nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
O'quvchilarning fizik fikrlashini rivojlantirish nimalar asosida amalga oshiriladi

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O'quvchilarning fizik fikrlashini rivojlantirish nimalar asosida amalga oshiriladi
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bet | 347/372 | Sana | 16.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,97 Mb. | | #120479 |
Bog'liq Barcha fanlardan Testlar to‘plami (1)O'quvchilarning fizik fikrlashini rivojlantirish nimalar asosida amalga oshiriladi:*Yuqoridagilarning barchasi asosida rivojlantiriladi
O'quvchilarning fizikadan ijodkorlik faoliyatini qanday mashg'ulotlarda samarali bo'ladi:* laboratori, masalalar yechish va sinfdan tashqari to'garak mashg'ulotlarida
Oraliq nazorat bu…* Chorak tamom bo‘lganda va o‘quv dasturining tegishli bo‘limi tugallangandan keyin o‘quvchilarning bilimlari, ko‘nikma va malakalarini baholash uchun amalga oshiriladi
Osmonda nechta Yulduz turkumlari mavjud? * 88
O'tkazgich isiqlikka aylangan elektr maydon energiyasi formulasini ko'rsating?*Q=I2∙R∙t
Pavlovning faoliyat sohasi?* fiziologiya.
Pedagog atamasining lug‘aviy ma’nosi nima? bola yetaklamoq
Pedagog kreativ potensialining tarkibiy asoslarini ko‘rsating.* maqsadli-motivli yondashuv; mazmunli yondashuv; tezkor-faoliyatli yondashuv; refleksiv-baholash
Pedagog tomonidan kasbiy faoliyatda tashkil etayotgan o‘z amaliy harakatlari mohiyatining o‘rganilishi – bu ...* o‘zini o‘zi tahlil qilish
Pedagogik – psixologik hamda fanlarni o’qitish metodikalariga bag’ishlangan ko’plab adabiyotlarda o’quvchining individual xususiyatlarini ochib berishga uning qobiliyatlarini rivojlantirish qiziqishlarini e’tiborga olgan holda shaxs sifatida shakllanish ishiga yordam beruvchi yakka tartibda olib boriladigan ta’lim shaklib)...*shaxsga yo’naltirilgan ta’lim
Pedagogik dasturiy vositalar bu......?*Kompyuter texnologiyalari yordamida o’quv jarayonini qisman yoki to’liq
Pedagogik faoliyatning samarali bо‘lishi uchun о‘qituvchiga zarur bо‘lgan pedagogik qobiliyat turlarini aniqlang?а)didaktik, akademik, perseptiv, nutqiy, tashkilotchilik, obrо‘ga egalik, kommunikativ, diqqatni taqsimlash, kelajakni kо‘ra bilish, konstruktiv
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O’yin texnologiyalari qanday maqsadlarga yo’naltiriladi?

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O’yin texnologiyalari qanday maqsadlarga yo’naltiriladi?
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bet | 346/372 | Sana | 16.12.2023 | Hajmi | 1,97 Mb. | | #120479 |
Bog'liq Barcha fanlardan Testlar to‘plami (1)O’yin texnologiyalari qanday maqsadlarga yo’naltiriladi?*Barcha javoblar tog’ri
O’z fanini mukammal bilishi va boshqa fanlar yuzasidan muayyan bilimga ega bo’lish qobiliyati qanday nomlanadi?* Akademik qobiliyat
O’zaro perpendikulyar joylashgan ikkita yassi ko’zgu oralig`ida yorug`lik chiqaruvchi A nuqta joylashgan. Ko’zgularda nuqtaning nechta tasviri ko’rinadi?* 4
O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining Xalq ta’limini boshqarish tizimini takomillashtirish bo’yicha qo’shimcha chora-tadbirlar to’g’risidagi Farmoni qabul qilingan sana?* 2018 yil 5 sentyabr
O’zbekiston Respublikasi qonunchiligi Milliy ma’lumotlar bazasining axborot-qidiruv tizimi qanday ataladi?*Lex.uz
O’zbekistonda kimga pedagoglik qilish huquqi beriladi?*Tegishli ma’lumoti, kasb tayyorgarligi bor va yuksak axloqiy fazilatlarga ega bo’lgan
O’zbekistonda qachondan boshlab yillar nomlandi va Davlat dasturlari qabul qilindi?*1997 yildan
O’zgarmas tok zanjirining iste’molchilari ideallashtirilgan holatda qanday turlarga bo’linadi?* Aktiv, induktiv va sig’im iste’molchilar
Odam ogirligi 120N bo’lgan bir chelak suvni chuqurligi 20 m bo’lgan quduqdan 15 s tortib chiqarishda qanday quvvatga erishgan?*160 W
Oilaning moddiy ahvoli va qiziqishlarini ko’proq biladigan tuzilma, bu -*Mahalla
Oilaviy muloqotning demokratik uslubida ... avvalo bolaning istagi tinglanadi
Olam markazida Yer bulib uning atrofida Quyosh, Oy va planetalar kichik aylana orbitalar bo`ylab tekis aylanadilar. Bu . . *Ptolemeyning geosentrik
Ong deb nimaga aytiladi?* Faqat odamga xos bo’lgan psixikaningyuksak darajasi
Ontogenez bu- …organizmning individual rivojlanishi.
Operasion tizim – bu ...?* Kompyuterdagi barcha qurilmalarning xamkorlikdagi faoliyatini va foydalanuvchining ular bilan aloqasini ta’minlab beruvchi dasturlar to’plami
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Hyperbilirubinaemia - Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Manual

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Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Manual
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bet | 36/654 | Sana | 03.01.2022 | Hajmi | 1,5 Mb. | | #14803 |
Hyperbilirubinaemia: Trials of albumin infusion pre-exchange transfusion for severe neonatal jaundice reported use of albumin 20% (see albumin 20% formulary).
Polycythaemia: A single RCT [11] compared isotonic saline versus 5% albumin in 102 term infants as replacement fluid in partial exchange transfusion (PET) for the treatment of neonatal polycythaemia. PET with either resulted in a decline in haematocrit up to 24 hours after PET with no difference between groups and no adverse event reported. A systematic review [12] of PET for polycythaemia, most RCTs compared plasma preparations to no treatment. The review reported there are no proven clinically significant short or long-term benefits of PET in polycythaemic newborn infants who are clinically well or who have minor symptoms related to hyperviscosity, and there may be an increased risk of NEC. Conclusion: Albumin solutions cannot be recommended as the preferred method of PET for polycythaemia. [LOE II GOR C]
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Use in congenital diaphragmatic hernia

