nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Korхona va firmalarda buхgalteriya hisobi

2.6. Korхona va firmalarda buхgalteriya hisobi
To’lovlarni amalga oshirish
Teхnik хizmat ko’rsatish majmuasidagi ishlarning narхi preyskurant yoki shartnoma narхlari bilan aniqlanadi.
Oхirgi tasdiqlangan Preyskurant bo’lib, bunda tibbiyot teхnouogiyasini ta’mirlash va хizmat ko’rsatishni chakana narхlari keltirilgan edi va u SSSR sog’liqni saqlash vazirligi tomonidan 1981 yilda 1371 tartib raqami bilan tasdiqlangan edi. Hozir bu preyskurant amaliy ahamiyatga ega emas. Hozirda bozor iqtisodiyotidan kelib chiqib, ko’rsatilayotgan servis хizmatlari narхlari kelishilgan holda belgilanadi.
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Teхnik хizmat ko’rsatish majmuasi narхiga kiradi

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Teхnik хizmat ko’rsatish majmuasi narхiga kiradi
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bet | 35/75 | Sana | 21.03.2017 | Hajmi | 8,58 Mb. | | #733 |
Teхnik хizmat ko’rsatish majmuasi narхiga kiradi:
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teхnik хizmat ko’rsatish majmuasini ko’rsatishda qo’llaniladigan yordamchi materiallar narхi (qalay, konifol, izolyatsiya lentasi, mahkamlovchi va boshqa vositalar);
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yollangan elektromeхaniklarning asosiy va qo’shimcha ish haqi;
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ustama sarf harajatlar;
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buyurtmachiga “elektromeхaniklar borishi uchun (shahardan tashqari zonaga) yo’l kira haqi (preyskurantda hisobga olinmagan);
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boshqa ishlab chiqarish sarf harajatlari;
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soliqlar uchun ajratmalar.
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– rasm - Ўзбекистон республикаси

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Ўзбекистон республикаси
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bet | 55/75 | Sana | 21.03.2017 | Hajmi | 8,58 Mb. | | #733 |
5.11 – rasm. Sхemaning kirish va chiqish kuchlanishlarini ostsilloskopda birga o’lchash
5.12 –rasmda signal fazasini siljitadigan sхemaning ostsillogrammalari keltirilgan. Signallar orasidagi faza siljishini oson va aniq o’lchash uchun signalning faqat bitta davrini ekranga joylashtirish kerak.
Sхemaning chiqish kuchlanishi uout kirishidagi uin kuchlanishdan kechikib qolgani ostsillogrammadan yaqqol ko’rinib turibdi. Cignallar orasidagi faza burchagi φ manfiy ishoraga ega. Amalda faza o’lchaganda signal kuchlanishlari bir-biridan yarim davrdan katta vaqtga kechikishi mumkin. Shunda ostsilloskopning vaqt gradatsiyasi o’zgartiriladi, ya’ni gorizontal o’qlarning bitta gradatsiya narhi kattalashtiriladi. Misol uchun, signalning bitta davri 18 ta gorizontal katakka joylashtirilsa, bir katak 20º burchakka to’g’ri keladi.
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Kun tartibi - M raximqulova, H. Qoraboyev, A. Xudayarov

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M raximqulova, H. Qoraboyev, A. Xudayarov
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bet | 4/35 | Sana | 07.02.2024 | Hajmi | 4,21 Mb. | | #152760 |
Bog'liq ONA TILI VA O‘QISH SAVODXONLIGI DARSLARINI SAMARALI TASHKIL ETISH Kun tartibi
Nutqiy mavzuning gʻoyasi: oʻquvchilarda vaqt bilan bogʻliq umumiy tushuncha hosil qilish, vaqtni qadrlash, to‘g‘ri taqsimlash, bolani bir kunlik rejasini tuza olishga oʻrgatish.
Tinglab tushunish: berilgan savolni tushunib tartibli javob bera oladi; eshitilgan gapdagi voqeani anglay oladi, uning qaysi hafta kuni, kunning qismida bajarilishini topa oladi.
Og‘zaki nutq: soat vaqtlarini toʻgʻri talaffuz qila oladi; savollarga ogʻzaki javob bera oladi; rasmga qarab oʻz kun tartibi haqida ayta oladi; diaologli matnni oʻqishda rolga kirisha oladi.
O‘qib tushunish: soatni ifodalovchi raqamli konstruksiyani
to‘g‘ri o‘qiy oladi; (6:30, 12:00); matnda ifodalangan vaqt va faoliyat bog‘liqligini tushuna oladi; she’rning syujetini tushuna oladi; oʻxshatishlarni tushunish (umr – daryo); rasmlarda qanday amallar bajarilayotganini aniqlay oladi; dialogni o‘qib tushuna oladi.
Yozma nutq: kun qismlarini yoza oladi; raqamlarni so‘z bilan ifodalay oladi; soat necha bo‘lganini yoza oladi; oʻxshatishlarni qatnashtirib gaplar tuza oladi; rasm asosida o‘z kun tartibini hodisalar ketma-ketligi asosida matn yoza oladi; daraxt, payvand kabi oxiri ikki undosh bilan tugovchi so‘zlarini to‘g‘ri ifodalay oladi; toʻqqiz, ukki kabi tarkibida ikkita bir xil undosh qatnashgan soʻzlarni toʻgʻri yoza oladi; tavsiya mazmunidagi gaplar tuza oladi.
Lingvistik bilim: vaqtni ifodalovchi konstruksiyalar; vaqt bilan bog‘liq metaforalar; daraxt, payvand kabi oxiri ikki undosh bilan
tugovchi so‘zlarining aytilishi va yozilishi, buyruq-istak maylidagi fe’l haqidagi ma’lumotlarni o‘zlashtira oladi.
Lug‘at boyligi: soat vaqtlarini ifodalovchi soʻzlar; kun davomidagi faoliyatlarni ifodalovchi soʻzlar (uyqudan turish, nonushta qilish, katta tanaffus kabi); kun qismlarini ifodalovchi soʻzlar (kunbotar, tush, tong, tun); 1dan 99gacha boʻlgan raqamlar; vaqt bilan bogʻliq metaforalar (oltin, daryo).[15.54]
SINF
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-chizma. O‘quv topshiriqlarini tashkil etish shakllari

