nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
“relaksopediya” - Mavzu: pedagogning kasbiy kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirishga yangicha yondashuv. (4 soat)

|
Mavzu: pedagogning kasbiy kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirishga yangicha yondashuv. (4 soat)
|
bet | 20/20 | Sana | 08.01.2024 | Hajmi | 1,75 Mb. | | #132311 |
Bog'liq Kompetentlik bo`yicha ma\'lumotlat“relaksopediya” (lot. “relaxation” – quvvatsizlik, zaiflashish, ruhan yoki jismonan holda toyish; holdan toyishni bartaraf etish pedagogikasi) deb nomlanadi. So‘nggi yillar jahon ta’limi amaliyotida ushbu pedagogika imkoniyatidan keng foydalanilmoqda.
Murakkab vaziyatlar (imkoniyati cheklangan, fanlarni o‘zlashtira olmaydigan yoki tarbiyasi og‘ir talabalar bilan ishlash)da relaksopediyaning pedagogik, psixologik imkoniyatlaridan o‘rinli, maqsadli, samarali foydalanish kutilgan natijalarni beradi. Relaksatsiya sharoitida bugungi kunda keng ommalashgan trening va avtotreninglar ijobiy muhitning hosil bo‘lishini ta’minlaydi. Ulardan foydalanish vaqtida talabalar tashqi va ichki ta’sirlardan himoyalangan bo‘lib, ularga faqatgina pedagogning ishontiruvchi ovozgina eshitiladi. Bu esa pedagogning ta’siri va uning samarasini yanada oshiradi.
Relaksatsiya jarayonida talabalar pedagogning qo‘llab-quvvatlashlarini his etishlari, uning mehr-muhabbatidan bahramand bo‘lishlari, hamdarligini his qilishlari lozim. Shundagina talabalardagi ruhiy zo‘riqish, jismoniy toliqishlarni bartaraf etish uchun psixologik muhit yuzaga keladi.
Mushaklar relaksatsiyasi (ya’ni mushaklarni bo‘shashtirish) davrida o‘z-o‘zini ishontirish va axborotga ta’sirchanlik yuqori bo‘ladi. Shuning uchun ham o‘z-o‘zini ishontirishga yo‘naltirilgan trening va avtotreninglarni uxlash va uyqudan turishdan oldin qo‘llash samarali hisoblanadi. Mushaklar relaksatsiyasining samarali kechishi uchun o‘qituvchi mushaklarni bo‘shashtirishga yordam beradigan metod va vositalardan xabardor bo‘lishi darkor.
Talabalarning ruhiy zo‘riqish va jismoniy toliqishlarini bartaraf etish maqsadida relaksatsiya asoslarini nazariy jihatdan o‘zlashtrib qolmay, ulardan amaliy jihatdan foydalanishni ham bilishlari zarur.
Yuqorida aytib o‘tilganidek, mahoratli pedagog faoliyatida pedagogik nazokat (takt) ham o‘ziga xos o‘rin tutadi:
Pedagogik takt pedagog faoliyatiga g‘oyaviy va amaliy jihatdan bir-biriga mos keladigan pedagogik axloqning bevosita tatbiq etishning shakli sifatida namoyon bo‘ladi. Takt (dahldorlik) – axloqiy hulq-atvor, xatti-harakat bo‘lib, o‘zida barcha ob’ektiv harakatlarning oqibati va ularning shaxs tomonidan sub’ektiv qabul qilishni avvaldan ko‘ra olish, belgilangan maqsadga osonroq erishish yo‘llarini izlashning namoyon bo‘lishini ifodalaydi.
|
| |
Kasbiy kompetentlik quyidagi holatlarda yaqqol namoyon bo‘ladi

|
Kasbiy kompetentlik quyidagi holatlarda yaqqol namoyon bo‘ladi
|
bet | 2/20 | Sana | 08.01.2024 | Hajmi | 1,75 Mb. | | #132311 |
Bog'liq Kompetentlik bo`yicha ma\'lumotlatKasbiy kompetentlik quyidagi holatlarda yaqqol namoyon bo‘ladi:
Kasbiy kompetensiyaga ega mutaxassis:
ü o‘z bilimlarini izchil boyitib boradi;
ü yangi axborotlarni o‘zlashtiradi;
ü davr talablarini chuqur anglaydi;
ü yangi bilimlarni izlab topadi;
ü ularni qayta ishlaydi va o‘z amaliy faoliyatida samarali qo‘llaydi.
Kasbiy kompetentlik negizida quyidagi sifatlar aks etadi:
1. Ijtimoiy kompetentlik – ijtimoiy munosabatlarda faollik ko‘rsatish ko‘nikma, malakalariga egalik, kasbiy faoliyatda sub’ektlar bilan muloqotga kirisha olish.
2. Maxsus kompetentlik – kasbiy-pedagogik faoliyatni tashkil etishga tayyorlanish, kasbiy-pedagogik vazifalarni oqilona hal qilish, faoliyati natijalarini real baholash, BKMni izchil rivojlantirib borish bo‘lib, ushbu kompetentlik negizida psixologik, metodik, informatsion, kreativ, innovatsion va kommunikativ kompetentlik ko‘zga tashlanadi. Ular o‘zida quyidagi mazmunni ifodalaydi:
a) psixologik kompetentlik – pedagogik jarayonda sog‘lom psixologik muhitni yarata olish, talabalar va ta’lim jarayonining boshqa ishtirokchilari bilan ijobiy muloqotni tashkil etish, turli salbiy psixologik ziddiyatlarni o‘z vaqtida anglay olish va bartaraf eta olish;
b) metodik kompetentlik – pedagogik jarayonni metodik jihatdan oqilona tashkil etish, ta’lim yoki tarbiyaviy faoliyat shakllarini to‘g‘ri belgilash, metod va vositalarni maqsadga muvofiq tanlay olish, metodlarni samarali qo‘llay olish, vositalarni muvaffaqiyatli qo‘llash;
c) informatsion kompetentlik – axborot muhitida zarur, muhim, kerakli, foydali ma’lumotlarni izlash, yig‘ish, saralash, qayta ishlash va ulardan maqsadli, o‘rinli, samarali foydalanish;
d) kreativ kompetentlik – pedagogik faoliyatga nisbatan tanqidiy va ijodiy yondashish, o‘zining ijodkorlik malakalariga egaligini namoyish eta olish;
e) innovatsion kompetentlik – pedagogik jarayonni takomillashtirish, ta’lim sifatini yaxshilash, tarbiya jarayonining samaradorligini oshirishga doir yangi g‘oyalarni ilgari surish, ularni amaliyotga muvaffaqiyatli tatbiq etish;
f) kommunikativ kompetentlik – ta’lim jarayonining barcha ishtirokchilari, jumladan, talabalar bilan samimiy muloqotda bo‘lish, ularni tinglay bilish, ularga ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsata olish.
g) Shaxsiy kompetentlik – izchil ravishda kasbiy o‘sishga erishish, malaka darajasini oshirib borish, kasbiy faoliyatda o‘z ichki imkoniyatlarini namoyon qilish.
h) Texnologik kompetentlik – kasbiy-pedagogik BKMni boyitadigan ilg‘or texnologiyalarni o‘zlashtirish, zamonaviy vosita, texnika va texnologiyalardan foydalana olish.
|
| |
P antomimika - Mavzu: pedagogning kasbiy kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirishga yangicha yondashuv. (4 soat)

