nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Laterite:  a kind of brick.
Eg

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Laterite: a kind of brick.
Eg
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bet | 18/28 | Sana | 13.05.2024 | Hajmi | 71,16 Kb. | | #228963 |
Bog'liq Multi-level speakingLaterite: a kind of brick.
Eg: The soil is composed of laterite and hence is not very suitable for cultivation.
Have/take a look at: look at with attention.
Eg: The Engineer sent three assistants to take a look at the bridge.
Communal: relating to a particular community.
Eg: It was a communal riot.
Scrumptious: very delicious.
Eg: Scrumptious food was served at the party.
Once-in-a-lifetime experience: very special experience because you will probably only have it once.
Eg: Travelling to the Himalayas is a once-in-a-lifetime experience.
Speaking Part 3 1What are the advantages of living in the countryside?
Living in the countryside can benefit people in a wide range of ways. Living in the countryside is better for one’s health condition, thanks to significantly lower levels of air pollution. It is undeniable that air quality in big cities is so bad that long-term exposure to it may cause respiratory diseases and other health problems. Besides, the cost of living in rural areas is likely to be lower than that in cities. Although people in the city tend to make more money than people in the countryside do, they have to spend more on food, accommodation and transportation. Therefore, one can save more money by living in the countryside without working as hard.
2What are the disadvantages of living in the countryside?
Although living in the countryside can do wonders for your wellbeing, it is undeniable that there are still some drawbacks of living in the countryside. To be more specific, not having good transport on your doorstep, will make it inconvenient to travel to a far-away place, which also means you will squander more time on commuting. Another disadvantage is that country-dwellers also have fewer job opportunities compared to those in the cities, thereby resulting in a lower standard of living.
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Qattiq fayans - fayans buyumlari

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Qattiq fayans - fayans buyumlariBog'liq SHISHA VA KERAMIKA (2)Qattiq fayans - fayans buyumlari orasida muhim o’rinni egallaydi.
Fayansning bu turi dala shpatili fayans nomi bilan ham ataladi. XVIII asrning
boshlarida nemis hunarmandlari birinchi bo’lib bunday sopol buyumlarni kashf
etishdi. Ularning massasi tarkibiga 45-65 prostent kulrang gilmoya, 25-40 prostent
qumtosh va 8-15 prostent dala shpati kiradi. Gilmoya qisman chinni gili, dala
shpati esa ishlab chiqarish chiqindisi bilan almashtirilishi mumkin.
Shamotli fayans buyumlari olishda massa tarkibiga ko’p miqorda shamot
qo’shiladi. Shamotni o’z navbatida chinni gili yoki boshqa alyuminiy (III) oksidiga
boy bo’lgani gilmoyani yuqori haroratda bir necha soat davomida qizdirish yo’li
bilan olinadi. Shamotli fayans yuzasiga qalin angob, so’ngra shaffof bo’lmagan sir
surtiladi. Angobni ishlatishga shamotli fayans tarkibiga kiruvchi gilmoya vosita
bo’ladi. Odatda bu xom ashyo yog’li va yopishqoq bo’lishi kerak. Oxirgi
xususiyatlar esa tarkibida temir va alyuminiy moddalari ko’p bo’lgan gillarga
mansub.
Fayerton nomi bilan ataluvchi shamotli fayans massasi tarkibiga 25-45
prostent shamot kiradi. Yog’li gilmoyaga qo’shiluvchi bu modda zarrachalarining
o’lchami 2-5 mm oralig’ida bo’lishi kerak. Massa tarkibiga 4 prostent pegmatit, 18
prostent qumtuproq, 3 prostent o’ta yuqori yopishqoq gil va 0,1 prostent soda
qo’shilishi mumkin.
Yarim chinni buyumlarni ishlab chiqarishda qattiq fayansdagi kabi xom
ashyolar ishlatiladi. U sanitariya-gigiena va mexanika jihatidan qattiq fayans bilan
chinni o’rtasidagi oraliq materialdir. Odatda yarim chinni tarkibiga 48-50 prostent
gil va kaolin, 40-50 prostent kvarst va 5-10 prostent dala shpati kirgan bo’ladi.
Agar massa tarkibiga ozroq miqdorda pishiqlikni oshiruvchi va kuydirish
intervalini kattalashtiruvchi dolomit, magnezit yoki talk qo’shilsa, bunday
mahsulotni magnezialli fayans deb ataladi. Qoliplangan xom mahsulotlarning
kuydirish prostessini 30-60 prostent barit mineralini massa tarkibiga kiritish bilan
yaxshilash mumkin. Bunday mahsulot baritli fayans nomi bilan yuritiladi. Sopol
idishlar yasash uchun sog’ tuproqqa 10-15 prostent yopishqoqlikni oshiruvchi
bentonit nomli gil qo’shiladi. Bu esa buyumning cho’ziluvchanlikka
mustahkamligini oshiradi va bentonitli fayans deb ataladi.
Sopol mahsulotlari tayyorlash usuli, ishlov berish turi, strukturasi, qattiq
mayda zarrachalarning yopishqoqligi, sirpanuvchanligi, kislotaga barqarorligi va
shunga o’xshash boshqa faktorlar asosida qism, gruppa va turlarga bo’linadi.
Tayyorlov usuliga ko’ra, mahsulotlar shliker yoki eritmadan quyilgan va plastik
qoliplangan, shuningdek, tashqi yuzasiga ko’ra, sirlangan va sirlanmagan
buyumlarga bo’linadi.
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– amaliy mashg‘ulot (2-soat)

194
shunday
xom-ashyolardan
foydalanishadi
.
Sifati past gillarga odatda qo‘shimchalar (haroratni pasaytiruvchi,
deformatsiyani kamaytiruvchi, rang beruvchi va hokazo) kiritiladi. Haroratni
pasaytiruvchilar sifatida dala shpatlari, pegmatitlar va nefelin sienitlar (O dan 8-
19% gacha) ishlatiladi. Kirishib ketishni kamaytirish uchun O dan 10-20% ga
qadar maydalangan shamot va mayda donali kvars qumi qushish mumkin.
Rang beruvchilar sifatida xromli temirtosh FeO·Sg2O3 (O dan 3-10% gacha)
ishlatilsa tuproq to‘q kulrang yoki ko‘k rangga burkaladi. Pirolyuzit MnO2 (O
dan 1,5-5 % gacha) to‘q kulrang yoki qora rang, temir oksidi Fe2O3 jigarrang va
qizil, kobalt oksidi So2O3 (O dan 2-10%) - ko‘k va och ko‘k ranglarni beradi.
Binolarning ichki yuzalarini koshinlashda ishlatiladigan keramik materiallar olish
uchun
och
kuyadigan
giltuproq
va
kaolinlar
ishlatiladi.
Deformatsiyani kamaytirish uchun kvars qumi SiO2, kuydirilgan kaolin
Al2O3·2SiO2, buyumlarning util va politoy chiqindilari qo‘shiladi. Plitka massasi
50% ga qadar tuproqsimon materiallar, 10-25% kvars qumi va 35% ga qadar
buyum siniqlaridan tashkil topgan bo‘ladi. Plitkalar yuqori tezlikda
pishiriladigan bo‘lsa, massa tarkibiga ozroq miqdorda nefelin sienit, perlit, toshqol,
bo‘ri, shisha sinig‘i qo‘shiladi. Talk Mg3(OH)2·Si4O10, dolomit MgCa(CO3)2,
vollastonit CaO·SiO2, metallurgiya va fosfor korxonalari chiqindilarini qo‘shish
ham yaxshi effekt beradi. Umuman olganda massa tarkibiga ishqoriy er oksidlari
MgO, CaO larni kiritish quydirish jarayonidagi kirishib ketishni kamaytiradi.
Natijada
plitkalarning
o‘lchamlarini
bir
xilligiga
erishiladi.
-Amaliy mashg’ulot - Referat mavzulari ro’yxati