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-chizma. O‘quv topshiriqlarini tashkil etish shakllari
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bet | 7/35 | Sana | 07.02.2024 | Hajmi | 4,21 Mb. | | #152760 |
Bog'liq ONA TILI VA O‘QISH SAVODXONLIGI DARSLARINI SAMARALI TASHKIL ETISH 1-chizma. O‘quv topshiriqlarini tashkil etish shakllari
Boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarining o‘quv topshiriqlari bilan ishlash faoliyatini tashkil etishda pedagogik, psixologik va ilmiy- metodik asoslarga tayanib berilgan topshiriqlar o‘quvchilar shaxsiyatida ziyraklik va erkinlik tarkib topishiga ko‘maklashadi. Ularda aniqlik va batartiblik, mehnatsevarlik, qat’iyatni rivojlantirishga asos bo‘ladi. Faoliyatida duch kelgan qiyinchiliklarni engib o‘ta olish, boshlagan ishini oxiriga etkazish hamda o‘z xatti- harakatini nazorat qilish qobiliyatlarini shakllantiradi.
Boshlang‘ich sinflarda o‘quv topshiriqlar bilan ishlash yuzasidan metodik tavsiyalarimizni keltirib o‘tamiz.
Ona tili va o‘qish savodxonligi fanidan 1- sinf darsligida “
Navro‘z taronasi” nomli she’r keltirilgan. Mazkur she’r bo‘yicha berilgan topshiriqlar orqali o‘quvchida mantiqiy tafakkurni, mustaqil fikrlashni shakllantirish mumkin.
Navro‘z taronasi
Ko‘kda qiuyosh gulxan yoqdi, Soylar yana toʻlib oqdi.
Chiqib xazon koʻrpasidan, Boychechaklar kulib boqdi. Koʻngillarga yorugʻ tushdi, Shudgorlarga urugʻ tushdi. Urugʻlarga jon bagʻishlab, Yomgʻirlar ham qutlugʻ tushdi, Navroʻz, Navroʻz, Navroʻz!
Tabiatga zardoʻz. Bahor dala-dashtda, Tikar goʻzal kashta.
Anvar Obidjon
Mazkur she’r yuzasidan quyidagicha mantiqiy topshiriq berilgan.
O‘qituvchi topshiriq yuzasidan qo‘yilayotgan muammoni juftlikda o‘qituvchi rahbarligida bajarish maqsadga muvofiq. Topshiriq yuzasidan o‘quvchilarning fikri tinglanadi. Barcha o‘quvchilarning fikrini tinglashga imkoniyat bo‘lmasada, o‘quvchilarning hech bo‘lmaganda o‘z o‘rtoqlarining fikrini eshitishlariga erishish ham muhim ahamiyatga ega.
Darslikda Baxtiyor Sheraliyev qalamiga mansub “Xotiraning dorisi” mavzusida matn keltirilgan. Mazkur matn ustida ishlash orqali o‘qituvchi o‘quvchilarda o‘qish savodxonligini shakllantirishi, matnni idrok etish ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirishi mumkin.
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Xotiraning dorisi - M raximqulova, H. Qoraboyev, A. Xudayarov

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M raximqulova, H. Qoraboyev, A. Xudayarov
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bet | 8/35 | Sana | 07.02.2024 | Hajmi | 4,21 Mb. | | #152760 |
Bog'liq ONA TILI VA O‘QISH SAVODXONLIGI DARSLARINI SAMARALI TASHKIL ETISH
Kimyogar Bernar Kurtuaning mushugi bor edi. Bir kuni mushuk kimyogarning ish stoli ustiga sakrab chiqadi. Stolc ustida turli xil suyuqliklar solingan idishlar bor edi. Mushik ularni to‘kib yuboradi. To‘kilib ketgan suyuqliklar bir- biriga qo‘shilib, siyohrang ko‘lmakcha hosil bo‘ladi. Shunday qilib, kimyogar yod moddasini kashf etadi.
Yod- odam uchun eng kerakli moddalardan biri. Yod moddasi dengiz suvlari va o‘simliklarida uchraydi. Shuning uchun dengiz mahsulotlarini tez- tez yeb turish kerak.
Agar sizning tanangizda yod yetishmasa, buqoq kasalligiga chalinasiz. Xotirangiz ham kuchsizlanib qoladi. Shifokorlar yodni xotiraning dorisi ham deb atashadi.
Osh tuzining qadog‘iga qarasangiz, “Yodlangan” degan yozuvni
ko‘rasiz. Bu yodli tuz deganidir.
Esda tuting, yodni o‘zingizcha ishlatmang, chunki uning ko‘pi zararli hisoblanadi.[15.45]
Ushbu matn yuzasidan berilgan topshiriqlar bilan ishlash
jarayonini jodiy jarayonga aylantirish orqali. O‘quvchilarda ziyraklik, topqirlik, muammoni tahlil qila olish, to‘g‘ri hukmni ajratish ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirish mumkin.
Ona tili va o‘qish savodxonligi darslarini samarali tashkil etish orqali nutqiy kompetensiya (og‘zaki nutq, yozma nutq, anglash (oʻqish va tushunish, tinglab tushunish) shakllantirib boriladi. 3 -4- sinflarda bu kompetensiyaning mazmun- mohiyati soddadan murakkabga qarab takomillashib boradi.
2-chizma. Ona tili va o‘qish savodxonligi darsligidagi nutqiy kompetensiyaning mazmuni.
Og‘zaki nutqqa qo‘yiladigan ta’lablar:
nutq tovushlarini toʻgʻri talaffuz qilish;
atrofdagilar bilan muloqotga kirisha olish, muloqot odobiga rioya qilish;
rasmlar, odamlar, narsalar va voqealarni ogʻzaki tasvirlash;
oʻquv dasturida berilgan mavzular yuzasidan fikr bildira olish;
og‘zaki fikr ifodalashda ma’nodosh va zid ma’noli so‘zlardan o‘rinli foydalanish;
matnni qayta ijodiy bayon qila olish.
berilgan mavzuda og‘zaki talaffuz me’yorlariga amal qilgan holda tartibli va ravon so‘zlay olish;
she’rlarni ifodali aytish;
munozara jarayonida o‘zaro hurmatni saqlagan holda navbat bilan fikr bildirish, o‘z qarashlarini odob bilan himoya qilish;
rasmlar, odamlar, narsalar va voqealarni ogʻzaki tasvirlash;
oʻquv dasturida berilgan mavzular yuzasidan gapira olish; tushunmagan o‘rinlarni aniqlashtirish maqsadida savollar bera olish;
og‘zaki fikr ifodalashda maqsadga muvofiq so‘z, ibora va birikmalardan o‘rinli foydalanish;
matn, hikoya, ertakni qayta ijodiy bayon qila olish.
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Yozma nutqqa qo‘yiladigan talablar

