nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Micronucleus Systems - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System...

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Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System with Tools On Security and Kali Hacking to Understand Computer Programming, Data Science and Command LineBog'liq Linux This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts The Underground BibleMicronucleus Systems
One of the trends of modern operating systems is that in privileged mode, a
small proportion of kernel functions, which are a microkernel, are
implemented. Other OS functions are performed by user-mode processes
(server processes). Servers are responsible for supporting the file system for
dealing with process memory.
The micronucleus communicates between system components and performs
a basic resource allocation. To execute a system call, the process (client
process) accesses the microkernel. The microkernel sends a request to the
server, the server performs the work and sends the response back. And the
micronucleus forwards it to the client. Customers can not only be single
users and other operating units.
The advantages of a micro-core approach are:
❖
The small size of microkernel which simplifies its development and
debugging
❖
High system reliability due to the fact that the servers run in user
mode and do not have direct access to the hardware
❖
Greater flexibility and expandability of the system (unnecessary
components do not take up space in memory ' memory, expanding the
functionality of the system is reduced to adding to it new server)
❖
The possibility of adapting to network conditions (way to exchange
data between the server and the related network or they are on the
same computer)
The main disadvantage of the micro-core approach is the decrease in
performance. Instead of the two-time switchings of the processor mode in
case of a system call, four occur (two - during the exchange between the
client and the micronucleus, two – during the exchange between the server
and the micronucleus).
This disadvantage is rather theoretical, in practice, the performance and
reliability of the micronucleus depend primarily on the quality of its
implementation. Thus, in QNX OS, the micro-kernel takes up several
kilobytes of memory and provides a minimal set of functions, with the
system corresponding to real-time OS performance.
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Network Support - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System with...

Network Support
Network systems
Modern operating systems are adapted to work on the network, they are
called network operating systems . Networking support enables the OS to:
❖
To make local resources (disk space, printers, etc.) publicly
available over the network, ie to function as a server
❖
Refer to other computer resources through a network that is
functioning as a client
Implementing the functionality of server and client based on vehicles
responsible for the transmission of data between computers according to the
rules specified network protocols.
Distributed systems
Network OSes do not hide the presence of a network from the user. The
network support in them does not determine the structure of the system and
enriches it with additional capabilities. There are also distributed OSs that
allow pooling the resources of several computers in a distributed system. It
appears to the user as one computer with multiple processors working in
parallel. Distributed and multiprocessor systems are two major categories of
OS that use multiple processors.
Data security
Data security in the OS means ensuring the reliability of the system (data
protection against loss in case of failure) and protection of data against
unauthorized access (accidental or intentional). To protect against
unwarranted access, the OS should ensure the availability of authentication
of users (such means allow to determine whether the users are actually who
they say they are. This is usually used for system passwords) and
their authorization (to verify user rights which have been authenticated to
perform a specific operation).
User Interface
There are two types of user interaction means running: shell ( shell ) and a
graphical user interface ( GUI ). The command interpreter enables users to
interact with the OS using a special command language (online or through
startup) to execute batch files. Commands of this language force the OS to
perform certain actions (for example, run applications, work with files).
The graphical user interface allows it to interact with the OS by opening
windows and executing commands with menus or buttons. There are many
approaches to implementing a GUI: for example, in Windows systems, its
support systems are built into the system, and in UNIX, they are external to
the system and rely on standard I / O controls.
Conclusions
❖
An operating system is a level of software that lies between the
levels of applications and computer hardware. Its main purpose - to
make use of computer systems easier and improve efficiency
❖
The main functional components of the OS include process
management, memory management, I / O management, file
management and file system support, network support, data
protection, user interface implementation
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Functional Components Of Operating Systems

Functional Components Of Operating Systems An operating system can be considered as a set of components, each of
which is responsible for the implementation of a specific function of the
system. Consider the most important features of the modern OS and the
components that implement them.
The way the system is built from components and their relationship is
determined by the architecture of the operating system. Each operating
system is going to be a bit different in the kind of work that it can handle,
and its organizational structure, so learning this and how to put it all
together can be important.
Process And Flow Management As we mentioned, one of the most important functions of OS is to execute
applications. Code and application data is stored in the computer cybernetic
system on disk in a special executable manner. After the user decides to run
either OS to perform a file system creates the basic unit of a computer,
called a process . You can specify the following: a process is a program that
executes it.
The operating system allocates resources between processes. These
resources include CPU time, memory, devices, disk space as files. For the
allocation of memory of each process, undertake its address space - set
address memory, which allows you access. The process space is stored in
the address space. The allocation of disk space for each process formed a
list of open files similarly.
The processes protect the resources they possess. For example, the process
address space cannot be accessed directly from other processes (it is
secure), and when working with files, a mode can be specified that denies
access to the file to all processes except the current one .
The allocation of processor time between processes is necessary because
the processor executes instructions one by one (ie, at a particular time, only
one process can physically execute on it), and for the user, the processes
should appear as sequences of instructions executed in parallel. To achieve
this effect, the OS provides the processor with each process for a short time,
after which it switches the processor to another process; in this case, the
execution of the processes resume from the place where they were
interrupted. In a multiprocessor system, processes can run in parallel on
different processors.
Modern operating systems in addition to processes can support
multitasking, which provides in the process, the presence of several
sequences of instructions (threads), which run in parallel to the user, like
most processes in the OS. Unlike processes, threads do not provide resource
protection (for example, they share the address space of their process).
Implementation Of Operating System

