nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Taqsimot vositalarining tuzilmalari

Ularni tasniflashda ikkita asosiy aiom atlar hisobga olinadi (4.1-
jadval):
• vositachi kimning
nom idan ish yuritayotgani;
• vositachi kimning hisobiga operatsivalar o ‘tkazayotgani.
4 ,1-jadval
Taqsimot vositalarining shakllari
Vositachi turlari
Tasniflash alomatiari
D iler
0 ‘zining nom idan va o'z liisobidan
Distribyutor
ishlab chiqaruvchi nomidan va o ' / hisobidan
Komissioner
0 ‘zining nom idan va ishlab chiqaruvchi hisobidan
Agent, broker
Ishlab chiqaruvchi nomidan va ishlab chiqaruvchi
hisobidan
Dilerlar —
operatsiyalarni
0
‘zining nom idan va o ‘z hisobidan
amalga
oshiradigan ulguiji, ayrim hollarda chakana vositachilar.
U lar yetkazib berish shartnom asi asosida tovar sotib oladiiar,
yetkazib berilgan tovarlarga pul o'tkazgandan
keyin tovar egasiga
aylanadilar va mazkur tovarlarni iste’molchilarga sotadilar.
Transport 
— - M. L. Tursunxodjayev Tashkent davlat texnika universiteli

Transport logistikasi
— transport
tizimlarini optimallashtirish,
transport vositasining turi va tipini tanlash; turii kanalli yo‘nalish-
dagi mol yetkazib berislilami aniqlash;
transport-om bor jarayoni
texnologik birligini ta ’minlash.
Sex zaxirasi
— bu o m b o rd an olin g an va q ayta ishlash
maqsadida sexda joylashgan materiallar.
Umumiy foydalanish transporti — yuk va yo‘lovchiIarni tashib,
barcha xalq xo‘jaligi tarm oqlariga xizmat ko'rsatadi. U m um iy
foydalanish transporti aholiga va xizmat ko'rsatish
sohasiga xizmat
ko'rsatadi. Umumiy foydalanish transporti o ‘z ichiga tem ir yo‘l,
suv transporti (daryo va dengiz) ni, avtomobil. havo transporti
va truboprovod transportini oladi.
Umumiy brutto ehtiyoj
— brutto ehtiyoj + qo‘shim cha ehtiyoj,
u o ‘z tarkibiga tajribalar o ‘tkazish,
nam unalarni bajarish, usku-
nalarni ta ’mirlash va ushlab turish bilan bog‘liq ehtiyojning ortishi,
yetkazib berilmagan hollarda zaxiralarni oladi.
Xarid logistikasi
— bu korxonani m oddiy resurslar bilan
ta ’minlash, resurslarni korxona omborlariga joylashtirish,
ularni
saqlash va ishlab chiqarishga jo ‘natish jarayonidir. Xarid logistika-
sining maqsadi bo‘lib, ishlab chiqarishning materiallarga b o lg a n
talabini m aksim al darajada iqtisodiy
sam ara bilan qoniqtirish
hisoblanadi.
Ishlab chiqarishning moddiy ta’minotini

Buyurtmalar asosida moddiy ta ’m inot alohida va bir qancha
pozitsiyalar bo'yicha am alga oshirilishi m um kin. Bir qancha
pozitsiyalar bo‘vie ha moddiy ta ’m inot bir xil vaqt oraUqlaridan
(masalan haftalardan) keyin amalga oshiriladi, bunda berilgan
davr bo'yicha kelib tushgan arizalarni hisobga olgan holda bitta
umumiy buyurtm a shakllantiriladi.
Servis
— tovarlarni iste’molchilarga yetkazib berish jarayonida 
xizmat ko'rsatish.
Sotib olib g ‘amlash logistikasi

Servis — tovarlarni iste’molchilarga yetkazib berish jarayonida xizmat ko'rsatish. Sotib olib g ‘amlash logistikasi
LOGISTIKA. Umarova D.M
|
Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar Bosh sahifa Servis — tovarlarni iste’molchilarga yetkazib berish jarayonida xizmat ko'rsatish. Sotib olib g ‘amlash logistikasi
|
V BOB. LOGICTIKADA STRATEGIYA VA

— sarflash b o ‘yicha peshqadamlik strategiyasi — yetkazib berish
tizimida logistik sarflarni kamaytirish hisobiga bozorda peshqa
damlik qilish strategiyasi;
— fokusga to'plam oq strategiyasi —
butun bozorni qamrab
olishga intilm agan holda iste’m olchilarning bir segm enti yoki
xaridorlarning aniq bir guruhi talabini bajarish va qondirishga
yo'naltirilgan strategiya. M azkur strategiyaning maqsadi — maqsadli
tan lan g an segm ent iste’m olchilari talabini raqiblardan ko ‘ra
yaxshiroq qondirish. Fokusga to'p lam o q strategiyasi differen-
siatsiyalashtirishga ham, sarflash bo‘yicha
peshqadamlikka ham,
yoki faqatgina maqsadli segment doirasida unisiga ham , bunisiga
ham birdek tayanishi mumkin. Strategiya bozor sharoiti maqsadli
segm entida katta
ulush olishga im kon beradi, biroq um um iy
bozorda kichik ulushga olib kelishi mumkin;
— diversifikatsiya strategiyasi — korxona b itta funksional
strategik boMinmaga tobe boMib qolmasligi uchun qoMlaniladi.
Taqsimlash sohasida logistika

|
Taqsimlash sohasida logistika Pdf ko'rish
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bet | 147/170 | Sana | 07.02.2024 | Hajmi | 8,11 Mb. | | #152713 |
Bog'liq LOGISTIKA. Umarova D.MTaqsimlash sohasida logistika
— bu strategik, tashkiliy,
moliyaviy va boshqa o ‘zaro bog‘langan moddiy, moliyaviy noishlab
chiqarish davridagi oqimlarning egiluvchan boshqaruv tizimi.
Tashkillashtiruvchi funksiya
— tovar h arak ati jaray o n id a
yetkazib beruvchilar, ishlab chiqaruvchilar va sotuvchilar o ‘rtasida
xo‘jalik aloqalari tashkil etiladi va amalga oshiriladi. X o‘ja!ik
aloqalarining obyektiv asosi b o iib m ehnatning tovar harakati
bosqichlari b o ‘yicha bo'linishi xizm at qiladi, bu esa jarayon-
larning boiinishiga olib keladi va turli aloqa tizim lari birlash-
tiruvchilarini sozlash talabini vujudga keltiradi. Bu masalaning
yechimi bir butun oqimli jarayon ichida m ateriallar va axbo-
rotning ishlab chiqaruvchi-iste’m olchi zanjiri bo ‘yicha harakatini
tashkil etish, alohida bosqichlam ing o ‘zaro ta ’sirini ta ’m inlash
va tovar harakati qatnashchilari harakatlarini moslashtirish orqali
amalga oshiriladi.
Tortib chiqaruvchi tizim
— ishlab ch iq arish n in g h ar bir
b o sq ic h id a z a x ira la rn in g m in im a l d a ra ja s in i saq la sh n i va
buyurtmani keyingi uchastkadan oldingiga qaratilgan harakatini
nazarda tutadi. Keyingi uchastka m e’yorga va m ahsulotlarni
iste’mol qilinish vaqtiga mos ravishda materiallarga buyurtm a
beradi. Ishning reja grafigi faqat iste ’m olchi — sex u chun
o ‘m atiladi. Ishlab chiqaruvchi - sex aniq grafik va rejaga ega
emas hamda tushgan buyurtm a bo'yicha ishlaydi. Shunday qilish
detallar faqat haqiqatdan zarur bo ‘lganda va faqat zaruriyat
tug‘ilganda ishlab chiqariladi.
Tovar zaxiralari
— korxona om borlari, m uom ala sohasida
(yo'ldagi zaxiralar, savdo korxonalaridagi zaxiralar) b o ‘lgan tayyor
mahsulot zaxiralari (rezervlar).
|
| |
-rasm. Moddiy oqimlar taqsimotining qulay

