MUNDARIJA - Rajamurodov z. T., Rajabov a. I. Odam va hayvonlar fiziologiyasi

MUNDARIJA
427
Umurtqalilarning qon plazmasi va zardobining tarkibi va xususiyatlari........74
Qon guruhlari................................................................................................. 77
To‘qima oraliq suyuqligi.................................................................................81
Limfa.............................................................................................................. 82
Qon tarkibining boshqarilishi......................................................................... 84
III-BOB. QON VA LIMFA AYLANISHI FIZIOLOGIYASI
Qon aylanishi evolyutsiyasi...........................................................................86
Yurak faoliyatining fazalari. Yurak klapanlarining roli............................ .
90
Yurak muskullarining xususiyatlari............................................................... 98
Yurak muskullarining qon bilan ta’minlanishi............................................... 104
Yurak faoliyatining boshqarilishi................................................................... 105
IV-BOB. QON TOMIRLARI FIZIOLOGIYASI
Qonbosimi..................................................................................................... 110
Qonning oqish tezligi..................................................................................... 113
V-BOB. KAPILLYARLAR FIZIOLOGIYASI
Tomirlarda qon oqishining boshqarilishi........................................................ 118
Turli organlarda qon aylanishining xususiyatlari........................................... 122
Limfaning hosil bo‘lishi va aylanishi............................................................. 124
VI-ВОВ. NAFAS OLISH FIZIOLOGIYASI
Nafas olish va chiqarish tizimi........................................................................128
Qonda kislorod yetishmasligi va karbonat angidrid gazi ko'pligining nafas
olishni boshqarishdagi roli............................................................................. 146
Nafas ximizmi.................................................................................................148
Nafas harakatlarining boshqarilishi................................................................ 152
Turli sharoitlarda nafas olish...........................................................................155
VII-BOB. OVQAT HAZMI TIZIMI FIZIOLOGIYASI
Hayvonlar va o'simliklaming oziqlanishi va moddalar almashinuvidagi
asosiy farqlari................................................................................................. 158
Hujayra ichida va tashqarisida ovqat hazm qilish........................................... 158
Ovqat hazmi organlari funksiyalarini Pavlovcha o‘rganish usullari............... 160
Soiakning tarkibi va hazmlovchi ta’siri......................................................... 164
So‘lak ajralishi................................................................................................ 165
Soiak hosil bo‘lish mexanizmi...................................................................... 166
So‘ lak ajratishning boshqarilishi.................................................................... 167
Me’dada shiraning ajralishi............................................................................ 174
Me’da motorikasi (harakati)........................................................................... 179
Me’dada hazm bo‘lgan oziq moddalaming ichakka o‘tkazilishi.................... 180
Ozuqalarning ichaklarda hazm boiishi......................................................... 181
0 ‘n ikki barmoqli ichakda ovqat hazmi......................................................... 182
Me’da osti bezi shirasining tarkibi va hazmlovchi xususiyatlari....................183
Me’da osti bezi shirasi ajralishining nerv va nerv-gumoral boshqarilishi..... 184
ОЧ hosil bo‘lishi va chiqarilishi..................................................................... 186
428
Ichaklar shirasining fermentativ tarkibi.....................................