extensibility (to add new functionality, it is enough to develop and load the
appropriate module in memory).
Multilevel Systems
Components of
multilevel OS form a hierarchy of levels (layers), each of
which relies on functions of the previous level. The lowest level interacts
directly with the hardware, the highest level implements system calls.
In traditional multilevel operating systems, transferring control from the top
to the bottom is implemented as a system call. The top-level must have the
right to execute this call and these rights are verified with the support of the
hardware. An example of such a system is the Multics OS, developed in the
'60s. The practical application of this approach is limited today because of
poor performance.
Levels can also be isolated in a monolithic kernel; in this case, they are
programmatically supported and cause system implementation to be
disrupted. In the monolithic system, a kernel determines the levels:
❖
Abstraction means from equipment that one interacts with the
hardware directly, releasing other components of the system from
such interaction
❖
Core kernels that are responsible for the most basic, simplest
kernel actions, such as writing a block of data to disk. By these
means, upper-level instructions are executed with the management of
resources
❖
Resource management tools (or resource managers) that implement
basic OS functions (process management, memory, input-output,
etc.). At this level, the most important resource management decisions
are made that are made using the core kernel
❖
A system call interface that is used to communicate with system
and application software
Operating System As A Resource Allocator

for the reliable processing of large amounts of data. This OS should
effectively support this process (in batch mode or time allocation). An
example of an OS of this class would be IBM's OS /390.
The following category includes
server operating systems. The main
feature of such operating systems is the ability to serve a large number of
user requests for shared resources. Network support plays an important role
for them. There are specialized server OSes that exclude elements that are
not related to the performance of their basic functions (for example, support
for user applications). Universal servers ( UNIX or Windows XP systems )
are now more commonly used to implement servers.
The most massive category is personal
OS. Some operating systems in this
category, developed with the expectation of the user (Windows 95/98 / Me)
by Microsoft are simplified versions of the universal OS. Particular
attention in the personal OS is given to the support of the graphical user
interface and multimedia technologies .
There is also a
real-time OS. In such a system, each operation must be
guaranteed to be performed within a specified time range. Real-time OS can
control the flight of a spaceship, process or video demonstration. There are
specialized real-time OSes such as QNX and VxWorks.
Another category is
embedded OS. These include managing applications
for various microprocessor systems used in military technology, consumer
electronics systems, smart cards, and other devices. Such systems pose
special requirements: placing a small amount of memory and support for
specialized OS devices. Often, built-in OS is developed for a specific
device; universal systems include embedded Linux and Windows CE.
Wireless Network sniffing tools - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating...

Wireless Network sniffing tools
In a whole lot of kali Linux tools that are available, this stands among the
most popular tools because of the huge expansion of wireless networks in
the everyday world. From Bluetooth devices to wireless echo devices there
are a lot of wireless devices that can be easily sniffed if they are connected
to an unsecured wireless network.
What is sniffing?
Sniffing, in general, is a term that is defined for peeking into other stuff. In
technical terms, sniffing means to look at network packets that are coming
from other devices using tools like wire shark and air crack-ng. We will
discuss both of these two tools in detail in this section
a) Wireshark
Wireshark is a network sniffing tool that tracks every packet that the
network is dealing with. After starting the sniffer tool you need to wait at
least 24 hours so that the sniffer catches a sufficient number of packets for
analysis. During analysis, one can easily find all the sensitive information
like passwords and credit card numbers. There is also a chance of using
sniffing tools to hack unencrypted files and emails that are being sent. This
is the reason why hackers should use encrypted mail services and virtual
private networks for better security.
b) aircrack ng
Aircrack ng is another network sniffer tool that is extensively used to crack
WiFi passwords. Usually, wpa2 WiFi routers are considered as the most
secure network routers, unlike WPS routers which leave a bug to easily
hack their passwords. This aircrack ng uses this vulnerability to boot scan
the dictionary attacks and connect to the wireless network. Aircrack is one
of the most popular wireless network programs that are available in the
market right now.
By this, we have completed a detailed tour of some of the most important
kali Linux tools with an overview of practical applications that can be done
using these tools. We hope that with this chapter you have gained a lot of
meaningful information.
This is the end of the book and I end this book with a clear explanation of
what a hacker should try to be. A hacker learns skills and applies them with
utmost hard work to crack into systems. Cracking doesn't mean to be
exploiting and using them for their mischief purposes. Cracking means
checking whether the walls are built strong or not. That's it that is what a
hacker needs to remember all the time. All the best to our adventures of
hacking!
Conclusion
Thank you for making it through to the end of Hacking with Linux, let’s
hope it was informative and able to provide you with all of the tools you
need to achieve your goals whatever they may be.
The next step is to use these concepts in real-world and exploit
environments or protect them with goodwill. All the best!
Finally, if you found this book useful in any way, a review on Amazon is
always appreciated!
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Why certificates should be signed for android?