|
Mavzu: pedagogning kasbiy kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirishga yangicha yondashuv. (4 soat)
|
bet | 14/20 | Sana | 08.01.2024 | Hajmi | 1,75 Mb. | | #132311 |
Bog'liq Kompetentlik bo`yicha ma\'lumotlatP antomimika – gavda, qo‘l va oyoqlarning harakati bo‘lib, u pedagog tomonidan bayon etilayotgan muayyan fikrni alohida ajratib ko‘rsatishga, ma’lum qiyofa orqali gavlantirishga imkon beradi.
Odatda o‘qituvchining to‘g‘ri tutilgan, chiroyli qaddi-qomati uning shaxs sifatida namoyon bo‘lishini ta’minlaydi. Qolaversa, bu holat uning o‘ziga, shaxsiy imkoniyatlariga bo‘lgan ishonchi yuqoriligi, shaxs sifatida o‘zini qadrlay olishi, o‘ziga o‘zi yuqori baho berishini ham ifodalaydi. Boshning quyi egilganligi, qo‘llarning osilib turishi o‘qituvchining ichki zaifligi, o‘ziga o‘zi ishonchsizligidan dalolat beradi.
Uzluksiz talim tizimining barcha bosqichlarida ta’lim oluvchilarga gavdani to‘g‘ri tutishni, erkin harakatlanishni, har qanday vaziyatda ham o‘zini tuta bilishni, yig‘inchoqlikni o‘rgatib borish maqsadga muvofiqdir. Oliy ta’lim muassasalarida talabalarda ushbu sifatlarni hosil qilish esa ularni kasbiy faoliyatga ruhiy tayyorlashning muhim shartlaridan biri hisoblanadi.
Talabalarga, eng avvalo, gavdani to‘g‘ri tutib turish o‘rgatiladi. Bunda oyoqlar yelka kengligida (ikki oyoq oralig‘i 12-15 smni tashkil etishi lozim), o‘ng oyoq bir oz oldinda turishi maqsadga muvofiqdir. Zero, shundagina tana og‘irligi har ikki oyoqqa birdek tushishi bilan birga uzoq vaqt (deyarli 30-30, oliy ta’lim muassasalarida esa 60-70 daqiqa) toliqmay turishni ta’minlaydi. O‘qituvchining harakatlari imkon qadar oddiy va erkin bo‘lishi lozim. O‘zini o‘zi majburlab, ayrim kamchiliklarni yo‘qotish maqsadida sun’iy, zo‘rma-zo‘raki harakatlarni sodir etishning hojati yo‘q.
Harakatlar qanchalik samimiy va imkon qadar oddiy bo‘lsa, ta’lim oluvchilarda o‘qituvchiga bo‘lgan ishonch, hurmatni shunchalik oshiradi. Gavdani oldinga-orqaga tebratmaslik, hadeb tana og‘irligini bir oyoqdan ikkinchi oyoqqa o‘tkazmaslik, stul suyanchig‘iga yoki kafedra (oliy ta’lim muassasalarida ma’ruza o‘qish uchun ajratilgan jihoz)ga butunlay suyanib olmaslik, boshni yoki quloqni qashlamaslik, burunni artmaslik, ko‘zni ishqalamaslik, qo‘lda biror buyumni aylantirmaslik ta’lim oluvchiga qanchalik zavq bersa, unda o‘qituvchiga nisbatan xayrixohlikni uyg‘otsa, ularning aksini sodir etish ta’lim oluvchining g‘ashini keltiradi. Dars jarayonida o‘qituvchi, shuningdek, gavdasi harakatining bosiq, ortiqcha harakatlardan holi bo‘lishiga e’tibor qaratishi, ortiqcha silkinish va keskin harakatlarni sodir etishdan o‘zini tuta olishi zarur.
P edagogik jarayonda o‘qituvchi yuz ifodasi (mimika) va jestlar orqali ham talabalarga samarali ta’sir ko‘rsatadi.
|
| |
A kmeologik yondashuv ( - Mavzu: pedagogning kasbiy kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirishga yangicha yondashuv. (4 soat)

|
Mavzu: pedagogning kasbiy kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirishga yangicha yondashuv. (4 soat)
|
bet | 5/20 | Sana | 08.01.2024 | Hajmi | 1,75 Mb. | | #132311 |
Bog'liq Kompetentlik bo`yicha ma\'lumotlatA kmeologik yondashuv (grekcha “akme” so‘zidan olingan bo‘lib, “oliy nuqta”, “yuqori cho‘qqi” degan ma’nolarni anglatadi). Akmeologiya birinchi navbatda “fan” hisoblanadi. Akmeologiya - bu kattalarning (psixologik, natijalarga va mahorat cho‘qqisiga erishish) rivojlanish qonunlarini o‘rganadigan fan. Akmeologiya dastlab nemis psixolog olimi Sharlotta Byuler (1893-1974) tomonidan o‘rganilgan bo‘lsa, 1928 yilda rus olimi Nikolay Aleksandrovich Rыbnikov (1880-1961) tomonidan Akmeologiya-“Etuk odamlarning rivojlanishi” haqidagi fan sifatida e’tirof etgan. Bu fan sifatida tabiiy, ijtimoiy, gumanitar va texnika fanlarining щzaro integratsiyasi natijasida paydo bo‘lgan fan hisoblanadi. Akmeologiya fani bir vaqtning o‘zida pedagogika va psixologiya fanlari bilan uzviy aloqada rivojlanmoqda.
Akmeologik yondashuv bo‘lajak mutaxassislarni tayyorlashni takomillashtirishda yangi paradigmadir. Yangi iqtisodiyotning barcha jabhalariga turli kasblar bo‘yicha mutaxassis kadrlarni tayyorlash uchun akmeologiyaning quyidagi yo‘nalishlarining o‘rni va roli muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Bular: pedagogik, harbiy, ijtimoiy, maktab, tibbiyot, boshqaruv, kreativ, sinergetik, korreksion va etnik akmeologiyalardir.
Aksiologik yondashuv Aksiologiya (yunoncha axio – qadriyat va logos – fan, ta’limot) – qadriyatshunoslik, ma’naviy hodisalardan biri bo‘lgan qadriyatlar sohasini o‘rganadigan, uning qonun va kategoriyalarini tadqiq qiladigan ilm yo‘nalishi, qadriyatlar haqidagi fan. U XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmida nemis qadriyatshunosi E.Gartman va fransuz olimi P.Lapi tomonidan ilmiy iste’molga kiritilgan. Aksiologiya aksiologik ong, qadrlash tuyg‘usi, aksiologik bilish, qadrlash tamoyiliga tayanib to‘plangan qadriyatlar to‘g‘risidagi bilimlar sistemasidir. Zamonaviy Aksiologiyada ob’ektiv, sub’ektiv va plyuralistik oqim hamda yo‘nalishlar mavjud. Aksiologiya «qadr», «qadrlash», «qadriyatlar», «qadriyatlar tizimi» kabi aksiologik kategoriyalarni, ularning turli shakllarini o‘rganadi. Qadriyatlar tizimining ijtimoiy taraqqiyotga bog‘liqlik qonuni, qadriyatlar tizimining o‘zgarishi va takomillashuvi bilan bog‘liq aksiologik qonunlar ham aksiologiya shug‘ullanadigan masalalar doirasiga kiradi.
|
| |
Building a Toolbar in Internet Explorer Janaki Ram & Srilatha - bet 2

