nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
Oqiwshilardin` xat alisiwi

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Oqiwshilardin` xat alisiwi
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bet | 67/97 | Sana | 13.01.2024 | Hajmi | 450,29 Kb. | | #136582 |
Bog'liq Uliwma pedagogika-fayllar.orgOqiwshilardin` xat alisiwi. Bul negizinde mektepte dosliq klubi ta`repinen
sho`lkemlestiriledi. Oqiwshilar xat alisiw arqali shet ellerde jasawshi doslari menen pikir alisadi.
Olar o`z xatlarinda klasindag`i jetiskenliklerdi awili yamasa qaladag`i o`zgerislerdi xabarlaydi.
Sonin` ushinda oqiwshilardin` xatin-xalqimizdin` turmisi onin` paraxatshiliqqa xa`m basqa
xaliqlar menen doslasiwg`a umtiliwlari xaqqinda xaqiyqat, shin informatsiya beriwdin` tiykari
deymiz.
Aldin`g`i adamlar menen ushirasiw o`tkeriw. Bul oqiwdan tisqari waqitlari o`tkerilip
oqiwshilarda ja`miyetlik siyasiy xa`m a`dep-ikramliq ta`rbiyasin beriwde en` effektiv
formalardin` biri bolip esaplanadi. Ushirasiwga Ulli watandarliq uristin` qatnasiwshisi, miynet
aldin`g`ilari, belgili artistler, jaziwshilar xa`m t.b. qatnasadi. Ushirasiwlar ko`binese bayram
aldinda boladi. Bul ushirasiwlar oqiwshilardi milliy ruxta ta`rbiyalawg`a, miynetti xa`m
adamlarin, ka`sipti xu`rmetlewge u`yretedi. Sonin` menen birge oqiwshilar xa`r qiyli ka`sip
iyeleri menen tanisadi, na`tiyjede bul ushirasiwlar oqiwshi sanasina ta`sir etip olardin` minez-
qulqin o`zgertedi.
Klasstan tis oqiw. Bul oqiwshilardin` o`z betinshe, biraq oqiwshilardin` mug`allimi
ta`repinen sho`lkemlestirilgen a`debiy kitaplardi oqiwi bolip esaplanadi. Klasstan tis oqiw
oqiwshilardi a`debiyatqa qiziqtiradi, olardi oqig`aninin` mazmunin duris tu`siniwge u`yretedi.
Klasstan tis oqiw protsesinde oqiwshilar ta`biyat qubilislari xa`m ja`miyet turmisindag`i
a`xmiyetli waqiyalar menen tanisadi. Mekteplerde klasstan tis oqiwg`a o`z aldina saatta
ajiratiladi. Klasstan tis oqiwg`a pedagogikaliq basshiliq etiw metodi bul mug`allimnin` oqiwshi
menen bolatug`in gu`rrin`i. Bul gu`rrin`de oqilg`an kitap xa`m endi oqiwg`a usinis etiletug`in
kitaplar xaqqinda so`z boladi. Oqiwshilardin` klasstan tis oqiwina mektep kitapxanalarida
ja`rdem beredi. Olar tez-tez jan`a kitaplardi xabarlap turadi, a`debiyatlar dizimin usinadi.
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Yetkazib beruvchilarni tanlash

Bu yerda kam dan-kam yuz beradigan holatlar to ‘g‘risida gap
ketmoqda. Bu holatlarda m aterialni zaruriyat tug‘ilgan paytda
olib b o ‘lmaydi.
Buyurtma material iste’molchisi va yetkazib beruvchi o ‘rtasida
shartnom a tuzish yolli bilan rasmiylashtiriladi.
Shartnom aning asosiy elementlari:
U`lgi isendiriw metodinin` qurali sipatinda

aliw ushin asig`isliqqa jol qoymag`animiz duris boladi. Ta`rbiyaliq islerde shiniqtiriw metodinin`
xizmet, rejim xa`m tapsirma beriw arqali shiniqtiriwlar qollaniladi.
Xizmet arqali shiniqtiriw-bul tiptegi shiniqtiriwda oqiwshilar minez-quliq normalari xa`m
qag`iydalarina muwapiq xa`reket qiladi. Oqitiwshi balalardi birinshi klassqa qabil alg`annan
keyin sol waqittin` o`zinde-aq jan`a turmisqa u`yrete baslaydi. Bul turmistin` tiykarg`i mazmunin
oqiw xizmeti quraydi. Tuwri sho`lkemlestirilgen xizmettegi shiniqtiriw, alg`a maqset qoyiw,
xizmetti operatsiyalar yamasa birneshe buwinlarg`a bo`liw, xa`reketlerdi xa`m olardin`
orinlaniwin jobalastiriwdi o`z ishine aladi. Sonliqtan oqiwshilardin` xizmet etiw shen`berin
ken`eyter ekenbiz, biz bul xizmettin` ja`miyetlik paydali miynet xarakterinde boliwin
ta`miyinlep, olardin` kizig`iwlarin qanaatlandiriwimiz kerek.
Oqiwshilar konferentsiyasi

so`z etiledi. Jiynalistin` tabisli boliwi ushin oni duris basqariw xa`m tiyisli qararlardi tez orin
orinlarina qoyiw ayriqsha orindi iyeleydi.
Klass saati. Bul ta`rbiyaliq jumisti sho`lkemlestiriwdin` frontal` formasi. Klass saati aldin
ala kestede belgilenedi. Biraq buni qosimsha saat dep tu`siniwge bolmaydi. Klass saatinin`
dawam etiw waqti sheklenbeydi, ol geyde qisqa waqit bolsa, geyde uzaqqa soziliwida mu`mkin.
Klass saatinin` uzaq xa`m qisqa boliwi oqiwshilardin` jas ayirmashilig`ina baylanisli boladi.
Klass saatinin` tematikasi aldin-ala klass mug`alliminin` ta`rbiyaliq jobasinda belgilenedi. Klass
saatinda o`tken xa`ptege juwmaq jasawg`a, u`lgeriw isin ko`riuge, moralliq minez-quliqlarina
baxa beriwge boladi. Biraq klass saatin tek kemshilikti saplastiriwg`a bag`ishlamaw kerek. En`
tiykarg`isi, klass saati waqtinda oqiwshi o`zin ta`rbiyalap atirg`anin bilmewi kerek.
Diywali gazeta. Mektep xa`m klass diywali gazetalari kollektivtin` ja`miyetlik pikirin
paydalaniw ayirim oqiwshilardin` minez-qulqindag`i kemshiliklerdi joyiwg`a, unamli
qa`siyetlerdi rawajlandiriwg`a ja`rdem beredi. Diywali gazeta-oqiwshilarg`a tek g`ana o`zinin`
mazmuni menen ta`sir etip qoymaydi. Oqiwshilar redaktor, redkollegiya ag`zalari, xabarshi
xizmetkerlerin atqariw arqali printsipialliqqa, tuwriliqqa, o`z pikirinde turaqliliq penen turiwg`a
oqiwshilardi ta`rbiyalaydi. Oqiwshilar birewdi kritikalamaqshi bolsa, aldin ala o`zlerinin` minez-
qulqin du`zetiwge xa`reket etedi.
konferentsiyasi, oqiwshilar jiynalisi, klass saati, mektep diywali gazetasi, oqiwshilardin` xat