Is te ’m o lc h ila r yetkazib b eru v c h ilard an u zo q d a yoki bir
nechta hududlarda joylashgan hollarda tovarlarni om borxona,
yetkazib beruvchi korxonalar m arkazi
orqaii yetkazish shakli
q o ila n ila d i. Sotuvchi vakillar m ah su lo tn i yetkazib berishga
buyurtm a qabul qilganda m ahsulotni firm aning bironta korxo-
nasiga qayta j o ‘natishga m o ijallan g an m arkaziy mol o ‘tkazish
idorasiga em as, balki bevosita yaqin
joylashgan taqsim lash
markaziga jo 'n atish ad i.
Tovarlarni iste’m olchilarga yetkazishning keyingi shakli —
ulgurji vositachilar xizmatidan foydalanish. Yetkazib beruvchilar
ishlab chiqarish va texnik maqsadda foydalaniladigan mahsulotlarni
sotishda ulgurji korxonalar xizmatiga m urojaat etadilar.
Ayniqsa
mahsulot sotiladigan bozorni kengaytirish va xarajatlarni kamay-
tirish m aqsadida bir xil tovarni turii bozorlarda sotish uchun
qo'shim cha vosita tashkil etishga zarurat
paydo b o ig an d a katta
m iqdorda bir xil b o ‘lgan tovarlar yetkazib berilganda mazkur
shakldan foydalaniladi.
So'nggi yillarda ulgurji vositachilar va sanoat korxonalari
o ‘rtasidagi munosabatlarning yana bir shakli keng tarqalgan.
Bunga
ko‘ra iste’molchilarda boMgan asbob-uskunalarga texnik xizmat
к о 'rsatish operatsiyalari ulgurji vositachilarga biriktirilgan. Bunday
hollarda ishlab chiqaruvchi korxonalar uchun bunday operatsiya
larni bajarishga xodimlarni ishga olishga zarurat qolmaydi.
Sanoat
uskunalari, xomashyo materiallari va yarimfabrikatlar
brokerlar va vakillar yordam ida tovar birjalari orqaii sotilishi
mumkin.
Taqsimot markazini joylashtirish. X izm at k o ‘rsatiladigan
hududda material oqimi iste’molchilari bir nechta bo'lgan
hollarda
taqsimlash markazini joylashtirishning eng qulay variantini tanlash
kerak b o iad i. Taqsimot markazini joylashtirish varianti tanlan-
ganda quyidagi tartibdagi ishlar amalga oshiriladi:
1) bozor sharoiti o ‘rganiladi va logistik tizim orqaii o ‘tadigan
materiallar oqimining taxminiy
miqdori ishlab chiqiladi;
2) iste’molchilami tovar bilan ta ’minlash tizimi ishlab chiqiladi;
3) logistik tizim ichida materiallar oqimini taqsimlash chizmasi
tuziiadi;
71
4)
qilingan eng каш xarajatlar
m ezoni asosida taqsimlash
markazini joylashtirish variantini tanlash amalga oshiriladi.
K eltirilgan xarajatlar k o ‘rsatk ich in i quyidagicha aniqlash
mumkin:
Xizmatlar 
— - M. L. Tursunxodjayev Tashkent davlat texnika universiteli

T E ST L A R
1. Zamonaviy logistikaning maqsadi?
a)
moddiy zaxira yaratish
b) ombor xo'jaJigini tashkil etish
d) mahsulotni belgilangan vaqtda, lozim bo‘lgan
miqdorda va kam
xarajatlar bilan yetkazish
e) axborot bilan ta’minlash
2. Logistikaning asosiy o‘rganish obyekti bo‘lib nima hisoblanadi?
a) savdoda bajariiadigan jarayonlar
b)
moddiy va axborot oqimlar
d) mahsulot va xizmat ko‘rsatish jarayoni va bozor
e) mahsulotlarni ishlab chiqaruvchidan iste’molchiga yetkazib berish
jarayoni, iqtisodiy munosabatlar
3. Logistikaning rivojianishiga ta’sir etuvchi omiilar qaysilar?
a) ishlab chiqarish va almashuv sohalarida
boshqarish jarayonlami
kompyuterlash
b) ayrim mahsulotlarni ng ishlab chiqarish jarayonini takomillashtirish
d) soliq tizimini takomillashtirish
e) hamma javob to‘g‘ri
4. Moddiy oqimni harakatga keltiruvchi qaysi tizim mikrologistikaga
kiradi?
a) ikki shaharni birlashtiruvchi temir yo‘l
stansiyalari
b) shartnoina orqaii boglangan transport va yetkazib beruvchi korxona
d) dengiz porti
e) 0 ‘zbekiston bozoriga chet el mahsulotini yetkazib beruvchi zanjir
ishtirokchilari
5. Qaysi funksiya logistika strukturasiga kiradi?
a) mahsulotlar transponirovkasi
va zaxiralari
b) omborlashtirish va ombor ishlari
229
d) axborot, kadrlar va ishlab chiqarish xizmatlari
e) hamma javoblar to‘g‘ri
Criminal - Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authors

Criminal
Drug or other illegal substance dealers: A variety of darknet markets (black markets) allow for
the anonymous buying and selling of drugs and other illegal or controlled substances like
pharmaceuticals.
Counterfeiters: Counterfeiters offer document forging and currency imitation services via the
darknet.
Sellers of stolen information: Credit card numbers and other personally identifiable
information (PII) can be purchased on the darknet for theft and fraud activities.
Weapons dealers: A variety of darknet markets (black markets) allow for the anonymous,
illegal buying and selling of weapons.
Hackers: Black hat hackers, or those looking to bypass and exploit security measures for
personal gain or simply out of spite for an organization or action, brag about their exploits,
communicate and collaborate with other hackers, and share security exploits (take advantage of
a bug or vulnerability to gain access to software, hardware, data, etc.) on the darknet.
Gamblers: Certain sites on the darknet block U.S.-based internet service providers. Gamblers
may take to the darknet to skirt local gambling laws.
Terrorists: Just as people living and/or working in countries being led by oppressive regimes
will often take to the darknet, terrorists do too. Internet access, recruiting, sharing of
information, and organizing can be done anonymously on the darknet.
102
Murderers/Assassins: While there is debate as to whether these services are legitimate, law
enforcement, or simply fictitious sites, there are dark web sites where murder-for-hire services
are listed.
Vendors of illegal explicit materials.
See more at:
https://www.darkowl.com/what-is-the-darknet/
Non-criminal - Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authors

