nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
To'g'ridan-to'g'ri saralash usullari orqali saralash tamoyillarining asosiy 
xususiyatlarini tushuntirish qulay. 
3

To'g'ridan-to'g'ri saralash usullari orqali saralash tamoyillarining asosiy xususiyatlarini tushuntirish qulay. 3
amaliy topshiriq4
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar Bosh sahifa To'g'ridan-to'g'ri saralash usullari orqali saralash tamoyillarining asosiy xususiyatlarini tushuntirish qulay. 3
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Oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi

Oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi
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Python dasturlash tilining kutubxonalari

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Python dasturlash tilining kutubxonalari
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Bog'liq Elektron ta’lim resurslarini yaratish texnologiyalari-kompy.info
Elektron ta’lim resurslarini yaratish texnologiyalari
PYTHON DASTURLASH TILINING KUTUBXONALARI
Ma’ruzachi: Rustamov H.Sh, E-mail: rhsh0405@gmail.com, Telefon: 91-979-04-75
Ma’ruza - 30 soat
Seminar mashg’uloti - 30 soat
13-MAVZU:Python dasturlash tilining standart grafik kutubxonasi Turtle grafik kutubxonasi va uning imkoniyatlari. Matplotlib grafik kutubxonasi va uning imkoniyatlari. Matpotlibda shakl (Figure) moduli
Ma’ruzachi: Rustamov H.Sh, E-mail: rhsh0405@gmail.com, Telefon: 91-979-04-75
Dars rejasi:
Python dasturlash tilida standart kububxonalar
Turtle kutubxonasi va unga xos imkoniyatlar
Matplotlib kutubxonasi va uning imkoniyatlari
Matplotlib da Figure moduli
Python dasturlash tilida standart kububxonalar
Ma’ruzachi: Rustamov H.Sh, E-mail: rhsh0405@gmail.com, Telefon: 91-979-04-75
Python standart kutubxonasida Python tilining aniq sintaksisi, semantikasi va tokenlari mavjud. U nafaqat tizimli qurilgan asosiy modullar balki tizim funksiyalariga kirishni taʼminlovchi oʻrnatilgan modullardan ham iboratdir. Python kutubxonalarining aksariyati C dasturlash tilida yozilgan.
Python standart kutubxonasi 200 dan ortiq asosiy modullardan iborat. Bularning barchasi Pythonni yuqori darajadagi dasturlash tiliga aylantirish uchun birgalikda ishlaydi. Python standart kutubxonasi ushbu tilning imkoniyatlarini ochib berishda juda muhim rol o'ynaydi. Busiz dasturchilar Python funksiyalaridan foydalana olmagan bo’lar edi. Bundan tashqari, Python-da dasturchining ishi jarayonini osonlashtiradigan yana bir qancha kutubxonalar mavjud.
Ma’ruzachi: Rustamov H.Sh, E-mail: rhsh0405@gmail.com, Telefon: 91-979-04-75
Keling, ko’p ishlatiladigan kutubxonalar ro’yxatini ko’rib chiqsak:
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Abzaslarni tashkil qilish

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Abzaslarni tashkil qilish
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bet | 4/4 | Sana | 17.11.2023 | Hajmi | 25,23 Kb. | | #100263 |
Bog'liq 3. Xulosalar Havola,sitata va abzasAbzaslarni tashkil qilish. Abzaslar akademik yozuvning asosiy qurilish bloklari hisoblanadi. Yaxshi tarkibiy tuzilgan abzaslar kitobxonga dalillarni qulay bo‘limlarga bo‘lib, mavzuni tushunishni osonlashtiradi. Bu qism asosiy e’tiborni quyidagilarga qaratadi:
Abzas bir mavzuga bog‘liq bo‘lgan holda, bir necha gaplardan tashkil topgan. Abzaslarga bo‘lish muallif va kitobxonning argumentlar bilan mukammal mashg‘ul bo‘lishi uchun yordam beradi; Abzasning hajmi matn turiga qarab turlanadi, ammo, odatda, u to‘rt yoki besh gapdan iborat bo‘ladi.
Odatda (har doim emas), birinchi jumla mavzuga kirish bo‘lib xizmat qiladi. Keyingilari esa ta’riflar beradi, misollar, qo‘shimcha ma’lumotlar, sabablar va xulosalar;
d) Abzas qismlari o‘zaro qalin shriftli ibora va bog‘lovchilar bilan farqlanadi.
Abzas tarkibi
Abzas tarkibining bir-biri bilan bo‘gliqligi
Matndagi punktlar o‘rtasidagi aloqadorlik.
Abzas quyidagicha tahlil qilinishi mumkin: Mavzu sarlavhasi - Dunyoning rivojlangan mamlakatlarida ko‘chmas mulkchilik darajasi juda xilma-xil; Xulosani o‘z izohlari asosida yozish. Bunda tuzilishni o‘zgartirish ham mumkin. Asosiy fikrlar uchun izohlar yozib olish (perefrazalagan holda).
Asl manbani e’tibor bilan o‘qish va yangi, tushunish qiyin tuyulgan so‘zlarni tahlil qilish.
Asosiy fikrlarni marker yordamida belgilab borish.
Barcha kerakli fikrlar bildirilgan va ixchamlik ta’minlanganligini tekshirish maqsadida xulosani qayta tahlil qilish.
Perefrazalash (asosiy ma’noni saqlagan holda, fikrni boshqa so‘zlar yordamida ifodalash)
Adabiyotlar
1. Aminov M., Madvaliyev A., Mahkamov N., Mahmudov N. Ish yuritish. (amaliy qo‘llanma) – Toshkent: O‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi, 2017.-455 b.
2. Mahmudov N., Rafiyev A., Yo‘ldoshev I. Nutq madaniyati va davlat tilida ish yuritish (Darslik)-Toshkent: Cho‘lpon, 2013.
3. Lutfullayeva D. Mustaqillik davri rasmiy-idoraviy ish uslubi taraqqiyoti. (Monografiya.)-Toshkent, 2020.
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Seminar 
30 
Laboratoriya