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Use in congenital diaphragmatic hernia
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bet | 637/654 | Sana | 03.01.2022 | Hajmi | 1,5 Mb. | | #14803 |
Use in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: In a case series of 13 infants with CDH treated with argipressin for refractory hypotension, argipressin (range 0.0001–0.002 units/kg/min) increased mean arterial pressure and decreased pulmonary/systemic pressure ratio, heart rate, and fraction of inspired oxygen. In 6 of 13 patients, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy was no longer indicated after treatment. The role of argipressin in newborns with CDH and refractory hypotension is unclear. (LOE IV, GOR D) 7, 8
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Gazli-Lazerli kesish va termik qizdirish

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Gazli-Lazerli kesish va termik qizdirish
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bet | 91/119 | Sana | 14.06.2024 | Hajmi | 4,04 Mb. | | #263652 | Turi | Учебник |
Bog'liq 21558 2 CDEAD1DE360DB13C9B7A03EFD7ECBD40E7F94F1FGazli-Lazerli kesish va termik qizdirish. Ko’p yillardan beri kimyoviy reaksiya energiyasidan materiallarni kesishda kislorodli-atsetilenli olov foydalanib kelinar edi. Bunda materialni qirqish oksidlanish jarayonida ajralib chiqqan issiq energiya hisobiga yuz berar edi. Shunga o'xshash lazerli isitish va kislorodli oqimli (8.9-rasm) karbonat angidrid gazidagi lazerlar (CO2 lazerli) yordamida metallarni qirqishda foydalaniladi. Gaz oqimi bu holda qirqish zonasini oksidlanishidan saqlovchi muhim vazifani bajaradi. To’lqin uzunligi 10,6 mkm bo’lgan CO2 lazeri bilan nurlangan qayta ishlanayotgan materialga qaytarmali oyna va fokusga to’plangan linzalar orqali yuboriladi. Nur bilan birga kesish joyiga kislorod ham yuboriladi. Kesish jarayoni linza, fokuslari bilan detallarning aralashishi orqali yuz beradi. Bu texnologik jarayonning ahamiyati shundaki, 0,4 mmdan oshmagan kichik kesish kengligida eng yuqori tezlikda ish olib borish mumkin. Masalan yo’g’onligi l0 mmli titan minutiga 2,5 m tezlikda kesiladi. Shuni ta’kidlash kerakki, titanga nisbatan issiqlik o’tkazuvchanligi yuqori bo’lgan alyuminiy va mis kabi metallargan bunday qayta ishlash ta’sir etmaydi. Biroq kislorod o’rniga reaktiv (kimyoviy reaksiyani amalga oshirish uchun ishlatiladigan modda) bo’lmagan gazlar (azot va inert gazlarl) ishlatilganda bu usulni yuqoridagi metallarga ham ishlatish mumkin bo’ladi. Bundan tashqari, bu gazlar kesish maydoni mato, fanerlar, qog’ozlar va plastiklarni bichish paytida materialni
kuydirib qo’yishni oldini oladi. Bunda inert gazning oqimi kesilgan joyning o’rnini sovitib, materialning yemirilgan qismlarini ajratib olish imkonini beradi.
8.9- rasm. Materiallarni gaz lazerli kesish qurilmasining sxemasi :
l) CO2 lazer nuri; 2) burilish oynasi; 3) germaniyli linza; 4) kesuvchi; 5) soplo;
6) qayta ishlanadigan buyum; 7) gazni yuborish.
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Lazerli parmalash - Vazirligi buxoro davlat universiteti d. R. Djurayev, A. A. Turayev, sh sh. Fayziyev, B. A

Lazerli parmalash. Lazer texnologiyasi bilan parmalash istalgan materialni tesha olish imkonini beradi. U ayniqsa, chidamliligi yuqori bo’lgan olmos, yoqut, sopol kabi materiallarni qayta ishlashda juda qo’l keladi. Lazerli parmalash mexanik parmalashdan o’zining sifatliligi bilan ajralib turadi, chunki qayta ishlanayotgan material bilan parmalash asbobi o’rtasida mexanik kontaktning
yo’qligi asbobning sinishiga yo’l qo’ymaydi hamda teshiklarning aniq ochilishini ta’minlaydi. Shuning bilar birgalikda ishlab chiqarish unumdorligini oshiradi.
Lazer texnologiyasi bilan parmalash, ayniqsa soatsozlikda yoqut toshlar, olmos tola va filtrlarni ishlab chiqarishda keng qo’llanilmoqda. Shunday toshlarni parmalab ma’lum katta-kichiklikda parmalar yordamida teshikchalar ochish (diametri 0,05 mm) uchun 10-25 minutgina kifoya.
O’tgan asrning 60-yillaridan beri kam unumli parmalash metallarni bug’lantirish yo’li bilan teshik ochishga mo’ljallangan lazerli asboblar bilan almashtirilgan. Lazer qurilmalarining ishlab chiqarish unumdorligi bir sekundda bir teshik parmalash bilan tengdir. Bu esa mexanik parmalashdan ming marta yuqori unumdorlikka ega degan gapdir.
Juda ingichka sim olish uchun simlar juda kichik diametrli teshikchalardan o’tkazilib ingichkalashtiriladi. Bu teshikchalar (ingichkalashtirish kanallari) juda qattiq metallar, masalan olmosli qotishmalarga o’tkaziladi. Hammadan ham olmosdan o’tkazilgan teshikchalardan simni tortish (olmosli tola va filerlar) qulaydir. Lekin, eng yuqori qattiqlikka ega bo’lgan olmoslarni qanday qilib parmalash mumkin? Masalan, ularni mexanik parmalash 10 soatdan ortiqroq vaqtni talab etadi. Lekin, bu teshikchalarni kuchli lazer impulslariga ega bo’lgan seriyalar bilan parmalash juda oson kechadi.
Lazerli usullar bilan olingan olmos tolalar ko’p mehnat talab qiladigan operatsiyalar - filerlarda qora teshiklar ochish uchun qo’llaniladi. Lazerli parmalar faqat qattiq materiallardagina emas, balki o’ta mo’rtligi bilan ajralib turadigan materiallarda ham teshikcha ochish uchun qo’llaniladi. Misol uchun kulolchilikni olaylik. Lazerlar bilar sopolda diametri 10 mikrometrli teshikchalarni ham hosil qilish mumkin. Mexanik parmalash bilan bunday teshikchalar hosil qilish aslo mumkin emas. To’quvchilik sanoati uchun filerlarni tayyorlash oddiy mexanik yo’l bilan filer ishlab chiqarishda qo’llaniladigm plastinkalardan voz kechish imkonini
beradi. Darvoqe, kulolchilikda filerlardagi teshikchalami faqat lazerlar yordamidagina ochish mumkin.
Lazer texnologiyasini muvaffaqiyafli qo’llab teshikchalar ochishda dinamik muvozanatlashgan tez aylanuvchi detallar, turbina rotorlar istiqbolli soha hisoblanadi. Bir impuls lazer nurlanishida keragidan ortiq o’rtacha massadan bir milligrammgacha metall olib tashlanadi. Teshikchalar ochish lazer texnologiyasi, shuningdek EHMlarda xotira plastinkasi, mikroskop va elektron nurlanish trubkalari diafragrammalarini tayyorlashda ham qo'llaniladi.
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Use in pulmonary hypertension

