nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
W orking Language - Of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan State University of World Languages

Arabic words as admiral, algorithm or aubergine.
Malay was the LF of Southeast Asia and was
used by Arab and Chinese traders there prior to
the arrival of the Europeans. Once they arrived,
people like the Dutch
and British also used Malay
to communicate with the native peoples.
In fact, in it’s time distinct spheres used to
have distinct LF, for example, Latin - in science.
In 1687, Isaac Newton published his “Mathematic
Principals Of Natural Philosophy” in Latin.
English interpretation was published only 42
>ears later after his death.
Today, LFs play an important role in global
communication as well. Examples of LFs remain
am erous, and exist on every continent. The most
O‘lchash jarayoni - “Metrologiya, standartlashtirish va sertifikatlash asoslari”

O‘lchash jarayoni - bu solishtirish eksperimentini o‘tkazish jarayonidir (solishtirish
qanday usulda bo‘lmasin).
O‘lchash usuli esa - bu fizik eksperimentning aniq ma‘lum struktura yordamida, o‘lchash
vositalari yordamida va eksperiment o‘tkazishning aniq yo‘li, algoritmi yordamida bajarilishi,
amalga oshirilishi usulidir.
O‘lchash odatda o‘lchashdan ko‘zlangan maqsadni (izlanayotgan kattalikni) aniqlashdan
boshlanadi, keyin esa shu kattalikning xarakterini analiz qilish asosida bevosita o‘lchash obekti
(o‘lchanadigan kattalik) aniqlanadi. O‘lchash jaraeni yordamida esa shu o‘lchash obekti to‘g‘risida
informatsiya hosil qilinadi va nihoyat ba‘zi matematik kayta ishlash yo‘li bilan o‘lchash maqsadi
haqida yoki izlanayotgan kattalik haqida informatsiya (o‘lchash natijasi) olinadi.
O‘lchash natijasi - o‘lchanayotgan kattalikning son qiymatini o‘lchash birligiga ko‘paytmasi
tariqasida ifodalanadi.
Xqn[x], bu erda X — o‘lchanadigan kattalik n — o‘lchanayotgan kattalikning kabul
kilingan o‘lchov birligidagi son kiymati; [x] — o‘lchash birligi
O‘lchash jarayonini avtomatlashtirish munosabati bilan o‘lchash natijalari o‘tkazmasdan
to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri elektron hisoblash mashinalariga yoki avtomatik boshqarish tizimlariga berilishi
mumkin. Shuning uchun, keyingi paytlarda, ayniqsa, kibernetika sohasidagi mutaxassislarda
o‘lchash haqidagi tushuncha quyidagicha ta‘riflanadi.
O‘lchash — bu izlanayotgan kattalik haqida informatsiya qabul qilish va o‘zgartirish
jarayonidir. Bundan ko‘zda tutilgan maqsad shu o‘lchanayotgan kattalikning ishlatish, o‘zgartirish,
uzatish yoki qayta ishlashlar uchun qulay formadagi ifodasini ishlab chiqishdir.
O‘lchash fan va texnikaning qaysi sohasida ishlatilishiga qarab u aniq nomi bilan yuritiladi:
elektrik, mexaniq, issiqlik, akustik va x.k.
10
O‘lchanayotgan kattalikning sonli qiymatini topishning bir necha xil turlari (yo‘llari)
mavjuddir. Quyida shu yo‘llar bilan tanishib chiqamiz.
O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI - O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi o‘rta maxsus texnikum...

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O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi o‘rta maxsus texnikum professional ta’limning
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bet | 20/85 | Sana | 17.05.2024 | Hajmi | 3,6 Mb. | | #240047 |
Bog'liq 5.52.01.01-Kompyuter injiniring(yangi)O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI
OLIY VA O’RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI
O’RTA MAXSUS PROFESSIONAL TA’LIMNING
5.52.01.01-Kompyuter injiniring
Jismoniy tarbiya fanidan
O’QUV DASTURI
Kvalifikatsiya(lar) nomi: Mutaxasis
O’quv rejadagi tartib raqami : 1.05
Ajratilgan soat : 60
Mang’it-2021
O’quv dasturi Amudaryo muhandislik texnikumining Padagjgik kengashining 2021 yil 4 yanvardagi №1-son yig’ilishida maqullangan va Amudaryo muhandislik texnikumining 2021 yil 11 yanvardagi ____-son buyrug’i bilan tasdiqlangan.
.
Tuzuvchi: Z .Polvonov
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Amudaryo muhandislik texnikumining Jismoniy tarbiya o'qituvchisi
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Taqrizchi: I.Najimov
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Qoraqalpoq Davlat Universiteti Fakultetlar aro Jismoniy madaniyat kafedrasi mudiri
|
O’quv dasturi umumiy talablari
Dastur nomi
|
Jismoniy tarbiya
|
Ajratilgan soat
|
60
|
Mavzular soni
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10
|
Dasturning maqsadi
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O‘zbekistonda gimnastikaning rivojlanish tarixi. Gimnastika mashqlarini tana rivojlanishdagi o‘rni..
O‘smirlar: baland turnikda qo‘llarga osilib oldinga va orqasiga siltanishlar, kuch bilan tortilib, to‘ntarilib qo‘llarga tayanib turish.
O‘smirlar chalqancha yotgan holatda g‘ujanak bo‘lib o‘tirishga o‘tish
Tizzalarni oldinga baland ko‘tarib, oyoqlarni orqaga siltab, sakrab-sakrab yugurishlar
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MUNDARIJA - “Metrologiya, standartlashtirish va sertifikatlash asoslari”

4
KIRISH
I. O‘quv fanining dolzarbligi va oliy kasbiy ta‘limdagi o‘rni
Mamlakatimizda amalga oshirilayotgan siyosiy va ijtimoiy o‘zgarishlar qishloq xo‘jaligi ta‘lim
yo‘nalishlarida taxsil olayotgan talabalar uchun ―Metrologiya, standartlashtirish,
sertifikatlashtirish
asoslari‖ fanini o‘zlashtirish davomida fanni rivojlanish tarixini,
metrologiya, standartlashtirish,
sertifikatlashtirish va sifat sohalarida yangi yo‘nalishlarni belgilab berdi.
―Metrologiya, standartlashtirish va sertifikatlash asoslari‖ fani o‘quv rejasining
ixtisoslik fanlari
blokiga kiritilgan bo‘lib, 3-kursda o‘qitilishi maqsadga muvofiq.
II. O‘quv fanining maqsad va vazifalari
Fanning maqsadi - Metrologiya, standartlashtirish,
sertifikatlashtirish va sifat, sotish va
iste‘molchilarning talablarini o‘rganishda metrologiya hamda standartlashtirishning
ahamiyatini,
shu jumladan standartlashtirish bo‘yicha bajariladigan ishlarni hamda sertifikatlashtirish asoslarini
o‘rganishdir.
Hardware - Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authors