2
Syllabus TerDU ilmiy Kengashi qarori bilan tasdiqlangan Axborot tizimlarini loyihalash
fanining o’quv dasturi (2023-yil “___”______”) va O’zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va o‘rta
mahsus ta’lim vazirligi 2021 yil 16-iyuldagi 311-son buyrug’ining 1-ilovasi “O’zbekiston
Davlat Standarti O’zbekiston uzluksiz ta’limining Davlat Ta’lim
Standartlari Oliy
ta’limning Davlat Ta’lim Standarti Asosiy qoyidalar” mundarijasining 5-§ “Oliy ta’lim
yo’nalishlari va mutaxasissisliklari o’quv rejalari va o’quv
dasturlari mazmuniga
qo’yiladigan umumiy talablar” 10.2.4. “O’quv
dasturlarini ishlab chiqish,tasdiqlash va
ta’lim jarayoniga joriy etish qo’yidagi tartibda amalga oshiriladi:” bandi va shu bandning
2-xat boshi talabiga muvofiq ishlab chiqildi.
Tuzuvchi:
Zaripova M.D.
Termiz davlat universiteti Kompyuter va dasturiy
injiniring kafedrasi katta o‘qituvchisi, iqtisodiyot
fanlari bo‘yicha falsafa doktori (PhD).
Axborot tizimlarini loyihalash fani Syllabusi “Kompyuter va dasturiy injiniring”
kafedrasining 2023-yil “____” ____________dagi “___”-son yig‘ilishida muhokamadan
o‘tgan va fakultet Kengashida muhokama qilish uchun tavsiya etilgan.
Kafedra mudiri: ________
_________
i.f.d., prof. O.Q.Xatamov.
Axborot tizimlarini loyihalash fani Syllabusi “Amaliy
matematika va intellektual
texnologiyalar” fakulteti Кengashining 2023-yil “___” ____________dagi “___”-son
yig‘ilishida muhokama qilingan va universitet o‘quv-uslubiy Kengashiga tavsiya qilingan.
-mavzu. Konseptual model - “тасдиқлайман”

6
9
Asosiy mahsulotlar
2
10
Axborot tizimlari namunaviy loyihasi
2
11
UML tili
2
12
CASE tizimlar
2
13
Tijorat ob’ektlar modeli
2
14
Konseptual model
2
15
Bog‘lanishlar va tizimli talablar
2
Jami
30
IV. SEMINAR MASHG‘ULOTLARI
Seminar
mashg‘ulotlar vizual modellashning yagonalashgan tili (UML) bo‘yicha
olib boriladi. Magistrantlar turli sohadagi ob’ektlarni loyihalashni o‘rganadilar va
ma’lum ko‘nikmalarga ega bo‘ladilar. UML tilini mukammal o‘zlashtirish
uchun
PlantText
UML Editor, PlantUML, Lucidchart onlayn
hamda ARGOUML offlayn
muhitlari bo‘yicha quyidagi mavzular tavsiya etiladi.
Qo‘shimcha adabiyotlar - “тасдиқлайман”

Qo‘shimcha adabiyotlar
1.
Г. Буч, Д. Рамбо, И. Якобсон. Язык UML. Руководство пользователя. 2-е
изд.: Пер. с англ. Мухин Н. – М.:
ДМК Пресс, 2006, - 496 с.
2.
В.В. Братищенко. Проектирование информационных систем: Учеб.пособие.
- Иркутск: Изд-во БГУЭП, 2004. - 84с.
3.
Д.Ю. Иванов, Ф.А. Новиков. Унифицированный язык моделирования UML:
Учеб. пособие. СПб.: Изд-во Политехн. университета, 2011. - 229 с.
4.
Крег Ларман. Применение UML и шаблонов проектирования. 2-е изд.: Пер.
с англ. – М.: Издателский дом “Вильямс”, 2004. - 624 с.
5.
А.В. Леоненков. Самоучитель UML. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – СПб.: БХВ-
Петербург, 2004. – 432 с.
Internet saytlar
1.
Создание UML-модели в Visual Paradigm.
http://sp.cs.msu.ru/ooap/exerb
2021.html
2.
Конструктор диаграмм UML.
https://www.lucidchart.com/pages/ru/examples
/uml_diagram_tool
XI. Termiz davlat universiteti “Kompyuter va dasturiy injiniring” kafedrasi
tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va tasdiqlangan
Fan (modul) va syllabus uchun ma’sul:
Zaripova M.D. -
Termiz davlat universiteti Kompyuter va dasturiy injiniring kafedrasi
katta o‘qituvchisi, iqtisodiyot fanlari bo‘yicha falsafa doktori (PhD).
Taqrizchi:
Namozov G.Sh. -
Termiz iqtisodiyot va servis universiteti “Axborot texnologiyalari va
aniq fanlar” kafedrasi dotsenti v.b., iqtisod fanlari bo’yicha falsafa
doktori (PhD)
Xoliyarov E.Ch. -
Termiz iqtisodiyot va servis universiteti “Axborot texnologiyalari va
aniq fanlar” kafedrasi mudiri, dotsent, fizika-matematika fanlari
nomzodi
Fakulteti dekani - “тасдиқлайман”

3
Fan/modul kodi
O‘quv yili
Semestr
ECTS - Kreditlar
MKIA1205
2023-2024
III
5
Fan/modul turi
Ta’lim tili
Haftadagi dars soatlari
Majburiy
O‘zbek/rus
4
1.
Fanning nomi
Auditoriya
mashg‘ulotlari
(soat)
Mustaqil
ta’lim
(soat)
Jami
yuklama
(soat)
Axborot tizimlarini loyihalash
60
90
150
I. O‘QUV FANINING DOLZARBLIGI VA OLIY KASBIY
TA’LIMDAGI O‘RNI
Ta’lim sohasida tub islohotlarning asosiy maqsadi jahon andozalari asosida bilimlar
berish va yuqori malakali raqobatbardosh kadrlar tayyorlashdir. Magistratura 70610201 –
Kompyuter tizimlari va ularning dasturiy ta’minoti (tarmoqlar va sohalar bo‘yicha)
mutaxassisligiga o‘qitiladigan “Axborot tizimlarini loyihalash” o‘quv
fani ham,
zamonaviy fanlardan hisoblanib, bo‘lajak malakali kadr egallashi kerak bo‘lgan bilimlar
va ko‘nikmalar majmuasini o‘z ichiga oladi.
Mazkur Syllabus “Axborot tizimlarini loyihalash” fanining o‘quv
dasturi asosida
tuzilgan bo‘lib, bugungi kunning zamonaviy bilimlari
bilan yangilangan va qayta
ishlangan dastur bo‘lib, unda fanning nazariy va amaliy jihatlariga alohida e’tibor
qaratilgan.
“Axborot tizimlarini loyihalash”
fani magistrantlar uchun, 3-semestrda o‘qitilishi
rejalashtirilgan. Dasturni amalga oshirish bakalavriat bosqichining o‘quv
rejasida
rejalashtirilgan dasturlash asoslari, kompyuter ta’minoti, ma’lumotlar bazasi
fanlaridan
olingan nazariy va amaliy bilimlarga tayanadi.
Axborot tizimlarini loyihalash fanida 15 ta mavzu bo‘lib, 30 soat ma’ruza, 30 soat
seminar mashg‘ulot hamda 90 soat mustaqil ta’lim va mustaqil ish rejalashtirilgan.
Jami 
30 - “тасдиқлайман”