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konferentsiyasi, oqiwshilar jiynalisi, klass saati, mektep diywali gazetasi, oqiwshilardin` xat
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bet | 65/97 | Sana | 13.01.2024 | Hajmi | 450,29 Kb. | | #136582 |
Bog'liq Uliwma pedagogika-fayllar.orgkonferentsiyasi, oqiwshilar jiynalisi, klass saati, mektep diywali gazetasi, oqiwshilardin` xat
alisiwi, aldin`g`i ka`sip mamanlari menen ushirasiw o`tkeriw, klasstan tis oqiw siyaqlilar
bolip bo`linedi.
Siyasiy informatsiya. Bul elimizde siyasiy ag`artiw isinin` og`ada ken` tarqalg`an tu`ri
bolip, balalardi bizin` elimiz xa`m shet ellerdegi a`xmiyetli waqiyalar menen tanistiriwg`a
ja`rdem beredi. Mektep praktikasinda siyasiy inforatsiyanin obzorliq (uliumalik) xa`m
tematikaliq tu`rleri qollaniladi. Obzorliq siyasiy informatsiyada elimiz xa`m xaliq araliq
jag`daydag`i aktual` ma`seleler sa`wlelendiriledi. Al tematikaliq siyasiy informatsiyada ayirim
siyasiy jag`daylarg`a yamasa yubiley, este qalarliq a`xmiyetli ku`nler, ilim, texnika xa`m
iskusstvonin` en` joqarg`i jetiskenliklerine bag`ishlanip o`tkeriledi.
Gu`rrin`. Gu`rrin`lerdi o`tkeriw bayramlarg`a, este qalarliq datalarg`a bag`ishlanadi.
Etikaliq gu`rrin`ge material klass turmisinan, gazetalardan, a`debiy shig`armalardan alinadi.
Etikaliq gu`rrin`nin` materialin oqiwshilardin` o`zleri tapsa, bul jaqsi na`tiyjelerdi beredi.
Etikaliq gu`rrin` to`mendegi etaplarda o`tkeriledi. 1. Oqiwshinin` turmisinan yamasa a`debiy
shig`armalardan aling`an faktler boyinsha bildiriw jasaladi. 2. Keltirilgen faktler tu`sindiriledi
xa`m qarama-qarsi jag`daylar oqiwshilardin` aktiv qatnasiwi menen taliqlanadi. 3. Tiyisli a`dep-
ikramliq qesiyetlerge juwmaq jasaladi xa`m ol o`zinen aldin`g`i tu`sinikleri menen salistiriladi.
4. Bul juwmaqlardi o`z minez-quliq yamasa a`tirapindag`i adamlar minez-qulqina baxa beriwde
paydalanadi.
Lektsiya. Bul tiykarinan joqari klass oqiwshilari ushin o`tkeriledi. Lektor sipatinda
mug`allim, ata-ana, bilim ja`miyetinin` ag`zalari xa`m oqiwshilardin` o`zleri de shig`ip so`ylewi
mu`mkin. Bunin` ushin mektepte lektorlar gruppasi du`ziledi. Xa`r bir ag`zasina bir jilg`a bir
yamasa eki tema beriledi. Bul tiyisli ma`sele xa`r ta`repleme u`yreniliwge, tiyisli a`debiyatlar
menen puxta tanisiwg`a, sonday-aq ko`rsetpe qurallar tayarlawg`a da mu`mkinshilik beredi.
Disput. Bul joqari klass oqiwshilarin ta`rbiyalawdin` bir turi. Disput latin tilinen aling`an
bolip, bizin`she ba`sekelesemen degen mag`anani an`latadi. Disput-bul quramali, sonin` menen
birge oqiwshilarg`a ja`miyetlik siyasiy xa`m a`dep-ikramliq ta`rbiyasin beriwde tez ta`sir
etetug`in formalardan biri. Disput xa`r qiyli temalarda o`tkeriledi. Tema boyinsha sorawlar aldin-
ala jazip qoyiladi. Oqiwshilar sorawlarg`a o`zinshe tayarlanip bolg`annan keyin belgilengen
ku`ni disput o`tkeriledi. Disputti bir yamasa eki oqiwshi basqaradi. Disputti juwmaqlarda naduris
ko`z-qaraslarg`a toqtalip o`tiledi xa`m duris tu`sinikler toliqtiriladi.
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Yt+i=ay,
+ 
a ( l —a)yt-i

X — bitta buyurtma natijasida xarid qilinayotgan materiallar
soni b o ‘lsin. Xarid qilinayotgan materiallar sonining oshib borishi,
materiallarni (zaxiralarni) saqlashga ketadigan xarajatlaming oshib
borishiga olib keladi (2-chiziq). Shu bilan birga partiyadagi
materiallar sonining ko‘payishi yillik buyurtm alar miqdorining
kamayishiga olib keladi. Bu buyurtm alarning bajarilishi bilan
bog‘liq xarajatlarning kamayishiga olib keladi. 10.4-rasm dan
ko‘rinib turibdiki, yillik um um iy xarajatlar chizig‘i (l-ch iziq )
X = Xo da minimumga erishadi. Bu bogliqlikni misolda ko‘rib
chiqamiz.
Iste’molni aniqlash - M. L. Tursunxodjayev Tashkent davlat texnika universiteli

boriladi. Sintetik uslubda detallarning har bir guruhi bo ‘yicha
hisobiar olib boriladi, bunda ularni iyerarxiyaning alonida pog‘ona-
larida qo £Ilanilishi kelib chiqadi.
Hisobning statistik usullari
kutilayotgan ehtiyojni sonlar asosida
aniqlash imkonini beradi, bunda m a’lum vaqt ora!ig‘i davomida
ehtiyojning o ‘zgarishi xarakterlanadi. 0 ‘rtacha miqdorlarni approk-
simatsiyalashtirishda materiallarga ehtiyojning bitta o ‘rtacha miq-
dori oylar bo‘yicha o ‘zgarib turgan sharoitlarda qo ‘llaniladi. Bu
uslub bashorat qilish, materiallarga bo ‘lgan ehtiyojning m a’lum
miqdorini o ‘rtacha ko!rsatkich ko‘rinishiga keltirish jarayonidan
iborat.
Eksponensial tekislash usuli
moddiy resurslarga bo‘lgan ehtiyoj
ning o ‘zgarish jarayonini bashorat qilish dinamikaning bir qator
darajalari asosida amalga oshirilganda qo'llaniladi, bunda moddiy
resurslarning hajmi bashorat vaqtiga berilgan darajadan uzoq-
lashishi davomida kamayib boradi.
Buning uchun hisobotlarga o'zgarm as tekislovchi koeffitsiyent
kiritiladi, u bashorat xatosi minimumga yetadigan qilib tanlanadi.
Eksponensial tekislashni hisobga oladigan bashorat tenglamasi
quyidagi ko‘rinishga ega:
Ta`rbiyanin` uliwma metodlari xa`m olardin` klassifikatsiyasi