same URL into the browser in that network. In this way, we can access all
the information that is being sent to the server.
d) Packing
After aligning the exploit into an app, you need to repackage it so that the
apk looks perfectly normal. There is maybe a small marginal change in the
size of the apk. To get undetected by the antiviruses you may use additional
security options that can spoof the phone security.
You can use the following command to package the apk and exploit:
root @ example : pack location seems.ap k
After packaging the app, you should find a smart social engineering
technique to send it to the victim's system. You can use an email with a rar
file to send it to the phone. And when the victim successfully installs the
application on his phone the app starts running in the background and will
send all of the required data to the Metasploit server.
That's it about the exploit and its implementation using the Metasploit
interface console. In the next chapter, we will give a brief introduction
about the network sniffing tool known as wire shark and end this chapter.
Memory Management - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System...

ready-made drivers for specific peripherals.
The more devices the OS
supports, the more chance it has of practical use .
File Management And File Systems
For OS users and programmers, disk space is provided as a set of
files
organized into a
file system. A file is a set of files on a file system that can
be accessed by name. The term "file system" can be used for two concepts:
the principle of organizing data in the form of files and a specific set of data
(usually the corresponding part of the disk)
organized in accordance with
this principle. As part of the OS, it can be implemented simultaneously
supported and ICA several file systems.
File systems are considered at the logical and physical levels. The logical
level defines the external representation of the
system as a collection of
files (usually located in directories), as well as performing operations on
files and directories (creation, deletion, etc.). The physical layer defines the
principles of allocation of data structures of the file system on the drive.
What is spoofing? - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System...

Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System with Tools On Security and Kali Hacking to Understand Computer Programming, Data Science and Command Line
Linux This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts The Underground Bible
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Metasploit - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System with Tools...

This is the argument that describes our input network address. We have
already learned about finding the IP address of our system using the
ifconfig tool. The IP address is essential because we need to make a regular
connection between the host and the victim so that the data can be
transferred.
c) LPORT
Just like the previous one, this describes the port that we are willing to offer
to this Metasploit program so that the victim app can send us data and other
sensitive information.
d) R
This is where the apk format should be selected using the options. We are
dealing with raw format information so this should be mentioned. If you are
dealing with system software's execution files should be selected.
e) Location
This argument helps us to select the apk that we are referring to. You can
simply give the location so that the Metasploit can start making it as an
exploit. But before this process, we need to make some certificate
installations so that everything runs in perfect. We will learn about this
process in detail in this section.
Hacking a login page using burp suite

1) Now enter some fake data in both username and password fields and
send it through the proxy server. With this procedure, all the data will be
sent and the request will be of POST category. The post is an HTML
request category where the arguments are sent along with the request.
2) Now select all the post requests and send them to the intruder tab. In the
intruder tab, you can select the entered username and password arguments
using a dollar sign. After the arguments becoming highlighted user can
select the payload procedure type. There are a lot of procedures like a single
hammer, cluster bomb, and pitcher fork.
How does the burp suite work? - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating...

Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System with Tools On Security and Kali Hacking to Understand Computer Programming, Data Science and Command Line
Linux This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts The Underground Bible
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The Concept Of Virtual Machines - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating...

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Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System with Tools On Security and Kali Hacking to Understand Computer Programming, Data Science and Command LineBog'liq Linux This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts The Underground BibleThe Concept Of Virtual Machines
In virtual machine systems programmatically create copies of the hardware
(emulation occurs). These copies (virtual machines ) run in parallel, each
running software that interacts with applications and users.
Architecture Features: UNIX and Linux
UNIX Basic Architecture
UNIX is an example of fairly simple OS architecture. Much of the
functionality of this system is contained in the kernel, the kernel
communicates with applications through system calls.
The system has three main components: the process management
subsystem, the file system, and the I / O subsystem. The process
management subsystem controls the creation and deletion of processes, the
allocation of system resources between them, inter-process interaction,
memory management .
The file subsystem provides a single interface for accessing data stored on
disk drives and peripherals. Such an interface is one of the most important
features of UNIX. They use the same system calls to either communicate
with the disk or output to a terminal or printer (the program works with the
printer just like a file). In this case, the file system forwards requests to the
relevant modules of the I / O subsystem, and those - directly to the
peripheral devices. In addition, the file subsystem controls file access rights,
which largely determine the privileges of the user on the system.
The I / O subsystem performs file system requests by interacting with
device drivers. In UNIX, two types of devices: character (eg, printer) and
block (eg, hard disk). The main difference between them is that the block
device allows direct access. To increase the productivity of block devices
using the buffer cache - plot memory which stores data last scanned from
the disc. Subsequent accesses to these data can be retrieved from the cache.
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Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System with Tools On Security and Kali Hacking to Understand Computer Programming, Data Science and Command Line
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We will explain these three terms in detail here

a) SQL injection payloads
Burp suite consists of SQL injection payloads that can easily crash an
injected database to enter into the system.
b) XSS payloads
XSS is one of the most frequent web application vulnerabilities and can be
easily found out using the XSS commands present in the burp suite.
c) custom payloads
With this option, you can create payloads
that are random with the
alphabets and numbers. With this payload, you can create a lot of complex
crypto passwords that can be used to crack advanced systems.
d) Runtime payload
Usually, payloads are generated but if there are a lot of payloads that need
to be inserted you can use this payload to insert the list in the runtime
memory for faster execution.
e) recursive payloads
Recursion is a system that sends the payloads
in a varied significant
signature process. Although being insignificant of nature these payloads are
used to effect systems like cloud flare to get access.
After entering the required payloads enter into the next section to start the
brute-forcing process.
In the next interface select the numbers of threads and the speed on which
the payloads should be sent. Also, you can insert upstream proxies that will
change in random so that even if the intrusion detection systems block the
access you can access using other proxies. You can even use the tor system
proxies as upstream proxies for additional security and to avoid detection.
Now click the start button and you will get an interface that will let you
analyze the hacking process. If the login was successful you will get 200
success information in the status bar. If the login was not successful you
will get a 404 or 303 error. In this way, you
can easily hack a login web
page with a burp suite.
In the next section, we will discuss Metasploit one of the most famous
exploit binding software that can help us to spoof any system.
What are proxies? - Linux: This Book Includes 4 Manuscripts. The Underground Bible to the unix operating System...