Jami 30 V. MUSTAQIL TA’LIM VA MUSTAQIL ISHLAR Magistrantga mustaqil ishni tashkil etishda fanning xususiyatlarini, shuningdek
sohalar bo‘yicha axborot tizimlarini UMLda loyihalash bo‘yicha har bir magistrantga
alohida mavzular beriladi. Bu jarayon UML muhitida loyihani yaratish bilan tugaydi.
Loyihalash natijalari asosida programma kodlari hosil bo‘ladi. Dasturning ana shu kodlarni
olish, oxirgi natija sifatida e’tirof etiladi.
Magistrant mustaqil ta’limining asosiy maqsadi – o‘qituvchining rahbarligi ostida
ixtiyoriy ob’ektlarni amaliy tarzda PlantText UML Editor, PlantUML, Lucidchart onlayn
hamda ARGOUML offlayn muhitlaridan foydalangan holda mustaqil ravishda axborot
tizimi shaklidagi turli qo‘shimcha diagrammalarni yaratishdan iborat.
Mustaqil ta’lim auditoriyada va auditoriyadan tashqarida bevosita o‘qituvchi
rahbarligida yoki talaba mustaqil ishlashi tarzida, sillabusda ko‘rsatilgan shaklda ta’lim
yo‘nalishi (mutaxassislik) o‘quv jarayoni jadvaliga muvofiq nazariy o‘qishining 15 hafta
mobaynida belgilangan muddatida (haftada) talaba tomonidan taqdim etib boriladi.
Bundan tashqari, mustaqil ta’lim ma’ruza, seminar mashg‘ulotlariga tayyorgarlik
ko‘rishdan tashqari fan dasturida ko‘rsatilmagan, ammo fan bo‘yicha talabaning bilim
doirasini kengaytiruvchi qo‘shimcha mavzular doirasida berilgan topshiriqlarni o‘z ichiga
oladi.
Mustaqil ta’lim quyidagi shakllarda tashkil etiladi:
magistrant mustaqil ish mavzulari bo‘yicha taqdimot (slaydlar) tayyorlash va uni
HEMIS OTM tersu.uz tizimiga belgilangan haftada joylashtirib borish;
TMI mavzulari bo‘yicha OAV yoki ilmiy anjumanlardagi maqolalar nashr etilsa
inobatga olinadi va nazorat turining maksimal bali beriladi;
8
fanning dolzarb muammolarini qamrab olgan loyihalar tayyorlash;
nazariy bilimlarni amaliyotda qo‘llash hamda amaliyotdagi mavjud
muammolarning yechimini topish.
Fanning ishlab chiqarishdagi o‘rni

|
Fanning ishlab chiqarishdagi o‘rniBog'liq Ishchi dastur Axb tiz loyiha 2023-2024-2-kurs
Fanning ishlab chiqarishdagi o‘rni
“Axborot tizimlarini loyihalash” fani 70610201 – Kompyuter tizimlarining dasturiy
ta’minoti (tarmoqlar va sohalar bo‘yicha) mutaxassisligiga tahsil olayotgan
magistrantlarning ma’lum bir dunyoqarashlarini shakllantirishga xizmat qilish bilan birga
ularning O‘zbekiston Respublikasining barqaror rivojida axborot tizimlarining o‘rni,
bugungi holati va istiqboldagi rejalari, axborot tizimlarini xalqaro standartlari, axborot
tizimlariga qo‘yiladigan talablar, axborot tizimlarini loyihalash va ularning asosi,
bosqichlari, axborot tizimlarini modellashtirish to‘g‘risidagi zaruriy bilimlarni
egallashlarida muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Shuningdek, ularning AKT sohasida bilim,
ko‘nikma va malakalari rivojlantiriladi, loyihalash, modellashtirish va dasturlash sohasida
xizmat ko‘rsatish imkoniyatlari kengaytiriladi, kasbiy faoliyatlarida ham ma’lum bir
yutuqlarga erishishlariga zamin bo‘ladi.
III. ASOSIY NAZARIY QISM (ma’ruza mashg‘ulotlari)
III.I. Fan tarkibiga quyidagi mavzular kiradi:
1-mavzu. Axborot tizimlarini (AT) loyihalash.
Axborot tizimlarini (AT) loyihalash uslubiyatining asosiy tushunchalari. AT
loyihalash uslubiyatining maqsadi va mazmuni. ATdagi qism-tizimlar. AT loyihalash
texnologiyasining rivojlanish bosqichlari. Axborot tizimlarining hayot sikli.
2-mavzu. Axborot tizimlari bo‘yicha xalqaro standartlar.
Axborot tizimlarining hayot siklidagi asosiy jarayonlarning ISO/IEC 12207 bo‘yicha
mazmuni. Jarayonlarning mosligi. Jarayonlarni hayot sikli bosqichlarini ISO/IEC 12207
bo‘yicha taqsimlash. Masalalar ketma-ketligi.
3-mavzu.
Axborot tizimlarini modellashtirish.
Modellashtirish – AT loyihalash asosi. Modellarni yaratishdagi asosiy yondoshuvlar.
Tijorat jarayonlarini modellashtirishdagi masalalar. BFD (Block Flow Diagrams) –
Xarrington xaritasi. IDEF standartlari. Tijorat jarayonlarini tuzilmaviy modellashtirish.
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Seminar mashg‘ulotlarining soatlar bo‘yicha taqsimlanishi

7
9
PlantUML
onlayn
muhitida
UML
komponentalar
(Component)
https://plantuml.com/ru/component-diagram
va
yoyish yoki joylashtirish
(Deployment)
https://plantuml.com/ru/deployment-diagram
diagrammala-
rini yaratish boshqa yordamchi buyruqlar.
2
10
PlantUML onlayn muhitida UML holatlar (Statechart)
https://plantuml.com
/ru/state-diagram
va vaqt (Timing)
https://plantuml.com/ru/timing-diagram
diagrammalarini yaratish boshqa yordamchi buyruqlar.
2
11
ARGOUML muhiti va uning imkoniyatlari.
ARGOUML muhitidagi
foydalanuvchilar interfeyslari. ARGOUML
muhitida diagrammalarni
yaratish va boshqa yordamchi buyruqlar.
2
12
ARGOUML muhitida o‘xshash diagrammalar (foydalanish naqllari (Use
case)), sinflar (Slass), ketma-ketliklar (Sequence)
hamda hamkorlik
(Sollaboration) diagrammalarini yaratish.
2
13
ARGOUML muhitida holatlar (Statechart), faoliyat (Activity), komponentlar
(Component) va yoyish (joylash, Deployment) diagrammalarini yaratish
2
14
ARGOUML
muhitida
dastur
kodini
generatsiyalash.
Loyihani
rasmiylashtirish
15
Tanlangan mavzular bo‘yicha yaratilgan loyihalar muhokamasi.
2
Amaliy Topshiriq Kriptografiya fanidan 072-21 saxo' guruh talabasi Bajardi : Djulieva S. Tekshirdi : Daminov A. Toshkent -2024 Nazariy qism