9
and organized together into a database, data can become a powerful tool for businesses.
Organizations collect all kinds of data and use it to make decisions. These decisions can then be
analyzed as to their effectiveness and the organization can be improved.
Besides the components of hardware, software, and data, which have long been considered the core
technology of information systems, it has been suggested that one other component should be
added: communication. An information system can exist without the ability to communicate – the
first personal computers were stand-alone machines that did not access the Internet. However, in
today’s hyper-connected world, it is an extremely rare computer that does not connect to another
device or to a network. Technically, the networking communication component is made up of
hardware and software, but it is such a core feature of today’s information systems that it has
become its own category.
Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authors - bet 7

10
E
Use of Language Practice
i
Match words (1-10) to their definitions (a-j):
1.
disseminate
2.
harness
3.
tangible
4.
aggregate
5.
intangible
6.
index
7.
front-line
8.
help-desk
9.
overlook
10.
buzzword
a
make an alphabetical list of the items
b
the most important or influential position in a debate or movement
c
a service providing information and support to the users of a
computer network
d
ignore or disregard (something, especially a fault or offence)
e
bring something under control and use it
f
not having physical presence;
vague and abstract
g
spread (something, especially information) widely
h
expression that has become fashionable in a particular field and is
being used a lot by the media
i
perceptible by touch;
clear and definite; real
j
form or group into a class or cluster
ii
Use the words from the table above to complete the following sentences. Consider
correct grammar use.
1.
There are ________ benefits beyond a rise in the share price.
2.
A ________ is a service providing information and support to the users of a computer
network.
3.
Turkey plans to _________ the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for big hydro-
electric power projects.
4.
We will provide our __________ sales team with the absolute best in compensation.
5.
Different economies, with different currencies, should not be ________ to produce uniform
policies.
6.
The Internet allows us to _________ information faster.
7.
Biodiversity was the __________ of the Rio Earth Summit.
8.
There should be some ___________ evidence that the economy is starting to recover.
9.
We often __________ all sorts of warning signals about our own health.
10.
This search engine has ____________ hundreds of millions of Web sites.
CONTENTS 
Preface - Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authors

CONTENTS
Preface
6
UNIT 1
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
7
UNIT 2
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
14
UNIT 3
COMPUTER NETWORKS
21
UNIT 4
NETWORKING MEDIA and HARDWARE
28
UNIT 5
The INTERNET and the WORLD WIDE WEB
35
UNIT 6
ONLINE COMMUNICATION MORALITY and
SECURITY
41
UNIT 7
CRYPTOLOGY in the COMPUTER ERA
48
UNIT 8
MULTIMEDIA and the WEB
54
UNIT 9
E-COMMERCE
60
UNIT 10
GREEN TECHNOLOGIES
67
APPENDIX 1.
IT Acronyms
75
APPENDIX 2.
Texts on pleasure reading
79
References
118
6
Preface
The
Professional English
in IT
textbook covers ten topic-based units, which
reveal a range of key issues from information systems, database management systems
to networks and the Internet, online security, business on the Web and eco-friendly
technological solutions.
It provides readers with a solid knowledge of computing
fundamentals, an understanding of the impact of our technology-oriented society, and
a framework for using this knowledge effectively in their lives.
Key vocabulary is
presented via a range of authentic contexts. Two additional parts (appendices)
provide learners with the glossary of the most IT shortenings, e-mail abbreviations
and emoticons, and also enrich knowledge due to additional interesting texts on
pleasure reading.
Technology-integrated English for Specific Purposes (
ESP
) content of this
course gives the students the opportunity to improve their English competence
successfully, namely, reading, writing and speaking skills, which are crucial in
professional situations. It does this by meeting national and international academic
standards, professional requirements and students’ personal needs.
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UNIT 1 
INFORMATION SYSTEMS

8
B
Before You Read
Define two different ways of describing information systems using the following
information:
“Information systems (IS) is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software
that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.”
“Information systems are combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications
networks that people build and use to collect, create, and distribute useful data, typically in
organizational settings.”
“Information systems are interrelated components working together to collect, process,
store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and
visualization in an organization.”
C
Read the Article
The Components of Information Systems
Information systems are made up of five components that interact to
generate information needed by the users in an organization:
hardware, software, data, people, and process.
The first three components of information systems – hardware,
software, and data –all fall under the category of technology which
can be thought of as the application of scientific knowledge for
practical purposes.
From the invention of the wheel to the harnessing of electricity for artificial lighting, technology is
a part of our lives in so many ways that we tend to take it for granted.
Навчальне видання - Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authors

Навчальне видання
Красненко
Оксана Миколаївна
Кучерява
Людмила Василівна
Ребенко
Марина Юріївна
PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH IN IT
Англійська мова для професійної комунікації
для студентів
ІТ- спеціальностей
Навчальний посібник
Формат 60x84\16
Ум. друк. арк. 1
5,
0. Обл.-вид.арк.
13
,9
5
Наклад 100 прим. Зам. № 190182.
Видавець і виготовлювач Національний університет біоресурсів
і природокористування України,
вул. Героїв Оборони, 15, м. Київ, 03041.
Свідоцтво суб’єкта видавничої справи
ДК № 4097 від 17.06.2011
View publication stats
People - Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authors

|
Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authorsBog'liq 4 PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH
People
When thinking about information systems, it is easy to get focused on the technology components
and forget that we must look beyond these tools to fully understand how they integrate into an
organization. A focus on the people involved in information systems is the next step. From the
front-line help-desk workers, to systems analysts, to programmers, all the way up to the chief
information officer (CIO), the people involved with information systems are an essential element
that must not be overlooked.
Process
The last component of information systems is process. A process is a series of steps undertaken to
achieve a desired outcome or goal. Information systems are becoming more and more integrated
with organizational processes, bringing more productivity and better control to those processes. But
simply automating activities using technology is not enough – businesses looking to effectively
utilize information systems do more. Using technology to manage and improve processes, both
within a company and externally with suppliers and customers, is the ultimate goal. Technology
buzzwords such as “business process reengineering,” “business process management,” and
“enterprise resource planning” all have to do with the continued improvement of these business
procedures and the integration of technology with them. Businesses hoping to gain an advantage
over their competitors are highly focused on this component of information systems.
(See
more
at:
https://bus206.pressbooks.com/chapter/chapter-1/,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system
)
D
Comprehension Check
Answer the following questions.
1.
What is the role of each component in an organization?
2.
What does the effectiveness of IS depend on?
3.
What is application software?
4.
What spheres of life can systems exist in?
5.
Could you give examples of IS?
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Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authors - bet 9

|
Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authorsBog'liq 4 PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH
v
Choose the correct alternative to complete each sentence. Consider both the
grammar and the meaning of each option.
Technologies in McDonald’s Daily Operations
Technology is inherent (1)
for/in/of
many of McDonald’s day-to-day restaurant operations. (2)
From/to/for
the moment a customer places his or her food order, technology has a significant role.
For example, a customer’s order is routed (3)
in/to/over
a network to the kitchen (4)
in/for/to
preparation, video screens provide instructions (5)
for/on/to
our kitchens and drive-thrus*, and
cashless payments are processed. Furthermore, McDonald’s restaurants depend (6)
for/of/on
technology to keep track (7)
at/of/in
inventory, to know how much product is required (8)
at/of/on
different times of the day, and to determine the number of crew members required. Technology is
also creating innovations (9)
for/in/at
how we enhance the customer experience, such as self-
ordering via kiosks or mobile phones. Providing consumers in (10)
along/over/with
34,000
restaurants worldwide an experience that is modern and relevant, as well as based on a secure and
flexible foundation, is central to McDonald’s success, and technology powers this experience as
never before.
*you are served without leaving one’s car
12
vi
Nine parts of sentences have been removed from the text. Put the correct sentence
from A-J below in each space (1-9) to form a logical text. There is one extra item you don’t need.
|
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КИЇВСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ ІМ. ТАРАСА ШЕВЧЕНКА

КИЇВСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ ІМ. ТАРАСА ШЕВЧЕНКА
Оксана Красненко
Людмила Кучерява
Марина Ребенко
Англійська мова
для професійної комунікації
для студентів
ІТ-
спеціальност
ей
B2 – C1
Навчальний посібник
для студентів вищих навчальних закладів III-IV рівнів акредитації
КИЇВ - 2019
УДК 811.111:004 (075.8)
ББК 81.2 Англ.+32.97
К78
Рекомендовано Методичною радою факультету інформаційних технологій
КНУ імені Тараса Шевченка (протокол №10 від 26 червня 2018 р.)
Рецензенти:
Акмалдінова О.М.
– к.філол.н, професор (м. Київ);
Абсалямова Я.В.
– к.пед.н, доцент (м. Київ)
Автори:
Красненко О. М.
– к.філол.н., асистент кафедри іноземних мов математичних
факультетів Інституту філології КНУ імені Тараса Шевченка (розділи 3, 4, 8);
Кучерява Л. В.
– к.філол.н., доцент кафедри іноземних мов математичних
факультетів Інституту філології КНУ імені Тараса Шевченка (1, 2, 9);
Ребенко М. Ю.
– к.філол.н., асистент кафедри іноземних мов математичних
факультетів Інституту філології КНУ імені Тараса Шевченка (5-7, 10)
К78
Professional
English in IT [Англійська мова для професійної комунікації для
студентів
ІТ-спеціальностей
]: навч. посіб. / Красненко О. М., Кучерява Л. В.,
Ребенко M.Ю.– К.: НУБіП України, 2019. – 118 с.: іл.
Professional English in IT
охоплює десять тем, які розкривають низку ключових
питань у сфері ІТ. Тематичний матеріал супроводжується вправами, які спрямовані на
формування і розвиток лексичної та граматичної компетенцій студентів четвертого року
навчання. Наповнення посібника укладено згідно програми з курсу «Англійська мова за
професійним спрямуванням» ОКР «Бакалавр», а також відповідає вимогам як
міжнародних академічних стандартів, так і особистим потребам студентів.
Матеріали можуть бути використані викладачами англійської мови В
Н
З і
студентами математичних спеціальностей, які вивчають комп’ютерні науки та
інформаційні технології.
ISBN 978-617-7630-54-7
© НУБіП України, 2019
© Красненко О.М., Кучерява Л.В.,
Ребенко M.Ю.,2019
|
Fanning vazifalari - - “Metrologiya, standartlashtirish va sertifikatlash asoslari”

Fanning vazifalari - mamlakatda joriy etilgan milliy, mintaqaviy va xalqaro standartlarning bir
biriga uyg‘unlashganini tahlil qilishni, qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlarini etishtirish, saqlash, tashish
va qayta ishlashda samarali, kam chiqimli ekologik toza innovatsion texnologiyalarni tadbiq etishni,
standartlashtirish, metrologiya va sertifikatlashtirish sohasida barcha ishlarni xalqaro miqyosda
uyg‘unlashtirish, me‘yorlash, o‘lchash va tekshirish usul va vositalarini belgilash, shu bilan bir
qatorda amalda qo‘llashni o‘rganishdan iborat.
Fan bo‘yicha talabalarning bilim, ko‘nikma va malakalariga quyidagi talablar qo‘yiladi. Talaba:
Qishloq xo‘jaligida standartlashtirishning maqsad va vazifalari, hamda tamoyillari;
standartlashtirish ob‘ektlari va usullari, standartlar ustidagi asosiy amallar to‘g‘risida
tasavvurga ega bo’lishi kerak;
sifat va raqobatbardoshlikni oshirishni;
o‘lchov vositalarining ish tamoyillarini bilishi va ulardan to’g’ri foydalana olishi;
qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlari sifatiga qo‘yiladigan asosiy talablar;
etishtirishda mahsulot sifatini oshirish va unga ta‘sir etuvchi omillar;
qayta ishlashda mahsulotlarning sifati, raqobatbardoshligi va eksportbopligi to‘g‘risida;
sifat va eksport jarayonini uyg‘unlashtirish yuzasidan ko’nikmalarga ega bo’lishi kerak.
5
Reja: 1.Fanning maqsadi va vazifalari.
2. Metrologiyaning qisqa tarixi, asosiy atama va tushunchalari.
3. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining «Metrologiya tug‘risida»gi Qonuni.
Tayanch 
so‘z - “Metrologiya, standartlashtirish va sertifikatlash asoslari”

