.
Example 6-2. Port scanning using Metasploit module
msf > use auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tcp
msf auxiliary
(
scanner/portscan/tcp
)
> show options
Module options
(
auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tcp
)
:
Name Current
Setting Required Description
---- --------------- -------- -----------
CONCURRENCY
10
yes The number of concurrent ports to check
per host
DELAY
0
yes The delay between connections, per thread,
in milliseconds
JITTER
0
yes
The delay jitter factor
(
maximum value by
which to +/- DELAY
)
in milliseconds.
PORTS 1-10000 yes Ports to scan
(
e.g. 22-25,80,110-900
)
RHOSTS yes The target address range or CIDR identifier
THREADS
1
yes The number of concurrent threads
TIMEOUT
1000
yes The socket connect timeout in milliseconds
msf auxiliary
(
scanner/portscan/tcp
)
>
set
RHOSTS 192.168.86.48/32
RHOSTS
=
> 192.168.86.48/32
msf auxiliary
(
scanner/portscan/tcp
)
>
set
THREADS 10
THREADS
=
> 10
msf auxiliary
(
scanner/portscan/tcp
)
>
set
CONCURRENCY 20
CONCURRENCY
=
> 20
msf auxiliary
(
scanner/portscan/tcp
)
> run
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:22
- TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:135 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:139 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:445 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:1617 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:3000 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:3306 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:3389 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:3700 - TCP OPEN
[
+
]
192.168.86.48: - 192.168.86.48:4848 - TCP OPEN
-MAVZU: TAFAKKUR VA HAYOL

120
Tafakkurning ikkinchi muhim xususiyati bog’lanishlarni bevosita aks
ettirishdir. Bu xususiyat tufayli tabiat va jamiyatdagi turli xodisa va voqyealar
o’rtasidagi bog’lanishlarni tushuntirish imkoniyatiga ega bo’lamiz.
Tafakkurning uchinchi xususiyati so’z /nutq/ orqali narsa va xodisalar
o’rtasidagi murakkab munosabatlarni aks ettirishdan iboratdir. Insonnning fikr
yuritishi bir va undan ortio’ so’zlar, tushunchalar vositasida ifodalanadi.
Shuning uchun odam o’ylayotganda o’z fikrini aytayotgandek, gapirayotganda
esa fikr yuritayotgandek tuyiladi.
Ergash G’oziyev o’zining «Tafakkur psixologiyasi» /Toshkent,
«O’qituvchi» nashriyoti, 1990 yil/ kitobida tafakkurga quyidagicha ta’rif bergan.
«Tafakkur atrof muhitdagi voqyelikni
nutq yordami bilan bavosita,
umumlashgan holda aks ettiruvchi psixik prosess, sosial sababiy bog’lanishlarni
anglashga, yangilik ochishga va prognoz qilishga yo’naltirilgan aqliy
faoliyatdir». Bizningcha, ushbu ta’rifda tafakkurning eng muhim xususityalari
va funksiyalari sanab o’tilgan.
Fikrlash operasiyalari:
1.
Analiz va sintez.
2.
Taqqoslash.
3.
Abstraksiyalash.
4.
Umumlashtirish.
5.
Konkretlashtirish.
6.
Klassifikasiyalash.
7.
Sistemalashtirish.
Analiz
– shunday bir tafakkur jarayoniki, uning yordami bilan biz narsa va
xodisalarni fikran yoki amaliy ravishda bo’lib /ajratib/, ularning ayrim qismlari
va xususiyatlarini tahlil qilamiz.
Sintez
– shunday
bir tafakkur jarayonidirki, biz narsa va xodisalarning
analizda bo’lingan ayrim qismlari, bo’laklarini sintez yordami bilan fikran yoki
amaliy ravishda birlashtirib, butun xolga keltiramiz.
Analiz va sintez o’zaro bevosita mustaxkam bog’langan yagona jarayonning
ikki tomonidir. Agar narsa va xodisalar analiz qilinmagan bo’lsa, uni sintez
qilib bo’lmaydi, har qanday analiz predmetlarni, narsalarni bir butun holda
bilish asosida amalga oshirilishi lozim.
qo‘shimcha (kontak yoki oraliq) neyron bo‘ladi, deb hisoblaydilar