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Amaliy Topshiriq Kriptografiya fanidan 072-21 saxo' guruh talabasi Bajardi : Djulieva S. Tekshirdi : Daminov A. Toshkent -2024 Nazariy qism
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Sana | 14.05.2024 | Hajmi | 2,38 Mb. | | #232672 |
Bog'liq Amaliy 1
O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALAR VАZIRLIGI
Muhammad Al-Xorazmiy nomidagi Toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti
1 – Amaliy Topshiriq
Kriptografiya 2 fanidan
072-21 SAXo' guruh talabasi
Bajardi :Djulieva S.
Tekshirdi : Daminov A.
Toshkent -2024
Nazariy qism
Affin kripototizimlari keng tarqalmagan o‘rniga qo‘yish usullari sanalib, bir alifboli shifrlash usullariga kiradi. Bu tizimlarga affin tizimidagi Sezar usuli, ROT13 va Atbash usullari kiradi.
Affin tizimidagi Sezar usulida har bir harfga almashtiriluvchi harflar maxsus formula bo‘yicha aniqlanadi: E(x)=ax+b (modm), bu yerda a, b - butun sonlar bo’lib, kalitlar hisoblanadi, 0≤a, bm – alifbo uzunligi.
Deshifrlash jarayoni quyidagi formula asosida amalga oshiriladi:
D(E(x)) = a-1 (E(x) − b)modm. Bu yerda a-1 modm bo‘yicha a ga teskari bo‘lgan son.
Lotin alifbosi foydalanilganda u quyidagicha raqamlanadi:
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I
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O
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P
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Q
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R
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S
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T
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U
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V
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W
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X
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Y
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Z
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0
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Amaliy Topshiriq Kriptografiya fanidan 072-21 saxo' guruh talabasi Bajardi : Djulieva S. Tekshirdi : Daminov A. Toshkent -2024 Nazariy qism
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Bu holat radioaktiv moddalar bilan uzoq muddatli aloqada rivojlanadi

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Bu holat radioaktiv moddalar bilan uzoq muddatli aloqada rivojlanadi
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bet | 5/6 | Sana | 23.05.2024 | Hajmi | 1,59 Mb. | | #250884 |
Bog'liq 1 mustaqilBu holat radioaktiv moddalar bilan uzoq muddatli aloqada rivojlanadi.. Ko'pincha u navbatchi ular bilan muloqotda bo'lgan odamlarda rivojlanadi.
Bunday holda, klinik ko'rinish sekin, ko'p yillar davomida o'sishi mumkin. Radioaktiv nurlanish manbalari bilan uzoq va uzoq muddatli aloqada asab, endokrin va qon aylanish tizimlariga zarar yetkaziladi. Buyraklar ham azoblanadi, barcha metabolik jarayonlarda muvaffaqiyatsizliklar yuzaga keladi.
Surunkali nurlanish kasalligi bir necha bosqichlardan iborat. U polimorfik tarzda davom etishi mumkin, klinik jihatdan turli organlar va tizimlarning mag'lubiyati bilan namoyon bo'ladi.
Onkologik malign patologiyalar
Olimlar buni isbotladilar radiatsiya saratonga olib kelishi mumkin. Ko'pincha teri yoki qalqonsimon bez saratoni rivojlanadi va leykemiya, o'tkir nurlanish kasalligi bilan og'rigan odamlarda qon saratoni ham kam uchraydi.
Statistik ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Chernobil AESdagi avariyadan keyin radiatsiya ta'siriga uchragan hududlarda onkologik patologiyalar soni o'n barobar oshdi.
Tibbiyotda nurlanishdan foydalanish
O limlar radiatsiyadan insoniyat manfaati uchun foydalanishni o‘rgandilar. Ko'p sonli turli diagnostika va terapevtik muolajalar u yoki bu tarzda radioaktiv nurlanish bilan bog'liq. O'ylangan xavfsizlik protokollari va eng zamonaviy uskunalar tufayli radiatsiyadan bunday foydalanish bemor va tibbiyot xodimlari uchun amalda xavfsizdir lekin barcha xavfsizlik qoidalariga muvofiq.
Radiatsiya yordamida diagnostika tibbiy usullari: rentgenografiya, kompyuter tomografiyasi, florografiya.
Davolash usullari onkologik patologiyalarni davolashda qo'llaniladigan turli xil radiatsiya terapiyasini o'z ichiga oladi.
Tashxis va terapiyaning radiatsiya usullaridan foydalanish malakali mutaxassislar tomonidan amalga oshirilishi kerak. Ushbu muolajalar bemorlarga faqat ko'rsatmalarga muvofiq belgilanadi.
Radiatsiyadan himoyalanishning asosiy usullari
Sanoat va tibbiyotda radioaktiv nurlanishdan qanday foydalanishni o'rganish orqali olimlar ushbu xavfli moddalar bilan aloqa qilishlari mumkin bo'lgan odamlarning xavfsizligi haqida g'amxo'rlik qilishdi.
Faqat shaxsiy profilaktika va nurlanishdan himoya qilish asoslariga ehtiyotkorlik bilan rioya qilish xavfli radioaktiv zonada ishlaydigan odamni surunkali nurlanish kasalligidan himoya qilishi mumkin.
R adiatsiyadan himoya qilishning asosiy usullari:
Masofadan himoya qilish. Radioaktiv nurlanish ma'lum bir to'lqin uzunligiga ega, undan tashqari u harakat qilmaydi. Shunday qilib
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Negatives of genetic engineering

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Negatives of genetic engineering
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bet | 14/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content Negatives of genetic engineering
There are ethical concerns about human genetic engineering
Parents might want to choose their children’s characteristics
This would be unnatural
It would be unacceptable in most religions
Soldiers could be cloned from the genes of the strongest people
Clones might be used like robots to do certain jobs
Clones might even be developed just for organ replacements
Society and human evolution would change completely
Currently, human genetic engineering is prohibited
Genetically-Modified (GM) foods: Advantages
Farmers can produce crops that grow bigger and faster
Some GM crops are more resistant to disease or insects
This could be important for food production in developing countries
Faster growing cereals, fruit and vegetables will mean more profit
GM foods can be modified to look perfect
They may be more attractive to customers
Genetically-Modified (GM) Foods: Disadvantages
There may be risks involved in the genetic engineering of foods.
GM crops might change whole ecosystems
Food chains could be broken if crops are resistant to predators
Organic foods are produced without chemicals or genetic modification
Organic farming may be slower and more expensive
However, the environment is not damaged by fertilizers or pesticides.
Global issues
Problems in developing countries
Developing countries face a range if problems
Standards of healthcare and education are low
Life expectancy is usually lower than in developed countries
There is a lack of infrastructure, employment and good quality housing
Many people are forced to live in poverty
Food, drinking water and basic medicines are in short supply
How to help developing countries
The best form of help for developing countries is development aid
Richer nations can help by investing in long-term projects
Governments and charities can help by building new houses and schools
Globalization may also help developing countries
Multi-national companies can create jobs in developing countries
On the other hand, many people emigrate to find work in richer countries
They often sand money back home to their families
This money helps to improve the standard of living in developing countries
Immigration
Some people move to another countries in search of a better life
Many immigrants come from less developed countries
Richer, industrialized countries may offer opportunities for employment
Free healthcare and schooling are available in some developed countries
Other people migrate to a foreign country to improve their academic qualifications
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Benefits of Studying Abroad