|
“Metrologiya, standartlashtirish va sertifikatlash asoslari”Bog'liq portal.guldu.uz-O`quv-uslubiy majmuaTayanch
so‘z
va iboralar: standartlashtirish, standarlashtirish ob‘ekti, millliy standart,
standartlashtirish tamoyillari, standartlashtirish usullari.
1.Standartlashtirish — aniq, soxada tartibga solishning optimal darajasiga real mavjud yoki
potentsial vazifalarga nisbatan umumiy yoki takror-takror foydalanish uchun kridalarni urnatish
vositasida erishishga yunaltirilgan faoliyat bulib, bu faoliyat xilma-xillikni boshqarish yoki
birxillashtirish,
bir-biriga
moslashtirish, o‘zaro alma- shishni ta‘minlash, sog‘liqni saqlash,
xavfsizlikni ta‘minlash, atrof-muxitni muhofaza kilish, mahsulotni ximoya kilish, xam fikrlikka
erishish, iqdisodiy ko‘rsatkichlarni yaxshilash, savdo-sotiqni rivojlantirish maqsadlarini ko‘zda
tutadi.
Standartlashtirishning muxim tomoni, uning ommaviyligi, keng qamrovligi va istiqbolligidadir.
Standartlashtirishga mahsulotlar, jarayonlar va xizmatlarga texnik talablarni ixtiyoriy yoki
tasodifiy o‘rnatish faoliyati sifatida emas, aksincha, nafaqat bugungi kunda mavjud fan va texnika
darajasini inobatga olib, balki istiqboldagi rivojlanish xolatini ham inobatga olgan holda optimal
talablarni ishlab chikish va tanlash faoliyati sifatida qarash kerak.
«Metrologiya,
standartlashtirish va sertifikatlashtirish» fanini o‘qitishdan maksad
talabalarda iqtisodiyotimizning texnika-texnologiya, menejment va marketing sohalaridagi ishlab
chiqarish, savdo, nazorat va iste‘mol bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan turli metrologik, standartlashtirish, sifat
va sifat boshqaruvi, sertifikatlashtirish bo‘yicha masalalar bilan shug‘ullanish xamda me‘yoriy
xujjatlar va standartlar bilan ishlash borasida yo‘nalish profiliga mos etarli bilim, ko‘nikma va
malakalarini shakllantirishdir.
Fanning vazifasi -talabalarga uzluksiz ta‘lim tizimida «Metrologiya, standartlashtirish va
sertifikatlashtirish» buyicha tayyorlashdan kelib chiqib, bunda standartlashtirish, metrologiya,
sertifikatlashtirish va sifatni boshqarish bo‘yicha nazariy, amaliy va me‘yoriy hujjatlar bo‘yicha
ma‘lumotlar o‘rganishdir. Bu borada asosiy masala kilib sifat masalasiga e‘tibor qaratiladi.
«Metrologiya, standartlashtirish va sertifikatlashtirish» fani xalq xo‘jaligi xamda sanoatning
barcha tarmoqlari uchun o‘ta zarur bulgan metrologiya, standartlashtirish, sertifikatlashtirish, sifat
tizimlari va sifat boshqaruvi masalalari xususida etarli va zarur ma‘lumotlarga ega bo‘lgan yuqori
sifatli kadrlarni tayyorlashda muhum o‘rin egallaydi. Shuning uchun ham standartlashtirish,
metrologiya, sertifikatlashtirish asoslarini bilish, sifat boshqaruvi bo‘yicha qoidalarni, talablarni,
me‘yoriy xujjat- larni bilish, uni o‘z mutaxassislik doirasida tushunish va amaliy qo‘llash texnika va
texnologiya soxalaridagi mutaxassislar uchun muhum omillardan biri bulib hisob- lanadi.
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Nazorat savollari - “Metrologiya, standartlashtirish va sertifikatlash asoslari”

9
O‘lchashlarning usullari va turlari
Kattalikning sonli qiymatini odatda o‘lchash amali bilangina topish mumkin, ya‘ni bunda
ushbu kattalik miqdori birga teng deb qabul qilingan shu turdagi kattalikdan
necha marta katta yoki
kichik ekanligi aniqlanadi.
O‘lchash deb, shunday solishtirish, anglash, aniqlash jarayoniga aytiladiki. unda
o‘lchanadigan kattalik fizik eksperiment yordamida, xuddi shu turdagi,
birlik sifatida qabul
qilingan, miqdori bilan o‘zaro solishtiriladi.
Bu ta‘rifdan shunday xulosaga kelish mumkinki: birinchidan, o‘lchash bu har xil kattaliklar
to‘g‘risida informatsiya hosil qilishdir;
ikkinchidan, bu fizik eksperimentdir; uchinchidan - o‘lchash
jarayonida o‘lchanadigan kattalikning o‘lchov birligi ishlatilishidir. Demak, o‘lchashdan maqsad,
o‘lchanadigan kattalik bilan uning o‘lchov birligi sifatida qabul qilingan miqdori orasidagi
(tafovutni) nisbatni topishdir. Ya‘ni, o‘lchash jarayonida o‘lchashdan ko‘zda tutiladigan maqsad,
ya‘ni
izlanuvchi kattalik, bu shunday asosiy kattalikki, uni aniqlash butun izlanishni, tekshirishni
vazifasi,
maksadi xisoblanadi va o‘lchash obekti ishtirok etadi. O‘lchash obekti (o‘lchanadigan
kattalik) shunday yordamchi kattalikki, uning yordamida asosiy izlanuvchi kattalik aniqlanadi, yoki
bu shunday qurilmaki, uning yordamida o‘lchanadigan kattalik solishtiriladi.
Shunday qilib, uchta tushunchani bir-biridan
ajrata bilish kerak; o‘lchash, o‘lchash jarayoni va
o‘lchash usuli.
O‘lchash - bu umuman har xil kattaliklar to‘g‘risida informatsiya qabul qilish, o‘zgartirish
demakdir. Bundan maqsad izlanayotgan kattalikni son qiymatini qo‘llash, ishlatish uchun qulay
formada aniqlashdir.
Bevosita o‘lchash - - “Metrologiya, standartlashtirish va sertifikatlash asoslari”

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“Metrologiya, standartlashtirish va sertifikatlash asoslari”Bog'liq portal.guldu.uz-O`quv-uslubiy majmuaBevosita o‘lchash - O‘lchanayotgan kattalikning qiymatini tajriba ma‘lumotlaridan bevosita topish.
Masalan, oddiy simobli termometrda yoki lineyka yordamida o‘lchash.
u q s x;
Bunda: u - muayyan birlikda ifodalanyotgan o‘lchanayotgan kattalikning qiymati;
s - shkalaning bo‘lim qiymati;
x - shkaladan olingan qaydnoma.
Bilvosita o‘lchash- Bevosita o‘lchangan kattaliklar bilan o‘lchanayotgan kattalik orasida
bo‘lgan ma‘lum bog‘lanish asosida katalikning qiymatini topish.. Masalan, tezlikni o‘lchash.
u q f (x
1
x
2
...x
n
).
Majmuiy o‘lchash - Bir necha nomdosh kattaliklarning birikmasini bir vaqtta bevosita
o‘lchashdan kelib chiqqan tenglamalar tizimini echib, izlanayotgan qiymatlarni topish. Masalan, har
xil tarozi toshlarining massasini solishtirib, bir toshning ma‘lum massasidan boshqasining massasini
topish uchun o‘tkaziladigan o‘lchashlar, xarorati qarshilik termometri orqali o‘lchash
Birgalikdagi o‘lchash - Turli nomli ikki va undan ortiq kattaliklar orasidagi munosabatni
topish uchun bir vaqtda o‘tkaziladigan o‘lchashlar. Misol, rezistorning 20
0
S dagi elektr qarshiligi
qiymatini turli temperaturalarda o‘lchab topish.
Mutlaq o‘lchash - Bir yoki bir necha asosiy kattaliklarni bevosita o‘lchanishini va (yoki)
fizikaviy doimiylikning qiymatlarini qo‘llash asosida o‘tkaziladigan o‘lchash.
Nisbiy o‘lchash - Kattalik bilan birlik o‘rnida olingan nomdosh kattalikning nisbatini yoki
asos qilib olingan kattalikka nisbatan nomdosh kattalikning o‘zgarishini o‘lchash.
O‘lchash usuli deganda o‘lchash qonun-qoidalari va o‘lchash vositalaridan foydalanib,
kattalikni uning birligi bilan solishtirish usullarini tushunamiz.
O‘lchashning quyidagi usullari mavjud:
Bevosita baholash usuli - bevosita o‘lchash asbobining sanash qurilmasi yordamida
to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri o‘lchanayotgan kattalikning qiymatini topish. Masalan, Prujinali manometr bilan
bosimni o‘lchash yoki ampermetr yordamida tok kuchini topish.
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O`quv mashg`ulotining texnologik xaritasi