|
Building a Toolbar in Internet Explorer Janaki Ram & Srilatha
|
bet | 2/5 | Sana | 22.03.2020 | Hajmi | 196,5 Kb. | | #8383 |
-
|
|
|
Figure 1: Different bands in Internet Explorer
|
To see a desk band, right click on the taskbar (area connected to the start button). Select the toolbar's menu item from the context menu. Listed are the available desk bands. Initially desk bands are docked on the taskbar. The user can then drag the desk band to the desktop, and it will appear as a normal window:
Desk Band
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 2: Desk Band
|
|
|
This paper describes the requirements and implementation of toolbar and their capabilities using LoginSoft’s toolbar. The toolbar is written in C++ using Active Template Library (ATL) and Win32 Programming.
|
| |
Advantages and Challenges of Internet Marketing

2.2 Advantages and Challenges of Internet Marketing
On the benefit side, there is no doubt that the Internet gives access to a great number of people, as well as it offers the opportunity of building closer relationships with customers (Buhalis & Licata, 2002; Wang et al., 2002). The Internet is an exposure of property by which advertising and marketing opportunities occur (Baloglu & Pekcan, 2006). It creates faster and better communication, which makes it easy to identify and target that base. The Internet reduces the time and costs associated with delivery and postage (Gursan, 2002).
Through the Internet, the hospitality industry has been able to market services in a variety of methods ranging from mass-marketing to mass-customization where customers’ needs and wants are targeted individually (Ismail & Mills, 2001; Paraskevas & Buhalis, 2002). Furthermore, the Internet works in cyberspace, which brings the opportunity of being free from geographical and national borders (Anckar & Walden, 2001). Finally, with its equalizing effect the Internet creates a level playing field where size does not matter (Sigala, 2003).
Online advertising, in all its forms, offers a chance to brand and inform, not just sell also although it is unique, it is related to offline branding. The Web has become the single most important medium for people at work. Most such users view it as a place where successful, modern, up-to-date brands advertise. (Demarse 2002)
On the drawback side, the financial cost and time spent setting up and maintaining the fundamental system can be mentioned (Heung, 2003; Van Hoof & Combrink, 1998). According to Palumbo and Herbig (1998), security, confidentiality, and privacy issues in financial transactions are important and common problems on the Internet.
Another drawback that many potential consumers have is the low speed access or low bandwidth connection to the Internet via modems (Anckar &Walden, 2001). Besides its potential benefit of reaching a large audience, your competitors do have the same benefit, which forces your website to compete with thousands of others (Gilbert & Powell-Perry, 2002). Alienation of potential customers and losing that personal touch are some of the fears of both customers and hoteliers (Blikom, 1996).
|
Table 1.2 Members of Ghana Hotels Association and their location by Regions

Table 1.2 Members of Ghana Hotels Association and their location by Regions
-
REGIONS OF GHANA
|
NUMBER OF HOTELS
|
Greater Accra
Ashanti
Central
Volta
Eastern
Western
Brong Ahafo
Northern
Upper East
Upper West
|
389
61
73
46
80
40
43
33
43
8
|
Source: Hotels Association of Ghana website 2011
Tourism has a direct impact on the hotel sector in Ghana. The more tourism activities are patronized the more there is the need for hotel facilities to serve the tourists – restaurants, fitness centre, swimming pools, artifacts shops, guarded packing etc.
According to the GNA, international tourist arrivals in Ghana for 2007 were 587,000 while tourism receipts for the same year amounted to US$908 million. The average annual growth rate between 2000 - 2007 was at 5.7 percent (Daily Graphic, 2010).
Tourist’s average expenditure also rose from 1,125 dollars in 2002 to 2010 dollars in 2008. In 2002, expendable money was 1,125 dollars, in 2003 it was 1,344 dollars, 2004 expendable cash was 1,711 dollars, 2005 expenditure 1,950 dollars, 2006 -1985 dollars and 2007 it was 1,998 dollar whereas 2008 was 2,010 dollars. 146,653 business people arrived during 2007 and in 2008 arrivals were 160,556 (GNA, 2010).
The hotel industry in Ghana is a major beneficiary of the tourist expenditure as captured above. Boarding and lodging form a major part of the expenses borne by the tourist although there are other expenses which are outside the hotel industry.
|
Paydalaniwshilar - Tema: Internette mag’liwmatlar izlew

|
Tema: Internette mag’liwmatlar izlew
|
bet | 3/4 | Sana | 30.05.2024 | Hajmi | 19,35 Kb. | | #257589 |
Bog'liq Tema Internette mag’liwmatlar izlew-genderi.orgPaydalaniwshilar
sani mln. %
35 mln 0,81
1 mlrd 22,74
1.05 mlrd 27,65
12mln 0,57
1.5 mlrd 44,42
210 mln 3,97
Internettin’ rawajlaniwi.
Internetke 80- jillarda oqiw orinlari, ma’mleket agentligi, xalqara sho’lkemler va isbilermenlik firmalari kiritildi. 90 - jillarda Internet juda tezlik penen o’siwdi basinan keshirgen, ha’zirgi kunde Internetke milyardlap paydalaniwshilar jalg’ang’an, olardin’ shamalap yarimi sawda,isbilermenlik boyinsha paydalaniwshilar. Ha’zir Milliy Informaciya Infrastrukturasi (NII) tiykarinda paydalanilmaqta.
Internet Arxitekturasi
Internet tarmag’ina jalg’aniw
Internet xizmetleri
TCP/IP protokoli
Internet tarmag’I xarakteristikalari
EN GRANT IATP II&IP UZ IATP GRANTI II va AH
Copyright © 2000 IATP Site design by Makhmud Botirov
Lokal tarmaq
Lokal tarmaq
…
…
Aymaq tarmag'i 1
Aymaq tarmag'i D
Negizgi tarmaq
…
Internet mag’liwmatlardi tu’rli tezlikte jiberiwden tisqari ko'p qatlamli strukturag’a iye. Negizgi tarmaq, Internet ajralip optik kanallarda paydalanilmaqta. Og’an aymaqliq tarmaqlar jalg’ang’an bolip, o'z nawbetinde olar lokal tarmaqlar menen ta'minlengen.
Internet arxitekturasi
Lokal tarmaq
Lokal tarmaq
EN GRANT IATP II&IP UZ IATP GRANTI II va AH
Copyright © 2000 IATP Site design by Makhmud Botirov
Internet tarmag’i menen paydalaniwshilardin’ o'zara imkaniyati. Internetke jalg’aniwdin’ bir qancha turleri bar. Baylanisiw tu’ri qanshelli ko’p xizmet ko’rsetiw imkaniyatin jaratsa, ha’m ol qanshelli ulken informaciya tezligine iye bolsa ol sonshelli qimbat boladi.
Internet tarmag’ina jalg’aniw
Tuwridan-tuwri jalg’aniw
SLIP ha’m PPP boyinsha jalg’aniw
Qon’iraw qilip jalg’aniw (Dial-up Access, Dial-up)
UUCP boyinsha jalg’aniw
Basqa tarmaqlar arqali jalg’aniw
|
| |
12 ma’ruza. Bir bosqichli porshenli kompressorlar

