nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
nl /etc/snort/snort.conf | grep output

nl /etc/snort/snort.conf | grep output 34 # 6) Configure output plugins
512 # Step #6: Configure output plugins
518 # output unified2: filename merged.log, limit 128, nostamp,
mpls_event_types, vlan_event_types
520 # output unified2: filename snort.log, limit 128, nostamp,
mpls_event_types, vlan_event_types
521 # output alert_unified2: filename snort.alert, limit 128, nostamp
522 # output log_unified2: filename snort.log, limit 128, nostamp
525 # output alert_syslog: LOG_AUTH LOG_ALERT
528 # output log_tcpdump: tcpdump.log
N O T E Your line numbers may differ slightly as the snort.conf file gets updated. We can see that the line
# Step #6: Configure output plugins
is line 512,
and we know we want the five lines preceding line 512 as well as line 512
itself (that is, lines 507 to 512).
Step 2 kali >
tail -n+507 /etc/snort/snort.conf | head -n 6 nested_ip inner, \
whitelist $WHITE_LIST_PATH/white_list.rules, \
blacklist $BLACK_LIST_PATH/black_list.rules
###################################################
# Step #6: Configure output plugins
Here, we use
tail
to start at line 507 and then output into
head
, and we
return just the top six lines, giving us the five lines preceding the
Step #6
line, with that line included.
Using sed to Find and Replace The
sed
command lets you search for occurrences of a word or a text
pattern and then perform some action on it. The name of the command
24 Chapter 2
is a contraction of stream editor. In its most basic form,
sed
operates like the
Find and Replace function in Windows.
Search for the word mysql in the snort.conf file using
grep
, like so:
kali >
tail -20 /etc/snort/snort.conf - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

22
Chapter 2
Numbering the Lines
Sometimes—especially with very long files—we may want the file to display
line numbers. Since
snort.conf has more than 600 lines, line numbers would
be useful here. This makes it easier to reference changes and come back to
the same place within the file.
To display a file with line numbers, we use the
nl
(number lines) com-
mand. Simply enter the command shown in Listing 2-4.
kali >
nl /etc/snort/snort.conf
612 #################################################################
613 #dynamic library rules
614 #include $SO_RULE_PATH/bad-traffic.rules
615 #include $SO_RULE_PATH/chat.rules
--
snip
--
630 #include $SO_RULE_PATH/web-iis.rules
631 #include $SO_RULE_PATH/web-misc.rules
632 #Event thresholding or suppression commands. See threshold.conf
633 include threshold.conf
Listing 2-4: Displaying line numbers in terminal output
Each line now has a number, making referencing much easier. Note that
this command skips the numbering for the blank lines.
Filtering Text with grep
The command
grep
is probably the most widely used text manipulation com-
mand. It lets you filter the content of a file for display. If, for instance, you
want to see all lines that include the word
output in your
snort.conf file, you
could use
cat
and ask it to display only those lines (see Listing 2-5).
kali >
Manipulating the Domain Name System

34
Chapter 3
kali >
dig hackers-arise.com ns
--
snip
--
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;hackers-arise.com. IN NS
;; ANSWER SECTION:
hackers-arise.com. 5 IN NS ns7.wixdns.net.
hackers-arise.com. 5 IN NS ns6.wixdns.net.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns6.wixdns.net. 5 IN A 216.239.32.100
--
snip
--
Listing 3-3: Using
dig
and its
ns
option to get information on a domain nameserver
Also note in the
ADDITIONAL SECTION
that this
dig
query reveals the IP
address (216.239.32.100) of the DNS server serving
hackers-arise.com. This
section may look slightly different on your system or may not show at all.
You can also use the
dig
command to get information on email
servers connected to a domain by adding the
mx
option (
mx
is short for
mail exchange server). This information is critical for attacks on email sys-
tems. For example, info on the
www.hackers-arise.com email servers is shown
in the
AUTHORITY SECTION
of Listing 3-4.
kali >
deformation - Tyner indb

The earth’s graticule and Projections 107
entire earth is represented on a flat map, the distortions become obvious and trouble-
some. Since many thematic maps are of countries or the entire earth, the selection of
a projection becomes of paramount importance. The cartographer must choose the
projection with the most advantages for the problem at hand and one for which the
distortions are least intrusive.
There are several ways of analyzing projection distortions. Tissot’s indicatrix,
which permits quantification of distortion, is frequently used. It is also possible to
draw
isoanamorphic lines (lines of equal distortion) on a projection to show distor-
tions graphically. Because this chapter is a nonmathematical introduction to projec-
tions, I will take a more intuitive, if less rigorous, approach.
Scale varies from point to point on any projection, and at any point the scale may
vary in different directions. The variations can be measured by a
scale factor (SF).
The SF is equal to the scale on the reference globe at the point divided by the defined
scale. If SF = 1.0, there is no distortion.
Distortion is not random on projections; it follows a definite, orderly pattern for
each projection. On every projection there is a point (or points) or line(s) that is (are)
correct, that is, the SF is 1.0. These are called
standard points and
standard lines.
For a short distance away from the point or line, there is an area of minimum distor-
tion. This is called the
area of least deformation or the
zone of best representation.
By matching this zone with the area to be represented and considering the desirable
properties, the cartographer can choose a suitable projection. In the discussion of
projection types that follows, the zone of best representation for the various groups
will be designated. Figure 6.15 shows the pattern of these zones for the major catego-
ries of projections.
fIgURe 12.7 - Tyner indb