193
yuborilishini ta’minlovchi asosiy elementlari
qatoriga uzoq muddatga va
korroziyaga chidamli keramik drenaj va kanalizatsiya quvurlari kiradi.
Drenaj quvurlari qishloq xo‘jaligi, inshoatlar va yo‘llar qurilishiga
oid meliorativ
ishlarni bajarish - tuproqlar, torfli balchiqlar va joylarni
quritish,
erosti suvlarini yig‘ish va uzatish uchun ishlatiladi. Ular
silindrik shaklga esa bo‘lib, rastrubsiz bir-biriga etkazilgan holda ulanadi.
Bir so‘z bilan aytganda drenaj quvurlar meliorativ
xizmat doirasida suv
yig‘ish va tarqatish sistemalarining asosiy elementi bo‘lib, ular gruntli
suvlar
yig‘ilishi
va
oshib
ketishining
oldini
oladi.
Kanalizatsiya quvurlari xo‘jalik va sanoat kanalizatsiya
tarmoqlarida suv
va ishlab chiqarishning tarkibida ishqor, kislota va kimyoviy tuzlar bo‘lgan
agressiv suyuq chiqindilarini oqizib yuborish uchun xizmat qiladi.
Kanalizatsiya
quvurlarining
agressiv
muhitga
chidamliligi
metall,
asbestotsement,
beton va temirbetondan yasalgan quvurlarga nisbatan ancha ustun
Print Management Console - Windows Server 2003 R2 Reviewer's Guide Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2

Print Management Console
Through the Printer Management Console (PMC), administrators have a central interface for managing all printers connected to all print servers within an organization. With PMC, administrators can monitor printer errors, deploy printer connections to clients, automatically find and install printers on a local branch office subnet, and run configuration scripts. PMC allows branch servers to perform as print servers because they are remotely manageable on a one-to-many basis.
PMC is an MMC snap-in that enables administrators to view and manage all the printers on every print server in administrators’ organization from any computer on the network running Windows Server 2003 R2. PMC provides up-to-the-minute details such as the queue status, printer name, number of jobs, driver name, and server name. By using the PMC filtering capability, administrators can set custom views. For example, administrators could view only those printers in a particular error state or only printers in a specific location that have more than one job in the queue.
Filtering by error state also allows administrators to manage multiple queues at once. For example, administrators can select more than one printer and then cancel, pause, or resume all the print jobs simultaneously. Administrators can also delete multiple printers at the same time.
The automatic detect feature finds and installs printers from the local subnet to the local print server. Administrators can log on to a branch location's local server by using Remote Desktop and use this feature to easily install printers remotely.
In cases where a printer has a printer Web page, PMC may display rich troubleshooting details such as exactly where a paper jam is happening or the printer’s toner level. Some printer Web pages give the Administrator options for remote control functions that can help resolve problems at branch locations. By using the PMC, the printer Administrator may have a clearer picture of the problem before assistance is needed.
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Distributed File System Replication

Distributed File System Replication
DFS includes a highly scalable, multimaster state-based file replication service that synchronizes file servers. It supports:
Automatic recovery from database loss or corruption.
Scheduling and bandwidth throttling for replication schemes.
Multiple replication topologies.
Distributed File System Namespace
DFS Namespaces allow administrators to group shared folders located on different servers and present them to users as a virtual tree of folders known as a namespace. A namespace provides numerous benefits, including increased availability of data, load sharing, and simplified data migration. Users can navigate these virtual namespaces without having to keep track of the names of the physical servers or shared folders hosting the data.
Figure 1: Distributed File System
If local servers become unavailable, DFS Namespace configurations provide for client failover by closest site selection and failback to a preferred server. For example, DFS link that has targets in both the branch and the hub, branch clients will automatically failover to the hub when the local server is unavailable.
For Windows Server 2003 R2, DFS failback functionality allows administrators to set server priorities for root and link target referrals, including setting high and low priority servers. In this case, servers are first ordered by site cost and then by priority within each site. Clients failback to the branch server when availability is restored.
DFS Namespace is administered by using the DFS Management Console that provides a hierarchical view of namespace. The DFS Management Console incorporates functionality that was previously only available through command line interface (CLI). The DFS Management Console applies features from Microsoft Management Console (MMC) 3.0, including built-in HTML reports and diagnostics.
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Active Directory Schema Analyzer tool

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Active Directory Schema Analyzer tool
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bet | 33/53 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 386 Kb. | | #15709 |
Active Directory Schema Analyzer tool. This tool helps with migrating the Active Directory schema to ADAM.
Newer version of LDP tool. The updated tool includes an access control list (ACL) editor.
User Password Chaining. ADAM can now chain user password requests in ADAM to the user object in Active Directory so that a password is changed in both directory services. When a user in ADAM who is also a user in Active Directory attempts to change the user password in ADAM, that change is treated the same as a user password change in Active Directory. Both the old and new password must be provided (except for Active Directory administrators, who only need to supply the new password), and the new password must meet any password policies that are set in Active Directory. Active Directory performs all policy checking.
Microsoft directory technologies
With the introduction of ADAM, Microsoft provides a choice of directory services. Both ADAM and Active Directory build on the same core Microsoft directory service technologies, but they address different needs within an organization.
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Active Directory Application Mode

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Active Directory Application Mode
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bet | 31/53 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 386 Kb. | | #15709 |
Active Directory Application Mode
Active Directory Application Mode (ADAM) is an independent mode of Active Directory, without infrastructure features, that provides directory services for applications. It provides a data store and services for accessing the data store. It uses standard application programming interfaces (APIs) for accessing the application data. ADAM operates either as a stand-alone data store, or with replication. Its independence enables local control and autonomy of directory services for specific applications. It also facilitates independent, flexible schemas and naming contexts.
ADAM Overview
For organizations that require flexible support for directory-enabled applications, Microsoft has developed ADAM. ADAM is a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) directory service. Administrators can run ADAM on servers running Windows Server 2003.
ADAM can also run on clients running Microsoft Windows XP Professional. To run do so, administrators must install the latest service packs and hot fixes.
ADAM provides data storage and retrieval for directory-enabled applications, without the dependencies that are required for the Active Directory directory service. ADAM provides much of the same functionality as Active Directory, but it does not require the deployment of domains or domain controllers. Administrators can run multiple instances of ADAM concurrently on a single computer, with an independently managed schema for each ADAM instance.
What's new in ADAM
The following features are new to ADAM in Windows Server 2003 R2:
Users can be created in the configuration partition so that ADAM users can be ADAM administrators.
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Referat mavzulari ro’yxati - bet 63