This chapter is a final implementation of all the
concepts we have learned in
this book. There are a lot of hacking tools available now. Linux Distro Kali
Linux provides approximately 350 tools from various categories. We will in
this chapter discuss some of the famous hacking tools that are used for web
hacking, network hacking, and password cracking. Remember that hacking
tools are just an easy interface that will let us complete our work fastly and
efficiently. Good hackers don't always rely on tools but create their tools to
exploit the system as soon as can. However, hacking tools are better options
for security testing and other tasks like fingerprinting or brute-forcing. We
will now discuss some of the hacking tools in detail. Let's get started!
Burp Suite
In today's world web applications are the most attacked ones by hackers.
They are somewhat easy to break into when compared to network systems
and can be easily manipulated to cash out easy money or sensitive
information.
Hackers use brute force tools like Hydra that are available in Linux to brute
force (that is to send a lot of requests automatically) login pages. Security
researchers should test web applications in depth to clear any vulnerabilities
that are present .
To make this vulnerability testing process smooth and easy port swigger has
created a tool named as burp suite that has been white hat hackers favorite
since then. In this section, we will discuss the components of the burp suite
in detail. Let us start!
Note: Burp Suite is a tool that can be used by hackers to manipulate pages.
So always take the permission of the website owners that you are trying to
experiment on. Otherwise, you can use sample
test websites that are
available either online or as Linux iso.
of 
15 - Create a Simple Network Using Packet Tracer Topology Addressing Table Device Interface ip address Subnet...

Packet Tracer
– Create a Simple Network
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In the command prompt refresh the IP settings by issuing the
commands
ipconfig /release
and then
ipconfig /renew.
The output should show that the PC has an IP address in the 192.168.0.x range, a
subnet mask,
a default gateway, and DNS server address as shown in the figure.
b) Test connectivity to the Cisco.com server from the PC
From the
command prompt, issue the command
ping Cisco.com.
It may take
a few seconds for the ping
to return. Four replies should be received as shown in the figure.
Packet Tracer
– Create a Simple Network
© 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public.
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Part 4: Save the File and Close Packet Tracer
Step 1: Save the File as a Packet Tracer Activity File (*.pkt)
To
save the completed network, click on
Packet Tracer - Create a Simple Network Using Packet Tracer Topology Addressing Table Device Interface ip address...

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Create a Simple Network Using Packet Tracer Topology Addressing Table Device Interface ip address Subnet Mask Default GatewayBog'liq 2.1.1.5 Packet Tracer - Create a Simple Network Using Packet TracerPacket Tracer
– Create a Simple Network
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The wireless router will need a copper straight-through cable to connect to the cable modem. Select the
copper straight-through cable in the device-selection box and attach it to the Internet interface of the
wireless router and the Port 1 interface of the cable modem.
The cable modem will need a coaxial cable to connect to the Internet cloud. Select the coaxial cable in
the device-selection box and attach it to the Port 0 interface of the cable modem and the coaxial interface
of the Internet cloud.
The Interne cloud will need copper straight-through cable to connect to the Cisco.com server. Select the
copper straight-through cable in the device-selection box and attach it to the Ethernet interface of the
Internet cloud and the FastEthernet0 interface of the Cisco.com server.
Part 2: Configure the Network Devices
Step 1: Configure the wireless router
a. Create the wireless network on the wireless router
Click on the
Wireless Router
icon on the Packet Tracer
Logical
workspace to open the device
configuration window.
In the wireless router configuration window, click on the
GUI
tab to view configuration options for the
wireless router.
Next, click on the
Wireless
tab in the GUI to view the wireless settings. The only setting that needs to be
changed from the defaults is the
Network Name (SSID)
. Here, type the name “HomeNetwork” as shown
in the figure.
Configure the Internet connection on the wireless router
Click on the
Setup
tab in the wireless router GUI.
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Create a Simple Network Using Packet Tracer Topology Addressing Table Device Interface ip address Subnet Mask Default Gateway
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Packet Tracer - Create a Simple Network Using Packet Tracer Topology Addressing Table Device Interface ip address...