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qo‘shimcha (kontak yoki oraliq) neyron bo‘ladi, deb hisoblaydilar Pdf ko'rish
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Bog'liq G‘ofurov A.T., Fayzullayev S.S. Genetika va evolyutsion ta’limotqo‘shimcha (kontak yoki oraliq) neyron bo‘ladi, deb hisoblaydilar.
Binobar in, refleks yoyiga quyidagi neyronlar kiradi:
1) markazga intiluvchi yoki afferent neyronlar,
343
2) markazdan qochuvchi yoki efferent neyronlar va
3) qo‘shimcha neyronlar.
Retseptorlar bilan bog‘langan neyronlar reflektor yoyning markazga
intiluvchi qismini hosil qiladi. Ular retseptorlarda kelib chiqqan
qo‘zg‘alishni markaziy asab tizimiga o ‘tkazadi. Markaziy asab tizimidagi
yuqoriga ko‘tariluvchi yoilarning neyronlari ham reflektor yoyning shu
qismiga kiradi. Qo‘zg ‘alish ana shu y o ila r orqali markaziy asab tizimining
oliy boiim lariga o ‘tadi.
Markaziy asab tizimining pastga tushuvchi y o ‘lllari refleks yoyining
markazdan qochuvchi qismini hosil qiladi. Q o‘z g ‘alish shu y o ila r orqali
oliy boiimlardan quyi boiim iarga - qo‘zg ‘alishni organga o ‘tkazadigan
neyronlarga o ‘tadi. Shunday qilib, reflektor yoyning bu qismiga, pastga
tushuvchi yoilardan tashqari markazdan qochuvchi oxirgi neyronlar ham
kiradi. Oxirgi neyronlar yo harakatlantiruvchi neyronlardan yoki vegetativ
asab tizimining neyronlaridan iboratdir.
Reflektor yoyning markaziy qismi qo‘shimcha neyronlardan hosil
boiadi. Bu neyronlar markaziy asab tizimidan tashqariga chiqmaydi va
retseptorlar hamda organlar bilan bevosita bogianmaydi.
Markazga intiluvchi tolalar markazdan qochuvchi nerv hujayralariga
bevosita
bogianm ay,
qo‘shimcha neyronlarda tugaydi
va
faqat
qo‘shimcha neyronlargina markazdan qochuvchi nerv hujayralari bilan
bogianadi.
Q o‘zg‘alishning o ‘tishi va refleksning yuzaga chiqishi uchun
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ajratmalar har oyda soliq solinadigan bazadan va belgilangan stavkadan kelib chiqqan holda

314
6) asosiy faoliyati mol-mulkni lizingga berishdan iborat bo‘lgan yuridik shaxslar uchun –
moliyaviy ijara (lizing) bo‘yicha foizli daromad summasi.
Yuridik shaxslar turli xil ob’ektlarga ega bo‘lgan hollarda, ular ob’ektlarning alohida-
alohida hisobini yuritishi va tegishli ob’ektlar uchun belgilangan stavkalardan kelib chiqqan
holda Respublika yo‘l jamg‘armasiga majburiy ajratmalarni to‘lashi lozim.
Respublika yo‘l jamg‘armasiga majburiy ajratmalar soliq solinadigan bazadan va
tasdiqlangan stavkadan kelib chiqqan holda har oyda hisoblab chiqariladi.
Respublika yo‘l jamg‘armasiga majburiy ajratmalarning hisob-kitobi belgilangan shaklda
soliq bo‘yicha hisobga olish joyidagi davlat soliq xizmati organlariga ortib boruvchi yakun bilan
mikrofirmalar va kichik korxonalar tomonidan – yilning har choragida, hisobot davridan keyingi
oyning 25-kunidan kechiktirmay, yil yakunlari bo‘yicha esa yillik moliyaviy hisobot topshiriladigan
muddatda; mikrofirmalar va kichik korxonalar jumlasiga kirmaydigan soliq to‘lovchilar tomonidan
– har oyda, hisobot davridan keyingi oyning 25-kunidan kechiktirmay, yil yakunlari bo‘yicha esa
yillik moliyaviy hisobot topshiriladigan muddatda taqdim etiladi.
Respublika yo‘l jamg‘armasiga majburiy ajratmalarni to‘lash hisobot davridan keyingi oyning
25-kunidan kechiktirmay amalga oshiriladi.
Soliq kodeksining 54-bobiga asosan Respublika yo‘l jamg‘armasiga majburiy ajratmalardan
tashqari yig‘imlar ham to‘lanadi.
-rasm - Raqamli mobil aloqa