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Benefits of Studying Abroad
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bet | 6/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content Benefits of Studying Abroad
Foreign institutions may offer better courses
Many students want to attend a prestigious university
The best universities employ teachers who are experts in their fields
Qualifications gained abroad can open the door to better job opportunities
Living abroad can broaden students’ horizons
Overseas students are exposed to different cultures and customs.
They become more independent
They are responsible for cooking, cleaning and paying bills
They will learn a foreign language
Drawback of studying abroad
Living and studying abroad can be difficult
Students have problems with paperwork such as visa applications
The language barrier can be a problem
Students have to find accommodation and pay bills
Studying in a foreign language is challenging
Living alone in an unfamiliar culture can cause homesickness
Technology in Education: Advantages
Technology is a powerful tool to engage students
Technology can make lessons much more interesting
Students can do research using online resources
Students can study at their own place
Adults can take distance learning courses
Students can study whenever and wherever they want
Students also learn skills which are useful for their future jobs
For example, they learn to write reports using a word processor
Technology in Education: Disadvantages
People rely too much on computers
Young learners do not become proficient in some basic skills
They use word processors and spelling may suffer
People should be able to write a letter by hand
Technology is no substitute for a real teacher
Learners need a structured course
An experienced teacher knows what materials to choose
Computers are expensive to maintain and can be unreliable
Technology in Education: Opinion
Institutions should supplement traditional teaching with the use of technology
Technology is part of everyday life
It can enhance a teacher’s lessons
Students can use online resources to help with homework
Students must still learn to write by hand
They should still use traditional sources of information such as books
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Negatives of City Life - Advertising Animal rights 3

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Advertising Animal rights 3
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bet | 4/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content Negatives of City Life
Life in cities has its drawbacks
The cost of living is higher than in rural areas
Some people d not manage to find work
Housing is usually much more expensive
Homelessness and poverty are common on cities
There is a gap between rich and poor
Life in cities can be extremely stressful
There are problems like traffic congestion and crime
Cities lack a sense of community
People do not even know their neighbor
Cities are sometimes described as “concrete jungles”.
Pedestrian Areas
Pedestrian zones in city centre can improve the local environment
Banning cars encourages people to walk or cycle
Many European cities have built bicycle lanes
Dependence on cars is linked to health problems like obesity
People who walk or cycle regularly are generally healthier
Pedestrian areas are safer and more attractive for both residents and tourists
Crime
Police and Crime Prevention
The job of the polices is to catch criminals
They must also prevent crime and make communities safer
There should be an increase in the number of police officers on the streets
Police officers should be seen as part of the community
They should be involved with education and prevention
The police should be in close contact with schools
They should focus on young people who have dropped out of school.
These teenagers may become involved with gangs
Punishments/Prisons
Fines are used as punishment for minor crimes
If the crime is more serious, prison is the most common punishment
Some criminals pose a threat to society
They are put in prison to ensure the safety of other citizens
Negatives of Prisons
Criminals are put together
They make friends with other offenders
Many prisoners re-offend when they are released
A criminal record makes finding a job more difficult
Rehabilitation
Another aim of prisons is rehabilitation
Prisoners receive education of vocational training
Prisoners should learn personal skills and specific job skills
Punishment could make prisoners’ behavior worse
Rehabilitation aims to make them better citizens
Rehabilitated prisoners are less likely to re-offend
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Education in Developing countries: Problems

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Education in Developing countries: Problems
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bet | 7/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content Education in Developing countries: Problems
Children often have to work from an early age
There are no schools in many areas
Families do not have access to books or computers
Literacy rates are often low
People in developing countries need knowledge and skills
Education is the key to improving the economy of these countries
Education in developing countries: solutions
Developed countries could help developing nations by providing money
They could invest in schools and technology
They could supply the funds to build schools and pay for teachers
Children need to have access to free schooling
Computer equipment could be donated
The Internet can expose students to a world of knowledge and information
Governments should make education compulsory for all children
They should encourage parents to send their children to school
Governments of developed and developing countries must work together
Higher education: Advantages (also see “benefits of education”)
There are many benefits to going to university
A degree can open the door to better employment prospects
Economies are becoming increasingly knowledge-based
Most jobs require specific knowledge and skills
Skilled workers are needed for sectors such as information technology and engineering
Repetitive manual jobs are now done by machine
Many factories have moved to developing countries
Higher education: Disadvantages
A healthy economy needs a wide range of workers
Some manual workers will always be needed
A university degree is not necessary for many service professions
Practical training is more important in some industries
In the UK, for example, there is currently a shortage of plumbers
Their services are therefore becoming more and more expensive
Advantage of Home-schooling
Some parents decide to educate their children at home
Some families live in isolated areas with poor transport
Other parents are not satisfied with local schools
Parents can respond to what their children need and how they learn best
One-to-one lessons allow much faster progress
The child can work at his or her own pace
Discipline problems are avoided by home-schooling
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Disadvantages of home-schooling

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Disadvantages of home-schooling
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bet | 8/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content Disadvantages of home-schooling
Most parents do not have the time to educate their children at home
One parent would need to give up work
School subjects are normally taught by up to ten different teachers
Most parents do not have the necessary knowledge or resources
Private tutors are expensive
Children will miss out on the social experience that school offers
At school, children learn how to get on with each other
Home-schooled children may lack social skills
Schools offer a better overall educational experience
Bad behavior in schools: causes
Bad behavior is due to a lack of structure and discipline
There are too many children in some classes
Large classes are difficult to manage
May disruptive students come from an unstable family background
Other parents are too lenient and spoil their children
Some children are used to getting whatever they want
Schools can do very little if they are not supported by parents
Bad behavior in schools: solutions
Schools need a clear code of conduct
Schools need a clear set of rules about behavior
They need to create a positive working atmosphere
Teachers must have the power to punish disruptive students
Schools should remove difficult children from lessons
Schools need to work closely with parents
Discipline could be lacking at home
Parents must support the school rules
They should take responsibility for their children’s behavior
Corporal Punishment: Opinion
Corporal Punishment is not a good idea
Physical punishment is a way of controlling children using fear
This does not promote trust between adults and children
Children who are punished physically may become shy or resentful
Corporal punishment creates an atmosphere of fear and anger
Single Sex Education: Advantages
Some people believe that male and female students should go to separate schools
This is often for religious or cultural reasons
Discipline problems might be avoided by separating boys and girls
Boys and girls may learn in different ways and have different needs
Student at single-sex schools often get better exam grades.
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Malumotlar Bazasi Ma’lumotlar bazasining maqsadi, vazifalari va asosiy tushunchalari