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Referat mavzulari ro’yxatiBog'liq SHISHA VA KERAMIKA (2)
6 – amaliy mashg‘ulot (2-soat)
Qurilish shishasini ishlab chiqarish va hossalari
Qurilish listli shishasi deb, tarkibida Al
2
O
3,
SiO
2,
SaO, MgO, Na
2
O, kabi oksidlar kirgan va
yuqori xaroratda olingan eritmani qalinligi 2 dan 6 mm gacha bo‘lgan shaffof oyna listlariga
aytiladi. Bunday oynalar qurilishda, zamonaviy arxitektura, madaniy–maishiy muassasa va
ishlab chiqarish korxonalarda keng qo‘llanadi.
Qurilish shishasi quydagi turlarga bo‘linadi:
1.Listli( varaqli) shisha-deraza oynasi, yaxlit rangli shishasi, vitrina oynasi, naqshli shisha,
silliqlangan shisha, prokat shisha va boshqalar;
2.Qurilish-arxitektura shishasi, shishapaketlar, yorug‘lik va issiqlik nurlarini saralab yutuvchi
qurilish shishasi va boshqalar;
3.Ko‘pchitilgan shisha-issiqlik izolyasiyasini ta’minlovchi shisha, tovush yutuvchi izolyasion
material, filtrlovchi g‘ovak shisha va boshqalar;
4.SHisha trubalar-devorning qalinligi 1-2mm , diametri 0,1-40 mm bo‘lgan yupqa tanali
trubalar, devorning qalinligi 2,5-4 mm, diametri 12-40 mm bo‘lgan qalin tanali trubalar va
boshqalar.
Qalinligi buyicha 5 xil ko‘rinishi mavjud: 2, 3, 4, 5 va 6 mm li. Eng ko‘p tarqalgani 2 mm li
oyna bo‘lib, uning ishlab chiqarish miqdori (umumiy mikdoriga nisbatan) 70% ni tashkil
etadi. Bunday shishalarni eni 500 dan 925 mm gacha, uzunligi esa 950 dan 1600 gacha
bo‘ladi. Listli deraza oynalarni o‘lchamlari 1-jadvalda keltirilgan.
192
2..Ishlatiladigan hom ashyolar.
Qurilish shishasi ishlab chiqarishda quyidagi hom ashyo materiallari
qo‘llanadi: kvars qumi, soda, dala shpati, dolomit, ohak. Listli deraza oynasini
kimyoviy tarkibi quyidagicha (%da) : SiO
2
–70-72, Al
2
O
3
–1,5-2, SaO–7,5-8,
MgO–3-3,5, Na
2
O–15-15,5. Kvars qumi orqali SiO
2,,
soda orqali Na
2
O, dala shpati
orqali Al
2
O
3,
dolomit orqali-SaO, MgO, ohak orqali SaO oksidlari kiritiladi..
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Remote Differential Compression - Windows Server 2003 R2 Reviewer's Guide Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2

RDC is an advanced WAN-compatible compression technology that optimizes data transfers over limited-bandwidth networks. Instead of transferring similar or redundant data repeatedly, RDC accurately identifies file “deltas” and transmits only the differences to achieve bandwidth savings. This means, for example, the “deltas” caused by a simple title change in a 3 megabyte (MB) PowerPoint® presentation would take less than one second to replicate over a WAN, in contrast to one minute or more for the entire file.
RDC can also copy any roughly similar file from any client or server to another using data that is common to both computers. This effectively reduces the size of the data sent and the overall bandwidth requirements for the transfer. Local differencing techniques — sometimes called “patching” — compute the differences between two local files, detecting insertions, removals, and rearrangements of data. The differences can then be used to transform the old version to a new version. The differences between two known versions of a file are calculated on a server, and then sent to the client.
Microsoft’s internal RDC performance testing suggests that in some cases, bandwidth reduction factors may reach as high as 400:1.
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Active Directory to ADAM Synchronizer tool

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Active Directory to ADAM Synchronizer tool
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bet | 32/53 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 386 Kb. | | #15709 |
Active Directory to ADAM Synchronizer tool. This tool synchronizes objects from Active Directory to an ADAM instance. For more information, see Synchronize Data from Active Directory to an ADAM Instance and Adaminstall.
ADAM users can bind to an ADAM instance by using digest authentication. This authentication method uses the default credentials of the server applications and eliminates the need to keep a plaintext version of the application's password in memory. Digest bind is supported in LDP.
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Improved Web Platform - Windows Server 2003 R2 Reviewer's Guide Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2

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Windows Server 2003 R2 Reviewer's Guide Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2
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bet | 40/53 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 386 Kb. | | #15709 |
Improved Web Platform
Deliver secure and scalable Web applications, extend business infrastructure over the Web and control costs via enhancements in Windows SharePoint Services, .NET Framework 2.0, x64 and Internet Information Services 6.0. Windows SharePoint Services enables efficient collaboration with employees, partners, and suppliers across organizational boundaries. ASP.NET 2.0, a component of the .NET Framework, makes Web Services and Applications easier to develop, deploy, configure & manage while Internet Information Services 6.0 delivers a secure, high-performance Web server that reliably extends Business Infrastructure to the Web.
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File Server Resource Management - Windows Server 2003 R2 Reviewer's Guide Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2

With the increasing demand on storage resources as organizations rely more heavily on data than ever before, IT administrators face the challenge of overseeing a larger and more complex storage infrastructure, while at the same time tracking the kind of information it contains. Managing storage resources has come to include not only data size and availability but also the enforcement of company policies and a very good understanding of how existing storage is utilized. This allows for sound strategic planning and proper response to organizational changes.
File Server Resource Manager (FSRM) is Microsoft Management Console snap-in that encompasses a suite of tools that allows administrators to understand, control, and manage the quantity and type of data stored on their servers. By using File Server Resource Manager, administrators can place quotas on volumes, actively screen files and folders, and generate comprehensive storage reports. This set of advanced utilities not only helps the administrator efficiently monitor existing storage resources, but also aids in the planning and implementation of future policy changes.
You can use FSRM to perform the following tasks:
Create quotas to limit the space allowed for a volume or folder and to generate notifications when the quota limits are approached and exceeded.
Create file screens to filter the files that users can save on volumes and in folders and to send notifications when users attempt to save blocked files.
Create periodic or storage reports that allow you to identify trends in disk usage and to monitor attempts to save unauthorized files.
FSRM console consists of two snap-ins: Storage Resource Management, which is used to create quotas that place size limits on folder trees and to create file screens that are used to block files from volumes and folders, and Scheduled Storage Tasks, which is used to schedule several types of storage reports and to generate reports. You can also configure e-mail notifications to be sent when quota limits approach or when users attempt to save files that have been blocked.
Using the FSRM console you can also manage storage resources on a remote computer. While you are connected, the results pane for that snap-in displays the objects created on the remote computer, allowing you to manage them from the console. In order to use FSRM remotely, the remote computer must also be running Windows Server 2003 R2, with the Storage Manager component installed. FSRM also supports servers that are clustered.
Storage Resource Manager quotas vs. NTFS disk quotas
The Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003 operating systems support disk quotas, which are used to track and control disk usage per user on NTFS volumes. The following table outlines the advantages of using the quota management tools in Storage Resource Manager.
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Support for multiple I/O paths - Windows Server 2003 R2 Reviewer's Guide Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2