101
Law enforcement: The FBI and other law enforcement groups may use the darknet for sting
operations or to keep governmental IP addresses out of web logs.
Military: Members of the military intelligence community use the darknet as a source of
OSINT, open-source intelligence information - information that is publicly available.
Researchers: Security researchers and "white hat" hackers (people who hack various computer
networks and programs to test or evaluate their security) utilize the darknet as a source of
information on computer software and hardware, exploits, tools, etc.
Companies: Due to the volume of stolen and forged information, fraud, and discussion around
these topics happening on the darknet, many businesses attempt to monitor the darknet for the
presence of or chatter regarding their proprietary information.
Political regimes: People living and/or working in countries being led by oppressive regimes
will often take to the darknet for a myriad of reasons, including:
o
internet access, where access or use of the internet is restricted or highly controlled;
o
political activism or revolutionary actions, including the spread of information both
within country and abroad (e.g. exposing human rights abuse), planning of meet ups or
rallys, etc;
o
safe and private communication, especially for non-governmental organization (NGO)
or private sector employees working in war torn or unstable nations.
Journalists: Many journalists leverage the darknet for encrypted communications to protect
both themselves and their source(s). Journalists also use the darknet to avoid censorship.
Of course where there are valid uses for anonymity, there are also criminals looking to use the
anonymity of the darknet to their advantage, with the largest volume of darknet sites revolving
around drugs, darknet markets (darknet sites for the buying and selling of goods and services), and
fraud. Examples of criminal use of the darknet are seen below.
Metrologiya sohasida qonunlashtiruvchi Xalqaro tashkilot (MOZM)

54
Xalqaro miqyosda metrologiya sohasida qonunlashtiruvchi xalqaro tashkilot ham mavjuddir.
Uni qisqartirilgan holda MOZM (Mejdunarodnaya organizatsiya zakonodatelnoy metrologii) deb
ataladi. Bu tashkilotning asosiy maqsadi - davlat metrologik xizmatlarni va boshqa milliy
muassasalarning faoliyatlarini xalqaro miqyosda muvofiqlashtirishdir.
MOZM faoliyatining asosiy yo‘nalishlari quyidagilardan iborat:
-
MOZMga a‘zo bo‘lgan mamlakatlar uchun o‘lchash vositalarining uslubiy meyoriy
metrologik tavsiflarining birliligini belgilash;
-
qiyoslash
uskunalarini,
solishtirish
usullarini,
etalonlarni
tekshirish
va
attestatlashini,
namunaviy va ishchi o‘lchash asboblarini uyg‘unlashtirish;
-
xalqaro
ko‘lamda
birxillashtirilgan
o‘lchash
birliklarini
mamlakatlarda
qo‘llanishini
ta‘minlash;
-
metrologik xizmatlarning eng qulay shakllarini ishlab chiqish va ularni joriy etish bo‘yicha
davlat ko‘rsatmalarining birliligini ta‘minlash;
-
rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda metrologik ishlarni ta‘min etish va ularni zarur texnik
vositalari bilan ta‘minlashda ilmiy-texnikaviy yordamlashish;
-
metrologiya sohasida turli darajalarda kadrlar tayyorlashning yagona qonun-qoidalarini
belgilash.
MOZM ning Oliy rahbar idorasi metrologiyadan qonun chiqaruvchi Xalqaro konferensiyasi
hisoblanib, u har to‘rt yilda bir marta chaqiriladi. Konferensiya tashkilotning maqsad va vazifalarini
belgilaydi, ishchi idoralarining ma‘ruzalarini tasdiqlaydi, byudjet masalalarini muhokama qiladi.
MOZM ning rasmiy tili - fransuz tilidir.
Sifat bo‘yicha Evropa tashkiloti (EOKK)
Sifatni nazorat qilish Evropa tashkiloti EOKK (Evropeyskaya organizatsiya po kontrolyu
kachestva) bo‘lib, uning birinchi konferensiyasi 1957 yilda chaqirilgan va shu yilning o‘zida uni
nizomi ham tasdiqlandi.
Conducting research and planning ahead

62
Deciding how you will sell.
The actual setting up of your online shop can be achieved in two ways:
You can build an e-commerce store from scratch
– this means either developing it yourself,
or hiring a freelancer/agency to do it for you. It can take longer and cost more, but building a
custom online store will guarantee 100% customization and give you the power to make all
the decisions.
You can use an off-the-shelf e-commerce solution
which makes building an online store a
quick and easy process. However, it will also mean less customization, as you will need to
choose from an existing pool of themes and tools provided by the platform. If you opt to run
a dropshipping business, e-commerce solutions will allow you to get the store off the ground
and start selling in as little as few hours.
Me‗yoriy hujjatlarning ekspertizasi

60
amaldagi MH;
MH o‘zgartirishlarning loyihalari;
davlat ro‘yxatidan o‘tkaziladigan, MH ning tasdiqlangan o‘zgartirishlari.
Ekspertizaning quyidagi xillari o‘rnatilgan:
normallashtirish tekshiruvi;
kelishishning to‘liqligi;
majburiy talablarga muvofiqligi;
patent sofligiga tekshirish;
ochiq chop etilmaydigan ma‘lumotlar;
texnik ekspertiza;
iqtisodiy ekspertiza;
metrologik ekspertiza;
ekologik ekspertiza;
terminologik ekspertiza;
huquqiy ekspertiza;
nashriyot tahriri;
ilmiy-texnikaviy darajani baholash.
O‘zstandart
Agentligining
topshirig‘i,
buyurtmachining
so‘rovnomasi,
shuningdek
zarurligiga qarab, standartlashtirish ob‘ektining xususiyatlariga qarab, ekspertiza alohida turlar
bo‘yicha o‘tkazilishi mumkin.
O‘zstandart Agentligi, standartlashtirish bo‘yicha texnik qo‘mitalar, standartlashtirish
bo‘yicha tayanch tashkilotlar va ekspertiza o‘tkazishga vakolatlangan boshqa tashkilotlar me‘yoriy
hujjatlarni ekspertizadan o‘tkazadi.
Normallashtirish tekshiruvida quyidagilar tekshiriladi:
me‘yoriy hujjatning to‘g‘ri tuzilganligi va rasmiylashtirilgani;
amaldagi me‘yoriy va boshqa hujjatlarga to‘g‘ri va huquqiy havola qilinganligi;
MH
ning
zarur
axborot
qidiruv
belgilari
(nomi,
belgisi,
mahsulotning
umumdavlat
tasniflagichining
kodi
(MUT),
standartlar
umumdavlat
tasniflagichining
guruhi
(SUT),
simvollar, qisqartmalar, amalga kiritish sanasi va (yoki) amal muddati, hujjatning qaysi MH
o‘rniga ishlab chiqilganligi to‘g‘risida ma‘lumotlar va h.k.);
tekshiruvchi shaxslar, bajaruvchilvr imzolarining mavjudligi;
hujjatning tashqi ko‘rinishi.
H 
Home Writing Assignment