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Ta`rbiyanin` uliwma metodlari xa`m olardin` klassifikatsiyasi
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bet | 63/97 | Sana | 13.01.2024 | Hajmi | 450,29 Kb. | | #136582 |
Bog'liq Uliwma pedagogika-fayllar.orgTa`rbiyanin` uliwma metodlari xa`m olardin` klassifikatsiyasi. Metod-bul jol, alg`a
qoyilg`an maqsetke erisiw joli. Ta`rbiya metodi ta`rbiyashinin` xa`m ta`rbiyalawshilar
kollektivinin` ta`rbiyaliq jumislardi a`melge asiriw isinde alip barilatug`in birgeliktegi, bir-biri
menen baylanisli xizmetlerinin` joli xa`m usillari bolip esaplanadi. Basqasha so`z benen
aytqanda mug`allim xa`m oqiwshilardin` xizmetleri menen baylanisli, og`ada quramali
kompleks. Xa`r bir metod bul o`z aldina instrument. Onin` ja`rdemi menen ta`rbiyashi
oqiwshinin` minez-qulqina, sanasina xa`m sezimine ta`sir etedi. Olardin` xa`r qiyli xizmetlerin
sho`lkemlestiredi. Metod-oqiwshilar xizmetin basqariwdi ta`miyinleydi. Oqiwshilardi o`zin-o`zi
ta`rbiyalawg`a ma`jburleydi. Jeke adamnin` rawajlaniw ta`replerin xoshametleydi.
Ta`rbiya
protsesi
bir
ta`repten
ta`rbiyashilardin`
o`z
ta`rbiyalaniwshilarina
sho`lkemleskenlik penen bir maqsetke bag`darlanip ta`sir etiwi, al ekinshi ta`repten
ta`rbiyalaniwshilardin` sho`lkemleskenlik penen bir maqsetke bag`darlang`an xizmeti bolip
esaplanadi. Ta`rbiyanin` bul eki ta`repi, isendiriu, shiniqtiriw xa`m u`lgi -o`rnek metodlarina
tuwra keledi xa`m bul metodlar bir neshe usillarda a`melge asiriladi. Bunnan tisqari ta`rbiyanin`
ja`rdemshi metodlari sipatinda xoshametlew xa`m jazalaw metodlarida qollaniladi. Bul
ja`rdemshi metod ta`rbiyalaniwshilardin` unamli ta`replerin taliqlaw maqsetinde qollaniladi.
Ta`rbiyanin` tiykarg`i qurallari xa`m usillari. Pedagogikliq a`debiyatta ta`rbiya metodi
termini menen bir qatarda ta`rbiya qurallari terminide qollaniladi. Ta`rbiya qurallari tar
mag`anada tusinilgende og`an kitaplar, kinofil`mler, iskusstva shig`armalari xa`m basqada
ta`rbiya protsesinde qollanilatug`in usig`an uxsas na`rseler kiredi. Mug`allimnin` janli so`zide
ta`rbiya qurali bolip esaplanadi. Uliwma ta`rbiyaliq waziypalardi sheshiw u`stinde
ta`rbiyashinin` paydalang`anlarinin` barlig`inda ta`rbiya qurallarinin` qatarinda ko`riwimizge
boladi.
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Testler. 

1. Ta`rbiyanin` na`tiyjeli boliwi nege baylanisli ekenligi qaysi qatarda toliq xa`m

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Testler.
1. Ta`rbiyanin` na`tiyjeli boliwi nege baylanisli ekenligi qaysi qatarda toliq xa`m
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bet | 60/97 | Sana | 13.01.2024 | Hajmi | 450,29 Kb. | | #136582 |
Bog'liq Uliwma pedagogika-fayllar.orgTestler.
1. Ta`rbiyanin` na`tiyjeli boliwi nege baylanisli ekenligi qaysi qatarda toliq xa`m
duris ko`rsetilgen? A) Ata-anasinin` ta`rbiyalilig`ina, bilimliligine. V) Mug`allimnin` bilimli,
ma`deniyatli, abroyli boliwina S) Balanin oynaytugin doslarinin kanday derejede
tarbiyalanganligina. D) Ta`rbiya metodlarinan, usillarinan, qurallarinan xa`m formalarinan
sheberlik penen paydalaniwinda. E) Ata-analarinin` xa`m mug`allimlerdin` bilimdanlig`i menen
talapshan`lig`ina.
2. Ata-babalarimiz o`z balalarina kimlerden u`lgi aliwdi na`siyat etken?
A) Jaqsilardan, danalardan, ulli adamlardan. V) Shayirlardan, mollalardan. S)
Diyxanlardan, sharwalardan, mollalardan. D) Ta`wiplerden, bolis, aqsaqallardan. E)
Palwanlardan, shayirlardan, batirlardan.
3. Balanin` mektepte qalay oqiwi ko`pshilik ta`repinen nege baylanisli ekenligi qaysi
qatarda duris berilgen? A) Oqiwg`a iqlasinin` mug`darina V) Shan`araqqa (sem`yag`a), S)
Doslarinin` kimligine. D)Mug`allimnin` talapshan`lig`ina. E) Ta`rtibine.
4. Mektepte oqitiw waziypalarinin` na`tiyjeli orinlaniwina shan`araq qalay ja`rdem
beriwi mu`mkin? A) Balalardin` sabaqlardan ko`p qalmawi, sabaqlarg`a keshipkey keliwi t.b.
V) Balalardi qatti uslawi. S) Mekteptin` remont x.t.b. jumislarina ja`rdem beriwi. D) Mektepke
kitap, ruchka x.t.b oqiw qurallarina ja`rdem beriwi. E) Mektepke metall siniqlarin jiynawg`a
jardem beriw.
5. Mekteptin` shan`araqqa berip turatug`in en` a`xmiyetli ja`rdemi? A) Balasin oqiw
qurallari menen ta`miyinlew. V) Balag`a materialliq ja`rdem ko`rsetip turiw. S) Balasin en` jaqsi
oqiwshilar qatarina qosiw. D) Balalarina xa`r qiyli siyliqlar berip turiw. E) Pedagogikaliq
ken`esler.
Tapsirmalar.
1. Bala menen ata-ana arasindag`i qarama-qarsiliq payda boldi: Bala 9-klassti
pitkergennen keyin elektrotexnika menen baylanisli bolg`an politexnikaliq kolledjde oqig`isi
keledi. Al ata-anasi akademiyaliq litseyge yamasa mektepte oqiwin dawam etip, orta mag`liwmat
aliwdi usinis etti. Bala mekteptegi fizika pa`ni boyinsha do`gerek jumislarina qatnasip ju`r edi,
elektr a`sbap-u`skenelerdi du`zetetug`in edi. Ata-anasi do`gerek baslig`ina ma`slaxatke keldi. Siz
do`gerek baslig`i bolsan`iz, ata-anag`a neni ma`slaxat eter ediniz?
2. Mekteptin` uliwmaliq ata-analar jiynalisina qatnasin`. Ku`n ta`rtibinde qoyilg`an
ma`selelerdin` aktuallig`in, jiynalistin` sho`lkemlestiriliwi xa`m o`tkeriliwinin` qanday da`rejede
bolg`anlig`in, jiynalisqa ata-analardin` qatnas da`rejesin xa`m qoyilg`an ma`selelerdi tallaug`a,
sheshim qabillawg`a olardin` qatnasina qarap baxa berin`.
3. A`meliy seminar jumisi waqtinda mektep ata-analar jiynalisina qanday ma`seleler
qoyiw, og`an qalay tayarlaniw, oni o`tkeriw, uliwma ata-analar jiynalisinan nelerdi ku`tiwge
bolatug`inlig`in dodalan`.
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Tarbiyanin` metodlari - Uliwma pedagogika