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Yozma nutqqa qo‘yiladigan talablar
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bet | 9/35 | Sana | 07.02.2024 | Hajmi | 4,21 Mb. | | #152760 |
Bog'liq ONA TILI VA O‘QISH SAVODXONLIGI DARSLARINI SAMARALI TASHKIL ETISH Yozma nutqqa qo‘yiladigan talablar:
boʻg‘in koʻchirish, bosh harflar imlosigа rioya qilish; -
gap ohangiga rioya qilgan holda tinish belgilari (nuqta, vergul va so‘roq)ni qoʻya olish;
punktuatsion va imlo qoidalariga amal qilgan holda 30–40 ta so‘zdan iborat diktant yozish;
yil davomida o‘rganilgan fanlarga oid atamalarni farqlash va ularning ro‘yxatini tuzish, toʻgʻri yoza olish;
berilgan rasm asosida, odam yoki ma’lum voqeani tasvirlab, 3–4 ta gap tuzib yoza olish;
tabriknoma va xat yoza olish.
gap ohangiga rioya qilgan holda tinish belgilari (nuqta, vergul, so‘roq, undov)ni qoʻya olish;
punktuatsion va imlo qoidalariga amal qilgan holda 50–60ta so‘zdan iborat diktant yozish;
yil davomida o‘rganilgan fanlarga oid atamalarni farqlash va ularning ro‘yxatini tuzish, toʻgʻri yoza olish;
berilgan rasm asosida odam yoki ma’lum voqeani tasvirlab 5– 6ta gap tuzib yoza olish, bunda fikr tartibiga rioya qilish;
berilgan qo‘shimchalar asosida so‘zlar hosil qilish va ularni to‘g‘ri yozish;
shaxsiy xat va tabriknoma yoza olish, bunda so‘z va so‘z birikmalarini to‘g‘ri bog‘lay olish.
Oʻqish va tushunishiga qo‘yiladigan talablar:
matnlarni ravon va ifodali o‘qish;
oʻquv dasturida tavsiya qilingan matnlardagi soʻz va birikmalarning ma’nosini anglash;
lugʻatdan foydalana olish;
matnning asosiy mohiyatini aniqlay olish, matn yuzasidan savollar bera olish;
ertaklarning xulosasini ayta olish, ertak qahramonlari nutqini obrazga kirib o‘qiy olish.
matnlarni to‘g‘ri, ravon va ifodali o‘qish;
oʻquv dasturida tavsiya qilingan matnlardagi soʻz, ibora va birikmalarning mohiyatini anglash;
matndagi so‘zlarning shakliy va mazmuniy jihatlarini sharhlay olish;
so‘zlarga so‘roq berish orqali ularni tasniflay olish;
qavm-qarindoshlik bilan bog‘liq sо‘zlarni sharhlay olish;
matnning asosiy mohiyatini aniqlay olish, matn yuzasidan savollar bera olish;
ertak, hikoya, rivoyatlarning asosiy g‘oyasini, axloqiy jihatini aniqlash. Tinglab tushunishiga qo‘yiladigan ta’lablar:
suhbatni tinglab tushuna olish, zarur o‘rinlarni qayd qila olish;
tinglangan monologik nutq va suhbatdan so‘zlovchining nutq ohangini belgilay olish;
berilgan savolni tushunish va mantiqli javob bera olish;
jonli nutq, audiomatn shaklidagi matnlarning xulosasi va gʻoyasini ayta olish;
maqollar va hikmatli so‘zlar ma’nosini tushunish.
tinglangan monologik nutq va suhbatdan so‘zlovchining asosiy g‘oyasini ajrata olish, zarur o‘rinlarni qayd qila olish;
tinglangan matnda qo‘llangan zid ma’noli, shakldosh va
ma’nosi yaqin so‘zlarni sharhlay olish;
berilgan savolni tushunish va mantiqli javob bera olish;
hikoya, ertaklardagi qahramonlarni tasvirlay olish;
jonli nutq, audiomatn shaklidagi matnlarning xulosasi va gʻoyasini ayta olish;
iboralar, maqollar va hikmatli so‘zlar ma’nosini tushunish;
tinglangan materialga mos rasm, chizma, belgi va shakllarni tanlay olish.
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Savollarda berilgan faktlar Toʻgʻri (T) yoki Notoʻgʻri (N) ekanligini aniqlang. Kerakli harfni doiraga oling

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Savollarda berilgan faktlar Toʻgʻri (T) yoki Notoʻgʻri (N) ekanligini aniqlang. Kerakli harfni doiraga oling
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bet | 14/35 | Sana | 07.02.2024 | Hajmi | 4,21 Mb. | | #152760 |
Bog'liq ONA TILI VA O‘QISH SAVODXONLIGI DARSLARINI SAMARALI TASHKIL ETISH Savollarda berilgan faktlar Toʻgʻri (T) yoki Notoʻgʻri (N) ekanligini aniqlang. Kerakli harfni doiraga oling
XIX asrning 50-yillariga kelib toʻqimachilik sanoatning
yetakchi sohasi boʻlmay qoldi.
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T / N
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“Apple” kompaniyasi rahbari Oʻzbekistonning barcha aholisi topadigan daromaddan ham koʻproq foyda qiladi.
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T / N
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Paxta yetishtirib sotish dunyoviy qaralgan juda kam
daromad keltiradigan soha.
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T / N
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Matnda “keskin yuksalish”, “iqtisodiy portlash” va “bum”
soʻzlari bir xil ma’noda qoʻllangan.
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T / N
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moslashtirish savollari
Moslashtirish – bu parallel ustunlardan biridagi tushunchaning boshqa ustundagisi bilan mos kelishini topishga asoslanga savol turi. Odatda, ikki obyektni qiyoslash, solishtirish malakalarini aniqlashda qoʻllash foydali. Bunday turdagi topshiriqlarni tuzishdan oldin quyidagi savollarga oʻzingiz uchun javob berib oling:
Ushbu savol turi natijani oʻlchash uchun mosmi?
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Ikkala ustunda haqiqatdan bir-biriga mos keladigan
tushunchalar ifodalanganmi?
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Javoblar ustunidagi miqdor savollar ustunidan koʻproqmi?
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Savollar ustuni va javoblar ustuni tartiblanganmi?
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Koʻrsatmada nimasiga koʻra moslashtirish kerakligi aniq
aytilganmi?
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Savollarning qiyinlik darajasi oʻquvchilar darajasiga mosmi?
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Namuna:
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FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO‘YXATI

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FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO‘YXATI
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bet | 35/35 | Sana | 07.02.2024 | Hajmi | 4,21 Mb. | | #152760 |
Bog'liq ONA TILI VA O‘QISH SAVODXONLIGI DARSLARINI SAMARALI TASHKIL ETISH FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO‘YXATI
Ўзбекистон Республикасининг “Таълим тўғрисида”ги қонуни (2020 йил 23 сентябрь, ЎРҚ-637-сон) // Ўзбекистон Республикаси қонун ҳужжатлари маълумотлари миллий базаси, 24.09.2020 й., 03/20/637/1313-сон // https://lex.uz/docs/5013007
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2019-yil 29- apreldagi O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Xalq ta‘limi tizimini 2030- yilgacha rivojlantirish konsepsiyasini tasdiqlash to‘g‘risidagi 5712 - son Farmoni
Mirziyoev SH.M. Erkin va farovon, demokratik O‘zbekiston davlatini birgalikda barpo etamiz. T.: “O‘zbekiston” 2016
Umumiy o‘rta ta’limning boshlang‘ich ta’limdan davlat ta’lim standarti va o‘quv dasturi. – T.: RTM, 2017. – 215 b.
Avliyakulov N.X. Zamonaviy o‘qitish texnologiyalari -T.: 2001.
Ochilov M. Yangi pedagogik texnologiyalar: o‘quv qo‘llanmasi. Qarshi, Nasaf. 2000.-80b.
Tolipov O‘, Usmonboeva M. Pedagogik texnologiya: nazariya va amaliyot. –T.: “Fan” 2005 yil.
Qosimov A.X, Xoliqova F. Pedagogik mahorat va pedagogik texnologiyalar. –T.: TATU 2004 yil.
Makulova B. Boshlang‘ich sinflarda sinfdan tashqari o‘qishni tashkil etish. Monografiya. – T.: Nizomiy nomidagi TDPU, 2006. – 95 b.
Husanboyeva Q. Adabiy ta’limda mustaqil fikrlashga o‘rgatish asoslari. Monografiya. – T.: 2003.B – 48-70.
Marasulova U. Umumta’lim maktablarida o‘quvchilarning
adabiy- nazariy tushunchalarini shakllantirish va takomillashtirish. Ped.fan.nomz. diss. –T.: 2007. – B 25-26.
To‘xliyev B. Adabiyot o‘qitish metodikasi. – T.: Alisher Navoiy nomidagi O‘zbekiston Milliy kutubxonasi, 2012. – 144 b.
Xalqaro tadqiqotlarda boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarining o‘qish savodxonligini baholash (Boshlang‘ich sinf o‘qituvchilari, metodistlar va soha mutaxassislari uchun metodik qo‘llanma). Ta’lim inspeksiyasi huzuridagi Ta’lim sifatini baholash bo‘yicha xalqaro tadqiqotlarni amalga oshirish milliy markazi. Toshkent, 2019-yil, 92 bet.
Baholash nazariyasi asoslari [Matn]/ Komil Jalilov. – Toshkent: Akademnashr, 2020. – 256 b.
Ona tili va o‘qish savodxonligi. 1-qism [Matn]: darslik 1-sinf uchun/ I.Azimova [va boshq.]. – Toshkent: Respublika ta’lim markazi, 2021. – 104 b.
Ona tili va o‘qish savodxonligi 1 Metodik qo‘llanma [Matn]: o‘qituvchilari uchun metodik qo‘llanma / I. A. Azimova [va boshq.]. – Toshkent: Respublika ta’lim markazi, 2021. – 128 b.
Ona tili va o‘qish savodxonligi. 1-qism [Matn]: darslik 2-sinf
uchun / K. Mavlonova [va boshq.]. – Toshkent: Respublika ta’lim markazi, 2021. – 120 b.
Ona tili va o‘qish savodxonligi [Matn]: 2-sinf o‘qituvchilari uchun metodik qo‘llanma / I. Azimova [va boshq.]. – Toshkent: Respublika ta’lim markazi, 2021. – 128 b.
www.edu.uz
www.kitob.uz
www.sammoi.uz
www.ziyonet.uz
www.gazeta.uz
www.rtm.uz
M.RAXIMQULOVA, H.QORABOYEV, A.XUDAYAROV, N.PARDAYEV
(Uslubiy qo‘llanma)
90
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1 - Elektr energiyasini sotishni buxgalteriya hisobida aks ettirish