|
12 ma’ruza. Bir bosqichli porshenli kompressorlar
|
bet | 1/3 | Sana | 15.01.2024 | Hajmi | 83,12 Kb. | | #137645 |
Bog'liq ma ruza 12
12 - MA’RUZA. BIR BOSQICHLI PORSHENLI KOMPRESSORLAR
REJA:
Kompressorlar xaqida umumiy tushunchalar.
Bir bosqichli porshenli kompressorlarning tuilishi.
Ko’p bosqichli porshenli kompressor.
1 Umumiy tushunchalar
Gazni siqish va haydash uchun mo’ljallangan mashinalar kompressorlar deyiladi.
Kompressorlar xalq xo’jaligida qo’llanilayotgan zamonaviy texnikalarda keng foydalanilmoqda. Ayniqsa kimyo, mashinasozlik, metallurgiya, temir yo’li, aviatsiya sanoatlarida, gaz-turbinali dvigatellarda va sovitish qurilmalarida kompressorlar keng ishlatiladi.
Ishlash printsipi va tuzilishiga ko’ra kompressorlar hajmiy va parrakli kompressorlarga bo’linadi.
Hajmiy kompressorlarda gaz bosimi uning hajmini majburiy kamaytirish hisobiga ko’payadi. Hajmiy kompressorlar jumlasiga porshenli rotatsion va vintaviy kompressorlar kiradi.
Parrakli kompressorlarda gazning bosimi kompressorning g’ildiraklari aylanganida vujudga keladigan inertsion kuchlar ta’sirida ko’payadi. Ular trubokompressorlar ham deyiladi va markazdan qochma hamda o’qiy kompressorlariga bo’linadi.
Porshenli kompressorlar miqdori unchalik katta bo’lmagan gazni katta bosimlargacha siqishda ishlatiladi. Trubokompressorlar esa buning aksicha gazni nisbatan past bosimlarda (0,15-1,5MPa atrofida) uzatib berish uchun mo’ljallangan .
Kompressorlar bir-biridan konstruktsiyasi va siqish printsipiga ko’ra farq qilishiga qaramasdan siqish protsessi termodinamikasi ularda bir xil bo’ladi.
2 Bir bosqichli porshenli kompressorlarning tuzilishi
Kompressorlarda sodir bo’ladigan protsesslarni tekshirish va tahlil qilish uchun, ish printsipi oddiyroq bo’lgan bir bosqichli porshenli kompressorlarni ko’rib chiqamiz (1-rasm).
|
| |
ball - belgi, xususiyatning eng kam holati

|
ball - belgi, xususiyatning eng kam holati
|
bet | 2/8 | Sana | 09.09.2024 | Hajmi | 67 Kb. | | #270693 |
Bog'liq NAVLARNING XO’JALIK-BIOLOGIK XUSUSIYATLARINI O’RGANISH 1 ball - belgi, xususiyatning eng kam holati;
9 ball - belgi, xususiyatning eng ko‘p zararlanishi.
Mahsuldorlikni baholash. O‘rtacha bitta o‘simlikdan olinadigan hosil ekinning (navning) mahsuldorligi, yer maydonidan olinadigan hosil uning hosildorligi deb ataladi. Mahsuldorlik gramm yoki kilogramm hisobida, hosildorlik esa gektaridan sentner yoki tonna bilan hisoblanadi. Ekinning (navning) hosildorligi uning mahsuldorligi va ko‘chat qalinligi bilan ifodalanadi. Demak,mahsuldorlik nav 124 hosildorligini belgilovchi ikki asosiy ko‘rsatgichning biridir. Seleksiya jarayonining dastlabki bosqichida tanlab olingan elita o‘simliklarning avlodi faqat mahsuldorlik bo‘yicha baholanadi, chunki, ular oz va kichik maydonlarga ekiladi. Keyinchalik,seleksion ashyoning hosildorligini aniqlash imkoniyati tug‘ilgandan so‘ng ham mahsuldorlik bo‘yicha baholash o‘z ahamiyatini saqlab qoladi. Boshoqli don ekinlarning mahsuldorligi mahsuldor poyalar soni, boshoqdagi don soni, 1000 ta donning vazni kabi ko‘rsatkichlar bilan belgilanadi. Ko‘pchilik hollarda o‘simlikning mahsuldorlik ko‘rsatkichlari navning hosildorligini ifodalaydi. Seleksion ashyoning mahsuldorligi tez o‘zgaruvchan belgi (xususiyat) bo‘lib, uni baholash juda murakkabdir. Bu xususiyat o‘stirish sharoitiga qarab keskin o‘zgaradi. Hatto bitta nav ichidagi o‘simliklarning mahsuldorlik bo‘yicha farqi jihatidan keskin farq qiluvchi ikki navning mahsuldorligi bo‘yicha farqidan ham yuqori bo‘ladi. Shuning uchunseleksion ashyoni mahsuldorlik bo‘yicha baholaganda olinadigan ma’lumotlarning to‘g‘ri bo‘lishini ta’minlash maqsadida nav va rakamlar mutlaqo bir xil agrotexnika, tuproq-iqlim hamda relef sharoitida o‘stiriladi. Dalalar tuproq unumdorligi, o‘g‘it, sug‘orish me’yoriyari va muddatlari bo‘yicha bir xil sharoitda bo‘lishi talab qilinadi. Hatto sezilarli bo‘lmagan farq ham o‘simlik mahsuldorligidagi katta farqlanishga sabab bo‘lib, seleksiya ishida yirik kamchiliklar keltirib chiqarishi mumkin. Seleksion ashyoning mahsuldorligi va hosildorligi hamma vaqt dala sharoitida bevosita va bilvosita usullar bilan baholanadi.Seleksiya ishida hosildorlikni aniqlashning quyidagi usullari bor:
- yoppasiga yig‘ishtirish;
|
| |
Sun’iy immunitet - 8-labaratoriya mashg`uloti: navlarning xo’jalik-biologik xususiyatlarini o’rganish. Ishning maqsadi

|
8-labaratoriya mashg`uloti: navlarning xo’jalik-biologik xususiyatlarini o’rganish. Ishning maqsadi
|
bet | 8/8 | Sana | 09.09.2024 | Hajmi | 67 Kb. | | #270693 |
Bog'liq NAVLARNING XO’JALIK-BIOLOGIK XUSUSIYATLARINI O’RGANISH Sun’iy immunitet. Seleksiya usullari bilan kasallikka chidamlilik yaratiladi. O‘simliklarning kasalliklarga chidamli navlarini yaratish seleksiyaning eng murakkab masalalaridan biri hisoblanadi, chunki qo‘zg‘atuvchilar juda xilma-xil, ular tez ko‘payadi va oson moslasha oladi. Masalan, zang kasalligining hozirgi vaqtda 350 dan, qorakuyaning 10 dan, chang qorakuyaning 20 dan, fitoftoraning 16 dan ortiq xillari mavjud. Bundan tashqari, ularning yangi shakllari paydo bo‘lishi juda tez kechadi. O‘simliklarning kasalliklarga chidamliligi, ularning morfologik va fiziologik xossalari bilan bog‘liqdir. Kasallikka chalinmaslikning sababi, rivojlanish davrining parazitlar o‘sish davriga to‘g‘ri kelmasligi yoki bargning, poyaning, gulning va boshqa qismlarning anatomik xossalari bo‘lishi mumkin.
|
| |
- namuna bog‘lari vositasida - 8-labaratoriya mashg`uloti: navlarning xo’jalik-biologik xususiyatlarini o’rganish. Ishning maqsadi

