nyuuzyou/kompy huggingface dataset:
CONCLUSION - Legal Issues in e-commerce

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Legal Issues in e-commerce Pdf ko'rish
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Bog'liq Legal Issues in E CommerceCONCLUSION
Electronic commerce systems which basically operated over the internet, for all intents,
operate outside of clear geographical boundaries. In India, this issue creates potential
questions concerning the applicability of the state laws to transactions that could be
initiated by a consumer in one state who uses a financial institution headquartered in a
second state to make payments to recipients located in yet other states, by means of a
computer at some unknown location. These challenges are even greater at the
international level. It is certainly a huge challenge for all the countries to agree upon a
common law. Laws such as those involving protection of personal privacy and entities
permitted to issue electronic money may raise difficult problems, as will those dealing with
tax collections. Sales over the Internet, for example, raises questions about the location
of transactions and consequently about which tax laws apply. All these considerations
raise the larger question: What are steps that the Indian Government should take to
identify and coordinate responses among countries to those common problems in such
areas as law enforcement, personal privacy, taxation, protection of intellectual property
etc.?
We have tried to highlight some of the major issues in ecommerce and tried comparing
certain international laws with the laws in our country. For electronic commerce, progress
is best achieved through innovation by industry, and it can only strengthened further by
government by enacting laws that helps in maintaining the trust of the public, protecting
private information, creating mechanisms to safeguard online transactions etc. Hence in
order to achieve this, it is certainly necessary that industry, consumers and government.
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Technology adoption by geography and its impact

Technology adoption by geography and its impact The adoption of technology is different in different parts of the world. Hence there is lot
of difference in the business laws in geographies with varying level of technological
adoption. The classical example of Egypt and United States of America is discussed
below.
US is a highly technologically advanced country. US has a high level of technology
penetration in every aspect of an E-commerce transaction. Most of the consumer
purchases via the ecommerce shopping in the US. Hence the adoption of business law
is stricter and more regulations and rules are framed in US. Compare this to a country
like Egypt which has not adopted the E-commerce business as it is being done in US.
The use of technology in E-commerce is comparatively minuscule compared the
European countries also. In such countries there are no regulations and rules that
mandate an E-commerce transaction. In fact to promote more E-commerce transactions,
the government is advocating having very lenient rules. The impact of not so stricter
regulations has not gone down well with the citizens due to security issues. So it is to be
seen that adequate legal rules should be made to protect the E-commerce business and
hence the consumer interests.
Technology Ambiguity The ambiguity of double taxation, processing orders related to purchase via an E-
commerce store, duality of country of origin & the legal compliance to be mandated under
two or more than two countries are born out of technological improvements in the field of
E-commerce. To counter these issues various laws have been adopted by the highest
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courts in various countries. Some of the legal measures to combat technological
ambiguity & still use technology In E-commerce are discussed below
“Emas” mantiqiy elementi - Mavzu: Ikkilik mantiqiy elementlar

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Mavzu: Ikkilik mantiqiy elementlar
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Bog'liq Mavzu Ikkilik mantiqiy elementlar-azkurs.orgBul ifodasi ( yoki A+B=Y ) ko‘rinishda bo‘ladi.
3. “Emas” mantiqiy elementi 3. “Emas” mantiqiy elementi “Va” hamda “yoki” mantiqiy elementlari ikkita kirish va bitta chiqishga ega edi. “Emas” sxemasida esa bitta kirish va bitta chiqish mavjud. “Emas” mantiqiy elementini invertor deb ham yuritiladi. Uning asosiy vazifasi chiqishda kirish signaliga teskari bo‘lgan signalni ta’minlashdan iborat. Invertor quyidagicha belgilanadi: Bul ifodasi ko‘rinishda bo‘ladi. 4.“Va-emas” mantiqiy elementini Sheffer shtrixi deb ham yuritiladi, u inventorlangan “va”ni amalga oshiradi. 4.“Va-emas” mantiqiy elementini Sheffer shtrixi deb ham yuritiladi, u inventorlangan “va”ni amalga oshiradi. Ushbu mantiqiy amal quyidagicha belgilanadi: Bul ifodasi ko‘rinishda bo‘ladi. Va-emas” mantiqiy elementining rostlik jadvali yordamida ishlash printsipini ko’rish mumkin:
Va-emas” mantiqiy elementining rostlik jadvali yordamida ishlash printsipini ko’rish mumkin:
5. “Yoki-emas” mantiqiy elementini Pirs strelkasi deb ham yuritiladi, u inventorlangan “yoki”ni amalga oshiradi, sxematik ko’rinishi quyidagicha: 5. “Yoki-emas” mantiqiy elementini Pirs strelkasi deb ham yuritiladi, u inventorlangan “yoki”ni amalga oshiradi, sxematik ko’rinishi quyidagicha: “Yoki-emas” mantiqiy elementining rostlik jadvali yordamida uning ishlash printsipini ko’rish mumkin:
“Yoki-emas” mantiqiy elementining rostlik jadvali yordamida uning ishlash printsipini ko’rish mumkin:
6. “Birortasi, lekin hammasi emas”
6. “Birortasi, lekin hammasi emas”
mantiqiy elementning Bul ifodasi
Uning sxematik ko’rinishi quyidagicha:
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mantiqiy elementining ishlash printsipi quyidagicha