Bog'liq Elektr energiyasini sotish 2127 31.07.2010
7 1 -§. Majburiy ijro byurosini rivojlantirish jamg„armasiga yo„naltirilgan mablag„larni buxgalteriya hisobida aks ettirish tartibi 43
1
. Respublika iste‘molchilariga elektr energiyasini sotishdan tushadigan mablag‗lar
HETKlarining elektr energiyasidan tushadigan pul mablag‗larini jamlaydigan yagona maxsus
hisobvarag‗iga o‗tkaziladi va qo‗shilgan qiymat solig‗ini chegirgan holda Respublika
iste‘molchilariga elektr energiyasi va tabiiy gazni milliy valyutada sotishdan tushadigan Majburiy
ijro byurosini rivojlantirish jamg‗armasini shakllantirish manbasi sifatida belgilangan mablag‗larni
hisob-kitob qilish tartibi to‗g‗risidagi
nizomga
(ro‗yxat raqami 2902, 2017-yil 24-iyul) muvofiq
Majburiy ijro byurosini rivojlantirish jamg‗armasiga ham taqsimlanadi.
Oldingi tahrirga qarang. 43
2
. Respublika iste‘molchilariga elektr energiyasini sotishdan tushadigan mablag‗lardan
(O‗zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining qarorlariga asosan ajratiladigan maqsadli mablag‗lar, shu
jumladan O‗zbekiston Respublikasi Suv xo‗jaligi vazirligining suv xo‗jaligi tashkilotlari tomonidan
elektr energiya iste‘moli uchun to‗lovlar hamda ―Issiqlik elektr stansiyalari‖ AJ, ―O‗zkimyosanoat‖
AJ, ―Navoiy KMK‖ DK va ―Olmaliq KMK‖ AJ korxonalaridan tushadigan mablag‗lar bundan
mustasno) ajratmalar Majburiy ijro byurosini rivojlantirish jamg‗armasiga yo‗naltiriladi va HETK
buxgalteriya hisobida quyidagicha aks ettiriladi:
(43 2 -bandning birinchi xatboshisi O„zbekiston Respublikasi Moliya vazirligi va Davlat soliq qo„mitasining 2019-yil 11-sentabrdagi 98 va 2019-48-sonli qarori (ro„yxat raqami 2127-4, 10.10.2019-y.) tahririda — Qonun hujjatlari ma‟lumotlari milliy bazasi, 10.10.2019-y., 10/19/2127-4/3894-son)
debet 9410 ―Sotish xarajatlari‖ schyoti;
kredit pul mablag‗larini hisobga oluvchi schyotlar (5100, 5500 va h.k.).
(7 1 paragraf O„zbekiston Respublikasi Moliya vazirligi va Davlat soliq qo„mitasining 2018-yil 9- iyuldagi 104, 2018-58-sonli qaroriga (ro„yxat raqami 2127-3, 09.08.2018-y.) asosan kiritilgan — Qonun hujjatlari ma‟lumotlari milliy bazasi, 10.08.2018-y., 10/18/2127-3/1686-son)
– rasm - Ўзбекистон республикаси

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Ўзбекистон республикаси
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bet | 41/75 | Sana | 21.03.2017 | Hajmi | 8,58 Mb. | | #733 |
5.2 – rasm. Analogli va displeyli o’lchash asbobilari
5.3 - rasm. Analogli displeyning tuzilishi
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5.4 – rasm. Raqamli displeyning tuzilishi
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O’lchash natijasini bevosita ko’rsatuvchi asboblarda ikki tur displey bo’ladi:
-
analogli displey;
-
raqamli displey.
Analogli displeyda o’lchash natijasini shkala bo’ylab harakatlanuvchi strelka yoki nur shu’lasi ko’rsatib turadi, raqamlik displey esa natijani raqamlarda ko’rsatadi. 5.3- va 5.4- rasmlarda ko’rsatilgan displeylarni solishtirganda quyidagilarni ko’rish mumkin :
5.1 jadval:
Analogli displey quyidagi afzallik va kamchiliklarga ega:
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Afzalliklari
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Kamchiliklari
|
Displeyda kattalikning 0 % dan 100 % gacha qiymatlarini o’rnatish mumkin.
Uzluksiz nazorat ostida bo’lishi zarur bo’lgan kattalik osonlik bilan nazorat qilinishi mumkin.
Trendlarni ( kattalik qiymati ma’lum vaqt ichida o’zgarishi) qayd etish mumkin.
| -
shkala juda qo’pol bo’linmalarga bo’lingan;
-
O’lcham olinganda interpolyatsiya zarur.
Asbobning ichki qarshiligi juda kichik, instrumental kuchaytirgichi yo’q. O’lchash meхanizmidagi ishqalanish natijasida хosil bo’ladigan хatoliklar. Meхanik o’lchash meхanizmi juda sezgir (silkinishga moyil, tok chegaradan chiqib ketishi mumkin).
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-§. Elektr energiyasini sotishning analitik hisobi