|
8-labaratoriya mashg`uloti: navlarning xo’jalik-biologik xususiyatlarini o’rganish. Ishning maqsadi
|
bet | 3/8 | Sana | 09.09.2024 | Hajmi | 67 Kb. | | #270693 |
Bog'liq NAVLARNING XO’JALIK-BIOLOGIK XUSUSIYATLARINI O’RGANISH - namuna bog‘lari vositasida;
- namuna maydonchalari yordamida;
- chiziqli metrlar bo‘yicha.
Hosilni yig‘ishtirishdan oldin maydonlar (har bir maydoncha) alohida-alohida ko‘rib chiqiladi va haqiqiy hisobga olinadigan maydon kattaligi aniqlanadi.
1. Hosilni yoppasiga yig‘ishtirish va uning miqdorini aniqlash usuli eng ko‘p qo‘llaniladi. Bunda, har bir seleksionrakam ekilgan bo‘lakchaning hosili qo‘lda yoki mashinalar yordamida yig‘ishtiriladi va gektar hisobidagi hosildorlik aniqlanadi.
Hosilni yoppasiga yig‘ishtirib, hosildorlikni aniqlashda olingan hosilning haqiqiy namligini aniqlash muhim ahamiyatga ega, chunki hosildorlik andoza namlik bo‘yicha aniqlanadi. Shuni alohidata’kidlash kerakki, hosilni yig‘ishtirishda navlar, rakamlar yoki bo‘lakchalarning hosili bir-biriga qo‘shilib ketmasligi zarur.
2. Namuna bog‘lar vositasida hosilni aniqlash. Buning uchunhar bir nav ekilgan dalaning dioganali bo‘yicha (yoki o‘rim moshinasi orqasida yurib) ma’lum masofadan so‘ng bir xil miqdorda o‘simliklar olinadi. Bu o‘simliklar birlashtirilib bog‘lanadi. Olingan namunaning og‘irligi 8 kg atrofida bo‘lishi kerak. Har bir o‘rganilayotgan nav yoki seleksion ashyodan 2 tadan namuna bog‘lam olinadi. Namunalarga yorliqlar taqilib,rakami, navning nomi, takrorlanishlar ko‘rsatilib, tabiiy sharoitda quritiladi. So‘ngra, bog‘lamlarni yanchib, ularning doni tortiladi va quyidagi formula yordamida o‘rtacha hosildorlik aniqlanadi.
Bu yerda:
D - bo‘lakcha maydoni (m2 );
M - bo‘lakchadan olingano‘simliklarning hosili og‘irligi (kg);
P - namunaning og‘irligi (kg); Z - bog‘ yanchilgandan chiqqan donning og‘irligi (kg);
X - hosildorlik (s/ga).
3. Namuna maydonchalari yordamida hosilni aniqlash. Ayrim hollarda, yoppasiga ekilgan ekinlarning maydoni juda katta bo‘lganda (ko‘p yillik o‘tlar yoki yaylovlar hosildorligini aniqlashda ham) qo‘llaniladi. Buning uchun har bir bo‘lakchadan 20-30 joydan satxi 1-5 m2 bo‘lgan namuna maydonchalar olinadi. Shu asosda maydon birligining hosildorligi aniqlanadi.
4. Chiziqli metr bo‘yicha hosilni aniqlash usuli. Bu usul keng qatorlab ekilgan ekinlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi. Buning uchun shaxmat tartibda ma’lum qatorlarning hosili hisoblanib, maydon birligi hisobidagi hosildorlik aniqlanadi. Bunda, gektarida chiziqli metr miqdori aniqlanishi kerak. Misol,qator orasi 60 sm (0,6 m) 126 bo‘lganda 16666 chiziqli metr bo‘ladi. Bir chiziqli metrdan chiqqan o‘rtacha hosil 16666 ga ko‘paytirilib hosildorlik aniqlanadi.
O‘rganilgan navlar hosildorlik bo‘yicha andoza nav bilan solishtiriladi va ular 3 guruhga bo‘linadi:
|
| |
Sovuqqa chidamlilikni to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri baholash

|
Sovuqqa chidamlilikni to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri baholash
|
bet | 6/8 | Sana | 09.09.2024 | Hajmi | 67 Kb. | | #270693 |
Bog'liq NAVLARNING XO’JALIK-BIOLOGIK XUSUSIYATLARINI O’RGANISH Sovuqqa chidamlilikni to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri baholash. uchun o‘rganiladigan seleksion ashyoni (navlarni) yoqqan qorni doim shamol uchirib ketadigan, quyoshga teskari qiyalikda bo‘lgan maydonlarga ekish lozim. Bunda qor qatlamining yo‘qligi yoki judakam bo‘lishi tufayli sovuqning ta’siri kuchli bo‘ladi. Xuddi shu maqsadda,ekinlarningustidagi qor supurib - kurab tashlanadi yoki aksincha, dimiqishga chidamliligini aniqlash uchun qor qatlami ko‘paytiriladi. 131 Ildiz uzilishiga chidamliligini baholash uchun qishda ekinlar ustiga suv quyib muzlatiladi. Pastqam maydonlarga ekib, zaxlashga chidamliligini aniqlash uchun ekinga suv bostirib yuboriladi.Nav va rakamlarni sun’iy sharoit yaratish (pro‘vakasion) yo‘li bilan baholashda qishlash natijalari ko‘z bilan chamalab yoki sanab chiqiladi.
Monolit (yaxlit) olish usuli. Qish davomida 2-5 marta har bir nav yoki rakam ekilgan maydondan monolitlar kesib (chim kesib olgandek) olinadi: bo‘yi 20-30 sm, eni 12-15 sm, chuqurligi 10-12 sm. Ularda kamida 15 o‘simlik bo‘lishi kerak. Har bir navdan to‘rttadan monolit olinadi. Bulardan ikkitasini past haroratda saqlab, keyin issiqxonaga joylashtiriladi. 15 kundan keyin tirik va nobud bo‘lgan o‘simliklar aniqlanadi va qishlash holati qanday ekanligi baholanadi. Qolgan ikkita monolit sun’iy muzlatish sovuq xonasiga joylashtiriladi. Bug‘doyning monoliti - 22-240C, arpaning -150C 24 yoki 48 soat davomida muzlatiladi. Shu tartibda muzlatilganda, deyarli hamma vaqt qishga chidamlilik bo‘yicha nav va rakamlar o‘rtasidagi farqni aniq bilib olish mumkin. Agar qishning iliq paytlarida ekinlarga haroratning keskin o‘zgarishi qanday ta’sir qilish talab etilsa, monolitlarning muzi eritilgandan keyin, 3-5 kun davomida harorati 5-70С bo‘lgan xonaga joylashtiriladi, keyin ular harorati -10-120С bo‘lgan sovuq joyda qaytadan muzlatiladi.
V.Ya.Yurev usuli. Nav va rakamlar dalada ekilishi bilan birga maxsus yashiklarda ekiladi (uzunligi 40 sm, eni 30, chuqurligi 12-15 sm). Yashiklardagi o‘simliklar kuz fasli davomida ochiq joyda - tabiiy sharoitidagidek o‘stiriladi. Qish boshlanganda yashiklar ochiq joydagi havo haroratidan mutlaqo farq qilmaydigan joyga kiritib qo‘yiladi. Ustida qor bo‘lmaganligi uchuno‘simliklar xuddi tabiiy sovuqda turgandek bo‘ladi.Agar o‘simliklarni belgilangan darajadagi sovuqqa chidamliligini aniqlash lozim bo‘lsa, yashiklarni xuddi monolitlarga o‘xshatib sovuqxonalarga kiritib qo‘yish mumkin.
|
| |
-rasm. 
 P 