296
Nurlar turg‘un tarzda shakllantirilganda DoA yo‘nalishi hi-
soblanadi va qo‘zg‘almas signal nuri o‘rnatiladi.
Agar AU bun-
day turg‘un nurlar orasida harakatlansa u holda signal djitteri
(fazaviy yoki chastotaviy tasodifiy og‘ishlar) aloqaning uzilishiga
olib kelishi mumkin. Boshqacha qilib
aytganda AU faqat nurning
markazida joylashganida signalning maksimal kuchiga ega bo‘la-
di. Nurlarni adaptiv shakllantirishda esa bunday muammo vujud-
ga kelmaydi, chunki bunda nurni antenna AUning real vaqtdagi
harakatlanishiga sozlaydi. Ko‘rinib
turibdiki, bu rejim nurlarni
turg‘un tarzda shakllantirishga qaraganda murakkabroq va qim-
matroq bo‘ladi.
Radiointerfeys funksionaliga talablar.
LTE radioulanish texnologiyasi (E-UTRA)ga qo‘yilgan ta-
lablar asosan yuqori ma’lumot
tezligiga va qisqa javob ke-
chikish vaqtiga ega paketli kommutatsiya asosida ishlaydigan
optimallashtirilgan radioulanish tizimini yaratishdan iborat.
Belgilangan xizmatlarga, masalan, yuqori
aniqlikdagi televide-
nie (HDTV), “talab asosidagi kino”
(ingl. Movie on Demand)
va IP tarmoqlari bo‘yicha nutq (VoIP) misol bo‘lishi mumkin.
E-UTRA radiointerfeysi funksionalligiga asosiy talablar
yuqorida 19.1-jadvalda keltirilgan LTE tizimlar funksional-
ligiga qo‘yilgan umumiy
talablardan kelib chiqadi, shu-
ning uchun bu yerda E-UTRAning ayrim xarakteristikalarini
(HSPA texnologiyasi bilan taqqosda) keltirish bilan cheklana-
miz (19.1-jadval).
19.1-jadval
Microsoft Word dasturida sichqoncha yordamida so‘zni tezkor belgilash qanday amalga oshiriladi?

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Microsoft Word dasturida sichqoncha yordamida so‘zni tezkor belgilash qanday amalga oshiriladi?
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bet | 292/372 | Sana | 16.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,97 Mb. | | #120479 |
Bog'liq Barcha fanlardan Testlar to‘plami (1)Microsoft Word dasturida sichqoncha yordamida so‘zni tezkor belgilash qanday amalga oshiriladi?
|
*So‘zga sichqoncha chap tugmasi bilan ketma-ket ikki marta bosish
|
Microsoft Word dasturida sichqoncha yordamida gapni (nuqtagacha bo‘lgan matn) tezkor belgilash qanday amalga oshiriladi?
|
*Gapga sichqoncha chap tugmasi bilan ketma-ket uch marta bosish
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Microsoft Word dasturida CTRL tugmasini bosib sichqoncha g‘ildiragi aylantirilsa nima sodir bo‘ladi?
|
*Hujjat masshtabi o‘zgaradi
|
Microsoft Word dasturida kursordan chapdagi belgilarni o‘chirish uchun qaysi tugmadan foydalaniladi?
|
*Backspace
|
Microsoft Word dasturida kursordan o‘ngdagi belgilarni o‘chirish uchun qaysi tugmadan foydalaniladi?
|
*Delete
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Microsoft Excel – bu:
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*Jadval muxarriri
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Microsoft Excel dasturida yaratiladigan hujjatlar qanday nomlanadi?
|
*“Kniga”
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Microsoft Excel dasturida yangi hujjat yaratilsa, unga qanday nom biriktiriladi?
|
*“Kniga 1”
|
«*.xls» kengaytmaga ega bo‘lgan faylni sichqonchaning chap tugmasi bilan ikki marta bosilsa nima sodir bo‘ladi?
|
*Microsoft Excel dasturi ishga tushiriladi va unga tanlangan hujjat yuklanadi
|
Microsoft Excel dasturida yaratilgan hujjatlar “Ish kitobi” (rabochaya kniga) deb ataladi. Microsoft Excel dasturida yangi hujjat yaratish tartibi to‘g‘ri ko‘rsatilgan variantni tanlang:
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*«Fayl\Novaya kniga» «Fayl\Sozdat»
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OFDM
OFDM - Raqamli mobil aloqa

