nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
What products are susceptible? - The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg

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The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg
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bet | 8/15 | Sana | 30.03.2021 | Hajmi | 58,92 Kb. | | #13786 |
What products are susceptible? All software products can be vulnerable to information disclosure threats. Therefore, a proactive security review process for every Microsoft product must outline various information disclosure threats and how they will be addressed.
Denial of Service (D.o.S.)
What's the threat? Making the system temporarily unavailable or unusable, such as those attacks that could force a reboot or restart of the user's machine. When an attacker can temporarily make the system resources (processing time, storage, etc.) unavailable or unusable, we have a denial of service threat. We must protect against certain types of D.o.S. threats for improved system availability and reliability. However, some types of D.o.S. threats are very hard to protect against, so at a minimum, we must identify and rationalize such threats.
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The S.T.R.I.D.E. model - The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg

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The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg
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bet | 3/15 | Sana | 30.03.2021 | Hajmi | 58,92 Kb. | | #13786 |
The S.T.R.I.D.E. model
Security threats fall into the six major categories listed below. In addition to describing each general threat and the kind of software products or services it typically applies to, we offer a few examples to convey the varying character of the threat. Some of the examples may be specific to certain products or technologies; it is important to understand the threats themselves but not necessarily all of the examples given.
Spoofing of user identity
What's the threat? Breaching the user's authentication information. In this case, the hacker has obtained the user's personal information or something that enables him to replay the authentication procedure. Spoofing threats are associated with a wily hacker being able to impersonate a valid system user or resource to get access to the system and thereby compromise system security.
What do these threats have in common?
Ability to change the identity associated with an object.
Subversion of secure logon mechanism.
Successful use of false credentials.
Examples
A malicious impersonator (man-in-the-middle) spoofs IP (Internet Provider) packets to hijack a connection to the server. The vulnerability here is that the communication protocol does not incorporate confidentiality and integrity.
Authentication protocols that use passwords without encrypting them disclose credential information to an eavesdropper, who can then use this information to impersonate the user. The vulnerability here is the credential information not being properly encrypted.
The "Trojan horse" attack is the classic spoof. For example, on a browser, a Web page might manage to construct an exact visual duplicate of the system log on and trick users into typing their name and password, not suspecting they were actually giving the information to a Web site.
Replay where an eavesdropper can replay a client/server exchange to the server, such as a debit transaction on a bank account. The vulnerability here is missing sequence detection.
Forging e-mail. The vulnerability in this case is lack of confidentiality and integrity in email messages.
DNS poisoning. The vulnerability here is ability to do untrusted updates to the DNS database.
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What products are susceptible? - The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg

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The threats to our products April 1, 1999 By Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg
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bet | 5/15 | Sana | 30.03.2021 | Hajmi | 58,92 Kb. | | #13786 |
What products are susceptible? All kinds of software products are susceptible to data tampering threats and therefore should address them.
Repudiability
What's the threat? An untrusted user performing an illegal operation without the ability to be traced. Repudiability threats are associated with users (malicious or otherwise) who can deny a wrongdoing without any way to prove otherwise.
What do these threats have in common?
Way to avoid logging of important security event.
Spoofing can be used to conceal the identity of the agent performing an action.
Tampering with security log can result in repudiability.
Examples
Undetected attempts to break into a user account by the attacker. Lack of failed logon audits is the vulnerability.
Deletion of sensitive files inadvertently or maliciously by a user. Lack of successful auditing of object access is the vulnerability.
Ability of a malicious user to deny sending a message. Lack of message signatures and signature verification before accepting the message is the vulnerability.
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What do these threats have in common?

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What do these threats have in common?
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bet | 7/15 | Sana | 30.03.2021 | Hajmi | 58,92 Kb. | | #13786 |
What do these threats have in common?
Access to data that is considered private and should be protected.
Sniffing data in a network or that has been left inadvertently in storage.
Protocols or interfaces that improperly reveal user identity, location, passwords, and so on.
Spoofing or elevation of privilege can enable an attacker to access private data.
Examples
A data leak due to buffer overflow attacks. Sophisticated attacks where a handcrafted call stack is placed on a vulnerable system call (a call to the operating system or a privileged server) can cause privileged code to return information, such as kernel memory dump, back to the unauthorized user. The vulnerability here is buffer overflow in the system service.
Data snooping due to man-in-the-middle attacks, as well as simple attacks where packets that have not been encrypted are sniffed. Also, sophisticated attacks where a flawed authentication protocol enables an eavesdropper to compute or break the session key so that the eavesdropper can decrypt all encrypted and signed data. The vulnerability for all three of these examples is security flaws in the network protocol.
Getting data without authorization. Servers that miss impersonating the client or that return data without performing access checks (even if they do impersonations) are examples. The vulnerabilities include missed impersonation (i.e., client gets access to anything server has access to) or missed access checks.
Obtaining data by exposing common coding errors, such as memory leaks.
Improper handling of reused object. Data leaks can result when a file system allocates the same blocks to a new file that were previously held by another file and returns data from those blocks without upper or lower watermark checks or without clearing the blocks before reallocation.
Win9x PWL (password log) files can be used to reveal a user's credential information, leading to other sophisticated attacks.
Physical access to a hard disk leading to unauthorized data access.
When a client accesses data from multiple locations, the compartmentalizing of mishandled information can cause information from one location to become available to another.
Office macros can be used to leak data. These fall into the general class of Trojan vulnerabilities.
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2. Tarmaqlar topologiyası Reje

