nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
ISSN (E): 2181-4570 ResearchBib Impact Factor: 6,4 / 2023 SJIF 2024 = 5.073/Volume-2, Issue-5

ISSN (E): 2181-4570 ResearchBib Impact Factor: 6,4 / 2023 SJIF 2024 = 5.073/Volume-2, Issue-5
495
Armour, J. (2020). Shareholder rights.
Oxford Review of Economic Policy
,
36
(2),
314-340.
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/role-shareholders-within-business-dan-
edwards
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305175243_Improving_Shareholder_
Value_through_Corporate_Governance_Mechanism_in_Malaysian_Listed_Companie
s
Rights and Duties of Shareholders of a Company - An overview (ipleaders.in)
Shareholders: The Power of Shareholders: How They Shape Corporate Success
- FasterCapital
Wong, C. W., Wong, C. Y., Boon-Itt, S., & Tang, A. K. (2021). Strategies for
building environmental transparency and accountability.
Sustainability
,
13
(16), 9116.
Yao, S., Pan, Y., Wang, L., Sensoy, A., & Cheng, F. (2023).
Building eco-
friendly corporations: The role of minority shareholders.
Journal of Business
Ethics
,
182
(4), 933-966.
Belot, F., Ginglinger, E., & Starks, L. T. (2023).
Encouraging long-term
shareholders: The effects of loyalty shares with double voting rights.
Finance
,
44
(4),
3-61.
1. Rels zanjirlari haqida tushuncha

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1. Rels zanjirlari haqida tushuncha
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bet | 1/2 | Sana | 27.01.2024 | Hajmi | 49,5 Kb. | | #147282 |
Bog'liq zanjiri
1.Rels zanjirlari haqida tushuncha
Rels zanjirlari temir yo’l avtomatika va telimexanikasining barcha qurilmalari: avtomatik blokirovka, ALS elektr markazlashtirilgan strelkalar va signallar, mikroprotsessorli markazlashtrilgan, dispetcherlik markazlashtirish va hakolar uchun asosiy qurilma bo’lib xizmat qiladi. Bu tizimlarda rels zanjiri quyidagi vazifalarni bajaradi: peregon va stansyada joylashgan rels iplarining butunligini, strelkalarining sostav ostida o’tmasligini nazorat qiladi; ular yerdaligida lokomotivga kodli signallar uzatiladi, lokomotivning o’tish joylari yoki stansiyalarga yaqinlashuvi nazorati avtomatik tarzda olib boriladi.
Rels zanjirlari asosiy xususiyatlari: yo’lning bo’sh -bandligini nazorat qilish, rels iplari nazorati, yo’ldan lokomotivga ma’lumot jo’natish.
Elektr rels zanjiri yoki qisqacha rels zanjiri bu ta’minot va qabul qiluvchi qurilmalarning tok oquvchi rels liniyasi bilan uyushqoqligidir.
Shu sababli harakat tarkibi va uni nazorat qiluvchi qurilma o’rtasida uzluksiz aloqa o’rnatiladi. Rels zanjirilarining yana bir muhim xususiyatilaridan biri ularning telemexanik kanal sifatida ishlatilishidir.
Rels zanjirilariga quyidagi talablar qo’yiladi: har qanaqangi sharoitda ham izolyatsiya qarshiligining eng past chegarasi yani bir ipli rels zanjirlar uchun 0,5 om*m, magistral yo’llar uchun 1,0 om*m, saralash tepaliklari uchun 0,37 om*m bo’lganda soz holda ishlashi kerak;
shuntni qayd etish tegishli vaqtda bajarilishi kerak;
teskari tortuvchi tok aylanishini ta’minlash;
izoiyatsiyalangan stiklar ishdan chiqqanda rels zanjiri qurilmalarining xavfli nosozligi vujudga kelmasligi kerak;
rels zanjirlar kerakli signallarni ALS qurilmasiga to’g’ri yetkazishi kerak; rels zanjirlar xavfli va xalaqit beruvchi ta’sirlarga uchramasligi kerak ya’ni:
-teskari tortuvchi tok;
-paralel yo’ldagi qo’shni rels zanjirlar;
-ALS signallari;
-yuqori kuchlanishli liniyadan himoyalanishi kerak.
Rels zanjirlarini sifatlari, xususiyatlari va qo’llanilishiga qarab tasniflanadi. Ularning bu xususiyatlariga tortqi turi, tortqi tokining kanalizatsiyalash sxemasi, signal tok turi, yo’l qurilmasi turini keltirish mumkin (1.rasm). Rels zanjirlar parametrlariga eng ko’p tortqi turi va ishlatilishi sohasi ta’sir ko’rsatadi.
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Qurituvchi va antiseptik xossalarga ega. Angidrid gips nima?

Qurituvchi va antiseptik xossalarga ega. Angidrid gips nima?
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#158066
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Qurituvchi va antiseptik xossalarga ega. Angidrid gips nima?
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Yerning hosil berish qobiliyatiga tuproq unumdorligi deyiladi

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Yerning hosil berish qobiliyatiga tuproq unumdorligi deyiladi
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bet | 2/6 | Sana | 30.01.2024 | Hajmi | 0,64 Mb. | | #148824 |
Bog'liq 13-dars IN 1Yerning hosil berish qobiliyatiga tuproq unumdorligi deyiladi.
Yerning tabiiy unumdorligi
Yerning iqtisodiy unumdorligi
Agrar munosabatlarning iqtisodiy mazmuni. Qishloq xo‘jalik ishlab chiqarishining xususiyatlari
- Uzoq yillar davomida kishilarning hech qanday aralashuvisiz, tabiiy o‘zgarishlar natijasida yerning ustki qatlamida o‘simlik «oziqlanishi» mumkin bo‘lgan turli moddalarning vujudga kelishi yerning tabiiy unumdorligi deyiladi. Agar tuproq unumdorligi kishilarning tabiatga ta’siri natijasida, ya’ni tuproq tarkibi va dehqonchilik usullarini yaxshilash sun’iy yo‘l bilan (masalan, yerni organik va kimyoviy o‘g‘itlash, ishlab chiqarishni mexanizatsiyalash, ilmiy asoslangan holda sug‘orish, irrigatsiya va melioratsiya kabi ishlab chiqarish usullarini joriy qilish hamda boshqa shu kabi yo‘llar bilan) amalga oshirilsa, bu iqtisodiy unumdorlikni tashkil qiladi.
Agrar munosabatlarning iqtisodiy mazmuni. Qishloq xo‘jalik ishlab chiqarishining xususiyatlari
- Yerdan foydalanish huquqi bu o‘rnatilgan urf-odatlar yoki qonuniy tartibda undan foydalanishni bildiradi.
- Yerdan foydalanuvchi yer egasi bo‘lishi shart emas.
- Real xo‘jalik hayo’lida yerga egalik qilish va yerdan foydalanishni ko‘pincha har xil jismoniy va huquqiy shaxslar, xususan hozir bizda asosan dehqon va fermer xo‘jaliklari amalga oshiradi.
Agrar munosabatlarning iqtisodiy mazmuni. Qishloq xo‘jalik ishlab chiqarishining xususiyatlari
- Qishloq xo‘jaligi ishlab chiqarishida ham to‘rt omil yer, kapital, tadbirkorlik qobiliyati va ishchi kuchi qatnashib, bunda yer muhim ishlab chiqarish vositasi sifatida ishtirok etadi. Ammo biz avval aytganimizdek, ishlab chiqarish jarayonida hamma ishlab chiqarish vositalarini, jumladan, yerni harakatga keltirib, undan unumli foydalanadigan, uning iqtisodiy unumdorligini oshiradigan omil ishchi kuchidir.
Agrar munosabatlarning iqtisodiy mazmuni. Qishloq xo‘jalik ishlab chiqarishining xususiyatlari
- Agrar munosabatlami o‘rganishda ham ishchi kuchining, jonli mehnatning faol rol o‘ynashini, uning hamma moddiy vositalarga jon ato etib, harakatga keltiruvchi rolini tushunmaslik go‘yo kapital foyda yoki foiz, yer esa renta yaratadi, degan ko‘pgina xato fikr-mulohazalarga, yolg'on tasavvurlarga olib keladi.
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Nazorat savollari - 13-ma’ruza. Ipak tolalarini tarash. Ipak tolalarini piltalash