303
har bir resurs blokiga maxsus tayanch va sinxronlashtirish belgilari
qo‘shiladi.
Tayanch belgilari
–
RS
(ingl. Referense symbol) uch
turga bo‘linishi mumkin:
• sotani ifodalaydigan RS
(ingl. Cell spesific);
• aniq bir AUga bog‘langan RS va
• MBSFN keng qamrovli uzatish xizmatiga mo‘ljallangan RS.
Tayanch belgilari uzatish kanalidagi sharoit
—
SQIni bevosi-
ta aniqlash uchun xizmat qiladi. Bu o‘lchamlar
asosida qolgan
nimeltuvchilar uchun kanalning javobini aniqlash va interpolyat-
siya yordamida ularning dastlabki shaklini qayta tiklash mumkin.
20.2-rasmda “pastga” yo‘nalishda tayanch belgi (
R
0
)lik va stan-
dart prefikslik signalning tuzilmasi keltirilgan.
20.2-rasm. Standart SR uchun “pastga” yo‘nalishdagi
signalning tuzilmasi.
304
Tayanch belgilari har bir subkadrning 0-(1-RS) va 4chi (2-RS)
OFDM simvolida joylashadi. Lekin 2-RS
ni ishlatmagan holda ham
aloqa tashkil qilish mumkin va shuning uchun OFDM-simvollar orasi-
da mikro kutish vaqti kiritilgan. Masalan, FDD rejimida past va o‘r-
tacha aloqa tezliklarida 2-RS ni uzatmaslik hisobiga trafik yuklama sini
kamaytirish mumkin. Kengaytirilgan SR da RS tayanch belgilari 0- va
3-OFDM simvollar vaqtida uzatiladi. Chastota
sohasida esa tayanch
belgilari har oltita nimeltuvchidan so‘ng uzatiladi.
OFDM simvollari (vaqt)
nimtashuvchi elementlar
antennaning nazorat signal simvollari
1
antennaning nazorat
signal simvollari
ishlatilmaydigan elementlar
0
antenna
1 antenna
*Bu yerda tayanch belgilari nazorat signal simvollari deb keltirilgan.
• abonentlar talab qilgan xizmatlar sonini ko‘paytirish;
•

• abonentlar talab qilgan xizmatlar sonini ko‘paytirish;
• mavjud va yangi chastota diapazonlaridan foydalanishni mos-
lashuvchanligini oshirish;
298
• tarmoq arxitekturasini soddalashtirish, tarmoq interfeyslarini
unifikatsiyalash va ortiqcha funksiyalarni qisqartirish;
• abonent uskunalari tomondan batareya quvvatini tejamliroq ish-
latish.
Bu prinsiplarni ishlatish uchun LTE tizim interfeysida qator
istiqbolli yechimlar, aynan OFDM va MIMO texnologiyalarining
ishlatilishi, shuningdek, FDD va TDD duplekslash rejimlaridan
foydalanish qo‘llanilgan.
Yuqoriroq operatsion moslashuvchanlikni ta’minlash uchun,
E-UTRA fizik darajasining spetsifikatsiyalari o‘tkazish polosala-
riga mustahkam biriktirilmagan va 20MGs li maksimal polosada
ishlashga mo‘ljallangan.
LTE tizimi radiointerfeysining tashkil etilishini batafsilroq
ko‘rib chiqamiz.
eNB — tayanch stansiya (TS) va abonent uskunasi (AU) orasida
almashuv jarayoni davriy ravishda takrorlanadigan kadrlar (LTE
terminologiyasida “radiokadrlar”) asosida amalga oshadi [31].
Radiokadrlarning uzunligi 10ms ni tashkil etadi. O‘z navbati-
da, radiokadrlar 0,5ms uzunlikdagi vaqt kesimchalari – slot
(ingl. time slot
—
vaqt orlig‘i, qisqartirilganda
–
slot)lardan tash-
kil topgan. LTE spetsifikatsiyasidagi barcha vaqt parametrlari
Ts = 1/(2048*
D
f) = 0,32552mks minimal vaqt birligiga
bog‘langan bo‘lib, u Fur’e tezkor o‘zgartirish usuli uchun
maksimal mumkin bo‘lgan nimeltuvchilar soniga (20MGs
li polosada 2048 ta bo‘ladi) va LTE standartida 15kGs qilib
o‘rnatilgan nimeltuvchi chastotalar kengligi (
D
f)ga bog‘liq
bo‘ladi. Radiokadrning uzunligi 307200Ts ni tashkil etishini
hisoblash qiyin emas. Ts
–
vaqt birligi esa, o‘z navbatida, 3G
tizimlaridagi (W-CDMA tizimlarining 5MGs li kanallarida)
standart 3,84MGs takt chastotasiga karrali bo‘lgan 30,72MGs
takt chastotasiga mos keladi (8*3,84MGs = 30,72MGs).
Aynan shu takt chastotalarining karraliligi LTE tarmoqlarining
UMTS va GSM tarmoqlari bilan o‘zaro “yumshoq” ishlash
imkonini beradi.
299
1 radiokadr, 10 ms
1 slot
0,5 ms
1 subkadr, 1 ms
#0
#1
#2
#3
#18
#19
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-bob. LTE TIZIMLARI UCHUN