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-§. Elektr energiyasini sotishning analitik hisobiBog'liq Elektr energiyasini sotish 2127 31.07.20108-§. Elektr energiyasini sotishning analitik hisobi
Oldingi
tahrirga qarang.
44. Elektr energiyasini sotish bo‗yicha xaridorlar bilan hisoblashishlarning analitik hisobi
har bir iste‘molchi bo‗yicha (ham yuridik shaxs, ham maishiy iste‘molchi bo‗yicha) alohida miqdor
(elektr energiyasi iste‘molining natural hisob birligida) va qiymat ifodasida yuritiladi. Bunda,
qonunchilikda nazarda tutilgan holatlardan tashqari, bir iste‘molchining debitor qarzdorligi ikkinchi
iste‘molchining kreditor qarzdorligi bilan o‗zaro hisob-kitob qilinishiga ruxsat etilmaydi, ya‘ni
iste‘molchilar bo‗yicha qarzdorlik qoldig‗i moliyaviy hisobotda kengaytirilgan tarzda aks ettirilishi
lozim.
(44-band O„zbekiston Respublikasi Moliya vazirligi va Davlat soliq qo„mitasining 2019-yil 11-
sentabrdagi 98 va 2019-48-sonli
qarori
(ro„yxat raqami 2127-4, 10.10.2019-y.) tahririda — Qonun
hujjatlari ma‟lumotlari milliy bazasi, 10.10.2019-y., 10/19/2127-4/3894-son)
Oldingi
tahrirga qarang.
45. Hisob — kitob davrida iste‘molchilarga yetkazib berilgan va xuddi shu davrda HETK
tomonidan qabul qilingan elektr energiyasi hajmi o‗rtasidagi farqni, elektr energiyasini elektr
tarmoqlarida uzatish vaqtida me‘yorlar doirasidagi texnologik sarf miqdorini chegirgan holda,
hisobdan chiqarishning analitik hisobi ham miqdor (elektr energiyasi iste‘molining natural hisob
birligida), ham qiymat ifodasida yuritiladi.
(45-band O„zbekiston Respublikasi Moliya vazirligi va Davlat soliq qo„mitasining 2019-yil 11-
sentabrdagi 98 va 2019-48-sonli
qarori
(ro„yxat raqami 2127-4, 10.10.2019-y.) tahririda — Qonun
hujjatlari ma‟lumotlari milliy bazasi, 10.10.2019-y., 10/19/2127-4/3894-son)
9-§. Yakuniy qoidalar
46. Elektr energiyasini sotish bo‗yicha xo‗jalik operatsiyalari buxgalteriya hisobining
ishonchliligiga va elektr energiyasining har bir iste‘molchisi bo‗yicha hisob-kitoblarning
yuritilishiga rioya qilish bo‗yicha javobgarlik HETK va elektr ta‘minoti korxonalarining tegishli
rahbarlari zimmasiga yuklatiladi.
47. Mazkur Nizom ―O‗zbekenergo‖ Davlat Aksiyadorlik Kompaniyasi bilan kelishilgan.
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Diskret o’zgartiradigan datchiklar

Bog'liq Boshqarish sistemalarining elementlari va qurilmalari
Diskret o’zgartiradigan datchiklar. Bu datchiklar ob’ektlarni holatini
nazorat qilishadi va temir yo’l avtomatika hamda telemexanika tizimlaridagi
kirish axborotlarini manbai hisoblanadi. Yo’l bo’lagini harakatlanuvchi
tarkibdan ozodligini nazorat qilishlik uchun rels zanjiri (2.2-расм) ishlatiladi.
Rels zanjiri qilib izolyasiyalovchi tutashmalar IT bilan chegaralangan yo’l
bo’lagini bir qismi qabul etiladi. Rels zanjirining bir uchidagi relslarga ta’minot
ulansa, boshqa uchiga esa o’tkazgich sifatida ishlatiladigan relslardagi tokka
ishlaydigan nazoratchi asbob NA ulanadi. Odatda NA sifatida, elektromagnit
yoki induksion rele ishlatiladi. Agar uchastka bo’sh bo’lsa, NA dan katta tok
o’tadi (rele yakori tortilgan). Agar uchastka hech bo’lmaganida bitta g’ildirak
juftligi bilan egallangan bo’lsa (uni qarshiligi 0,06 Om va NA qarshiligidan
ancha kichik), NA da tok keskin kamayadi (rele yakorni qo’yib yuboradi).
Shunday qilib NA holatiga qarab yo’l bo’lagini bo’sh yoki bandligi haqida fikr
yurgizish mumkin.
2.2-rasm. Relsli zanjirning sxemasi
Yarim o’tkazgichlar texnikasini rivojlanishi va hozirgi avtomatik tizimlarda
mikroprosessorlar va kompyuterlarning keng qo’llanishligi tufayli, datchiklar
taraqqiyotida yangi g’oya va yo’nalishlar paydo bo’ldi. Bu rivojlanish
xususiyatlari, datchiklarni mikroprosessorlar va kompyuterlar bilan birga
ishlashligi belgilanmoqda. Ana shu sababli, zamonaviy datchiklarning muhim
sifati bo’lib, integral bajarilgani hamda kichik o’lchamlarga egaligi hisoblanadi.
Ushbu xususiyatlari tufayli, bitta korpusda bir nechta datchiklarni joylashtirish
43
va bu bilan bir vaqtni o’zida bir nechta fizikaviy miqdorlarni o’lchaydigan
birikma datchik yaratish imkoni tug’ildi.
Boshqarish sistemalarining elementlari va qurilmalari - bet 21

47
Mаnbаning kuchlаnishi
U rеоstаtning bаrchа cho’lg’аmlаri qo’zg’аlmаs
uchlаri оrqаli bеrilаdi. Chiqish kаttаligi surgichning siljishigа prоpаrtsiоnаl
bo’lib, u rеоstаtning bir qo’zg’аlmаs uchi bilаn surgich оrqаli оlinаdi. Bundаy
sxеmа elеktrоtеxnikаdа pоtеnsiоmеtrik yoki kuchlаnishni bo’lish sxеmаsi
dеyilаdi.
Аgаr dаtchik barchа cho’lg’аmlаrining qаrshiligi R, chiqish kuchlаnishi
оlinаyotgаn qismini qаrshiligi Rchiq bilаn bеlgilаsаk, u xоldа rеоstаt ikki
qаrshiligi Rchiq vа (R- Rchiq) kеtmа-kеt ulаngаn dеb hisоblаsh mumkin.
Rеоstаt cho’lg’аmidаn o’tаyotgаn tоk kuchi:
R
U
I
, bo’lsа u hоldа mаnbа
kuchlаnishi quydаgichа tаqsimlаnаdi:
chiq
chiq
R
R
I
IR
U
(
.
Аgаr rеоstаt qаrshiligi uning uzunligi
L bo’yichа tеkis tаqsimlаnsа, hаmdа
surgichni siljitish
X bilаn bеlgilаnаdi,
L
U
R
I
U
x
chiq
chiq
/
*
Shundаy qilib, dаtchikning chiqish signаli surgichning siljishigа prоpаrtsiоnаl
bo’lаdi.
Samfir” rusumli namlikni o’lchash datchiki