220 CRiTiQUe OF MaPs
percentage of Americans this is not the case. Therefore, postal abbreviations for the
states have been added.
mAkeoVeR 6
Figure 12.9 is a map designed for a 6th-grade social studies workbook. It is for a
section on world ecoregions and shows the combined climates of ice cap and tundra,
and tropical and subtropical desert. Each section of the workbook has a map for the
subject and a series of questions to aid students in learning to read maps. These ques-
tions often involve size and distance comparisons as well as cardinal directions.
Critique
•
•
. The “before” map is drawn on a Mercator projection. Despite reso-
lutions against the use of cylindrical maps in school textbooks, and the well-known
criticisms of the Mercator in particular, a surprising number of school workbooks
continue to use rectangular projections, most often the Mercator. In addition, the
before map contains an elaborate compass rose that is unnecessary on this projec-
tion.
Interestingly, this is one of the most difficult maps to make over because such
workbooks must conform to state and national standards and these standards for
maps often seem to run counter to good cartographic practice.
Makeover: Figure 12.10
•
•
. Replacing the Mercator projection is the most obvious
improvement. Although it might be desirable to use an equal-area projection, many
of these compress the polar regions too much. The Robinson projection was selected
because it is a “compromise” projection that has a good appearance and doesn’t have
Percent of Labor Force
9.5% or higher
8.0% to 9.4%
6.5% to 7.9%
5.0% to 6.4%
4.9% or lower
U.S. UNEMPLOYMENT RATES
FEBRUARY 2009
U.S. Rate = 8.1 Percent
Source: Bureau of Labor
Statistics 3/27/2009
N
fIgURe 12.4 - Tyner indb

Putting it all Together 219
to east. A scale is provided that allows the reader to determine the approximate riding
distance between towns. If Suzanne desires, a table can be provided that shows exact
distances. The total distance ridden is also furnished.
mAkeoVeR 5
Newspaper maps must often be produced quickly, especially for breaking news, and
they must fit a specific format of number of columns and inches. The map in Figure
12.8 is intended to accompany an article on rising unemployment in the business sec-
tion of a newspaper.
Critique
•
•
. The “before” map displays the values in an appropriate manner and
wouldn’t mislead the reader. However, the north arrow is overwhelming, and of
course not appropriate. The shades of gray are quite close, especially for the 5–6.4
and 6.5–7.9 categories. Color is permitted in the newspaper, so having a color map
would be an attention grabber.
Makeover: Plate 12.3
•
•
. The redone map is in shades of red, which attract the
eye and permit a greater range by adding saturation as well as lightness; this allows
the lowest value states to have a tint. The unnecessary north arrow has been removed
and an explanatory title has been added to the legend. Although one would hope
that readers of the business section would have a knowledge of U.S. geography and
know the names and locations of the states, many studies have found that for a large
MS
AL
FL
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
49
1. San Diego, CA
2. Alpine, CA
3. Jacumba, CA
4. Brawley, CA
5. Blythe, CA
6. Salome, AZ
7. Wickenburg, AZ
8. Phoenix, AZ
9. Apache Jct., AZ
10. Globe, AZ
11. Safford, AZ
12. Lordsburg, NM
13. Silver City, NM
14. Kingston, NM
15. Las Cruces, NM
16. El Paso,TX
17. Fort Hancock, TX
18. Van Horn, TX
19. Fort Davis, TX
20. Marathon, TX
21. Sanderson, TX
22. Del Rio, TX
23. Brackettville, TX
24. Camp Wood, TX
25. Vanderpool, TX
26. Kerrville, TX
27. Blanco,TX
28. Bastrop, TX
29. La Grange, TX
30. Navasota, TX
31. Cleveland, TX
32. Silsbee, TX
33. Lake Charles, LA
34. Lafayette, LA
35. St. Francisville, LA
36. Hammond, LA
37. Bogalusa, LA
38. Wiggins, MS
39. Pascagoula, MS
40. Dauphin, Is., AL
41. Pensacola, FL
42. Crestview, FL
43. Marianna, FL
44. Quincy, FL
45. Wakulla Springs, FL
46. Perry, FL
47. High Springs, FL
48. Palatka, FL
49. St. Augustine, FL
San Diego
St. Augustine
TOURING THE SOUTHERN TIER
2009
0
200
400
800
Miles
LA
TX
NM
AZ
CA
Total Riding Miles San Diego
to St. Augustine 3,064
Dual-mode core-shell microbeads for photoacoustic imaging and SERS detection

|
Dual-mode core-shell microbeads for photoacoustic imaging and SERS detection
|
bet | 59/138 | Sana | 22.12.2020 | Hajmi | 492,9 Kb. | | #12926 |
Dual-mode core-shell microbeads for photoacoustic imaging and SERS detection
Daniil Nozdriukhin, Skoltech, Russia Nadezhda Besedina, SPBAU, Russia Vasiliy Chernyshev, Skoltech, Russia Olga Efimova, Skoltech, Russia Polina Rudakovskaya, Skoltech, Russia Dmitry Gorin, Skoltech, Russia Alexey Yashchenok, Skoltech, Russia
16.35 – 16.50
Microstructured optical waveguide-based endoscopic probe coated with silica submicron particles
Timur Ermatov, Skoltech Sergei V. German, Skoltech Anastasia A. Zanishevskaya, SPE LLC Nanostructured Glass Technology Andrey A. Shuvalov, SPE LLC Nanostructured Glass Technology Vsevolod Atkin, Saratov State University Andrey Zakharevich, Saratov State University Boris N. Khlebtsov, Saratov State University, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms Julia S. Skibina, SPE LLC Nanostructured Glass Technology Pavel Ginzburg, Tel Aviv University Roman E. Noskov, Tel Aviv University Valery V. Tuchin, Saratov State University, Tomsk State University, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences Dmitry A. Gorin, Skoltech
|
| |
– 15.30 - Table of contents Organizers