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O`quv mashg`ulotining texnologik xaritasi
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bet | 25/113 | Sana | 29.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,99 Mb. | | #256811 | Turi | Referat |
Bog'liq Tarix” kafedrasi “manbashunoslik va tarixshunoslik”O`quv mashg`ulotining texnologik xaritasi
Ishlash bosqichlari, vaqti
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Faoliyat mazmuni
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O`qituvchining
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Talabaning
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1 bosqich
1.1 O`quv xujjatlarini to`ldirish va talabalar davomatini tekshirish (5 min).
1.2 O`quv mashgulotiga kirish (10min)
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1.1 Manbashunoslik fanining predmeti
Manbashunoslik fani haqida ma’lumotlar beriladi.O`quv mashg’ulotiga kirish davomida dastlab talabalarga BBB jadvali taklif etiladi va uning Bilaman, Bilishni xoxlayman grafalari to`ldiriladi. Jadvalning ikkita grafasi to`ldirilganidan so`ng ma’ruza boshlanadi.
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Tinglashadi. Aniqlashtiradilar, savollar beradilar. Manbashunoslik fani bo`yicha dastlabki tushunchalarini ifodalovchi ma’lumotlarni BBB jadvaliga tushiradilar
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2 bosqich
Asosiy 50 min
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2.1. Jadvalning ikkita grafasi to`ldirilganidan so`ng ma’ruza boshlanadi.
Manbashunoslik fanining maqsad va vazifalari. Fan taraqqiyoti davomida manbashunoslik fani predmeti haqida tushunchalarni o`zgarib borishi. Tarixiy manba, asl manba, asl nusxa tushunchalarining mazmuni tavsiflanadi. Manbalar haqidagi fan, manbashunoslik fanining maqsad va vazifalari, manbalarning turlari, yozma manbalar, moddiy (ashyoviy) manbalar, etnografik, lingvistik va h.k. manbalarni tavsiflash.
2.2. Manbashunoslikning predmeti bo`lmish manbalar, katalog, qo’lyozma, bitiklarga izoh berish.
2.3. Manbashunoslik fanining asosiy va yordamchi metodlari haqida ma’lumot berib, ularning yutuq va kamchiliklari, qo`llash sharoitlari xususida tushuncha berish. Jadval yordamida tushuntirish olib borish.
2.4. Manbalarning turlari mazkur masala bo`yicha klaster tuziladi va har bir tur haqida ma’lumot berib boriladi.
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Konspekt yozishadi, tinglashadi, manbalarning turlari rejasi bo`yicha doskada klaster tuzishadi. Mavzu bo`yicha savollar beradilar.
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3 bosqich. Yakuniy natijalar 15 min.
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3.1 Mavzu bo`yicha xulosa qilish. Manbalarning turlari, manbashunoslik fanining yordamchi sohalari yuzasidan umumlashtiruvchi fikr bildiriladi.
3.2 Talabalarga BBB jadvalini bilib oldim grafasini to`ldirish taklif etiladi va o`quv mashg`ulotning maqsadiga erishish darajasi tahlil qilinadi.
3.3 Mavzu yuzasidan o`quv vazifasi beriladi. Amaliy mashg’ulotga tayyorlanish.
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O`rganilgan mavzu bo`yicha olgan ma’lumotlarni BBB jadvalini yakuniy grafasiga tushiradilar.
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Seminar mavzusi - Tarix” kafedrasi “manbashunoslik va tarixshunoslik”

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Manbashunoslik fanining maqsad va vazifalari Manbalarni turkumlash
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Tarixiy tadqiqot uchun manbalarni turkumlashning ahamiyati. Turkumlashdagi asosiy tamoyillar: manbalarni mazmuniga, kelib chiqishiga va yo’nalishiga qarab ajratish. Tarixiy manba. Manbalarning asosiy turlari: moddiy yodgorliklar, ma’naviy yodgorliklar. Tarixiy manbalarning shakl va mazmuniga qarab guruhlarga bo’linishi: moddiy (ashyoviy) manbalar; etnografik manbalar; lingvistik manbalar; og’zaki manbalar (folklor). O’zma manbalar. O’zma manbalarning asosiy xillari. Adabiy manbalar (yilnomalar, xronikalar va h.k.). Epik yodgorliklar. Aktlarga oid hujjatlar (yorliqlar, aktlar, xatlar, yuridik-qozixona hujjatlari va b.). Arxiv manbalar. Normativ va ijroiya Hujjatlari; statistik materiallar-tarixiy manba. Jamoat tashkilotlari hujjatlari tarixiy manba sifatida. Diplomatik hujjatlar; memuarlar; davriy matbuot.
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2
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2
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Manbalarni o’rganish: aniqlash, tiklash, tahlil qilish
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Manbashunoslik sohasidagi tadqiqot. Manbalarni aniqlash va uning ilmiy ahamiyati. Manbalarni mavzular tartibida saralash va uning asosiy shartlari. Manbalarni taxlil qilish uslublari. Manbalarni tashqi va ichki belgilariga qarab taxlil qilish. Manbalarni umumiy tavsiflash va alohida bir manbani tadqiq etish. Matnni aniqlash. Asl manba. Manba yozilgan davr va joy, unda tarixiylikning in’ikosi. Manbaning yaratilish tarixi shart-sharoit va undagi tarixiy haqqoniylik mezoni (hujjatlarda tarixiylik deyarli real aks etgan bo’ladi). Asl manbadan ko’chirilgan nusxalar. Nusxalarning asl manbaga yaqinligini aniqlash muammolari. Tarixiy manba haqida umumiy xulosalar chiqarish.
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2
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3
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O’rta Osiyo tarixiga oid qadimgi va ilk O’rta asr yozma manbalari (arab yozuvigacha)
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Qadimgi epigrafik manbalar (Behistun, Persepol, Nahshi Rustam, Doro I, Ayritom bitiklari). Avesto-qadimiy yozma yodgorlik; Avestoda O’rta Osiyo tavsifi. Qadimgi Hind manbalarida O’rta Osiyo haqida ma’lumotlar. Qadimgi Yunon va Qadimgi Rim mualliflari asarlari O’rta Osiyoning qadimgi davr tarixiga oid muhim manba: Gerodot, Diodor, Aristotel, Pompey Trog, Arrian, Kvint Kurtsiy Ruf, Gay Pliniy, Plutarx, Polibiy, Strabon, Klavdiy Ptolemey asarlari. Xitoy solnomalari O’rta Osiyo tarixi bo’yicha qadimgi manba sifatida. Xou-Xan-shu («Keyingi Xan sulolasi tarixi»), Bey-shu («Shimoliy sulolalar tarixi»), Suy-shu («Suy xonadoni tarixi») va b. Qadimgi turkiy manbalar ilk o’rta asrlar O’rta Osiyo tarixiga oid manba sifatida. runa bitiklari: Lena-Baykalbo’yi, Yenisey, Mongoliya, Oltoy, Sharqiy Turkiston va O’rta Osiyodan topilgan bitiklar (To’nyuhuq bitigi, Kultegin bitigi, Bilga xoqon bitigi, Ongin bitigi va b.). Sug’d hujjatlari o’rta asrlar O’rta Osiyo tarixiga oid muhim manba. Muh qal’asidan topilgan hujjatlar, Afrosiyobdan topilgan sug’d hujjatlari, Sharqiy Turkistondan topilgan sug’d hujjatlari va boshqalar.
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O’rta Osiyo tarixiga oid rus va yevropa tillaridagi yozma manbalar