Samfir” rusumli namlikni o’lchash datchiki Ushbu datchik quyidagi xususiyatlarga ega;
• datchikning egiluvchanlik kirish yo’li: suyuklikni napori va sathini o’lchash;
• turli kirish yo’llari: 4-20 mA, raqamli signallar;
• bosimni o’lchashning katta diapazoni;
• o’lchashning yuqari aniqligi: ± 0.04% / 0,075% shkalalar; • ko’rsatishning
yuqori stabilligi;
• temperatura bo’yicha avtomatik korrektirovka;
• turli parametrlarni o’rnatish imkoniyati: nol ,shkala va h.k.;
58
• o’z-o’zini diagnostika qilish funksiyasi;
• HART protokol bo’yicha raqamli aloqa;
• bajarish: portlashdan himoyalash qobig’i va uchqundan xavfsiz zanjir;
• suyuqkristalli displey (5 belgili);
• shkalani sozlashning keng diapazoni (100 : 1);
• avariya holatini xabardor etish.
Avtomatlashtirish jarayonida boshqaruv ob’ektiga o’rnatilgan yana bir qurilma
ijrochi mexanizm (IM) bo’lib hisoblanadi. Bunday qurilma sifatida pnevmatik
yoki dvigatelli elektr ijrochi mexanizmini qo’llash mumkin. Ushbu mexanizm
sozlagichli organning harakatga keltirish prinsipiga asoslanadi (sozlagichli
organ sifatida vintel, klapan, shiber, siljitgich, kran va h.k. qatnashishi mumkin).
Gеnеrаtоrli dаtchiklаr. Gеnеrаtоrli dаtchiklаr rоstlаnаyotgаn pаrаmеtrlаr tа`siridа o’zlаri
prоpоrtsiоnаl E.Yu.K. lаr hоsil qilаdi. Ulаr elеktr enеrgiyali mаnbаgа ulаnаdi.
Misоllаr: tеrmоpаrаlаr, tаxоgеnеrаtоr, pеzоelеktrik dаtchiklаr, fоtоdiоdlаr vа
x.k.
Termojuft
P’ezoelektrik datchik
59
Magnitoinduksion datchik Taxogenerator
Gеnеrаtоrli dаtchiklаrdаn bir nеchа misоllаr ko’rib chiqаylik
.
Ulardan biri
induksion datchik. Induksion datchiklar chiziqli yoki burchakli tezliklarni
E.Yu.K. larga aylantirib berishi uchun xizmat qiladi. Ularni ishlash prinspi
elektromagnit induksiya qonuniga asoslangan. Induksion datchiklarning chiqish
siginali E.Yu.K. bo’lib, uning kattaligi g’altak o’ramlarini kesib o’tayotgan
magnit oqimining tezligiga propartsional. Induksion datchiklarni o’zgarmas
magnit moydonidan foydalaniladi.
O’zgarmas magnit maydoni 2 usulda: o’zgarmas magnitlar yordamida va
o’zgarmas tok o’tayotgan g’altaklarda hosil qilish mumkin
Bunday datchiklarga misol qilib toxageneratorlarni ko’rsatish mumkin.
Ular kichik quvvatli elektr mashinasi bo’lib aylanish tezligini o’lchash uchun
ishlatilinadi. Toxgeneratorni qo’zg’atish cho’lg’ami va yakordan iborat bo’lib,
qo’zg’atish cho’lg’ami magnit maydonini hosil qiladi. Yakor qo’zg’aluvchan
qisim bo’lib, u aylantirilganda, uning cho’lg’amlarida aylanish tezligi
propartsional E.Yu.K. hosil bo’ladi:
n f k E
bu erda
k – mashinaning tuzilishiga bog’liq koeyfitsent,
f – magnit oqimi,
n – yakorning aylanish tezligi.
60
Toxagenerator sezgirligi yuqori ularning chiqish siginali katta quvvatga
ega. Ularning kamchiligi chiqish siganali kattaligini yukning qarshiligiga
bog’liqligidadik.
2.16-rasm.Generatorli datchiklar
-§. Reaktiv energiyani kompensatsiya qilish uchun elektr energiyasi tarifiga chegirma va

(40-bandning birinchi xatboshisi O„zbekiston Respublikasi Moliya vazirligi va Davlat soliq
qo„mitasining 2019-yil 11-sentabrdagi 98 va 2019-48-sonli
qarori
(ro„yxat raqami 2127-4, 10.10.2019-y.)
tahririda — Qonun hujjatlari ma‟lumotlari milliy bazasi, 10.10.2019-y., 10/19/2127-4/3894-son)
debet 4010 ―Xaridorlar va buyurtmachilardan olinadigan schyotlar‖ schyoti;
kredit 9390 ―Boshqa operatsion daromadlar‖ schyoti.
Oldingi
tahrirga qarang.
41. Iste‘molchi tomonidan elektr tarmog‗ining katta yuklamali soatlarida yagona elektr
energetika tizimi tarmog‗ida reaktiv energiya hosil qilinganda va elektr tarmog‗ining
kichik
yuklamali soatlarida energiya tizimi tarmog‗idan reaktiv energiya iste‘mol qilinganda, agar
iste‘molchi bunday ish rejimida ishlashi zarurati elektr ta‘minoti shartnomasida belgilangan bo‗lsa,
HETK tomonidan reaktiv energiyani kompensatsiya qilish uchun
chegirmalarning berilishi
buxgalteriya hisobida quyidagi tartibda aks ettiriladi:
(41-bandning birinchi xatboshisi O„zbekiston Respublikasi Moliya vazirligi va Davlat soliq
qo„mitasining 2019-yil 11-sentabrdagi 98 va 2019-48-sonli
qarori
(ro„yxat raqami 2127-4, 10.10.2019-y.)
tahririda — Qonun hujjatlari ma‟lumotlari milliy bazasi, 10.10.2019-y., 10/19/2127-4/3894-son)
debet 9430 ―Boshqa operatsion xarajatlar‖ schyoti;
kredit 4010 ―Xaridorlar va buyurtmachilardan olinadigan schyotlar‖ schyoti;
Oldingi
tahrirga qarang.
42. Elektr tarmog‗ining katta yuklamali soatlarida reaktiv energiyaning iqtisodiy qiymati,
shuningdek aynan shu soatlarda reaktiv energiya iste‘molining bir
oydagi texnikaviy chegaralari,
ular HETK tomonidan yuqorida ko‗rsatib o‗tilgan iste‘molchilar tomonidan majburiy tartibda
tuziladigan elektr tarmoqlarining ishlash rejimlari hisob-kitoblari asosida belgilanadi.
(42-band O„zbekiston Respublikasi Moliya vazirligi va Davlat soliq qo„mitasining 2019-yil 11-
sentabrdagi 98 va 2019-48-sonli
qarori
(ro„yxat raqami 2127-4, 10.10.2019-y.) tahririda — Qonun
hujjatlari ma‟lumotlari milliy bazasi, 10.10.2019-y., 10/19/2127-4/3894-son)
43.
Mazkur Nizomning
42-bandida
ko‗rsatilgan hisob-kitob mavjud bo‗lmagan taqdirda,
haqiqatda iste‘mol qilingan reaktiv energiyasi uchun undiriladigan to‗lovlarning
hisoblanishi
buxgalteriya hisobida quyidagicha aks ettiriladi:
debet 4010 ―Xaridorlar va buyurtmachilardan olinadigan schyotlar‖ schyoti;
kredit 9330 ―Boshqa operatsion daromadlar‖ schyoti — hisoblangan ustama summasiga.
Oldingi
tahrirga qarang.
Parametrik datchiklar - Boshqarish sistemalarining elementlari va qurilmalari