15.15 – 15.30
Gold nanoparticles in stress research
Elizaveta Panfilova, IBPPM RAS, Saratov, Russia
15.30 – 15.45
Efficient non-invasive transdermal drug delivery with the use of biodegradable particles
Yulia Svenskaya, Sararov State University, Russia, Ekaterina Lengert, Sararov State University, Russia Mariia Saveleva, Sararov State University, Russia Dmitry Gorin, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russia, Valery Tuchin, Sararov State University, Russia, Gleb Sukhorukov, Queen Mary University of London, UK
15.45 – 16.05
Au@RM@Au tags with different thickness of the metallic shell: synthesis and SERS properties
Andrey M. Burov, IBPPM RAS, Saratov, Russia Boris N. Khlebtsov, IBPPM RAS, Saratov, Russia Nikolai G. Khlebtsov, IBPPM RAS, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
16.05 – 16.20
Quantifying the color intensity in the test zone of lateral flow immunoassay strips as function of gold nanoparticle size and concentration
Roman Tumskiy, IBPPM RAS, Russia Boris Khlebtsov, IBPPM RAS, Russia Andrey Burov, IBPPM RAS, Russia Timofey Pylaev, IBPPM RAS, Russia Nikolai Khlebtsov, IBPPM RAS, Saratov State University, Russia
16.20 – 16.35
|
mAkeoVeR 3 - Tyner indb

Putting it all Together 217
Critique
•
•
. The “before” map, Figure 12.4, is not a bad map, but it is inappro-
priate for its purpose.
This map is for advertising, and thus Mike’s Bike Shop should
stand out. The map will be printed on cheap paper in the newspaper and in the yellow
pages so fine lines and small type will not reproduce well.
Makeover: Figure 12.5
•
•
. The redone map is simpler, but gives address, parking
information, and hours of operation, as well as the intersecting streets. Especially
now that one can get maps and directions quickly from the Internet, a detailed map
isn’t needed. The lines and type on the “after” map will reproduce better on cheap
paper.
mAkeoVeR 4
Suzanne has ridden her bicycle across country, an epic adventure that she wants to
recount in a book. The book is a travelogue that will be read by armchair travelers,
and especially bicycle tourists who want to make the trip vicariously. Her map will
appear on the inside cover of the book if it is hard-bound or as a two-page spread in
a paperback. She is restricted to black and white to keep costs down.
Critique: Suzanne’s “before” map, Figure 12.6, is typical of maps that one
•
•
finds in much travel literature. Surprisingly, many such books contain no maps, so
Suzanne’s could be considered “better than nothing,”
but with the space she has
available more could be done.
The before map doesn’t show the names of the starting and ending points nor
the direction of travel. It also has no scale. On this map a scale is necessary to show
Main Boulevard
Main Boulevard
Adriatic
Avenue
Adriatic Avenue
Baltic Avenue
Baltic Avenue
Caspian Avenue
Caspian Avenue
1st
Street
1st Street
2nd Street
2nd Street
3rd Street
3rd Street
4th Street
4th Street
5th Street
5th Street
6th Street
6th Street
Spring Avenue
Spring Avenue
Spring Ave.
High
School
2nd St.
Post Office
Baltic Ave.
State Bank
1st St. Super
Market
3rd St. Mall
Main Blvd.
Café
6th St.
Bakery
Jim’s Gas
Station
Mom’s
Bar and Grill
Tom’s Shoe
Repair
Mike’s
Bike
Shop
Changing Your DNS Server - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Changing Your DNS Server
In some cases, you may want to use another DNS server. To do so, you’ll edit
a plaintext file named /etc/resolv.conf on the system. Open that file in a text
editor—I’m using Leafpad. Then, on your command line, enter the precise
name of your editor followed by the location of the file and the filename.
For example,
kali >leafpad /etc/resolv.conf
Analyzing and Managing Networks
35
will open the resolv.conf file in the /etc directory in my specified graphical
text editor, Leafpad. The file should look something like Figure 3-1.
Figure 3-1: A typical resolv.conf file in a text editor
As you can see on line 3, my nameserver is set to a local DNS server at
192.168.181.2. That works fine, but if I want to replace that DNS server with,
say, Google’s public DNS server at 8.8.8.8, I could place the following line in
the /etc/resolv.conf file to specify the nameserver:
nameserver 8.8.8.8
Then I would just need to save the file. However, you can also achieve the
same result exclusively from the command line by entering the following:
kali >echo "nameserver 8.8.8.8"> /etc/resolv.conf
This command echoes the string
nameserver 8.8.8.8
and redirects it (
>
)
to the file
/etc/resolv.conf
, replacing the current content. Your /etc/resolv.conf
file should now look like Figure 3-2.
Figure 3-2: Changing the resolv.conf file to specify Google’s DNS server
If you open the /etc/resolv.conf file now, you should see that it points the
DNS requests to Google’s DNS server rather than your local DNS server.
Your system will now go out to the Google public DNS server to resolve
domain names to IP addresses. This can mean domain names take a little
longer to resolve (probably milliseconds). Therefore, to maintain speed but
keep the option of using a public server, you might want to retain the local
DNS server in the resolv.conf file and follow it with a public DNS server. The
operating system queries each DNS server listed in the order it appears in
/etc/resolv.conf, so the system will only refer to the public DNS server if the
domain name can’t be found in the local DNS server.
N O T E
If you’re using a DHCP address and the DHCP server provides a DNS setting, the
DHCP server will replace the contents of the file when it renews the DHCP address.
|
main Contains supported open source software
universe

|
main Contains supported open source software
universeBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackersmain Contains supported open source software
universe Contains community-maintained open source software
multiverse Contains software restricted by copyright or other legal
issues
restricted Contains proprietary device drivers
backports Contains packages from later releases
I don’t recommend using testing, experimental, or unstable reposito-
ries in your sources.list because they can download problematic software to
your system. Software that isn’t fully tested might break your system.
When you ask to download a new software package, the system looks
through your repositories listed in sources.list and selects the most recent
version of the desired package. Check first that the repository is compatible
for your system. Kali, like Ubuntu, is built on Debian, so these repositories
work pretty well with each of these systems.
To add a repository, just edit the sources.list file by adding the name of
the repository to the list and then save the file. Say, for example, you want
to install Oracle Java 8 on Kali. No apt package for Oracle Java 8 is available
as part of the default Kali sources, but a quick search online shows that the
fine folk at WebUpd8 have created one. If you add their repository to the
Adding and Removing Software
45
sources, you can then install Oracle Java 8 with the
apt-get install oracle
-java8-installer
command. At the time of writing, you would need to add
the following repository locations to sources.list in order to add the necessary
repositories:
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/webupd8team/java/ubuntu trusty main
deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/webupd8team/java/ubuntu precise main
Using a GUI-based Installer
Newer versions of Kali no longer include a GUI-based software installation
tool, but you can always install one with the
apt-get
command. The two
most common GUI-based installation tools are Synaptic and Gdebi. Let’s
install Synaptic and use it to install our Snort package:
kali >apt-get install synaptic
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
--snip--
Processing triggers for menu (2.1.47)...
kali >
Once you have Synaptic installed, you can start it by entering
synaptic
at
the command line prompt or from the GUI by going to Settings4Synaptic
Package Manager, which should open a window like the one in Figure 4-2.
Figure 4-2: The Synaptic Package Manager interface
|
| |
Chapter 3
Mapping Your Own IP Addresses