1. Tarbiya metodlari haqqinda tusinik.
2. Tarbiya metodlarin klassifikatsiyalaw
a) isendiriw metodi
b) Oqiwshinin’ minez qulqin sho’lkemlestiriw metodi
v) xoshametlew ham jazalaw metodi
g) o’zin o’zi ta’rbiyalaw metodi
d) balalar menen islesiwde ta’rbiya metodi, formalari ha’m
qurallari
P A Y D A L A N G A N A D E B I Y A T L A R
1. I.A .Karimov Yuksak ma`naviyat- engilmas kuch. Toshkent 2008 y.
2. Barkamol avlod- O’zbekiston taraqqiyotining poydevori. T-1997 y
3. Kadrlar tayyorlashning milliy dasturi. Toshkent-1997 y
4. Ozbekiston Respubliqasi “ Ta`lim xaqidagi qonuni”. T-1997 y
5. Rubinskiy.V. Tarbiyaviy ish metodikasi. T-1991y
6. R.J. Ishmuh1medov «Innovatsion texnologiya yordamida ta`lim samaradorligini
oshirish yollari» Toshkent 2004 y
7. U. Tolipov, M.Usmonboeva «Pedagogik texnologiyaning tadbiqiy asoslari» Toshkent
2006
8. N.Gaybullaev., R.Yodgorov., R.Mamatkulova. Pedagogika T- 2005
9. O.Xasanbeva va boshkalar Oila pedagogikasi T 2007 y
10. X.Ibragimov Pedagogika T 2007 y
11. U.Askarova va boshkalar Pedagogika T 2008 y
12. Q.Qosnazarov., A.Pazilov., A.Tilegenov Pedagogika «Bilim» NOqis 2009 j
13.A.Pazilov TArbiya haqqinda oylar «Bilim» NOqis 2009 j
Ta’rbiya metodina balanin’ sanasinda seziminde, erkinde minez qulqinda ha’m qarim
qatnas sistemasinda jeke adamnin’ ha’r tarepleme maqset etetugin ta’sir etiw usilin tu’sinemiz.
A.S.Makarenko
tarbiya metodlarin “jeke adamga qatnas qurali” dep atagan.
Ta’rbiya metodi tek balag’a ta’sirt etiw menen iske aspaydi. Ta’rbiya o’zine mug’allim
miynetin biriktiretug’in eki ta’repleme protsess.
Balani oqitiw ta’rbiyalaw ha’m ka’mil insan etip jetilistiriw kerek. Pedagogikada bul
jumislardi qalay, qay usilda qanday sharayatlarda iske asiriwdi biliw kerek. Ta’rbiya protsesinde
balanin’ o’zi de aktiv qatnasiwi ekenliginde umitpawi lazim. Oqiwshilar jaqin adamlardin (ata-
ana, oqitiwshi tarbiyashi) ozlerine qanday qatnasta ekenin jaqsi biledi. Sol ushin tarbiyashilardin
en basli waziypasi olarga shin iqlas penen ham qalis biyminnet qatnasta boliwi lazim.
Metod bul
(grekshe) jol, usil degen mani beredi.
Tarbiyalaw tasirine aktiv tayarliqti taminlew ushin balaga belgili bir shart qoyiw, onin
aktiv mynetin sholkemlestriw kerek. Sonliqtan pedagogikaliq ilimde tarbiya formalarinin
sholkemlestiriliwi oqiw-shilardin kollektivliq ham jeke xizmetlerin pedagogikaliq jaqtan
sholkemlestiriwdin adisi retinde belgilenedi.
Talim metodlarina usap tarbiya metodlari da oz ishinde usil ham toparlarga bolinedi.
Maselen` klasti tazalaw ushin klassta shembiliq sholkemlestiredi. Balalarga jumis bolip
bermesten burin tryapkani hollew, parta, pol aynalardi tazalaw jollarin auizsha ham ameliy
tusindiredi. Oqitiwshinin sozi bul jerde jumistin isleniw joli bolip pedagogik jagday
sharayatlarga qaray bular bir birine otip turadi.
Passive Reconnaissance - Learning Kali Linux

the operating system is Linux 3.11 or newer. Just below that, it was able to identify
that the server is nginx. It is able to determine this from looking at the HTTP head‐
ers.
Example 3-15. Output from p0f
.-
[
192.168.2.149/48244 -> 104.197.85.63/80
(
http request
)
]
-
|
|
client
=
192.168.2.149/48244
|
app
=
???
|
lang
=
English
|
params
=
none
|
raw_sig
=
1:Host,User-Agent,Accept
=[
*/*
]
,Accept-Language
=[
en-US,en;
q
=
0.5
]
,
Accept-Encoding
=[
gzip,deflate
]
,?Referer,?Cookie,Connection
=
[
keep-alive
]
:Accept-Charset,Keep-Alive:Mozilla/5.0
(
X11; Linux
x86_64; rv:52.0
)
Gecko/20100101 Firefox/52.0
|
`
----
.-
[
192.168.2.149/48254 -> 104.197.85.63/80
(
syn
)
]
-
|
|
client
=
192.168.2.149/48254
|
os
=
Linux 3.11 and newer
|
dist
=
0
|
params
=
none
|
raw_sig
=
4:64+0:0:1460:mss*20,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0
|
`
----
.-
[
192.168.2.149/48254 -> 104.197.85.63/80
(
http response
)
]
-
|
|
server
=
104.197.85.63/80
|
app
=
nginx 1.x
|
lang
=
none
|
params
=
dishonest
|
raw_sig
=
1:Server,Date,Content-Type,?Content-Length,?Last-Modified,Connection
=
[
keep-alive
]
,Keep-Alive
=[
timeout
=
20
]
,?ETag,X-Type
=[
static/known
]
,
?Cache-Control,?Vary,Access-Control-Allow-Origin
=[
*
]
,Accept-Ranges
=
[
bytes
]
::nginx
|
One of the challenges of using
p0f
is that it relies on observing traffic that is going by
the system. You need to interact with the systems on which you want to perform pas‐
sive reconnaissance. Since you are interacting with publicly available services, it’s
unlikely you will be noticed, and the remote system will have no idea that you are
using
p0f
against it. There is no active engagement with the remote services in order
to prompt for more details. You will get only what the services that you engage with
are willing to provide.
The side you are most apt to get information on is the local end. This is because it can
look up information from the MAC address, providing vendor details so you can see
\W
indows
\s - Learning Kali Linux

cygrunsrv.exe_180210_134420.dmp
[
*
]
Downloaded 4.00 MiB of 4.00 MiB
(
100.0%
)
: cygrunsrv.exe_180210_134420.dmp ->
cygrunsrv.exe_180210_134420.dmp
[
*
]
download : cygrunsrv.exe_180210_134420.dmp -> cygrunsrv.exe_180210_134420.dmp
The process selected had a token handle listed. We can use
either the process name or
the PID to tell
procdump64.exe
which process we want to dump. If you have processes
with the same name,
as was the case with
postgres.exe
because it spawned numerous
child processes to manage the work, you will have to use the PID.
This makes it clear
to
procdump64.exe
which process you mean to extract from memory. We end up with
a
.dmp
file left on the disk of the remote system. If we want to analyze it, we’ll want to
bring it back to our local system to work on it. We can do that using
download
in
Meterpreter. Before we can do that, we need to drop out
of the shell on the remote
system so we just
exit
out. This doesn’t lose the connection to the remote system,
since we still have our Meterpreter session running. We
just spawned a shell out of
our Meterpreter session and needed to drop back to Meterpreter.
Once we are on the remote system, there are a number of things we can do with pro‐
cesses. This could be done using Meterpreter, one of the
other modules that could be
loaded, or any number of programs we could upload to the remote system. One thing
to keep in mind is that you may want to clean up after yourself after you’re done so
any artifacts you created aren’t available for detection later.
Privilege Escalation - Learning Kali Linux