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mantiqiy elementining ishlash printsipi quyidagicha
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Bog'liq Mavzu Ikkilik mantiqiy elementlar-azkurs.orgmantiqiy elementining ishlash printsipi quyidagicha:
mantiqiy elementining ishlash printsipi quyidagicha:
7. “Birortasi, lekin hammasi emasga yo’l qo’ymaydigan” 7. “Birortasi, lekin hammasi emasga yo’l qo’ymaydigan” Mantiqiy elementning Bul ifodasi: (AB) =AB Uning sxematik ko’rinishi quyidagicha: mantiqiy elementining ishlash printsipi quyidagicha:
mantiqiy elementining ishlash printsipi quyidagicha:
sxemani mantiq qonunlari yordamida soddalashtirib, tuzilgan sxema
Mantiqiy elementlarning shartli belgilanishi, rostlik jadvallari va Bul ifodalari elektrotexnika sohasidagi real masalalarni yechishda juda qo‘l keladi.
Har qanday fikrlar algebrasi formulasini “inkor - ¬”, “va - ”, “yoki – ” amallari orqali yozish mumkin, buning uchun “implikatsiya - →”, “ekvivalentlik - ~” dan qutilish qoidalarini qo‘llash yetarli.
¬, va V amallaridan iborat formulaga mos paralel va ketma-ket ulash qoidalariga asoslangan sxemalar tuzish mumkin va aksincha, ixtiyoriy raqamli sxemaga mos ¬, va V amallaridan foydalanib, Bul formulasini tuzish mumkin.
2. Ikkilik mantiqiy elementlarining qo‘llanilishi.
Agar biror bir murakkab sxema berilgan bo‘lsa, unga mos formulani yoyib, mantiq qonunlariga asosan soddalashtirib, soddalashgan formulaga mos sxemani qayta tuzilsa, hosil bo‘lgan soddalashgan sxema boshlang‘ich sxemaning vazifasini bajaradi. Agar biror bir murakkab sxema berilgan bo‘lsa, unga mos formulani yoyib, mantiq qonunlariga asosan soddalashtirib, soddalashgan formulaga mos sxemani qayta tuzilsa, hosil bo‘lgan soddalashgan sxema boshlang‘ich sxemaning vazifasini bajaradi.
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Mavzu: Axborot texnologiyalari strategiyasi

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Make yourself clear - Legal Issues in e-commerce

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Remember your jurisdiction
Often e-commerce transcends boundaries of multiple nations. Therefore, if the website is
selling in EU, it is bound by EU rules. But if it is handling the customers of some other
nation, the rules change. As a seller, the website must take extra care that the tax laws
are not violated for a particular country while selling goods to a national of that country.
Privacy matters
A lot of personal information is accepted and provided on the e-commerce websites. This
data ranges from personal data to credit/debit card details. One should not fall into the
trap of thinking that all business information taken from millions of customers and
suppliers is simply personal data.
Comply with the rules on sending
A website should not send direct marketing emails to individuals who have agreed to
receive it from you by directly opting in. Also, it needs to provide an option of subscribing
or unsubscribing, so that individual can toggle between their
choice of receiving and
refusing the periodic advertisement email.
“Va” mantiqiy elementini ba’zan “hammasi yoki hech narsa” elementi deb ham yuritiladi