Create a Simple Network Using Packet Tracer Topology Addressing Table Device Interface ip address Subnet Mask Default Gateway
2.1.1.5 Packet Tracer - Create a Simple Network Using Packet Tracer
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Config
tab in the Cloud device window. In the left pane click on 
Cable

Packet Tracer
– Create a Simple Network
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c. Identify the type of provider
While still in the
Config
tab click Ethernet under
INTERFACE
in the left pane.
In the Ethernet
configuration window select
Cable
as the Provider Network as shown in the figure.
Packet Tracer
– Create a Simple Network
© 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public.
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Step 5: Configure the Cisco.com server
a. Configure the Cisco.com server
as a DHCP server
Click on the Cisco.com server icon on the Packet Tracer
Logical
workspace
and select the
Services
tab.
Select
DHCP
from the
SERVICES
list in the left pane.
In the DHCP configuration window, configure a DHCP as shown in the figure with the following settings.
Click
On
to turn
the DCHP service on
Pool name: DHCPpool
Default Gateway: 208.67.220.220
DNS Server: 208.67.220.220
Starting IP Address: 208.67.220.1
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
Maximum number of Users: 50
Click
PC Wireless
icon. 
Once the Wireless-N Notebook Adapter settings are visible, select the 
Connect

Packet Tracer
– Create a Simple Network
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Click on the Command Prompt icon. Verify that the PC has received an IPv4 address by issuing the
ipconfig /all
command from the command prompt as shown in the figure. The PC should receive an IPv4
address in the 192.168.0.x range.
Step 4: Configure the Internet cloud
a. Install network modules if necessary
Click on the
Internet Cloud
icon on the Packet Tracer
Logical
workspace and then click on the
Physical
tab. The cloud device will need two modules if they are not already installed. The PT-CLOUD-NM-1CX
which is for the cable modem service connection and the PT-CLOUD-NM-1CFE which is for a copper
Ethernet cable connection. If these
modules are missing, power off the physical cloud devices by clicking
on the power button and drag each module to an empty module port on the device and then power the
device back on.
b. Identify the
From and To Ports
Click on the
Add 
to add the pool 
     
Packet Tracer

Packet Tracer
– Create a Simple Network
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b. Configure the Cisco.com server as a DNS server to provide domain name to IPv4 address resolution.
While still in the
Services
tab,
select
DNS
from the
SERVICES
listed in the left pane.
Configure the DNS service using the following settings as shown in the figure.
Click
On
to turn
the DNS service on
Name: Cisco.com
Type: A Record
Address: 208.67.220.220
Click
Add
to add
the DNS service settings
Packet Tracer
– Create a Simple Network
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c. Configure the Cisco.com server Global settings.
Select the
Config
tab.
Click on
Settings
in left pane.
Configure the Global settings of the server as follows:
Select
Static
Gateway: 208.67.220.1
DNS Server: 208.67.220.220
d. Configure the Cisco.com server FastEthernet0 Interface settings.
Click on
FastEthernet
in
left pane of the
Config
tab
Configure the FastEthernet Interface settings of the server as follows:
Packet Tracer
– Create a Simple Network
© 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public.
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D-print - Informatikaning asosiy atamalari

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Informatikaning asosiy atamalari
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bet | 27/150 | Sana | 07.01.2024 | Hajmi | 1,42 Mb. | | #131556 |
Bog'liq Информатикадан изохли лугат3D-print. Materiallarni ketma ketlikda bosish vositasida raqamli model asosida 3 o‘lchamli ob’ektlarni qatlamlab yaratish usuli. 3D-print da plastmassa, shisha va yog‘och foydalaniladi.
Asosiy qo‘llash soxalari:
Sog‘liqni saqlash va SMART-tibbiy uskunalari
Asboblar va detallar tayyorlash
48
Prototip yaratish
Ta’minot zanjirini optimallashtirish
Tovarlarni individuallashtirish
Masofaviy ishlab chiqarish
Domen – 1. Tarmoq ichida umumiy qoidalar va tartibotlar asosida yaxlit shaklda idora etiluvchi kompyuterlar va qurilmalar guruhi. Internet tarmog‘ida domen IP-manzil bilan belgilanadi. 2 Ikki nuqta orasidagi domen manzili qismi. Chekka o‘ng tomondagi domen yuqori pog‘ona domeni bo‘ladi. Masalan: ministry.gov.uz – 3-pog‘ona domeni; gov.uz – 2-pog‘ona domeni; uz – yuqori pog‘ona domeni. Shunday qilib, yuqori pog‘ona domenlari shajarasi tashkil bo‘ladi: yuqori pog‘ona uz (O‘zbekiston) domeni, o‘z ichiga olgan gov (hukumat) domeni, uni o‘z ichiga olgan ministry (vazirlik) va uni o‘z ichiga olgan www (www serveri). Nolinchi pog‘ona domenlari har doim tarmoq nomlarini bildiradi. Nol pog‘ona domenlari – xalqaro shartnomalar predmeti. 1chi va undan yuqori pog‘ona domenlarini taqsimlash vakolatli tashkilotlar va provayderlar tomonidan amalga oshiriladi. 3 Ma’lumotlar bazalari texnologiyalarida domen atributning mumkin bo‘lgan qiymatlari tavsifidir. 4 Windows OTda domen bu kompyuterlarning mantiqiy guruhidir. U markaziy ma’lumotlar to‘plam katalogini ishlatuvchi Microsoft Windows operatsion tizimining turli versiyalari bilan ish yuritadi. Mazkur markaziy ma’lumotlar to‘plami (Windows 2000 dan boshlab Active Directory, yana Windows NT Server OT da NT Directory Services) domen resurslari bo‘yicha foydalanuvchi hisobi va xavfsizlik ma’lumotiga ega. Har bir domendagi kompyuterdan foydalanuvchi o‘zining alohida hisobiga va foydalanuvchi nomiga egadir. Aynan shu foydalanuvchi hisobiga domen resurslariga kirish va foydalanish imkoniyati beriladi.
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Delisting - qimmatli qog‘ozlarni kotirovka ro‘yxatidan chiqarish
Demarketing