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13-ma’ruza. Ipak tolalarini tarash. Ipak tolalarini piltalash
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bet | 3/3 | Sana | 19.12.2023 | Hajmi | 16,12 Kb. | | #124002 |
Bog'liq 13-maâruza. Ipak tolalarini tarash. Ipak tolalarini piltalash-kompy.infoNazorat savollari
Ipak tolalarini tarashdan maqsad?
Dоirаviy tаrаsh dаstgоhining ishlаsh prinsipini tushuntiring?
2- o‘tim dоirаviy tаrаshdа tехnоlоgik ko‘rsаtkichlаr qаndаy bo‘lаdi?
Ipak tollalarini tаrаsh dаstgоhlаri to‘g‘risida ma’lumot bering?
Klаssik tizimdа tаrаsh to‘g‘risida ma’lumot bering?
Ipаk tоlаlаrini tаrоqli tаrаsh to‘g‘risida ma’lumot bering?
Tеkstimа - 1602 dаstgоhi nechta davrda ishlaydi?
Piltalashdan maqsad?
Piltalash dastgohlari to‘g‘risida ma’lumot bering?
Piltaning 1 metri necha gr tashkil qiladi?
Piltalash dastgohinig chiqarish silindrining chiziqli tezligi qancha?
Nechtagacha pilta birlashtirilib qo‘shilib pilta hosil qilinadi?
http://kompy.info
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Muhammad azhar nasim

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Muhammad azhar nasim
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bet | 1/4 | Sana | 21.03.2017 | Hajmi | 25,41 Kb. | | #820 |
MUHAMMAD AZHAR NASIM
A-461 Block -19 Gulshan -e - Iqbal, Karachi -Pakistan
Res: + 92 21 4969872, Cell: 03033335759
Email: azharnasim@hotmail.com
Objective:
To work on a managerial position in a dynamic and well reputed organization which offers career opportunities and a challenging working environment to help me build on my knowledge and experience where ample opportunities exist for enhancing skills as well as growth.
Work Experience:
June 2005 (till to-date) IUCN Karachi, Pak
Systems Engineer
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Administration and deployment of Windows 2000/2003/2012 as Domain Controller.
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Administration of Windows 2000/2003/2012 server as DHCP & DNS.
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Administration of Software distribution through group policy in Windows 2000/2003/2012
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Administration and deployment of Exchange 2000/2003/2007 Server.
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Maintenance and troubleshooting of Exchange 2000/2003/2007 Server.
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Implementation and administration of Windows 2003/2012 server as File Server.
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Managing Exchange 2000/2003 Distribution Lists
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Using Exchange Server 2003 Recovery Storage group for Data Recovery
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Back up and Restoration of Windows 2000/2003/2012 Active Directory
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Backup and restoration of Exchange 2000/2003/2007 Servers.
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Administration and configuration of Symantec Antivirus Server V9.0 and clients
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Administration and Configuration of ISA Server 2004
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Installing and Configuring Cisco 2950 Switches
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Configuring and Trouble shooting VLANS
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Installing and Configuring VPN Server with ISA 2004
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Configuring ISA 2004 in Edge firewall Configuration
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Basic Configuration of Router 2600
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Configuration of RIP and IGRP Protocol
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Installation and troubleshooting of Windows 7 /Windows XP, Windows 2000, clients.
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Troubleshooting of Network connectivity in switched environment.
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Installation and Configuration of Microsoft Outlook, Outlook Express, Netscape Navigator
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Provide Technical Support to users
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Hardware troubleshooting of VGA, Processor, Hard disk, Motherboards
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Ehtimoll ar n azar iy as inin g aso slari. Hodi sa va t ajriba

Ehtimoll ar n azar iy as inin g aso slari. Hodi sa va t ajriba
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bet
1/3
Sana
15.05.2024
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#236455
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Ehtimoll ar n azar iy as inin g aso slari. Hodi sa va t ajriba
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Vazifalar va shartlar

O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALAR VAZIRLIGI
MUHAMMAD AL-XORAZMIY NOMIDAGI TOSHKENT AXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYALARI UNIVERSITETI
AMALIY ISH
Bajardi: 214-20-guruh Abdullayev Shoxrux
Toshkent-2024
Klaster tahlili
Klaster tahlili
Klaster tahlili ko'p o'lchovli statistik protsedura bo'lib , u ob'ektlar namunasi haqidagi ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan ma'lumotlarni to'playdi va keyin ob'ektlarni nisbatan bir hil guruhlarga joylashtiradi [1] [2] [3] [4] . Klasterlash muammosi statistik qayta ishlashga, shuningdek, nazoratsiz o'quv muammolarining keng sinfiga tegishli .
Klaster tahlilining natijasi uchta klasterdan biriga tegishli bo'lgan rang nuqtalari bilan ko'rsatiladi.
Ko'pgina tadqiqotchilar (masalan, [ 5] ga qarang) "klaster tahlili" atamasi birinchi marta psixolog R. Tryon ru en tomonidan taklif qilinganligiga ishonishga moyildirlar ( inglizcha klaster - bunch, clot, bundle) . Keyinchalik, hozirgi vaqtda "klaster tahlili" atamasi bilan sinonim bo'lgan bir qator atamalar paydo bo'ldi: avtomatik tasniflash, botryologiya.
Klaster tahlilini qo'llash doirasi juda keng: u arxeologiya , tibbiyot , psixologiya , kimyo , biologiya , davlat boshqaruvi , filologiya , antropologiya , marketing , sotsiologiya , geologiya va boshqa fanlarda qo'llaniladi. Biroq, qo'llashning universalligi klaster tahlilini bir ma'noda ishlatish va izchil talqin qilishni qiyinlashtiradigan ko'p sonli nomuvofiq atamalar, usullar va yondashuvlarning paydo bo'lishiga olib keldi.
Klaster tahlili quyidagi asosiy vazifalarni bajaradi:
Tipologiya yoki tasnifni ishlab chiqish.
Ob'ektlarni guruhlash uchun foydali kontseptual sxemalarni o'rganish.
Ma'lumotlarni o'rganish asosida gipotezalarni yaratish.
Mavjud ma'lumotlarda u yoki bu tarzda aniqlangan turlar (guruhlar) haqiqatda mavjudligini aniqlash uchun gipotezani tekshirish yoki tadqiqot.
O'rganish mavzusidan qat'i nazar, klaster tahlilidan foydalanish quyidagi bosqichlarni o'z ichiga oladi:
Klasterlash uchun namuna olish. Faqat miqdoriy ma'lumotlarni klasterlash mantiqiy ekanligi tushuniladi.
Namunadagi ob'ektlar baholanadigan o'zgaruvchilar to'plamining ta'rifi, ya'ni xususiyat maydoni.
Ob'ektlar orasidagi o'xshashlikning (yoki farqning) u yoki bu o'lchovi qiymatlarini hisoblash.
O'xshash ob'ektlar guruhlarini yaratish uchun klasterli tahlil usulini qo'llash.
Klaster yechimi natijalarini tekshirish.
Ma'lumotlar uchun ikkita asosiy talabning tavsifini topishingiz mumkin - bir xillik va to'liqlik. Bir hillik barcha klasterlashgan ob'ektlarning o'xshash xususiyatlar to'plami bilan tavsiflangan bir xil tabiatga ega bo'lishini talab qiladi [7] . Agar klaster tahlilidan oldin omil tahlili o'tkazilsa, unda namunani "ta'mirlash" shart emas - ko'rsatilgan talablar omilni modellashtirish protsedurasining o'zi tomonidan avtomatik ravishda amalga oshiriladi (yana bir afzallik bor - namuna uchun salbiy oqibatlarsiz z-standartlashtirish; agar u to'g'ridan-to'g'ri klaster tahlili uchun amalga oshiriladi, bu guruhlarni ajratish ravshanligining pasayishiga olib kelishi mumkin). Aks holda, namunani sozlash kerak.
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Darsning borishi - 26 noyabr 2015 yil