|
Chapter 3
Mapping Your Own IP AddressesBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackers36
Chapter 3
Mapping Your Own IP Addresses
A special file on your system called the hosts file also performs domain name–
IP address translation. The hosts file is located at /etc/hosts, and kind of as with
DNS, you can use it to specify your own IP address–domain name mapping.
In other words, you can determine which IP address your browser goes to
when you enter www.microsoft.com (or any other domain) into the browser,
rather than let the DNS server decide. As a hacker, this can be useful for
hijacking a TCP connection on your local area network to direct traffic to a
malicious web server with a tool such as
dnsspoof
.
From the command line, type in the following command (you can sub-
stitute your preferred text editor for
leafpad
):
kali >leafpad /etc/hosts
You should now see your hosts file, which will look something like
Figure 3-3.
Figure 3-3: A default Kali Linux hosts file
By default, the hosts file contains only a mapping for your localhost, at
127.0.0.1, and your system’s hostname (in this case, Kali, at 127.0.1.1). But you
can add any IP address mapped to any domain you’d like. As an example of
how this might be used, you could map www.bankofamerica.com to your local
website, at 192.168.181.131.
127.0.0.1 localhost
127.0.1.1 kali
192.168.181.131 bankofamerica.com
# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
Make certain you press
tab
between the IP address and the domain
key—not the spacebar.
As you get more involved in your hacking endeavors and learn about
tools like
dnsspoof
and Ettercap, you’ll be able to use the hosts file to direct
any traffic on your LAN that visits www.bankofamerica.com to your web server
at 192.168.181.131.
Pretty easy, right?
Analyzing and Managing Networks
|
| |
less /etc/snort/snort.conf - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

less /etc/snort/snort.conf
--
snip
--
# Snort build options:
# Options: --enable-gre --enable-mpls --enable-targetbased
--enable-ppm --enable-perfprofiling enable-zlib --enable-active
-response --enable-normalizer --enable-reload --enable-react
/etc/snort/snort.conf
Listing 2-8: Using
less
to both display terminal output a page at a time and filter results
26
Chapter 2
Notice in the bottom left of the screen that
less
has highlighted the
path to the file. If you press the forward slash (
/
) key,
less
will let you
search for terms in the file. For instance, when you first set up Snort, you
need to determine how and where you want to send your intrusion alert
output. To find that section of the configuration file, you could simply
search for output, like so:
# Snort build options:
# Options: --enable-gre --enable-mpls --enable-targetbased
--enable-ppm --enable-perfprofiling enable-zlib --enable-active
-response --enable-normalizer --enable-reload --enable-react
/output
This will immediately take you to the first occurrence of output and
highlight it. You can then look for the next occurrence of output by typing
n
(for next).
# Step #6: Configure output plugins
# For more information, see Snort Manual, Configuring Snort - Output Modules
#####################################################################
#unified2
# Recommended for most installs
# output unified2: filename merged.log, limit 128, nostamp, mpls_event_types,
vlan_event_types
output unified2: filename snort.log, limit 128, nostamp, mpls_event_types,
vlan_event_types
# Additional configuration for specific types of installs
# output alert_unified2: filename snort.alert, limit 128, nostamp
# output log_unified2: filename snort.log, limit 128, nostamp
# syslog
# output alert_syslog: LOG_AUTH LOG_ALERT
:
As you can see,
less
took you to the next occurrence of the word output
and highlighted all the search terms. In this case, it went directly to the out-
put section of Snort. How convenient!
Summary
Linux has numerous ways of manipulating text, and each way comes with
its own strengths and weaknesses. We’ve touched on a few of the most use-
ful methods in this chapter, but I suggest you try each one out and develop
your own feel and preferences. For example, I think
grep
is indispensable,
and I use
less
widely, but you might feel different.
|
E XERCISES - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

3
A N A LY Z I N G A N D M A N A G I N G
N E T W O R K S
Understanding networking is crucial for
any aspiring hacker. In many situations,
you’ll be hacking something over a network,
and a good hacker needs to know how to con-
nect to and interact with that network. For example,
you may need to connect to a computer with your
Internet Protocol (IP) address hidden from view, or you may need to redi-
rect a target’s Domain Name System (DNS) queries to your system; these
kinds of tasks are relatively simple but require a little Linux network know-
how. This chapter shows you some essential Linux tools for analyzing and
managing networks during your network-hacking adventures.
Summary - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

4
A D D I N G A N D R E M O V I N G
S O F T W A R E
One of the
most fundamental tasks in
Linux—or any operating system—is add-
ing and removing software. You’ll often
need to install software that didn’t come with
your distribution or remove
unwanted software so it
doesn’t take up hard drive space.
Some software requires other software to run, and you’ll sometimes
find that you can download everything you need at once in a
software package,
which is a group of files—typically libraries and other dependencies—that
you need for a piece of software to run successfully.
When you install a
package, all the files within it are installed together, along with a script
to make loading the software simpler.
In
this chapter, we examine three key methods for adding new soft-
ware: apt package manager, GUI-based
installation managers, and git.
Qurilmaning ishlashi tavsifi - Muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti qarshi...

