nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
MySQL Installation - White paper network ids and ips deployment Strategies Nicholas Pappas

© SANS Institute 200
8
,
Author retains full rights.
© SANS Institute 200
8
, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
If you have these files already, you can skip the next step, otherwise do the
following:
cd /usr/ports/databases/mysql
make install
Before we install the server we need to install the p5-DBD-mysql package. To do
that commit the following steps:
cd /usr/ports/databases/p5-DBD-mysql
make install
Ok now you should have the required package files.
cd /usr/ports/packages/i386/all
pkg_add mysql-server-5.0.45.tgz
pkg_add mysql-client-5.0.45.tgz
Initial MySQL setup steps for running on OpenBSD. First create the default database:
/usr/local/bin/mysql_install_db
Increase the kernel limit of open files by making the following modification to
/etc/sysctl.conf.
echo "kern.maxfiles=4096" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
To automatically start MySQL during system boot append to /etc/rc.local. You will
have to edit the file at /etc/rc.local in this case.
At the bottom of the file, add the
contents shown here.
#Added to start MySQL during boot.
if [ -x /usr/local/bin/mysqld_safe ]; then
su -c mysql root -c '/usr/local/bin/mysqld_safe --log-error >/dev/null 2>&1 &'
mkdir -p /var/run/mysql
ln -s /var/www/var/run/mysql/mysql.sock /var/run/mysql/mysql.sock
echo -n ' mysql'
sleep 5
echo ' done'
fi
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Author Retains Full Rights
© SANS Institute 200
8
,
Author retains full rights.
© SANS Institute 200
8
, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
the client section in /etc/my.cnf from this:
[client]
#password = your_password
port = 3306
socket = /var/run/mysql/mysql.sock
To this:
[client]
#password = your_password
port = 3306
socket = /var/www/var/run/mysql/mysql.sock
Likewise, the mysqld section needs to be changed from this:
# The MySQL server
[mysqld]
port = 3306
socket = /var/run/mysql/mysql.sock
To this:
# The MySQL server
[mysqld]
port = 3306
socket = /var/www/var/run/mysql/mysql.sock
Now when we force the Snort process into the chroot'd environment it will be able to
reach the mysql.sock socket file. Ok time for a reboot to test the startup settings we
have thus far.
After the system boots, you should have the MySQL server running.
Connect to the MySQL server with the following:
mysql -u root -p
Next we should tidy up a bit.
mysql> drop database test;
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© SANS Institute 200
8
,
Author retains full rights.
© SANS Institute 200
8
, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
Now we have a clean slate. Check for something very similar to the following output.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
+--------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit;
Practical Applications and Uses - White paper network ids and ips deployment Strategies Nicholas Pappas

9.Practical Applications and Uses Using an IDS/IPS paired deployment for researching traffic hitting the external
side of a network was briefly discussed in the previous section. What was not
mentioned was the fact that having such a system on the external side of the
network can actually help other administrators world wide. Consider sharing traffic
profile information with collaborative groups such as the SANS Internet Storm Center
by submitting activity logs. Or participate in the DSheild Cooperative Network
Security Community. DSheild allows you to report malicious activity while remaining
anonymous. Often times, system administrators do not know when their respective
systems are wreaking havoc outside their network. With so many worms and other
automated attacks occurring on the Internet, if your system is being threatened,
chances are other innocent systems are being attacked in the same manner.
In organizations required to test applications or carefully examine the effect of
new patches prior to being applied to critical servers, it is good practice to setup a
test computing environment. In such an environment it is best to ensure traffic is
not transmitted outside the test network Having an IDS/IPS paired deployment on
the edge of the test environment allows you to prove no traffic has left the
environment (implement a drop-all rule on the IPS), as well as the ability to monitor
network activity being passed on the inside of the test environment. Ever wonder
what anomalous network traffic, if any, the latest prototype of your company's
product is causing? How is the latest operating system patch going to effect your
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Examinering av Internationell svetsare

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Examinering av Internationell svetsare
|
Sana | 04.04.2017 | Hajmi | 38,5 Kb. | | #3022 |
2008-04-23
Svetskommissionen, Lars Johansson
Examinering av Internationell svetsare
(Komplement till Examineringsrutin)
Praktisk examinering
Teoretisk examinering
Utförs efter varje teorimodul A, B och C
eller vid ett och samma tillfälle.
Skrivningarna beställs från Svetskommissionen och hanteras av den Auktoriserade examinatorn
(Om sådan inte finns utser skolans kursansvarige en examineringsansvarig person)
(Se examineringsprocedur IW, pkt 2)
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| |
General Outline - White paper network ids and ips deployment Strategies Nicholas Pappas

© SANS Institute 200
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Author retains full rights.
© SANS Institute 200
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Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
Partitions and their sizes for the prototype system:
Filesystem
Size
Mount Point
/dev/wd0a
200MB
/
/dev/wd0h
10GB
/archive
/dev/wd0g
5GB
/home
/dev/wd0d
500MB
/tmp
/dev/wd0f
15GB
/usr
/dev/wd0e
10GB
/var
-jadval 
Oʻzgaruvchilarni statsionarlikka tekshirishda “Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit

|
-jadval
Oʻzgaruvchilarni statsionarlikka tekshirishda “Augmented Dickey-Fuller UnitBog'liq 16748166089025977daraja4-jadval
Oʻzgaruvchilarni statsionarlikka tekshirishda “Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit
Root Test” natijalari
13
Oʻzgaruvchilar
Trend va kesib oʻtuvchi bilan birgalikda (Trend and
intercept)
In
te
gr
at
siya
q
il
ish
tar
tibi
(Order
of in
te
g
rat
ion
)
Oʻz
d
ar
aj
asid
a
(Le
ve
ls)
E
h
tim
oll
ik
(P
rob
ab
il
ity)
B
irin
ch
i tar
tibl
i
d
iff
er
en
siatsi
ya
(1
st
d
iff
er
en
ce
s)
E
h
tim
oll
ik
(P
rob
ab
il
ity)
-3.553538
0.2383
-2.770858
0.0158
-5.594944
0.0128
-5.483892
0.1004
-2.535179
0.3112
-2.207951
0.0321
-4.061493
0.0433
-1.420638
0.1870
Yuqoridagi jadvalga koʻra aholi jon boshiga toʻgʻri keladigan YaHM hajmi va
aholi jon boshiga asosiy kapitalga oʻzlashtirilgan investitsiyalar oʻzgaruvchilari
tartibda, aholi jon boshiga ishlab chiqarilgan sanoat mahsuloti hamda ishsizlik
darajasi oʻzgaruvchilari esa
tartibida statsionar ekan. Shuningdek, modelda
ishtirok etayotgan oʻzgaruvchilarni “lag (kechikish)” tartibini tanlash zarur
hisoblanadi. Buning uchun vektorli avtoregressiv (VAR) modelining optimal “lag”
tartibi qoʻllaniladi. Avtoregressiv lagli taqsimot modeli uchun “Akaike mezoni
(AIC)”, “Shvars mezoni (SC)” hamda “Xannan – Quinn (HQ)” mezonlari asosida
“lag (kechikish)” tartibi 1 ni tashkil etmoqda.
Oʻzgaruvchilar orasida uzoq va qisqa muddatli munosabatlarni topishdan oldin
kointegratsiya mavjudligini tasdiqlash zarur. Buning uchun “Bogʻliqlik testi (Bound
test)” dan foydalangan holda amalga oshiriladi. Quyidagi 5-jadvalda “Bogʻliqlik testi
(Bound test)”
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| |
Snort Installation - White paper network ids and ips deployment Strategies Nicholas Pappas