Darsning borishi:
I.Tashkiliy qism.
O’quvchilarni va yozuv daftarlarini darsga hozurlash.
O’quv qurollarini tekshirish.
II . O’tilgan mavzularni takrorlash.
O’tgan darsda o’tilgan bosh Qq harfiga oid so’zlardan doskada mashq qildirilib, o’quvchi-larning bilimlari tekshirilib ko’riladi. “Kim to’g’ri yozadi ?” o’yini o’tkaziladi. Oldin ushbu so’zlar aytib yozdiriladi.
Qadam , qoloq , qarmoq , qumloq , qo’rqoq .
So’z boshida, so’z o’rtasida va so’z oxirida tushib qolgan harflarni topish bo’yicha so’z kartochkalari beriladi. Topshiriqni to’g’ri bajargan o’quvchilar rag’batlantiriladi.
III. Yangi mavzu ustida ishlash.
Yangi mavzuni o’quvchilarga kichik ch harfini tushuntirish bilan boshlanadi. Kichik ch harfining yozilish tehnologiyasi tushuntiriladi. Bosma kichik ch harfi , yozma shaklini yozishda
ch ch ch ch ch ch
choy choy choy choy
chana chana chana chana
cho’mich cho’mich cho’mich
chumoli chumoli chumoli
IV. Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash.
Yozuv daftarlari bilan ishlash. Ushbu yozilishi kerak bo’lgan so’zlar va gapni yozishda o’quvchilar bilan yozish uslublari o’tkaziladi. Havoda mashq qildiriladi. Ayrim o’quvchilarga doskada mashq qildiriladi. Har bir so’z tarkibi tahlil qilinib, ch harfining o’zidan oldin va keyingi harfga qo’shib yozish tushuntiriladi. Har bir so’zni shivirlab aytib turib, tushurib qoldirmasdan yozishlari tushuntiriladi. Yozuv daftarlaridagi;
ch ch ch ch ch ch
choy choy choy choy
chana chana chana chana
cho’mich cho’mich cho’mich
chumoli chumoli chumoli
So’zlarga diqqat qilgan holda yozdiriladi. So’zlarda kichik ch harfiga e’tibor qaratiladi. O’quvchilarning yozuvlari kuzatib boriladi. O’quvchilar bilan yakka tartibda ish olib boriladi va doskada yozuvlari takror mashq qildiriladi. Qo’shimcha daftar bilan ish olib boriladi . Unda yozuv daftarda yozilgan bo’g’in va so’zlar qayta og’zaki aytib turiladi. Qo’shimcha daftarda yozgan so’zlari va yozuvlari muhokama qilinadi. Chiroyli , to’g’ri yozgan o’quvchilarning daftari namuna qilib ko’rsatiladi. davri ko’chirib yozish shaklida yoziladi.
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Shadow simulyatori haqida qisqacha ma`lumot, afzallik va kamchiliklarini yozing. Cisco Packet Tracer dasturida kommutator (Switch) va ularning 2950-24, 2950T,2960,2560-24ps kommutator versiyalari haqida ma`lumot bering

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Shadow simulyatori haqida qisqacha ma`lumot, afzallik va kamchiliklarini yozing. Cisco Packet Tracer dasturida kommutator (Switch) va ularning 2950-24, 2950T,2960,2560-24ps kommutator versiyalari haqida ma`lumot bering
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bet | 1/3 | Sana | 09.07.2024 | Hajmi | 19,66 Kb. | | #267063 |
Bog'liq Amaliy ish 1
Amaliy ish №1
Nyutonov Shahriyor 316 – 21
Shadow simulyatori haqida qisqacha ma`lumot, afzallik va kamchiliklarini yozing. Cisco Packet Tracer dasturida kommutator (Switch) va ularning 2950-24, 2950T,2960,2560-24PS kommutator versiyalari haqida ma`lumot bering.
Shadow simulyatori (Shadow simulation) texnologiyasi bulutli hisoblash va virtualizatsiya xizmatlarini birlashtirgan innovatsion vositadir. Bu simulyator foydalanuvchilarga o'zlarining kuchli kompyuter tizimlarini virtual muhitda ishlatish imkoniyatini beradi. Shadow simulyatori orqali foydalanuvchilar o'zlarining sevimli dasturlari va o'yinlarini har qanday qurilmadan masofadan turib ishlatishlari mumkin.
Afzalliklari:
Har qanday qurilmadan foydalanish: Foydalanuvchilar o'zlarining kompyuter tizimlarini mobil telefon, planshet yoki eski kompyuterlardan ham foydalanib ishlata oladilar. Bu moslashuvchanlik va qulaylikni ta'minlaydi.
Yuqori ishlash qobiliyati: Shadow simulyatori foydalanuvchilarga yuqori sifatli grafiklar va tezkor ishlashni taqdim etadi, chunki u zamonaviy va kuchli serverlar asosida ishlaydi.
Doimiy yangilanishlar: Shadow xizmatlari muntazam ravishda yangilanadi, bu foydalanuvchilarga yangi va samarali texnologiyalarni o'z ichiga olgan tizimdan foydalanish imkonini beradi.
Xavfsizlik va ma'lumotlarni saqlash: Shadow foydalanuvchilarga xavfsiz va ishonchli ma'lumotlarni saqlashni ta'minlaydi. Foydalanuvchilar o'z ma'lumotlarini yo'qotishdan qo'rqmasdan saqlashlari mumkin.
Tejamkorlik: Foydalanuvchilar qimmat kompyuter texnikasini sotib olish va yangilashdan ozod bo'ladilar, chunki Shadow simulyatori yordamida zamonaviy texnologiyalardan arzon narxlarda foydalanish mumkin.
Kamchiliklari:
Internetga bog'liqlik: Shadow simulyatori ishlashi uchun yuqori tezlikdagi internetga ehtiyoj bor. Internet ulanishi sust bo'lsa, tizimning ishlashi ham sekinlashadi.
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
Shadow simulyatori haqida qisqacha ma`lumot, afzallik va kamchiliklarini yozing. Cisco Packet Tracer dasturida kommutator (Switch) va ularning 2950-24, 2950T,2960,2560-24ps kommutator versiyalari haqida ma`lumot bering
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V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish

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V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish
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bet | 14/31 | Sana | 15.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,04 Mb. | | #263986 |
Bog'liq yozuv 2chorV. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish .
Bugungi darsda o’tilgan kichik j harfi yana bir bor eslatiladi va dars davomida qatnashgan o’quvchilar rag’batlantiriladi.
Yozuv
Mavzu : Bosh J harfining yozilishi.
Darsning maqsadi:
Ta’limiy: Bosh J harfi imlosini to’g’ri, aniq va chiroyli yozishga o’rgatish.
Tarbiyaviy: O’quvchilarda mehnatsevarlik tuyg’usini tarbiyalash
.Rivojlantiruvchi: O’quvchilarda chiziqdan chiqib ketmaslik , Harf unsurlarini to’g’ri yozish. J harfiga oid yozuv ko’nikmalarini rivojlantirish
.
Dars turi : Yangi bilim va tushunchalarini shakllantiruvchi.
Dars metodlari : Analitik-sintetik tovush metodi, suhbat, tushuntirish, munozara, ko’rgazmalilik. “Kim to’g’ri yozadi” mashqi.
Dars jihozlari : Yozuv daftari, qo’shimcha daftar, J harfiga oid rasmlar.
Fanlararo bog’lanish: Alifbe, tasviriy san’at va odobnoma.
Darsning texnologik xaritasi
T|r
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Dars bosqichlari
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Bajariladigan ish mazmuni
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Bajariladigan ish shakli
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Ajratilgan vaqt
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1
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Tashkiliy qism
|
O’quvchilarni darsga tayyorlash. Navbatchi axboroti.
|
Suhbat.
|
3 daqiqa
|
2
|
O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash
|
O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash. Savol va topshiriqlar berib, xulosalash.
|
Savol- javob.
|
10 daqiqa
|
3
|
Yangi mavzu ustida ishlash
|
Bosh J harfini yozish.
|
Ko’rgazmalilik.
|
20 daqiqa
|
4
|
Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash
|
Yozuv daftari bilan ishlash
|
Daftar bilan ishlash
|
10 daqiqa
|
5
|
Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish
|
Uyga vazifani tushuntirish
|
Rag’batlantirish.
|
2 daqiqa
|
|
| |
Physical Layer (PHY) - Wireless Local Area Networks

724
21 Wireless Local Area Networks
procedure (PLCP) sublayer; (2) use of signal carrier and spread spectrum (SS)
modulation to transmit data frames over the media under the control of the physical
medium dependent (PMD) sublayer; and (3) providing a carrier sense indication
back to the MAC to verify activity on the media (see Figure 21.6).
Each of the physical layers is unique in terms of the modulation type,
designed to coexist with each other and operate with the MAC. The speciﬁ cations
for IEEE 802.11 meet the RF emissions guidelines of FCC, ETSI, and the Ministry
of Telecommunications.
DSSS PHY
In the DSSS PHY, data transmission over the media is controlled by the PMD sub-
layer as directed by the PLCP sublayer. The PMD sublayer takes the binary infor-
mation bits from the PLCP protocol data unit (PPDU) and converts them into RF
signals by using modulation and DSSS techniques (see Figure 21.7). Figure 21.8
shows the PPDU frame, which consists of a PLCP preamble, PLCP header, and
MAC protocol data unit (MPDU). The PLCP preamble and PLCP header are
always transmitted at 1 Mbps, and the MPDU can be sent at 1 or 2 Mbps.
The start of frame delimiter (SFD) contains information that marks the start of
the PPDU frame. The SFD speciﬁ ed is common for all IEEE 802.11 DSSS radios.
The
signal ﬁ eld
indicates which modulation scheme should be used to receive
the incoming MPDU. The binary value in this ﬁ eld is equal to the data rate mul-
tiplied by 100 kbps. Two modulation schemes, differential binary phase shift
keying (DBPSK) — for 1 Mbps — and differential quadrature phase shift keying
(DQPSK) — for 2 Mbps—are available.
The
service ﬁ eld
is reserved for future use. The
length ﬁ eld
indicates the
number of microseconds necessary to transmit the MPDU. The MAC layer uses
this ﬁ eld to determine the end of a PPDU frame.
The
CRC ﬁ eld
contains the results of a calculated frame check sequence
from the sending station. The ITU CRC-16 error detection algorithm is used to
protect the signal, service, and length ﬁ eld.
Management
Physical Layer
PHY Convergence
Procedure (PCLP)
MAC Layer
PHY Medium
Dependent (PMD)
Figure 21.11 FHSS PHY PPDU frame

730
21 Wireless Local Area Networks
The hopping sequences for IEEE 802.11 are grouped in hopping sets for
worldwide operation:
Set 1, Set 2, and Set 3. The sequences are selected when
FHSS basic service set is conﬁ gured for a WLAN. The hopping sets are designed
to minimize interference between neighboring FHSS radios in a set. The following
hop sets are valid IEEE 802.11 hopping sequences in North America and most of
Europe (except Spain and France).
Set 1
: (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54,
57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75)
Set 2
: (1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55,
58, 61, 64, 67, 70, 73, 76)
Set 3
: (2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56,
59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 74, 77)
802.11a — Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
The OFDM PHY provides the capability to transmit PSDU frames at multiple
data rates up to 54 Mbps for a WLAN where the transmission of multimedia
content is a consideration. The OFDM PHY deﬁ ned for IEEE 802.11a is similar
to the OFDM PHY speciﬁ cation of ETSI-HIPERLAN 2.
The PPDU is unique to the OFDM PHY. The PPDU frame consists of a PLCP
preamble and signal and data ﬁ elds (see Figure 21.12). The receiver uses the PLCP
preamble to acquire the incoming OFDM signal and synchronize the demodulator.
The PLCP header contains information about the PSDU from the sending OFDM
PHY. The PLCP preamble and the signal ﬁ elds are always transmitted at 6 Mbps,
BPSK-OFDM modulated using a convolutional encoding rate
R
1
/
2
.
PLCP preamble ﬁ eld
is used to acquire the incoming signal and train and
synchronize the receiver. The PLCP preamble consists of 12 symbols, 10 of which
are short symbols, and 2 long symbols. The short symbols are used to train the
receiver’s automatic gain control (AGC) and obtain a coarse estimate of the carrier
frequency and the channel. The long symbols are used to ﬁ ne-tune the frequency
and channel estimates. Twelve subcarriers are used for the short symbols and
53 for the long. The training of an OFDM is accomplished in 16
s. The PLCP
preamble is BPSK-OFDM modulated at 6 Mbps.
The
signal
is a 24-bit ﬁ eld that contains information about the rate and length
of the PSDU. The signal ﬁ eld is convolutional encoded rate
R
1
/
2
, BPSK-OFDM
modulated. Four bits are used to encode the rate, eleven bits are used to deﬁ ne the
length, one reserved bit, a parity bit, and six 0 tail bits (see Table 21.7).
The
length ﬁ eld
is an unsigned 12-bit integer to indicate the number of octets
in the PSDU.
The
data ﬁ eld
contains the service ﬁ eld, PSDU, tail bits, and pad bits.
A total of six tail bits containing 0s are appended to the PPDU to ensure that the
convolutional encoder is brought back to the zero state.
Figure 21.10 FHSS PHY transmitter and receiver