We’re going to run a privilege escalation attack without using passwords,
sudo
or
su
.
For this, we’re going to use a local vulnerability. We’re going to target a Metasploitable
2 system, which is based on an outdated version of Ubuntu Linux. We need to look
for a local exploit that we can use after we have compromised the system. By identify‐
ing the version
of the kernel by exploiting it, we discover the Linux kernel is 2.6.24.
We can find this by using
uname -a
after we are on the system. An
nmap
scan may
also be able to identify the version. Knowing the kernel version, we can look for a
vulnerability that attacks that version.
Keep in mind that a local vulnerability is one that requires that you
are already logged into the machine or you have some ability to
execute commands on the machine.
After identifying that a vulnerability is associated with
udev
,
a device manager that
works with the Linux kernel, we can grab the source code. You can see in
Example 6-15
that I’ve used
searchsploit
to identify
udev
vulnerabilities. I know the
one I’m looking for is
8572.c
, based
on some research I had done, so I can copy that
file from where it sits to my home directory so I can compile it. Since I’m working
from a 64-bit system, I had to install the
gcc-multilib
package in order to compile to a
32-binary (the architecture in use at my target). This is something I can identify by
using
uname -a
. After compiling the
source code to an executable, the executable file
has to be copied somewhere it can be accessed remotely. Sticking it into the root of
my web server means I can get to it by using a protocol that isn’t commonly suspect.
When you compile, you get to determine the filename that comes
out of the compilation process. You do this using
-o
and then pro‐
viding the filename. In our example, I’ve
used a filename that might
not be suspect if found on the target system. You can use whatever
filename makes you happy, as long as you remember the name so
you can retrieve it later.
Example 6-15. Staging the local exploit
root@yazpistachio# searchsploit udev
--------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
Exploit Title | Path
|
(
/usr/share/exploitdb/
)
--------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
Linux Kernel 2.6
(
Debian 4.0 / Ubuntu | exploits/linux/local/8478.sh
Linux Kernel 2.6
(
Gentoo / Ubuntu 8.10 | exploits/linux/local/8572.c
Linux Kernel 4.8.0 UDEV <
232
- Local | exploits/linux/local/41886.c
Linux
Kernel UDEV < 1.4.1 -
'Netlink'
| exploits/linux/local/21848.rb
--------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
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Fayl sistemasınıń dúzilisin qayta tiklew

Maǵlıwmatlardı qayta tiklew usılları
Házirgi waqıtta maǵlıwmatlardı qayta qayta tiklewdiń bir neshe tiykarǵı
usılları bar. Usıl aydawshınıń isten shıǵıwına qaray saylanadı.
Programmalıq támiynat usılı nátiyje bermeytuǵın jaǵdaylarda apparat -
programmalıq usıl qollanıladı.
Maǵlıwmattı qayta tiklew programması.
Bul maǵlıwmatlardı saqlaw apparatına fizikalıq aralasıwisiz, sonıń menen
birge programmalıq támiynattıń islewi hám xizmet kórsetiw modullarınıń
dúzilisinde maǵlıwmatlardı qayta tiklew. Bul usıl aydawshınıń ózi islemey
qalǵanda qollanıladı, biraq qandayda bir sebepke kóre yamasa basqa
sebeplerge kóre ol jaǵdayda saqlanǵan maǵlıwmatlarǵa kirisiw joǵaladı.
Maǵlıwmatlardı qayta tiklew boyınsha tiykarǵı túsinikler

Ne ushın maǵlıwmatlar joǵaladı.
Bizde bar zattı biz saqlamaymiz yamasa ne ushın maǵlıwmatlar joǵaladı. Siz
hámme zattı - hár qanday maǵlıwmattı, derlik hár qanday quralda : kompyuterdiń
qattı disklarında, floppi-diskta, sonıń menen birge kompakt -disktaǵı yamasa
flesh-
karta daǵı fayllardı joytıwıńız múmkin.
Bunnan tısqarı, hátte onakartning tek oqıw ushın mólsherlengen yadında
saqlanatuǵın BIOS programması da tásir etiwi múmkin. Álbette, hár qıylı
maǵlıwmatlardı joytıw aqıbetleri hár túrlı bolıwı múmkin. Bes qatarlı tekstli fayldı
joytıw basqa zat, hám sistema registri buzılǵanda pútkilley basqa zat.
Eń ulıwma jaǵdayda, barlıq " joǵalgan" maǵlıwmatlardı úsh túrge bolıw
múmkin:
Paydalanıwshı faylları hám
papkalar;
- paydalanıwshı tárepinen kompyuterge ornatılǵan ámeliy programmalar ;
- sistema faylları (keńeytpeler, exe, bat, com menen isleytuǵın fayllar hám
papkalar menen birge).
Nazorat savollari - Optik aloqa asoslari