O’zbekiston Respublikasi Raqamli Texnalogiyalar
Unversiteti Toshkent Axborot Texnalogiyalar
unversiteti
Malumotlar Bazasi
Bajardi:Sobirjonov Asadbek
Tekshirdi:
Kuvnakov Avaz
Toshkent 2024
Ma’lumotlar bazasining maqsadi, vazifalari va asosiy tushunchalari.
Rеja
I.Kirish
II.Asosiy Qism
1.
Axborot tizimlari va ma'lumotlar bazasi
2.
Ma'lumotlar bazasini tashkil qilish tamoyillari
3.
Ma'lumotlar bazasining tarkibi va uni tashkil etish
III. Xulosa
Kirish
Ma’lumki, informatika fani ma’lumotlar (axborotlar) ustida ish olib boradi,
ya’ni bir ma’lumotdan (ma’lumotlardan) boshqa bir ma’lumotni
(ma’lumotlarhi) hosil qiladi. Masalan, ixtiyoriy programmalashtirish tillari
yordamida boshlang'ich ma’lumot asosida yangi ma’lumotlami hosil qilishni
ko'rgansiz. Kvadrat tenglama koeffitsiyentlari a, b, s be rilgan deb, yangi
ma’lumotlar: kvadrat tenglamaning ildizlari X, va X2 larni hosil qilishni har
birimiz o‘rta maktabdan bilamiz.
Zamonaviy
kompyuterlardan
foydalangan
holda
yangi
axborot
texnologiyalari asosida ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlash bilan akademik litsey va
kasb-hunar kollejlari o'quvchilari, shuningdek, institut va universitet
talabalari keng shug'ullanmoqdalar. Hozirgi kunda kom pyuterdan
foydalanuvchi har bir kishi WORD matn muharriri yor damida matnlami
qayta ishlashni, ya’ni кёгакЦ ko‘rinishda formatlashni, chop etishni va bir
qancha nusxa olishni qiynalmasdan arftalga oshiradi. Hisoblashiar bilan
bog‘liq masalalami EXCELda, taqdimbt jarayonlarini PowerPointda amalga
oshirish ko'pchilikka ma’lum. Xuddi shuning'dek, internet sahifalariga
ma’luriiotlarni kiritish uchun HTML tilidan yoki FrontPage programmasidan
foydalanish kerakligini bilasiz.
Kompyuter bilan bogiiq va kompyuter yordamida juda tez amalga oshirish
mumkin bo'lgan shunday masalalar turkumi mavjudki, ular bilan har kuni va
har qadamda ro‘baro‘ bo‘lasiz. Bunday masalalar turkumi ma’lumotlar bazasi
deb ataladi. Ma’lumotlar bazasini loyihalash, hosil qilish, ma’lum bir
sistemaga keltirish, ma’lumotlarni to‘plash, tashkil etilgan bazadan kerakli
ma’ lumotlarni qidirib topish va h.k. masalalar bilan shug‘ullanuvchi
programmaga ma’lumotlar ba zasini boshqarish sistemasi deb ataladi.
Windows muhitida ishlovchi shunday programmalardan biri Accessdir.
Hozirgi kunda Accessning juda ko‘p ko‘rinishlari (versiyalari) mavjud.
Masalan, Access 2.0, Win dows 95 uchun Access, Access 2000 va b.q. Bu
programmalar zamonaviy kompyuterlaming paydo bo'lishi va zamonaviy
operatsion sistemalarning yaratilishi bilan bog‘liq bo‘lib, ular bir-birini
to‘ldirib boradi. Programmalaming har biri oldingisining imkoniyatlarini
qay tarish bilan birga, yangi imkoniyatlarga ham ega. Lekin bu
programmalarning qaysi birini o'rganishingizdan qat’i nazar, ulaming asosi
bir xildir.
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-mavzu. Berilganlar oqimini modellashtirish

5
diagrammalarining tarkibi. “Mohiyat-aloqa” – ERD diagrammalari.
Loyihalashdagi
DATARUN texnologiyasi.
5-mavzu. Axborot tizimlarini loyihalash bosqichlari.
Axborot tizimlarini loyihalashni tashkillashtirishdagi umumiy yondoshuvlar.
Axborot tizimlarini me’yoriy loyihalashdagi 1- 5- bosqichlar.
6-mavzu. Texnik topshiriq.
Texnik topshiriqni (TT) ishlab chiqish. Loyiha xususidagi ma’lumotlar. TT tuzilishi.
Tizimni yaratish (rivojlantirish)ning tayinlanishi va maqsadi.
7-mavzu. Axborot tizimlariga talablar.
Tizimga talablar. Tizimga umumiy talablar.
Tizim bajaradigan funksiya
(masala)larga talablar. Ta’minot turlariga talablar.
8-mavzu. Texnik loyiha.
Texnik loyiha. Texnik loyiha bo‘limlari. Yechimli hujjatlar:
tizimdagi umumiy
masalalar bo‘yicha; tashkiliy ta’minot bo‘yicha.
9-mavzu. Asosiy mahsulotlar.
Yechimli hujjatlar: dasturiy, texnik va axborot ta’minoti bo‘yicha.
10-mavzu. Axborot tizimlari namunaviy loyihasi.
Axborot tizimlarini me’yoriy loyihalashdagi 6-8- bosqichlar.
Axborot tizimlari
namunaviy loyihasi. Namunaviy loyihadagi sinflar. Modelga-yo‘naltirilgan loyihalash.
11-mavzu. UML tili.
Vizual modellashning yagonalashgan tili (UML). Umumiy tushunchalar. Ob’ektga
yo‘naltirilgan tillardagi mexanizmlar.
12-mavzu. СASE tizimlar.
Rational Unified Process modeli. O‘xshash tijorat modellarini yaratish.
13-mavzu. Tijorat ob’ektlar modeli.
Tijorat
ob’ektlarining modelini yaratish. O‘xshash
tijorat modellarini
takomillashtirish. Tizimga talablarni yaratish.
− ichki saralash - bu operativ xotiradagi saralash