V
4-rasm

|
-rasm.
P
V
4-rasm
|
bet | 3/3 | Sana | 13.02.2024 | Hajmi | 73,78 Kb. | | #155611 |
Bog'liq ma ruza 123-rasm.
P
V
4-rasm.
Ko’p bosqichli kompressorning har bir keyingi bosqichida silindrdagi gazning siqilishdan oldingi temperaturasi dastlabki temperaturasi t bilan bir xil bo’ladi,siqilgandan keyingi temperaturasi esa kompressor moyining o’z o’zidan alangalanish temperaturasidan oshmaydi.
Ko’p bosqichli siqish natijasida qoldiq hajmning kompressor ishiga salbiy ta’siri kamayadi: Gazni siqishga sarflanadigan ish shtrixlangan yuza kattaligi qadar kamayadi, chunki bir bosqichli siqishda politropa 1-2 chiziq 1-2-5 bo’yicha nuqta 5 ga qadar davom etgan bo’lur edi. Gaz bo’yicha izotermik siqilganda eng kam ish sarflangan bo’lur edi. Siqish bosqichlari sonini ko’paytirish siqish protsessini izotermik protsessga ancha yaqinlashtiradi. Lekin bosqichlari sonini ko’paytirish siqish protsessini izotermik protsessga ancha yaqinlashtiradi. Lekin shu bilan birga kompressorning konstruktsiyasi murakkablashadi, mexanikaviy va gidravlik isroflar ko’payadi.
Gazni silindrda siqishda va uni oraliq sovitkichda sovitishda olinadigan issiqlik miqdori ma’lum formulalar orqali topiladi:
(12.5)
(12.6)
Kompressor valida sarflanadigan samarali quvvat quyidagiga teng:
(12.7)
bu yerda: G -kompressor unumdorligi, kg/s;
l - bir bosqichli 1 kg gazni siqishga sarflanadigan nazariy ish
miqdori, j/kg;
m - kompressor bosqichlari soni;
- mexanik f.i.k.
Nazorat savollari:
Kompressorlarning vazifasi.
Bir bosqichli porshenli kompressor.
Kûp bosqichli porshenli kompressor.
Kompressorlarda siqilgan gaz olishga sarflanadigan ish.
Kompressorlarning turlari.
Trubokompressorlar.
Kompressor uchun nazariy indikator diagramma.
Kompressorning to’liq solishtirma ishi.
Samarali quvvatni aniqlash.
Issiqlik miqdorini aniqlash.
Tayanch iboralar
Kompressor, hajmiy kompressor, parrakli kompressor, trubokompressor, bir bosqichli porshenli kompressor, ko’p bosqichli porshenli kompressor, so’rish chiziqi, xaydash chiziqi, samarali quvvat, siqish prosessi.
Adabiyotlar
Нашокин В.В. Техническая термодинамика и теплопередача М., 1980. 217-227 б.
Лариков Н.Н. Теплотехника. М.,1986 й. 121-136 б.
Асраев Р.А., Эфендиев А.М., Сафаров Р.Т. Иссиқлик техникаси. Бухоро 2001 й. 74-79 б.
|
| |
N.P.Nizenkovning elektrometrik usuli

|
N.P.Nizenkovning elektrometrik usuli
|
bet | 7/8 | Sana | 09.09.2024 | Hajmi | 67 Kb. | | #270693 |
Bog'liq NAVLARNING XO’JALIK-BIOLOGIK XUSUSIYATLARINI O’RGANISH N.P.Nizenkovning elektrometrik usuli. Bu usul (laboratoriya usuli) o‘simliklardan elektr tokini o‘tkazishga asoslangan bo‘lib, tokni yaxshi o‘tkazuvchi o‘simliklar qishga yoki sovuqqa chidamli hisoblanadi.
a) o‘simliklarning qishga chidamliligi ularning tarkibidagi kuz faslida to‘plagan shakarning miqdoriga bog‘liq. Bir xil sharoitda o‘sib turgan bir necha nav yoki rakamlar ichida o‘simlik shirasida shakari ko‘plari qishga chidamliroq bo‘ladi;
b) ATF (adenazintrifosfat) hosil bo‘lishi tezligiga qarab baholash. V.V.Xvostovatekshirishlariga qaraganda past haroratda o‘simlik hujayrasida ATFning hosil bo‘lish tezligi ham sovuqqa chidamlilikni belgilovchi ko‘rsatkichdir;
c) erta bahorda kunlar isishi bilan qishga chidamsiz navlar tez o‘sa boshlaydi. Qishga chidamli shakllarda esa, bu jarayon ancha sust bo‘ladi.
Kasalliklarga chidamlilikni baholash. Har yili ekinlar hosilining o‘rtacha 20- 30 % ni, ba’zan undan ham ko‘p qismini kasalliklar yo‘qotadi yoki mahsulot sifatini jiddiy pasaytiradi. Ayrim kasalliklar esa (masalan virus kasalliklari) navning aynishi va xatto yuqotishiga olib keladi. Shuning uchun kasalliklarga chidamli navlarni yaratish seleksiyaning asosiy vazifalaridan biri bo‘lib hisoblanadi. Seleksion ashyoga baho berishda o‘simliklarning immunitetiga e’tibor beriladi. U bir necha xil bo‘ladi: Tabiiy immunitet.Har bir ekinning o‘ziga xos kasalliklari mavjud, ular faqat bir ekin turini zararlab, boshqalarda uchramaydi. Masalan, zang kasalliklari boshoqli don ekinlarda keng tarqalgan, lekin g‘o‘zani zararlay olmaydi. Vilt esa,g‘o‘zani zararlaydi, lekin bedani zararlay olmaydi. Tabiiy immunitet avlodlararo, turkumlararo va navlararo bo‘ladi. Seleksiyaning asosiy maqsadi, navlararo immunitetdan foydalanishdir. Tabiiy immunitet paydo bo‘lishiga qarab fiziologik va tarkibiy (strukturali) immunitetlarga bo‘linadi.
Fiziologik immunitet bo‘lganda, kasallik qo‘zg‘atuvchi parazit o‘simlikka o‘sa, o‘simlik unga qarshi antitoksin moddalar ajratib chiqaradi. Bundan tashqari, kasallik paydo bo‘lishi bilan ba’zio‘simliklarning kasallangan qismidagi to‘qima va hujayralar o‘lib, teshikchalar hosil bo‘ladi. Bu ham immunitetning bir xil bo‘lib hisoblanib, ayniqsa,o‘rik daraxtida ko‘p kuzatiladi.Tarkibiy immunitet o‘simliklarning anatomik va morfologik tuzilishi bilan bog‘liq. Masalan, epidermis kutikula qavatining qalin bo‘lishi yoki bargning qalin, uzun tukchalar bilan qorejaishi natijasida kasallik o‘simlikning ichki qismiga o‘taolmaydi.O‘simlik to‘qimalarining kimyoviy xossalari bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan immunitet, ayrim o‘simliklarning o‘zlarida ko‘p miqdorda alkoloidlar, organik kislotalar, oshlovchi moddalar saqlashi bilan bog‘liqdir. Bunday o‘simliklarda kasalliklar rivojlanmaydi, ular keng tarqalishi uchunma’lum darajada kislotali, ishqorli yoki neytral muhit bo‘lishi kerak.
|
| |
Internet Value Chain Model - Investigating Internet Marketing Strategies among Hotels in Ghana