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Delisting - qimmatli qog‘ozlarni kotirovka ro‘yxatidan chiqarish
Demarketing
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bet | 26/150 | Sana | 07.01.2024 | Hajmi | 1,42 Mb. | | #131556 |
Bog'liq Информатикадан изохли лугатDelisting - qimmatli qog‘ozlarni kotirovka ro‘yxatidan chiqarish
Demarketing – tovarlarga bo‘lgan talabning o‘sib borishi sababli, mavjud resurslar bilan mahsulot ishlab chiqarish imkoniyatlaridan yuqori bo‘lganligi sababli marketing sohasidagi vaziyat va xulq-atvor xarakteri. Bunday holda, talabni pasaytirish, kamaytirishga qaratilgan chora-tadbirlar shaklida to‘xtatib turuvchi marketing - demarketingni o‘tkazish tavsiya etiladi.
Demping - chet mamlakatlarda tovarlarni mahalliy ishlab chiqaruvchilar asossiz deb hisoblaydigan narxlarda sotish. Demping - mahsulotni uzoq vaqt davomida ishlab chiqarish xarajatlari va transport xarajatlarining o‘rtacha qiymatidan past narxlarda sotish; taqqoslanadigan mahsulot bo‘yicha ichki bozor narxlaridan past narxlarda eksport bozorlarida
47
tovarlarni sotish; import qiluvchi mamlakat ishlab chiqaruvchilari bilan raqobat qila olmaydigan narxda sotiladi.
Diversifikatsiya – biznesni rivojlantirish, turli faoliyat sohalari o‘rtasida riskni taqsimlash hisobiga foyda olish kafolatini oshirish maqsadida yangi tovarlar bilan yangi bozorga chiqish.
Direkt-marketing - bu kompaniyalar har bir iste’molchisiga tovarlar va xizmatlar bilan to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri marketing muloqotlarini muvaffaqiyatli qurish va ul0ar bilan uzoq muddatli o‘zaro manfaatli aloqalarni o‘rnatish orqali bir qator faoliyatlardir. Shu bilan birga, kommunikatsiyalar ikki tomonlama xarakterga ega: direkt-marketing vositalarini to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri qo‘llab, siz mijozlar bilan qaytuvchan aloqa o‘rnatibgina qolmay, balki iste’molchilardan o‘z taklifingizga javob reaksiyasi olishingiz mumkin.
Direkt-meyl - reklamaning bir usuli: reklama materiallarini bevosita potensial xaridorlarga, pochta orqali mijozlarga yuborish.
Distribyutor - hududiy bozorlarda tovarlarning muayyan turlarini ulgurji sotib olish va sotishni amalga oshiruvchi kompaniya, tadbirkor. Distribyutorlar odatda uskunalarni, texnik yangiliklar, kompyuter dasturlarini sotib olish va sotish uchun imtiyozli huquqlarga ega. Agar firma o‘z mahsulotini chet elda sotish uchun o‘z distribyutoriga ega bo‘lishi mumkin, u erda tuzilgan shartnoma asosida uning yagona vakili (umumiy distribyutori) hisoblanadi.
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Airbnb loyixasi – - Informatikaning asosiy atamalari