© SANS Institute 200
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© SANS Institute 200
8
, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
Ok time to build the snort database.
cd /usr/ports/net/snort/w-snort-2.6.0.2p1-mysql/snort-2.6.0.2/schemas
mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.0.33-log OpenBSD port: mysql-server-5.0.33\
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.\
mysql> CREATE DATABASE snort;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> connect snort
Connection id: 4
Current database: snort
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.02 sec)
mysql> source create_mysql;
--output snipped for brevity--
Nicholas Pappas
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© SANS Institute 200
8
,
Author retains full rights.
© SANS Institute 200
8
, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_snort |
+------------------+
| data |
| detail |
| encoding |
| event |
| icmphdr |
| iphdr |
| opt |
| reference |
| reference_system |
| schema |
| sensor |
| sig_class |
| sig_reference |
| signature |
| tcphdr |
| udphdr |
+------------------+
16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> GRANT INSERT, SELECT, CREATE, UPDATE, DELETE on snort.* to \
snort@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'secret-password';
mysql> quit;
At this time, we should have a snort database created, and a user named "snort"
which will be used to send events to the MySQL database.
Now do these steps to
ensure Snort will come up automatically:
chmod 4755 /usr/local/bin/snort
chgrp _snort /usr/local/bin/snort
Although were are not quite done with the Snort setup yet, let's move on.
Nicholas Pappas
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@ 2021 SANS Institute
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© SANS Institute 200
8
,
Author retains full rights.
© SANS Institute 200
8
, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
Barnyard Installation - White paper network ids and ips deployment Strategies Nicholas Pappas

© SANS Institute 200
8
,
Author retains full rights.
© SANS Institute 200
8
, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
Barnyard to take the unified output from Snort and insert it into the MySQL database.
cd /usr/local/share
wget http://www.snort.org/dl/barnyard/barnyard-0.2.0.tar.gz
tar -xvzf barnyard-0.2.0.tar.gz
rm barnyard-0.2.0.tar.gz
cd barnyard-0.2.0
To prevent the loss of MySQL connection(s). We need to patch Barnyard source
before compiling it.
cd barnyard-0.2.0
Now edit the file named “src/output-plugins/op_acid_db.c” by adding the following
just before a line containing: "while(mysql_ping(mysql) != 0)"
mysql->reconnect=1;
The final function should look exactly like this:
--start of snip--
int MysqlExecuteQuery(MYSQL *mysql, char *sql)
{
int mysqlErrno;
int result;
while((result = mysql_query(mysql, sql) != 0))
{
mysqlErrno = mysql_errno(mysql);
if(mysqlErrno < CR_MIN_ERROR)
{
if(pv.verbose)
LogMessage("MySQL ERROR(%i): %s. Aborting Query\n",
mysql_errno(mysql), mysql_error(mysql));
return result;
}
if((mysqlErrno == CR_SERVER_LOST)
|| (mysql
Errno == CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR))
{
LogMessage("Lost connection to MySQL server. Reconnecting\n");
/* MySQL reconnect line inserted to fix the MySQL idle disconnect issue. */
mysql->reconnect=1;
Nicholas Pappas
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© SANS Institute 200
8
,
Author retains full rights.
© SANS Institute 200
8
, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
while(mysql_ping(mysql) != 0)
{
if(BarnyardSleep(15))
return result;
}
LogMessage("Reconnected to MySQL server.\n");
}
else
{
/* XXX we could spin here, but we do not */
LogMessage("MySQL Error(%i): %s\n", mysqlErrno, mysql_error(mysql));
}
}
return result;
}
--end of snip--
Ok now we're clear to compile Barnyard.
./configure –enable-mysql
make
make install
cp /usr/local/share/barnyard-0.2.0/etc/barnyard.conf /etc/snort/
Baseline pf.conf - White paper network ids and ips deployment Strategies Nicholas Pappas

Baseline pf.conf
To make PF start during system boot we need to modify /etc/rc.conf and
change:
pf=NO
# Packet filter / NAT
to
pf=YES
# Packet filter / NAT
You will want to modify your /etc/pf.conf file. The capabilities of this file are way
out of the scope of this tutorial. However there are a lot of online resources and
recently a book was published titled "The Book of PF" by Peter Hansteen. A great
resource to have on hand. Also a great introduction to PF can be found at:
http://www.openbsd.org/faq/pf/
For this setup. Here is a snippet of a baseline /etc/pf.conf file. This should help you
understand how we are treating the two bridges (with Snort) and running PF on the
network interface labeled dc1 (your network card's manufacturer may have a
different label for the interface).
Nicholas Pappas
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,
Author retains full rights.
© SANS Institute 200
8
, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
--start of snip--
#
# Simple pf.conf file
#
# See pf.conf(5) and /usr/share/pf for syntax and examples.
## MACROS
# inboard_int: The internal side of the external bridge
# Will be doing most of the filtering on this interface
inboard_int = dc1
# mgt_int: The NIC used for managing.
# Need to restrict as much as possible on this one.
mgt_int = sis0
# Other interfaces:
other_int = "{ dc0, dc2, dc3 }"
# Trusted IP's
trusted = "{ 192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.0.3 }"
notrust = "192.168.0.1/24"
# The internal trusted zone
internal_lan = "192.168.1.0/24"
# Outside the trusted zone && notrust zone
external_wan = "!192.168.0.0/23"
client_out = "{ ftp, ssh, 25, domain, pop3, auth, nntp, http, https, cvspserver, 993,\ 2628,
5999, 8000, 8080 }
#################################################################
# TABLES
#################################################################
table persist
#################################################################
# Other
#################################################################
## Only filter on specific interfaces
set skip on $other_int
#################################################################
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, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
# FILTER RULES
#################################################################
# Default deny policy
block all
block quick from
#################################################################
# Rules for the management interface
#################################################################
pass quick on $mgt_int inet proto { tcp, udp } from $trusted to any port \
{ ssh, domain, http, https } keep state (max-src-conn 20, max-src-conn-rate 10/5, \
overload flush global)
|
Oinkmaster Installation - White paper network ids and ips deployment Strategies Nicholas Pappas