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-bob. LTE TIZIMLARI UCHUN Pdf ko'rish
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Bog'liq Raqamli mobil aloqa21-bob. LTE TIZIMLARI UCHUN
RADIOCHASTOTA SPEKTRI
21.1. Radiochastota spektri (RCHS)
Radiochastota spektri (RCHS) har bir davlatning qimmatbaho
va cheklangan resurs (mablag‘)i hisoblanadi va hozirgi kunda un-
dan foydalanishga talab borgan sari ortib bormoqda. Bunga simsiz
aloqa tizimlari xizmatlarining yaxshilangan shaklda keng tarqali-
shi va ommaviyligining ortishi, xizmatlar va uskunalar xarajatla-
rining qisqarishi va foydalanishdagi qulayligi yordam bermoqda.
Buning evaziga mavjud va yangi simsiz keng polosali tarmoqlar
mavjud radiochastotalar resurslarini tezda o‘zlashtirib olib, yangi
chastotalarga muhtoj bo‘lishlari kutilmoqda.
So‘nggi yillarda simsiz aloqa sanoati tovushli aloqa va ma’lumot
uzatish xizmatlariga foydalanuvchilar talablarining keskin ortishi-
ni boshidan kechirmoqda. Tez o‘sayotgan mobil aloqa abonentlari
soni va xizmatlardan foydalanish hajmining ortishi tufayli opera-
torlar ilg‘or texnologiyalarni joriy etish, yuqori sifatli mavjud alo-
qa xizmatlarini va ma’lumot uzatishning innovatsion xizmatlarini
taqdim etish hisobiga o‘z tarmoqlarini takomillashtirishga majbur
bo‘lmoqdalar. Odatda radiochastota spektrini boshqarish masalasi
juda murakkab hisoblanadi. Ammo so‘nggi yillarda yuzaga kelgan
an’ananing o‘zgarishi kuzatilmoqda va RCHSni boshqarish jara-
yoni texnologiyalarga bog‘liq bo‘lmagan holda moslashuvchanroq
bo‘lib bormoqda va oxir-oqibatda operatorlarga bozor talablarini
yaxshiroq qondirishga imkon bermoqda. Aloqa operatorlari va
uskuna yetkazib beruvchilar innovatsion yechimlarni, shu jum-
ladan, qo‘llanadigan radiochastota spektrining samaradorligini
yaxshilaydigan takliflarni ilgari surmoqdalar. Lekin bunda yangi
simsiz aloqa texnologiyalari (WiMAX kabilar) paydo bo‘lmoqda
va ular ham spektr ajratilishiga da’vogarlik qilib, jahonning bar-
cha mintaqalarida radiochastota taqsimlash masalasini yanada
keskinlashtirmoqda.
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­bob. “YUQORIGA” YO‘NALISHDAGI KANALNI

302
da (2,6GGs lik polosada harakat tezligi 250 km/soat bo‘lganda)
fazalar shovqini va Dopler effekti tufayli yo‘qotishlardan qochish
uchun yetarlicha keng bo‘ladi.
“Pastga” va “yuqoriga” kanallarda OFDM texnologiyasi ning
qo‘llanilishi turlicha. “Pastga” kanalda bu texnologiya faqat sig-
nalni uzatish, ya’ni axborot oqimlarini multiplekslash (bevosita
OFDM) uchun emas, balki ko‘p
sonli ulanish, ya’ni abonent
kanallarini multiplekslash (OFDMA) uchun ham ishlatiladi.
(20.1-rasm).
Eltuvchilar
User 1
User 2
User 3
Eltuvchilar
vitamin bor. Vitamin B
3 - Rajamurodov z. T., Rajabov a. I. Odam va hayvonlar fiziologiyasi

organizmining folat kislotaga ehtiyoji, ularning o‘zida hosil boiib
turadigan folat kislota hisobiga to ia qoplanadi. Parrandalarning foiat
kislotaga bo‘lgan ehtiyoji ancha yo‘qoridir. Shuning uchun ham ularga
beriladigan ozuqaning har bir kilogramida 0,6-0,9mg. boiishi kerak.
Paraaminobenzoat kislota. Rangsiz kristal modda bo‘lib, yorug‘lik va
havo ta’sirida sarg‘ayib qoladi. Bu modda turli achitqilar, donlarda, asosan
bug‘doy murtagi tarkibida uchraydi. Paraaminobenzoat kislota folat
kislotaning sintezlanishi uchun zarur bo‘lib, uning tarkibiga ham kiradi.
Sut beruvchi hayvonlarda laktatsiya uchun shuningdek jo ‘jalaming o‘sishi
uchun bu modda ancha zarur.
Bi
2
-vitamin. (Siankobalamin). Tarkibida kobalt va siano guruhi
bo‘ladigan qaramtir-qizg‘ish kristallardir, asosan hayvon mahsulotlari:
jigar, sut va baliq unida ko‘p boiadi. Kavsh qaytaruvchi hayvonlar katta
qornida, boshqa o‘txo‘r hayvonlaming yo‘g‘on ichaklarida mikroorga
nizmlar ishtirokida B
)2
vitaminni sintezlaydi. Bu vitamin qon yaratish
jarayonini kuchaytiradi, nerv tizimi faoliyatiga, oqsil va uglevodlar
almashinuviga ta’sir qiladi. U tarkibida 4,5% kobalt boigan yagona
vitamindir. Bu vitamin ko‘mikda eritrotsitlar yetilib chiqishi uchun zarur.
Bj
"psixologiya" - bet 135