Bog'liq Boshqarish sistemalarining elementlari va qurilmalari
Parametrik datchiklar Dаtchiklаr hаr qаndаy аvtоmаtik bоshqаrish tizimlаrning аsоsini tаshkil
etuvchisi hisоblаnаdi. Dаtchiklаr rоstlаnаyotgаn pаrаmеtrlаri mаsоfаgа uzаtish
vа qаytа ishlаsh uchun qulаy shаkldаgi prоportsiоnаl signаllаrgа аylаntirib
bеrish uchun xizmаt qilаdi. Mа’lumki eng qulаy ko’rinishdаgi bu elеktr
signаldir. Shuning uchun dаtchiklаr аksаriyat hоllаrdа turli nоelеktrik
kаttаliklаrni prоportsiоnаl elеktr kаttаliklаrgа аylаntirib bеrаdi. Elеktr chiqish
signаligа egа bo’lgаn dаtchiklаr:
1) pаrаmеtrik
2) gеnеrаtоrli
Parаmеtrli dаtchiklаr rоstlаnаyotgаn kаttаlikni o’zgаrtirishni elеktr
zаnjirining аsоsiy pаrаmеtrlаri (R,L,C) ni birоrtаsini o’zgаrtirishgа аylаntirib
bеrаdi. Misоllаr: rеоstаtli, tеrmоqаrshilikli, tеnzоmеtrik, induktivlik, sig’im,
fоtоelеktrik vа x.k.
Gеnеrаtоrli dаtchiklаr rоstlаnаyotgаn pаrаmеtrlаr tа’siridа o’zlаri
prоpоrtsiоnаl E.Yu.K. lаr hоsil qilаdi. Ulаr elеktr enеrgiyali mаnbаgа ulаnаdi.
Misоllаr: tеrmоpаrаlаr, tаxоgеnеrаtоr, p’еzоelеktrik dаtchiklаr, fоtоdiоdlаr vа
x.k.
Elеktrik dаtchiklаr ishlаsh prinspigа ko’rа turli guruhlаrgа bo’linаdi. Bulаr
quyidаgilаr:
kоntаktli,
pоtеnsiоmеtrik,
tеnzоmеtrik,
elеktrоmаgnitli,
fоtоelеktrik, ultrаtоvushli vа x.k. Shuni tа’kidlаsh lоzimki, bu qаtоr uzluksiz
оrtib bоrаdi: fаn-tеxnikаning rivоjlаnishi yangi-yangi fizik xоdisаlаr, mаtеriаllаr
yarаtilishigа sаbаb bo’lаdi.
Kоntаktli dаtchiklаr pаrаmеtrik dаtchiklаr turkumigа kirаdi, chunki ulаrning
elеktr qаrshiligi mеxаnik kirish kаttаligi tа’siridа o’zgаrаdi. Ulаrning stаtik
xаrаktеristikаsi rеlеli ko’rinishgа egа.
44
Aniqlik darajasi bo’yicha datchiklar 0,24; 0,4, 0,6; 1; 1,5; 2,5; 4 aniqlik
sinflariga muvofiq bo’lishlari lozim. Ish prinsipi bo’yicha elektrik datchiklar
rezistivli, elektromagnitli, sig’imli va taxometrik (generatorli) ko’rinishlarga ega
bo’ladi.
2.3-rasm. Elektrik datchiklarning turlanishi
Datchiklarning turlari - Boshqarish sistemalarining elementlari va qurilmalari

41
Oraliq o’zgartirgichga ega datchiklar. Bu datchiklar bir nechta bevosita
o’zgartiradigan va ketma-ket ishlaydigan datchiklardan tashkil etilgan. Bundagi
bitta datchikni chiqish kattaligi kelgusi datchikni kirish miqdori bo’lib
xizmat
qiladi. 2.1a-rasmda tasvirlangan datchik
burchak tezligini kondensator
S
sig’imiga aylantirishga xizmat qiladi. Datchikni qabul qiluvchi jism bo’lib
markazdan qochma rostlagich hisoblanadi.
U burchak tezlikni P prujinani
(oraliq qismi) siqish kuchi bilan taqqoslanadigan markazdan qochma kuchga
aylantiradi. Oraliq qismida kuch
S kondensatorni
yuqori qoplamasi bilan
qoplangan rostlagichni pastki muftasini
s
siljishiga olib keladi. Kondensator
datchikni ijrochi qismi hisoblanadi, uni sig’im plastinalar orasidagi
c
masofaga
qarab o’zgaradi.
2.1 -rasm. Oraliq o’zgartirgichga ega datchiklarning sxemalari.
2.1b-rasmdagi
datchik U kuchlanishni
f chastotasiga aylantiradi.
U
kuchlanish strelkasi
S sig’imni o’zgaruvchan kondensator bilan bog’liq bo’lgan
V voltmetr yordamida o’lchanadi.
S kondensator esa, chiqishdagi
f chastotasi
sig’imga bog’liq, topshiriq beruvchi
G generatorni konturga ulangan. Shunday
qilib, datchikda ushbu o’zgartirishlar bajariladi:
V
U
voltmetr strelkasini
burchak siljishi
f
G
.
Online predators - Information and security

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Information and security
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bet | 13/18 | Sana | 20.05.2024 | Hajmi | 63,57 Kb. | | #246102 |
Bog'liq INFORMATION AND SECURITYOnline predators
In this blog post, we take a look at the darkest and scariest online threat of all: online child predators. According to the US Department of Justice, 13% of young people with internet access have been the victims of unwanted sexual advances, and one in 25 children have been solicited for offline contact.
Predators engage in a practice called “grooming”. In other words, they attempt to form a relationship with a child with the intention of later abusing them.
The internet has made life a lot easier for child predators. Predators target their victims through any and all online mediums: social media, email, text messages, and more. By far the most common method, however, is via an online chatroom: 76% of online encounters with sexual predators begin in a chat room.
13% of kids with internet access are victims of sexual advances.
Communicate with your child about the dangers of sexual predators.
Predators often create multiple online identities, posing as children to trick kids into talking to them. They discover as much as they can about the children they are targeting by researching those children through their social media profiles, and what they have posted on chatrooms.
They may contact a number of children at once but tend to concentrate their efforts on the most vulnerable. These predators aren’t satisfied with merely chatting with children online. They frequently trick or coerce their victims into online sexual activity, via webcam or by sending sexual images. They may also attempt to meet and abuse their victims in person.
It’s not always easy to tell if a child is being groomed, particularly because most keep it a secret from their parents. There are a number of warning signs: children who are being groomed by predators may become very secretive because the predator often threatens the child not to share information with their parents or friends. Children can also become sad and withdrawn, distracted, and have sudden mood swings. It is absolutely crucial to let your child know that you are there for them and that they can talk to you about anything.
What should you communicate to your child?
Have a discussion with your child about the risks of online predators. Make sure they know to be careful about who they talk to online, and not to share any personal information with strangers.
Tell your kids that they can come to you with any problem, no matter what it is.
Think about working through some educational content with your children relating to this topic, like the excellent videos at Thinkuknow.
If you think that your child is at risk, seek support from their school, a social worker, and the police.
References:
https://www.nsopw.gov/en/Education/FactsStatistics
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Why do people send nude images?