© SANS Institute 200
8
,
Author retains full rights.
© SANS Institute 200
8
, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
snapshot-2.6.tar.gz
Save the file and then give it a test by running Oinkmaster manually.
cd /etc/snort/rules
oinkmaster -o .
You should now have the rules files populated in the /etc/snort/rules directory. To
check this list the files in that directory. You will see the files containing signatures
if Oinkmaster is working properly.
ls
To learn more about Oinkmaster it is recommended that you read the
documentation, specifically the README file located on this page:
http://oinkmaster.sourceforge.net/readme.shtml
NOTE: At the time of this writing, there appears to be something wrong with the
syntax of the telnet rules so you may need to remove that rule or otherwise fix the
syntax. To remove the telnet rules you should modify your /etc/snort.conf file by
commenting out the line including telnet.rules
Change:
include $RULE_PATH/telnet.rules
So that it looks like:
# include $RULE_PATH/telnet.rules
Ok, Oinkmaster is installed. You can use this program manually by using the
commands shown next. Or you can setup a cronjob to do it for you on a routine
basis.
cd /etc/snort/rules
oinkmaster -o .
2-amaliy mashgulot. Elektroliz jarayonini oʻrganish

|
2-amaliy mashgulot. Elektroliz jarayonini oʻrganish
|
Sana | 17.02.2024 | Hajmi | 444,34 Kb. | | #158005 |
Bog'liq 2-amaliy m-t VE
2-amaliy mashgulot. Elektroliz jarayonini oʻrganish.
Elektroliz jarayoni
Elektr toki manbayi yordamida olib boriladigan oksidlanish-qaytarilish jarayoni elektr energiyasini kimyoviy energiyaga aylanishini amalga oshirib beradi. Bunday jarayonni elektroliz deb ataladi.
Elektrolitlar eritmasiga elektrodlar tushirib, ularni doimiy elektr toki manbayi bilan ulanganda musbat zaryadlangan ionlar (kationlar) katod (manfiy zaryadli elektrod) tomon, manfiy zaryadga ega bo‘lgan ionlar esa anod (musbat zaryadli elektrod) tomon siljishi yuzaga keladi. Katod yuzasida kationlar o‘ziga elektronlarni qabul qilib qaytariladi, anionlar esa anod yuzasi bilan to‘qnashib o‘zlarining elektronlarini beradi, ya’ni anionlar oksidlanadi.(1-rasm)
Masalan, CuCl2 ning suvdagi eritmasida Cu2+ va Cl– ionlari katod va anod tomon yo‘llanadi:
CuCl2 ⇄ Cu2+ + 2Cl–
( – ) Katod ← Cu2+ + 2Cl– → Anod (+)
Elektrodlardagi jarayonlar
Cu2+ + 2ē → Cu° va 2C1– — 2ē → Cl2
Mis ionlari katoddan elektron biriktirib oladi va erkin metall holigacha qaytariladi, xlor ionlari elektronlarini beradi, atomlar xlorgacha oksidlanadi va ikkita xlor atomi birikib gaz holdagi molekulaga aylanadi. Elektroliz jarayonining mohiyati ham shunda — katodda qaytarilish, anodda esa oksidlanish jarayoni amalga oshadi.
Elektroliz hodisasi
(1-rasm)
Elektroliz sxemasi.
Sanoatda elektroliz jarayonidan foydalamb marganes kobalt, rux, kadmiy va boshqa metallarni, kaliy gidroksid, xlor, kislorod, vodorod va boshqa ko‘pgina mahsulotlar olinadi.
Tuzlarni hosil qiluvchi kislota va ishqorlar xossalariga qarab ularning elektroliz jarayonida turli holatlar bo’lishi mumkin.
Bunday tuzlar tarkibidagi metall ionining oksidlanish-qaytarilish standart potensiali noldan katta bo‘lganda katodda faqat tuz hosil qiluvchi asos kationi (Cu—Au) qaytariladi.
2. Neytral eritma elektroliz qilinganda metallning standart elektrod potensiali —0,41 В dan musbat qiymatga ega bo‘lsa, katodda shunday metall qaytariladi.
3. Agar metallning standart elektrod potensiali magniynikidan musbatroq qiymatga ega bo’lsa, katodda bir vaqtning o ‘zida metall va vodorod hosil bo‘ladi.
Elektroliz qilinayotgan tuz konsentratsiyasi, jarayonni olib borishdagi tok zichligi (tok kuchining elektrod sathiga nisbati), temperatura va boshqa sharoitlarning o‘zgarishi — elektroliz mahsuloti — gaz va metallning miqdorlariga ta’sir qiladi. Bunday hollarda miqdoriy hisoblarni bajarish natijalari aniq bo‘lmaydi.
Katod va anod
Katodda vodorodning hosil bo‘lishi kislotali sharoitda to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri H+ ionlarining qaytarilishi natijasi bo‘ladi. Neytral yoki ishqoriy sharoitda esa bu jarayonda suv molekulasining elektrkimyoviy qaytarilishi yuz beradi:
H2O + 2 ē → H2+ 2HO –
Anod jarayonida bo’ladigan reaksiyalar ko‘p holatlar bilan bog‘liq. Agar anod sifatida qiyin oksidlanadigan metall, grafit, platina va oltin bo‘lsa (ularni inert anodlar deb ataladi), uning kimyoviy jihatdan o ‘zgarishi kuzatilmaydi.
|
| |
White paper network ids and ips deployment Strategies Nicholas Pappas - bet 11