DS 18 B 20 harorat sensorini Arduino platformasiga ulaymiz Quyidagi diagramma bo'yicha UNO (1-rasm):
Guruch. 1. Ulanish sxemasi
Sensorning ma'lumotlariga va quvvat oyoqlariga tortish rezistorini ulaymiz, bu signalning quvvat manbaiga yoki erga tortilishini ta'minlaydi.
Shuningdek, biz potentsiometrni 1-rasmdagi diagramma bo'yicha ulaymiz. Potansiyometr tugmachasini aylantirib, uning qarshiligini sozlash orqali kontrastni sozlashingiz mumkin.
Sensorni 7-pinga ulaymiz. O'chirish qo'shimcha ADCni talab qilmaydi, chunki harorat ushbu sensor tomonidan darhol raqamli kodga aylanadi.
Arduino dasturi orqali mikrokontrollerga yuklangan dasturiy kod orqali ishlaydi IDE . Arduino IDE - Muhit o'z dasturlaringizni yozish, kompilyatsiya qilish va Arduino-mos keladigan qurilma platasida o'rnatilgan mikrokontroller xotirasiga yuklash uchun mo'ljallangan. Rivojlanish muhitining asosi Processing/Wiring tilidir - bu aslida oddiy C++.
Arduino muhitiga kiritilgan misollardan olingan Dallas Temperature kutubxonasidan foydalanmasdan pinout uchun moslashtirilgan IDE . OneWire protokoli uchun OneWire Arduino kutubxonasini va displey uchun LiquidCrystalni o'rnatish kerak edi . Kod Unda bor ko'rinish :
#o'z ichiga
#o'z ichiga
OneWire ds(7);
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
bekor o'rnatish (yaroqsiz)
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.print("Temp DS18B20:");
}
bekor halqa (bo'sh)
{
bayt i;
bayt ma'lumotlari[12];
bayt manzili[8];
float selsiy, farengeyt;
ds.search(addr);
ds.reset();
ds.select(addr);
ds.write (0x44, 1);
kechikish (1000);
ds.reset();
ds.select(addr);
ds.write(0xBE);
uchun (i = 0; i < 9; i++)
{
data[i] = ds.read();
}
int16_t raw = (ma'lumotlar [1] << 8) | maʼlumotlar[0];
agar (ma'lumotlar [7] == 0x10)
{
xom = (xom va 0xFFF0) + 12 - ma'lumotlar[6];
} boshqa {
bayt cfg = (ma'lumotlar [4] & 0x60);
agar (cfg == 0x00)
xom = xom << 3;
Aks holda (cfg == 0x20)
xom = xom << 2;
Aks holda (cfg == 0x40) \
xom = xom << 1;
}
Selsiy = (suzuvchi) xom / 16,0;
Farengeyt = Selsiy * 1,8 + 32,0;
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("C:");
lcd.setCursor(2, 1);
lcd.print(selsiy);
lcd.setCursor(8, 1);
lcd.print("F:");
lcd.setCursor(10, 1);
lcd.print (farengeyt);
}
|
September 26, Thursday - Table of contents Organizers

|
Table of contents Organizers
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bet | 70/138 | Sana | 22.12.2020 | Hajmi | 492,9 Kb. | | #12926 |
September 26, Thursday
JOINT POSTER/INTERNET SESSION AND INTERNET DISCUSSION
(Building 3, 3rd floor Hall)
Chair (M): Georgy G. Akchurin; Saratov State University (Russia), Institute of Precise Mechanics and Control RAS
17.30-19.30
1M. Coherence signal in interference microscopy of thin films with quasimonochromatic illumination
Daria Klychkova, Saratov State University, Russia; Vladimir P. Ryabukho, Saratov State University; Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
2M. Application of the attenuated total reflection method with excitation of surface plasmons in the diagnosis of biological objects
ValeriyYatsishen, Potapova I.I., Volgograd State University, Russia
3M.Evaluation of human skin capillary blood flow velocity outside the nailfold
Mikhail Volkov, Nikita Margaryants, Andrey Potemkin, ITMO University, Russia
4M.Evaluation of low-coherence interference fringes by the modified Teager-Kaiser algorithm
Igor Gurov,Vlada Kapranova, ITMOUniversity, St. Petersburg. Russia.
5M. Influence of the numerical aperture of the illumination field on the frequency spectrum of the interference image of stratified object in optical microscopy A. Dyachenko1,2, V. Ryabukho1,2; 1Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control Russian Academy of Sciences; 2Saratov State University. Russia
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Functionalization of plasmon nanoparticles with biological molecules

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Functionalization of plasmon nanoparticles with biological molecules
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bet | 65/138 | Sana | 22.12.2020 | Hajmi | 492,9 Kb. | | #12926 |
Functionalization of plasmon nanoparticles with biological molecules Mitrofanova A.N., Saratov State University, Russia Vostrikova A.M., Saratov State University, Russia Shpuntova D.V., Saratov State University, Russia Bakal A.A., Saratov State University, Russia Tsyupka D.V., Saratov State University, Russia Stepuhovitch M.S., Saratov State University, Russia Sukhorukov G.B., Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom Goryacheva I.Yu., Saratov State University, Russia
Polysaccharide-based carbon nanoparticles synthesis and modification by 1,2- ethylenediamine Regina O. Rashchevskaya, Saratov State University, Russia, Yulia A. Podkolodnaya, Saratov State University, Russia, Alina A. Kokorina, Saratov State University, Russia, Irina Yu. Goryacheva, Saratov State University, Russia
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Adding Repositories to Your sources.list File