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Use in pulmonary hypertension
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bet | 636/654 | Sana | 03.01.2022 | Hajmi | 1,5 Mb. | | #14803 |
Use in pulmonary hypertension: In a case series of 10 newborn infants with severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn on nitric oxide, argipressin 0.0002 ± 0.0002 U/kg/minute (0.012 ± 0.012 units/kg/hour) was associated with an improvement in oxygenation index, peak effect 6 hours after initiation, and a reduction in inhaled nitric oxide dose, improvement in blood pressure and urine output (p < 0.05), without drop in the serum sodium level or worsening in serum lactate level.6 The role of argipressin for pulmonary hypertension in newborns is unclear. (LOE IV, GOR D)
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-jadval.
Turli materiallarni lazer bilan kesishdagi asosiy

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-jadval.
Turli materiallarni lazer bilan kesishdagi asosiy
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bet | 92/119 | Sana | 14.06.2024 | Hajmi | 4,04 Mb. | | #263652 | Turi | Учебник |
Bog'liq 21558 2 CDEAD1DE360DB13C9B7A03EFD7ECBD40E7F94F1F8.1-jadval.
Turli materiallarni lazer bilan kesishdagi asosiy parametrlar.
Materiallar
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Yo’g’onligi, Mm
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Tezligi, m/min
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Kengligi, mm
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Quvvati kWt
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Alyuminiy
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12
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2
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1
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10
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Uglerodli (karbonli po’lat)
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6,25
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2
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1
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15
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Zanglamaydigan po’lat
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5
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1,25
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2
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20
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Kompozitlar (bor, uglerod, karbon)
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8
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1,65
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1
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15
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Kompozitlar (shishaplastikli)
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12,5
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4.6
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0.6
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20
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Fanerlar
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25
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1,5
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1,5
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8
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Pleksiglass
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25
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1,5
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1,5
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8
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Shisha
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9
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1,5
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1
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10
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Beton
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40
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0,05
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6,2
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8
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Materialni gazli lazerlar bilan qirqishning o’ziga xos tomonlarini ko’rib o’taylik: mexanik ta’sir etmasdan turib lazerlar bilan juda mo’rt, to’qilgan va juda yumshoq bo’lgan materiallarni ham kesish mumkin. Kesish zonasidagi yuqori harorat faqat olmosli asbob (metalli keramika, shishali uglerod va boshqalar) bilangina ta’sir etish mumkin bo’lgan eng chidamli va qiyin eriydigan materiallarni ham qayta ishlash imkonini beradi. Lazerli kesish usuli bugungi kunda qanchalik keng qo’llanilayotganini ko’rsatish maqsadida bir necha misollar keltirib o’tamiz. Birinchi misol - zanonaviy to’quv fabrikasida lazerli kesish va matoni bichishni olaylik. Qurilma CO2 lazerli fokuslangan sistema va lazer nurlari aralashishidan, EHM dan iborat. Kesish jarayonida nur matoning ustki qismida l m/sek tezlikda aralashib turadi. Nurlarning shunday aralashuvi va matolarni EHM boshqarib turadi. Bunday qurilmalar bir soat davomida materialdan 50 ta kostyumni bichib bera oladi. Yana boshqa misol - lazerli kesishni aviatsiya sanoatida, jumladan, kosmik uchuvchi-apparatlarni ishlab chiqishda qo’llash. Bunda lazerlar yordamida titan, po’lat, alyuminiy varaqlarni avtomatik qirqish amalga oshiriladi.
Keyingi paytlarda mutaxasislarni materiallarni lazerli termik qizitish usuli o’ziga jalb etmoqda. U nimalardan iborat? Ko’pgina mo’rt materiallar temperaturaning keskin o’zgarishi bilan qiziydi. Termik qizitishni boshqarish maqsadida hozir CO2 lazer qo’llay boshlashdi. Qizish lazer nurlari bilan isitish liniyasi bo’ylab ketadi. Bunday usulda issiq o’tkazish darajasi past bo’lgan va uncha mustahkam bo’lmagan materiallar qayta ishlanadi. Keyingi yillarda tog’ jinslarini yemirish va tonellar qazishda lazer nurlaridan foydalanib yasalgan qurilmalar keng qo’llanila boshlandi. CO2 lazer bilan nurlantirilgan yoqut va marmarning shakli o’zgartirilganda ularning mustahkamligi ancha kamayadi. CO2 lazerini tonellar o’tkazish va tog’ jinslarini yemirish maqsadida qo’llashning ahamiyati bir necha laboratoriyalanda o’rganilmoqda.
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Special Comments - Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Manual

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Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Manual
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bet | 35/654 | Sana | 03.01.2022 | Hajmi | 1,5 Mb. | | #14803 |
Special Comments
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Evidence summary
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Efficacy
Hypotensive preterm infants: Two RCTs [3, 4] have compared volume expansion using albumin 5% to normal saline 10 mL/kg in hypotensive preterm infants. Meta-analysis [5] found no significant difference in mortality (typical RR 1.02; 95% CI 0.50, 2.06) or PIVH. No data were available for periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) or long-term disability. Meta-analysis found no significant difference in treatment failure (2 studies, 163 infants; typical RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.54, 1.07) although there was substantial heterogeneity between studies. There were no significant differences for other neonatal morbidities including BPD, PDA, NEC and sepsis. One trial [6] with 20 infants in each group with a systolic BP <40 mmHg compared fresh frozen plasma to albumin 4.5% 15 mL/kg and reported no difference in change in mean BP, although both these groups had a significantly greater increase in mean BP than a control group who received albumin 20% 5 mL/kg. Other outcomes were not reported. Systematic review concluded there is insufficient evidence to determine whether infants with cardiovascular compromise benefit from volume expansion or what type of volume expansion should be used in preterm infants (if at all) [5]. In addition, two RCTs [7, 8] have compared albumin 4.5% 15 to 20 mL/kg to dopamine in a total of 63 hypotensive preterm infants. Systematic review [9] found dopamine was more successful than albumin at correcting low BP in hypotensive preterm infants, but neither dopamine nor albumin improved blood flow, mortality or morbidity in preterm infants.
A systematic review of RCTs comparing albumin or PPF with no albumin or PPF or with a crystalloid solution in critically ill patients with hypovolaemia, burns or hypoalbuminaemia included 38 trials with 1,958 deaths among 10,842 participants [10]. Several trials were in newborn infants although no subgroup analysis was performed. Overall, for hypovolaemia there was no difference in death following albumin administration (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.13). For burns, the relative risk was 2.93 (95% CI 1.28 to 6.72) and for hypoalbuminaemia the relative risk was 1.26 (95% CI 0.84 to 1.88).
Conclusion: Albumin solutions cannot be recommended as treatment for hypotension in newborn infants. [LOE I, GOR C]
40> |
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Contraindications - Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Manual