|
Optik aloqa asoslari
|
bet | 106/160 | Sana | 13.01.2024 | Hajmi | 1 Mb. | | #136728 |
Bog'liq Optik aloqa asoslari (N.Yusupov, R.Isayev)Nazorat savollari
Optik attenyuator passiv elementidan qanday maqsadlarda foydalaniladi? Uning qanday turlari mavjud?
Optik fdtrlardan qanday maqsadlarda foydalaniladi? Optik filtming qanday turlarini bilasiz?
Fabri-Pero rezonatorli fdtrning tuzilishi va ish prinsipini tushuntiring
Yupqa pardali dielektrik qatlamli fdtming tuzilishi va ish prinsipini tavsiflang.
Suyuq kristallarda yorug'lik nurlanishi qutblanishining o'zgarishidan foydalanishga asoslangan fdtrning tuzilishi va ish prinsipini tushuntiring.
Akustooptik qayta sozlanuvchi fdtrning tuzilishi va ish prinsipini tushuntiring.
Optik izolatordan qanday maqsadlarda foydalaniladi? Uning ish prinsipi qaysi hodisadan foydalanishga asoslangan?
Optik sirkulator qanday asbob? Undan qanday maqsadlarda foydalaniladi?
www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi
9-bob. OPTIK MULTPLEKSORLAR VA
DEMULTIPLEKSORLAR
Optik multipleksor va demultipleksorlar,
ularning turlari
Spektr bo'yicha zichlashtirilgan (WDM) tolali optik aloqa tizimlarida har bir uzatuvchi modul lazeri muayyan chastotali signalni generatsiyalaydi. Bu signal (kanal)larni tolali optik liniya bo‘yicha uzatish uchun ulami yagona guruhiy signalga birlashtirish kerak. Bu vazifani bajaradigan qurilma optik multipleksor (MUX) deb ataladi. Optik aloqa liniyasining boshqa uchida shunga o‘xshash qurilma guruhiy signalni axborotdan foydalanuvchilarga yetkazish maqsadida alohida signal (kanal)larga ajratib beradi va bu qurilma optik demultipleksor deb ataladi. Kanallarni vaqt bo'yicha zichlashtirish uchun mo‘ljallangan va asosiy e’tibor uzatuvchi hamda qabul qiluvchi optoelektron modullarni sinxronlash aniqligiga qaratilgan TDM tizimlaridan farqli ravishda spektr bo'yicha zichlashtirilgan tolali optik aloqa tizimlarida alohida signallaming parametrlari avvaldan aniq ma’lum bo‘lgan spektral tashkil etuvchilari bo‘yicha multiplekslanadi va demultiplekslanadi (9.1- rasm).
Optik multiplekslash va demultiplekslash kombinatsiyalashgan yoki o‘zaro ketma-ket joylashgan tor oraliqli (polosali) filtrlardan foydalanishga asoslanadi. Optik signallarni filtrlash uchun, jumla- dan, yupqa pardali filtrlar, tolali yoki bregg difraksiya panjaralari, payvandlangan tolali shaxoblagichlar, suyuq kristallar asosidagi filtrlar, integral optik qurilmalari (fazar deb ataladigan fazali to'lqin uzatkichli difraksiya panjaralari) dan foydalaniladi. .
Multipleksorlar tolali WDM optik aloqa tizimlaridan tashqari, shuningdek, tolali optik kuchaytirgichlarda, mahalliy tarmoqlarda signallarni to'lqin uzunligi bo‘yicha marshrutlash chog'ida va boshqa ayrim hollarda ham qo‘llaniladi.
Multipleksorlar yig‘iluvchi va ajratiluvchi optik signallar (kanallar) soniga qarab ikki gurahga bo'linadi [1]:
241
|
| |
Boshqaruv usullari - "psixologiya"

86
A) beparvolarcha yondashadilar
B) kuchli raqobatdoshlardan qutulish payida bo‘ladilar
C) ishchan, bilimdon xodimlarga mo‘ljal oladilar, ularni o‘sishiga yordam
beradilar
D) tashqaridan madad kutadi.
9. Menejment - bu … ni boshkarish
A) ishlab chikarish
B) personal
C) boshkaruv fani yutuklarini foydalangan xolda ishlab chikarish vositalari va
personalni boshkarish tamoyil va usullarining mavjudligi
D) izlanish va tashkilotning kimmatbaxo kogoz, xizmatlar va tovarlar bozorida
mavjudligi savdoni ragbatlantirish
10.Tashkilot – bu …
A) bir maksadni kuzlab, birga ishlaydigan insonlar guruxi, kamida ikki
kishining birlashuvi, xama uchun kabul kilinadigan karorning mavjudligi
B) bir maksadni kuzlab, birga ishlaydigan insonlar guruxi, xama uchun kabul
kilinadigan karorning mavjudligi
C) bir maksadni kuzlab, birga ishlaydigan insonlar guruxi, kamida ikki
kishining birlashuvi, xama uchun kabul kilinadigan karorning mavjudligi D)
xama uchun kabul kilinadigan karorning mavjudligi
Port Scanning | 101 - Learning Kali Linux

standard
for port scanning is
nmap
, so we’ll start by using that and then look at other
tools for high-speed scanning, used for scanning really large networks in a time-
efficient manner.
TCP Scanning
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. Because it is connection oriented, which
means the two ends of the conversation keep track of what is happening, the commu‐
nication can be considered to be guaranteed. It’s only guaranteed, though, under the
control of the two endpoints. If something were to happen in the middle of the net‐
work
between those two systems, the communication isn’t guaranteed to get there,
but you are guaranteed to know when the transmission fails. Also, if an endpoint
doesn’t receive a transmission, the sending party will know that.
Because TCP
is connection-oriented, it uses a
three-way handshake
to establish that
connection. TCP port scans generally take advantage of
that handshake to determine
whether ports are open. If a SYN message, the start of the three-way handshake, gets
sent to a server and the port is open, the server will respond with a SYN/ACK mes‐
sage.
If the port is not open, the server will respond by sending a RST (reset) message
indicating that the sending system should stand down and not send any more mes‐
sages. This clearly tells the sending system that the port is not available.
The challenge with any port scanning, and potentially TCP most of all, is firewalls or
other port-blocking mechanisms.
When a message is sent, firewalls or access control
lists can prevent the message from getting through. This can leave the sending host in
an uncertain state. Having no response doesn’t indicate that the port is open or
closed, because there may simply be no response at all if the
firewall or access control
list just drops the inbound message.
Another aspect to port scanning with TCP is that the protocol specifies header flags
aside from the SYN and ACK flags. This opens the door to sending other types of
messages to remote systems to see how they respond. Systems will respond in differ‐
ent ways, based on the different flags that are configured.
UDP Scanning
UDP is a simple protocol. There are no connections and
no guarantee of delivery or
notification. Therefore, UDP scanning can be more challenging. This may seem
counterintuitive, considering UDP is simple.
With TCP, the protocol defines interactions. A client is expected to send a message
with the SYN flag set in the TCP header. When it’s
received on an open port, the
server responds with a SYN and an ACK. The client responds with an ACK. This
guarantees that both parties in the communication know that the other end is there.
| Chapter 3: Reconnaissance

the type of device that is communicating. As with
other packet capture programs,
there are ways to get traffic to your system that isn’t specifically destined there by
using a hub or a port span on a switch or even doing spoofing. The MAC address
comes from the layer 2 header, which gets pulled off when a packet crosses a layer 3
boundary (router).
Although the information you can get from passive reconnaissance using a tool like
p0f
is limited to what the service and system
is going to give up anyway, using
p0f
alleviates the manual work that may otherwise be required to pull out this level of
detail. The biggest advantage to using
p0f
is you can quickly
extract details without
doing the work yourself, but you are also not actively probing the target systems. This
helps to keep you off the radar of any monitoring systems or teams at your target.
Port Scanning
Once you are done gathering as much information as you can without actively and
noisily
probing the target networks, you can move on to the making noise stage with
port scans. This is commonly done using port scanners, though port scanning doesn’t
necessarily mean that the scans have to be high traffic and noisy. Port scanning uses
the networking protocols to extract information from
remote systems to determine
what ports are open. We use port scanning to determine what applications are run‐
ning on the remote system. The ports that are open can tell us a lot about those appli‐
cations. Ultimately, what we are looking for are ways into the system. The open ports
are our gateways.
An open port means that an application is listening on that port. If no application is
listening, the port won’t be open. Ports are the way we
address at the transport layer,
which means that you will see applications using TCP or UDP commonly for their
transport needs, depending on the requirements of the application. The one thing in
common across both transport protocols is the number of ports that are available.
There are 65,536 possible port values (0–65,535).
As you are scanning ports, you won’t see any port that is being used on the client side.
As an example, I can’t scan your desktop computer and
determine what connections
you have open to websites, email servers, and other services. We can only detect ports
that have listeners on them. When you have opened
a connection to another system,
you don’t have a port in a listening state. Instead, your operating system will take in
an incoming packet from the server you are communicating with and determine that
an application is waiting for that packet, based on a four-tuple of information (source
and destination IP addresses and ports).
Because differences exist between
the two transport protocols, the scans work differ‐
ently. In the end, you’re looking for open ports, but the means to determine that
information is different. Kali Linux comes with port scanning tools. The de facto
| Chapter 3: Reconnaissance