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Windows Server 2003 R2 Reviewer's Guide Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2
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bet | 37/53 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 386 Kb. | | #15709 |
Support for multiple I/O paths. If a server supports Microsoft Multipath I/O (MPIO), Storage Manager for SANs can provide path failover by enabling multiple ports on the server for LUN I/O traffic. To prevent data loss in a Fibre Channel environment, make sure that the server supports MPIO before enabling multiple ports. (On an iSCSI subsystem, this is not needed: the Microsoft iSCSI initiator (version 2.0) that is installed on the server supports MPIO.)
LUN management for iSCSI subsystems
Unlike on a Fibre Channel storage subsystem, LUNs on an iSCSI subsystem are not directly assigned to a server. For iSCSI, a LUN is assigned to a target – a logical entity that contains one or more LUNs. A server accesses the LUN by logging on to the target using the server’s iSCSI initiator. To log on to a target, the initiator connects to portals on the target; a subsystem has one or more portals, which are associated with targets. If a server’s initiator is logged on to a target, and a new LUN is assigned to the target, the server can immediately access the LUN.
Securing data on an iSCSI SAN. To help secure data transfers between the server and the subsystem, configure security for the login sessions between initiators and targets. Using Storage Manager for SANs, you can configure one-way or mutual Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) authentication between the initiator and targets, and you can also configure Internet Protocol security (IPsec) data encryption.
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Shisha hom ashyosi xossalari va ishlatish soxalari

166
Demak, faol investitsion siyosat yuritish
va mavjud barcha moliyaviy
intellektual va boshqa resurslarni import o’rnini bosuvchi va eksportga chiqarish
mumkin bo’lgan qo’l ostimizdagi o’z zaminimiz
xomashyosini qayta ishlash,
ishlab chiqarish sohasini yaratishda ahamiyati kattadir.
Iqtisodiy asoslangan investitsion rejalarni bajarish va O’zbekiston
iqtisodiyotining ustuvor tarmoqlariga tashqi davlatlar sarmoyasi va kreditlarni jalb
etish, amalda xalq xo’jaligida tarkibiy o’zgarishlarni rivojlantirish maqsadida
belgilangan eng muhim va ustuvor vazifa deb qaralmoqda.
Respublikamizda bu vazifani samarali bajarish
uchun investitsion faoliyat
yuritilishiga qulay muhit va zarur bo’lgan shart-sharoitlar, huquqiy me’yorlar
yaratildi, anchagina yetakchi donor-davlatlar va
xalqaro moliyaviy va sanoat
tashkilot va o’z investitsiyalari, kreditlarini ajratishmoqda.
Ular kattagina
miqdordagi investitsiya va kreditlarni ajratishga tayyor ekanligini bildirishdi.
Yuzaga kelgan barcha imtiyozlardan unumli va oqilona foydalanish uchun
samarali ishlab chiqarish turlarini loyihalashtirish va
ularni tadbiq etish talab
qilinadi.
Respublika xalq xo’jaligining asosiy tarmoqlari orasida qurilish materiallari
salmoqli o’rin egallaydi. Bu esa o’z
xomashyo bazasiga egaligimiz, sanoat, qurilish
materiallari va uy joy konstruksiyalariga bo’lgan yuqori ehtiyoj va malakali
mutaxassislarning borligi bilan belgilanadi.
Qutblanish vektori - 11- ma'ruza. Elektr maydonida dielektriklar va o’tkazgichlar

Qutblanish vektori
Dielektrikning qutblanganlik darajasini xarakterlash uchun, qutblanish vektori deb ataluvchi fizik kattalik tushunchasi kiritiladi.
Qutblanish vektorideb, dielektrikning bir birlik hajmidagi barcha dipollar elektr momentlarining vektor yig‘indisiga miqdor jihatdan teng bo‘lgan fizik kattalikka aytiladi, ya’ni DV elementar hajmdagi n ta dipolning elektr momentlari yig‘indisini DV hajmgabo‘lgan nisbatiga teng
,
bunda – qutblangan i – molekulaning elektr momenti.
Agar qutbsiz molekulali izotrop dielektriklar bir jinsli elektrostatik maydonga kiritilsa, dipolning elektr momenti barcha molekulalar uchun bir xil bo‘ladi:
,
Bu yerda n0 – dielektrikning birlik hajmidagi molekulalar soni – kontsentratsiyasidir.
Demak, qutbsiz molekulada induktsiyalangan dipolning elektr momenti quyidagicha ifodalanadi:
,
agar deb belgilasak, a – atomning qutblanuvchanligi, - dielektrikning dielektrik qabul qiluvchanligini bildiradi.
,
Dielektrik qabul qiluvchanlik deb, bir birlik hajmdagi dielektrik molekulalarining qutblanuvchanligiga miqdor jihatdan teng bo‘lgan fizik kattalikka aytiladi.
Elektr sig‘imi
Yakkalangan o‘tkazgich zaryadlansa, o‘tkazgich sirti shakliga qarab, har xil sirt zaryadi zichligi s bilan taqsimlanadi. Shuning uchun ham o‘tkazgich har bir nuqtasidagi sirt zaryadining zichligi o‘tkazgichdagi umumiy zaryad q ga proportsionaldir, ya’ni:
Kondensatorlar elektr aylanishida keng qo’llaniladigan qurilma hisoblanadi. Ular elektr zaryad va energiyani saqlashda qo’llaniladi. Quyida ikki turdagi kondensatorga misollar berilagan
Kondensator ikkita teng va qarama qarshi zaryadlarga ega bo’lgan o’tkazgichdan iborat. Kondensatordagi o’tkazgichlar shaklidan qat’iy nazar platalar deb ataladi
Sig’im birligi kulon taqsim voltga ya’ni 1 farad ga teng
, (1)
bu yerda k – o‘tkazgich sirtidagi tekshirilayotgan nuqtaning funktsiyasi bo‘lib, o‘tkazgich sirtining shakli va o‘lchamiga bog‘liq.
Zaryadlangan o‘tkazgich ekvipotentsial sirtining j - potentsialini aniqlash uchun uning butun S sirti bo‘ylab zaryadini aniqlaymiz (6 - rasm).
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- rasm. Qutbli molekula dipoli