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Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Manual
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bet | 41/654 | Sana | 03.01.2022 | Hajmi | 1,5 Mb. | | #14803 |
Contraindications
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History of allergy to albumin.
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Precautions
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Cardiac failure, pulmonary oedema or severe anaemia.
The sodium concentration in this product varies between 48 and 100 mmol/L. This should be noted when the product is used in patients requiring sodium restriction.
Administration of albumin can aggravate myocardial depression in patients with shock.
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Drug Interactions
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Hypotension has been reported in patients given albumin who are on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. The addition of other medicines to Albumex® 20 has not been evaluated.
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Adverse Reactions
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Allergic reactions.
Possible harms associated with albumin infusion in neonates include fluid overload (pulmonary oedema, impaired gas exchange, worsening oxygenation, chronic lung disease, patent ductus arteriosus, myocardial dysfunction especially for infants with birth asphyxia), neurological injury (cerebral oedema, intraventricular haemorrhage due to rapid bolus administration), salt loading and fluid retention.
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Compatibility
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Glucose 5% and 10%, glucose-sodium chloride combination.18
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Incompatibility
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Albumex® 20 should not be mixed with protein hydrolysates, amino acid solutions, solutions containing alcohol or solutions containing drugs that bind to albumin (e.g. calcium channel blockers, antibiotics and benzodiazepines).
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Stability
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Storage
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10 mL: Store at 2°C to 8°C (Refrigerate. Do not freeze).
100 mL: Store below 30°C (Do not freeze).
Protect from light.
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Newborns with hypotension

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Newborns with hypotension
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bet | 635/654 | Sana | 03.01.2022 | Hajmi | 1,5 Mb. | | #14803 |
Newborns with hypotension: A pilot trial in preterm infants born < 30 weeks gestation with refractory hypotension (n = 20) of argipressin (0.01 units/kg/h to maximum 0.04 units/kg/hour) versus dopamine (5 to 20 microg/kg/min) reported similar increases in blood pressure. Infants receiving argipressin received fewer doses of surfactant, had lower PaCO2 values and were less tachycardic. No difference in clinical outcome was reported.3 The role of argipressin for hypotension in newborns is unclear (LOE II, GOR D).
Children with refractory hypotension: A review4 of argipressin/terlipressin as rescue therapy in children with catecholamine-resistant shock or cardio-circulatory arrest found 31 reports (428 patients) including a single RCT of argipressin in children with vasodilatory shock. Infants with vasodilatory shock were randomised to low-dose argipressin (0.0005 to 0.002 units/kg/minute = 0.03 to 0.12 units/kg/hour) or placebo in addition to open-label vasoactive agents. There was no difference in time to vasoactive-free haemodynamic stability, a trend to increasing mortality and no benefit in respect to organ-failure-free days from use of argipressin. In observational studies, argipressin from 0.00002 unit/kg/minute to 0.002 unit/kg/minute (0.0012 to 0.12 units/kg/hour) increased blood pressure, urine output, and decreased serum lactate. In most reports, argipressin and terlipressin led to a reduction of catecholamine dose. However, mortality remained high (188/428; 43.9%) despite the use of argipressin or terlipressin. 4 The role of argipressin for refractory hypotension in newborns is unclear. (LOE IV in newborns, GOR D) American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Parameters for Hemodynamic Support of Pediatric and Neonatal Septic Shock included argipressin as an option for management of vasodilatory shock (hypotension with low vascular resistance) refractory to catecholamines including noradrenaline (norepinephrine).5
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Contraindications - Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Manual

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Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Manual
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bet | 34/654 | Sana | 03.01.2022 | Hajmi | 1,5 Mb. | | #14803 |
Contraindications
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History of allergy to albumin.
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Precautions
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Cardiac failure, pulmonary oedema or severe anaemia.
The sodium concentration in this product is 140 mmol/L. This should be noted when the product is used in patients requiring sodium restriction.
Administration of albumin can aggravate myocardial depression in patients with shock.
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Drug Interactions
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Hypotension has been reported in patients given albumin who are on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. The addition of other medicines to Albumex® 4 has not been evaluated.
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Adverse Reactions
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Allergic reactions.
Possible harms associated with albumin infusion in neonates include fluid overload (pulmonary oedema, impaired gas exchange, worsening oxygenation, chronic lung disease, patent ductus arteriosus, myocardial dysfunction especially for infants with birth asphyxia), neurological injury (cerebral oedema, intraventricular haemorrhage due to rapid bolus administration), salt loading and fluid retention.
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Compatibility
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Glucose 5% and 10%, glucose-sodium chloride combination. [2]
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Incompatibility
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Albumex® 4 should not be mixed with protein hydrolysates, amino acid solutions, solutions containing alcohol or solutions containing drugs that bind to albumin (e.g. calcium channel blockers, antibiotics and benzodiazepines).
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Stability
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Storage
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Store below 30°C (Do not freeze). Protect from light. If the product has been stored in the refrigerator it should be allowed to reach room temperature before administration. Do not use if the solution has been frozen.
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Liver cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome

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Liver cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome
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bet | 37/654 | Sana | 03.01.2022 | Hajmi | 1,5 Mb. | | #14803 |
Liver cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome: Hypoalbuminemia, oedema and ascites may be manifestation of liver cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome [13]. Liver disorders: No studies have reported on the use of albumin infusion therapy in neonates with liver disorders. Infusions of albumin has been used in infants and children undergoing high volume paracentesis with a reported lower incidence of post-paracentesis circulatory dysfunction and asymptomatic hyponatremia but no difference in other clinical outcome [14]. However, as a fluid extraction of <200 mL/kg at a slow rate was associated with better haemodynamic stability, albumin infusion is not recommended [13, 14]. Nephrotic syndrome: In infants with congenital nephrotic syndrome and massive oedema, treatment with intravenous albumin and diuretic infusions has been used. However, the treatment has a risk of respiratory failure and congestive heart failure, so use of albumin infusion is cautioned [13].
Safety
There are insufficient data from RCTs in newborn infants to determine the safety of albumin infusion for any indication, although no adverse events attributable to albumin infusion were reported in trials in newborn infants [5, 9, 15]. Human albumin contains no preservatives and undergoes a rigorous pasteurisation process to ensure pathogen inactivation. It does not contain isoagglutinins or blood group substances; hence the risk of minor or major incompatibility is impossible. Additionally, hypersensitivity reactions such as flushing, urticaria, fever and nausea rarely occur following its administration, since albumin preparations are considered non-immunogenic [13]. However, possible harms associated with albumin infusion in neonates include fluid overload (pulmonary oedema, impaired gas exchange, worsening oxygenation, chronic lung disease, patent ductus arteriosus, myocardial dysfunction especially for infants with birth asphyxia), neurological injury (cerebral oedema, intraventricular haemorrhage due to rapid bolus administration), salt loading and fluid retention, and higher cost compared with crystalloids [13].
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References - Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Manual

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Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Manual
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References
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Greenough A, Emery E, Hird MF, Gamsu HR. Randomised controlled trial of albumin infusion in ill preterm infants. Eur J Pediatr. 1993;152:157-9.
Kanarek KS, Williams PR, Blair C. Concurrent administration of albumin with total parenteral nutrition in sick newborn infants. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1992;16:49-53.
Jardine LA, Jenkins‐Marsh S, Davies MW. Albumin infusion for low serum albumin in preterm newborn infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004.
Roberts I, Blackhall K, Alderson P, Bunn F, Schierhout G. Human albumin solution for resuscitation and volume expansion in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011.
Shalish W, Olivier F, Aly H, Sant'Anna G. Uses and misuses of albumin during resuscitation and in the neonatal intensive care unit. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2017;22:328-35.
Church JT, Antunez AG, Dean A, Matusko N, Deatrick KB, Attar MA, Gadepalli SK. Evidence-based management of chylothorax in infants. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2017;52:907-12.
Sen Sarma M, Yachha SK, Bhatia V, Srivastava A, Poddar U. Safety, complications and outcome of large volume paracentesis with or without albumin therapy in children with severe ascites due to liver disease. Journal of Hepatology. 2015;63:1126-32.
Emery EF, Greenough A, Gamsu HR. Randomised controlled trial of colloid infusions in hypotensive preterm infants. Arch Dis Child. 1992;67:1185-8.
Lundstrom K, Pryds O, Greisen G. The haemodynamic effects of dopamine and volume expansion in sick preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 2000;57:157-63.
Chan G, Schiff D. Variance in albumin loading in exchange transfusions. J Pediatr. 1976;88:609-13.
Shahian M, Moslehi MA. Effect of albumin administration prior to exchange transfusion in term neonates with hyperbilirubinemia--a randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2010;47:241-4.
Dash N, Kumar P, Sundaram V, Attri SV. Pre exchange Albumin Administration in Neonates with Hyperbilirubinemia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Indian Pediatr. 2015;52:763-7.
Lai NM, Ahmad Kamar A, Choo YM, Kong JY, Ngim CF. Fluid supplementation for neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;8:CD011891.
Osborn DA, Evans NJ. Early volume expansion versus inotrope for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001.
Osborn DA, Evans NJ. Early volume expansion for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004.
Albumex® 20 Product Information. https://www.cslbehring.com.au/products/products-list# Obtained on 26 June 2019.
MIMS online. Accessed on 18 July 2019.
Australian Injectable Drugs Handbook, 7th Edition, Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia 2019
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Original version Date: 22/07/2019
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Author: NeoMed Consensus Group
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Current Version number: 1
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Current Version Date: 22/07/2019
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Risk Rating: Low
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Due for Review: 22/07/2024
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Approved by: DTC
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Approval Date: TBA
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O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasining Umumiy o‘rta va o‘rta maxsus

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O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasining Umumiy o‘rta va o‘rta maxsus
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Bog'liq Barcha fanlardan Testlar to‘plami (1)O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasining Umumiy o‘rta va o‘rta maxsus,
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Xalq ta‘limi vazirligi veb sayti qaysi javobda to‘g‘ri ko‘rsatilgan. *www.uzedu.uz
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Xalq ta‘limi vazirligining internetdagi axborot ta‘lim-portali manzili to‘g‘ri korsatilgan qatorni toping. * eduportal.uz
O‘zbekiston Respublikasida ta’limning uzluksizligi, uzviyligi, o‘quvchi shaxsi va qiziqishlari ustuvorligidan kelib chiqib, ularning yosh xususiyatlariga mos ravishda qanday tayanch kompetensiyalar shakllantiriladi?* Kommunikativ kompetensiya; Axborotlar bilan ishlash kompetensiyasi; O‘zini o‘zi rivojlantirish kompetensiyasi; Ijtimoiy faol fuqarolik kompetensiyasi; Milliy va umummadaniy kompetensiya; Matematik savodxonlik, fan va texnika yangiliklaridan xabardor bo‘lish hamda foydalanish kompetensiyasi
O‘zbekiston Respublikasini yanada rivojlantirish bo‘yicha Harakatlar strategiyasi kaysi yillarga muljallangan?* 2017-2021-
O‘zgarmas tok zanjirining iste’molchilari ideallashtirilgan holatda qanday turlarga bo‘linadi?* Aktiv, induktiv va sig‘im iste’molchilar
O‘zgaruvchan tok manbaiga rezistor, kondensator va g‘altak ulandi. Kuchlanish tebranishlarining amplitudasi resistorda 4 V ga, kondensatorda 6 V ga, g‘altakda esa 3 V gat eng. Manba qisqichlaridagi kuchlanish tebranishlarining amplitudasi necha voltga teng?* 5
O‘zini o‘zi rivojlantirish kompetensiyasining B1 +darajasi * mustaqil o‘qib o‘rganish natijasida asboblardan mustaqil foydalanish.
O‘zini o‘zi rivojlantirish kompetensiyasining B1 darajasi *B) - doimiy ravishda o‘zini o‘zi jismoniy, ma’naviy, ruhiy, intellektual va kreativ rivojlantirish, haѐt davomida mustaqil o‘qib-o‘rganishi, o‘z xattiharakatini adekvat baholash va mustaqil qaror qabul qila olish.
O’lchashlar necha turga bo’linadi? * ikki turga: bevosita va bilvosita o’lchash
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O’qitish shakllari sistemasiga nimalar kirishni aniqlang?