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O’rta Osiyo tarixiga oid rus va yevropa tillaridagi yozma manbalar
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bet | 20/113 | Sana | 29.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,99 Mb. | | #256811 | Turi | Referat |
Bog'liq Tarix” kafedrasi “manbashunoslik va tarixshunoslik”O’rta Osiyo tarixiga oid rus va yevropa tillaridagi yozma manbalar
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O’rta Osiyo haqida XVII asrgacha yozilgan yevropa tillaridagi yozma ma’lumotlar: Sayyoh va elchilar Marko Polo, Rui Gonsales de Klavixo va Antonio Jenkinson kundaliklari. XVII-XVIII asrlar rus va yevropa tillaridagi manbalarda O’rta Osiyo tavsifi: I.D.Xoxlov ma’lumotlari; «Kniga Bolshomu cherteju»; B.A.Pazuxin va S.I. Pazuxin ma’lumotlari; Florio Benevini axboroti; V.N.Tatig’ev «Leksikon geograficheskoy i politicheskoy»; D.Gladhshev va Muravin ma’lumotlari; F.Yefremov safarnomasi, T.Burnashevning O’rta Osiyoga safari xotiralari; F.Nazarov safarnomasi; N.Muravev ma’lumotlari; Ye.K. Meyendorf safarnomasi; G.Spasskiy «Aziatskiy vestnik» materiallari va boshqalar. O’rta Osiyoning XIX asr ikkinchi yarmida Rossiya tomonidan istilo qilinishi. Turkiston general-gubernatorligining tashkil etilishi. Turkiston general-gubernatorligi kantselyariyasi materiallari O’rta Osiyo tarixiga oid manba. Turkistonni o’rgangan rus olimlarining asarlari tarixiy manba sifatida. Turkiston arxeologiya havaskorlari to’garagi materiallari muhim tarixiy manba. XIX asr ikkinchi yarmi va XX asr boshlaridagi Turkistonga oid statistik ma’lumotlar, arxiv materiallar va davriy matbuot («Turkestanskie vedomosti», «Turkestanskiy vestnik»va b.) xabarlari tarixiy manba sifatida.
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2
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8
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O’zbekistonning XX asr tarixiga oid manbalar
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Rossiyadagi fevral inqilobi va Turkistondagi siyosiy jarayonlarni aks ettiruvchi materiallar. Oktyabr voqealaridan keyin Turkistonda Sho’rolar hukumati tashkil topishi va yangi davlat tarixi bilan bog’liq manbalar. Sovet hokimiyatining dekretlari. Sovetlar s’ezdlarining qarorlari, partiya tashkilotlarining hujjatlari manba sifatida. Turkistonda muxtoriyatchilik va istiqlolchilik harakati tarixiga oid hujjatlar tarixiy manba sifatida. O’rta Osiyoda milliy chegaralash tarixiga oid hujjatlar. O’zbekistonning 1925-1941 yillardagi tarixini yorituvchi manbalar; qatag’onlar tarixi aks etgan hujjatlar. 1941-1945 yillar urushi tarixiga oid materiallar. O’zbekistonning 1945-1991 yillardagi tarixiga oid hujjatlar. Statistik to’plamlar. Ish yuritish hujjatlari.
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9
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O’zbekistonning mustaqil taraqqiyoti yillaridagi tarixiga oid manbalar. Tarixiy manbalarni to’plash va saqlash
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Mustaqil O’zbekiston davlatining tashkil topishiga oid materiallar. O’zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimov asarlari mustaqil O’zbekiston tarixi bo’yicha asosiy manba. O’zbekistonda demokratik davlat tizimini barpo etishga doir hujjatlar tarixiy manba sifatida. O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti farmonlari, O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti devoni nashrlari, O’zbekiston Oliy Majlis hujjatlari muhim tarixiy manba. Mustaqillik davri turli hujjatlari, statistik ma’lumotlar, nashr materiallari, matbuot materiallari va boshqa ma’lumotlar tarixiy manba sifatida.
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metrologiya - “Metrologiya, standartlashtirish va sertifikatlash asoslari”

8
iste‘molchilar huquqlarini, fuqarolarning sog‘ligi va xavfsizligini, atrof-muhitni hamda davlat
manfaatlarini notug‘ri o‘lchash natijalarining salbiy oqibatlaridan muhofaza qilishga doir chora-
tadbirlarni amalga oshirish kiradi.
Quyidagilar davlat metrologiya tekshiruvi va nazoratining ob‘ektlari hisoblanadi:
etalonlar;
o‘lchash vositalari;
sinov vositalari;
moddalar va materiallar tarkibi hamda xossalarinint standart namunalari;
axborot-o‘lchash tizimlari;
o‘lchashlarni bajarish uslubiyatlari;
metrologiya normalari va qoidalarida nazarda tutilgan o‘zga ob‘ektlar.
Davlat metrologiya nazorati:
o‘lchash vositalarini tayyorlash, ta‘mirlash, ularning ijarasi bilan shug‘ullanish,
ularni realizatsiya
qilish, ularning holati va qo‘llanilishi (o‘lchamlar birliklari etalonlarini, moddalar va materiallar
tarkibi hamda xossalarining standart namunalarini, o‘lchash tizimlarini qushgan holda);
o‘lchashlarning bajarilish uslubiyatlarining qo‘llanilishi;
belgilangan metrologiya normalari va qoidalariga rioya etilishi hamda akkreditatsiya qilingan
metrologiya xizmatlari, markazlari, laboratoriyalari faoliyati ustidan amalga oshiriladi.
Qonunning
metrologiya
normalari
va
qoidalarini
buzganlik
uchun
yuridik va jismoniy
shaxslarning javobgarligi belgilangan.
-Mavzu: Manbalarni o’rganish: aniqlash, tiklash, tahlil qilish