2.3.1 Internet Value Chain Model
Cronin (1995) developed value chains that followed Porter’s value chain thinking and was based on virtual principles. The internet value chain is divided into three separate components; “inputs from suppliers”, “internal operations” and “customer relations”.
2.3.1.1 Inputs from suppliers
Figure 2.1 illustrates the impact of the internet on inputs from suppliers and vendor. According to Vanharanta and Breite (2003) “the internet has reduced the meaning of time and location”. This is to say, the internet provides organisations with the opportunity to add value in its acquisitions activities; the internet provides fast, reliable connections among businesses. Hence, organisations irrespective of their location can reliably and quickly communicate with different suppliers and vendors for different reasons without incurring additional cost as compared to other means of communications (Cronin, 1995)
Pricing Delivery/order Product
and tracking Support
Ordering Online inventory
Figure 2.1 Internet Value Chain: Input from suppliers
internet
capability
Easy efficient access
Information constantly updated
Not looked into proprietary system
Direct access to expertise
Interactive
Faster problem resolution
Faster turnaround
Improves planning
Fewer inventories
Benefit to company
Lower cost Faster more improved
of obtaining flexible reliability and
materials delivery performance
opportunity for
advantage
Source: Internet Value Chain: Inputs from Suppliers (Cronin 1995, p. 58)
|
Justification of the Study - Investigating Internet Marketing Strategies among Hotels in Ghana

1.3 Justification of the Study
The internet can offer a powerful competitive advantage for hotels the world over however very little is known on how effectively hotels based in Ghana are using the internet to market their facilities and services globally. It is argued that smaller accommodation establishments in developing countries can equally increase their competitive edge the same as developed nations do (Anckar & Walden, 2001; Paraskevas & Buhalis, 2002; Kilic & Okumus, 2005; Migiro & Ochalla, 2005).
Challenges abound in the industry and so taking advantages of other channels of marketing through the use of the internet will help Ghanaian hotels to improve on their occupancy rate.
It is envisaged that findings from this research will be useful for the hotel industry. Especially, managers of Ghanaian hotels will get the opportunity to learn about new internet marketing strategies they can adopt to make their businesses more successful.
The hotel industry in Ghana is a major sector providing livelihood for many families as well as a source of foreign exchange earner to the economy of Ghana therefore this study will make the sector more competitive and more sustainable in the long run in the face of global challenges.
The potential benefits of using the Internet as a marketing tool in the hospitality industry have been well documented by various authors. These benefits include cost savings in terms of advertising, accessibility and communicating to a large number of people at the convenience of the potential customer. The implications of these benefits for smaller hotels are extremely important as it makes it possible for these businesses to compete in markets that were hitherto inaccessible (Haynes, et al., 1998).
|
Organization of the Thesis - Investigating Internet Marketing Strategies among Hotels in Ghana

The study is organized into six chapters. Chapter one is the introductory chapter that covers the background to the study, problem statement and purpose of the study, and finally the organization of the thesis.
Chapter Two was used to review relevant literature on the study. It covers hotel industry and the Internet, advantages and challenges of the internet and finally a review of internet marketing models and Tools.
Chapter Three contains the frame of reference for the study. It includes the Research Questions, Procedure for answering the research questions and the adopted Conceptual Frame Work to guide the study.
Chapter Four is made up of the research methodology. It covers the Research Perspective, Data Collection, Data Analysis, Access Strategies and the Credibility of the study.
Chapter Five is Presentation of Data and Analysis.
The Web-Marketing Mix (WMM) Model

2.3.2 The Web-Marketing Mix (WMM) Model
Constantinides (2002) developed the Web-Marketing Mix model (4S) based on the weakness of the traditional marketing mix (4Ps) not being able to address marketing activities on the web. One obvious weakness is the fact that the model does not explicitly include any interactive elements while interactivity is the basis of the Internet Marketing.
According to Constantinides (2002) The Web-Marketing Mix (4s) identifies four online marketing strategic, operational, organisational and technical critical factors: the Scope (strategic issues), the Site (operational issues), the Synergy (integration into the physical processes) and the System (technical issues) as show in figure 2.4
|
329 инновационные технологии в индустрии гостеприимства

|
329 инновационные технологии в индустрии гостеприимстваBog'liq aprel-329-340
Iqtisodiy taraqqiyot va tahlil, 2024-yil, aprel
www.e-itt.uz
329
ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В ИНДУСТРИИ ГОСТЕПРИИМСТВА:
ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ И РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ
Бекмурoдова Лайло Турсунмаматовна
Научно
-
исследовательский
институт
развития туризма
ORCID: 0009-0009-1009-9706
lajlobekmurodova@gmail.com
Аннотация
.
Развитие информационных технологий и растущая конкуренция на
рынке гостиничных услуг обусловливают необходимость активного использования
инноваций в деятельности современных отелей. В настоящее время инновации
рассматриваются одним из важных конкурентных преимуществ в индустрии
гостеприимства. Инновацию в сфере гостеприимства можно определить, как
нововведение, реализуемое на практике в виде нового или улучшенного продукта,
процесса или метода, созданное в результате внедрения новых идей и знаний для лучшего
удовлетворения потребностей клиентов гостиничного предприятия. Инновационные
технологии в индустрии гостеприимства относятся к новым и усовершенствованным
методам и инструментам, применяемым в сфере гостеприимства для повышения
эффективности, удобства и удовлетворения потребностей клиентов.
Ключевые слова:
индустрия гостеприимства, инновации, технологии, туризм,
услуги
,
зеленые
технологии.
|
| |
Nanoo’lchamli klasterlar va kristallar. Nanotexnologiyalar