' хч
Ovqat hazmi organlarining harakat funksiyalari............................................ 191
Ochlik va chanqash......................................................................................... 197
Ovqat hazm kanalida so‘rilish jarayoni......................................................... 197
Suv, tuzlar va parchalanish mahsulotlarining so‘rilish y o ii.......................... 200
VIII-BOB. OZIQLANISH, MODDALAR VA ENERGIYA
ALMASHINUVI JARAYONLARI
Oziqlanish va moddalar almashinuvi..............................................................206
Moddalar almashinuvining o‘rganish usullari................................................ 207
Oqsillar............................................................................................................208
Nukleoproteidlar almashinuvi.........................................................................210
Oqsillar almashinuvida oshqozon-ichak tizimining ishtiroki......................... 214
Oqsillar almashinuvining boshqarilishi...............................'. . . . . ................... 214
Lipidlar, ularning klassifikasiyasi va fiziologik roli.......................................215
Almashtirib bo‘lmaydigan yog‘ kislotalari............................ ........................ 217
Lipoidlar va ularning ahamiyati..................................................................... 218
Yog‘lar almashinuvining boshqarilishi...........................................................219
Uglevodlar............................................................................................... ....... 219
Uglevodlar almashinuvining boshqarilishi............. ....................................... 222
Vitaminlar va ularning modda admashinuvidagi roli..................................... 222
Yog‘da eruvchi vitaminlar....................................................... . ..................... 223
Suvda eruvchi vitaminlar................................................................................ 227
Vitaminlar, gormonlar va fermentlarning o‘zaro aloqasi..... .................... ... 236
Mineral moddalar almashinuvi.................................................................... .. 236
Ayrim mikroelementlaming organizm uchun ahamiyati......................... ......238
Suv almashinuvi........................................................................................... 241
0 ‘suvchi organizmning oziqlanishi............................................................
243
Hayvonlar organizmida energiya muvozanati va uni aniqlash.......................248
Nafas koeffisiyenti va uning ahamiyati......................................................... 249
Umumiy va asosiy almashinuv.......................................................................250
Ozuqalar tarkibidagi oqsillar, uglevodlar, yog‘lar va dormon dorilar........... 253
Turli haroratli sharoitlarda hayot jarayonlari......................................... .
257
Termoregulyasiyaning buzilishi........................................................... ......... 259
Moddalar almashinuvi va termoregulyasiyaning markaziy asab
mexanizmi....................................................................................................... 260
IX-BOB. AYIRUV (CHIQARUV) TIZ1MI FIZIOLOGIYASI
Buyrakning tuzilishi haqida qisqacha ma’lumot.............................................263
Siydik hosil boiishi........................................................................................ 264
Siydik hosil bo‘lishining boshqarilishi.......................................................... 269
Siydikning tarkibi va fizik-kimyoviy xossalari............................................. „270
Siydik chiqarish.............................................................................................. 273
Qo‘shimcha ayiruv organlari......................................................................... 275
429
Odamlar va hayvonlar terisining ekskretorlik funksiyalari............................ 276
Jigar va o‘pkaning sekretor funksiyasi........................................................... 278
X BOB. ICHKI SEKRETSIYA BEZLARI FIZIOLOGIYASI
Endokrin bezlar faoliyatini o‘rganish usullari................................................ 283
Qalqonsimon bez............................................................................................ 284
Qalqonsimon bez faoliyatini boshqarilishi..................................................... 288
Qalqosimon bez yonidagi (paratireoid) bezchalaming ichki
sekretsiyasi...................................................................................................... 288
Buyrak usti bezlari.......................................................................................... 291
Gipofiz............................................................................................................ 298
Gipofiz faoliyatining boshqarilishi................................................................. 302
Jinsiy bezlaming ichki sekretsiyasi................................................ .................302
Platsentaning endokrin faoliyati...................................................................... 304
Epifizning endokrin faoliyati.......................................................................... 304
Timus - ayrisimon bez............................................................. .......................305
Boshqa organlaming ichki sekretorlik faoliyati.............................................. 306
Endokrin bezlar faoliyatining asab tizim orqali boshqarilishi........................ 306
Reflektor va gumoral boshqarishlaming o‘zaro bog‘liqligi............................ 307
Endokrin bezlar faoliyatining yoshiga va yashash sharoitiga
bog‘liqligi........................................................................................................ 307
Funksiyalarning boshqarilishdagi boshqa gumoral omillar............................ 308
XI-BOB. ASAB VAMUSHAK FIZIOLOGIYASI
Ritmik q o ^ a lis h la r..................................................................................... 317
Labillik............................................. ..............................................................319
Parabioz haqida tushuncha............................................................................. 320
Muskullar fiziologiyasi................................................................................... 321
Ko‘ndalang-targil muskullaming xususiyatlari.............................................. 322
Muskulning cho‘ziluvchanligi, elastikligi va plastikligi.................................324
Muskullaming qisqarish ximizmi................................................................... 326
Muskullaming charchashi...............................................................................327
Qo‘zg‘aluvchan to‘qimalardagi bioelektr hodisalari...................................... 327
Silliq muskullaming xususiyatlari................................................................. 332
Nerv fiziologiyasi............................................................................................333
Nerv tolalarining xususiyatlari........................................................................333
Sinaps. Ta'sirotlaming sinapslardan o‘tkazilish mexanizmi...........................336
XltBOfc. MARKAZIY ASAB TIZIMI FIZIOLOGIYASI
Nervning tuzilishi...........................................................................................338
Nerv tolasining xossalari................................................................................ 339
Qo‘zg‘alishning nervdan muskulga o‘tishi.....................................................340
Markaziy asab tizimining roli va umumiy tuzilish chizma.............................341
Refleks va reflektor yoy................................................................................. 342
Markaziy asab tizimining asosiy xossalari.................................................... 346
430
Markaziy asab tizimidagi tormozlanish............................................