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2. Tarmaqlar topologiyası Reje
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Sana | 24.09.2024 | Hajmi | 15,43 Kb. | | #272269 |
Bog'liq 2.Tarmaqlar topologiyası
2.Tarmaqlar topologiyası
Reje
Lokal tarmaqlar
Aymaqlıq tarmaqlar
Global tarmaqlar
Jaylasıwına qarap kompyuter tarmaqların úsh tiykarǵı bólimge ajıratıw múmkin:
Lokal tarmaqlar (LAN -Lokal Area Network);
Aymaqlıq tarmaqlar (MAN -Metropolitan Area Network);
Global tarmaqlar (WAN -Wide Area Network).
Lokal kompyuter tarmaǵı kompyuterler bir xana (kompyuter xanası), imarat, shólkem yáki bir qansha filiallardan ibarat bolǵan shólkem sheńberinde kompyuter tarmaqları shólkemlestiriw múmkinliginde bolıp tabıladı. Ádette bunday tarmaqlardıń sheńberi 2-2,5 km menen sheklenedi.
Aymaqlıq kompyuter tarmaǵı bir-birinen birqansha uzaq aralıqta jaylasqan kompyuterlerdi hám lokal kompyuter tarmaqların óz-ara baylanıstıradı. Ol úlken qala, ekonomikalıq aymaq hám ayırıqsha mámleket sheńberindegi abonentlerdi óz ishine alıwı múmkin. Ádette, aymaqlıq esaplaw tarmaǵı abonentleri ortasında aralıq onlap, júzlep kilometrdi qurawı múmkin.
Global kompyuter tarmaqları túrli mámleketler yáki materiklerde jaylasqan abonentlerdi baylanıstıradı. Bul tarmaq abonentleri ortasındaǵı baylanıs telefon, radio baylanıs hám kosmos baylanıs sisteması negizinde ámelge asırıladı.
Global, aymaqlıq hám lokal kompyuter tarmaqlarınıń baylanısıwı kóp tarmaqlı ierarxiyanı qurap, ulıwma dúnya boyınsha informaciya resursların baylanıstırıw hám olardan kollektiv ráwishte paydalanıw imkaniyatların jaratadı.
LOKAL TARMAQ TOPOLOGIYASÍ
Lokal tarmaq topologiyası degende tarmaq kompyuterlerin bir-birine qaraǵanda fizikalıq jaylastırıw hám olardı baylanıs kabelleri menen jalǵawı túsiniledi. Aytıp ótiw kerek, topologiya túsinigi eń aldın lokal (jergilikli) tarmaqlarǵa tiyisli bólip, olarda baylanıslar dúzilisin ańsat kóriw múmkin. Global tarmaqlarda baylanıslar dúzilisi paydalanıwshılardan adette bekitilgen hám onshelli zárúr emes, hár bir baylanıs seansı jeke óziniń joli menen orınlanıwı múmkin.
Ásbap - uskenelerge, isletiletuǵin kabel túrine, múmkin bolǵan hám eń qolay almasıwdı basqaratuǵın usullarına, islew isenimliligine, tarmaqlardı keńeytiriw imkaniyatlarına topologiya talapların belgileydi. Tarmaqtan paydalanıwshıǵa topologiyanı tańlaw tez - tez bólmasa da, tiykarǵı topologiyalardıń qasiyetleri, olardıń ústinlikleri hám kemshiliklerin biliwi kerek.
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Jabborov qobil latifovich naqsh elimentlarini kompyuter texnologiyalari asosida tuzishni takomillashtirish

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Jabborov qobil latifovich naqsh elimentlarini kompyuter texnologiyalari asosida tuzishni takomillashtirish
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bet | 1/35 | Sana | 03.04.2021 | Hajmi | 5,91 Mb. | | #14044 |
O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O’RTA MAXSUS
TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI ALISHER NAVOIY NOMIDAGI SAMARDAND DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI
Qulyozma huquqida
UDK 73/76:681.14
JABBOROV QOBIL LATIFOVICH
NAQSH ELIMENTLARINI KOMPYUTER TEXNOLOGIYALARI ASOSIDA TUZISHNI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH
5A140901-Kasb ta’limi (Amaliy san’at) mutaxassisligi
Magistr
Akademik darajasini olish uchun yozilgan
D I S S E R T A T S I Y A
ILMIY RAHBAR
Texnika fanlarinomzodi,
Dotsent. M.Umarov
SAMARQAND - 2012
Mundarija
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Kirish………………………………………………………………3-12
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I BOB.
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O’zbekistonda naqsh san’atining rivojlanishi va taraqqiyoti...13-34
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1.1.-§.
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O’zbekistonda naqqoshlik san’ati va yetakchi naqqoshlar tarixi va rivojlanishi……………………………………………………...…13-22
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1.2. -§.
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Xalq amaliy san’atida naqsh kompozitsiyalari va ularning
turlari………………………………………………………….….23-34
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II-Bob.
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Table 21.18 Road-map of IEEE 802.16 standard

to ensure operability among devices based on the 802.16 standard from different
manufacturers. For more details see references [18] and [19].
21.15 World Interoperability for MicroAccess, Inc. (WiMAX)
WiMAX is an advanced technology solution based on an open standard, designed
to meet the need for very high speed wide area Internet access, and to do so in a
low-cost, ﬂ exible way. It aims to provide business and consumer broadband service
on the scale of the metropolitan area network (MAN). WiMAX networks are
designed for high-speed data and will spur innovation in services, content, and new
mobile devices. WiMAX is optimized for IP-based high-speed wireless broadband
which will provide for a better mobile wireless broadband Internet experience.
The WiMAX product certiﬁ cation program ensures interoperability between
WiMAX equipment from vendors worldwide. The certiﬁ cation program also considers
interoperability with high performance radio metropolitan area network (HIPERMAN),
the European telecommunication standards institute’s MAN standard.
With its large range and high transmission rate, WiMAX can serve as a
backbone for 802.11 hotspots for connecting to the Internet. Alternatively, users
can connect mobile devices such as laptops and handsets directly to WiMAX base
stations without using 802.11. Mobile devices connected directly can achieve a
Hotspot
Internet
Office building
Mobile client
Home with external CPE
WiMAX NLOS connect
ion
WiMAX NLOS backhaul
Fixed backhaul
Home with
portable CPE
IEEE 802.11
CPE : Customer Premises Equipment
Interference between Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11

764
21 Wireless Local Area Networks
r
max
range of interference between Bluetooth and 802.11 device
(SIR)
min
minimum signal-to-interference ratio
In the second scenario, the MS transmits to the AP and BT-1 receives from
BT-2 (see Figure 21.21), then
r
max
d
[(SIR)
min
(
P
MS
/P
BT
) ]
1/
(21.10)
where:
P
MS
is the transmitted power of the IEEE 802.11 device
If instead of the IEEE 802.11 FH system, the IEEE 802.11 DS system is used
in the scenario of Figure 21.20, the minimum required received SIR at the mobile
terminal is reduced by the processing gain,
G
p
, of the DSSS. The interference
range
r
max
will be:
r
max
d
[(SIR)
min
(
P
BT
/{
P
AP
G
P
}) ]
1/
(21.11)
Similarly, the interference range for the second scenarios of Figure 21.21 with the
IEEE 802.11 DSSS system will be:
r
max
d
[(SIR){
P
MS
/(
P
BT
G
P
}) ]
1/
(21.12)
BT-2
BT-1
802.11 FH
Device
802.11 FH
AP
P
BT
P
MS
d
r
Activity 3a Read the text and give it a title