© SANS Institute 200
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8
, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
to be implemented on the IPS to block similar future attacks. The outcome is a
multi-layered approach to monitoring network traffic passing through the boundary
of a network or subnetwork.
The main intent is to have the IPS block traffic known to be unnecessary or
malicious, while the IDS remains sensitive alerting on traffic that may be difficult to
categorize without risking termination of legitimate communication. Conceptually,
the IPS is tuned somewhat conservatively and the IDS has a more aggressive tuning.
The IDS also provides a checks and balances of its respective IPS.
Since the rules
implemented in the IPS also exist in the IDS, if the IPS fails the IDS will continue
monitoring. If the IDS suddenly sends numerous alerts the IPS is most likely in fail-
over mode or has witnessed a system crash. Without a layered approach,
traffic
would pass through the network unmonitored until the IPS was brought online again.
As shown in figures 5 and 6, the IPS is deployed on the external side of the
router or network edge. This allows the IPS to drop packets prior to them hitting the
router and prevents the router from having to process extraneous packets thus
lightening the load on the routers processor(s). It also provides a means for the
analyst to research traffic “in the wild”, as well as seeing any probes and scans
coming from external systems. If a brute force attack is posed against the IPS, the
router avoids having to deal with such nonsense as the IPS actively drops the attack
traffic on the floor. Unsuccessful network reconnaissance attempts may be fed into
a heuristic of other security controls. Perhaps the organization's competition is in
Nicholas Pappas
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@ 2021 SANS Institute
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© SANS Institute 200
8
,
Author retains full rights.
© SANS Institute 200
8
, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
Acquire OpenBSD Ports - White paper network ids and ips deployment Strategies Nicholas Pappas

Acquire OpenBSD Ports We begin by downloading the ports collection. First find the packages mirror
closest to your location and download the cvsup package. You will find a listing of
the mirrors at this url (http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html#ftp). Here is the command
used on the prototype:
ftp ftp3.usa.openbsd.org
Login as anonymous (no password required)
cd /pub/OpenBSD/4.2/packages/i386
get cvsup-16.1hp0.tgz
cd /pub/OpenBSD/4.2/
get ports.tar.gz
quit
Now copy the ports.tar.gz file to /usr and unpack it.
cp ports.tar.gz /usr
cd /usr/
tar -xvzf ports.tar.gz
rm ports.tar.gz
Add the cvsup package with the following command as the root user:
pkg_add cvsup-16.1hp0.tgz
This will help keep the ports tree up to date. Now we need to build a cvsup file. The
contents of the file called /etc/cvs-supfile are listed here.
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sis0
= administrative interface
dc0

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Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
Now create two bridges. The first bridge is intended to actually filter traffic deemed
malicious or otherwise unwanted, and the second is to verify the filter.
echo "add dc0" >> /etc/bridgename.bridge0
echo "add dc1" >> /etc/bridgename.bridge0
echo "up" >> /etc/bridgename.bridge0
echo "add dc2" >> /etc/bridgename.bridge1
echo "add dc3" >> /etc/bridgename.bridge1
echo "up" >> /etc/bridgename.bridge1
We should now see the following output from these commands:
cat /etc/bridgename.bridge0
add dc0
add dc1
up
cat /etc/bridgename.bridge1
add dc2
add dc3
up
Reboot the system by typing the following command:
reboot
Upon boot completion you should have the packets traveling over both bridges.
Install these packages for convenience:
cd /usr/ports/net/wget
make install
Conclusions - White paper network ids and ips deployment Strategies Nicholas Pappas

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Author retains full rights.
© SANS Institute 200
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Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
Strategic placement of the monitoring systems is crucial. If you are trying to
capture traffic local to your network, you may be missing it if you put it at the
network's border. Likewise if you only have one monitoring system, and more than
one connection linking your local area network to external networks.
One important
network device you should be mindful of when selecting the optimal placement of
your IDS or IPS is a Virtual Private Network (VPN) concentrator. As traffic travels
through a VPN tunnel, it is encrypted and the IDS or IPS will not be capable of
conducting adequate analysis.
There are an increasing number of methods to evade intrusion detection.
While network intrusion detection and prevention systems are adapting to an ever
changing environment, the methods of evasion are as well. We must keep this in
mind when making a judgment call with respect to detecting an intrusion. One
should not rely too heavily on IDS or IPS logs. Feeling overly confident an intrusion
was avoided simply because such activity was not logged may be a costly mistake.
On the other hand, assuming the IDS or IPS is correctly classifying “malicious” traffic
when in fact the traffic is legit should be avoided as well.
Having an analyst skilled
in decoding packets will help minimize these mistakes (packet decoding is
introduced in the SANS Security Essentials curriculum). In short, having too much
trust in any single security product is a recipe for failure.
In conclusion, deploying systems designed to monitor network activity will
bring about more awareness of the very nature in how the respective network
Nicholas Pappas
31
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Author retains full rights.
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8
, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
behaves, and what threatens its intended function. There is certainly not a shortage
of malicious traffic being transmitted across the Internet. Having a firewall at the
edge of a network is a nice piece of hardware to have protecting internal networks.
However, in information security there are no silver bullets.
Network firewalls not
withstanding. It is crucial to have a layered preventive strategy. Defense in depth is
the only reasonable tactic with such adaptable threats being constantly presented to
information systems.
Nicholas Pappas
32
@ 2021 SANS Institute
Author Retains Full Rights
© SANS Institute 200
8
,
Author retains full rights.
© SANS Institute 200
8
, Author retains full rights.
Key fingerprint = AF19 FA27 2F94 998D FDB5 DE3D F8B5 06E4 A169 4E46
Network IDS & IPS Deployment Strategies
Baza-emitor bo'sh (Vbe) - Elektronika va sxemalar 1

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Elektronika va sxemalar 1
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bet | 79/84 | Sana | 22.01.2024 | Hajmi | 299,93 Kb. | | #143103 |
Bog'liq ELEKTRONIKA yakuniyBaza-emitor bo'sh (Vbe): Baza va emitor orasidagi voltaj. Bu voltaj, baza-emitor diodi ifodalaydi va transistorni ishlov baxolari orasida muhim ahamiyatga ega.
Kollektor-emitor bo'sh (Vce): Kollektor va emitor orasidagi bo'shlik voltaji. Ko'pgina amplifikatorlarda Vce_sat (saturatsiya voltaji) ifodalangan bo'lsa, UE ulanish sxemalarida Vce_sat kichik bo'ladi, ya'ni, tranzistor o'rtasidagi oqimning qattiq o'tishini ko'rsatadi.
Kollektor stromi (Ic): Kollektor o'rtasidan o'tadigan strom. Statik elektrod xarakteristikalarida, Ic_sat ifodalangan bo'lsa, bu strom transistorni qattiq o'tishi, yani saturatsiya holatini bildiradi.
Baza stromi (Ib): Baza o'rtasidan o'tadigan strom. Bu strom baza-emitor diodi o'rtasidan o'tadi.
UE ulanish sxemasidagi statik elektrod xarakteristikalarining analizi ko'pincha laboratoriya sinovlari va simulatsiyalar orqali amalga oshiriladi. Ular amplifikatorlarda ishlatilgan tilda daromad va kengbandli signal usullari bilan birga transistorni ishlov baxolari orasidagi munosabatni belgilashda foydalaniladi.
UB ulanish sxemasidagi BTning statik elektrod xarakteristikalari.
Bipolyar tranzistorning (BT) statik elektrod xarakteristikasi, emitter-asiyob qurilmasining o‘tish elektr elektronlari tomonidan boshqariladigan o‘tkazuvchan o‘tish paytida olinadigan elektr xususiyatlarni ifodalaydi. Statik elektrod xarakteristikasi odatda IB (base stromi) bilan IC (collector o‘tish stromi) orasidagi bog‘lovchi qonuni namoyish etadi.
Statik Elektrod Xarakteristikasi:
Collector Current (IC) va Base-Emitter Voltage (VBE) Grafiki:
IC, VBE bog‘lovchisi yordamida olinadi.
Elektron o‘tish paytida, o‘tkazuvchan o‘tishning ish rejimida, emitterdan olinadigan stromlar asosidan foydalangan holda IC ni belgilaydigan grafik hosil qilish mumkin.
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Baza-emitor bo'sh (Vbe) - Elektronika va sxemalar 1