qoldirilishi maqsadga muvofiq bo'ladi (Bir xil kalitlilar o'zlariga nisbatan).
Bunday usulga turg'un saralash deyiladi.
Saralash samaradorligini bir necha mezonlar bo'yicha baholash mumkin: −
saralashga ketgan vaqt;
− saralash uchun talab qilingan operativ xotira;
− dasturni ishlab chiqishga ketgan vaqt.
Birinchi mezonni qarab chiqaylik. Saralash bajarilganda
taqqoslashlar yoki
almashtirishlar sonini hisoblash mumkin.
Faraz qilaylik, N = 0,01n2 + 10n – taqqoslashlar soni. Agar n < 1000
bo'lsa, u holda ikkinchi qo'shiluvchi katta, aks holda ya'ni, n > 1000 bo'lsa,
birinchi qo'shiluvchi katta bo'ladi.
Demak, kichkina n larda taqqoslashlar soni n ga teng bo'ladi, katta
n larda esa
n2 ga teng bo'ladi.
Saralashda taqqoslashlar soni quyidagi oraliqlarda bo'ladi:
dan gacha; – ideal holatda.
Saralashning quyidagicha usullari bor:
− qat'iy (to'g'ridan-to'g'ri) usullar; − yaxshilangan usullar.
Qat'iy usullarning afzalliklarini ko'rib chiqaylik:
1. Bilamizki, dasturlarning o'zlari ham xotirada joy egallaydi. To'g'ridan-
to'g'ri saralash usullarining dasturlari qisqa bo'lib, ular tushunishga oson.
Single-sex Education: Disadvantages

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Single-sex Education: Disadvantages
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bet | 9/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content Single-sex Education: Disadvantages
Separating boys and girls is unnecessary
It is unhealthy in terms of children’s social development
Many coeducational schools are extremely successful
A mixed-sex environment is more representative of real life
Coeducational schools provide children with better social skills for adult life
Advantages of Streaming (grouping children according to ability)
Some schools separate students according to their academic ability
Teachers can work at the right speed for their students
Teachers can plan more suitable lessons
High-level groups may progress faster
Lower level groups can benefits from a slower pace
Some teachers and parents support streaming for these reasons
Disadvantages of Streaming
Grouping by ability may have a negative impact on students
Children do not want to be seen as less intelligent than others
Streaming could damage students’ self esteem
They may lose motivation
Students from wealthier families tend to be better prepared
Children from poorer families may receive less support from parents
Mixed ability classes encourage everyone to achieve their potential.
Environment
Global warming
Gases such as carbon dioxide trap heat from the sun
This causes global temperatures to rise
This process is known as the greenhouse effect
Human activity is a major factor in the rise of the greenhouse gases
Factories and vehicles produce emissions and exhaust fumes
Many developing countries are becoming industrialized
The number of cars on our streets is growing
Cheap air travel is allowing more people to fly
Effects of Global Warming
Global warming will have a significant impact on our planet
Rising temperature will cause melting of the polar ice caps
Sea levels will rise
We can expect more extreme weather conditions
Flooding and droughts may become more common
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The 3D Object Roll tool - Rashid turgunbaev

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Rashid turgunbaev
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bet | 14/66 | Sana | 13.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,01 Mb. | | #263336 |
Bog'liq Kompyuter grafikasi Adobe Photoshop CC dasturida ishlash O‘QUV QO‘LLANMAThe 3D Object Roll tool - obyektni z o‘qi atrofida aylantiradi
T he 3D Object Pan tool - obyektni x va y o‘qlari yo‘nalishida siljitadi
The 3D Object Slide tool - obyektni x va z o‘qlari yo‘nalishida siljitadi
The 3D Object Scale tool - obyektni kattalashtiradi yoki kichiklashtiradi
The 3D Rotate Camera tool - kamerani x va y o‘qlari yo‘nalishida aylantiradi
The 3D Roll Camera tool - kamerani z o‘qi atrofida aylantiradi
The 3D Pan Camera tool - kamerani x va y o‘qlari bo‘ylab siljitadi
The 3D Walk Camera tool - kamerani y va z o‘qlari bo‘ylab siljitadi
T he 3D Zoom Camera tool - ko‘rish sohasini yaqinlashtiradi yoki uzoqlashtiradi
Uskunalardan foydalanish
Photoshop dasturi ishga tushirilganidan so‘ng dastur oynasining chap qismida uskunalar paneli aks ettiriladi. Uskunalar panelidagi ba’zi uskunalaming xususiyatlari o‘zgaruvchan xususiyatlar panelida aks ettiriladi.
Ba’zi uskunalarni kengaytirib ostida berkitilgan boshqa uskunalarni aks ettirish mumkin. Uskuna tugmasining pastki o‘ng qismida joylashgan uchburchak ushbu tugma ostida berkitilgan uskunalar mavjudligidan dalolat beradi:
U skuna tugmasi ustiga sichqon ko‘rsatkichini joylashtirib bir oz bosib turilsa uning ostida berkitilgan uskunalar aks ettiriladi:
Uskunani tanlash uchun quyidagilarning birini bajarish kerak:
uskunalar panelidan uskuna tugmasini bosish. Agar uskuna tugmasining pastki o‘ng qismida uchburchak mavjud bo‘lsa tugma ustiga sichqon ko‘rsatkichini joylashtirib bir oz bosib turiladi va uskuna tugmasining ostida berkitilgan uskunalar aks ettiriladi. Aks ettirilgan uskunalar ro‘yxatidan kerakli uskuna tugmasi bosiladi;
uskunaga biriktirilgan klaviatura tugmalar kombinatsiyasi bosish. Uskunaga biriktirilgan tugmalar kombinatsiyasi uskuna to‘g‘risida qisqacha ma’lumot beruvchi izohda ko‘rsatiladi:
Berkitilgan uskunalar to‘plami o‘rtasida o‘tishlarni amalga oshirish uchun klaviaturaning Shift tugmasini bosib turgan holda uskunaga biriktirilgan tugmani bosish kerak bo‘ladi.
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Oynalar va panellarni boshqarish