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Activity 3a Read the text and give it a title
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bet | 2/2 | Sana | 21.02.2024 | Hajmi | 3,95 Mb. | | #160057 |
Bog'liq 8-sinf-6.-Music-of-UzbekistanActivity 3a Read the text and give it a title.
Objectives: to read for main ideas; to inform PP of the existence of music festivals in Uzbekistan; to encourage them to participate in the festivals
PP read the text silently. When they finish, ask them for their suggestions for a title. Ask them to explain why they suggest the title. Accept all reasonable answers.
Activity 3b Work in pairs. Answer the questions.
Objectives: to practise expressing opinions and giving reasons; to encourage PP to consider the purpose of such festivals and how it might be helpful for their development
Give PP a minute to think about their answers. You could let PP discuss in pairs first before answering.
1 Have you ever been to 'Umid Yulduzlari ?
2 Would you like to go to 'Umid Yulduzlari’9 Why/why not?
3 Would you like to take part or to listen? How do you think you would feel?
V. Post-activity
Play the board game
VI. Homework 5 min
Read the new words and their meaning. Translate the words in bold.
A band is a group of people who play modern music together. There are jazz bands, rock bands. The word ‘group’ is also used e.g. a folk group, a pop group.
A concert is music which is played for a lot of people, a performance given by musicians or singers.
To rehearse' means to practise something such as a play or concert before giving a
public performance.
VII. Evaluation. Giving marks
Deputy director on educational affairs: ____________________ Signature _________
Siz istagan mavzuda namunaviy dars ishlanmaga buyurtma berishingiz mumkin. Biz bilan bog’lanish +998911800985 telegram raqami, @hasanboy_uz ga xabar yuboring.
Narxi 15 ming so’m
To’lov payme yoki click orqali
Bog’lanish faqat telegram orqali. Telefon qilinganda yoki sms yozilganda javob bermasligim ehtimoli yuqori
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Table 21.17 Aggregated throughputs for different cases

21.13 Interference between Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11
Interference range is the distance between two devices in order to interfere, if
they operate at the same frequency and at the same time. The interference range
depends on propagation characteristics of the environment, processing gains of
receivers, and transmitted power from different devices. Figure 21.20 shows an
interference scenario between a transmitting Bluetooth (BT-1) device and a receiv-
ing IEEE 802.11 FH device (MS) collocated in the same area [15]. Since IEEE
802.11 AP is usually located on the wall to provide better coverage, it is less likely
to be interfered with by the BT. Interference occurs when the MS receives infor-
mation from the AP, and BT-1 transmits information to BT-2; or when the MS
transmits and BT-1 receives. We assume the interference from the AP to the BT
devices and the interference of the BT-2 to the IEEE 802.11 device are negligible.
When the MS is receiving and BT-1 is transmitting, the signal-to-interference ratio
(SIR) at the MS will be:
SIR
S
I
KP
AP
d
KP
BT
r
P
AP
P
BT
r
d
(21.8)
r
max
d
[(SIR)
min
(
P
BT
/P
AP
) ]
1/
(21.9)
where:
P
AP
and
P
BT
the transmitted power by the AP and Bluetooth devices, respectively
path loss exponent
d
distance between AP and IEEE 802.11 device
r
distance between Bluetooth device and IEEE 802.11 device
Operating system

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Operating system
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Sana | 21.03.2020 | Hajmi | 30,5 Kb. | | #8294 |
ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM
A. Skrynnyk, PM-81
The Android™ operating system is an open platform developed by Google® to power mobile devices and handsets. The idea behind the platform is to align technology companies with mobile companies to produce an open operating system that can be updated by any developer to improve the product for its users.
The development of the Android™ operating system takes place through the use of a software development kit (SDK) provided by Google®. Developers can use this kit to create applications that work with the Android™ platform to bring other applications in addition to those included with the Android™ operating system itself. The SDK includes an emulator that will help developers test their applications on the Android™ operating system. The Android™ operating system is also built under the concept that each application is just as good as the applications that are included.
Developers looking to create mobile experiences using the Android™ operating system can do so using a standard Application Programming Interface (API) allowing them to use a series of procedure calls to access common elements within Android™. The API will also allow items stored within the mobile environment, like contacts and appointments, to integrate with web services like online calendar and email services.
Applications created to run on the Android™ operating system are written using the Java programming language and will run on a custom developed virtual machine environment running on top of a Linux kernel. This will allow the base of the platform to run a Linux® based operating system and keep a small footprint on the device, the virtual machine that will run the OS itself helps to separate the applications from the core OS and can improve the stability of the device.
It will be interesting to see which devices and carriers choose to support the Android™ operating system. This new and very open platform could completely change the way mobile phones and other devices are used and what services are available for them. The fact that development is open to any who wish to attempt it, will also allow those with the need to create custom applications for a mobile device to do so without requiring the purchase of special software and other items, which can sometimes be difficult to obtain.
ELA – A. M. Dyadechko
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Xom ashyoni tayyorlash - Umumiy kimyoviy texnologiya fanidan tayyorlagan

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Umumiy kimyoviy texnologiya fanidan tayyorlagan
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bet | 4/4 | Sana | 11.07.2024 | Hajmi | 2,9 Mb. | | #267376 |
Bog'liq DAVLATOVA SURAYYO UKT 2 - 2. Xom ashyoni tayyorlash
- Kauchuk mahsulotlarning asosiy materiallari - bu xom kauchuk, aralashtiruvchi, tolali materiallar va metall materiallar. Xom kauchuk asosiy materialdir; aralashtiruvchi vosita kauchuk mahsulotning ma'lum xususiyatlarini yaxshilash uchun qo'shilgan yordamchi materialdir; tolali material (paxta, kenevir, jun va turli tuman, sintetik tola) va metall materiallar (po'lat sim, mis sim) Bu mexanik kuchni oshirish va mahsulot modifikatsiyasini cheklash uchun kauchuk buyumlar uchun skelet materiallari sifatida ishlatiladi.
- Xom ashyoni tayyorlashda ingredientlarni formulaga muvofiq tortish kerak. Xom kauchuk va aralashtiruvchi vositaning bir-biri bilan bir tekis aralashishiga imkon berish uchun ba'zi materiallarni qayta ishlash kerak bo'ladi:
- Xom-kauchukni 60-70 ° S gacha bo'lgan pechda yumshatish kerak, so'ngra kauchukka kesib, mayda bo'laklarga bo'linadi;
- Parafin, stearin kislotasi, rozin va boshqalar kabi ommaviy aralashtiruvchi vositalarni maydalash kerak;
- Agar chang aralashtiruvchi moddada mexanik aralashmalar yoki qo'pol zarralar bo'lsa, uni tekshirish kerak.
- Suyuq aralashtiruvchi vosita (qarag'ay tar, kumaron) suvni eritishi, eritishi, bug'lanishi va filtrlashi kerak;
CHIQINDI REZINA KAUCHUK VA PLASTIK PIROLIZ USKUNALARINI ISHLAB CHIQARUVCHI
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Zbekiston respublikasi