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Elektronika va sxemalar 1
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bet | 76/84 | Sana | 22.01.2024 | Hajmi | 299,93 Kb. | | #143103 |
Bog'liq ELEKTRONIKA yakuniyBaza-emitor bo'sh (Vbe): Baza va emitor orasidagi voltaj.
Kollektor stromi (Ic): Kollektor o'rtasidan o'tadigan strom.
Asosiy parametrlar:
Baza-emitor bo'sh (Vbe): Baza va emitor orasidagi voltaj, buni o'z ichiga olgan diodning voltajiga o'xshaydi.
Kollektor-emitor bo'sh (Vce): Kollektor va emitor orasidagi voltaj. Ular orasidagi voltaj o'rtasida ishlov baxolarini nazorat qilish uchun muhimdir.
Kollektor stromi (Ic): Kollektor o'rtasidan o'tadigan strom. U transistorni ishlov baxolarida o'rtasidagi oqimni ifodalaydi.
Baza qarshi emitor ta'siri (hfe): Baza stromining o'zgarganligi bilan kollektor stromi o'zgarganda nechta marta amplifikatsiya bo'lishini ifodalaydi.
Transition Frequency (fT): Transistorning o'zgarganligi uchun kritik chastota. Ular radiosignal uskunalarda ishlatiladi.
Power Gain (Gp): Transistorning kuchlanish darajasi, ya'ni input va output kuchlarning nisbati.
Collector Efficiency (η): Transistorning kuchni qanday qadar kuchli ko'rishni ifodalaydi.
Bipolyar tranzistorlar elektronika sohasida ko'p turli texnologiyalarda va ilovalarda ishlatilmoqda. Ular amplifikatorlar, osilatorlar, modulyatorlar va boshqa ko'p turdagi qurilmalarni ishlab chiqishda keng qo'llanilmoqda.
BT, uning ish rejimlari va h-parametrlari
Bipolyar Tranzistor (BT) Ish Rejimlari va H-parametrlari:
Bipolyar tranzistor (BT) uchun boshqa bir necha ish rejimlari va h-parametrlar ko‘rsatiladi:
Ish Rejimlari:
Oson Bo‘ladi (Cut-off Regimi):
Elektron o‘tishi boshqarilmaydi, IC = 0.
VBE uchun kamroq bir qiymat.
VCE uchun chegarasiz.
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UK ulanish sxemasidagi BTning statik elektrod xarakteristikalarining temperaturaga bog‘liqligi

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UK ulanish sxemasidagi BTning statik elektrod xarakteristikalarining temperaturaga bog‘liqligi
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bet | 78/84 | Sana | 22.01.2024 | Hajmi | 299,93 Kb. | | #143103 |
Bog'liq ELEKTRONIKA yakuniyUK ulanish sxemasidagi BTning statik elektrod xarakteristikalarining temperaturaga bog‘liqligi.
"UK ulanishi" atrofida kuchlanayotgan bipolyar tranzistorning (BT) statik elektrod xarakteristikalari, temperaturaga katta ta'sir qiladigan faktorlardan biridir. Statik elektrod xarakteristikalari, tranzistorning boshqa xususiyatlari o'zgarib borishini ifodalaydi. Ulanish sxemalarida ko'p asosiy xususiyatlardan biri emitter qurilmasining diod xarakteristikasiga o'xshash ravishda ishlov baxolari bo'lishidir.
Temperaturaga bog'liqligi quyidagi xususiyatlarni o'z ichiga oladi:
Saturatsiya Stromi (Ic_sat): Bu strom tranzistorning qurilmasi o'rtasidan o'tadigan maksimal stromdir. Temperatura oshishi bilan bu strom o'zgarishi mumkin. Haroratning oshishi bilan transistorni qattiq qilib ishlov baxolari o'zgarishi natijasida saturatsiya stromida o'zgarish hosil bo'ladi.
Kollektor-emitor bo'sh (Vce_sat): Kollektor va emitor orasidagi bo'shlik voltaji. Temperaturaga bog'liq o'zgarishlar bu voltajni ham o'zgartirishi mumkin.
Baza-emitor bo'sh (Vbe): Baza va emitor orasidagi voltaj, temperaturaga bog'liq o'zgarishlar bilan o'zgarishi mumkin.
Temperatura o'zgarishida amplifikatsiya darajasi (hfe): Baza stromining o'zgarishlariga qanday qilib javob beradi, bu transistorni amplifikatsiya qilish ko'rsatkichidir. Haroratning o'zgarishi bu ko'rsatkichni ham o'zgartirishi mumkin.
Temperaturaga bog'liqlikni pastga oshirish uchun, temperaturaga bog'liq o'zgarishlar qancha kam bo'lsa, tranzistorning qurilmasi shuncha yaxshi bo'ladi. Bunday tranzistorlar haroratga qanday ta'sir qilishini optimallashtirish uchun atrof sohasida ishlov baxolarida ham xususiyatlarni aniqlash uchun laboratoriya sinovlari o'tkaziladi.
UE ulanish sxemasidagi BTning statik elektrod xarakteristikalari.
"UE ulanishi" (Common Emitter) atrofida kuchlanayotgan bipolyar tranzistorning (BT) statik elektrod xarakteristikasi, tranzistorning emitter qurilmasining diod xarakteristikasiga o'xshash bo'lishi tufayli, ko'p ishlov baxolari o'zgaradi. UE ulanish sxemasi ko'pincha amplifikatorlarda va osilatorlarda ishlatiladi. Statik elektrod xarakteristikalarining asosiy xususiyatlari quyidagilar:
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MDYA (Kanali Induksiyalangan) MOSFET Tavsifi