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O’qitish shakllari sistemasiga nimalar kirishni aniqlang?
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Bog'liq Barcha fanlardan Testlar to‘plami (1)O’qitish shakllari sistemasiga nimalar kirishni aniqlang?* Dars, darsdan va sinfdan tashqari ishlar, ekskursiya
O’qituvchi va o’quvchilar o’zaro faol ishtirok etadigan mashg’ulot-bu: * Interfaol mashg’ulot
O’qituvchiga xos bo’lgan pedagogik qobiliyatlarning soni qaysi qatorda to’g’ri ko’rsatilgan?* 9
o’qituvchining asosiy vazifasi bilish mustaqilligi va qobiliyatlarini rivojlantirshga yo’naltirilgan, talabalarni o’quv faoliyatini tashkillashtirish hisoblanadi*Rivojlantiruvchi ta’limda
O’quv materialini programmalashtirish hamda uni axborot texnologiyalari orqali mustaqil ta’lim yoki masofadan o’qitish orqali o’quvchilarga etkazish-bu:* Elektron darslik
O’quvchi shaxsiy imkoniyatlariga moslashtirilgan pedagogik muhitni hamda ta’lim-tarbiya jarayonini tashkil etish jarayoni - bu:* O’quvchi shaxsiga yo’naltirilgan ta’lim
O’quvchilarni muammoli vaziyatga tushirish orqali nimaga erishiladi?*Fikrlash qobiliyati rivojlanadi
o’rganilgan bilim va shakllangan ko’nikmalarni notanish vaziyatlarda qo’llay olish va yangi bilimlar hosil qilish*malaka
o’rganilgan bilimlarni tanish vaziyatlarda qo’llay olish*ko’nikma
o’rganilgan ma’lumotlarni eslab qolish va qayta tushuntirib berish*bilim
O’smirlik davri necha yoshlarni o’z ichiga oladi?* 11-16 yosh
O’smirlik davri nima uchun qarama-qarshiliklarga boy davr deyilishini sababi ifodalangan qatorni ko’rsating.?* Ota-onasiga puldan qaramligi, tashqi ko’rinishdan qoniqmasligi, tengqurlari tomonidan tan olinmasligi va javobsiz sevgi va hokazolar
O’tkazgichdagi erkin zaryadlar nima ?* Erkin zaryadlar o’tkazgich bo’ylab ko’cha oladigan zaryadlar
O’tkazgichning ko’ndalang kesim yuzasidan 10s da 50 Kl zaryad o’tdi. Bunda tok zichligi 0,2MA/m2 ga teng bo’ldi. O’tkazgichning ko’ndalang kesim yuzini toping?* 25 mm2
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Dosage/Interval - Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Manual

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Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Manual
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Dosage/Interval
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IV 0.5 to 1 g/kg/dose (2.5 to 5 mL/kg/dose) of Albumex® 20.
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Maximum daily dose
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Route
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Intravenous Infusion over 2–4 hours.
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Preparation/Dilution
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Administer undiluted.
If the product has been stored in the refrigerator it should be allowed to reach room temperature before administration.
Always record the name and batch number of the product be recorded in order to maintain a link between the patient and the batch of the product.
Dilution of Albumex® 20 to Albumin 4% in case of unavailability of albumin 4%
Albumex® 20 can be diluted to an iso-oncotic protein concentration (4 to 5% albumin) prior to administration. Dilute in the proportion of 1 mL of Albumex® 20 to 4 mL of crystalloid solution (sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5% or 10%). DO NOT dilute with water since the lower tonicity will lead to intravascular haemolysis.
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Administration
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Intravenously over 2 to 4 hours. Albumex 20 is packaged in a glass bottle that must be vented during use.17
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Monitoring
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Continuous cardiorespiratory and temperature observations.
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Albumin 20% - Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Manual

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Neonatal Intensive Care Drug Manual
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Albumin 20%
Revision Date : 27/04/2021
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Approved : TC,KOH
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Alert
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Albumex® 20 is normally clear or slightly opalescent. If it appears to be turbid it must not be used and the bottle should be returned unopened to the Australian Red Cross Blood Service.
Albumin 20% must not be used as the initial resuscitating fluid in hypotensive infants.
If the product has been stored in the refrigerator it should be allowed to reach room temperature before administration.
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Indication
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Hypoalbuminaemia
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Action
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Albumin is involved in the maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure, binding and transport of plasma compounds (bilirubin, bile acids, long-chain fatty acids, thyroxin, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc), renders some potential toxins harmless, is a carrier of nitric oxide and affects pharmacokinetics of many drugs. Albumin 20% is hyper-oncotic but hypo-osmotic (130 mOsm/kg) compared to human serum with a pH 6.7 to 7.3. The half-life of albumin is about 19 days.
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Drug Type
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Plasma product, manufactured from human plasma collected by the Australian Red Cross Blood Service.
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Trade Name
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Albumex® 20
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Presentation
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Albumex® 20 – 10 mL (2 g albumin) and 100 mL (20 g albumin) bottles.
Each bottle contains Human Albumin 200 g/L and sodium 48 to 100 mmol/L.
Albumex® 20 contains trace amounts of aluminium (≤200 micrograms/L).
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Ashyoviy chiqindilar - 1-Maruza. Kirish. Chiqindilar va ularning turlari

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1-Maruza. Kirish. Chiqindilar va ularning turlari
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Bog'liq 1-Maruza. Kirish. Chiqindilar va ularning turlariAshyoviy chiqindilar. Har yili atmosfera havosiga tarkibida oltingugurt IV oksidi, uglerod II, IV oksidlari bor bo'lg an 2.5 m lrd. tonna gaz chiqindilari turli korxonalardan tashlanadi. Masalan, yiliga 150 ming. t. gacha S 0 2; 70 m in .to n n a chang qurilish korxonalari, qora va rangli metallurgiya va boshqa korxonalar tomonidan tashlanadi.
Energetik chiqindilar. Issiqlik chiqindilari asosan turli yoqilg‘i yoqish hisobiga ishlaydigan issiqlik elektrostansiyalarida hosil bo‘lib, juda ko‘p miqdorda issiq suvlar tashlab yuborilishi natijasidir. Issiqlik chiqindilari suv havzalari termik va biologik rejimining buzilishiga olib keladi. Natijada suvda gazlarning eruvchanlik xususiyati yom onlashadi, suvning fizik xossalari o‘zgaradi, unda boradigan kimyoviy va biologik jarayonlar tezlashadi. Isitilgan zonalarda suvning tiniqligi kamayadi, muhitning fotosintez jarayoni tezligi kamayib ketadi. Shovqin esa insonlar salomatligiga juda katta ta ’sir etib asosan eshitish va asab sistemalarida jiddiy o‘zgarishlarga sabab bo‘ladi. Shovqin asosan sanoat korxonalari, shahar, temir yo‘l va havo transportlari hisobiga hosil bo‘ladi.
Elektromagnitik chiqindilar elektrostansiya joylashgan yaqin atrofda, transformator moslamalari hamda elektr uzatish yo‘llarida hosil bo‘ladi.
Atrof-muhit uchun eng xavfli chiqindilardan biri — radioaktiv moddalardir. Ular asosan atom elektrostansiyalarida olib boriladigan yadro sinov ishlari natijasida hosil bo‘ladilar.
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Use in gastrointestinal bleeding