44
Chapter 4
the Kali repositories in my
sources.list file; that way, when I request to down-
load a new software package, if it isn’t in the Kali repository, my system may
find it in the Ubuntu repository.
You can find the
sources.list file at
/etc/apt/sources.list and open it with any
text editor. I’ll again be using Leafpad. To open the
sources.list file, enter the
following into your terminal, replacing
leafpad
with the name of your editor:
kali >
leafpad /etc/apt/sources.list
After entering this command, you should see a window like the one in
Figure 4-1, with a list of Kali’s default repositories.
Figure 4-1: Kali’s default repositories in sources.list
Many Linux distributions divide repositories into separate categories.
For instance, Debian breaks out its repository categories as follows:
distance - Tyner indb

distance
Although the terms distance and direction are used frequently in everyday speech,
there is confusion about the actual meaning of these terms when referring to the
earth’s spherical surface.
On a plane, the shortest distance between two points is a straight line, but on
the surface of a sphere, the shortest distance between any two points is an arc of a
great circle. Thus, if two points are located on the same parallel, the shortest distance
between them is not along the parallel (unless that parallel is the equator), but along
the great circle joining them. This circle can be found on a globe by stretching a string
between the two points.
A convenient unit for measuring distance on a globe is the nautical mile. A nauti-
cal mile is defined as 1 minute of arc on a great circle of a sphere that has the same
surface area as the earth. Given the scale of most globes, this can be taken as simply
94 THE GEOGRAPHIC AND CARTOGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK
1 minute of arc on a great circle. We determine the number of minutes separating the
two points by comparing the distance to the same distance on the equator of a globe.
If it is necessary to have this distance in statute miles or kilometers, it can easily be
converted (see Table 5.2).
Direction
Direction is a difficult concept when applied to a sphere. Direction is the position of
one point on the earth relative to another point. It is usually measured by the angle
between a reference line and the shortest line that can be drawn from the point of
observation and the point of interest. Since the shortest distance on a sphere is a great
circle, then the direction of a point on the earth is the angle between the reference
line (a meridian) and an arc of the great circle running between the observer and the
point. Direction is stated as azimuth. Azimuth is the angle measured clockwise from
the reference line and has a value between 0° and 360° (Figure 6.3).
Compass directions such as north, south, east, west, southwest, and so on are
commonly used when speaking of direction. A line of constant compass direction,
that is, a line that cuts all meridians at the same line, is called a loxodrome or rhumb
line. An aircraft following a constant compass course other than north or south
would trace a spiral toward a pole, but would theoretically never reach it. This is a
loxodromic curve (Figure 6.4).
In this book “loxodrome” or “line of constant compass direction” refers to
these directions, and the term “azimuth” is used synonymously with “direction.” It
is important to distinguish between these terms because, as we shall see later, some
projections show lines of constant compass direction as straight lines, and others
show great circles as straight lines. These are mutually exclusive except for the merid-
ians and the equator.
PRIME
MERIDIAN
WEST
TO 180°
EAST
TO
180°
150°E
180°
120°E
90°E
60°E
30°E
0°
150°W
120°W
90°W
60°W
30°W
FIGURE 6.2.
Meridians are lines of equal longitude.
The earth’s graticule and Projections 95
|
Updating Packages - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Adding and Removing Software
43
lists... Done
, as you can see in Listing 4-5. Note that the name of the reposi-
tory and the values—time, size, and so on—might be different on your
system.
Upgrading Packages
To upgrade the existing packages on your system, use
apt-get upgrade
.
Because upgrading your packages may make changes to your software, you
must be logged in as root before entering
apt-get upgrade
. This command
will upgrade every package on your system that apt knows about, meaning
only those stored in the repository (see Listing 4-6). Upgrading can be
time-consuming, so you might not be able to use your system for a while.
kali >
apt-get upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and no longer required:
--
snip--
The following packages will be upgraded:
--
snip--
1101 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 318 not upgraded.
Need to get 827 MB of archives.
After this operation, 408 MB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
Listing 4-6: Upgrading all out-of-date packages with apt-get upgrade
You should see in the output that your system estimates the amount of
hard drive space necessary for the software package. Go ahead and enter
Y
if you want to continue and have enough hard drive space for the upgrade.
Changing Permissions - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

54
Chapter 5
So, if we wanted to represent all permissions for the owner, group, and
all users, we could write it as follows:
7 7 7
Here’s where the shortcut comes in. By passing
chmod
three octal digits
(one for each
rwx
set), followed by a filename, we can change permissions on
that file for each type of user. Enter the following into your command line:
kali >
chmod 774 hashcat.hcstat
Looking at Table 5-1, we can see that this statement gives the owner all
permissions, the group all permissions, and everyone else (other) only the
read permission.
Now we can see whether those permissions have changed by running
A Sample Run - L in u X ba sics for h acke rs g e t t I n g s t a r t e d w I t h

Bash Scripting
91
Command
Function
fg
Brings a job to the foreground
getopts
Parses arguments to the shell script
jobs
Lists background (
bg
) jobs
pwd
Displays the current directory
read
Reads a line from standard input
readonly
Declares as variable as read-only
set
Lists all variables
shift
Moves the script's input parameters to the left, dropping the first
parameter (useful for consuming all parameters one at a time)
test
Evaluates arguments
[[
Performs a conditional test
times
Prints the user and system times
trap
Traps a signal so the script can handle it (untrapped signals terminate
the script)
type
Displays how each argument would be interpreted as a command
umask
Changes the default permissions for a new file
unset
Deletes values from a variable or function
wait
Waits for a background process to complete
Summary
Scripting is an essential skill for any hacker or system administrator. It
enables you to automate tasks that would normally take hours of your time,
and once the script is saved, it can be used over and over again. Bash script-
ing is the most basic form of scripting, and you will advance to Python
scripting with even more capabilities in Chapter 17.
Chapter 4
Using apt to Handle Software