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MDYA (Kanali Induksiyalangan) MOSFET Tavsifi
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bet | 83/84 | Sana | 22.01.2024 | Hajmi | 299,93 Kb. | | #143103 |
Bog'liq ELEKTRONIKA yakuniyMDYA (Kanali Induksiyalangan) MOSFET Tavsifi:
Kanali Induksiyalangan (Enhancement Mode) MOSFET: Bu tranzistorlarda, kanalni ishlatish uchun boshlang'ich strom (gate-to-source voltage, Vgs) qo'shilishi lozim. Boshlang'ich stromni o'rnatish bilan tranzistorning kanali ochiladi va amalga oshirish boshlanadi.
Statik Elektrod Xarakteristikalari:
Boshlang'ich Strom (I_D vs. V_gs): Boshlang'ich strom (drain current) va boshlang'ich stromni o'rnatish uchun boshlang'ich strom (Vgs) orasidagi bog'lanishni ko'rsatadi. Boshlang'ich strom, kanal ochilgandan so'ng o'zgaradi va bu xususiyat tranzistor ishlov baxolari uchun muhimdir.
Transkonduktivnost (gm): Bu ko'rsatkich tranzistorning boshlang'ich stromi va boshlang'ich stromni o'rnatish uchun boshlang'ich strom orasidagi nisbatni ifodalaydi.
Kollektor-Emitor Bo'sh (V_ds): Drain-source voltage, ya'ni kanal orqali o'tadigan voltaj.
Kollektor-Strom Bog'lanishi (I_d vs. V_ds): Boshlang'ich strom va drain-source voltage orasidagi bog'lanishni ko'rsatadi. Bu xarakteristika tranzistorning ishlov baxolarida ishlovchi chiqishi va mahsulotini hisoblashda muhimdir.
MDYA MOSFETlar elektronika sohasida boshqa tranzistorlar bilan bir qancha texnologiyalarda va loyihalarda ishlatilmoqda, masalan, chipta o'rganuvchilarda, avtomobillarda, kuchli hisoblab chiqish qurilmalari (ICs) va boshqa ko'plab texnologiyaviy tizimlarda.
Kanali qurilgan MDYA – tranzistorlar, tuzilmasi va ularning sxemada belgilanishi.
Kanali qurilgan MDYA (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) yoki odatda MOSFET deb ataladigan tranzistorlar, asosan silikon yong'oqlari, oxiz o'g'irlangan qurilmasi va metall ikki tomoni bor bo'lgan tuzilishi bilan ajratiladi. Bu tranzistorlar, elektr energiyasini boshqa elektrik signallarni boshqarish uchun ishlatiladi. MOSFETlar, shuningdek, integral sxemalarda (IC) juda kichik yutuqlardan ishlab chiqariladigan chipta yoki o'yin-kompyuterlarda asosan kichik jihatdan ishlaydi.
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Normal O‘tish (Active Regimi)

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Normal O‘tish (Active Regimi)
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bet | 77/84 | Sana | 22.01.2024 | Hajmi | 299,93 Kb. | | #143103 |
Bog'liq ELEKTRONIKA yakuniyNormal O‘tish (Active Regimi):
Elektron o‘tishi o‘tkazuvchan o‘tishning o‘rtasida ishlaydi.
IC va VCE normal qiymatlarda.
VCE(SAT) - minimal, IC o‘tkazuvchan o‘tish paytida maksimum.
Hamilaviy O‘tish (Saturation Regimi):
O‘tkazuvchan o‘tish paytida o‘tkazuvchan o‘tishning o‘rtasida yuqori.
IC va VCE pastroq qiymatlarda.
VCE(SAT) - minimal, IC o‘tkazuvchan o‘tish paytida maksimum.
Bloklangan (Reverse Active Regimi):
Asosdan o‘tkazuvchan o‘tish paytida o‘tkazuvchan o‘tishning oldiysi yo‘q.
IC va VCE minimal qiymatlarda.
H-parametrlar (Hybrid Parameters):
H-parametrlar tranzistorning ishlashini aniqroq tushuntirish uchun ishlatiladi:
hfe (Current Gain in the Forward-Active Regime):
Elektron o‘tish paytida o‘tkazuvchan o‘tishning o‘rtasida ishlovchi ko‘rsatkich.
hfe = ΔIC / ΔIB.
hie (Input Impedance):
Elektron o‘tish paytida IB stromining o‘zgarishiga qarab olinadigan ko‘rsatkich.
hie = ΔVBE / ΔIB.
hre (Reverse Voltage Feedback Ratio):
O‘tkazuvchan o‘tish paytida VCE o‘zgarishiga qarab olinadigan ko‘rsatkich.
hre = ΔVCE / ΔIC.
hoe (Output Conductance):
O‘tkazuvchan o‘tish paytida IC stromining o‘zgarishiga qarab olinadigan ko‘rsatkich.
hoe = ΔIC / ΔVCE.
Bu h-parametrlar tranzistorning elektromagnit maydondagi ko‘rsatkichlarni o‘lchashda va elektr sxemalarni yechishda juda muhimdir. H-parametrlar tranzistorning ish rejimlarini va o‘tkazuvchan o‘tishning qo‘shimcha xossalari haqida ma’lumot beradi.
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Türkmenaragatnaşyk