174
nazorat qila oladi, jahli chiqmaydi. Biroq pessimistroq bo’lib, ahloqiy
normalarni qadrlaydi.
NEYROTIZM – kishining emosional jihatdan turg’unligi darajasini
belgilaydi. Emosional turg’un kishilar, emosional holatlarining stabilligi (ko’p
o’zgarmasligi, yetukligi, yangi sharoitlarga qiynalmay yaxshi moslasha olishi)
bilan ajralib turadi.
Emosional noturg’un
kishilar juda asabiy, noturg’un, yaxshi moslama
olmaydigan bo’ladilar. Testda sinaluvchilarning javoblarining to’g’ri yoki
noto’g’riligini nazorat qilish uchun yana bir shkala – o’zini yaxshi ko’rsatishga
intilishini belgilaydi. Boshqacha qilib aytganda «yolg’on javob shkalasi»
deyiladi.
Metodika 60 ta savoldan iborat, jumladan 24 tasi introversiya –
ekstroversiya shkalasiga, 24 tasi neyrotizm shkalasiga va 12 tasi «yolg’on
javob» shkalasiga taaluqli.
1. Ekstroversiya – introversiya quyidagi savollarga berilgan ijobiy (ya’ni
«+» belgisiga ega) javoblar yig’indisiga qarab aniqlanadi: № 1, 3, 9, 11, 14,
17, 19, 22, 25, 27, 30, 35, 38, 41, 43, 46, 49, 53, 57 va quyidagi
savollarga
berilgan rad javoblar, ya’ni «-» belgisiga ega javoblar yig’indisiga
qarab aniqlanadi: 6, 33, 51, 55, 59. bu yig’indilar qo’shilib umumiy ball
aniqlanadi.
2. Emosional turg’unlik darajasi quyidagi savollarga berilgan ijobiy
(ya’ni «+» belgisiga ega) javoblar yig’indisiga qarab aniqlanadi 2, 5, 7, 10,
13, 15, 18, 21, 23, 26, 29, 31, 34, 37, 39, 42, 45, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58,
60.
3. O’zini yaxshi ko’rsatishga intilish (yolg’on javob shkalasi) darajasi
quyidagi: 8, 16, 24, 28, 36, 44 – savollarga ijobiy «+» belgili (javoblarning
va quyidagi: 4, 12, 20, 32, 40 – savollarga rad) (ya’ni «-» belgili) javoblarning
mos, ya’ni to’g’ri kelish soniga qarab aniqlanadi.
Olingan natijalar quyidagi jadvallarga qarab baholanadi.
Ekstroversiya – introversiya darajasini baholash jadvali:
Introversiya
Ekstroversiya
Yuqori
darajada
me’yorida
me’yorida
Yuqori
darajada
1 – 7
8 - 11
12 – 18
19 – 24
2. Neyrotizm (emosional turg’unlik-noturg’unlik)
darajasini baholash
jadvali:
Emosional turg’unlik
Emosional noturg’unlik
Yuqori
o’rtacha
yuqori
juda yuqori
10 gacha
11 - 14
15 - 18
19 – 24
3. O’zini yaxshi ko’rsatishga intilish darajasining ko’rsatkichi 4-5 ball
bo’lsa, bu yuqori chegaradagi ko’rsatkich hisoblanadi va bu sinaluvchining o’zi
to’g’risida yaxshi taassurot qoldirishga harkat qilganligidan dalolat beradi.
Buning boshqa ko’rsatkichlarga ham ta’siri bor. Chunki bu
sinaluvchining savollarga javob berishdagi rostgo’ylik darajasining o’ziga xos
ko’rsatkichidir. Agar sinaluvchi bu shkala bo’yicha 4-5 ball va yuqori
-8
hafta o‘tgandan keyin avjiga chiqadi, 
otlar, qo‘ylar, echkilarda ko‘proq, ya’ni 
12-21