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“Va” mantiqiy elementini ba’zan “hammasi yoki hech narsa” elementi deb ham yuritiladi
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Bog'liq Mavzu Ikkilik mantiqiy elementlar-azkurs.org1.“Va” mantiqiy elementini ba’zan “hammasi yoki hech narsa” elementi deb ham yuritiladi. 1.“Va” mantiqiy elementini ba’zan “hammasi yoki hech narsa” elementi deb ham yuritiladi. Agar zanjirda A va B kalitlar ketma-ket ulangan bo‘lsa, u holda C zanjirda lampa yonishi uchun A va B kalitlarning ikkalasi ham yopilishi kerak, ya’ni А=1 va В=1 bo’lishi kerak. Kon’yunktsiya xuddi shu xossalarga ega. Demak, “va” mantiqiy elementining ishlash printsipi kon’yunktsiya bilan bir xilda ekan. “Va” mantiqiy elementining sxematik tasvirida ikkita kirish, bitta chiqish bo’lib, u quyidagicha: “Va” mantiqiy elementi uchun kiritilgan belgilash A va B kirish signallari “va” mantiqiy funktsiyasi bilan bog‘langan bo‘lib, chiqishda Y signal paydo bo‘ladi” deb o‘qiladi.
“Va” mantiqiy elementining sxematik tasvirida ikkita kirish, bitta chiqish bo’lib, u quyidagicha: “Va” mantiqiy elementi uchun kiritilgan belgilash A va B kirish signallari “va” mantiqiy funktsiyasi bilan bog‘langan bo‘lib, chiqishda Y signal paydo bo‘ladi” deb o‘qiladi.
Ushbu tasdiqning qisqartirilgan ifodasi Bul ifodasi deyiladi. Bul ifodasi – universal til bo‘lib, injenerlar va texnik xodimlar tomonidan raqamli texnikada keng qo‘llaniladi.
2.“Yoki” mantiqiy elementini ba’zan “hech bo‘lmasa birortasi yoki hammasi” deb ham yuritiladi. 2.“Yoki” mantiqiy elementini ba’zan “hech bo‘lmasa birortasi yoki hammasi” deb ham yuritiladi. Oddiy o‘chirib-yoqgichlar yordamida “yoki” mantiqiy elementining ishlash printsipini quyidagicha tushuntirish mumkin: C zanjirda A va B kalitlar parallel ulangan bo‘lsa, “yoki” mantiqiy elementi ishlaydi:
Chizmadan ko’rinadiki, kalitlarning hech bo‘lmaganda bittasini yoki ikkalasini ham yopganda L1 lampa yonadi.
“Yoki” mantiqiy elementi sxematik ko’rinishi quyidagicha:
“Yoki” mantiqiy elementi sxematik ko’rinishi quyidagicha:
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Bu amaliyotga minimallashtirish deyiladi

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Bu amaliyotga minimallashtirish deyiladi
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Bog'liq Mavzu Ikkilik mantiqiy elementlar-azkurs.orgBu amaliyotga minimallashtirish deyiladi. Sintez. Mantiqiy sxemalarning sintezi masalasi quyidagi 3 ta bosqichdan iborat:
Sintez. Mantiqiy sxemalarning sintezi masalasi quyidagi 3 ta bosqichdan iborat:
1) berilgan fizikaviy ma`lumotlar bo’yicha biror matematik ifoda (tenglama, formula) tuziladi va minimallashtiriladi;
2) minimallashtirilgan matematik ifodaning qandaydir funktsiyani bajaruvchi sxemasi chiziladi;
3) hosil qilingan sxema biror vazifani bajaruvchi haqiqiy sxemaga aylantiriladi.
3.Mantiqiy sxemalarda analiz va sintez masalalari.
Analiz. Analiz masalasi – bu ikkinchi bosqichning teskarisi hisoblanadi, Analiz. Analiz masalasi – bu ikkinchi bosqichning teskarisi hisoblanadi, ya`ni berilgan mantiqiy sxema bo’yicha matematik ifodani tuzish va tadqiq qilish. Bizni bu uchta bosqichdan ikkinchisi ko’proq qiziqtiradi. Shuning uchun har doim sintez masalasini yechishda biror mantiqiy funktsiya berilgan bo’ladi, maqsad chiqishda berilgan mantiqiy funktsiya α ning vazifasini bajaruvchi mantiqiy zanjir sxemasini tuzishdan iborat. Bundan keyin mantiqiy zanjir sxemasi deganda „va“, „yoki“, „emas“ Bul algebrasi bazislari orqali hosil qilingan sxemani tushunamiz.
4.Mantiqiy formulalarni soddalashtirish
Minimallashtirishning jadval (grafik) usullari.
Mukammal diz’yunktiv normal shakllarni minimallashtirishda Bul ifodalarida bir-biriga qo’shni hadlarni topish va bu hadlarni birlashtirish katta mehnat talab qiladi. Bu esa soddalashtirishda analitik usulning kamchiligi hisoblanadi.
Amaliyotda mantiq funktsiyalarini minimallashtirish uchun mantiqiy o’zgaruvchilar soni kamroq bo’lsa, jadval usuli birmuncha qulay hisoblanadi.
Jadval usulining ustunligi:
1) birlashtiriladigan hadlarni izlash oson;
2) topilgan hadlarni birlashtirish oson;
3) funktsiyaning barcha minimal shakllarini topish mumkin.
http://azkurs.org
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Impact of technology on IPR