|
Nanoo’lchamli klasterlar va kristallar. Nanotexnologiyalar
|
bet | 10/12 | Sana | 18.05.2024 | Hajmi | 0,74 Mb. | | #241938 |
Bog'liq 3-mustaqil ishNanoo’lchamli klasterlar va kristallar. Nanotexnologiyalar
Reja :
Nano nima
Nanoo’lchamli klasterlar
Nanoo’lchamli kristallar
Nano nima?
Keyingi o‘n yillikda jahon jamoatchiligi lug‘at boyligiga «nano» so‘zi kirib keldi. Xo‘sh, «nano» nima? Qisqa qilib aytganda, nano milliarddan bir qismdir.
Nanotexnologiya tushunchasi uchun tugal va aniq ifoda yo‘q, ammo mavjud mikrotexnologiya asosida bu o‘lchamlarni nanometrdagi texnologiya deb yuritish mumkin. Shuning uchun mikrodan nanoga o‘tish bu moddani boshqarishdan atomni boshqarishga o‘tish demakdir. Sohaning rivoji deganda esa asosan uchta yo‘nalish tushuniladi:
- o‘lchami atom va molekulalar o‘lchamlari bilan solishtirarli elektron sxemalarni tayyorlash;
- nanomashinalarni loyihalash va ishlab chiqish;
- alohida atom va molekulalarni boshqarish va ulardan alohida mikroob'ektlarni yig‘ish.
Bu yo‘nalishdagi izlanishlar ancha vaqtdan buyon olib borilmoqda. 1981 yilda tunnelli mikroskop yaratilib, alohida atomlarni ko‘rish mumkin bo‘ldi. Shundan buyon texnologiya sezilarli takomillashtirildi. Bugun bu yutuqlarni kundalik hayotda ishlatamiz: lazerli disklarni ishlab chiqarish, jumladan, DVD disklardan nanotexnologik usulsiz foydalanish mumkin emas.
Soha taraqqiyotidagi asosiy bosqichlarni bir eslab ko‘raylik.
1959 yil. Nobel mukofoti sohibi Richard Feynman kelajakda alohida atomlarni boshqarib, odam har qanday moddani sintez qilishi mumkinligini bashorat qildi.
1981 yil. Binig va Rorer tomonidan moddalardan atomlar darajasida ta'sir qila oladigan skanerlovchi tunnel mikroskopning yaratilishi. 1982-85 yillar. Sistemalarda atomar aniqlikka erishildi. 1986 yil. Atom quvvatli mikroskop yaratilib, u tunnel mikroskopidan farqli ravishda har qanday, masalan, tok o‘tkazmaydigan material bilan ham ta'sirlasha oladi. 1990 yil. Alohida atomlarni boshqarishga erishildi. 1994 yil. Sanoatda nanotexnologik usullarning qo‘llanila boshlanishi.
|
| |
Internet marketing models - Investigating Internet Marketing Strategies among Hotels in Ghana

2.3 Internet marketing models
Marketing is regarded as a creative and adaptive discipline that is constantly regenerating itself. According to Zott, et al., (2000) there are three major capabilities of the internet;
Interactivity: Relationship between organizations and customers is increasingly becoming interactive due to the real time nature of the internet. The internet presents businesses and customers with two way and information rich channel.
Connectivity: The open and global reach nature of the internet is spearheading the creation of a global market space where businesses and customers can do business irrespective of their location. Over the past decade there has been an exponential increase in connectivity resulting in new communication mechanism across businesses and customers and even among customer groups.
Convergence: Digital technologies are converging at a faster rate making internet more accessible. An example is the emerging of wireless application protocol (WAP) which permit mobile internet access (Zott, Amit, & Donlevy, 2000 ; cited in Zigala, 2003)
The unique capabilities of the internet are creating new marketing concepts and paradigms (Sigala, 2003). The changes in marketing concepts is confirming the point of view of Zott, et al., (2000) In view of this, some Authors like; Chen, (2001) and Hanson, (2000) are calling for the very principles of marketing to be changed and developed. Others strongly believed that the traditional 4Ps of marketing practices will not change; but what are changing are the ways by which the traditional marketing mix dimensions are utilized to exploit the enhanced and new capabilities of the internet (Brandy, et al., 1999; Mahajan & Venkatesh; Leeflang & Wittink, 2000). Some scholars are of the view that; internet and ICT, coupled with the increased power of consumers, has given rise to new marketing concepts such as viral, contextual, interactivity, community and relationship marketing (Hagel, 1999; Hardaker & Graham, 2001; Werbach, 2000; Gilbert, Powell-Perry, 1999).
In view of the transformation of marketing activities on the internet and the level of website functionality the following models are discussed.
|
Level of Education - Investigating Internet Marketing Strategies among Hotels in Ghana

5.1.1 Level of Education
Respondents were asked about the educational level of the hotel manager. The level of education was categories as Diploma, HND, Bachelors, Masters and PHD. The levels of education provided in this study are in accordance to Tertiary education provisions in Ghana.
Table 5.1 Respondents Educational Level
Educational Qualification
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Diploma
|
16
|
18.4
|
HND
|
25
|
28.7
|
Bachelors
|
34
|
39.1
|
Masters
|
12
|
13.8
|
Total
|
87
|
100
|
Source: field data 2011
The respondents educational level as displayed in table 5.1 and figure 5.1 indicates that most of the hotel managers had bachelors degree representing 39.1%, 28.7% had higher diploma while 18.4% had diploma and few of the hotel managers had masters representing 13.8%.
|
CHAPTER FIVE - Investigating Internet Marketing Strategies among Hotels in Ghana

|
Investigating Internet Marketing Strategies among Hotels in Ghana
|
bet | 60/66 | Sana | 19.03.2017 | Hajmi | 2,14 Mb. | | #258 |
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Data Presentation and Analysis
This chapter presents the data that have been gathered through the questionnaire survey and convert it into information after analysis. Descriptive statistics about respondents profile and the structure of the internet marketing mix are presented. The statistical analysis has been done by SPSS. Also in this section the transformation degree of each dimension is computed and presented.
5.1 General Information
The first part of the questionnaire asked for some general information about the hotel. It includes the hotel category, hotel size and type of hotel, educational level of hotel manager and location of hotel. In order to provide a better understanding and an overview of the hotels that were sampled, descriptive statistics about the demographic information is presented.
|
| |
Hotel Type - Investigating Internet Marketing Strategies among Hotels in Ghana

5.1.2 Hotel Type
Respondents were asked about the kind management arrangement of their hotel were operating under. As indicated in chapter four, depending on management arrangement hotels can be classified as Independent, Chain and Franchise. Table 5.2 below shows the distributions of the surveyed hotels along this classification.
Table 5.2 Hotel Type
Hotel Type
|
Frequency
|
Percentages
|
Independent
|
68
|
78.2
|
Chain
|
18
|
20.7
|
Franchise
|
1
|
1.1
|
Total
|
87
|
100
|
Source: field data 2011
Table 5.2 depicts the type of hotel. It is obvious that most of the respondents were from independently owned hotels constituting 78.2%. 20.7% of the respondents represented chain hotels and 1.1% were from franchise hotels
5.1.3 Hotel Category
Respondents were asked about their hotel category. Generally hotels can be categories base on their star ratings. Depending on the guidelines provided by Automobile Association (AA) and Royal Automobile Club (RAC) as indicated in chapter four, the surveyed hotels were categories as shown in table 5.3
|