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Zbekiston respublikasi
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bet | 1/5 | Sana | 14.05.2024 | Hajmi | 420,31 Kb. | | #233166 |
Bog'liq конвейер O\'tkir tayyor 100%
ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI
OLIY TA’LIM, FAN VA INNOVATSIYALAR VAZIRLIGI
ISLOM KARIMOV NOMIDAGI
TOSHKENT DAVLAT TEXNIKA UNIVERSITETI OLMALIQ FILIALI
“ Konchilik elektr mexanikasi” kafedrasi
“Transport mashinalari” fanidan
KURS LOYIHASI
Bajardi: “_________” “_______” “_________________”
Guruh Imzo FISh
Komissiya a’zolari
Qabul qildi: “________” “_______” “_________________”
Baho (a’lo,yaxshi va qon-li) Imzo FISh
Qabul qildi: “________” “_______” “_________________”
Baho (a’lo,yaxshi va qon-li) Imzo FISh
Qabul qildi: “________” “_______” “_________________”
Baho (a’lo,yaxshi va qon-li) Imzo FISh
Olmaliq-2024
MUNDARIJA
Kirish 3
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Angren ko‘mir koni to‘g‘risidagi umumiy ma’lumotlar 5
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Hisoblash uchun kerakli ma’lumotlar 9
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Konveyer unumdorligi hisoblari 13
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Dvigatel quvvatini hisoblash 17
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Xulosa 22
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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar 23
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Kirish
O‘zbekiston Respublikasida konchilik sanoatini rivojlantirish, mavjud korxonalar ishlab chiqarish quvvatlarini oshirish borasida ulkan loyihalar amalga oshirilmoqda. Ona zaminimiz dahali sanoat ishlab chiqarishiga jalb etilmagan juda katta va qimmat baho mineral-xomashyo resurslari mavjud..
O‘zbekiston o‘z yer osti boyliklari bilan xaqli sur’atda fahrlanadi bu yerda Mendeleev davriy sistemasining deyarli barcha elementlari topilgan. Hozirga qadar 2,7 mingdan ziyod turli foydali qazilma konlari va ma’dan namoyon bo‘lgan istiqbolli joylari aniqlangan. Ular 100 ga yaqin mineral-xomashyo turlarini o‘z ichiga oladi. Shundan 60 dan ortig’i ishlab chiqarishga jalb etilgan. 900 dan ortiq kon qidirib topilgan bo‘lib, ularning tasdiqlangan zahiralari 970 milliard AQSH dollarini tashkil etadi. Har yili respublika konlaridan taxminan 5,5 milliard dollarlik miqdorda foydali qazilmalar qazib olinmoqda va ular yoniga 6,0-7,0 milliard dollarlik yangi zahiralar qo‘shilmoqda.
Bir qator foydali qazilmalar, chunonchi, oltin, uran, mis, tabiiygaz, volfram, kaliy tuzlari, fosforitlar, kaolinlar bo‘yicha O‘zbekiston tasdiqlangan zahiralar va istiqbolli rudalar jihatidan MDH dagina emas, balki butun dunyoda ham yetakchi o‘rinlarni egallaydi. Masalan, oltin zahiralari bo‘yicha respublika dunyoda 4-o‘rinda, uni qazib olish bo‘yicha 7-o‘rinda, mis zahiralari bo‘yicha 10-11 o‘rinda, uran zahirasi bo‘yicha 7-8-o‘rinda turadi. O‘zbekiston hududidagi ko‘mir zahiralari 3 milliard tonnani tashkil qiladi. Undan 1 milliard tonnasi yuqori sifatli toshko‘mirdir.
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi hududida 400 ga yaqin foydali qazilma konlari ishlatilmoqda. Bu konchilik korxonalari jumlasiga O‘zbekistondagi eng yirik korxonalardan biri bo‘lgan Olmaliq kon metallurgiya kombinatiga qarashli noyob Qalmaqqirkoni, Navoiy kon metallurgiya kombinatiga qarashli dunyodagi gigant konlar jumlasiga kiruvchi Muruntov koni, «O’zbekko‘mir» aksionerlik jamiyatiga qarashli respublika ko‘mir konlari orasida eng noyob kon hisoblanadigan Angren ko‘mir koni va ko‘mirni yer osti usulida qazib olish boshqarmasi hamda ko‘plab neft va tabiiy gaz qazib chiqaruvchi korxonalar kiradi.
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Idеntifikatsiyalovchi shaxsiy nomеrni himoyalash

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Idеntifikatsiyalovchi shaxsiy nomеrni himoyalash
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bet | 6/9 | Sana | 31.05.2024 | Hajmi | 229,57 Kb. | | #258110 |
Bog'liq 2-labaratoreya (1)Idеntifikatsiyalovchi shaxsiy nomеrni himoyalash
PIN-kodlarini himoyalash to’lov tizimi xavfsizligini ta’minlashda asosiy omildir. SHu bois u faqatgina karta soxibiga ma’lum bo‘lib, elеktron to’lovlar tizimida saklanmaydi va bu tizim bo’yicha yuborilmaydi.
Umuman olganda, PIN bank tomonidan bеrilishi yoki mijoz tomonidan tanlanishi mumkin. Bank tomonidan bеriladigan PIN quyidagi ikki variantdan biri bo’yicha amalga oshiriladi:
mijoz hisob rakami bo’yicha kriptografiya usuli bilan tashkillashtiriladi; Ushbu jarayonni quyidagicha tasvirlash mumkin:
Ushbu usulning afzalligi PIN kodi elеktron to‘lovlar tizimida saqlanishi shart emasligidadir, kamchiligi esa ushbu mijoz uchun boshqa PIN bеrilishi lozim bo’lsa, unga boshqa hisob rakami ochilishi zapypligida, chunki bank bo‘yicha bitta kalit qo‘llaniladi.
bank ixtiyoriy PIN kodni taklif qiladi va uni o‘zida shifrlab saqlaydi. PIN kodni xotirada saqlash qiyinligi ushbu usulning asosiy kamchiligi bo‘lib hisoblanadi.
Mijoz tomonidan tanlaniladigan PIN kod quyidagi imkoniyatlarga ega:
barcha maqsadlar uchun yagona PIN kodni qo‘llash;
harflar va rakamlardan tashkil etilgan PIN kodni xotirada saqlashning еngilligi.
PIN kodi bo’yicha mijozni idеntifikatsiyalashtirishning ikki usuli bilan bajarish mumkin:
algoritmlashgan va algoritmlashmagan.
Algoritmlashmagan tеkshirish usulida elеmеnt kiritgan PIN kod ma’lumotlar bazasidagi shifrlangan kod bilan takkoslaniladi.
Algoritmlashgan tеkshirish usulida esa mijoz kiritgan PIN kod, maxfiy kalitdan foydalangan holda, maxsus algoritm bo’yicha o’zgartiriladi va kartadagi yozuv bilan takkoslaniladi.
Ushbu usulning afzalliklari:
asosiy kompyutеrda PIN saklanmaydi va natijada pеrsonal tomonidan ugirlanmaydi;
PIN kod tеlеkommunikatsiya orqali junatilmaydi.
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Tarmoq sеrvislari - 2 – mavzu: Telekommunikatsiya. Elеktron to’lovlar tizimida axborotlarni himoyalash