To
set a different throttle rate, you can use
-T
and a value from 0–5. The default value
is
-T 3
. You might go lower than that if you want to be polite by limiting bandwidth
used, or if you are trying to be sneaky and limit the possibility of being caught. If you
don’t care about being caught and you
want your scan to go faster, you can increase
the throttle rate.
Although there are other types of TCP scans, these ones will get you good results the
majority of the time. Other scans are meant for evasion or firewall testing, though
they have been well-known for many years at this point.
We can move on to doing
UDP scanning using nmap. You can use the same throttle rates as with the TCP scan.
You will still have the retransmission issue, even if you are going faster. It will be
faster than a normal scan if you increase the throttle rate, but it will be slower than,
say, a TCP scan. You can see the
output from a UDP scan in
Example 3-17
.
Example 3-17. UDP scan from nmap
root@rosebud:~# nmap -sU -T
4
192.168.86.0/24
Starting Nmap 7.60
(
https://nmap.org
)
at 2017-12-30 20:31 MST
Nmap scan report
for
testwifi.here
(
192.168.86.1
)
Host is up
(
0.0010s latency
)
.
Not shown:
971
closed ports,
27
open|filtered ports
PORT
STATE SERVICE
53/udp open domain
5351/udp open nat-pmp
MAC Address: 18:D6:C7:7D:F4:8A
(
Tp-link Technologies
)
The TCP scan of all the systems on my network took 86 seconds,
just less than a minute and a half. The UDP scan took well over
half an hour, and this was on a local network.
Although
nmap
can
do port scanning, it has other capabilities. For instance, you can
have it perform an operating system detection. It does this based on fingerprints that
have been collected from known operating systems. Additionally,
nmap
can run
scripts. These scripts are called based on ports that have been
identified as being open
and are written in the Lua programming language. Although scripts that come with
nmap
provide a lot of capabilities, it’s possible to add your own scripts as needed. To
run scripts, you tell
nmap
the name of the script you want to run. You can also run a
collection
of scripts, as you can see in
Example 3-18
. In this case,
nmap
will run any
script that has
http
as the start of its name. If
nmap
detects
that a common web port is
open, it will call the different scripts against that port. This scan request will catch all
the web-based scripts that are available. At the time of this run, that is 129 scripts.
| Chapter 6: Owning Metasploit

are getting a list of all the process handles. A
handle
is a reference to an object. Pro‐
grams will create and open handles to have a way to get to another object. This may
include accessing external resources. You can see
the PID in the leftmost column, fol‐
lowed by the name of the executable that the process was created from. After this is
the handle and the object the handle references. These are all process handles, so
csrss.exe
, for example, has several references to other processes. This may mean that
csrss.exe
started up (spawned) those other processes
and is keeping references in
order to kill them later if necessary.
Although none are listed there, you can also see tokens listed in the handles. Keep in
mind that tokens can be used to gain access to resources such as authenticating
against applications that may hold data we want. This is another
reason to look at this
way of getting the PID, because in the process we’ll see processes we may want to
dump in order to extract tokens. For what we are doing here, we have what we need.
We have the PIDs.
To use
procdump64.exe
, we have to do one thing. It’s on
the remote system since we
uploaded it, but SysInternals tools require that we accept the end-user license agree‐
ment (EULA). We can do that by dropping to a shell on the remote system (just type
shell
in Meterpreter, and you will get a command prompt on the remote system).
Once we are on the remote system and in the directory the file was uploaded to,
which is where
we will be placed by default, we just run
procdump64.exe -accepteula
.
If we don’t do that, the program will print out the EULA and tell you that you need to
accept it.
Example 6-14
shows dumping a process.
Example 6-14. Using procdump64.exe
C:
| Chapter 3: Reconnaissance

The client knows the server is responsive because of the SYN/ACK,
and the server
knows the client isn’t being spoofed because of the ACK response.
UDP has no specified interactions. The protocol doesn’t have any header fields to
provide any state or connection management information. UDP is all about provid‐
ing a transport layer protocol that just gets out of the way of the application. When a
client
sends a message to a server, it is entirely up to the application how or whether
to respond. Lacking a SYN/ACK message to indicate that the server has received the
communication, the client may have no way of knowing
whether a port is open or
closed. A lack of response may merely mean that the client sent a message that wasn’t
understood. It could also mean an application failure. When performing UDP port
scans, the scanner can’t determine whether a lack of response means a closed port.
Therefore, the scanner would typically have to resend the message. Since UDP might
be
deprioritized in networks, it could take a while for messages to get to the target
and back. This means the scanner will typically wait for a short period of time before
sending again.
This will happen a few times, since the objective is to ensure that the
port is thoroughly ruled out.
This is the same scanning behavior that would happen if there was no response to a
TCP message. This could be a result of a firewall just dropping messages. Instead of a
RST message
or even an ICMP response, the scanner has to assume that the out‐
bound message was lost. That means retries. Retries can be time-consuming, espe‐
cially if you are scanning more the 65,000 ports. Each one may need to be retried
multiple times. The complexity of scanning UDP ports
comes from the uncertainty
from the lack of response.
Maǵlıwmattı qayta tiklew usılları (Foto, video,)

Maǵlıwmattı qayta tiklew usılları (Foto, video,)
Óytkeni logikalıq disklardı formatlaw, drayverning logikalıq
geometriyasini áwmetsiz ózgertiw, maǵlıwmattı joq etiw, fayl sistemasın
bólekan yamasa tolıq joq etiw, aydawshına maǵlıwmatlardı jaylastırıw
dúzilisi haqqında maǵlıwmat bolıwı múmkin.
Maǵlıwmatlardı qayta tiklewdiń apparat -programmalıq usılı.
Maman aralasıwsız bul derlik múmkinshiliksiz bolıp tabıladı - hátte
tájiriybeli paydalanıwshı da bunı ete almaydı. Bunday kesellikti anıqlawlar
tasıwshın demagnetizatsiya qılıw, disktaǵı tirnalishlar, elektr shınjırındaǵı
saldamlı úzilisler hár bir jaǵdayda individual jantasıwdı talap etedi.
Bul yamasa basqa usıl, biraq hátte tájiriybeli qánige de barlıq
maǵlıwmatlardı tikleniwine 100% kepillik bermeydi. Eger olar aytqanı
sıyaqlı, hámme zat xızmet bahasına baylanıslı - jaysha aqıl bovar etpeytuǵın
jaǵdaylar barki, olar 90% saqlanǵan maǵlıwmattı disktan shıǵarıp alıwları
múmkin.
Ádebiyatlar dizimi
1. Kris Kasperskiy. Maǵlıwmattı qayta tiklew: ámeliy qóllanba. 2007 jıl
2. Prokdi R. G., Beck L. P. Qattı disk, fayllar hám basqalar menen islew
ushın hámme zat maǵlıwmatlar. Programmalar, video menen tolıq qóllanba
+ DvD
qosımsha materiallar. Pán hám texnologiyalar baspası. Baspalar : 2009
3. Grushev P. P., Prokdi R. G. Qattı disktan maǵlıwmatlardı qayta tiklew.
Fayllarimizni saqlaymiz. + CD.... Pán hám texnologiyalar baspası.
Baspalar : 2009 jıl.
4. Toshkov P. A. Maǵlıwmattı qayta tiklew 100%. Baspashı : Pyotr.
Shıǵarılǵan jılı : 2010. C: 208.
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Mexnat psixologiyasi ba’zi metodlarining moxiyati