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Contracts in E-Commerce
For a contract to be valid there has to be an offer, acceptance and valid consideration. In
an ecommerce business most of the
contracts are online, where the user of the website
‘clicks to accept’ the terms and conditions/ subscription / pricing and the like.
One of the premise of the Information Technology Act (IT Act)
was to provide legal
recognition to electronic records and digital signatures, which in turn facilitates conclusion
of contracts and creation of legal rights and obligations through electronic communication.
While the ‘offer’ and ‘consideration’
CBI V MOHAMMED FEROZ CASE

17
They credited false identities and e-mail addresses for the same. According to the CBI,
they had hacked websites and obtained 1,500 credit card numbers, which they used to
buy air tickets. They operated through cyber cafes and often gave fictitious names and
also gave credit card numbers for payment of tickets. The four Nigerians would be
prosecuted under law of the land.
NIGERIAN 419 SCAM WEST BENGAL CASE
India saw the registration of its first Nigerian 419 case in the year 2003. 419 stands for
the provision of cheating under the Nigerian Penal Code. This case was registered by
CID in West Bengal. The 419 Nigerain scam claimed numerous victims from various age
groups and different strata of society and have included mature and well educated people
apart from youngsters.
Web Application compliance

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Installation of strong source code reviewer, web application firewalls &
proper use of
applications that are automated are some of the prerequisites for web application
compliance.
What has been the effectiveness of compliances so far?
First, it has helped in knowing the authenticity of the merchant & buyer.
Second, it has ensured that all the records of the transactions
are tracked properly
giving more trust in an e-commerce transaction to the buyer
Third, it has ensured that the merchant does not misuse the information that he has
gathered about the buyer. Also it ensures that personal details are also not divulged to a
3
rd
party
Lastly, threats & logs have been properly managed.
Outlook on how legal & ethical compliance can be used for business advantage
The below writ up focusses on how legal & ethical compliance can be used for business
advantage. It also enables systems and networks decision makers in applications and
services that enable the business.
Business Case for Compliance
The rights of organizations and individuals are protected by a set of laws and regulations.
However, when these rights of individuals are infringed, others become liable. Therefore,
it is incumbent upon organizations to take necessary steps to protect their own rights in
business. This makes them install appropriate procedures and policies in place to prevent
the rights of another from getting infringed.
In 2005, the British Standards Institute and the E-business Regulatory Alliance carried
out a survey of 200 organizations which were randomly selected. This survey helped in
identifying the most important business drivers which are
needed for compliance with
relevant IT laws and regulations. By far the most popular response was customer
confidence and trust. Reputation and brand came a close second. Interestingly,
Compliance was rated fifth.
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The result was not surprising. This suggests that organizations cannot do business with
customers ignoring rules and regulations. The following are some of the benefits due to
enhanced legal and ethical compliance that can act as a business advantage.
STAMPSOFINDIA.COM CASE - Legal Issues in e-commerce

16
FRAUDULENT JOB WEBSITE CASE
In this case, the CBI was successful in nabbing a person
who put up a job website
promising the applicants to give them lucrative jobs in the IT industry in different countries.
In this manner, he collected huge amount of money from unsuspecting citizens promising
to send them abroad. Further he used forged letters from High Commissions to convince
the unsuspecting citizens and for his fraudulent endeavors.
SURFACETRANSPORTOFINDIA.COM CASE
In June2001 the Delhi police booked a Delhi based software company for projecting its
website as the official website of a Union Government Ministry. The company had
allegedly misused the official emblem on its site www.surfacetransportofindia.com. Apart
from misusing the emblem, the software company collected the money from unsuspecting
netizens on the pretext of hiring them for opening traffic
control centers through the
country. The company started allegedly publishing its plans to open cyber booths
throughout the country. It collected Rs.7,500 from individuals for recruiting them as district
managers, by masquerading as a Government agency on the Internet and in the first six
weeks of its operations, collected Rs. 58 lakhs from netizens.
part of the valid contract requirements can be