2 - rasm. Qutbli molekula dipoli
Tashqi elektrostatik maydon bo‘lmaganda molekulalarning tartibsiz harakati tufayli dielektrik bo‘yicha molekulalarning umumiy dipol momentlari nolga teng bo‘ladi. Agar bunday dielektrik tashqi elektrostatik maydonga qo‘yilsa, maydon kuchlari dipollarni maydon yo‘nalishiga qarab burishga harakat qiladi va noldan farqli umumiy dipol momenti paydo bo‘ladi.
Shunday qilib, tashqi elektrostatik maydon ta’sirida ikkala turdagi dielektrikda ham noldan farqli dipol momentlari hosil bo‘ladi. Bu hodisa dielektriklarning qutblanishi deb ataladi.
Demak, qutblanish deb, tashqi elektrostatik maydon ta’sirida dipollarning maydon kuch chiziqlari tomon yo‘nalishini o‘zgartirish jarayoniga aytiladi.
Quyidagi qutblanish turlari mavjuddir:
1) elektronli qutblanish;
2) orientatsiyaviy yoki dipolli qutblanish.
Elektronli qutblanish deb, qutbsiz molekulalardan tashkil topgan dielektrik, tashqi elektrostatik maydonga kiritilganda, atomlar elektron qobiqlarining deformatsiyasi hisobiga induktsiyaviy dipol momentlari hosil bo‘lishiga aytiladi.
Orientatsiyaviy yoki dipolli qutblanish deb,qutbli molekulalardan tashkil topgandi elektrik tashqi elektrostatik maydonga kiritilganda, tartibsiz yo‘nalgan molekulalar dipolmomentlarining maydon yo‘nalishiga qarab burilishiga aytiladi. Ammo, molekulalar issiqlik harakati natijasida faqat ayrim molekulalarning dipol momentlari maydon yo‘nalishi bo‘yicha joylashadi va u maydon kuchlanganligiga bog‘liq bo‘ladi.
Molekulalari qutbsiz bo‘lgan dielektriklarning eng soddasi vodorod molekulasining atomidir. Tashqi elektrostatik maydon bo‘lmaganda , vodorod atomidagi bitta elektron yadro atrofida radiusli orbita bo‘ylab harakatlanadi (3-rasm).
3-rasm. Vodorod atomining dipoli
Bu holda elektronning yadroga tortilish kuchi Kulon qonuniga asosan:
dan iborat bo‘ladi, markazga intilma kuch esa
ga teng. Elektronning yadroga tortilish kuchi markazga intilma kuch bilan muvozanatda bo‘ladi:
,
bu yerda w – elektronning orbita bo‘ylab harakatining burchak tezligidir.
Kuchlanganligibo‘lgan elektrostatik maydonga atom kiritilsa, elektron orbitasi deformatsiyalanib, – vektorning yo‘nalishiga qarama-qarshi tomonga – masofaga siljiydi. Bundamarkazga intilma kuch teng ta’sir etuvchi uch F dan iborat bo‘lib, elektrostatik maydonning elektronga ta’sir kuchi va elektronning yadroga tortishish kuchi F2 dan iborat bo‘ladi (4 - rasm).
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- rasm. Yassi kondensator

8 - rasm. Yassi kondensator
Kondensator sig‘imi qoplamalardagi zaryad miqdoriga to‘g‘ri proportsional va qoplamalar orasidagi potentsiallar farqiga teskari proportsionaldir.
, (28.8)
8-rasmda yassi kondensator tasvirlangan.S – yuzali ikkita yassi metall plastinkalar orasidagi masofani d ga teng deb hisoblaymiz, qoplamalarda esa - q va + q sirt zaryadlari induktsiyalangan bo‘ladi.
Qoplamalar orasidagi elektr maydonini bir jinsli, S – yuzali ikkita yassi metall plastinkalar orasidagi masofani d ga teng deb hisoblaymiz, qoplamalarda esa - q va + q sirt zaryadlari induktsiyalangan bo‘ladi.
Qoplamalar orasida e dielekrik singdiruvchanlikka ega bo‘lgan modda bo‘lsa, potentsiallar farqi quyidagiga teng bo‘ladi:
, (9)
bu yerda q = s · S, s - sirt zaryadi zichligi, S – qoplamalar yuzasi. Natijada, yassi kondensator sig‘imi quyidagiga teng bo‘ladi.
, (10)
Sferik kondensator
Qoplamalarining radiuslari r1 va r2 bo‘lgan sferik kondensator 9 - rasmda tasvirlangan.
9-rasm. Sferik kondensator
Kondensator qoplamalarida q zaryad induktsiyalangan bo‘lganda, ular orasidagi potentsiallar farqi quyidagicha ifodalanadi :
, (11)
bu yerda r1 va r2 ichki va tashqi sferik qoplamalar radiuslaridir. Shuning uchun sig‘im quyidagicha ifodalanadi:
, (12)
Agarda r2 tashqi radius va r1 ichki radiusdan juda katta bo‘lsa, (12) – ifoda soddalashadi:
, (13)
Bu natija tashqi qoplama sferik bo‘lmaganda ham o‘rinli bo‘lgani uchun, (13) – ifodani yakkalangan shar sig‘imi deb hisoblaymiz.
Agarda r1 - r2 = d – qoplamalar orasidagi masofa qoplamalarning o‘rtacha radiusidan juda kichik bo‘lsa, sferik kondensatorning sig‘imi quyidagicha ifodalanadi:
bu yerda S=4pr2 – qoplamalar sirtlarining yuzasidir.
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-rasm. Vodorod atomi dipolining tashqi elektrostatik maydondagi deformatsiyasi

4-rasm. Vodorod atomi dipolining tashqi elektrostatik maydondagi deformatsiyasi
Rasmdagi burchaklardan
va ,
Munosabatlarga ega bo‘lamiz.
Demak, induktsiyalangan dipolning yelkasiquyidagiga teng bo‘ladi:
,
va shu dipolning elektr momentini quyidagicha ifodalash mumkin:
,
Agar 1 – ifodadagi ni 2 – ifodaga qo‘yilsa, dipolning elektr momenti quyidagi ko‘rinishni oladi: ,
yoki
,
Buni vektor ko‘rinishda quyidagicha ifodalash mumkin:
,
Agar atomning hajmini ga teng deb olsak,
ga ega bo‘lamiz.
– proportsionallik koeffitsienti bo‘lib, unga atomning qutblanuvchanligi deyiladi.
,
Demak, atomning qutblanuvchanligi uning uchlangan hajmiga teng bo‘lgan fizik kattalikdir.
Endi faraz qilaylik, bir jinsli () tashqi elektrostatik maydonga dielektrikning qutbli molekulasi joylashtirilgan bo‘lsin (5 - rasm). Qutbli dipolning elektr momentining vektori tashqi maydon kuchlanganligi vektoribilan q burchak hosil qilsin. Dipolga quyidagi juft kuchlar ta’sir qiladi:
va ,
Bu juft kuchlarning moment ning son qiymati quyidagiga teng bo‘ladi
,
Vektor ko‘rinishda esa
,
bilan ifodalanadi.
5-rasm. Tashqi elektrostatik maydonda dipolga ta’sir etuvchi kuchlar
vektorvavektorlar yotgan tekislikka perpendikulyar bo‘lib, soat milining yo‘nalishi bilan mos tushadi.
Juft kuchlar momenti, dipolning elektrmomenti tashqi elektrostatik maydon kuchlanganligining vektori bilan mos tushguncha ta’sir qiladi.
Dipolning elektrostatik maydon bo‘ylab burilishi dipolli qutblanish yoki orientatsiyaviy qutblanish deb ataladi.
Agar dipol bir jinsli bo‘lmagan elektrostatik maydonga kiritilsa, +q zaryad atrofida , -q zaryad atrofida maydon kuchlanganliklari hosil bo‘ladi.
Juft kuchlar yig‘indisi quyidagiga teng bo‘ladi.
,
dipolning yelkasi l bo‘yicha, o‘rtacha maydon kuchlanganligidir, ya’ni
,
demak,
.
Skalyar ko‘rinishda esa,
ga tengdir. (25.13) – ifodani quyidagicha ifodalashimiz mumkin
,
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Tsilindrik kondensator - 11- ma'ruza. Elektr maydonida dielektriklar va o’tkazgichlar