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Oynalar va panellarni boshqarish
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bet | 7/66 | Sana | 13.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,01 Mb. | | #263336 |
Bog'liq Kompyuter grafikasi Adobe Photoshop CC dasturida ishlash O‘QUV QO‘LLANMAOynalar va panellarni boshqarish
Foydalanuvchi hujjat oynasi va panellar joylashishini o‘zgartirib o‘zi istagan ko‘rinishdagi ish maydonini hosil qilib olishi mumkin. Hosil qilib olingan ish maydonini saqlab olish va bir nechta ish maydonlar o‘rtasida o‘tish mumkin.
Ish sohalarni saqlash va almashtirish
Photoshop dasturi joriy ochilgan panellar, ularning o‘lchamlari va joylashishini saqlab olish imkoniyatini beradi. Saqlab olingan ish sohasini istalgan vaqtda qayta tiklab olish mumkin. Saqlangan ish sohalar nomlari dasturing Windows menyusi Workspace bo‘limida aks ettiriladi.
Foydalanuvchi ish sohasini saqlash uchun quyidagilarni bajarish kerak:
Dastur Windows menyusining Workspace bo‘limidan New Workspace qatorini tanlash;
Ochilgan New Workspace dialog oynasida ish soha nomi kiritiladi:
3. Qo‘shimcha sifatida joriy klavishlar kombinatsiyalari, menyular va uskunalar panellari to‘plamlarini dialog oynasidagi tegishli Keyboard Shortcuts, Menus, Toolbar elementlarini belgilab saqlab olish mumkin.
Joriy ish sohasini almashtirish uchun dastur Windows menyusining Workspace bo‘limidan kearkli ish soha nomi tanlanadi. Biror bir saqlangan ish sohasini o‘chirish uchun dastur Windows menusining Workspace bo‘limidan Delete Workspace qatorini tanlash kerak. Ochilgan dialog oynasidan o‘chirish kerak bo‘lgan ish soha nomi tanlanadi:
Dastur bilan ishlash vaqtida foydalanish uchun turli panellar ochiladi. Photoshop dasturi ish sohasida bajarilgan oxirgi o‘zgarishlarni saqlab qoladi va navbatdagi ishga tushirilganda ish sohasini ushbu o‘zgarishlar bilan aks ettiradi. Joriy ish sohasida panellar joylashishining dastlabki holatiga qaytarish uchun dastur
Windows menyusining Workspace bo‘limidan Reset [ish soha nomi] qatorini tanlash kerak.
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5. Kompleks sonlar

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5. Kompleks sonlar
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Sana | 16.11.2023 | Hajmi | 67,25 Kb. | | #99501 |
Bog'liq 5.Kompleks sonlar
5. Kompleks sonlar
5.1. Kompleks sonning kelib chiqishi va ta’rifi
XVI-asrdan Sharqda fan inqiroz sari yuz tutdi. Islom dunyosi olimlarining asarlari X-XII asrlardan Evropaga tarqalib, tarjima qilina boshlagan va matematikaning XVI asrdan jadal rivojlanish yoliga kirishi uchun zamin hozirlagan. Jumladan al-Xorazmiy, al-Farg’oniy asarlari Ispaniya va Italiya orqali Ulug’bekning “Ziji jadidi Ko’ragoniy” asari Istanbul orqali Evropaga kirib borgan. Bu asarlar ta’sirida Italiyada matematikaga qiziqish kuchaydi(L.Fibonachchi, L.Pacholi, N.Tartalya). Arifmetik amallar qator daraja, ildiz va logarifm o’rin egallaydi. Uchinchi va to’rtinchi darajali tenglamalarning ildizlari haqiqiy bo’lsada, manfiy sondan kvadrat ildiz vositasidagina echish mumkinligi kompleks sonlarga ehtioj tug’diradi.
K.F.Gauss n –chi darajali kompleks sonlar maydonoda n ta chiziqli ko’paytuvchiga ajralishini(algebraning asosiy teoremasini)bekamu ko’st isbotladi. Gauss va Galua g’oyalari ta’sirida avval mustaqil rivojlangan sohalarning bir-biriga aralshuvi boshlandi: Kompleks o’zgaruvchili funksiyalar differensial tenglamalar va sonlar nazariyasiga, algebra-sonlar nazariyasi va kristallografiyaga tatbiq etildi.
Ta’rif. Agar x va y haqiqiy sonlar hamda i begi uchun :
munosabatlar o’rinli bo’lsa, u holda ifodaga kompleks son deyiladi.
belgini odatda mavhum birlik deyiladi.
kompleks sonda x – kompleks sonning haqiqiy qismi , yi - – kompleks sonning mavhum qismi deyiladi.
5.2.Kompleks son berilish usullari
(5.1) Z=x+iy kompleks sonning algebraik ko’rinishi
Z=x+iy kompleks son (x;y) haqiqiy sonlar jufti bilan aniqlanadi. Shuning uchun kompleks son tekislikdagi M(x;y) nuqta yoki uning radius - vektori bilan ifodalanadi.
y
y M(x,y)
r
O x x A
Chizmadan ko’rinib turibdiki
. bo’lgani uchun boladi va bu ifodaga kompleks sonning trigonometrik ko’rinishi
Misol:
z = -2+2i trigonametrik ko’rinishga keltiring
5.3.Kompleks son ustida amallar
Trigonometrik ko’rinishidagi kompleks sonlarni ko’paytirish va bo’lish.
berilgan bo’lsa, u holda
Misollar:
5.4. Muavr formulasi
Agar bolsa , u holda
Bu formulaning r = 1 bo’lgandagi ko’rinishiga Muavr formulasi deyiladi:
Kompleks sondan ildiz chiqarish
bu yerda k=0,1,2,…,n-1.
- Eyler formulasi deyiladi
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Arguments against Animal Testing

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Arguments against Animal Testing
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bet | 3/31 | Sana | 04.12.2023 | Hajmi | 155,5 Kb. | | #110614 |
Bog'liq content Arguments against Animal Testing
The benefits of research using animals do not justify the suffering caused
There are alternative methods of research
The lives of animals should be respected
Humans have no moral right to do experiments on animals
Arguments for Vegetarianism
Vegetarians do not eat foods that are produced by killing animals
Many people choose a vegetarian diet for moral or health reasons
A healthy diet is possible without eating meat
It is unnecessary to kill animal for food
A vegetarian diet may reduce the risk of disease like cancer
Many people question the treatment of animals in factory farms
Arguments against Vegetarianism
Vegetarians do not eat a balanced diet
In many cultures, meat is the main ingredient in traditional meals
Meat-eaters argue that animals are below humans in the food chain
It is completely natural for us to kill them for food
Our aim should be improve farming methods
Farms should produce organic food
Positives of Zoos
Zoos paly an important role in wildlife conservation
They can help to protect endangered species
Zoos allow scientists to study animals and their behavior
Zoos are educational, interesting and fun
Children, in particular, enjoy learning about animals
Zoos provide job opportunities.
Negatives of Zoos
Zoo animals are kept in artificial environments
They are kept in cages or have limited space
Zoo animals rely on humans
They lose the freedom to hunt for food
They best way to save endangered species is by protecting natural habitats.
Some people believe that zoos are unethical
Zoos exhibits animals with the aim of making money
We have no right to use animals for entertainment and profit.
Cities
Reasons for Urbanization
People move to cities in search of job opportunities
Cities offer greater employment possibilities and a higher standard of living
People migrate to cities from the countryside
Traditional activities like farming need fewer workers nowadays
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