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Use in gastrointestinal bleeding
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Use in gastrointestinal bleeding: There are few reports of argipressin use for gastrointestinal bleeding in newborns. The dose regimen is unclear and other agents may be more effective.
Drug Interactions
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Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and heparin—when used with argipressin may decrease the antidiuretic effect of argipressin.
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Adverse Reactions
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Causes water retention and hyponatraemia. Early or over vigorous administration may provoke cerebral oedema,
Cardiac complications include coronary ischaemia, myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia and asystole) and severe hypertension. Other reported adverse effects include severe GI ischaemia leading to bowel necrosis, hyponatraemia, anaphylaxis, bronchospasm, urticaria, angioedema, rashes, venous thrombosis, local irritation at injection site and peripheral vasoconstriction leading to cutaneous gangrene.1,2
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Compatibility
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Fluids: Glucose 5%, sodium chloride 0.9%
Y-site: Amiodarone, pantoprazole (EDTA-free).
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Incompatibility
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Fluids: No information.
Y-site: Diazepam, furosemide (frusemide), indometacin, phenytoin.
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Stability
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Diluted solution: Discard remainder after use.
Change infusion solution every 24 hours
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Storage
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Ampoule: Store below 25°C.
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Special Comments
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Administration via a central line is preferred as extravasation may cause tissue necrosis.
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Evidence summary
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Efficacy:
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texnologiyalari. Biznessda AKT loyihalarining samaradorligini baholash

122
elektron tijorat (ElectronicCommerce - ES);
buyum ma’lumotlarini boshqarish (Product Data Management -
PDM);
Business Intelligenceni sozlash OLAP (On-Line Analytical
Processing) va DSS (Decision Support Systems) texnologiya asosida qarorlarni
tadbiq qilish;
tizim
konfiguratsiyasiga
jaqob
beruvchi,
avtonom
modul
(StandaloneConfigurationEngine - SCE);
resurslarni so’ngi rejalashtirish FRP (Finite Resource Planning).
Ключевые слова - Mashina detallari fanini o‘qitishda amaliy mashqulotlarini tashkil etish va o‘tkazish metodikasi...

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Mashina detallari fanini o‘qitishda amaliy mashqulotlarini tashkil etish va o‘tkazish metodikasi nurova Oliya Salomovna
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Bog'liq Тишли узатмалар.МАКОЛАКлючевые слова: Честерня, эвольвента, модуль, частичный диаметр, эвольвентный зуб, модуль, контактная прочность.
Ma’lumki, ta’lim-tarbiya jarayonini nazorat va tahlil qilish pedagogik jamoa ishiga rahbarlik qilishning asosiy shakllaridan biridir. Nazorat va tahlil qilishning asosiy maqsadi kamchiliklarni topish, ishning holatini tasdiqlash emas, balki o‘qituvchilar tomonidan olib boriladigan ta’lim-tarbiya jarayonining to‘g‘ri rejalashtirilayotgani, oqilona tashkil etilayotgani orqali ularning o‘qitish metodikasini yaxshilash, ishlaridagi xato va kamchiliklarni o‘z vaqtida bartaraf etish hamda ularga kerakli metodik tavsiyalar berishdan iboratdir.
Nazariy dars va amaliy mashg‘ulotlarni tahlil etish deyilganda, pedagog faoliyatini o‘rganish, uning ijobiy va salbiy tomonlarini chuqur bilishga asoslanib, amaliydidaktik yordam berish tushuniladi. Pedagogik nazoratning mohiyati shundan iboratki, unda ta’lim muassasasi rahbarlari yoki monitoring va ichki nazorat bo‘limi xodimlari oldindan rejalashtirilgan maqsad bo‘yicha o‘quv mashg‘ulotlarining sifati va fanlar bo‘yicha ta’lim oluvchilarning o‘zlashtirish darajalarini har tomonlama o‘rganadilar.
Ta’lim-tarbiya jarayonini o‘rganishda mutaxassis bo‘lmagan o‘quv muassasa rahbarlari ayrim fanlar bo‘yicha ta’lim oluvchilarning bilim, ko‘nikma va malakalarini tekshirishda tajribali mutaxassis o‘qituvchilar bilan birgalikda darsni kuzatishlari lozim. To‘g‘ri tashkil etilgan nazorat ishi o‘qituvchilarning eng yaxshi tajribalarini aniqlashga hamda ularning pedagogik mahoratini ommalashtirishga yordam beradi.
Dars deganda o‘qituvchining o‘quv guruhiga uyushgan, tayyorgarlik darajasi bir xil, tarkibi o‘zgarmas o‘quvchilar bilan mashg‘ulot o‘tkazishi tushuniladi. Dars ta’lim muassasasda ta’limni tashkil etishning asosiy shakli hisoblanadi. Har bir dars o‘quv jarayonining bir qismi hamda bilim, ko‘nikma va malakalarni egallashning bir butun mantiqiy yakunlangan bosqichidir.
Darsga qo‘yiladigan talablar:
Maqsad va mazmunning aniqligi; bu talab darsning butun o‘quv materialini va uning har qaysi qismini to‘g‘ri tanlash bilan amalga oshadi.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Mashina detallari fanini o‘qitishda amaliy mashqulotlarini tashkil etish va o‘tkazish metodikasi nurova Oliya Salomovna
|
GLOSSARIY 
Termin - Mundarija kirish 4 akt bilan taraqqiyot o'rtasidagi o'zaro aloqa