sequence generator using the polynomial
x
7
x
4
1 and a 32/33 bias-suppression
encoding algorithm are used to randomize and whiten the data.
The FHSS PMD uses two-level Gaussian frequency shift key (GMSK) modu-
lation to transmit the PSDU at the basic rate of 1 Mbps. Four-level GFSK is an
optimal modulation scheme deﬁ ned in the standard that enables the whitened
PSDU to be transmitted at a higher rate. The value in the PSF ﬁ eld of the PLCP
header is used to determine the data rate of the PSDU.
In GFSK modulation, the frequency is shifted on either side of the carrier
hop frequency depending on whether the binary symbol from the PSDU is either
a 1 or 0. For two-level GFSK, a binary 1 represents the upper deviation frequency
(
f
c
f
) from the hopped carrier, and binary 0 represents the lower deviation
frequency (
f
c
f
), where
f
c
is the carrier hopped frequency and
f
the devia-
tion frequency. The deviation frequency should be greater than 110 kHz for IEEE
802.11 FHSS radios. Four-level GFSK is similar to 2-level GFSK and is used to
achieve a data rate of 2 Mbps in the same occupied frequency bandwidth. The
symbol pairs (1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0) generate four frequency deviations from the
hopped carrier frequency, two upper and two lower.
A set of hop sequences is deﬁ ned in IEEE 802.11 for use in the 2.4 GHz
frequency band. The channels are evenly spaced across the band over a span of
83.5 MHz. In North America and Europe (except France and Spain) the num-
ber of hop channels is 79. The number of hop channels for Spain and France
are 23 and 35, respectively. In Japan the required number of hop channels is 23.
The hop channels are spaced uniformly across the 2.4 GHz frequency band occu-
pying a bandwidth of 1 MHz. In North America and Europe (except Spain and
France) the hop channels operate from 2.402 to 2.480 GHz and in Japan, 2.473 to
2.495 GHz. In Spain the hop channels operate from 2.447 to 2.473 GHz, and in
France from 2.448 to 2.482 GHz. Channel 2 is the ﬁ rst hop channel located at the
center frequency of 2.402 GHz and channel 95 is the last hop frequency channel at
2.495 GHz in the 2.4 GHz band.
Channel hopping is controlled by FHSS PMD. The FHSS PMD transmits the
whitened PSDU by hopping from channel to channel in a pseudo-random fashion
using one of the hopping sequences. In the United States, FHSS radios hop a mini-
mum 2.5 hops per second for a minimum hop distance of 6 MHz.
PLCP-Preamble
PLCP Header
SYNC
80-bits
SFD
16-bits
PLW
12-bits
PSF
4-bits
Header Error
Check 16-bits
Whitened
PSDU
PPDU
IEEE 802.11 WLAN - Wireless Local Area Networks

station 4 actually ﬂ ow from station 1 to AP1 and then from AP1 to AP2 and
then from AP2 to AP4 and ﬁ nally AP4 to station 4 (refer to Figure 21.4). An
AP performs a bridging function and connects multiple WLAN cells or chan-
nels, and connects WLAN cells to a wired enterprise LAN.
The ESS conﬁ guration consists of multiple basic service set cells that can
be linked by either wired or wireless backbones called a distributed system.
IEEE 802.11 supports ESS conﬁ gurations in which multiple cells use the
same channel, and conﬁ gurations in which multiple cells use different chan-
nels to boost aggregate throughput. To network the equipment outside of
the ESS, the ESS and all of its mobile stations appear to be a single MAC-
layer network where all stations are physically stationary. Thus, the ESS
hides the mobility of the mobile stations from everything outside the ESS
(see Figure 21.5).
Qarama-qarshi hodisalar - Ehtimoll ar n azar iy as inin g aso slari. Hodi sa va t ajriba

|
Ehtimoll ar n azar iy as inin g aso slari. Hodi sa va t ajriba4. Qarama-qarshi hodisalar.
A hodisaga teskari hodisasiga qarama-qarshi hodisalar deyiladi va
bilan belgilandi.
va
bo’lsa,
bo’ladi.
Mavzuni mustahkamlash uchun savollar:
1.
Hodisa nima?
2.
Hodisaning qanday turlarini bilasiz?
3.
Hodisa ehtimoliga ta’rif bering.
4.
Hodisa ehtimolining yig’indisi.
5.
Qarama-qarshi hodisa nima?
_
A
(
)
P A
p
_
(
)
P A
q
_
_
(
)
(
)
1
(
)
1
(
)
1
P A
P A
P A
P A
q
|
| |
Table 21.10 Comparison of MAC access schemes in wireless networks

738
21 Wireless Local Area Networks
busy (or becomes busy during the DIFS interval) the station defers using the
expo-
nential backoff algorithm.
This
scheme implies that, except in cases of very high network congestion,
no packets will be lost because retransmission occurs each time a packet is not
acknowledged. This entails that all packets sent will reach their destination in
sequence.
The 802.11 MAC layer provides for two other robustness features:
cycle
redundancy check
(
CRC
)
checksum
and
packet fragmentation
.
Each packet has a
CRC checksum calculated and attached to ensure that the data was not corrupted
in transmit. This is different from the Ethernet, where higher-level protocols such
as TCP handle error checking.
Packet fragmentation allows large packets to be segmented into smaller
units when sent over the medium. This is useful in
very congested environments
or when interference is a factor, since large packets have a better chance of being
corrupted. This technique reduces the need for retransmission in many cases and
improves overall wireless network performance. The MAC
layer is responsible for
reassembling fragments received, rendering the process transparent to higher-level
protocols. The following are some of the reasons it is preferable to use smaller
packets in a WLAN environment:
Due
to higher BER of a radio link, the probability of a packet getting
corrupted increases with packet size.
In case of corrupted packets (either due to collision or interference), smaller
packets cause less overhead.
On an FHSS system the medium is interrupted periodically for hopping.
With smaller packets the chance that the transmission will be postponed
after dwell time is reduced.
A
simple
send-and-wait
algorithm is used at the MAC sublayer. In this mech-
anism the transmitting station is not allowed to transmit a new packet until one
of the following happens:
Receives an ACK for the packet, or
Decides that packet was retransmitted too many
times and drops the whole
frame.
Figure 21.6 OSI model for IEEE 802.11 WLAN

The
SYNC ﬁ eld
is 128 bits (symbols) in length and contains a string of 1s
which are scrambled prior to transmission. The receiver uses this ﬁ eld to acquire
the incoming signal and to synchronize the receiver’s
carrier tracking and timing
prior to receiving the SFD. The SFD ﬁ eld contains information to mark the start of
the PPDU frame. The SFD speciﬁ ed is common for all IEEE 802.11 DSSS radios.
All information bits transmitted by the DSSS
PMD are scrambled using a
self-synchronizing 7-bit polynomial. An 11-bit Barker code (1,
1, 1, 1,
1, 1,
1, 1,
1,
1,
1) is used for spreading. In the transmitter, the 11-bit
Barker code
is applied to a modulo-2 adder together with each of the information bits in the
PPDU. The output of the modulo-2 adder results in a signal
with a data rate that
is 10 times higher than the information rate. The result in the frequency domain
is a signal that is spread over a wide bandwidth at a reduced RF power level.
Every station in the IEEE 802.11 network uses the same 11-bit sequence. At the
receiver, the DSSS signal is convolved with the same 11-bit
Barker code and cor-
related. The minimum requirement for processing gain (
G
p
) in North America
and Japan is 10 dB.
PPDU
PPDU
Data Clock
11-bit
Barker code
Scrambling
Despreading
Demodulation
Descrambling
Timing Clock Recovery
Spreading
Mask-Filling
Modulation
11-bit Barker code
Figure 21.7 Transmit and receive DSSS PPDU.
PLCP-Preamble
PLCP
Header
SYNC
128-bits
SFD
16-bits
Signal
8-bits
Service
8-bits
Length
16-bits
CRC
16-bits
MPDU
PPDU
Darsning borishi - 26 noyabr 2015 yil