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Informatikaning asosiy atamalari
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bet | 136/150 | Sana | 07.01.2024 | Hajmi | 1,42 Mb. | | #131556 |
Bog'liq Информатикадан изохли лугатAirbnb loyixasi – Ruby tilida Instagram loyixasi – Python tilida Pinterest loyixasi – Python tilida Foursquare loyixasi – Python tilida
Groupon loyixasi loyixasi – Ruby -> JS tilida
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Twitter loyixasi – Ruby -> Scala tilida
Uber loyixasi – JS tilida yaratilgan
Xozirgi kundagi faoliyat olib borayotgan katta saytlarni
ko‘radigan bo‘lsak, ular quyidagi tillarda yaratilgan: PHP tilida Facebook, Vkontakte, KinoPoisk saytlari Python tilida Instagram, Pinterest, Reddit saytlari
Ruby tilida 500px, Groupon, Airbnb saytlari
Java tilida Ebay, Amazon, Alibaba saytlari
C# tilida Guru, Stack Overflow, Bank of America saytlari JS tilida LinkedIn, Walmart, PayPal saytlari.
Quyida dasturlash asoslari bo‘yicha kirillcha izoxli lug‘at keltirilgan:
Algoritm – biror bir masalani yechish uchun mo‘ljallangan operatsiyalar ketma-ketligi
ALGOL - Matematik masalalarni yechish uchun mo‘ljallangan dasturlash tili. Birinchi navbatda ALGOL (algoritmik til) sonli masalalarni yechishga mo‘ljallangan. Tilning sintaksisi aniq belgilanganligi ALGOLning muayyan tur tuzilmaga ega bo‘lgan kompyuterlarga nisbatan mustaqil bo‘lishini ta’minladi. Tilning alohida tomoni bo‘lib uning blokli tuzilmasidir. ALGOL ko‘proq Yevropada tarqaldi va yangi tillarning, masalan, Pascal tilining yaratilishida muhim bosqich bo‘ldi.
Android - Google tashabbusi bilan boshlab berilgan, Open Handset Alliance (OHA) ishlab chiqayotgan Linuxga asoslangan mobil telefonlar uchun platforma. U ishlab chiqilgan Google kutubxonalaridan foydalanib, boshqaruvchi qurilma orqali Java qo‘llanmalarni yaratish imkonini beradi.
Apache Software Foundation (ASF) - Apache dasturiy ta’minot loyihalarini rivojlantirishga qaratilgan jamg‘arma. ASF 1999 yili Apache Groupdan tashkil topgan. ASF jamg‘armasi dunyoning
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turli mamlakatlarida yashovchi va Open Source loyihalarda ishlovchi tashabbuskor dasturchilardan tashkil topgan. Apache loyihalarning farqli tomoni - kodni birgalikda dasturlash va ochiq litsenziya - Apache Software Licensedan foydalanish uchun keng ko‘lamdagi amaliy tizim va dasturiy ta’minot ishlab chiqaradi.
Assembler - Tushunchalari kompyuter arxitekturasini aks ettiradigan quyi pog‘ona dasturlash tili. Assembler tili tarkibiga jumlalar, buyruqlar va ma’lumotlar formatlari kiradi, ular muayyan kompyuter imkoniyatlariga bir qiymatli tarzda mos keladilar. Boshqacha qilib aytganda, har bir operatorga kompyuterning biror buyrug‘i mos keladi. Assembler tilidan mashina tiliga o‘girishni avtomatlashtirish uchun yaratilgan dasturlar assemblerlar deb ataladi. Assemblerning kirishiga Assembler tilida yozilgan dastlabki dastur kiritiladi. Assembler chiqishida mashina buyruqlaridan tarkib topgan dastur beriladi. Disassembler deganda, mashina kodidan Assembler tilida yozilgan dasturga o‘zgaruvchi dastur nazarda tutiladi.
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File
in the Packet Tracer menu bar and then select 
Save A

File
in the Packet Tracer menu
bar and then select
Save A
from
the dropdown menu. In the the
Save File
window choose a directory to save the file
to and give the file an
appropriate file name. The Save as type defaults to Packet Tracer Activity File (*.pkt).
Click
Save
to save
the file.
Packet Tracer
– Create a Simple Network
© 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public.
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15
of
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Step 2: Close Packet Tracer
To close Packet Tracer you can either c
lick the “
X
” in the top right corner
of the Packet Tracer window, or
click on
Exit
in the file drop down menu.
Step 2: Build the topology - Create a Simple Network Using Packet Tracer Topology Addressing Table Device Interface...

Packet Tracer
– Create a Simple Network
© 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public.
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Using the device selection box, add the network devices to the workspace
as shown in the topology
diagram.
To place
a device onto the workspace, first choose a device type from the
Device-Type Selection
box.
Then, click on the desired
device model from the
Device-Specific Selection
box. Finally, click on a
location in the workspace to put your device in that location. If you want to
cancel your selection, click the
Cancel
icon for that device. Alternatively, you can click and drag a
device from the
Device-Specific
Selection
box onto the workspace.
b. Add network devices to the workspace.
Using the device selection box, add the network devices to the workspace as shown in the topology
diagram
To place a device onto the workspace, first choose a device type from the
Device-Type Selection
box.
Then, click on the desired device model from the
Device-Specific Selection
box. Finally, click on a
location in the workspace to put your device in that location. If you want to cancel your selection, click the
Cancel
icon for that device. Alternatively, you can click and drag a device from the
Device-Specific
Selection
box onto the workspace.
c. Change display names of the nework devices.
To change the display names of the network devices click on the device icon on the Packet Tracer
Logical
workspace, then click on the
Config
tab in the device configuration window. Type the new name
of the
device into the
Display Name
box as show in the figure below.
d. Add the physical cabling between devices on the workspace
Using the device selection box, add the physical cabling between devices on the workspace as shown in
the topology diagram.
The PC will need a copper straight-through cable to connect to the wireless router.
Select the copper
straight-through cable in the deviceselection box and attach it to the FastEthernet0 interface of the PC
and the Ethernet 1 interface of the wireless router.
JavaScript tili - Informatikaning asosiy atamalari