Tsilindrik kondensator
Bu holda kondensatorni radiuslari r1 (ichki) va r2 (tashqi) ikkita koaksial tsilindr ko‘rinishdagi qoplamalardan iborat bo‘ladi, deb hisoblaymiz. Tsilindrlarning uzunligi ular orasidagi masofadan juda katta deb hisoblanadi. Qoplamalar orasidagi potentsiallar farqi quyidagidan iborat bo‘ladi:
,
bu yerda q - tsilindr uzunligidagi zaryad, - birlik uzunlikdagi zaryad va - tsilindr uzunligidir.
Birlik uzunlikka to‘g‘ri keluvchi tsilindrik kondensator sig‘imi quyidagiga tengdir:
,
Boshqa tarafdan, (15) – ifoda metall sim izolyator qatlami bilan o‘ralgan kabel sig‘imini eslatadi.
Qoplamalar orasidagi masofa d, tsilindrlar radiuslariga nisbatan juda kichik bo‘lsa, bu holda tsilindrik kondensator sig‘imi quyidagidan iborat bo‘ladi:
,
Elektrostatik maydon energiyasi
Elektrostatik maydon – potentsial maydondir, shuning uchun unga kiritilgan zaryadlar potentsial energiyaga ega bo‘ladilar.
q1 va q2 nuqtaviy zaryadlarning potentsial energiyalarini baholaymiz. Har bir zaryad, boshqa zaryad maydonida potentsial energiyaga ega bo‘ladi:
, ,
j12 - q2 – zaryadning q1 zaryad turgan joyda hosil qilgan potentsialidir,
j21 - q1 – zaryadning q2 zaryad turgan joyda hosil qilgan potentsialidir.
,
shuning uchun
Yakkalangan zaryadli o‘tkazgich energiyasi
O‘tkazgich q - zaryadga, S – sig‘imga va j - potentsialga ega bo‘lsin. O‘tkazgich zaryadini dq ga oshiramiz. Uning uchun cheksizlikdan, (ya’ni j= 0 bo‘lgan joydan) dq zaryadni o‘tkazgichga ko‘chiramiz. Bu holda bajarilgan ish
ga teng bo‘ladi, chunki
, .
Bajarilgan to‘la ish
,
,
Zaryadlangan kondensator energiyasi quyidagiga teng bo‘ladi:
http://fayllar.org
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-rasm. dq - zaryadning r masofadagi potentsiali

6-rasm. dq - zaryadning r masofadagi potentsiali
Bu sirtni, zaryadga ega bo‘lgan dS – elementar yuzachalarga ajratib, dq – ni nuqtaviy zaryad deb hisoblaymiz.
Nuqtaviy dq zaryadning masofadagi maydon potentsiali quyidagiga teng bo‘ladi.
, (2)
yoki
, (3)
Bu ifoda butun sirt bo‘yicha integrallansa, zaryadlangan o‘tkazgich sirtining potentsiali ifodasiga ega bo‘lamiz:
, (4)
O‘tkazgichning potentsiali q zaryadga proportsional bo‘ladi. Shu zaryadning potentsialga nisbati o‘zgarmas kattalikdir, u o‘tkazgichning zaryad to‘plash xususiyatini belgilaydi va o‘tkazgichning elektr sig‘imi deb ataladi.
, (5)
Shunday qilib, yakkalangan o‘tkazgichning elektr sig‘imi deb, uning potentsialini bir birlikka o‘zgartirish uchun zarur bo‘lgan zaryadga miqdor jihatidan teng fizik kattalikka aytiladi.
Sharchaning elektr sig‘imi
R radiusli yakkalangan shar q – zaryadga ega bo‘lsa (7 - rasm), uning sirtidagi potentsiali quyidagiga teng bo‘ladi:
,
bu yerda
, (6)
Shunday qilib, sharning S – elektr sig‘imi sharning radiusiga va muhitning dielektrik singdiruvchanligi e ga proportsionaldir. (6) – ifodadan muhitning dielektrik singdiruvchanligini aniqlaymiz.
, (7)
7- rasm. R radiusli yakkalangan shar
Elektr sig‘imi XB tizimida Farada bilan o‘lchanadi va bu birlik juda katta o‘lchov birligi hisoblanadi. S = 1 F deb hisoblasak, e= 1 bo‘lganda
bu yerda vakuumning dielektrik singdiruvchanlik ifodasidan foydalansak:
ga teng bo‘ladi. Bu Oy bilan Yer orasidagi masofaga nisbatan 23 marta kattadir.
Farada katta o‘lchov birligi bo‘lganligi uchun quyidagi kichik birliklar ishlatiladi:
Kondensatorlar
Elektr sig‘imining ifodasi quyidagidan iborat bo‘lgani uchun
,
sig‘im asosan, o‘tkazgichning shakli va o‘lchamlariga hamda muhitning dielektrik singdiruvchanligiga proportsionaldir.
Amalda, nisbatan kichik o‘lchamlariga qaramay, yetarlicha zaryadlarni o‘zida yig‘a oladigan qurilmalar kondensatorlar deb ataladi.
Kondensator ikkita parallel o‘tkazgich qatlamidan iborat bo‘lib, ularda qarama-qarshi ishorali zaryadlar to‘planadi. Qoplamalar orasida dielektrik modda bo‘ladi.
Kondensator qoplamalari ikkita yassi plastinkadan, ikkita koaksial tsilindrdan yoki ikkita kontsentrik sferadan iborat bo‘lishi mumkin va ular shakliga binoan yassi, tsilindrikyokisferik kondensatorlar deb ataladi.
Odatda kondensatordagi elektr maydoni kuch chiziqlari bir qoplamada boshlanib, ikkinchisida tugaydi.
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Pestisidlar ishlatilishiga qarab bir necha guruhga bo'linadi