Darsning borishi:
I.Tashkiliy qism.
O’quvchilarni va yozuv daftarlarini darsga hozurlash.
O’quv qurollarini tekshirish.
II . O’tilgan mavzularni takrorlash.
O’tgan darsda o’tilgan bosh P harfiga oid so’zlardan doskada mashq qildirilib, o’quvchi-larning bilimlari tekshirilib ko’riladi. “Kim to’g’ri yozadi ?” o’yini o’tkaziladi. Oldin ushbu so’zlar aytib yozdiriladi.
Parpi , Po’lat , piyoda , parta , Mannop , ipak .
So’z boshida, so’z o’rtasida va so’z oxirida tushib qolgan harflarni toppish bo’yicha so’z kartochkalari beriladi. Topshiriqni to’g’ri bajargan o’quvchilar rag’batlantiriladi.
III. Yangi mavzu ustida ishlash.
Yangi mavzuni o’quvchilarga kichik q harfini tushuntirish bilan boshlanadi. Kichik q harfining yozilish tehnologiyasi tushuntiriladi. Bosma kichik q harfi , yozma shaklini yozishda
Q q q q q q q q
Qish qish qish qish
Qush qush qush qush
Qoshiq qoshiq qoshiq
Qo’lqop qo’lqop qo’lqop
IV. Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash.
Yozuv daftarlari bilan ishlash. Ushbu yozilishi kerak bo’lgan so’zlar va gapni yozishda o’quvchilar bilan yozish uslublari o’tkaziladi. Havoda mashq qildiriladi. Ayrim o’quvchilarga doskada mashq qildiriladi. Har bir so’z tarkibi tahlil qilinib, q harfining o’zidan oldin va keyingi harfga qo’shib yozish tushuntiriladi. Har bir so’zni shivirlab aytib turib, tushurib qoldirmasdan yozishlari tushuntiriladi. Yozuv daftarlaridagi;
q q q q q q q q
qish qish qish qish
qush qush qush qush
qoshiq qoshiq qoshiq
qo’lqop qo’lqop qo’lqop
So’zlarga diqqat qilgan holda yozdiriladi. So’zlarda kichik p harfiga e’tibor qaratiladi. O’quvchilarning yozuvlari kuzatib boriladi. O’quvchilar bilan yakka tartibda ish olib boriladi va doskada yozuvlari takror mashq qildiriladi. Qo’shimcha daftar bilan ish olib boriladi . Unda yozuv daftarda yozilgan bo’g’in va so’zlar qayta og’zaki aytib turiladi. Qo’shimcha daftarda yozgan so’zlari va yozuvlari muhokama qilinadi. Chiroyli , to’g’ri yozgan o’quvchilarning daftari namuna qilib ko’rsatiladi. davri ko’chirib yozish shaklida yoziladi.
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V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish

|
V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish
|
bet | 6/31 | Sana | 15.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,04 Mb. | | #263986 |
Bog'liq yozuv 2chorV. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish .
Bugungi darsda o’tilgan kichik q harfi yana bir bor eslatiladi va dars davomida qatnashgan o’quvchilar rag’batlantiriladi.
Yozuv
Mavzu : Bosh Q harfining yozilishi.
Darsning maqsadi:
Ta’limiy: Bosh Q harfi imlosini to’g’ri, aniq va chiroyli yozishga o’rgatish.
Tarbiyaviy: O’quvchilarda mehnatsevarlik tuyg’usini tarbiyalash.
Rivojlantiruvchi: O’quvchilarda chiziqdan chiqib ketmaslik , Harf unsurlarini to’g’ri yozish. Q harfiga oid yozuv ko’nikmalarini rivojlantirish.
Dars turi : Yangi bilim va tushunchalarini shakllantiruvchi.
Dars metodlari : Analitik-sintetik tovush metodi, suhbat, tushuntirish, munozara, ko’rgazmalilik. “Kim to’g’ri yozadi” mashqi.
Dars jihozlari : Yozuv daftari, qo’shimcha daftar, Q harfiga oid rasmlar.
Fanlararo bog’lanish: Alifbe, tasviriy san’at va odobnoma.
Darsning texnologik xaritasi
T|r
|
Dars bosqichlari
|
Bajariladigan ish mazmuni
|
Bajariladigan ish shakli
|
Ajratilgan vaqt
|
1
|
Tashkiliy qism
|
O’quvchilarni darsga tayyorlash. Navbatchi axboroti.
|
Suhbat.
|
3 daqiqa
|
2
|
O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash
|
O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash. Savol va topshiriqlar berib, xulosalash.
|
Savol- javob.
|
10 daqiqa
|
3
|
Yangi mavzu ustida ishlash
|
Bosh Q harfini yozish.
|
Ko’rgazmalilik.
|
20 daqiqa
|
4
|
Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash
|
Yozuv daftari bilan ishlash
|
Daftar bilan ishlash
|
10 daqiqa
|
5
|
Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish
|
Uyga vazifani tushuntirish
|
Rag’batlantirish.
|
2 daqiqa
|
|
| |
Biomakromolekulalardagi ta’sirlashuvchi kuchlar. Makromolekulalar