|
Chapter 4
Using apt to Handle SoftwareBog'liq linuxbasicsforhackers40
Chapter 4
Using apt to Handle Software
In Debian-based Linux distributions, which include Kali and Ubuntu, the
default software manager is the Advanced Packaging Tool, or apt, whose
primary command is
apt-get
. In its simplest and most common form, you
can use
apt-get
to download and install new software packages, but you can
also update and upgrade software with it.
N O T E
Many Linux users prefer to use the
apt
command over
apt-get
. They are in many ways
similar, but
apt-get
has more functionality and I think it’s worth learning early on.
Searching for a Package
Before downloading a software package, you can check whether the pack-
age you need is available from your repository, which is a place where your
operating system stores information. The apt tool has a search function that
can check whether the package is available. The syntax is straightforward:
apt-cache search keyword
Note that we use the
apt-cache
command to search the apt cache, or the
place it stores the package names. So if you were searching for the intrusion
detection system Snort, for example, you would enter the command shown
in Listing 4-1.
kali >apt-cache search snort
fwsnort - Snort-to-iptables rule translator
ippl - IP protocols logger
--snip--
snort - flexible Network Intrusion Detection System
snort-common - flexible Network Intrusion Detection System - common files
--snip--
Listing 4-1: Searching the system with apt-cache for Snort
As you can see, numerous files have the keyword snort in them, but near
the middle of the output we see
snort – flexible Network Intrusion Detection
System
. That’s what we are looking for!
Adding Software
Now that you know the snort package exists in your repository, you can use
apt-get
to download the software.
To install a piece of software from your operating system’s default
repository in the terminal, use the
apt-get
command, followed by the key-
word
install
and then the name of the package you want to install. The
syntax looks like this:
apt-get install packagename
Adding and Removing Software
|
| |
Ta’lim - Soxibaxon ped texnologiya doc

Ta’lim jarayonini loyihalash –
alohida
olingan
ta’lim
jarayonini
samarali
tashkil
etish
uchun
barcha
omillarni
inobatga
olgan
holda
uning
loyihasi
(sxemasi)ni
ishlab chiqish.
Ta’lim jarayonini loyihalash qonuniyatlari: 1)
ta’lim jarayonini loyihalash samaradorligi
barcha
tarkibiy
qismlar
(texnologik
jarayon,
texnologik
jarayonni
boshqarish,
vosita,
axborot,
ijtimoiy-iqtisoiy
ta’minot)ning
loyihada maqsadga muvofiq
yoritilishi bilan
ta’minlanadi;
2) ta’limning texnologik vositalari talabalarning
individual
xususiyatlariga
bog’liq
holda
tanlanadi;
3)
loyihalash
strategiyalari
pedagogning
individual uslubiga muvofiq tanlanadi;
4) loyihalash sifati teskari aloqa (pedagog va
talaba
o’rtasidagi)
ko’lami,
loyihalash
mazmuni
hamda
barcha
omillar
samaradorligiga bog’liq.
O’quv mashg’ulotlariga tayyorgarlik ko’rishning asosiy bosqichi – o’quv jarayonini loyhalashtirish hisoblanadi. Bu jarayon quyidagi bosqichlarda tashkil etiladi :
•
Darsning maqsadi va natijasini belgilash.
•
Nazorat topshiriqlari va baholash mezonlarini ishlab chiqish .
•
Ta’lim resurslarini tanlash.
•
O’qitish va o’qish strategiyasini belgilash. •
Dars turini tanlash.
•
Darsning texnologik xaritasini ishlab chiqish.
177
Ta’lim jarayonni loyihalash:
loyiha – mazmun –
faoliyat uchligi
asosida tashkil etiluvchi pedagogik faoliyatning umumiy mohiyatini
yaxlit ifodalashga xizmat qiluvchi loyihani yaratishdir.
Soxibaxon ped texnologiya doc - bet 105

|
Soxibaxon ped texnologiya doc Pdf ko'rish
|
bet | 105/123 | Sana | 10.06.2024 | Hajmi | 5,19 Mb. | | #262306 |
Bog'liq Pedagogik texnologiya O\'quv qo\'llanma Mirhayitova Soxibaxon“Loyixa” tushunchasining mazmuni, mohiyati, loyixaviy
ta`limning o`ziga xosliklari, o`quv loyixasi tushunchasi va
“Loyixa” texnologiyasini ishlab chiqish qoidasi
•
Loyiha
– aniq reja, maqsad asosida uning natijalanishini kafolatlagan
holda pedagogik faoliyat mazmunini ishlab chiqishga qaratilgan harakat
mahsuli.
•
Loyiha
dastur, model, texnologik xarita va b. ko’rinishda namoyon
bo’ladi.
Loyihalash'>Loyihaning
asosini ilmiy yoki ijodiy xarakterga ega g’oya tashkil etadi.
•
Loyihalash
– boshlang’ich ma’lumotlarga asoslanib, kutiladigan natijani
taxmin qilish, bashoratlash, rejalashtirish orqali faoliyat yoki jarayon
mazmunini ishlab chiqishga qaratilgan amaliy harakat.
•
Loyihalash
“g’oya – maqsad – kutiladigan natija – taxmin qilish –
bashoratlash – rejalashtirish” tizimiga asoslanadi.
•
Loyihalash
turli
vositalar,
ya’ni
moddiy
buyum,
qurollar,
m:
komp
ь
yuter texnologiyasi, vatmon yoki oddiy ish qog’ozi, chizg’ich,
qalam, marker, nusxa ko’chirish apparati (printer) va b. yordamida
amalga oshiriladi.
Loyihani yaratish uchun pedagog:
•
loyihani yaratish;
•
jarayonni bosqichma-bosqich yoritish;
•
maqsadni aniq belgilash;
•
maqsadga mos vazifalarni aniqlash;
•
o’quv materiali mazmunini shakllantirish;
•
savol va topshiriqlar tizimini ishlab chiqish;
•
jarayon yoki tadbirning metodik tuzilishini
asoslash;
•
talaba bilim darajasini tashxislash va uning
tarbiyalanganlik darajasini baholash kabi
ko’nikma va malakalarga ega bo’lishi zarur.
|
| |
qilish, to’g’ri qarorlar qabul qilish va h.k.)ni aniqlash