61
B
Before You Read
Read the title from the article below.
Do you have any ideas how to start e-commerce business?
Explain the difference between e-commerce and e-business?
C
Read the Article
How to Start an E-commerce Business?
There is a logical order in how you would go about building
an e-commerce business. Although setting up an actual online
store would probably take less than a day, researching,
building, launching and growing a profitable e-commerce
business is a multi-layered process involving a number of
steps and decisions.
Choosing and sourcing a product.
The first step to starting an e-commerce business is deciding
what products you’re going to sell. Finding a profitable idea can be hard work, so be prepared to do
some serious digging and thinking. It’s essential that you choose products with healthy margins that
will allow you to turn a profit and scale the business in the future. Once you know what you want to
sell, you’ll need to decide how and where you’re going to source the products. The four main
methods of sourcing products and inventory are making, manufacturing, wholesale and
dropshipping.
v 
Use the phrases given bellow in the sentences of your own

53
F
Web Research
Activity
Surfing the web, trace the history of cryptography and cryptanalysis.
Research the
phenomena given below which relate to the origin and development of modern cryptology.
Reconstructed ancient Greek
scytale
[
ˈsit.əl
]
, an early cipher
device
One of the variants of
the Nazi Enigma
machine, the late 1920s
Alan Turing and his code-breaking
computer
G
Speaking Test
Discuss with your partner what you should do to keep your information safe? Make a list of
recommendations how to provide secure online communication, to prevent data theft and to
minimize the risks of vulnerabilities in the Cloud.
Dwell on the issue why the study of data storage security is so topical nowadays?
Substantiate your idea in class.
Describe the phenomenon ‘crypto wars’. Say whether individuals and organizations should
hide their personal and corporate secrets in a battle with government officials or ‘unlock
their keys’ in the cases of threats to public safety.
Characterize the latest improvements to the encryption and decryption of secure voice calls
and text messages.
Indicate and give characteristics of the mainstreams in the history of cryptology.
Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authors - bet 45

57
E
Use of Language Practice
i
Form as many derivatives as you can from the words in the table below.
Make up your own sentences with them.
Verbs
Nouns
Adjectives
Adverbs
undeniably
essential
refined
usability
require
entice
navigational
infrequently
compatibility
necessitate
ii
Provide the opposites to the following words:
Crucial, to enhance, to encompass, attractive, to avoid, globally, to entice, relevant, assured,
paramount, lucrative.
iii
Fill in the gaps with the words which best fit each space:
The design
(0)
OF a website has a huge impact
(1)
… the User Experience (UX) for your visitors.
(2)
…
making the navigation simple and easy to use, to ensure the speed of your site is
Xorijiy manbalar - Tarix” kafedrasi “manbashunoslik va tarixshunoslik”

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Tarix” kafedrasi “manbashunoslik va tarixshunoslik”
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bet | 60/113 | Sana | 29.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,99 Mb. | | #256811 | Turi | Referat |
Bog'liq Tarix” kafedrasi “manbashunoslik va tarixshunoslik”Xorijiy manbalar
Xalidov A.B. Arabskie rukopisi i arabskaya rukopisnaya traditsiya. – M., 1985.
Abul Fazl Bayxaki. Istoriya Ma’suda.Perevod s persidskogo. vvedenie, kommentarii i prilojeniya A.K.Arendsa. -M.:1969.
Avesto. Izbrannie gimni. Perevod s persidokogo, vvedenie, kommentarii I.M.Streblin-Kamenskogo.-Dushanbe.: Adib. 1990.
Bibliografiya arabskix rukopisey. – M., 1982.
Bichurin N.Ya. Sobranie svedeniy o narodax, obitavshix v Sredney Azii v drevnie vremena. V 5-x tomax. –M.-L., 1950.
Gerodot. Istoriya. Drevnegrecheskiy tekst, perevod. –L., 1972.
Gumilev L.N. Drevnie tyurki. – M., 1967.
Stori Ch.A. Persidskaya literatura // Bibliograficheskiy obzor, ch. I, II, III; per. i pererabot. i dopoln. Yu.E.Bregel. – M., 1972.
Rashid ad-din. Sbornik letopisey. – Per. s persidskogo O.I. Smirnovoy Prim. B.I.Pankratova i O.I.Smirnovoy.// Red. A.A. Seminova. T.I, kn.2. – M.-L., 1952.
Rashid ad-din. Sbornik letopisey. // Per. s parsidskogo Yu.P.Verxovskogo i B.I. pankratova. T.3. – M.-L., 1960.
Xaydar Mirzo. Tarixi Rashidiy. Perevod A.Urinbaeva, R.Djalilovoy, L.Yepifanova.-T.:Fan.1996. Xodja Samandar Tirmezi. Dastur al-muluk (Nazidanie gosudaryam). // Faksimile stareyshey rukopisi, perevod s persidskogo, predislovie, primechaniya i ukazateli M.A. Salaxetdinovoy. – M., 1971.
Mir Muxammad Amin Buxoroiy. Ubaydulla-name. Perevod s tadjikskogo s primechaniyami A.Semenova.-M., 1957.
Putishestvie v Samarkand ko dvoru Temura. (1403-1406). Perevod s predislovie M.S.Mironova. –M., 1990.
www.ziyonet.net
www.history.ru
TAYANCH KONSPYEKT
Manbalarni turkumlash
Tarixiy tadqiqot uchun manbalarni turkumlashning ahamiyati. Turkumlashdagi asosiy tamoyillar: manbalarni mazmuniga, kelib chiqishiga va yo’nalishiga qarab ajratish. Tarixiy manba. Manbalarning asosiy turlari: moddiy yodgorliklar, ma’naviy yodgorliklar. Tarixiy manbalarning shakl va mazmuniga qarab guruhlarga bo’linishi: moddiy (ashyoviy) manbalar; etnografik manbalar; lingvistik manbalar; og’zaki manbalar (folklor). O’zma manbalar. O’zma manbalarning asosiy xillari. Adabiy manbalar (yilnomalar, xronikalar va h.k.). Epik yodgorliklar. Aktlarga oid hujjatlar (yorliqlar, aktlar, xatlar, yuridik-qozixona hujjatlari va b.). Arxiv manbalar. Normativ va ijroiya Hujjatlari; statistik materiallar-tarixiy manba. Jamoat tashkilotlari hujjatlari tarixiy manba sifatida. Diplomatik hujjatlar; memuarlar; davriy matbuot.
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)
_______ (decrypt) on the other phone. The service 
8)