Biomakromolekulalardagi ta’sirlashuvchi kuchlar. Makromolekulalar
32-savol. Biomakromolekulalardagi ta’sirlashuvchi kuchlar. Makromolekulalar
fazoviy (asosan uchlamchi) strukturasining shakllanishi va mazkur struktura
barqarorligining ta’minlanishida nokovalent kuchsiz ta’sirlashishlar ham muhim
ahamiyatga
ega.
Ular
quyidagilardir:
Elektrostatik Ta’sirlashishlar. Oqsil
molekulasidagi to’plagan yon guruhlar elektrostatik ta’sirlashishlar tufayli tuz
ko’priklari hosil qiladi. Neytral rN sharoitida asparagin, glutamin qismga hamda S-
uch aminokislota qoldig`i g`i ulari manfiy, lizin, arginin qoldig`i g`i ulari hamda gistizin
imidozon halqasi va N-uch aminokislota qoldig`i uчlari musbat zaryadga ega bo’ladi.
Molekula yoki ikkita molekulaning shu xil sohalari o’zaro yaqinlashganda, ular
o’rtasida elektrostatik ta’sirlashishlar yuzaga keladi. Bu xil ta’sirlashish masofadan
ta’sirlashishlar jumlasiga mansub bo’lib, uning energiyasi zaryadni guruhlar elektr
zaryadi, muhit dielektr doimiysi hamda zaryadni guruhlararo masofaga bog’liq bo’ladi.
Energiyasi 40-400 kDj.mon-1 kattaliklari bilan xarakterlanadi. Vander-Vaans
ta’sirlashishlari, yaqindan ta’sirlashuvchi kuchlar guruhi tashkil etib, dispersion, dipon-
dipon va dipon-induksiyalangan dipon ta’sirlashishlaridan iborat.
Dispersion ta’sirlashish, neytral guruhlar yoki molekulalar o’rtasida yuzaga keladi.
Ta’sirlashish energiyasi guruhlarining ionlashish potensiali, qutblanuvchanligi hamda
ta’sirlashuvchi guruhlar orasidagi masofaga bog’liq holda 4-40 kDj.mon -1
darajasidagi kattaliklar bilan xarakterlanadi. Dipon-dipon ta’sirlashish doimiy dipon
momentiga ega ikkita qutbni guruhlar o’rtasida yuzaga kelib, uning energiyasi
guruhlar dipon momenti, muhit dielektr doimiysi va ulararo masofaga bog’liq bo’ladi.
Dipon-induksiyalangan dipon ta’sirlashish doimiy dipon guruh bilan dipon bo’lmagan,
qutbsiz guruh o’rtasida induksiyalanib yuzaga keladi. Energiyasi dipon moment,
qutblanuvchanlik, muhit dielektr doimiysi va ulararo masofaga bog’liq bo’ladi. So’nggi
ikki ta’sirlashishlar energiyasi 0,4-4 kDj.mon-1 kattaliklari bilan xarakterlanadi. Suv
strukturasi va gidrob ta’sirlashishlar. Suv molekulasidagi kislorodning kovalent bog’lar
hosil qilishda ishtirok etmaydigan ikki juft elektrollari cho’ziq orbitallarda joylashib,
molekulaning o’sha tomonida manfiylik namoyon qiladi. Molekulaning kislorodga
kovalent bog’langan vodorod atomlari tomonida esa musbatlik namoyon bo’ladi.
Bunday hol suyuq suvda, suv molekulalari o’rtasida vodorod bog’larining
shakllanishiga imkon yaratadi va shu asosda suv molekulalari o’zaro vodorod bog’lari
vositasida kлasterlar (to’r) hosil qiladi. Kлasterlar asosida suvning uch o’lchovni
fazoviy (muz) strukturasi shakllanadi. Bunday struktura asosida tetraedr etib, u jami
besh (bitta markaziy, to’rtta periferik) molekuladan tashkil topadi. Markaziy molekula
atrofiga to’rtta molekula bilan vodorod bog’lari orqali bog’lanadi.
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Mashina detallari kursining vazifasi nimalardan iborat?

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Mashina detallari kursining vazifasi nimalardan iborat?
|
bet | 1/22 | Sana | 20.02.2024 | Hajmi | 2,45 Mb. | | #159319 |
Bog'liq yakuniy javoblari
Mashina detallari kursining vazifasi nimalardan iborat? Barcha turdagi mashinalar uchun umumiy bo‘lgan detal va uzellarni hisoblash va loyihalash asoslarini talabalarga o‘rgatishdan iborat
Dеtal deb nimaga aytiladi? mashinaning bir xil matеrialdan tayyorlangan va ayrim bo‘laklarga ajralmaydigan qismidiga bo’laklarga bo’linib o’zaro kinematik juft hosil qiluvchi qismiga
Qism (uzel) deb nimaga aytiladi? ma’lum bir vazifani bajarish uchun mo‘ljallangan va bir nеchta dеtallar yig’indisidan iborat konstruktsiya
Insonning aqliy va jismoniy mexnatini yengillashtirish, ish unimdorligini oshirishga mo‟ljallangan qurilmaga …………… deyiladi. Mashina
Har qanday mashina nechta asosiy qismdan tashkil topgan bo‟ladi? 3 ta
Har qanday mashina qanday asosiy qismdan tashkil topgan bo‟ladi? energiya manbaii, harakat uzatuvchi va ijro etuvchi
Ishlash qobiliyati bu –mashina, mexanizm va qismlar asosiy belgilovchi parametrlarining xolati texnik xujjatlarda ko‘rsatilganga mosligidir
Umrboqiylik bu –belgilangan vaqt ichida mashina va mexanizmlar ishlash qobiliyatini yo‘qotmaslik, texnik imkoniyati (resurs) etarli darajada bo‘lishi
Ishonchlilik bu –texnik vositalarining to‘xtab qolmasdan ishlash extimolligi
Buzilish (otkaz) bu –ishlash qobiliyatini yo‘qotish
Uzilish (sboy) bu –buzilishni engil usulda tuzatish
Ta‟mirlashga yaroqlilik bu –texnik vositalar yordamida buzilishlarni aniqlash va tuzatish, ya’ni tuzilmalar ajratish va yig‘ishga nisbatan oddiy bo‘lishi kerak
Texnologik qulaylik bu –detal qismlarining ishlab chiqarish va foydalanishga qo‘yilgan talablarga mosligi
Tejamlilik bu –ishlab chiqarish, foydalanish, ishlatish va materialning tannarxi bilan belgilanadi
Mustaxkamlik bu –detalning qo‘yilgan yuklanishga bardosh berib ish jarayonida sinmay va benuqson ishlay olish xususiyati
|
| |
V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish

|
V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish
|
bet | 8/31 | Sana | 15.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,04 Mb. | | #263986 |
Bog'liq yozuv 2chorV. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish .
Bugungi darsda o’tilgan bosh Q harfi yana bir bor eslatiladi va dars davomida qatnashgan o’quvchilar rag’batlantiriladi.
Yozuv
Mavzu : Kichik ch harfining yozilishi.
Darsning maqsadi:
Ta’limiy: Kichik ch harfi imlosini to’g’ri, aniq va chiroyli yozishga o’rgatish.
Tarbiyaviy: O’quvchilarda mehnatsevarlik tuyg’usini tarbiyalash
.
Rivojlantiruvchi: O’quvchilarda chiziqdan chiqib ketmaslik , Harf unsurlarini to’g’ri yozish. Ch harfiga oid yozuv ko’nikmalarini rivojlantirish
.
Dars turi : Yangi bilim va tushunchalarini shakllantiruvchi.
Dars metodlari : Analitik-sintetik tovush metodi, suhbat, tushuntirish, munozara, ko’rgazmalilik. “Kim to’g’ri yozadi” mashqi.
Dars jihozlari : Yozuv daftari, qo’shimcha daftar, P harfiga oid rasmlar.
Fanlararo bog’lanish: Alifbe, tasviriy san’at va odobnoma.
Darsning texnologik xaritasi
T|r
|
Dars bosqichlari
|
Bajariladigan ish mazmuni
|
Bajariladigan ish shakli
|
Ajratilgan vaqt
|
1
|
Tashkiliy qism
|
O’quvchilarni darsga tayyorlash. Navbatchi axboroti.
|
Suhbat.
|
3 daqiqa
|
2
|
O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash
|
O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash. Savol va topshiriqlar berib, xulosalash.
|
Savol- javob.
|
10 daqiqa
|
3
|
Yangi mavzu ustida ishlash
|
Kichik ch harfini yozish.
|
Ko’rgazmalilik.
|
20 daqiqa
|
4
|
Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash
|
Yozuv daftari bilan ishlash
|
Daftar bilan ishlash
|
10 daqiqa
|
5
|
Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish
|
Uyga vazifani tushuntirish
|
Rag’batlantirish.
|
2 daqiqa
|
|
| |
Ehtimolning klassik va statistik ta’riflari