Suyaklaming shu tariqa yumshab qolishi osteomalyatsiya deyiladi. Qonda
kalsiy kamayib, suyaklanish jarayonlarida katta ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan
fosforli kalsiy tuzlarining yetishmasligi kuzatiladi. Raxit paytida hayvon
o'sishdan qoladi, anemiya-kamqonlik, ishtahaning yo‘qolishi kabi hollar
kuzatiladi. Yozda organizmning D vitaminga bo‘lgan ehtiyoji hayvonlar
terisidagi 7-degidroxolesterinning quyosh nuri ta’sirida D
3
vitaminga
aylanishi tufayli qisman qoplanadi. Shu sababli D vitaminga muhtojlik
asosan qishda, hayvonlar qorong‘i joyda boqilganda, quyosh nuri
kamayganida kuzatiladi. Qishloq xo‘jalik hayvonlarining D vitaminga
bo‘lgan sutkalik talabi 100kg. tirik vazniga nisbatan olganda 500-1500mg.
halqaro birlikka teng. Parrandalar tuxumga kirgan davrda ularga D vitamin
juda zarur. D vitamin organizmga haddan tashqari ko‘p kiritilsa, unga
zaharli ta’sir qiladi. Ayni vaqtda suyaklar haddan ortiq ohaklanib ba’zi
ichki organlarda ham ohak to‘planadi.
17-Jadval.
Turli oziqalardagi D vitamin miqdori (lkg.ozuqada, halqaro birlik
hisobida)
Ozuqalar
Vitaminning miqdori
1.
Pichan(quyoshda quritilgan)
550
• mazkur tayanch nuqtasining protokollari doim ham bir funk-
sional guruhga birlashtirilmagan;
•

• mazkur tayanch nuqtasining protokollari doim ham bir funk-
sional guruhga birlashtirilmagan;
• tayanch nuqtasi orqali birlashtirilgan ikkita tugun turli funk-
sional guruhlarda bo‘ladi.
R1 tayanch nuqtasi. R1 tayanch nuqtasi IEEE 802.16 standarti spetsifikatsiyasi bo‘yi-
cha radiointerfeys orqali AU va ASN tuguni orasidagi protokollar
va jarayonlardan tashkil topgan R1 tayanch nuqtasi boshqarish re-
jasiga muofiq qo‘shimcha protokollarni o‘z ichiga olishi mumkin.
R2 tayanch nuqtasi. R2 tayanch nuqtasi NSP uy tarmog‘i bilan ta’sirlashadigan AU
va SSN tuguni orasidagi protokollar va jarayonlardan tashkil top-
gan R2 autentifikatsiyalash, avtorizatsiya va IP-konfiguratsiyalash
funksiyalarini bajaradigan mantiqiy inerfeys hisoblanadi.
R3 tayanch nuqtasi. R3 tayanch nuqtasi AAA xizmatlarni, boshqarish siyosati va
mobillikni boshqarish qo‘llab-quvvatlash uchun ASN va SSN tu-
guni orasidagi nazorat protokoli to‘plamidan iborat. U shuning-
dek, ASN va SSN tugunlar orasida trafikni uzatish funksiyasini
bajaradi.
R4 tayanch nuqtasi. R4 tayanch nuqtasi nazorat va xizmat protokollari hamda ASN
ishiga bog‘liq turli funksional jarayonlardan tashkil topgan va
ASN mijozlar orqali ASN tugunlar orasida o‘zaro ta’sirlashishni
ta’minlaydi. Binobarin R4 tayanch nuqtasi orqali bir jinsli (gete-
rogen) ASN tugunlar orasidagi o‘zaro ta’sirlashish protokolini
ta’minlaydi.
R5 tayanch nuqtasi. R5 tayanch nuqtasi uy va mehmon NSP provayder tarmoqlariga
kiradigan SSN tugunlar orasidan nazorat protokollari to‘plamidan
iborat.
ASN tayanch nuqtalari. R6 tayanch nuqtasi. R6 tayanch nuqtasi TS va ASN shlyuz orasida o‘zaro ta’sirlashi-
shi uchun nazorat va bir tomonga yo‘nalgan kanallardan tashkil
410
topgan. Teskari aloqa kanali TS va ASN shlyuz orasida ASN tu-
guni kanali ichidagi axborotni kanali hisoblanadi. Nazorat matrit-
sasi axborot kanalini tashkil etish protokollari, mobil abonentlar
AUlari uchun nazorat kanalini taqdim etish va o‘zgartirishni o‘z
ichiga oladi. R6 R4 bilan kombinatsiyada R8 nuqta orqali al-
mashtirish imkoniyatiga ega bo‘lmagan tayanch stansiyalar orasi-
da MAS holatlarni almashtirish uchun “tunnel bo‘lib” xizmat
qilishi mumkin.
barmoqlarining bukilishiga sabab bo‘ladi (oyoq kafti refleksi); chaqaloq