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Informatikaning asosiy atamalari
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bet | 134/150 | Sana | 07.01.2024 | Hajmi | 1,42 Mb. | | #131556 |
Bog'liq Информатикадан изохли лугатJavaScript tili. Keyingi kerak bo‘ladigan til JavaScript bo‘lib, u bilan ishlash uchun brauzer yetarli bo‘ladi. Sintaksis ancha murakkab: noto‘g‘ri qavslarga ega bo‘lgan xizmat simvollari va konstruksiyalari paydo bo‘ladi, funksiya nomlari har doim ham harakat mohiyatini ochib bermaydi, hatto eng oddiy kod ham tuzilgan ko‘rinishga ega. Fibonachchi funksiyasi bilan qayta yozilgan kodni ko‘rib chiqamiz:
function fib_recursion(n) { return n < 1 ? 0
: n <= 2 ? 1
: fib_recursion(n - 1) + fib_recursion(n - 2);
208
}
console.log(fib_recursion(10));
Kod hajmi ko‘p o‘zgarmadi, lekin uning o‘qilishi kamaydi. Python tilini o‘rganishdan so‘ng, osongina return tuzilishi qanday ishlashini anglab olasiz va buday yozish usulini baxolay olasiz. Bundan tashqari, JavaScript ekotizimi Python ga qaraganda boyroq. Ushbu tilni bilish har qanday platformada dasturlarni ishlab chiqishda foydalidir.
C# tili. Agar siz tilni tanlashda bir qarorga kelmagan bo‘lsangiz, demak sizni nima jalb qilishini xali hal qilmadingiz: veb, mobil yoki ish stoli ilovalarimi. U xolda sizning qaroringiz- C#, ishlab chiqishning barcha sohalari uchun universal vosita. Ish stoli ilovalarini yaratish uchun Visual Studio kerak bo‘ladi. Mobil qurilmalar uchun Xamarian o‘rnating, veb uchun esa ASP.NET. zarur bo‘ladi. Keling, C# tilidagi kodni ko‘rib chiqaylik:
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int number = 10; fib_recursion(number);
}
static void fib_recursion(int n, int a = 0, int b = 1)
{
if (n == 0) return; Console.WriteLine(a); fib_recursion(--n, b, b+a);
}
Kod yana biroz murakkablashdi- bu static kalit so‘zdan foydalanish bilan bog‘liq. Bu bosqichda siz xotiradan, ma’lumotlardan to‘g‘ri foydalanish bilan tanishasiz.
209
Swift tili - 2014-yilda Apple tomonidan kiritilgan nisbatan yangi dasturlash tili hisoblanadi. Bu til iOS yoki macOS ostida ilovalarni yaratish uchun mo‘ljallangan. Swift ilgari iOS va macOS da ishlab chiqilgan Objective-C ga nisbatan samaraliroq va qulayroq til hisoblanadi. Umuman, dastur ishlab chiquvchilarga Swift yoqadi, Swift 2015-yilda eng sevimli tillar ro‘yxatida birinchi o‘rinni, 2017-yilda esa to‘rtinchi o‘rinni egalladi. Ehtimol, Swift bilan ishlashni yoqtirasiz. Agar siz mobil qurilmalar uchun ishlab chiqishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo‘lsangiz, Swift tili albatta, boylikka yo‘l sifatida qarashga arziydi. iOS ilovalari Android ilovalarga nisbatan ko‘proq daromad keltiradi. Fibonachchi ketma-ketligining kodini qaraylik:
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Bajardi: abduraxmonov dalerbek tekshiruvchi

TOSHKENT AMALIY FANLAR UNIVERSITETI
IQTISODIYOT FAKULTETI
BIZNES ASOSLARI FANIDAN
Surxondaryo Viloyati Qumqo’rgon Tumani
« Xamrox » Xususiy Korxonasi Buyicha
Non Va Makaron Maxsulotlari Ishlab Chiqarishni Tashkil Kilish
Biznes reja
BAJARDI: ABDURAXMONOV DALERBEK
TEKSHIRUVCHI: SAPAROV T.
TOSHKENT-2023
M U N D A R I J A
1. Korxona xakida qisqacha ma'lumot
2. Sarmoyaning xarajat yunalishi
3. Ishlab chiqarish xarajatlari
4. Ishlab chiqarish quvvati
5. Bozor taxlili
6. Korxona va xodimlarni boshkarish
7.Korxonaning rivojlanish tarixi
8. Moliyaviy reja
9. Kredit summasi
10. Mazkur kredit buyicha moliyaviy reja va foiz tulovlari
11. Xulosa
KIRISh
KORXONA XAQIDA QISQAChA MALUMOT
« XAMROX » xususiy korxonasi Surxondare viloyat Termiz shaxar Xokimligshi Tadbirkorlik su'bektlarini Davlat ruyxatiga olish inspektsiyasi tomonidan 2023 yil dagi № 111 – sonli reyestri bilan Davlat ruyxatiga olingan.
Yuridik manzili: Qumqo’rg’on Tumani Neftchilar mahallasi 3-kichik daha 6-uy 4- xonadon Korxona raxbari Abduraxmonov Dalerbek
Ishlab chikarish binolari 86 m2 ni tashkil kiladi
Bank rekvizitlari
x\r ______________
Mikrokredit bank Qumqo’rg’on bulimi
MFO: ___________
INN: ___________
Shu kungacha axoliga savdo dukonlari orkali «Kolgeyt – Palmaliv» Turkiya Braziliya Polsha kampaniyalari bilan shartnoma asosida axoliga umumxujalik maxsulotlari sotish bilan shugullanib kelmokda endilikda uz faoliyatini kengaytirish ya'ni non va makaron maxsulotlarini ishlab chikarishni maksad kilib kuygan buning natijasida axolining ushbu maxsulot turlariga bulgan talabini nisbatan kondirishga karatilgan.
Korxona tomonidan mazkur faoliyatni amalga oshirish ya'ni ishlab chikrish uskunalari sotib olish uchun Mexnat bandligi mablagi AT «Mikro kredit bank» xamkorligida 15 000 000 (o’n besh milion) sum mikdorida yillik 5,6 % ustamasi bilan 3 yil muddatga kredit mablagi zarur xisoblanadi
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