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Mundarija kirish 4 akt bilan taraqqiyot o'rtasidagi o'zaro aloqaBog'liq Elektron hukumatGLOSSARIY
Termin
O’zbek tilidagi sharhi
Ingliz tilidagi sharhi
Government to
Citizen
Davlat boshqaruvi organlari bilan
fuqarolar o’rtasidagi
munosabatlar
Relationships between
organizations (subjects) of public
administration and a citizen(s)
Government to
Business
Davlat boshqaruvi organlari bilan
yuridik shaxslar (tadbirkorlar)
o’rtasidagi munosabatlar
Relationships between
organizations (subjects) of public
administration and enterprises
(businesses)
Government to
Government
Integrallashgan ma’lumotlar
bazasi yordamida davlat
organlari va idoralari o’rtasida
ma’lumot almashish va onlayn
rejimida munosabatni amalga
oshirish imkonini beradi
Allows for online communication
and information sharing among
government departments or
agencies through integrated
databases
Government to
Employees
Davlat organlari xodimlari bilan
davlat organi ichki
munosabatlarini boshqarish
Consists of initiatives that will
facilitate the management of the
civil service and internal
communication with government
employees
Knowledge
Management System
Bilimlarni boshqarish tizimi -
bilimlarni boshqarish
tamoyillaridan foydalanish va
qo’llash tizimi xisoblanadi
A knowledge management
system (KMS) is a system for
applying and using knowledge
management principles
Business Process
Reengineering
BPR – bu joriy reglamentlarni
unumdorligini maksimal darajada
oshirish maqsadida, ularni
tashqilotning o’z vazifasini
bajarish va xizmat ko’rsatish
jarayonlarini tubdan
maqbullashtirish orqali butunlay
qaytadan loyihalashtirishdir
Business Process Reengineering
(BPR) is the practice of
rethinking and redesigning the
way work is done to better
support an
organization’s mission and
reduce costs
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ADABIYOTLAR RO’YXATI - Mundarija kirish 4 akt bilan taraqqiyot o'rtasidagi o'zaro aloqa

137
7.
e-Government Applications: Nag Yeon Lee and Kwangsok Oh. UN-
APCICT/ESCAP 2011. Module 3. (Second Edition).
8.
ICT Trends for Government Leaders. Rajnesh D. Singh. UN-APCICT/ESCAP
2011. Module 4. (Second Edition).
9.
Internet Governance. Ang Peng Hwa. UN-APCICT/ESCAP 2011. Module 5.
(Second Edition).
10.
Information Security and Privacy. Korea Internet & Security Agency. UN-
APCICT/ESCAP 2011. Module 6. (Second Edition).
11.
ICT Project Management in Theory and Practice. Maria Juanita R. Macapagal
and John J. Macasio. UN-APCICT/ESCAP 2011. Module 7. (Second Edition).
12.
Options for Funding ICT for Development. Richard Labelle. UN-
APCICT/ESCAP 2011. Module 8. (Second Edition).
13.
Social Media for Development. UN-APCICT/ESCAP 2011. Module 11.
(Second Edition).
Korxona resurslarini rejalashtirishda axborot tizimlari. Talab

117
MRP tizim ishi uchun quyidagi keyingi kiruvchi ma’lumotlar kerak
bo’ladi:
Zahiralar holati haqidagi ma’lumotlar (“Zahiralar hisobi kitobi”)
nomenklatura: zahiralar, yakunlanmagan ishlab chiqarish, yarim fabrikatlar,
tayyor mahsulotlar. Bundan tashqari, unda rejalashtirilgan buyurtmalarni va
yuklanishdan kutilayotgan buyurtmalarni ko’rsatib o’tish lozim;
Mahsulot tarkibini spetsifikatsiyasi (Bill of material BOM)
MRP tizimi ishining natijalari bo’lib quyidagilar hisoblanadi:
Xarid/ishlab chiqarish materiallariga va umumlashuvchi (Planned
Order Schedule) buyurtmalarning grafigi-hujjatda yoziladigan, homashyoning
qanday qismi, rejalashtirish muddatining har bir oralig’ida umumlashtuvchi
materiallar buyurtma qilingan bo’lishi kerak. Bu hujjat tashqi xaridlarni rejasi va
ichki ishlab chiqarish rejasini aniqlaydi.
Xarid/ishlab chiqarish materiallarni va ummumlashmalarni buyurtma
grafigini o’zgarishi (Changes in Planned Orders)-xarid/ishlab chiqarish
materiallari va umumlashtirilgan avvaldan to’g’irlangan rejalashtirilganlarni
o’zida saqlovchi hujjat.
Dastlab buyurtmalarning rejasi MRP tizimi yordamida va harajatlarining
to’plami aniqlangan vaqt oralig’ida tasdiqlangan ishlab chiqarish dastur asosida
shakllandi. Korxonaning ehtiyojlarini bu to’liq qondirmadi.
MRP tizimining so’zsiz ustunligiga kiritish mumkin:
Ishlab
chiqarish
zaxiralarining
rejalashtirishni
tashqillashtirish
samaradorligi, ularning hisobotlarini avtomatlashtirish, material resurslarning va
harajatlarni omborda saqlanishining rejalashtirishdagi xatoliklarni kamaytirish.
MRP tizimining asosiy kamchiliklari:
kiritiladigan ma’lumotlarni va ularning oldindan qayta ishlanishining
hajmiy ahamiyati;
buyurtmalarni qayta ishlashga mantiqiy harajatlarni ortishi va
firmaning intilishlarini transpartirovklash zaxiraning material resurslarini ko’proq
kamaytirish yoki kam buyurtmali yuqori chastotali bajariladigan ishlarga o’tish.
Talablarning qisqa vaqtda o’zgarishining ta’sirchan emasligi;
Tizim o’lchamining o’ta kattaligi va murakkabligi uchun bekor
qilish.
ERP tizim kontseptsiyasi. Hududiy taqsimlangan tashqilotlardan

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FRP – nafaqat material va ishchi markazlar vaqtini rejalashtiradi,
balki
moliyaviy resurslarni ham rejalashtiradi, DRB distibutiv resurslarni boshqarish.
ERP tizimning asosiy funktsiyalari:
Ishlab chiqariladigan mahsulotning tarkibini, shuningdek, uni ishlab
chiqarish uchun zarur bo’lgan material resurslar va
operatsiyalarni aniqlovchi
konstruktorlik va texnologik xususiyatlarini tadbiq etish;
Sotish va ishlab chiqarish rejalarini shakllantirish;
Mahsulotni ishlab chiqarish rejasini bajarish
uchun materiallar va
umumlashgan, muddatli va hajmli ehtiyojlarni rejalashtirish;
Zaxira va sotuvlani boshqarish;
Ishlabchiqarish quvvatini rejalashtirish;
Moliyani operativ boshqarish;
Loyixalarni boshqarish.
7. Korxonaning bizness-jarayonlarini boshqarish instrumentlari va