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)
_______ (decrypt) on the other phone. The service
8)Bog'liq 4 PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH7)
_______ (decrypt) on the other phone. The service
8)
_______ (not stop) the delivery of ominous messages in range of certain base stations. But it can
block eavesdropping and prevent the snooper from
9)
_______ (know) the number of the person
you are calling or texting. Soon, access codes for
Silent Circle
were making their way to protest
organizers in the heart of Kyiv.
In the past year, it’s become
10)
_______ (clear) that places like Kyiv are not the only environments
where people might need widespread deployment of crypto technology. Documents brought to light
by former U.S. National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden suggest that the NSA gathers
huge amounts of information from cloud computing platforms and
11)
_______ (wire) carriers,
including the numbers ordinary people called and the times they called them. Not only could the
government be watching you: so could websites, advertisers, and even
12)
_______ (retail) trying to
track your movements within stores. Modern smartphones and the apps running on them are
engineered to collect and disseminate enormous amounts of user data – such as location, Web
browsing histories, search terms, and contact lists.
More than 99% of Android phones are potentially
13)
_______ (leak) data that, if stolen, could be
used to get the information they store online. The discovery was made by German security
researchers looking at how Android phones handle
14)
_______ (identify) information. Note
Google’s comment on the problem: “We’re aware of this issue,
15)
_______ already (fix) it for
calendar and contacts in the latest versions of Android...”
Thus, a new way to block many of the ways phones leak data is of urgent necessity. It should signal
a shift toward mass-market phones that are far more private and secure.
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A front-end developer takes the visual design of a website (whether they were created 
3

59
G
Speaking Test
Prove that multimedia is a good opportunity to boost the Ukrainian economy.
Substantiate that Web design is one of the most creative professions in IT.
Agree or disagree with the fact that multimedia designers will be in demand in Ukraine in
the foreseeable future.
Which mistakes should you avoid while designing and developing website?
List three types of software programs that might be used when creating a multimedia Web
site. Explain what each program would be used for and list one example (program name and
publisher) of each. Name one situation in which a hyperlink would not be identified as a
broken link by a Web site authoring program testing feature but
would still be wrong and
could only be detected by a human tester.
What is the DARKNET? - Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authors

100
Beyond the deep web which consists of content that cannot be found or directly accessed via
surface web search engines such as Google and Yahoo is the darknet. The darknet is a network,
built on top of the internet that is purposefully hidden, meaning it has been designed specifically for
anonymity. Unlike the deep web, the darknet is only accessible with special tools and software –
browsers and other protocol beyond direct links or credentials. You cannot access the darknet by
simply typing a dark web address into your web browser.
All darknets require specific software installed or network configurations made to access them, such
as Tor, which can be accessed via a customised browser from Vidalia (aka the Tor browser bundle),
or alternatively via a proxy configured to perform the same function.
Similarly, below are several examples of darknets:Tor, or The Onion Router, is a group of
volunteer-operated servers that allows people to improve their privacy and security on the
Internet. Users connect through a series of virtual tunnels rather than making a direct
connection.
I2P, or the Invisible Internet Project, is an anonymous overlay network - a network within a
network - intended to protect communication from surveillance and monitoring.
Freenet is free software which allows users to anonymously share files, browse and publish
"freesites" (web sites accessible only through Freenet) and chat on forums. Communications
by Freenet nodes are encrypted and are routed through other nodes to make it extremely
difficult to determine who is requesting the information and what its content is.
DN42 is an example of a darknet, a routing protocol, that is not necessarily meant to be secret -
its aim is to explore internet routing technologies.
We'll use Tor, perhaps the most well-known and most-used, to better explain the darknet and dark
web. Tor, short for The Onion Router (the project's original name), routes traffic to dark web sites
through layers of encryption to allow for anonymity. The term dark web refers to websites on a
darknet. In Tor's case, these dark web addresses all end in .onion.
Onion routing is implemented by encryption, nested like the layers of an onion. Tor encrypts the
data, including the destination, multiple times and sends it through a circuit of randomly selected
Tor relays. Each relay decrypts a layer of encryption to reveal only the next relay in order to pass
the remaining encrypted data on. The final Tor relay decrypts the innermost layer of encryption and
sends the original data to its destination without revealing, or even knowing, the source address.
The other darknets mentioned above employ similar methods of data transmission, all with the end
goal of keeping users, usage, and information hidden.
While most of what you've likely heard or read about the darknet and dark web sites involves illegal
or nefarious activity, there are many legal uses for the darknet.
TOPIC VII. CRYPTOLOGY in the COMPUTER ERA

103
“The United States government has demanded that Apple takes an unprecedented step which
threatens the security of our customers.
We oppose this order, which has implications far beyond
the legal case at hand.”
“We have great respect for the professionals at the FBI, and we believe their intentions are good.
Up to this point, we have done everything that is both within our power and within the law to help
them. But now the U.S. government has asked us for something
we simply do not have, and
something we consider too dangerous to create. They have asked us to build a backdoor to the
iPhone.”
See at
http://thehackernews.com
-bob. TQ faoliyatini tashkil etish va tugatish

249
utilizatsiya qilish jarayonlariga ixtisoslashgan yoki ishlarni bajarish va xizmatlar ko‗rsatishga
hamda ushbu sohada eng yuqori ilmiy-texnik salohiyatga ega bo‗lgan yetakchi ilmiy-tadqiqot
institutlari yoki boshqa manfaatdor tomonlar tomonidan yuritiladi.
15. TQ kotibiyatini yuritishni rejalashtirayotgan tashkilot quyidagilarga ega bo‗lishi lozim:
TQ faoliyatining tegishli sohasida o‗qigan va ish tajribasiga ega bo‗lgan standartlashtirish
sohasidagi mutaxassislar;
zarur moddiy-texnik baza va aloqa vositalari;
hujjatlarni chet tilidan davlat tiliga tarjima qilishni tashkil etish imkoniyati.
16. TQni shakllantirish uchun tashabbus ko‗rsatuvchi standartlashtirish bo‗yicha texnik
qo‗mitaning ishida ishtirok etish uchun TQ va uning taxmin qilingan faoliyat sohasini tuzish
zarurati
asoslarini
keltirgan
holda
ushbu
Nizomning
2-ilovasiga
muvofiq
shakl
bo‗yicha
standartlashtirish bo‗yicha texnik qo‗mitasining namunaviy ish dasturi loyihasiga va TQ
to‗g‗risidagi nizom loyihasiga binoan standartlarning davlatlararo tasniflagichiga muvofiq kodlar
bilan standartlashtirish ob‘ektlarini o‗z ichiga olgan taklif-xatni Institutga, shuningdek, barcha
manfaatdor shaxslarga yuboradi.
17. Manfaatdor tomonlarning ko‗pchiligiga TQni tuzishni boshlash haqida ma‘lumot
berish uchun Institut, Agentlik va Institutning rasmiy saytida tegishli xabarnomani joylashtiradi.
18. TQ tarkibi manfaatdor shaxslarning manfaatlarini hisobga olgan holda quyidagilarning
vakillaridan shakllantiriladi:
TQ faoliyati sohasiga tegishli sohaga taalluqli bo‗lgan tartibga solish doirasiga doir davlat
va xo‗jalik boshqaruv organlari;
TQ faoliyati sohasiga tegishli mahsulotlar ishlab chiqaruvchilar (iste‘molchilar) bo‗lgan
tashkilotlar;
TQ
faoliyati
sohasiga tegishli mahsulotlar iste‘molchilari (buyurtmachilari) bo‗lgan
tashkilotlar;
iste‘molchilarning jamoat birlashmalari;
ilmiy-tadqiqot institutlari, ta‘lim muassasalari;
Institut;
muvofiqlikni baholash organlari va boshqalar.
-bob. Standartlashtirish bo‗yicha texnik qo‗mitaning tuzilmasi