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-Mavzu: Manbalarni o’rganish: aniqlash, tiklash, tahlil qilish
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bet | 24/113 | Sana | 29.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,99 Mb. | | #256811 | Turi | Referat |
Bog'liq Tarix” kafedrasi “manbashunoslik va tarixshunoslik”2-Mavzu: Manbalarni o’rganish: aniqlash, tiklash, tahlil qilish
Ma’ruza mashgulotining ta’lim texnologiyasining modeli
O`quv vaqti: 80 minnut
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Talaba soni 66 nafar
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O`quv mashg`ulotining tuzilishi
Ma’ruza rejasi
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Manbashunoslik sohasidagi tadqiqot. Manbalarni aniqlash va uning ilmiy ahamiyati. Manbalarni mavzular tartibida saralash va uning asosiy shartlari. Manbalarni taxlil qilish uslublari. Manbalarni tashqi va ichki belgilariga qarab taxlil qilish. Manbalarni umumiy tavsiflash va alohida bir manbani tadqiq etish. Matnni aniqlash. Asl manba. Manba yozilgan davr va joy, unda tarixiylikning in’ikosi. Manbaning yaratilish tarixi shart-sharoit va undagi tarixiy haqqoniylik mezoni (hujjatlarda tarixiylik deyarli real aks etgan bo’ladi). Asl manbadan ko’chirilgan nusxalar. Nusxalarning asl manbaga yaqinligini aniqlash muammolari. Tarixiy manba haqida umumiy xulosalar chiqarish.
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O`quv mashg`ulotining maqsadi : Talabalarda manbshunoslik fanining taraqqiyoti, manbashunoslik fanining predmeti, maqsadi va vazifalari hususida tushuncha hosil qilish.
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Pedagogik vazifalar:
YAngi mavzu bilan tanishtirish, mavzuga oid ilmiy atamalarni ochib berish, asosiy maslalar bo`yicha tushunchalarni shakllantirish.
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O`quv faoliyatining natijalari:
Talabalarda manbashunoslik fanining predmeti, metodlari va tarmoqlari haqida tasavvurga ega bo`ladilar, asosiy ma’lumotlarni kospektlashtiradilar.
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Ta’lim usullari:
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BBB, “Klaster”, ma’ruza
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O`quv faoliyatini tashkil qilish shakli
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Ommaviy
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Ta’lim vositalari
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Slaydlar, marker, flipchart, jadval
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Qayta aloqa usullari va vositalari
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Savol javob
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Internet saytlari - “Metrologiya, standartlashtirish va sertifikatlash asoslari”

278
5.
www.lex.uz
– O‘zbekiston respublikasi qonun xujjatlari portali
6.
www.metrolog.ru
– Metrologiya bo‘yicha Rossiya federatsiyasining sayti
Xorijiy
manbalar
1. Pedhazur, Elazar J.; Schmelkin, Liora Pedhazur (1991).
Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An
Integrated Approach (1st ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 15–29.
ISBN
0-805-
81063-3
.
2.
International Vocabulary of Metrology – Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM)
(PDF) (3rd ed.). International Bureau of Weights and Measures. 2008. p. 16.
3. Kirch, Wilhelm, ed. (2008). "Level of measurement".
Encyclopedia of Public Health 2. Springer.
p. 81.
ISBN
0-32102-106-1
.
Crease 2011
, pp. 182–4
4. C.S. Peirce (July 1879) "Note on the Progress of Experiments for Comparing
a Wave-length with a
Metre"
American Journal of Science, as referenced by
Crease 2011
, p. 203
Crease 2011
, p. 203
5.
International Bureau
of Weights and Measures
(2006),
The International System of Units (SI)
(PDF)
(8th ed.), p. 147,
ISBN
92-822-2213-6
Crease 2011
, p. 261
6. Naughtin, Pat (2007).
"What is metrication"
(PDF). Pat Naugthin. pp. 4, 5. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
7. Michell, J. (1999). Measurement in psychology: a critical history of a methodological concept. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
8. Ernest Nagel: "Measurement", Erkenntnis, Volume 2, Number 1 G‘ December 1931, pp. 313-335,
published by
Springer
,
the Netherlands
9. Stevens, S.S.
On the theory of scales and measurement 1946. Science. 103, 677-680.
10. Douglas Hubbard: "How to Measure Anything", Wiley (2007), p. 21
11. Penrose, Roger (2007).
The road to reality : a complete guide to the laws of the universe. New York:
Vintage Books.
ISBN
9780679776314
. "The jumping of the quantum state to one of the eigenstates of
Q
is the process referred to as state-vector reduction or
collapse of the wavefunction. It is one of
quantum theory's most puzzling features..." "[T]he way in which quantum
mechanics is used in
practice is to take the state indeed to jump in this curious way whenever a measurement is deemed to
take place." p 528 Later Chapter 29 is entitled the Measurement paradox.
O`quv mashg`ulotining texnologik xaritasi

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O`quv mashg`ulotining texnologik xaritasi
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bet | 23/113 | Sana | 29.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,99 Mb. | | #256811 | Turi | Referat |
Bog'liq Tarix” kafedrasi “manbashunoslik va tarixshunoslik”O`quv mashg`ulotining texnologik xaritasi
Ishlash bosqichlari, vaqti
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Faoliyat mazmuni
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O`qituvchining
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Talabaning
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1 bosqich
1.1 O`quv xujjatlarini to`ldirish va talabalar davomatini tekshirish (5 min).
1.2 O`quv mashgulotiga kirish (10min)
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1.1 Manbashunoslik fanining predmeti
Manbashunoslik fani haqida ma’lumotlar beriladi.O`quv mashg’ulotiga kirish davomida dastlab talabalarga BBB jadvali taklif etiladi va uning Bilaman, Bilishni xoxlayman grafalari to`ldiriladi. Jadvalning ikkita grafasi to`ldirilganidan so`ng ma’ruza boshlanadi.
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Tinglashadi. Aniqlashtiradilar, savollar beradilar. Manbashunoslik fani bo`yicha dastlabki tushunchalarini ifodalovchi ma’lumotlarni BBB jadvaliga tushiradilar
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2 bosqich
Asosiy 50 min
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2.1. Jadvalning ikkita grafasi to`ldirilganidan so`ng ma’ruza boshlanadi.
Manbashunoslik fanining maqsad va vazifalari. Fan taraqqiyoti davomida manbashunoslik fani predmeti haqida tushunchalarni o`zgarib borishi. Tarixiy manba, asl manba, asl nusxa tushunchalarining mazmuni tavsiflanadi. Manbalar haqidagi fan, manbashunoslik fanining maqsad va vazifalari, manbalarning turlari, yozma manbalar, moddiy (ashyoviy) manbalar, etnografik, lingvistik va h.k. manbalarni tavsiflash.
2.2. Manbashunoslikning predmeti bo`lmish manbalar, katalog, qo’lyozma, bitiklarga izoh berish.
2.3. Manbashunoslik fanining asosiy va yordamchi metodlari haqida ma’lumot berib, ularning yutuq va kamchiliklari, qo`llash sharoitlari xususida tushuncha berish. Jadval yordamida tushuntirish olib borish.
2.4. Manbalarning turlari mazkur masala bo`yicha klaster tuziladi va har bir tur haqida ma’lumot berib boriladi.
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Konspekt yozishadi, tinglashadi, manbalarning turlari rejasi bo`yicha doskada klaster tuzishadi. Mavzu bo`yicha savollar beradilar.
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3 bosqich. Yakuniy natijalar 15 min.
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3.1 Mavzu bo`yicha xulosa qilish. Manbalarning turlari, manbashunoslik fanining yordamchi sohalari yuzasidan umumlashtiruvchi fikr bildiriladi.
3.2 Talabalarga BBB jadvalini bilib oldim grafasini to`ldirish taklif etiladi va o`quv mashg`ulotning maqsadiga erishish darajasi tahlil qilinadi.
3.3 Mavzu yuzasidan o`quv vazifasi beriladi. Amaliy mashg’ulotga tayyorlanish.
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O`rganilgan mavzu bo`yicha olgan ma’lumotlarni BBB jadvalini yakuniy grafasiga tushiradilar.
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-Mavzu O’rta Osiyoning IX-XV asrlar tarixiga oid yozma manbalar