W=k/n
Agar biror A hodisa ustida o’tkazilgan еtarlicha ko’p sondagi takror
tajribalar sеriyasida
hodisaning nisbiy chastotasi biror o’zgarmas son atrofida tеbransa, shu o’zgarmas
sonni A
hodisaning statistik ehtimoli dеb qabul qilinadi.
3. Hodisalar yig’indisining ehtimoli.
1-xossa. Ikkita biragiklada bo’lmagan A va B hodisalar yigindisining ro’y bеrish
ehtimoli, shu
hodisalar ehtimollarining yig’indisiga tеng, ya'ni
P(A+B)= P(A)+ P(B).
Natija. Bir nеcha chеkli sondagi birgalikda bo’lmagan hodisalar yig’indisining ehtimoli, shu
hodisalar ehtimollarining yig’indisiga tеng, ya'ni
P(A
1
+A
2
+…+A
n
)= P(A
1
)+ P(A
2
)+…+ P(A
n
)
2-xossa: Ixtiyoriy A va B tasodifiy hodisalar yig’inidisining ehtimoli shu hodisalar
ehtimollarining yig’indisidan, bu hodisalarni birgalikda ro’y bеrish ehtimolini ayrilganiga tеng,
ya'ni
P(A+B)= P(A)+ P(B)-P(AB).
1-ta'rif. Agar A va B hodisalarning birgalikda ro’y berish ehtimoli:
P(AB)=P(A)P(B)
bo’lsa, A va B hodisalar bog’liq bo’lmagan hodisalar dеyiladi.
Ko’p hollarda A hodisaning ehtimolini biror B hodisa (P(B)>0 dеb faraz qilinadi) ro’y bеrgandan
so’ng hisoblashga to’g’ri kеladi.
2-ta'rif. A hodisaning B hodisa ro’y bеrish sharti
ostidagi shartli ehtimoli dеb, ushbu formula
bilan aniqlanadigan ehtimolga aytiladi:
P
B
(A)=P(AB)/P(B) , P(B) >0
3-xossa. A va B bog’liqli hodisalarning birgalikda ro’y bеrish
ehtimoli ulardan birining
ehtimolini shu hodisa ro’y bеrish sharti ostida hisoblan ikkinchi hodisaning shartli ehtimoliga
ko’paytmasiga tеng:
P(AB)=P(A)P
A
(B) yoki P(AB)=P(B)P
B
(A).
4-xossa. Bir nеchta bog’liqli hodisalarning birgalikda ro’y bеrish ehtimoli
birining ehtimolini
qolganlarining shartli ehtimollariga ko’paytmasiga tеng, bunda har bir kеyingi hodisaning
ehtimoli, undan oldingi hamma hodisalarning ro’y bеrdi dеgan shartida hisoblanadi.
P(A
1
A
2
...An)=P(A
1
)P
A1
(A
2
).... P
A1
......
An-1
(An).
Figure 21.8 DSSS PHY PPDU frame

726
21 Wireless Local Area Networks
Each DSSS PHY channel occupies 22 MHz of bandwidth and allows for
three noninterfering channels spaced 25 MHz apart in the 2.4 GHz
frequency
band (see Figure 21.9). With this channel arrangement, a user can conﬁ gure
multiple DSSS networks to operate simultaneously in the same area. Table 21.5
lists the DSSS channels used in different parts of the world.
Fourteen frequency
25 MHz
25 MHz
22 MHz
#11
#6
#1
2.4 GHz
2.412 GHz
2.437 GHz
2.462 GHz
Minimum
channel spacing
between
center
frequencies
Figure 21.9 Channel spacing for IEEE 802.11 DSSS networks.
Table 21.5 DSSS channels for different parts of the world.
Channel
number
Frequency
GHz
North
America
Europe
Spain
France
Japan
1
2.412
x
x
2
2.417
x
x
3
2.422
x
x
4
2.427
x
x
5
2.432
x
x
6
2.437
x
x
7
2.442
x
x
8
2.447
x
x
9
2.452
x
x
10
2.457
x
x
x
x
11
2.462
x
x
x
x
12
2.467
x
x
13
2.472
x
x
14
2.483
x
Ch21-P373580.indd 726
5/3/07 10:58:16 PM
channels are deﬁ ned for operation across the 2.4 GHz frequency band. In North
America 11 frequencies are used ranging from 2.412 to 2.462 GHz.
In Europe
13 frequencies are allowed between 2.412 and 2.472 GHz. In Japan only channels
at the 2.483 GHz frequency are permitted.
The maximum allowable radiated power for
DSSS PHY varies from region
to region (refer to Table 21.6). The transmit power is directly related to the range
that a particular implementation can achieve.
Example 21.1
A QPSK/DSSS WLAN is designed to transmit in the 902–928 MHz ISM band.
The symbol transmission rate is 0.5 Mega symbols/sec.
An orthogonal code with
16 symbols is used. A bit error rate of 10
5
is required. How many users can be
supported by the WLAN? A sector antenna with a gain of 2.6 is used.
Assume
interference factor
0.5 to account for the interference
from users in other cells
and power control efﬁ ciency
0.9. What is the bandwidth efﬁ ciency?
Solution
B
w
928
902
26 MHz
R
b
R
s
log
2
16
2 Mbps
G
p
26
2
13
P
b
10
5
1
2
erfc
E
b
N
0
E
b
N
0
10 dB
M
G
p
(
E
b
/
N
0
)
1
1
13
10
1
1
0.5
2.6
0.9
2
2
2
26
0.16 bps/Hz
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V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish

|
V. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish
|
bet | 4/31 | Sana | 15.06.2024 | Hajmi | 2,04 Mb. | | #263986 |
Bog'liq yozuv 2chorV. Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish .
Bugungi darsda o’tilgan bosh P harfi yana bir bor eslatiladi va dars davomida qatnashgan o’quvchilar rag’batlantiriladi.
Yozuv
Mavzu : Kichik q harfining yozilishi.
Darsning maqsadi:
Ta’limiy: Kichik q harfi imlosini to’g’ri, aniq va chiroyli yozishga o’rgatish.
Tarbiyaviy: O’quvchilarda mehnatsevarlik tuyg’usini tarbiyalash
.
Rivojlantiruvchi: O’quvchilarda chiziqdan chiqib ketmaslik , Harf unsurlarini to’g’ri yozish. Q harfiga oid yozuv ko’nikmalarini rivojlantirish
.
Dars turi : Yangi bilim va tushunchalarini shakllantiruvchi.
Dars metodlari : Analitik-sintetik tovush metodi, suhbat, tushuntirish, munozara, ko’rgazmalilik. “Kim to’g’ri yozadi” mashqi.
Dars jihozlari : Yozuv daftari, qo’shimcha daftar, Q harfiga oid rasmlar.
Fanlararo bog’lanish: Alifbe, tasviriy san’at va odobnoma.
Darsning texnologik xaritasi
T|r
|
Dars bosqichlari
|
Bajariladigan ish mazmuni
|
Bajariladigan ish shakli
|
Ajratilgan vaqt
|
1
|
Tashkiliy qism
|
O’quvchilarni darsga tayyorlash. Navbatchi axboroti.
|
Suhbat.
|
3 daqiqa
|
2
|
O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash
|
O’tilgan mavzuni takrorlash. Savol va topshiriqlar berib, xulosalash.
|
Savol- javob.
|
10 daqiqa
|
3
|
Yangi mavzu ustida ishlash
|
Kichik q harfini yozish.
|
Ko’rgazmalilik.
|
20 daqiqa
|
4
|
Yangi mavzuni mustahkamlash
|
Yozuv daftari bilan ishlash
|
Daftar bilan ishlash
|
10 daqiqa
|
5
|
Darsni yakunlash va o’quvchilarni rag’batlantirish
|
Uyga vazifani tushuntirish
|
Rag’batlantirish.
|
2 daqiqa
|
|
| |