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-bob. Standartlashtirish bo‗yicha texnik qo‗mitaning tuzilmasiBog'liq portal.guldu.uz-O`quv-uslubiy majmua2-bob. Standartlashtirish bo‗yicha texnik qo‗mitaning tuzilmasi
5. TQ tuzilmasiga quyidagilar kiradi: rais, rais o‗rinbosari (zarur bo‗lganda), mas‘ul kotib,
TQga a‘zo-tashkilotlar.
6. TQga rais boshchilik qiladi.
Rais, rais o‗rinbosari tashkilotlar rahbarlari, rahbar o‗rinbosarlari, bosh konstruktorlar,
bosh texnologlar va TQ a‘zolari bo‗lgan bo‗limlar rahbarlaridan saylanadi.
7. TQ kotibiyati ishiga TQ mas‘ul kotibi rahbarlik qiladi.
Mas‘ul kotib TQ kotibiyatini boshqaruvchi tashkilot xodimlaridan tanlanadi.
8. TQ faoliyatiga tegishli tartibga solish sohasiga taalluqli bo‗lgan davlat va xo‗jalik
boshqaruv organi vakili bo‗lmagan TQ kotibiyati Institut tomonidan yuritiladi.
9. TQ tuzilmasida TQ faoliyatining ayrim sohalari bo‗yicha ishlarning muayyan qismini
bajarish uchun TQ faoliyati sohalari tegishlicha chegaralangan holda quyi qo‗mitalar tuzilishi
mumkin.
Standartlashtirish bo‗yicha quyi qo‗mitani tuzish uchun kamida uchta TQga a‘zo tashkilot
uning ishida ishtirok etishga tayyorligini bildirishi kerak.
10. Quyi qo‗mitalarni tuzish, ularning raislari va mas‘ul kotiblarini tayinlash ushbu
Nizomning
53-bandiga
muvofiq TQga a‘zo tashkilotlarning ovoz berishi orqali amalga oshiriladi.
11. TQ doirasida aniq loyiha bo‗yicha ishlarni tashkil etish uchun quyi qo‗mita ushbu
Nizomning
32-bandiga
muvofiq TQga a‘zo tashkilotlar va manfaatdor tomonlardan tashkil topgan
ishchi guruhlarni tashkil etishi mumkin.
Ishchi
guruhlarni
tuzish,
ularning
rahbarlarini
tayinlash
ushbu
Nizomning
53-
bandiga
muvofiq TQga a‘zo tashkilotlarning ovoz berishi orqali amalga oshiriladi
Ishchi guruhning faoliyati loyiha tugagandan so‗ng to‗xtatiladi.
12. TQ tuzilmasi va tarkibining o‗zgarishi to‗g‗risidagi axborot qaror qabul qilingan
kundan boshlab o‗n kun mobaynida Institutga yuboriladi.
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Nazorat savollari - “Metrologiya, standartlashtirish va sertifikatlash asoslari”

248
3. TQ o‗z ishida:
O‗zbekiston Respublikasi qonun hujjatlariga;
O‗zbekiston Respublikasi a‘zo bo‗lgan standartlashtirish bo‗yicha xalqaro va mintaqaviy
tashkilotlarning hujjatlariga;
O‗zbekiston Respublikasi qo‗shilgan standartlashtirish sohasidagi xalqaro shartnomalar va
bitimlarga;
O‗zbekiston
standartlashtirish, metrologiya va sertifikatlashtirish agentligi (keyingi
o‗rinlarda
Agentlik
deb
ataladi)
tomonidan
ushbu
Nizomga
1-ilovaga
muvofiq
shaklda
tasdiqlanadigan standartlashtirish bo‗yicha texnik qo‗mita to‗g‗risidagi namunaviy nizomga amal
qiladi.
4. TQ faoliyatiga umumiy rahbarlikni Agentlik, uning faoliyatini monitoring qilish va
muvofiqlashtirish,
axborot-texnik
jihatdan
qo‗llab-quvvatlash
va
kuzatib
borish
—
Standartlashtirish, sertifikatlashtirish va texnik jihatdan tartibga solish ilmiy-tadqiqot instituti
tomonidan amalga oshiriladi (keyingi o‗rinlarda Institut deb ataladi).
Yuridik shaxslarning metrologik xizmati

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Yuridik shaxslarning metrologik xizmatiBog'liq portal.guldu.uz-O`quv-uslubiy majmuaYuridik shaxslarning metrologik xizmati
Yuridik shaxslarning metrologik xizmati –o‘lchashlar birliligini ta‘minlash bo‘yicha
ishlarni bajaruvchi va ushbu korxonada (tashkilotda) metrologik tekshiruv va nazoratni amalga
oshiruvchi metrologik xizmat.
Yuridik shaxslarning metrologik xizmati o‘lchashlar birliligini ta‘minlash bo‘yicha ishlarni
bajarish va metrologik tekshiruvni o‘tkazish zarur bo‘lgan hollarda tashkil etiladi.
Bunda bosh, tayanch metrologik xizmatlar tadbirkorlik subektlarida o‘z faoliyatining
xususiyatlarini hisobga olgan holda davlat va xo‘jalik boshqaruv idoralari tomonidan tashkil etiladi.
Yuridik shaxslarning metrologik xizmatlarining huquqlari va majburiyatlari davlat metrologik
xizmati idoralari bilan kelishilgan nizomlarda belgilanadi.
Yuridik shaxslarning metrologik xizmati Namunaviy nizomi O‘z RH 51-011-93 ―O‘z O‘DT.
O‘zbekiston Respublikasida yuridik shaxsning metrologik xizmati to‘g‘risida namunaviy nizom‖ da
keltirilgan.
O‘lchash informatsiyasiga nafaqat miqdor bo‘yicha talablar, balki sifat bo‘yicha ham talablar
qo‘yiladi. Bunga uning (o‘lchashning) aniqligi, ishonchliligi, tan narxi va samaradorligi kabi
tavsiflar kiradi.
Bu sifat tavsiflarining barchasining asosida metrologik ta‘minot yotadi. Metrologik
ta‘minotni shunday ta‘riflash mumkin:
o‘lchashlar birliligini ta‘minlash va talab etilgan aniqlikka erishish uchun zarur bo‘lgan
texnikaviy vositalar, tartib va qoidalarning, meyorlarning, ilmiy va tashkiliy asoslarning
belgilanishi va tadbiq etilishi.
Ushbu tavsifdan kelib chiqib aytish mumkinki, metrologik ta’minotning vazifasiga
quyidagilar yuklatilgan:
o‘lchash vositalarining ishga yaroqliligini tashkil etish, ta‘minlash va tadbiq etish;
o‘lchashlarni amalga oshirish, uning natijalarini qayta ishlash va tavsiya etish borasidagi
meyoriy hujjatlarni ishlab chiqish va tadbiq etish;
hujjatlarni ekspertizadan o‘tkazish;
o‘lchash vositalarining davlat sinovlari;
o‘lchash vositalarining va uslublarining metrologik attestatsiyasi va hokazolar.
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at/in/on
rules individual e-
tailers set. Some small private companies offer animated characters who act (11) 
as/with/for