O`quv mashg`ulotining tuzilishi
Ma’ruza rejasi
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O’rta Osiyo tarixi aks etgan IX-XV asrlarda yozilgan arab tilidagi yozma manbalar: al-Madoiniy «Axbor al-xulafo», al-Ya’qubiy «Kitob al-buldon», Balazuriy «Kitob futuh al-buldon», Tabariy «Tarix ar-rusul va-l-muluk», Ibn Fazlon «Risola», al-Mas’udiy «Muruj az-zahab», Utbiy «Tarixi Yaminiy», Abu Abdulloh al-Xorazmiy «Mafotih al-ulum», Abu Rayhon Beruniy «Osor al-boqiya», Mahmud Koshqariy «Devonu lug’at at-turk», Sam’oniy «Kitob al-ansob», Ibn al-Asir «Al-Komil fi-t-tarix», O’g’ut Qamaviy «Mu’jam al-buldon», Muhammad Nasaviy «Sirat as-sulton Jaloliddin», Jamol qarshi «Mulhaqat as-surog’». O’rta Osiyo IX-XV asrlar tarixiga oid forsiy yozma manbalar: Narshaxiy «Buxoro tarixi», «Hudud ul-olam», Nizomulmulk «Siyosatnoma», Nizomi Aruzi Samarqandiy «Chor maqola», Gardiziy «Zayn ul-axbor», Abulfazl Bayhaqiy «Tarixi Mas’udiy», Avfiy «Javomi’ al-hikoyot», Juvayniy «Tarixi jahongushoy», Rashidaddin «Jome’ at-tavorix», Hamdalloh /azviniy «Tarixi guzida». Temuriylar saltanati tarixiga oid forsiy tarixiy yozma manbalar: Nizomiddiy Shomiy «Zafarnoma», Muiniddin Natanziy «Muntaxab at-tavorix», Sharafiddin Ali Yazdiy «Zafarnoma», Abdurazzoq Samarqandiy «Matla as-sa’dayn», Mirxond «Ravzat as-safo».
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Pedagogik vazifalar:
Yangi mavzu bilan tanishtirish, mavzuga oid ilmiy atamalarni ochib berish, asosiy masalalar bo`yicha tushunchalarni shakllantirish.
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O`quv faoliyatining natijalari:
Talabalar O’rta Osiyo IX-XV asrlar tarixiga oid forsiy yozma manbalarning o’rni, ularning o’ziga xos xususiyatlari haqida tasavvurga ega bo`ladilar, asosiy ma’lumotlarni konspektlashtiradilar.
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D 
Comprehension Check - Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authors

17
E
Use of Language Practice
i
Match words (1-10) to their synonyms (a-j)
1.
concurrency
2.
backup
3.
rollback
4.
logging
5.
query language
6.
overhead
7.
iteration
8.
economy
of
scale
a
a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of
production
b
in computer science, it is generally considered
any combination of
excess or indirect computation time, memory, bandwidth, or other
resources that are required
to attain a particular goal
c
repetition of a mathematical or computational procedure applied to the
result of a previous application
d
the procedure for making copies of data in case
the original is lost or
damaged
e
the ability of a database to allow multiple users to affect multiple
transactions.
f
just a fancy word to define a process of writing down everything you do
g
the process of restoring a database or program to a previously defined
state, typically to
recover from an error
h
a language for the specification of procedures for the retrieval (and
sometimes also modification) of information from a database
ii
Use the words from the table to complete the following sentences.
Consider correct grammar use.
1.
In database technologies, a ________ is an operation which returns
the database to some
previous state. They are important for database integrity, because they mean that the
database can be restored to a clean copy even after erroneous operations are performed.
2.
All small island developing states lack the ___________ to overcome
their vulnerabilities
on their own.
3.
SXPath may be used as a ___________ for an XML-based digital library.
4.
___________ enables refinement of the work product through encouraging brief returns to
previous steps.
5.
Make a _________ of any work you do on the computer.
6.
_____________ is keeping a record of all data input, processes, data output, and final results
in a program
7.
The ability to offer __________ is unique to databases.
8.
For example, maintaining an audit trail might result in 10% _________, meaning that the
program will run 10% slower when the audit trail is turned on.
Book · October 021 citations reads 35,829 authors - bet 8

11
iv
Read the article below. Fill in the gaps with appropriate word combinations:
executive information systems (EISs)
artificial intelligence (AI)
management information systems (MISs)
geographic information system (GIS)
transaction processing systems (TPSs)
decision support system (DSS)
Types of Information Systems
Typically, many types of information systems are used in businesses and other organizations.
Systems used to increase productivity and facilitate communications in the office include office
systems,
document processing systems, document management systems (DMSs), content
management systems (CMSs), and communications systems.
(1)
… perform
tasks that generally
involve the tedious recordkeeping that organizations handle regularly;
they usually include order
entry, payroll, and accounting systems.
These types of systems are most commonly used by operational managers.
(2)
… provide decision
makers – primarily middle managers – with preselected types of information. A
(3)
… helps middle
and executive managers organize and analyze their own decision making information.
(4)
… are
decision support systems customized to meet the special needs of executive managers. A
(5)
… is
an information system that combines geographic information with other types of data in order to
provide a better understanding of the relationships among the data.
Enterprise-wide systems include electronic data interchange (EDI), enterprise
resource planning
(ERP), inventory management systems, and product lifecycle management (PLM) systems.
Computers are widely used in industry to improve productivity at both the design stage – via
computer-aided design (CAD) – and the manufacturing stage – via computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM). The ability of some computer systems to perform in ways
that would be considered
intelligent if observed in human beings is referred to as
(6)
… . Currently, the four main types of
artificial intelligence (AI)
systems are intelligent agents, expert systems,
neural networks, and
robotics – the study of robot technology. Robots for military,
business, and personal use are
available today.