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Comparison of Contract terms under Indian law, Model law &
ITB
Online Contracts
–
Validity
Indian Law:
Indian law mandates that only some contracts need to be in writing. So it means that
contracts could be oral or it could be an online contract as well.
Thus these kinds of oral
& online contracts are completely valid under
the Indian law
Information technology Bill:
The ITB deals with the validity of online contracts in same as the model law. If there is
no disagreement by any of the parties the online contract
by means of exchange of
electronic messages is deemed as valid
Online Contracts
–
Formation
Indian law:
Like the communication is complete when it reaches the desired person, the validity of
the online contract is complete only when it reaches the offeree under the Indian law
Legal Issues in e-commerce - bet 16

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Compliance, Enforcement mechanism and its effectiveness
There are various issues in the e
–
commerce industry that needs to be addressed. To
tackle
all these challenges, it requires proper compliance & enforcement of the same.
There are lots of international organizations that try to enforce the law. The following are
some of the organizations & the mechanisms that are followed for enforcement of legal
measures in the e-commerce industry
PCI Compliance
The main component for an e-commerce transaction is either a credit card/debit card/gift
cards via the internet. This is the place where lots of security threats are inherent in the
system. The PCI industry has established a compliance standard known as PCI-DSS.
Any merchant who takes payment through a credit/debit card has to comply with PCI rules
& regulations. If a merchant is specifically storing the credit/debit card data with him then
he has to further sign an agreement under the PCI data security standard.
Specifically, if a merchant accepts payment from American Express, VISA, MasterCard
& other international debit/credit cards it is mandatory to be a part of PCI compliance.
There are a variety of merchant accounts that involved in
a transaction such as the
merchant website, the merchant financial account & the merchant itself. All these
normally comply with the PCI rules.
Technology Compliance & SSL Compliance
All the e-commerce transactions are recorded by a server of the seller.
Hence server
compliance is mandated by law & law directs the payment
card industry to ensure
technology compliance as a part of maintaining data security. Further,
the SSL
compliance requires that a merchant obtains a separate
IP address maintains proper
records & uses a recent browser for a transaction.
Legal Issues in e-commerce - bet 20

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Role of Business/Industry Associations in promoting legal
awareness and protecting from exploitation
Security of the consumer has been a major concern in the e-commerce segment. The
security aspect is not only limited to the financial transactions
but is extended to
unforeseen divulging of information such as email address, personal contact details etc.
There are other data that a host vendor website could collect passively such as the
routine/pattern of the consumer buying. This typically leads to sending bulk SMS, direct
calling to consumer & theft on financial details. The role of organizations & various
industries is very critical at this juncture to ensure that law is enforced properly. There
are various regulations, awareness programs run by various industry associations such
as FTC, Industry retailers associations, payment card industry etc.
The government of
various countries has also established specific institutions for tacking the issues related
to e-commerce transactions.
Different International government Associations are as follows:
International Consumer Protection & Enforcement Network
APEC Electronic Commerce Steering Group
Econsumer.gov
National
Cyber Security Alliance
Stop Think Buy
Other organizations which play a key role in legal issues related to e-commerce
are Stop Think Connect,
Stay Safe online, Digital Business & Digital Europe to
quote a few.
Roles of the organizations
Various roles of organizations are listed below.
Standardizing Regulations
The organizations have mandated the vendors to be compliant to the country of origin &
the country of the buyer. However, there are certain discrepancies such as regulations
being liberal in the country of origin compared to the country of the buyer. But these
27
organizations have ensured that everyone involved in a transaction is under the purview
of the corresponding country laws.
Ikkinchi Bosqich - Mavzu: Axborot texnologiyalari strategiyasi