“Türkmenaragatnaşyk” agentliginiň başlygynyň 2020-nji ýylyň 23-nji iýunynda çykaran 63 belgili buýrugy bilen tassyklanyldy
«.TM» ýokarky derejeli milli domende
domen atlaryny we internet saýtlaryny bellige almagyň
TERTIBI
I bap. Umumy düzgünler
Şu «.TM» ýokarky derejeli milli domende domen atlaryny we internet saýtlaryny bellige almagyň Tertibi (mundan beýläk – Tertip), “Türkmenistanda Internet torunyň ösüşini we internet-hyzmatlaryny etmegi hukuk taýdan düzgünleşdirmek hakynda” Türkmenistanyň Kanunynyň 111-nji maddasyna, “Hukuk namalary hakynda” Türkmenistanyň Kanunynyň 15-nji we 44-nji maddalaryna hem-de “Aragatnaşyk hakynda”, “Maglumat we ony goramak hakynda”, “Şahsy durmuş barada maglumat we ony goramak hakynda” Türkmenistanyň Kanunlarynyň, şeýle hem aragatnaşyk çygrynda Türkmenistanyň beýleki kadalaşdyryjy hukuk namalaryna laýyklykda işlenip taýýarlanyldy hem-de «.TM» ýokarky derejeli milli domende domen atlaryny we internet saýtlaryny bellige almagyň tertibini, şeýle hem «.TM» ýokarky derejeli milli domende domen atlaryny we internet saýtlarynyň bellige alynmagy bilen baglylykda ýüze çykýan gatnaşyklary kadalaşdyrýar.
Şu Tertibiň kadalary, ikinji derejeli we üçünji derejeli milli domende domen atlaryny we internet saýtlarynyň bellige alynmagy bilen baglylykda ýüze çykýan gatnaşyklara degişli bolup, domen atlarynyň kömegi bilen, maglumatlary saklamaklyk we (ýa-da) maglumatlary ýaýratmaklyk bilen bagly bolan gatnaşyklara degişli däldir.
Şu Tertibiň maksatlary üçin aşakdaky adalgalar we düşünjeler ulanylýar:
1) domen adyny bellige almak, domen adynyň bellige alnyşynyň möhletini uzaltmak ýa-da domen adyny bellige alnanda berlen maglumatlary üýgetmek barada ýüztutma (şu Tertibe 1-nji goşundy, mundan beýläk-arza) – domen adyny bellige almak, domen adynyň bellige alnyşynyň möhletini uzaltmak ýa-da domen adyny bellige alnanda berlen maglumatlary üýgetmek üçin gerekli maglumatlar goşulyp Peýdalanyjy tarapyndan ugradylan resmi hat we onuň goşundysy;
2) domen atlary (domen) – domen atlarynyň ulgamynda (DNS) ulanylýan tor salgylanmasy üçin bellige alnan nyşan belgi;
3) domen atlaryny peýdalanyjy (mundan beýläk - Peýdalanyjy) – domen atlaryny bellige almak bilen bagly bolan hyzmata isleg bildirip arza bilen ýüz tutan ýa-da ulanýan fiziki we ýuridik şahs;
4) domeniň administratory – Peýdalanyjynyň adyna bellige alnan domeni dolandyrmak işini ýerine ýetirýän Peýdalanyjy tarapyndan bellenen jogapkär işgär;
5) domen ady baradaky maglumatlary ýöretmek – domen adyna we onuň administratoryna degişli bolan maglumatlary maglumatlar goruna girizmek, üýtgetmek we aýyrmak boýunça Milli bellige alyjynyň hereketleri;
6) domeni dolandyrmak – domeniň administratory tarapyndan şu Tertipde kesgitlenilen wezipeleri ýerine ýetirmegi;
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Saturation Region - Elektronika va sxemalar 1

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Elektronika va sxemalar 1
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bet | 80/84 | Sana | 22.01.2024 | Hajmi | 299,93 Kb. | | #143103 |
Bog'liq ELEKTRONIKA yakuniySaturation Region:
Statik elektrod xarakteristikasida saturation (hamilaviy o‘tish) rejimi ko‘rinadi.
Ushbu hududga yetib kelgan tranzistor o‘tkazuvchan o‘tishga kiradi.
VCE (collector-emitter voltaj) pastroq, IC (collector o‘tish stromi) yuqori.
Active Region:
Statik elektrod xarakteristikasidagi aktiv rejimda, VCE va IC o‘rtacha qiymatlarda bo‘ladi.
Elektron o‘tishi boshlanadi, tranzistor o‘tkazuvchan o‘tish rejimiga kiradi.
IB (base stromi) o‘zgarishi natijasida IC o‘zgaradi.
Cut-off Region:
Statik elektrod xarakteristikasidagi cut-off (oson bo‘ladi) rejimi o‘z xos tashqi hududga ega bo‘ladi.
Bu hududga yetib kelgan tranzistor o‘tkazuvchan o‘tishni to‘xtatadi.
Reverse Active Region:
Satik elektrod xarakteristikasidagi reverse active (bloklangan) rejimi ko‘rinadi.
Elektron o‘tishi o‘tkazuvchan o‘tishning orqasidan boshqariladi, ammo o‘tkazuvchan o‘tish yo‘q.
Statik elektrod xarakteristikasi, tranzistorning ish rejimi va uning elektr xususiyatlari haqida juda qo‘llaniladi. Bu xususiyatlardan foydalangan holda elektr sxemalarini tuzish, tranzistorning ish rejimini aniqlash, va to‘g‘ri ishlovchi rejimni tanlash mumkin.
Ko‘p qatlamli yarimo‘tkazgichli asboblar, tiristor, tuzilishi, sxemada belgilanishi, VAX va qo‘llanishi.
Ko‘p qatlamli yarimo‘tkazgichli asboblar (Ingilizce: Multi-layer Ceramic Capacitors, MLCCs) elektronika sohasida qolgan yoritish uchun, filtrlash va boshqa ko'plab maqsadlarda ishlatiluvchi, katta ta'sirchan qurilmalardir. Ular o'zlariga xos tuzilishga ega bo'lib, tiristorlar ham ularni boshqa qurilmalardan alohida qiladi. Bu savolni to'liq javob bermasdan oldin, MLCC va tiristorlarning tavsifi va ishlashini tushunish lozim.
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Ko‘p Qatlamli Yarimo‘tkazgichli Asboblar (MLCC)