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2 – mavzu: Telekommunikatsiya. Elеktron to’lovlar tizimida axborotlarni himoyalash
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bet | 3/9 | Sana | 31.05.2024 | Hajmi | 229,57 Kb. | | #258110 |
Bog'liq 2-labaratoreya (1)Tarmoq sеrvislaridan foydalanish siyosatiga mos ravishda Internetda sеrvislar ruyxati aniqlanadi. Bu sеrvislapga foydalanuvchilar chеklangan kirish bilan ta’minlanadi.
Kirish usullarining chеklanilishi — foydalanuvchilar tomonidan Internet sеrvislariga chеt yullar orqali ruxsatsiz kirishni takiklash ma’nosini bildiradi.
Tarmoq sеrvislariga kirish siyosati, odatda, quyidagi printsiplarga moyil buladi:
bеrish;
- Internetdan ichki tarmoqka kirishni takiklash, lеkin ichki tarmoqdan Inlernеtga kirishga ruxsat
- vakolatlangan tizimlarga Internetdan ichki tarmoqka chеklanilgan kirishga ruxsat bеrish. Tarmoqlararo ekranlarga kuyiladigan vazifaviy talablar quyidagilardan iborat.
tarmoq darajasida fil’trlashga talab;
amaliy darajada fil’trlashga talab;
administratsiyalash va fil’trlash qoidalarini urnatish bo’yicha talab;
tarmoqli autеntifikatsiyalash vositalariga talab;
ishlarni kayd qilish va hisobni olib borish bo’yicha talab.
Tarmoqlararo ekranning asosiy komponеntlari
Tarmoqlararo ekranlarning komponеntlari sifatida quyidagilarni kеltirish mumkin: fil’trlovchi -yullovchi; tarmoq, darajasidagi shlyuzlar; amaliy darajadagi shlyuzlar.
Fil’trlovchi-yullovchi — yullovchi, ya’ni kompyutеr tarmogida ma’lumotlarni manzilga еtkazuvchi dasturlar pakеti yoki sеrvеrdagi dastur bo‘lib, u kiradigan va chikadigan pakеtlarni fil’trlaydi. Pakеtlarni fil’trlash, Ya’ni ularni aniq tuplamga tеgishliligini tеkshirish, TCP/IP sarlavxasidagi ma’lumotlar bo’yicha amalga oshiriladi.
Fil’trlashni aniq xost-kompyutеr, Ya’ni tarmoqdagi fayl va kompyutеr zaxiralariga kirishni amalga oshiruvchi kompyutеr yoki port, Ya’ni xabarlarni junatish yoki qabul qilish maqsadida mijoz va sеrvеr tomonidan ishlatiladigan va odatda 16 bitli son bilan nomlanadigan dastur bilan ulanishda amalga oshirish mumkin. Masalan, foydalanuvchiga kеraksiz yoki ishonchsiz xost-kompyutеr va tarmoqlar bilan ulanishda takiklash.
Fil’trlash qoidalarini ifodalash qiyin jarayon bo‘lib, ularni tеstlash vositalari mavjud emas.
Birinchi qoida bo’yicha, Internetdan kеladigan TCP pakеti junatuvchining porti 1023 dan katta bo’lsa, 123.4.5.6 manzilli qabul qiluvchiga 23-portga o’tkaziladi (23-port TELNET sеrvеri bilan bog’langan).
Ikkinchi qoida ham xuddi shunday bo‘lib, faqatgina 25-port SMTP bilan boglangan.
Tarmoq darajasidagi shlyuzlar ishonchli mijozlardan aniq xizmatlarga surovnomasini qabul qiladi va ushbu aloqaning qonuniyligini tеkshirgandan sung ularni tashki xost-kompyutеr bilan ulaydi. SHundan sung shlyuz ikkala tomonga ham pakеtlarni fil’trlamay junatadi.
Bundan tashkari, tarmoq darajasida shlyuzlar bеvosiga sеrvеr-dallol vazifasini bajaradi. Ya’ni, ichki tarmoqdan kеladigan IP manzillar o’zgartirilib, tashkiriga faqatgina bitta IP manzil uzatiladi. Natijada, ichki tarmoqdan tashki tarmoq bilan tugridan-tugri boglamaydi va shu yul bilan ichki tarmoqni himoyalash vazifasini utaydi.
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Nazorat uchun - 2 – mavzu: Telekommunikatsiya. Elеktron to’lovlar tizimida axborotlarni himoyalash

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2 – mavzu: Telekommunikatsiya. Elеktron to’lovlar tizimida axborotlarni himoyalash
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bet | 9/9 | Sana | 31.05.2024 | Hajmi | 229,57 Kb. | | #258110 |
Bog'liq 2-labaratoreya (1)Nazorat uchun savollar:
Ruxsat etilgan manzillarning ruxsat etilmagan vaktda ulanishi.
Tarmoqlararo ekran va uning vazifalari.
Tarmoqlararo ekranning asosiy komponеntlari.
Elеktron to‘lovlar tizimi haqida ma’lumot bering.
Idеntifikatsiyalovchn shaxsiy nomеrni himoyalash.
POS tizimi xavfsizligini ta’minlash.
Bankomatlar xavfsizligini ta’minlash.
Internetda mavjud elеktron to’lovlar xavfsizligini ta’minlash.
Axborotlarni himoyalashning asosiy vositalari.
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SDH, Ethernet… - 1. Kompyuter tarmoqlarining hududiy taqsimlanishi

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1. Kompyuter tarmoqlarining hududiy taqsimlanishi
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bet | 21/33 | Sana | 27.07.2024 | Hajmi | 135,55 Kb. | | #268806 |
Bog'liq 1. Kompyuter tarmoqlarining hududiy taqsimlanishi-fayllar.orgSDH, Ethernet…(traktlarni formatlashtirish);
FOC, DRRL, CC…(signallarni uzatish muhiti).
Kirish sathi turli xil aloqa vositalarini (komp`yuter, telefon apparati, faksimil` apparati va boshqalar) tarmoqqa ulanishini ta`minlaydi.Unda quyidagi texnologiyalar ishlatilidi:
Simsiz aloqa texnologiyasi (Wi-Fi);
Kabel televideniesi tizimi asosidagi texnologiya (DOCSIS, DVB);
Optik tolali texnologiya (PON);
Texnologiya xDSL.
Simsiz sensor tarmoqlari, xizmatlari va qo’llanilish soxalari?
Sensor tarmog'i – bu fazoviy taqsimlangan sensor tugunlari tizimi, bir-biri bilan va qo'llanilishiga qarab AKT (axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari) infratuzilmasi bilan qabul qilish, qayta ishlash, real sharoitlar to'g'risida ma'lumot berish va kerak bo'lsa, bunday ma'lumotlarga javob berishni o’z zimmasiga oladi. . Belgilangan "simsiz sensor tarmog'i" (WSN – Wireless Sensor Network) (yoki Sensorli aloqa tarmog‘i) simsiz tizimlarning yangi sinfini anglatadi, ular tarqatilgan, o'z-o'zidan tashkil topgan va avtonom quvvat manbalari bilan jihozlangan miniatyurali elektron qurilmalar tarmog'ining alohida elementlarining ishdan chiqishiga chidamlidir. Bunday tarmoqning aqlli tugunlari xabarlarni zanjir bo'ylab uzatishga qodir, bu tizimni past o'tkazuvchan quvvat bilan ta'minlaydi va shuning uchun tizimning yuqori energiya samaradorligini ta'minlaydi.
Sensor tarmoq xizmatlari to'g'ridan-to'g'ri sensor tuguni yoki xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayder tomonidan taqdim etilishi mumkin.
Xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayder sensorli tarmoqlardan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yoki magistral orqali sensorli ma'lumotlarni to'playdi va taqdim etilayotgan xizmatlarning muzokaralarini osonlashtiradi. Ba'zi hollarda, sensor tugunidan xizmatlarni so'raydigan foydalanuvchi ushbu tugun bilan bevosita bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin. Sensorli tarmoqlar kuzatuv va bashoratlar (taxminlar) sohasida ilovalarni topdi. Bunday qo'llanmaning hayotiy misoli - Simsiz sensor tarmog'i bilan milliy ob-havo xizmati tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan real vaqt rejimida real vaqtda (ogohlantirish) tizimida avtomatlashtirilgan mahalliy baholash. Meteorologik / gidrologik sensor qurilmalari, sensorlar bu sharoitdagi mahalliy ob-havo, harorat, shamol kabi bir necha xususiyatlarini o'lchashadi.
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Amaliy darajadagi - 2 – mavzu: Telekommunikatsiya. Elеktron to’lovlar tizimida axborotlarni himoyalash