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Mavzu: Axborot texnologiyalari strategiyasiBog'liq Axborot texnologiyalari strategiyasiIkkinchi Bosqich
Tashkilotning axborot havfsizligi shiyosati loyiqasini ishlab chiqish.
Siyosatni ishlab chiqishda kuyidagi asosiy qoidalarga rioya kilish talab etiladi:
— siyosat amaldagi qonunchilikka va davlat standartlari talablagariga to’liq mos
bulishi lozim;
— Siyosat matnida ikki tomonlama talqin kilishga imkon bermaydigan aniq va bir
manoli jumlalar bulishi lozim.
Uuman olganda, siyosat axborot tizimlari va axborot xavfsizligi vositalarini
amalga oshirishda wa ulardan foydalanisda, shuningdek ma'lumot almashish va
ahborotni qayta ishlash operatsialarini bajarishda foydalanuvchilar, ma'murlar va
boshka mutahassislarning talab kilinadigan hatti-qaratlari túǵrisida aniq tasawvur
berishi kerak.
Siyosat — bu tashkilotning barcha manfaatdor tomonlariga cheklovlarsiz
taqdim etilishi mumkin bulgan ommaviy ójjjat.
Uchinchi bosqich
Tashkilotning axborot havfsizligi siyosatini muvofiqlashtirish va amalga
oshirish.
Izinziswa kwezi Shu bilan birga, tasdiqlangan siyosatni tulik amalga oshirish
uchun anik sanalar va ijrochilar bilan siyosatni amalga oshirish búyicha tarmoq
qarakatlar rejasi ishlab chikilishi lozim.
Ushbu reja Hodimlarning lavozim tavsiflari, bulinmalar to'g'risidagi Nizom,
tashkilotning shartnomaviy (contract) majburiyatlari axborot havfsizligini
ta'minlash uchun masuliyat va majburiyatlarni uz ichiga olishi kerak.
Agar siyosat talablari tashkilotdan tashkariga chiqsa, axborot xavfsizligi
talablari uchinchi tomon tashkilotlari bilan shartnoma majburiyatlariga kiritilishi
kerak.
Axborot xavfsizligi siyosatini qayta ko’rib chiqish
— axborot havfsizligiga oid yangi normativ-dóýqýky óójjátlar va výný-óýqýkiy
óójátlarni úzgartirish va tasdiqlashda;
— configuration of the apparatus, the technology of the region, the technology of
the technology, the configuration of the apparatus, the configuration of the
apparatus;
—malumotlarini va ximoya stylishning technician vositalarining configuration wa
sozlamalarini uzgartirganda;
–axborot xavfsizligi uchun mas'ul bilgan mansabdor shahslar, foydalanuvchi va
technik hodimlarning tarkibi va majburiyatlarini uzgartirganda.
Bundan tashqari, tashkilotning axborot havfsizligi faoliyati qabul qilingan
siyosatga muvofiqligini muntazam ravishda tekshirib turishi maqsadga muvofiq
qisoblanadi.
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Windows Mobile 2003   Windows Mobile 2003 Second Edition

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Windows Mobile 2003 Windows Mobile 2003 Second Edition
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Windows Mobile 2003 Windows Mobile 2003 Second Edition Windows Mobile 5.0 Windows Mobile 5.0 with Messaging and Security Feature Pack Windows Mobile 6 Windows Embedded CE 6.0 Scope of License. The software is licensed, not sold. This agreement only gives you some rights to use the software. Microsoft reserves all other rights. Unless applicable law gives you more rights despite this limitation, you may use the software only as expressly permitted in this agreement. In doing so, you must comply with any technical limitations in the software that only allow you to use it in certain ways. You may not
work around any technical limitations in the software;
reverse engineer, decompile or disassemble the software, except and only to the extent that applicable law expressly permits, despite this limitation;
make more copies of the software than specified in this agreement or allowed by applicable law, despite this limitation;
publish the software for others to copy;
rent, lease or lend the software; or
use the software for commercial software hosting services.
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INSTALLATION AND USE RIGHTS. You may install and use one copy of the software on each computer on your premises that you use to exchange data and software with portable devices powered by a Microsoft

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INSTALLATION AND USE RIGHTS. You may install and use one copy of the software on each computer on your premises that you use to exchange data and software with portable devices powered by a Microsoft
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bet | 2/6 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 135,17 Kb. | | #15714 |
INSTALLATION AND USE RIGHTS. You may install and use one copy of the software on each computer on your premises that you use to exchange data and software with portable devices powered by a Microsoft operating system. This software product is designed for use with computers operating on any one of the following Microsoft operating systems: Windows 2000 Service Pack 4; Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1; Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 for Itanium-based Systems; Windows Server 2003, Standard x64 Edition; Windows XP Home Edition; Windows XP Professional Edition; Windows XP Media Center Edition; Windows XP Professional x64 Edition; Windows XP Service Pack 1; Windows XP Service Pack 2; Windows XP Tablet PC Edition. This software product is compatible with the following portable device operating systems:
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar
Bosh sahifa
INSTALLATION AND USE RIGHTS. You may install and use one copy of the software on each computer on your premises that you use to exchange data and software with portable devices powered by a Microsoft
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Export Restrictions - Microsoft software license terms