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barmoqlarining bukilishiga sabab bo‘ladi (oyoq kafti refleksi); chaqaloq Pdf ko'rish
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bet | 240/318 | Sana | 23.05.2024 | Hajmi | 14,15 Mb. | | #251148 |
Bog'liq G‘ofurov A.T., Fayzullayev S.S. Genetika va evolyutsion ta’limotbarmoqlarining bukilishiga sabab bo‘ladi (oyoq kafti refleksi); chaqaloq
bolaning og ‘ziga emchak solinganda u ema boshlaydi (emish refleksi) va
hakazo.
Bunday misollami juda ko‘plab keltirish mumkin, refleks y o ‘li bilan
so'lak, m e’da shirasi ajralishini, baqaning qomiga urilganda yuragi refleks
y o ‘li bilan to‘xtab qolishini avvalgi boblardan eslash kifoya.
В ulaming hammasida tuban darajadagi hayvonlarda ham, yuqori
darajadagi hayvonlarda ham aslida bir xil fiziologik mexanizmga ega
bo‘lgan hodisani ko‘ramiz, lekin yuqorida tasvir etilgan hollarda oxirgi
natija bir-biridan katta farq qiladi.
Barcha reflekslarda sezuvchi yoki markazga intiluvchi nervlarning
oxirlari, ya’ni retseptorlar ta’sirlanadi. Retseptorlarda kelib chiqqan
qo‘zg‘alish markazga intiluvchi nerv tolasi orqali markaziy asab tizimiga
boradi. Markazga intiluvchi nerv tolalari orqa miyadan tashqaridagi -
umurtqalararo teshiklarda joylashgan maxsus nerv tugunlaridagi nerv
hujayralarining uzun o ‘siqlaridir. Bu hujayralaming ikkinchi, kaltaroq
o ‘sig‘i orqa miyaga kiradi. Bu yerda qo‘zg ‘alish ikkinchi neyronga o ‘tadi.
Qo‘zg ‘alish orqa miyadagi harakatlantiruvchi hujayralarga o ‘tadi va
harakatlantiruvchi yoki markazdan qochuvchi nervlar orqali muskullarga
kelib, ularni qisqartiradi yoki bo‘shashtiradi yoki boshqa organlarga borib
ulami faol holatga keltiradi.
Reflekslaming yuzaga chiqishida qo‘zg ‘alish o ‘tadigan y o ‘l reflektor
yoyi yoki refleks yoyi deb ataladi. Oddiy reflektor yoy chizma tarzida
tasavvur etilsa, u kamida ikki neyrondan - markazga intiluvchi va
markazdan qochuvchi neyrondan iborat b oiish i kerak. Ko‘pgina olimlar
markaziy asab tizimida shu ikki nerv hujayrasining o ‘rtasida yana bir
|
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-rasm. Buxgalteriya hisobini tashkil etish oldiga quyiladigan asosiy talablar

Shuningdek, rahbar quyidagilarni ta'minlashi shart:
-
“ – ichki hisob va hisobot tizimini ishlab chiqilishini;
-
xo‘jalik operatsiyalarini nazorat qilish tartibini;
-
buxgalteriya hisobi to‘liq va aniq yuritilishini;
-
hisob-kitob hujjatlarining saqlanishini;
-
tashqi foydalanuvchilar uchun moliyaviy hisobotning tayyorlanishini;
-
soliq hisobotlari va boshqa moliyaviy hujjatlarning tayyorlanishini;
-
hisob-kitoblar o‘z vaqtida amalga oshirilishini”
3
.
R7 tayanch nuqtasi - Raqamli mobil aloqa

412
turli autentifikatsiyalash formatlarini qullab-quvvatlash imkoni-
yatlarini o‘z ichiga oladi. Ko‘p darajali tuzilmali WiMAXWiMAX
tizimi arxitekturasining modeli 28.6-rasmda keltirilgan.
Xizmat ko‘rsatish
provayderlarining
IP tarmoqlari
AAA
serveri
kontent
bo‘yicha
xizmatlar
MIP
kliyent
HA-agent
Billingni
qo‘llash
tizimi...
Ishlash
ta’minlash
tizimi
IMS-
xizmatlari
Tarmoqlarni o‘zaro
ishlash interfeysi
Mobil
WiMAXning
tayanch
stansiyasi
ASN
shlyuzi
WiMAX mobil
terminal
WiMAX
protativ
terminal
WiMAX
turg‘un
terminali
Abonent
uskunalari
Ulashni taqdim etuvchi tarmoq
Radiointerfeys
COTS
komponentlari
WiMAX
komponentlari
Rauming interfeysi
Kommutatsiya tarmog‘i