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2 – mavzu: Telekommunikatsiya. Elеktron to’lovlar tizimida axborotlarni himoyalash
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bet | 4/9 | Sana | 31.05.2024 | Hajmi | 229,57 Kb. | | #258110 |
Bog'liq 2-labaratoreya (1)Amaliy darajadagi shlyuzlar fil’trlovchi-yullovchilarga mansub bo‘lgan kamchiliklarni bartaraf etish maqsadida ishlab chiqilgan. Ushbu dasturiy vosita vakolatlangan sеrvеr, dеb nomlanadi va u bajarilayotgan xost-kompyutеr esa amaliy darajadagi shlyuz dеb ataladi.
Amaliy darajadagi shlyuzlar mijoz va tashki xost-kompyutеr bilan tugridan-tugri aloqa urnatishga yul kuymaydi. SHlyuz kеladigan va junatiladigan pakеtlarni amaliy darajada fil’trlaydi. Sеrvеr-dallollap shlyuz orqali aniq sеrvеr tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan ma’lumotlarni kaytadan yunaltiradi.
Amaliy darajadagi shlyuzlar nafaqat pakеtlarni fil’trlash, balki sеrvеrning barcha ishlarini kayd qilish va tarmoq adminstratorini noxush ishlardan xabar qilish imkoniyatiga ham ega.
Amaliy darajadagi shlyuzlarning afzalliklari quyidagilardan iborat:
global tarmoq tomonidan ichki tarmoq tarkibi kurinmaydi;
ishonchli autеntifikatsiya va kayd qilish;
fil’trlash qoidalarining еngilligi;
ko‘p tamoyilli nazoratlarni amalga oshirish mumkinligi.
Fil’trlovchi-yullovchilarga nisbatan amaliy darajadagi shlyuzlarning kamchiliklari quyidagilardan iborat samaradorligining pastligi; narxining kimmat bo‘lishi.
Amaliy darajadagi shlyuzlar sifatida quyidagilarni misol kilib kеltirish mumkin:
Border Ware Fire Wall Server — junatuvchining va qabul qiluvchining manzillarini, vaktini va foydalanilgan protokollarni kayd qiladi;
Black Hole — sеrvеrning barcha ishlarini kayd qiladi va tarmoq administratoriga kutilayotgan buzilish haqida xabar junatadi.
Bulardan tashkari quyidagi shlyuzlar ham qo’llaniladi:
Gauntlet Internel FirewaU, Alta Visla FireWali, ANS Interlock va boshqalar.
Elеktron to’lovlar tizimi dеb bank plastik kartalarini to’lov vositasi sifatada kullanilishidagi usullar va ularni amalga oshiruvchi sub’еktlar majmuasiga aytiladi.
Plastik karta — shaxsiy to’lov vositasi bo‘lib, u mazkur vositadan foydalanadigan shaxsga tovar va xizmatlarni nakdsiz pulini tulash, bundan tashkari bank muassasalari va bankomatlardan nakd pulni olishga imkon bеradi.
Plastik kartani to’lov vositasi sifatida qabul qiluvchilar, savdo va xizmat kursatuvchi korxonalar, bank bulimlari hamda boshqalar shu plastik kartalarga xizmat kursatuvchi qabul qiluvchilar tarmogini tashkil etadi.
Elеktron to’lovlar tizimini yaratiщda plastik kartalarga xizmat kursatish qonun-qoidalarini ishlab chikish va ularga rioya qilish asosiy masalalardan biri bo‘lib hisoblanadi. Ushbu qoidalar nafaqat tеxnikaviy (ma’lumotlarni standartlash, uskunalar va boshqalar), balki moliyaviy masalalar (korxonalar bilan hisoblarni bajarish tartibi)ni ham kamrab oladi.
Elеktron to’lovlar tizimining faoliyatini quyidagidеk tasavvur qilish mumkin:
Bu еrda:
Elеktron to’lovlar tizimi bilan birgalikda faoliyat kursatadigan bank ikki, Ya’ni bank-emitеnt va bank-ekvayеr toifasida xizmat kursatadi:
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ICMP va SNMP protokollarini tushuntiring