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Microsoft software license terms
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bet | 5/6 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 135,17 Kb. | | #15714 |
Export Restrictions. The software is subject to United States export laws and regulations. You must comply with all domestic and international export laws and regulations that apply to the software. These laws include restrictions on destinations, end users and end use. For additional information, see www.microsoft.com/exporting. SUPPORT SERVICES. Because this software is “as is,” we may not provide support services for it. Entire Agreement. This agreement, and the terms for supplements, updates, Internet-based services and support services that you use, are the entire agreement for the software and support services.
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Applicable Law - Microsoft software license terms

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Microsoft software license terms
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bet | 6/6 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 135,17 Kb. | | #15714 |
Applicable Law. United States. If you acquired the software in the United States, Washington state law governs the interpretation of this agreement and applies to claims for breach of it, regardless of conflict of laws principles. The laws of the state where you live govern all other claims, including claims under state consumer protection laws, unfair competition laws, and in tort. Outside the United States. If you acquired the software in any other country, the laws of that country apply. Legal Effect. This agreement describes certain legal rights. You may have other rights under the laws of your country. You may also have rights with respect to the party from whom you acquired the software. This agreement does not change your rights under the laws of your country if the laws of your country do not permit it to do so. Disclaimer of Warranty. The software is licensed “as-is.” You bear the risk of using it. Microsoft gives no express warranties, guarantees or conditions. You may have additional consumer rights under your local laws which this agreement cannot change. To the extent permitted under your local laws, Microsoft excludes the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement. Limitation on and Exclusion of Remedies and Damages. You can recover from Microsoft and its suppliers only direct damages up to U.S. $5.00. You cannot recover any other damages, including consequential, lost profits, special, indirect or incidental damages.
This limitation applies to
anything related to the software, services, content (including code) on third party Internet sites, or third party programs; and
claims for breach of contract, breach of warranty, guarantee or condition, strict liability, negligence, or other tort to the extent permitted by applicable law.
It also applies even if Microsoft knew or should have known about the possibility of the damages. The above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you because your country may not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental, consequential or other damages.
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BACKUP COPY. You may make one backup copy of the software. You may use it only to reinstall the software

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BACKUP COPY. You may make one backup copy of the software. You may use it only to reinstall the software
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bet | 4/6 | Sana | 22.07.2021 | Hajmi | 135,17 Kb. | | #15714 |
BACKUP COPY. You may make one backup copy of the software. You may use it only to reinstall the software. DOCUMENTATION. Any person that has valid access to your computer or internal network may copy and use the documentation for your internal, reference purposes. TRANSFER TO A THIRD PARTY. The first user of the software may transfer it and this agreement directly to a third party. Before the transfer, that party must agree that this agreement applies to the transfer and use of the software. The first user must uninstall the software before transferring it separately from the device. The first user may not retain any copies.
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Axborot xavfsizligi siyosatini ishlab chiqish bosqichlari

— Axborot havfsizligining taqdidlari va zaifliklari uchun tashkilot web-site taqlil
kilinadi;
— tashkilot ҳududi, perimeter va binolarining jismoniy ҳimoya kilishni ta'minlash
bo’yicha amalga oshirilgan chora-tadbirlar taxlil kilinadi, yani havfsizlik tizimi,
kirishni boshkarish vositalari, yong’in havfsizligi tizimlari va boshqalar;
— súqbat orqali tashkilot hodimlarining tashkilotda irnatilgan axborot havfsizligi
qoidalari túǵrisida habardorligi báqolanadi;
— Tashkilotning axborot va moddiy resurslarini turkumlash va inventory qilish
taxlili amalga oshiriladi.
Vazirligi muhammad al-xorazimiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti kiberxavfsizlik fakulteti