65
v
For questions 1-16, read the text below and choose the most appropriate word from
the list (A-R) for each gap. There are
TWO EXTRA WORDS
that you do not need to use. There
is an example at the beginning (0).
E-tailing Consultant Work
In the world of Internet (0) SHOPPING the job of an e-tailing consultant is to help e-tailers to
(1)
… their businesses by
(2)
… their websites, their products, services, and increasing their sales.
One of the main challenges for e-tailers today is to convert
(3)
… into purchase especially because
they have to pay to
OEM-dasturlar (Original Equipment

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OEM-dasturlar (Original EquipmentBog'liq portal.guldu.uz-Kompyuter ta`minotiOEM-dasturlar (Original Equipment
Manufactured),
ya’ni komp’yuterlarga o’rnatilgan va xisoblash texnikasi bilan
birgalikda keltirilgan maxsus dasturlardan foydalanadi.
Dasturiy maxsulot foydalanishga tegishli ravishda tayyorlanishi zarur texnik
xujjatlariga ega bo’lishi, shuningdek davlat ro’yxati kodi mavjud bo’lishi lozitm. Faqat
shunday sharoitlardagina yaratilgan dasturiy majmua dasturiy maxsulot deb
nomlanishi mumkin.
Dasturiy maxsulot –
sanoat maxsulotining istalgan turi kabi realizatsiyaga
tayyorlangan ommaviy extiyojli muayyan muammo (vazifa) ni xal etish uchun o’zaro
bog’langan dasturlar majmuasidir.
Dasturiy maxsulotlar quyidagicha yaratilishi mumkin:
-
buyurtmaga ko’ra individual ishlanma;
-
foydalanuvchilar orasida ommaviy tarqatish uchun ishlanma.
Individual ishlanmada firma-ishlab chiqaruvchi muayyan buyurtmachi uchun
ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlash o’ziga xosligini xisobga oluvchi dasturiy maxsulotni
yaratadi.
Ommaviy tarqatish uchun ishlanmani yaratishda firma-ishlab chiqaruvchi, bir
tomondan, ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlashni bajarilayotgan funktsiyalar universalligi,
boshqa tomondan, muayyan bir qo’llash sharoitida dasturiy maxsulotning moslashishi
va sozlanishini ta’minlash lozim. Dasturiy maxsulotlarning ajralib turuvchi xususiyati
uning tizimliligi – jamlikda qo’llanilgan xolda amalga oshiriladigan qayta ishlash
vazifalarining funktsional to’laqonligi va tugalligi bo’lmog’i lozim.
Dasturiy maxsulot dasturlashtirishning zamonaviy asbobsozlik vositalari qo’llangan
xolda loyixa ishlarini bajarish sanoat texnologiyasi asosida ishlab chiqiladi. Uning
o’ziga xosligi axborot va asbobsozlik vositalaridan foydalanishni qayta ishlash
xususiyatiga bog’liq xolda algoritm va dasturlarni ishlab chiqish jarayonining
noyobligidadir. Dasturiy maxsulotlarni yaratishga ko’plab mexnat, moddiy, moliyaviy
zaxiralar talab etiladi; yuqori malakali mutaxassislar zarur.
Dasturlar
Utilitar dasturlar
Dasturiy mahsulotlar
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Standartlashtiris hning asosiy tamoyillari

65
Standartlashtirish bo‘yicha umumiy maqsad - bu mahsulot sifati, protsesslar va xizmatlar
bo‘yicha Davlat va iste‘molchilarning qiziqishlarini qimoyalashdir.
Standartlashtirishning ushbu umumiy maqsadidan kelib chiqqan holda uning asosiy
tamoyillarini keltiramiz:
1.
Sistemalik va komplekslilik. Komplekslilik – bu murakkab sistemadagi barcha
elementlarning muvofiqligidir.
2.
Dinamiklik va standartlashtirishning o‘suvchanligi. Standartlar fan va texnikadagi yuz
berayotgan o‘zgarishlarga «adaptatsiya», ya‘ni moslashishi kerak. Standartlashtirish bo‘yicha
xalqaro tashkiloti «ISO»ning standartlari o‘suvchandir.
3.
Standartlashtirishning samaradorligi – bu normativ hujjat qo‘llanilganda iqtisodiy yoki
ijtimoiy samara berishidir, ya‘ni standartlashtirishga sarflangan bir so‘mning o‘n so‘m foyda
keltirishidir.
4.Standartlarni ishlab chiqishning ustivorligi bu ustivorlik tovar va xizmatlarning o‘zaro
muvofiqligi, almashuvchanligi va xavfsizligini ta‘minlashdir.
5.
Uyg‘unlashtirish tamoyili - bu xalqaro savdoda to‘siq bo‘lmaydigan uyg‘unlashgan
standartlarni ishlab chiqishdir.
6.
Afzallik tamoyili. Bu tamoyil afzalroq sonlar qatoridan foydalanishga asoslangan bo‘lib,
ulardan buyum, uskunalarning nomenklaturasini kamaytirishda foydaniladi.
Standartlashtiris hning usullari:
1.
Unifikatsiya:
a) sistemalashtirish;
b) klassifikatsiya yoki tasniflash;
2.
Simplifikatsiya;
3.
Tipizatsiya yoki turlarga ajratish;
4.
Selektsiya yoki tanlash;
5.
Optimallash (optimizatsiya);
O’rta Osiyo tarixiga oid rus va yevropa tillaridagi yozma manbalar