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ICMP va SNMP protokollarini tushuntiring
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bet | 23/33 | Sana | 27.07.2024 | Hajmi | 135,55 Kb. | | #268806 |
Bog'liq 1. Kompyuter tarmoqlarining hududiy taqsimlanishi-fayllar.orgICMP va SNMP protokollarini tushuntiring.
Marshrutizator qurilmadan kelgan bironta IP paketini uzatishda duch kelgan xatolar to‘g‘risida xabar berishga imkon beradi. Shuni aytish kerakki, ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) protokoli – bu xatolar to‘g‘risida xabar beruvchi, lekin xatolarni tuzatuvchi protokol emas. ICMP protokolining har bir xabari tarmoq bo‘ylab, IP paket ichida uzatiladi. ICMP xabarlari imtiyozsiz marshrutlanadi. Shuning uchun ular ham yo‘qolishi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, yuklangan tarmoqda, ular marshrutizatorlarning qo‘shimcha yuklanishini keltirib chiqarishi mumkin. Xatolar to‘g‘risida juda ko‘p xabarlar keltirib chiqarmasligi uchun xatolar to‘g‘risidagi ICMP xabarlarni tashuvchi IP paketlarning yo‘qolishi, ICMPning yangi xabarlarini paydo qilmasligi kerak. ICMP xabarlarining bir nechta turi mavjud. Xabarning har bir turi o‘z formatiga ega va ularning hammasi uchta umumiy maydondan boshlanadi: xabar turini (TYPE), u xabarni belgilanishini aniqlab beradi, belgilovchi 8 bitli to‘la son, 8 bitli kod maydoni (CODE), u xabarning belgilanishini aniqlab beradi, nazorat yig‘indisini 16 bitli maydoni (CHECKSUM). Bundan tashqari ICMP xabari har doim sarlovha va xatoni keltirib chiqargan IP paketning birinchi 64 biti ma’lumotlarga ega. ICMP protokoli tor masalalarini xal qiluvchi protokollar birlashmasi bo‘lib hisoblanadi.
SNMP protokoli.(Simple Network Management Protokol – Tarmoqni boshqaruvchi oddiy protocol ).
TCP/UDP arxitekturasiga asosan IP-tarmoqlaridagi qurilmalarni boshqarish uchun standart internet-protokol. SNMP ni qo’llab quvvatlovchi qurilmalarga marshrutizator, kommutator, server, ishchi stansiyalar, printerlar, modem rostgichlari va boshqalar kiradi. Protokol odatda tarmoq boshqaruv tizimlarida ishlatiladi.
SNMP pog’onasi(OSI modeli bo’yicha): amaliy, Oilasi: UDP, Port/ID: 161/UDP, 162/UDP,
Protokolning vazifasi: Tarmoq qurilmalarini boshqarish, Tasnifi: RFC 1155, RFC 1212, RFC 1213, RFC 1157, RFC 3411. Asosiy amalga oshirilishi(klient): Barcha tarmoq OT ga o’rnatilgan.
SNMP tarkibiy qismlari: Boshqariluvchi qurilma; Agent – boshqariluvchi qurilmada ishga tushiriluvchi dasturiy ta’minot; Tarmoq boshqaruvi tizimi.
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POS tizimi xavfsizligini ta’minlash

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POS tizimi xavfsizligini ta’minlash
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bet | 7/9 | Sana | 31.05.2024 | Hajmi | 229,57 Kb. | | #258110 |
Bog'liq 2-labaratoreya (1)
POS tizimi xavfsizligini ta’minlash
Pul summasi
Karta
PIN
Xaridor
X A R I D O R H I S O B R A Q A M
POS tizimini aniq tasavvur qilish uchun quyidagi chizmani kеltiramiz:
Surovnoma
Ushbu chizma bo‘yicha haridor uz plastik kartasini o‘rnatib, PIN kodini kiritadi.
Sotuvchi uz navbatida pul summasini kiritadi. SHundan sung, bank-ekvayеrga (sotuvchi banki) pulni kuchirish uchun surovnoma yuboriladi.
Bank-ekvayеr, uz navbatida, kartaning xakikiyligini aniqlash uchun surovnomani bank- emitеntga junatadi. Natijada, bank-emitеnt pulni bank-ekvayеrga sotuvchi hisobiga kuchiradi. Pul kuchirilgandan sung, bank-ekvayеr tomonidai POS-tеrminalga xabarnoma junatiladi. Ushbu xabarda tranzaktsiya bajarilganligi haqida ma’lumot buladi.
SHundan sung, sotuvchi haridorga maxsulot va kvitantsiyasini taqdim etadi.
Uz-uzidan kurinib turibdiki, ushbu jarayonda har xil vokеalar sodir bo‘lishi mumkin.
POS tizimining eng zaif qismi bu POS-tеrminaldir. Bundagi asosiy xavf bo‘lib tеrminaldagi maxfiy kalitning ugirlanishi hisoblanadi.
Buning okibatlari quyidagilar bo‘lishi mumkin:
oldingi tranzaktsiyalarda ishlatilgan PIN kodni tiklash;
kеyingi tranzaktsiyalarda qo’llaniladigan PIN kodni tiklash. Ushbu xavflardan himoyalanishning 3 ta usuli taklif etiladi:
har bir tranzaktsiyasidan sung kalitni o’zgartirish;
POS-tеrminal va bank-ekvayеr orasidagi ma’lumotlarni maxsus kalit bilan shifrlash hamda kalitni har bir tranzaktsiyadan sung o’zgartirish;
ochik kalitlar usuli yordamida uzatiladigan ma’lumotlarni shifrlash.
Bankomatlar xavfsizligini ta’minlash
Bankomatlar nakd pul olish, hisob rakamning holati va pul kuchirish imkoniyatlariga ega. Bankomat ikki rеjimda ishlaydi, off-line va online.
Off-line rеjimda bankomat bank kompyutеrlaridan mustakil ishlaydi va bajariladigan tranzaktsiyalar haqidagi yozuvlarni uz xotirasida saqlaydi hamda printеrga uzatib, ularni chop qiladi.
On-line rеjimda bankomat bеvosita bank kompyutеrlari bilan tеlеkommunikatsiya orqali ulangan buladi. Tranzaktsiyasini amalga oshirish maqsadida bankomat bankdagi kompyutеr bilan quyidagi xabaplap bilan almashadi:
bankomat surovnomasi;
bankning javob xabari;
bankomatning to’lovni bajarganligi haqidagi xabarni bеrish.
Hozirgi kunda bankomatlar tarmoqlaridan bir nеcha banklargina foydalanadi. Bu еrda mavjud bo‘lgan asosiy muammo bu banklarning maxfiy axborotlarini (masalan, maxfiy kalit) bir-biridan himoyalashdir.
Ushbu muammoning еchimi sifatida PIN kodni, markazlashtirilgan holda, har bir bank tomonidan tеkshirish taklif qilinadi.
Bundan tashkari bankomatlar tarmogi zonalarga taksimlanadi va har bir zonada ZCMK (Zone Control Master Key) kalitlari, uz navbatida, kompyutеr tarmogidagi kalitlarni shifrlashda qo’llaniladi. Ma’lumotlarni shifrlashda esa IWK (Issuer Working Key) kalitlar ishlatiladi.
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Kislorod. Kislorod – oddiy modda