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Pestisidlar ishlatilishiga qarab bir necha guruhga bo'linadi
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bet | 2/4 | Sana | 20.05.2024 | Hajmi | 58,5 Kb. | | #246962 |
Bog'liq Sanoat korxonalarining atrof muhitga ta\'siri va ifloslantiruvchiPestisidlar ishlatilishiga qarab bir necha guruhga bo'linadi:
1. insektisidlar (insectum-hashorat, cido-o'ldirmoq) – o'simlik zararkunandalariga qarshi kurash preparatlar (akarasidlar-kanalarga qarshi; lavrisidlar-dumaloq chuvalchanglarga qarshi; nematosidlar-shilliq qurtlar va buzoqboshilar; zoosidlar-hayvonlar);
2. fungisidlar va bakterisidlar - zamburug' va bakteriyalarga qarshi kurash preparatlari;
3. gerbisidlar – begona o'tlarga qarshi kurash vositasi;
4. defolianlar – barglarni so'n'iy to'kish vositasi;
5. desikantlar – o'simliklarni qovjiratib ildizini quritadigan preparatlar;
6. arborisidlar – xalaqit beradigan dov-daraxtlarni quritadigan kimyoviy moddalar;
7. algisidlar – suv o'tlarini yo'qotish uchun kimyoviy moddalar;
8. repilentlar – xashoratlarni haydovchi kimyoviy vosita;
9. atraktantlar – xashoratlarni chaqiruvchi kimyoviy vositalarga ajratamiz.
1874 yilda birinchi bulib pestisidlar kashf etilishi bilan inson zararkunanda hashoratlar bilan kurasha boshlagan. Shu kungacha DDT (dixlordifeniltrixloretan)ni uzidan 2-5 mln tonnagacha ishlatilgan er yuzida. Uni parchalanish davri 3-25 yilgachiligi etiborga olsak, bundan ko'rinib turibdiki hanuzgacha uning atrof-muhitga ta'siri kamaygani yo'q. 1970 yilda DDT ishlab chiqish to'xtatildi va undan foydalanish bekor qilindi. DDT nafaqat hashoratlarga balkim baliq, qushlar, hayvonlar va insonlarga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatgan.
Neftni qayta ishlashda atrof muhitga juda ko'p miqdorda 20 dan ortiq elementlardan tashkil topgan 805 birikma hosil bo'ladi. Ularga misol qilib: metil simob, alkanlar, sikloalkanlar, fosfor, vanadiy, marganes, xrom, kobalt, bor biikmalarinimisol qilib keltirishimiz mumkin.
Hozirgi kunga kelib respublikamiz sanoat korxonalari tamonidan atmosferaga 2000ga yaqin ifloslantiruvchi moddalardan 2.5 mln tonna , suv havzalariga 1500ga yaqin ingradientlardan 170 mln metr kub ifloslangan oqova suv va tuproqqa 50ga yaqin kimyoviy moddalar va 150ga yaqin petisidlardan sanoat, maishiy chiqindi va kimyoviy moddalar miqdori 289 mln tonnaga etgan.
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Quota features - Windows Server 2003 R2 Reviewer's Guide Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2

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Windows Server 2003 R2 Reviewer's Guide Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2
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bet | 39/53 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 386 Kb. | | #15709 |
Microsoft Services for Network File System (MSNFS) provides Windows-based implementations of both the client and server aspects of Network File System (NFS), as well as related services and utilities. The primary purpose of MSNFS is to provide an interoperability solution for enterprise businesses that have both Windows-based and UNIX-based clients. MSNFS supports the Network File System (NFS) protocol and provides file sharing interoperability between Windows and UNIX machines. It also provides a strategy for migrating from mixed or UNIX-based client environments to Windows. Moreover, MSNFS is now an integrated part of Windows Server.
MSNFS can provide:
64-bit support
Better interoperation between Server Message Block (SMB) and NFS systems
Improved reliability
Support for NFS Devices (MKNOD)
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- LABORATORIYA ISHI - Узбекистон республикаси олий ва урта махсус

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Узбекистон республикаси олий ва урта махсус
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bet | 11/17 | Sana | 19.11.2023 | Hajmi | 5,28 Mb. | | #101504 |
8 - LABORATORIYA ISHI
AVTOSERVIS KORXONALARIDA DIAGNOSTIKA ISHLARINI
TASHKIL ETISH
Ishdan maqsad. Texnik xizmat ko’rsatish stansiyalarining texnologik jarayonida avtomobillarni texnik holatini aniqlashda diagnostika turlarini, vazifalarini va ularning o’tkazish joylarini amalda o’rganish.
Ishning mazmuni.
TXKSda o’tkaziladigan diagnostika turlari bilan tanishish.
TXKSdagi texnologik jarayonida diagnostikaning o’tkazish sxemasi bilan tanishish.
Diagnostikalash turlari bo’yicha o’tkazish joyi va kerakli jihozlarni aniqlash.
Umumiy ma’lumotlar.
TXKS ishlab chiqarish jarayonida quyidagi diagnostikalash turlari qo’llaniladi: buyurmasli diagnostikalash (Db); avtomobillarni qabul qilishdagi diagnostikalash (Dq); texnik xizmat ko’rsatish va ta’mirlashdagi texnologik diagnostikalash (Dt); nazorat diagnostikasini (Dn).
Texnik xizmat ko’rsatish stansiyalaridan TXK va ta’mirlash ishlarini texnologik jarayonini tashkil etishda avtomobillarni texnik holatini diagnostikalash katta ahamiyatga ega (8.1. rasm).
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Yuvish, kutish, qabul qilinish mintaqasi (D q)
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Diagnostikalash ustaxonasi (D b)
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Egasiga topshirish va kutish mintaqasi (D n)
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Joriy ta’mirlash ustaxonasi (D t)
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Texnik xizmat ko’rsatish ustaxonasi (D t)
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7.1. Rasm. TXKS texnologik jarayonida diagnostikani qo’llash sxemasi.
Buyurtmali diagnostikalash (D b) avtomobil egasi byuritmasi asosida o’tkaziladi. Avtomobilni qabul qilishdagi diagnostikalash (D q)da avtomobil egasining buyuritmasi va qabul qilish postidagi ko’rik natijalariga asoslanib avtomobilni texnik holati va kerakli texnik ta’sirlar hajmi aniqlanadi.
Texnik xizmat ko’rsatish va ta’mirlashdagi texnologik diagnostikalash
(D t) servis kitobchasida ko’zda tutilgan va mijoz buyuritmasiga asoslanib nazorat-sozlash ishlarini va qo’shimcha bajariladigan ishlarni aniqlash uchun o’tkaziladi.
Nazorat diagnostikalash (D n) avtomabil bo’yicha bajarilgan texnik xizmat ko’rsatish va ta’mirlash ishlar sifatini aniqlash uchun o’tkaziladi.
Ishni bajarish tartibi.
Ko’rilayotgan TXKS texnologik jarayonida qo’llanilayotgan diagnostikalash turlarini va o’tkazish joylarini aniqlash.
Diagnostikalash ob’ektini aniqlash.
TXKSning texnologik jarayonida diagnostikani qo’llash sxemasini tuzish. Buning uchun ko’rilayotgan TXKSda mavjud diagnostikalash turlari aniqlanadi, undan so’ng 7.1-rasm shaklida tuziladi.
TXKSda berilgan topshiriqdagi ob’ekt bo’yicha qo’llanilayotgan diagnostikalash turlari, o’tkaziladigan joyi, mavjud va kerakli jihozlar ro’yhati hamda ularning modellari aniqlanadi va 2 jadval to’lg’aziladi.
2-jadval
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Shinalarning muvozanatlash jihozlari