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O’rta Osiyo tarixiga oid rus va yevropa tillaridagi yozma manbalar
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Bog'liq Tarix” kafedrasi “manbashunoslik va tarixshunoslik”O’rta Osiyo tarixiga oid rus va yevropa tillaridagi yozma manbalar
O’rta Osiyo haqida XVII asrgacha yozilgan yevropa tillaridagi yozma ma’lumotlar: Sayyoh va elchilar Marko Polo, Rui Gonsales de Klavixo va Antonio Jenkinson kundaliklari. XVII-XVIII asrlar rus va yevropa tillaridagi manbalarda O’rta Osiyo tavsifi: I.D.Xoxlov ma’lumotlari; «Kniga Bolshomu cherteju»; B.A.Pazuxin va S.I. Pazuxin ma’lumotlari; Florio Benevini axboroti; V.N.Tatig’ev «Leksikon geograficheskoy i politicheskoy»; D.Gladhshev va Muravin ma’lumotlari; F.Yefremov safarnomasi, T.Burnashevning O’rta Osiyoga safari xotiralari; F.Nazarov safarnomasi; N.Muravev ma’lumotlari; Ye.K. Meyendorf safarnomasi; G.Spasskiy «Aziatskiy vestnik» materiallari va boshqalar. O’rta Osiyoning XIX asr ikkinchi yarmida Rossiya tomonidan istilo qilinishi. Turkiston general-gubernatorligining tashkil etilishi. Turkiston general-gubernatorligi kantselyariyasi materiallari O’rta Osiyo tarixiga oid manba. Turkistonni o’rgangan rus olimlarining asarlari tarixiy manba sifatida. Turkiston arxeologiya havaskorlari to’garagi materiallari muhim tarixiy manba. XIX asr ikkinchi yarmi va XX asr boshlaridagi Turkistonga oid statistik ma’lumotlar, arxiv materiallar va davriy matbuot («Turkestanskie vedomosti», «Turkestanskiy vestnik»va b.) xabarlari tarixiy manba sifatida.
O’zbekistonning XX asr tarixiga oid manbalar
Rossiyadagi fevral inqilobi va Turkistondagi siyosiy jarayonlarni aks ettiruvchi materiallar. Oktyabr voqealaridan keyin Turkistonda Sho’rolar hukumati tashkil topishi va yangi davlat tarixi bilan bog’liq manbalar. Sovet hokimiyatining dekretlari. Sovetlar s’ezdlarining qarorlari, partiya tashkilotlarining hujjatlari manba sifatida. Turkistonda muxtoriyatchilik va istiqlolchilik harakati tarixiga oid hujjatlar tarixiy manba sifatida. O’rta Osiyoda milliy chegaralash tarixiga oid hujjatlar. O’zbekistonning 1925-1941 yillardagi tarixini yorituvchi manbalar; qatag’onlar tarixi aks etgan hujjatlar. 1941-1945 yillar urushi tarixiga oid materiallar. O’zbekistonning 1945-1991 yillardagi tarixiga oid hujjatlar. Statistik to’plamlar. Ish yuritish hujjatlari.
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Metrologik ta‘minotning to‘rtta tashkil etuvchisi mavjuddir

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Metrologik ta’minotning o’z oldiga qo’ygan asosiy maqsadlari:
mahsulot sifatini, ishlab chiqarish va uni avtomatlashtirishning
samaradorligini oshirish;
detallar va agregatlarning o‘zaro almashuvchanligini ta‘minlash;
moddiy boyliklarning va energetik resurslarining hisobini olib borish ishonchliligini ta‘minlash;
atrof-muhitni himoya qilish;
salomatlikni saqlash va hokazolar.
Metrologik ta‘minot darajasi mahsulotning sifatiga bevosita ta‘sir qiladi. Bu ta‘sir
samaradorligini yanada oshirish maqsadida metrologik profilaktika ishlariga
va ishlab chiqarishni
tayyorlashdagi metrologik ta‘minot masalalariga alohida ahamiyat beriladi. Bu esa o‘z vaqtida
respublikamizda bozor munosabatlarini yanada chuqurroq shakllanishiga
va ishlab chiqarilgan
mahsulotlarning eskport imkoniyatini oshirilishiga munosib zamin yaratadi.
quyi darajali - O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi guliston davlat universiteti axborot...

O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi guliston davlat universiteti axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi
portal.guldu.uz-Kompyuter ta`minoti
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar Bosh sahifa O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi guliston davlat universiteti axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi
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ARJ, RAR
va 
ZIP - UNZIP - O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi guliston davlat universiteti...

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O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi guliston davlat universiteti axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasiBog'liq portal.guldu.uz-Kompyuter ta`minotiARJ, RAR
va
ZIP - UNZIP
. Xajmi uzgargan ma’lumotlar
saklovchi fayl - arxiv deb nomlanadi.
Arxiv faylning nomi asosan 8 xarfdan iborat buladi. Uning turi esa asosan 3
xarfdan iborat bulib, ukaysi dasturda yaratilganligini kursadi.
Masalan: kitob.arj yoki dastur.rar.
Arxiv fayldagi ma’lumotlarni kurish va ishga tushirish uchun biz shu arxivni
arxivator dasturi yordamida ochishimiz zarur. Ammo shunday arxivator dasturlar xam
mavjud, ular arxivlardagi ma’lumotlar bilan arxivni ochmasdan ishlash imkoniyatini
yarata oladilar (
ZIPMAGIC
dasturi).
Birinchi bulib eng tanikli
ARJ
arxivator dasturi bilan tanishamiz. Ush bu arxivator
bita fayldan iborat - ARJ.EXE .
ARJ
arxivatorni umumiy kurinishi:
ARJ
komanda -rejim arxiv fayl nomi fayl nomi
Bu erda arxiv fayl nomi - ma’lumotlar xajmi uzgartirilib joylanishi kerak bulgan
arxiv faylgacha tulik yul yoki agar fayl shu papkada bulsa u xolda arxiv fayl nomi.
Fayl nomi esa - xajmi uzgarishi kerak bulgan fayl yoki fayllar nomlari. Agar
kursatilgan nomli arxiv fayl topilmasa, u xolda yangi arxiv fayl yaratiladi.
Komanda va rejim - bu lotin xarflar, ular ma’nosi kuyidagi jadvalda kursatilgan:
Komandalar
:
A - arxivlash (arxivga fayl nusxasini kushish). e -arxivdan tiklash
L -arxivdagi fayllar xakida ma’lumot kursatish
T -arxivni tekshirish
D - arxiv ichida uchirish
X -arxivdan tulik yul bilan tiklash
Rejimlar
:
D - arxivga (nusxasini emas) kuchirib olish
JYO - xamma fayllarni arxivdan tiklash
R - katalog va podkataloglar bilan arxivlash.
N - fakat yangi fayllarni arxivga kushish
VV xajm - kup kismli arxiv yaratish
V - kup kismli arxivni tiklash
G parol’ - parol’ bilan arxivlash
U - fakat uzgarilgan fayllarni arxivlash
Buyruklar satrida
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi guliston davlat universiteti axborot texnologiyalari kafedrasi
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