........ 350
Markaziy nerv sistemasining koordinatsiyalovchi roli...................................351
Orqa miya funksiyalari................................................................................... 354
Keyingi miya.................................................................................................. 357
O'rta miya....................................................................................................... 360
Oraliq miya.................................................................................................... 360
Retikulyar formasiya (tuzilma).......................................................................361
Miyacha...........................................................................................................362
Vegetativ nerv tizimi.......................................................................................364
XIII-BOB OLIY ASAB FAOLIYATI FIZIOLOGIYASI
Katta yarim sharlar po‘stlpg‘i funksiyalarini o‘rganish usullari.....................372
Po‘stloq faoliyatini o‘rganishda I.M.Sechenov va I.P.Pavlovning roli......... 372
Katta yarim sharlar po‘stlog‘i turli qismlarining funksional va
struktura xususisyatlari................................................................................... 373
Shartli reflekslar haqidagi ta’imot...................................................................375
Bosh miya po‘stlog‘ida kuzatiladigan tormozlanish jarayonlari.................... 381
Chegaradan chiqqan tormozlanish.................................................................. 382
Katta yarim sharlar po‘stlog‘idagi irradiatsiya, konsentratsiya va induksiya
hodisalari........................................................................................................ 384
Miya po‘stlog‘ida ta’sirotlarning analiz va sintez qilinishi........................... 385
Asab tizimining tiplari.................................................................................... 387
Uyqu................................................................................................................391
Signal tizimlar................................................................................................. 392
I.P.Pavlov ta’limotining xalq xo‘jaligidagi ahamiyati....................................393
Sezgi organlari - analizatorlar........................................................................ 394
Analizatorlaming umumiy xususiyatlari.........................................................398
Analizatorlarni tekshirish usullari...................................................................400
Ko‘rish analizatori...........................................................................................401
Ko‘rish fiziologiyasi....................................................................................... 403
Ko‘zning himoya apparati...............................................................................410
Eshitish analizatori..........................................................................................410
Eshitish fiziologiyasi....................................................................................... 412
Tana muvozanatini saqlovchi apparat - vestibulyar analizator..................... 414
Teri analizatori.................................................... ..................................... ......416
Hid sezish analizatori...................................................................................... 419
Hid bilish mexanizmi ..................................................................................... 420
Ta’m bilish analizatori.................................................................................... 422
Interoretseptorlar (ichki analizatorlar)............................................................423
Proprioretseptorlar (muskul - bug‘im yoki harakat analizatorlari).................424
Analizatorlaming o‘zaro munosabatlari............................. .......................... 425
Adabiyotlar......................................................................................................426
431
RAJAMURODOV Z.T., RAJABOV A.I.
ODAM VA HAYVONLAR
FIZIOLOGIYASI
M.Saparov
G ‘.Shirinov
F. Hamroev
A.Jumaniyozov
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