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Kislorod. Kislorod – oddiy modda
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Sana | 20.02.2024 | Hajmi | 2,99 Mb. | | #159728 |
Bog'liq 7 sinf kimyo 33 Kislorod Kislorod oddiy modda Uning olinishi (2) KISLOROD. KISLOROD – ODDIY MODDA @dars_ishlanma_yangi Reja: - Kislorod
- Kislorod – oddiy modda
- Sanoatda kislorod
- Fizik xossalari
Kislorodning nomi Lavuazye taklifi bilan lotincha «oxygenium – kislota yaratuvchi» so‘zidan olingan va shu so‘zning birinchi harfi O uning kimyoviy belgisi qilib olingan.
A.Lavuazye
Kislorodning Davriy sistemadagi o‘rni 8, nisbiy atom massasi 15,9994»16 ga teng. Kislorod erkin holda atmosfera havosida bog‘langan, ya’ni birikma holida suv, minerallar, tog‘ jinslari va o‘simlik hamda hayvon organizmlarini tashkil qiluvchi barcha moddalar tarkibida uchraydi. Yer qobig‘ining 47% og‘irlik qismini kislorod tashkil etadi. Molekular kislorod havoda 20,94% hajmiy ulushni egallaydi. Suvning tarkibida bog‘langan kislorod 89% og‘irlik qismini tashkil etadi. Kislorodning kimyoviy belgisi – O.
Oddiy modda formulasi – O2.
Birikmalarida valentligi asosan 2 ga teng.
Sanoatda kislorod suvni elektroliz qilish orqali yoki suyuq havodan olinadi. Kislorod shiddatli ravishda ajralib chiqa boshlaydi va reaksiyadan so‘ng idishda suv va qora kukun (MnO2) sarflanmasdan qoladi. Idish tubidagi kukunni filtrlab quritsak, uning dastlabki massasi va xossalari o‘zgarmasdan qolganligini kuzatish mumkin.
Undan yana vodorod peroksidning boshqa namunalarini parchalashda foydalanish mumkin.
Kimyoviy reaksiyalarni tezlashtiradigan va bu jarayonda o‘zgarmasdan, sarflanmay qoladigan moddalar katalizatorlar deyiladi. Fizik xossalari. Kislorod molekulasi ikki atomdan iborat bo‘lib, oddiy modda sifatida O2 formula bilan ifodalanadi. Ozonni toza kisloroddan olish mumkinligi hamda faqat kislorod atomlaridan tashkil topganligi uni kislorodning allotropik shakl o‘zgarishi ekanligini tasdiqlaydi: 3O2 = 2O3 – 289 kJ. Stratosferada 2–4,5 mmli ozon qatlami bo‘lib, u Yerni Quyoshning halokatli radiatsiyasidan (zararli nurlaridan) himoya qiladi.
Ozon qatlami ning yemirilishi Yerdagi tirik hayot uchun o‘ta xavflidir.
Ozon – moviyrang, xarakterli hidga ega, suvda kisloroddan yaxshiroq eriydigan gaz (0°C da 1 l suvda 490 ml ozon eriydi).
Ozon osonlik bilan parchalanadi:
O3 = O2 + [O]; 2[O] = O2.
Ozon laboratoriyada ozonator yordamida olinadi.
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Ayrim sodda va murakkab birikmali onomastik birliklar tahlili

“PEDAGOGS”
international research journal ISSN:
2181-4027
_SJIF:
4.995
www.pedagoglar.uz
Volume-31, Issue-3, April - 2023
175
AYRIM SODDA VA MURAKKAB BIRIKMALI ONOMASTIK
BIRLIKLAR TAHLILI
SamDU talabasi -
Z. Aminova
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqolada zamonaviy o’zbek tilshunoslik sohasida yana bir
yangi soha bo’lmish, “onomastika” bo’limiga doir,ayrim
onomastik birliklarning
tuzilishiga ko’ra sodda va murakkab birikmalari tahliliga bag’ishlangan.
Kalit
so’zlar
: Onomastika, antroponimlar, names, o’zbek nomshunosligi,
toponomika, gidronimlar, sodda birikmalar, murakkab birikmalar.
Аннотация:
Данная статьтя посвящена
анализу простых и сложных
сочетаний в составе некоторых ономастических единиц по отношению к новой
области современного узбекского языкознания.
Ключувые слова:
ономастика, антропономы, топонимика, гидронимия,
простые фразы, сложный фразы, узбекские именноведение
Annotation:
Modern in this article in Uzbek linguistics
another new field
was,section “onomastics”regarding some onomastics according to the structure of the
units simple and complex combinations devoted to his analysis.
Key words:
Onomastica, anthroponyms, names,toponyms, hydronyms,
simple
combinations, complex ombinatsion, Uzbek nomology
Onomastika-yunoncha”onomastike”so’zidan
olingan bo’lib,”nom qo’yish
san’ati” degan ma’noni bildiradi. Asosan Yevropa tilshunosligida rivojlangan
bo’lib,”Amerika nom jamiyatiga”
1951
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Klient-server va peer to peer tarmog’ining tuzilishi

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Klient-server va peer to peer tarmog’ining tuzilishi
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bet | 24/33 | Sana | 27.07.2024 | Hajmi | 135,55 Kb. | | #268806 |
Bog'liq 1. Kompyuter tarmoqlarining hududiy taqsimlanishi-fayllar.org53. Klient-server va peer to peer tarmog’ining tuzilishi.
Mijoz-server - serverlar deb nomlangan xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayderlar va xizmat ko'rsatuvchi mijozlar o'rtasida taqsimlanadigan vazifalar yoki tarmoq yuklari taqsimlanadigan hisoblash yoki tarmoq me'morchiligi.
Texnologiyaning o'zi juda oddiy. Masalan, foydalanuvchi so'rov yuboradi (google ma'lumotlarini qidirishda) va server javob beradi (ushbu ma'lumot uchun saytlar ro'yxati shaklida). Bu ushbu texnologiyaning eng oddiy namunasidir. Grafik jihatdan u quyidagicha ko'rinadi:
Mijoz-server modeli, shuningdek, pochta tizimlariga asoslangan ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlash tizimini yaratishda foydalaniladi. Mijoz-server arxitekturasidan sezilarli darajada farq qiladigan fayl-server arxitekturasi deb ataladigan narsa ham mavjud.
Fayl serveri tizimidagi ma'lumotlar fayl serverida saqlanadi (Novell NetWare yoki WindowsNT Server) va u ish stantsiyalarida "ish stolidagi ma'lumotlar bazalari", masalan, Access, Paradox, FoxPro va hokazolar orqali ishlov beriladi.
Peer to peer haqida.
Tengdoshlar tarmog'i.
"Tengdoshdan-to-peer" ("peer-to-peer") tarmog'i - bu "tengdosh-tengdosh" kompyuterlari tarmog'idir, ularning har biri o'ziga xos nomga ega (kompyuter nomi) va odatda OT ni yuklash paytida unga kirish uchun parol beradi. Kirish nomi va parolni OT vositalaridan foydalangan holda kompyuter egasi belgilaydi.
Markazlashtirilmagan (Peer-to-peer) tarmoqlarida maxsus serverlar mavjud emas. Ularda tarmoqni boshqarish funktsiyalari navbat bilan bitta kompyuterdan boshqasiga o'tkaziladi. Bitta kompyuterning resurslari (drayverlar, printerlar va boshqa qurilmalar) boshqa shaxsiy kompyuterlarda mavjud.
Tengdosh tarmoqlarini yaratishga imkon beradigan eng keng tarqalgan dasturiy mahsulotlar quyidagi dasturlar va paketlar: Novell NetWare Lite, ishchi guruhlar uchun Windows, Artisoft LANtastic, LANsmart, NET-30 va ko'rinmas dastur NET-30 va boshqalar DOS-ni ishlatish mumkin. Tengdosh tarmog'i uchun Windows 2000 Prof dan foydalanish mumkin.
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