qilish, to’g’ri qarorlar qabul qilish va h.k.)ni aniqlash Muammoli vaziyatni real holatlar bilan taqqoslashni o’rganish Auditoriya uchun tushunarsiz ma’lumotlarni aniqlash Muammoni yechishda muhim, ahamiyatga ega ma’lumotni aniqlash Muammoli vaziyatni hal qilish uchun oraliq bosqichlarni ilg’ab олиш Muammoni hal etishning muqobil yo’llarini belgilash Muammoli vaziyatni muhokama qilish vaqtini aniqlashtirish Muhokamani tugatish tartibini belgilash Yakuniy izohlash va muhokama natijasini xulosalash s h a r t 1.2. “HAMKORLIK PEDAGOGIKASI” TEXNOLOGIYASI, UNING MAZMUNI VA O`ZIGA XOSLIKLARI •
Hamkorlik pedagogikasi XX asrning 80-yillarida
rivojlana boshladi va ta`limdagi ko`pgina innovatsion
jarayyonlarni hayotga chorladi. “Hamkorlik
pedagogikasi” texnologiya negizida taniqli rus va chet
el pedagoglarning tajribasi yotadi. Ular:
•
- K.D.Ushinskiy, N.I.Piragov, L.N.Tolstoy,
V.A.Suxomlinskiy
•
- J.J.Russo, Ya.Korchak, K.Rodjers, E.Bern,
S.T.Shatskiy
•
Hamkorlik pedagogikasi 4 ta asosiy yo`nalish bo`yicha
amalga oshiriladi.
Sh.A.Amonashvilining asosiy maqsadlari
:
•
bolaning shaxsiy xislatlarini namoyon qilish
orqali unda olijanob insonning shakllanishi,
rivojlanishi va tarbiyalanishiga imkon
tug`dirmoq;
•
bolaning qalbi va yuragini ulug`lamoq;
•
boladagi bilishga bo`lgan kuchlarni
rivojlantirish va shakllantirish;
•
keng va chuqur bilim hamda malaka olish
uchun sharoit tug`dirmoq;
•
ideal tarbiya-bu o`z-o`zini tarbiyalamoq
175
Sh.A.Amonashvili o`zining texnologiyasini amalga
oshirish uchun quyidagi metodika va metodik
usullardan foydalandi:
•
insonparvarlik
•
shaxsiy yondoshuv
•
muloqot maxorati
•
oila pedagogikasining qo`shimcha
imkoniyati
•
o`quv faoliyati
TA`LIMNING “KEYS-STADI” TEXNOLOGIYASI

|
TA`LIMNING “KEYS-STADI” TEXNOLOGIYASI Pdf ko'rish
|
bet | 103/123 | Sana | 10.06.2024 | Hajmi | 5,19 Mb. | | #262306 |
Bog'liq Pedagogik texnologiya O\'quv qo\'llanma Mirhayitova SoxibaxonTA`LIMNING “KEYS-STADI” TEXNOLOGIYASI
“Keys-stadi”
ingliz tilida “case” – metod, “study” –
muammoli vaziyat; vaziyatli tahlil yoki muammoli
vaziyatlarni tahlil qilish-degan ma`noni anglatadi.
“Keys-stadi” texnologiyasi
o’quvchi (talaba)larda
aniq, real yoki sun’iy yaratilgan muammoli vaziyatni
tahlil qilish orqali eng maqbul variantlarini topish
ko’nikmalarini shakllantirishga xizmat qiladi.
“Keys-stadi” texnologiyasi
o’quvchi (talaba)larni
bevosita har qanday mazmunga ega vaziyatni
o’rganish va tahlil qilishga o’rgatadi.
“Keys-stadi” texnologiyasining umumiy
tuzilmasi quyidagicha
:
Ta’lim
maqsadi
Keys-
st
а
di
Ta’lim
shakli
Axborotlarni
to’plash usul
va vositalari
Ilmiy
izlanish usul
va vositalari
Axborotlarni
ilmiy tahlil qilish
usul va vositalari
Ta’lim
metodlari
Ta’lim
vositalari
Ta’limiy usul
va vositalari
Ta’limni boshqarish
usul va vositalari
T
a’lim
natijas
i
Mashg’ulotlarda metodni qo’llash quyidagi
bosqichlarda kechadi:
O’quv keyslari
Yechimni
topish bo’yicha
individual
ishlash
Yechimni
topishda
jamoaviy
hamkorlikka
erishish
Asosiy
bosqich
lar
Samaradorlik
173
Keys-stadi bo’yicha jamoaviy hamkorlik quyidagi tartibda
amalga oshadi:
Jamoa (guruh) a’zolari muammo, uning
echimlari yuzasidan o’zaro fikr almashadi
Masalaning yechimi sifatida taqdim etilgan
вариантлар
муҳокама
қилиниб
,
уларнинг
мақбуллиги
баҳоланади
Muammoli vaziyatning yechimini ta’minlaydigan aniq
dastur ishlab chiqiladi
Masalaning yechimi to’g’risida ma’lumot beradigan
taqdimot tayyorlanadi va unda namoyish etiladigan
materiallar rasmiylashtiriladi
Texnologiyani alohida o’quvchi(talaba)ga nisbatan
qo’llash tartibi quyidagicha:
O’quvchi (talaba)ning texnologiyaning mohiyati, uni qo’llash shartlari bilan tanishishi
O’quvchi (talaba) tomonidan taqdim etilgan muammoning o’rganilishi
Muammo bo’yicha asosiy va 2-darajali masalalarni ajratish, shakllantirish,
асослаш
Tadqiqot metodlarini tanlash va vaziyatni tahlil qilish
Taqdim etilgan muammoning amaliy jihatlarini o’rganish
Berilgan muammoni yechishning usul va vositalarini aniqlash
Taqdim etilgan yechimni ta’lim amaliyotiga tadbiq etish chora-tadbirlarini belgilash
Texnologiya yordamida tanlangan muammoning yechimini
topishga doir muhokama quyidagi bosqichlarda tashkil qilinadi
Keys mazmuni bilan
shaxsan tanishish
Kichik guruhlarda muhokama qilish
(“Sindikat” metodi yordamida)
Jamoa o’rtasida umumiy muhokamani tashkil
etish
174
Muammoni muhokama qilishda e’tiborni quyidagilarga
qaratish zarur
O’rganilayotgan muammoning asosiy maqsadini aniqlash
Ehtimoli bo’lgan “to’siq”lar (2-darajali masalalarni muhokama
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