93
Ukuvchilar xatolarining tekshirilishini xisobga olish malaka, kunikma va
maxoratning shakllanishi jaraenini, bu asosda esa mashklar samaradorligini
baxolash imkonini beradi. Xato xarakatlarning sabalarini aniklash va bartaraf
etish xunar texnika ta’limi metodikasini, mexnat sharoiti va rejimini
takomillashtirish,shu bilan birga, mexnat faoliyatining unumdorligi va sifatini
oshirish
imkonini
yaratadi.
Bu
metod
asha
shuning
uchun
xam
zarurki,mustaxkam malakaga ega bulgan tajribali ishchi faoliyat jaraenida
normal ish sharoitida bu avtomatlashtirilgan xarakat kanday amalga
oshirilaetgan xarakat sezmaydi, shuning uchun xam ularni taxlil kilish
tushuntirish mumkin emas, chetdan kuzataetgan kishi esa urganilaetgan
xarakatning psixologik sturkturasini topish imkoniyatiga xamisha xam ega
bula vermaydi.
Mavzu yuzasidan test savollari

85
faoliyat tushuniladi
D) u yoki bu ob’ektni boshqarishga oid aniq vazifalarni hal etishga qaratilgan
faoliyat, korxonaning moddiy — texnika bazasini yaratishga qaratilgan
faoliyat tushuniladi
2. Boshqarish strukturasi deganda:
A) boshqarish; maqsadlarini amalga oshiruvchi va funksiyalarini bajaruvchi, bir
— biri bilan bog‘langan turli boshqaruv organlari va bug‘inlarining
majmuasi tushuniladi
V) boshqaruv organlari tizimida quyi organlarning yuqori organlarga buysunishi
va ular o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro aloqa tushuniladi
S) Boshqarish maqsadlarini amalga oshiruvchi va funksiyalarini Bajaruvchi, bir
— biri bilan bog‘langan turli boshqaruv organlari va bug‘inlarining
majmuasi, boshqaruv organlari tizimida quyi organlarning yuqori organlarga
buysunishi va ular o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro aloqa tushuniladi
D) boshqaruv organlari tizimida quyi organlarning yuqori organlarga buysunishi
va ular o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro aloqa, bo‘linmalar yigindisi, ularning tarkibi va o‘zaro
aloqa shakllari tushuniladi
3. Rejalashtirish — bu:
A) bu har bir funksional bug‘inning joyini belgilash
V) tashkilotni boshqaruv strukturasini tuzish
S) kishilarni ish faoliyatga qiziqtirish
D) rahbariyat harakatlarining yagona yo‘nalishini, tashkilot va
a’zolarining umumiy maqsaddarga erishish yo‘lidan harakat birligini ta’minlash
vositasi
Xarid bozorini tadqiqot qilish

5. Mahsulotni yetkazib berishni tashkil qilish.
M ah su lo tn i yetkazib b erish n i n a zo rat qilishning m uhim
vazifalaridan bid uning sifatini nazorat qilish b o ‘lib, reklamatsiyalar
va yaroqsiz m ahsulot m iqdorini hisobga olishdir. M ahsulot
vetkazishni nazorat qilish o ‘z vaqtida yetkaziladigan m ahsulot-
larning m uddatini kuzatish (m uddatidan ilgari yoki kechikib
yetkazilishi), talabnom alarni rasm iylashtirish m uddatlarini ku
zatish, tran sp o rtd a tashish m u d d atlari, shuningdek, m oddiy
vositalar zaxiralarining ahvoli nazorat qilinadi.
- qanday maǵlıwmatlarıńızdı joǵaltin’

Maǵlıwmatlar hám fayllar menen islew principleri.
Fayl (anglichan tilindegi fayl) - saqlaw jardemindegi atalǵan maǵlıwmatlar
maydanı. Fayllar menen islew operatsion sistemalar járdeminde ámelge asıriladı.
Kóplegen operatsion sistemalar fayllardı teńlestiredi hám
basqa dereklerge de
sonday munasábette boladı :
Maǵlıwmatlar maydanı (diskta qálegen);
qurılmalar - ekewi de fizikalıq, mısalı, portlar yamasa printerler hám virtual (/
dev / null, / dev / tosınarlı, / dev / urandom);
maǵlıwmatlar aǵımı (truba dep atalǵan );
tarmaq dárekleri, rozetkalar ;
operatsion sistemanıń basqa ob'ektleri.
Fayl sisteması
Fayl sisteması bul kompyuterlerde, sonıń menen birge
basqa elektron
úskenelerde: cifrlı kameralarda, mobil telefonlarda hám taǵı basqalarda
saqlaw
qurallarında maǵlıwmatlardı shólkemlestiriw, saqlaw hám ataw usılın
belgileytuǵın buyrıq. Fayl sisteması strukturalıq dúzılıw forması hám fizikalıq
formasın belgileydi. ádetde fayllar formasında gruppalanǵan maǵlıwmattı saqlaw.
Arnawlı bir fayl sisteması fayl atları (hám kataloglar ) kólemin, fayl hám bólimdiń
múmkin bolǵan eń úlken kólemin, fayl atributlarınıń kompleksin belgileydi.
Fayl sistemasınıń tiykarǵı funkciyaları tómendegilerden ibarat :
Fayllar formasında maǵlıwmatlar tasıwshısına jaylastırıw hám buyırtpa qılıw ;
saqlaw ortalıǵındaǵı maksimal qollap -quwatlanatuǵın maǵlıwmat muǵdarın anıqlaw ;
fayllardı jaratıw, oqıw hám óshiriw;
fayl atributların belgilew hám ózgertiw (ólshem, jaratıw hám ózgertiw waqtı, fayldıń
iyesi hám jaratıwshısı, tek oqıw ushın, jasırın fayl, waqtınshalıq fayl, arxivlanǵan,
atqarılatuǵın, fayl atınıńń maksimal uzınlıǵı hám basqalar );
fayl quramın anıqlaw ;
fayllardı qıdırıw ;
fayllardı logikalıq shólkemlestiriw ushın kataloglardı shólkemlestiriw;
sistema islemey qalǵanda fayllardı qorǵaw ;
fayllardı ruxsatsız kirisiwden hám olardıń quramındaǵı ózgerislerden qorǵaw.