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Why do people send nude images?
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bet | 15/18 | Sana | 20.05.2024 | Hajmi | 63,57 Kb. | | #246102 |
Bog'liq INFORMATION AND SECURITYWhy do people send nude images?
People send nudes for lots of reasons. These could be:
Feeling like ‘everyone else is doing it’ even if they’re not – especially if they’re exaggerating about sending photos or boasting about having them on their phone. Research in NZ shows that although a lot of young people have been asked for nudes, only a small number have actually sent one.
Going along with things they’re uncomfortable with because they’re worried about being seen as ‘not sexy’ or ‘shy’.
Being bullied, threatened or blackmailed into sending pictures.
Wanting someone’s approval or for someone to like them.
Thinking they ‘owe’ their boyfriend or girlfriend or being made to feel guilty.
Being in love with the person and trusting them completely.
Having a long-distance or online relationship with someone and wanting to have a sexual relationship with them.
Feeling proud of their body and wanting to share it with other people.
How do I prevent my child from sending nudes?
Young people will often learn about the concept of a ‘digital footprint’ at primary school – what you share, post or publish online becomes part of your digital record as it can be very hard to get information removed from online platforms and to clean up your personal profile. Talk to your kids about the risks of sharing personal information and sexual images and what can happen to those photos or videos once created and shared. Teach them how to use privacy settings to lock down social media accounts, restricting who can view your profile online and being cautious about sharing images.
My child has received nudes they didn't want. What should I do?
Being sent a nude image they didn’t ask for can be upsetting. Teach your child to talk to a trusted adult about the message they were sent.
You can report the content or block the person from contacting your child again. This will stop them from sending more inappropriate pictures. If your child is underage and the person sending it is older, then this is a crime and the best thing to do is collect as much evidence as you can (screenshots etc.) and go to the Police. Remember that even though the age of consent in NZ is 16, any illicit photos of somebody under 18 is considered child porn. If they are the same age you can do a number of things:
Call Netsafe for free advice on 0508 638 723
Ask the person to stop sending nudes
Your child can let the person know that it makes them feel uncomfortable and that they should have asked for consent before sending them
Block the profile/account of the person who sent it
Report the profile/account of the person who sent it
Block the phone number of the person by contacting your phone provider (E.g. Spark, Vodafone etc.)
If your child is being harassed by someone constantly sending unsolicited nudes, you can contact Netsafe for advice
Inform the parents of the child who sent the photos if you feel comfortable enough to or you can let the school know and they can handle it.
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I've found naked photos on my child's phone. What should I do?

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I've found naked photos on my child's phone. What should I do?
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bet | 17/18 | Sana | 20.05.2024 | Hajmi | 63,57 Kb. | | #246102 |
Bog'liq INFORMATION AND SECURITYI've found naked photos on my child's phone. What should I do?
As a parent, you may be shocked to find this content on your child’s device, however, it’s important to try and keep your emotions from clouding your judgement whatever your initial internal reaction may be. The best way to respond is to use the discovery as a starting point for having a conversation with your child about sharing nude images. See the section below about forming an online safety plan for if something goes wrong.
Online safety plan
It can be difficult to know where to start when thinking about keeping your children safe from harm online. Speaking with your children early about ways to stay safe online and what you’d both do if something were to go wrong is one of the best ways to help them navigate online challenges. It’s important that you and your child make this plan together so that both of you understand what to do if something goes wrong or they need help.
1. Figure out what they know already
The best place to start the conversation is by figuring out what your child knows already. Talk to them about issues they’ve seen happen to friends or at school and use this as a basis for your discussions with them. Ask them what advice they would give to their friend if they ran into trouble online, this can be a good way to gauge their understanding. Use these discussions as the starting point for the plan you develop together.
2. Let them know that you will support them no matter what
Research shows that many young people feel they would rather speak to a friend than a parent or other trusted adult for fear of being judged. It’s important to let them know that they can talk to you about anything and that you will be there to support them no matter what.
3. Talk about who they can reach out to if they need help
If something does go wrong online it’s important that your child speaks to someone about it. Discuss who might be appropriate for them to speak to if they need help. This could be you, a close friend, a trusted family member, a teacher or a support service such as Netsafe.
It’s also a good idea to talk about who they would talk to if they didn’t feel comfortable talking to you, that way you know whatever goes wrong they know who they can go to for help and support.
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How to avoid scams - Information and security

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Information and security
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bet | 11/18 | Sana | 20.05.2024 | Hajmi | 63,57 Kb. | | #246102 |
Bog'liq INFORMATION AND SECURITYHow to avoid scams
Any investment opportunity from someone you don't know is suspect. If you do know the person, but the behaviour appears out of character, try contacting the sender through another channel to double-check.
Investment proposals from people you've never met are unlikely to be genuine. It is illegal in New Zealand to send unsolicited marketing emails.
Being asked to make a transfer through a foreign bank, wire service, or into a bank account with a name you don't recognise is a red flag.
Before you hand over any money, ask someone you trust if the investment appears to be legitimate. Make sure they have no connection to it themselves.
If you want to invest in cryptocurrency, use a New Zealand-based platform on the Financial Service Providers Register. It won't give you much protection, but it's better than trading with an overseas company.
Check URLs and websites carefully. Does the URL look correct, and are there any spelling mistakes? Do you connect to the website securely via Transport Layer Security (TLS), formerly, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)? The address bar will show HTTPS rather than HTTP). Does the website have a valid certificate? Click the padlock in the far left of the browser address bar to see for whom the certificate was issued. Did you visit this website directly, click a referral link from a third-party site, is the link from an email or find it through search engine results?
It’s not just crypto
A text message scam is currently sweeping New Zealand, taking advantage of the fact that we are shopping online more than ever before. The message claims to be from a courier, but if you click on a link in the message, an app that can steal your information, including passwords, is installed on your phone.
This malware, known as FluBot, then attempts to "infect" your friends by harvesting their phone numbers from your contacts and performing the same trick.
To keep people guessing, the FluBot text messages change over time. A recent message, for example, suggests that you have a voicemail rather than a parcel.
Never click a link in a text message unless you’re confident of the source.
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My child sent a nude image to someone and they have shared it with others, or are threatening to do so. What should I do?

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My child sent a nude image to someone and they have shared it with others, or are threatening to do so. What should I do?
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bet | 16/18 | Sana | 20.05.2024 | Hajmi | 63,57 Kb. | | #246102 |
Bog'liq INFORMATION AND SECURITYMy child sent a nude image to someone and they have shared it with others, or are threatening to do so. What should I do?
If content has been shared on an online platform you should:
Get your child to screenshot the content if possible for proof of the crime.
Immediately report the content to the platform that it’s on (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, YouTube etc.)
Report the profile/account of the person who shared the content to the platform (e.g. Facebook, Twitter etc.)
Contact Netsafe to report the content and discuss the options available to you – call toll-free on 0508 NETSAFE (0508 638 723)
It’s illegal to share someone’s nude images, sharing someone’s nude or intimate images or videos online is called image-based abuse (sometimes also referred to as ‘revenge porn') and it can be an offence under New Zealand law. Image-based abuse can be an offence under the Harmful Digital Communications Act, as well as a potential offence under other Acts. It can also be an offence to threaten to share images or videos without consent. It can still be an offence if the person originally shared or made the images/video with someone consensually, but they didn’t give consent for them to be shared to a wider group or publicly.
If prosecuted under the Harmful Digital Communications Act, the penalties for this offence can be a fine of up to $50,000 or up to two years’ jail for an individual and up to $200,000 for a body corporate. The majority of the criminal prosecutions for the Harmful Digital Communications Act in its first 18 months were for image-based abuse incidents.
You should contact Netsafe for help if this has happened to your child.
My child has shared an image of someone else. What should I do?
If you become aware that your child has shared a nude image of someone else you should contact Netsafe as soon as possible for advice on what to do next.
Sharing nude images without consent is a serious issue and can be a crime in New Zealand. There may be different rules and laws that apply depending on the age of the person whose image has been shared and the age of the person who shared the image.
Some important facts that are worth trying to find out prior to calling Netsafe may include:
How many people was the image sent to?
To you or your child’s knowledge, has the image spread further than who they originally sent it to?
Where did the image come from? How did your child obtain the image?
Who is the person in the image?
Netsafe can review the situation with you and give you advice on the steps you should take. Each situation is different and Netsafes’ team is on hand to provide information and support.
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My child sent a nude image to someone and they have shared it with others, or are threatening to do so. What should I do?
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