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Ko‘p Qatlamli Yarimo‘tkazgichli Asboblar (MLCC)
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bet | 81/84 | Sana | 22.01.2024 | Hajmi | 299,93 Kb. | | #143103 |
Bog'liq ELEKTRONIKA yakuniyKo‘p Qatlamli Yarimo‘tkazgichli Asboblar (MLCC):
Tavsif: Ko‘p qatlamli yarimo‘tkazgichli asboblar (MLCC) keramik materiallaridan ishlab chiqilgan yarimo‘tkazgichli kondensatorlardir. Ular ko‘pgina komponentlar o‘rtasida yoritish uchun ishlatiladi.
Tuzilishi: MLCC'lar keramik diskalar yoki plitalar (qatlamlar)dan iborat bo'lib, ular doimiy elektrik qoplamalarni olib boradigan ularni o'z ichiga oladi. Har bir keramik qatlamning o'lchami va xususiyatlari o'zaro farqli bo'lishi mumkin.
Sxemada Belgilanishi: MLCC sxemada ikki qirrali simvol (misol uchun C0G, X7R, Y5V) orqali belgilanadi. Ular elektrik xususiyatlari, temperaturaga bog'liq o'zgaruvchanlik va boshqa xususiyatlarni ifodalaydi.
VAX va Qo‘llanishi: MLCC'lar yoritish, filtrlash, frekans filtrlarini yasash, tarmoq qurilmalari va boshqa texnologiyaviy va elektronika asboblarida ishlatiladi. Ular VAX (voltdan amperga xilma-xil o'lchami) nominal yoritish qadrini bildiradi. MLCC'lar qisqa va tez vaqt ichida bajarilgan ishlarni ta'minlash, yoritish va filtrlash uchun ideal bo'lib, elektronika sohasida keng ko'lamda ishlatiladi.
Tiristor:
Tavsif: Tiristor (ingliz tilida SCR – Silicon Controlled Rectifier) — bu yarim-provodnik elektronik qurilma, elektr stromni boshqa yo'nalishda o'tkazib, xonik almashtirishni boshqarish uchun ishlatiladi.
Tuzilishi: Tiristor 3 p-n-p-qatlamdan iborat bo'lib, uning o'rtasidagi baza, emitter va kollektor elektrod qo'shimcha elektron yo'nalishini boshqarish uchun ishlatiladi. Tiristor, boshqa elektronik qurilmalarga nisbatan eng kamalak variantlardan biridir.
Sxemada Belgilanishi: Sxemada tiristor oltin rangli bo'lgan bu qo'llaniluvchi material bilan belgilanadi. Oltin rangi tiristorning klassik ko'rsatkichi va uning ilovalarini ifodalaydi.
VAX va Qo‘llanishi: Tiristorlar boshqa qurilmalardan farq qiladigan vaqt batafsil boshqarishimomiyati, barcha yoki batafsil stromni to'xtatish talab etiladigan joylarda ishlatiladi. Ular kuchli stromni boshqa yo'nalishda o'tkazib, elektr stromning boshqa sahifasiga batafsil boshqarish uchun mo'ljallangan.
MLCC va tiristorlar, ularning mazmunlari va qo'llanishi bo'yicha to'liq tushuncha, mukammal izohat va elektronik sohada to'g'ri loyiha va loyihalarni tuzishni o'rganish bilan boshlanadi.
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Viloyat: Qashqadaryo Tuman (shahar)

Viloyat:
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Qashqadaryo
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Tuman (shahar):
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Familiyasi, ismi, otasining ismi:
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Ta’lim muassasasi, sinfi:
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Choose the correct verb to complete the sentences.
1.When Yann fell on the rocks, his knee started to injure / bleed / cut a lot.
a) injure b) bleed c)cut
2. I was feeling very tired, so I started to blow / yawn / recover.
a) injure b) yawn c) cut
3. When I look at something bright, it always makes me burn / breathe / blink.
a) burn b) breathe c) blink
4.Kylie’s …….. leave, soon, so give her the present now.
a) going to b) will c) has
5. I think everybody ……… why you can’t come to the festival with us.
a) will understand b) is understanding c) inderstood
6. The show was __________________ – really really good!
a) absolutely b) spectacular c) ancient
7. This village is full of __________________ pretty houses.
a)enormous b)terrible c) very
8. This sofa is the __________ piece of furniture in Rob’s flat.
a) expensive b) more expensive c) most expensive
9. a piece of equipment that travels around the earth in space s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
a) satellite b) superior c) singular
10. something that joins things together c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
a) connection b) convertor c) commonly
11. something new that has been designed or created i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
a) internet b) invention c) invent
12. I ....... a music course last year and learnt to play the piano and write songs.
a) made. b) attended c) broke
13. My ....... school was a lot bigger than the school I went to from the age of five to eleven.
a)degree b) attended c) primary
14. a book with information you need for a school subject _ _ _ _ book
a) class book b)text book c)notebook
15. 1. John did well in the competition – ......... he won it.
a) In fact b) in detail c) in particular
__________
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Manbalar, ideal va real EYUK manbalari (grafik), tok manbasini EYUK manbasi bilan almashtirish sxemasi

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Manbalar, ideal va real EYUK manbalari (grafik), tok manbasini EYUK manbasi bilan almashtirish sxemasi
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bet | 16/84 | Sana | 22.01.2024 | Hajmi | 299,93 Kb. | | #143103 |
Bog'liq ELEKTRONIKA yakuniyManbalar, ideal va real EYUK manbalari (grafik), tok manbasini EYUK manbasi bilan almashtirish sxemasi.
"Manbalar" deb aytilganida, men EYUK (Energetika Yuqori Urganch Kitobi) manbasini ma'qul ko'rdim. Lekin "tok manbasini EYUK manbasi bilan almashtirish sxemasi"ni o'rganishni bilan bog'liq qiziqarli savolni tushuntmadim. EYUK manbasi bir tur tok manbasi bo'lishi mumkin, shuning uchun tok manbasini EYUK manbasi bilan almashtirish sxemasi ko'rsatilmagan.
Lekin sizning savolingiz bilan bog'liq ravishda, ideal va real kuchlanish manbalarining grafiklari uchun umumiy odatiy chiziqcha ishlatishni ko'rib chiqamiz. Bu chiziqchalarda o'xshashligi va farqligini ko'rsatish uchun ularni taqqoslash mumkin.
Ideal va Real Kuchlanish Manbalari Grafiklari:
Ideal Kuchlanish Manbasi Grafiki:
Real Kuchlanish Manbasi Grafiki:
Bu grafiklar, ideal va real kuchlanish manbalari orasidagi farqligini ko'rsatish uchun muqobil qilinadi. Ideal kuchlanish manbasi grafikida o'z ishlovchi effektivligi, yani energiya olish bo'yicha eng yaxshi natijalar ko'rsatiladi. Real kuchlanish manbasi grafikida esa amaliyotdagi muammo va yo'qotishlar bilan bog'liq farqlar ko'rsatiladi.
Tok manbasini EYUK manbasi bilan almashtirish sxemasi:
Tok manbasini EYUK manbasi bilan almashtirish sxemasi yoqilmagan, chunki EYUK manbasi atamasi tok manbasi turi emas. Agar sizga boshqa ma'lumot kerak bo'lsa, men boshqa savollaringizni ham bering.
Manbalar, mustaqil va nomustaqil manbalar, chizmalari va ifodalari.
"Mustaqil manbalar" va "nomustaqil manbalar" ifodalari, energiya manbalari turiga asoslangan. Mana ularning tushunchalari va chizmalari:
Mustaqil Manbalar: Mustaqil manbalar, bir nechta xil moddalardan (masalan, suv, shamol, yel, o'zgina yonuv) olinadigan va biror tizim orqali kinetik energiyaga aylantiriladigan energiya manbalari hisoblanadi. Bu manbalar shuningdek, odamlar tomonidan aniqlanadigan va o'zgartirib borsa ham yoki suvni, shamolni, yelni o'zgartirib borsa ham, bu tizimlardan foydalanadigan manbalarni ifodalaydi.
Mustaqil manbalar quyidagi turlarda bo'lishi mumkin:
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