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Shinalarning muvozanatlash jihozlari
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bet | 16/17 | Sana | 19.11.2023 | Hajmi | 5,28 Mb. | | #101504 |
Shinalarning muvozanatlash jihozlari. 90% ga yaqin xollarda avtomobil g’ildiragi ikki turdagi (statik va dinamik) nomuvoza-natlilikda bo’ladi. Buning sababi, shina tayyorlashda uning tuzilish elementlarining sifatsiz yig’ilishi, noto’g’ri yig’ish hamda ekspluatatsiya davrida bir tekis yedirilmaslik bo’lishi mumkin. Har qanday nomuvozanat protektorni dog’-dog’ bo’lib yedirilishiga olib keladi.
Avtomobil g’ildiragining diski yonlama qattiq turtki natijasida qiyshayadi. Bunda o’qga nisbatan tebranish paydo bo’ladi. Ekspluatatsiya jarayonida 15% yengil avtomobillarning disklari 3-6 mm tebranishda bo’ladi.
9.8-rasmda shinalarning statik va dinamik muvozanatlash jihozining umumiy ko’rinishi keltirilgan.
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1 3 5 4 2
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
9.8-rasm. Shinalarning muvozanatlash SPECTRA BL-955 jihozi va uning boshqarish panelining ko’rinishi.
1-axborot displeyi; 2-axborot displeyi; 3- tekshirilayotgan diskning ichki tomonidagi indikatorlar chizg’ichi; 4-tekshirilayotgan diskning tashqi tomonidagi indikatorlar chizg’ichi; 5-nazorat miqdorlarining ikkiyoqlama indikatorlari; 6- rejim tanlash indikator paneli (STATIC); 7-diskning Har ikkala tomonida ham balanslash yuk-larini o’rnatish rejimini tanlash bo’yicha indikator paneli (yuk yopish-tirib montaj qilinadi, ALU1); 8-diskning ikkita ichki tomoniga balanslash yuklarini o’rnatish rejimini tanlash bo’yicha indikator paneli (yuk yopishtirib montaj qilinadi) (ALU 2); 9-diskning tashqi va ichki tomoniga balanslash yuklarini o’rnatish rejimini tanlash bo’yicha indikator paneli (ALU 3); 10-dastgoxdan tekshirilayotgan diskkacha bo’lgan masofa kattaligini o’rnatish paneli; 11-tekshirilayotgan disk enining kattaligini o’rnatish paneli; 12-tekshirilayotgan diskning radiusi () kattaligini o’rnatish paneli; 13-statik o’rnatish vazifasini tanlash tugmasi (FUN) ; 14-dastgoxni kalibrlash tugmasi (CAL) ; 15- «YoQ» (START) tugmasi, 16- «o’ChIR» (STOP) tugmasi.
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Ko’tarish, qarash va tashish jihozlari

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Ko’tarish, qarash va tashish jihozlari
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bet | 13/17 | Sana | 19.11.2023 | Hajmi | 5,28 Mb. | | #101504 |
Ko’tarish, qarash va tashish jihozlari JTvaTХKda ishlatilib ular avtomobillarga Har tomondan (ustidan, tagidan, yonidan) TХK va T ga imkon yaratadi, ish unumini va sifatini oshiradi. Ko’tarish-qarash jihozlariga ko’rish ariqchalari, estakadalar va ko’targichlar kiradi.
Avtomobillarga TХKvaJTda sozlash va yechish-o’rnatish ishlarini bajarish uchun ajratish-yig’ish, ta’mirlash jihozlari ishlatiladi.
Bularga dinamometrik kalitlar (9.2-rasm), turli asboblar to’plami, gaz balonli avtomobillar ta’minot tizimiga TХK va JT uchun, elektrotexnik va boshqa turdagi ishlarni bajarish uchun kalitlar to’plami ishlatiladi. Misol tariqasida 9.1-rasmda 2446 rusmdagi kalitlar to’plamlari keltirilgan.
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9.1-rasm. Avtochilangarning rusmdagi asboblar to’plami
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9.2-rasm. Dinamometrik kalit
1-almashuvchi kallakni ushlagich; 2-ko’rsatgich; 3-egiluvchan sterjen; 4-shkala; 5- ushlagich.
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Yengil avtomobillar kuzovini tiklash uchun stendlar. Yo’l transport xodisalariga uchragan ba’zi yengil avtomobillarning kuzovlari qattiq shikastlanish natijasida o’zining muxim geometrik holatini yo’qotadi va ularni maxsus stendlar yordamida o’z holatiga qaytariladi. 9.3-rasmda yengil avtomobillarning shikastlangan kuzovlarini tiklash uchun yaratilgan Siver S3 210 rusumli jihoz keltirilgan.
Moylash-to’ldirish jihozlari. Bu jihozlar. yuqori ishlab chiqarish qobiliyatiga ega bo’lgan TХK postlaridagi qo’zg’almas va qo’zg’aluvchan turlarga bo’linadi. Moy yoki suyuqlikni tarqatish so’rish moslamasi yordamida amalga oshirilib, elektr dvigatel yoki siqilgan xavo yordamida ishlaydi. Ba’zi bir jihozlar qo’l bilan boshqarilishi ham mumkin. Ixtisoslashtirilgan moylash postlarida maxsus moslamalardan foydalaniladi (4.4-rasm).
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9.3-rasm. Yengil avtomobillar kuzovini tiklovchi Siver S3 210 rusumli jihoz.
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a)
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b)
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9.4-rasm. Qo’zg’almas suyuq (a) va qo’zg’aluvchan (b) quyuq moy tarqatuvchi moslamalar
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Moslama o’zi o’raluvchi 3 ta barabanli shlangalardan va motor hamda transmissiya moylarini tarqatish kallaklaridan iborat.
Moy va surkov moylari, tarqatuvchi shlangalarga. bochka va sig’imlarga o’rnatilgan pnevmatik nasoslar yordamida yetkazib beriladi. Bo’shagan bochkalar yangisiga almashtiriladi. Suyuq moy tarqatishda bosim 0,8 MPa gacha yetadi. Surkov moylarini yetkazib berishda esa ishchi bosim 25-40 MPa ni tashkil etadi.
Bosimning yuqori bo’lishiga sabab, ishqalanib ishlovchi birikmalarda hosil bo’ladigan yedirilish maxsulotlarini yetkazib beruvchi kanallarga tiqilib qolishidadir. Ba’zi xollarda qo’l bilan Harakatlanuvchi (4.4-rasm, b) moylash jihozlaridan ham foydalaniladi.
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