Kirish
Operatsion tizimlarning ishini oprganishda
asosiy tushunchalardan biri
boplib, ustida tizim aniq amallar bajaradigan asosiy dinamik ob’ektlar
sifatida
olinadigan jarayonlar xisoblanadi. OT tushunchasini
qarab optganimizda, biz
Koppincha “dastur” va “topshiriq” sopzlarini Kopp ishlatdik. Masalan,
xisoblash
tizimi bitta yoki bir nechta dasturni bajaradi, OT topshiriqni rejalashtiradi, dasturlar
ma’lumotlar almashadi va xokazo. Biz bu sopzlarni umumiy xolda ishlatdik va siz
xar bir aniq xolda nimani tushunayatganingizni taxminan tasavvur qilar edik. Ammo
bir xil sopzlar xar xil xolatda masalan, xisoblash tizimi ishlov bermaydigan statik
xolatdagi ob’ektlarni xam (masalan, diskdagi fayllar) va ijro jarayonidagi boplgan
dinamik xolatdagi ob’ektlarni xam bildirar edi. Bu xolat OT lar umumiy xossalari
topgprisida gapirganimizda, ya’ni uning ichki qurilmalari va opzini tutishiga e’tibor
berilmagan xolatda mumkin edi. Ammo endi zamonaviy kompyuter tizimlari ishini
detallashgan
xolda
oprganganimizda
biz
amallarni(terminologiyani)
aniqlashttirishimizga topgpri keladi.“Dastur ” va “topshiriq” terminallari statik, faol
boplmagan(neaktivniy) ob’ektlarni tavsiflash uchun ishlatiladi.
Dastur esa,
bajarilish
jarayonida dinamik, faol ob’ektga aylanadi.
Uning ishlashi borasida
kompyuter turli komandalarga ishlov beradi va
opzgaruvchilar qiymatlarini
opzgartiradi. Dastur bajarilishi uchun, OT ma’lum son operativ xotira ajratishi, unga
kiritish chiqarish qurilmalarni va fayllarni bogplashi, ya’ni butun xisoblash tizimi
resurslari xisobidan ma’lum qismini rezervlab qopyishi kerak.
Ularning soni va
konfiguratsiyasi vaqt optishi bilan opzgarishi mumkin. Bunday kompyuter tizimlari
ichidagi faol ob’ektlarni tavsiflash uchun “dastur” va “topshiriq” terminlari oprnmga
yangi “jarayon” terminini ishlatamiz.
Holatlarni qayta ishlovchilar - O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi buxoro davlat universiteti...

O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi buxoro davlat universiteti fizika –matematika fakulteti
Mavzu JavaScript orqali Web sahifa elementlari bilan ishlash yo-fayllar.org
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Bosh sahifa
Aloqalar Bosh sahifa O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi buxoro davlat universiteti fizika –matematika fakulteti
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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati

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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati
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bet | 14/14 | Sana | 11.12.2023 | Hajmi | 59,55 Kb. | | #116080 |
Bog'liq Mavzu JavaScript orqali Web sahifa elementlari bilan ishlash yo-fayllar.orgFoydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati:
1. Karimov I.A. Yuksak malakali mutaxassislar –taraqqiyot omili. Т., O’zbekiston,
1995 y, 30 – 31 b.
2. Sh.F. Madraximov va boshqalar, Informatika va programmalash, Toshkent-
2005.
3. “Интернет технологияси” фани бўйичаамалий машғулотларни ўтказиш
учун ўқув-услубий
қўлланма. I-семестр.
4. С.Л.Эшқобилов. Интернет – ахборот қидирув. Т–“Фан” нашриёти, 2006й.
5. S.K.Ro’zimov. Kompyuter savodxonligi. Т – “Fan” nashriyoti, 2006y.
6. M.M.Aripov, J.U.Muxammadiyev. Informatika. Informatsion texnologiyalar.
Darslik. Т, 2006y.
7. М.М.Арипов ва бошқалар. Информатика. Ахборот технологиялари.
Тошкент, TДТУ,
2002й.
8. О.П.Ильина, Информационные технологии. С-Петербург, 2002.
9.
Компьютерные
технологии
обработки
информации.
Под
ред.С.В.Назарова. M., Финансы и
статистика,.2001й.
10. Интернет с нуля. Под редакцией Н.Домина. M. Учебное пособие - 2006й.
11. Castro Elizabeth. HTML 4 for the World Wide Web. Berkeley: Press, 1998
http://fayllar.org
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O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi buxoro davlat universiteti fizika –matematika fakulteti - bet 4

ushbu yozishni amalga oshiradi, close() usuli hujjatga yozish oqimini yopadi.
6
xarakterlash mumkin. SHaxsan, JavaScript da dasturlashda ushbu holatlarni qayta
ishlovchi vositalar mavjud. Naprimer, button tipidagi obyekt bilan (INPUT
konteyneri bilan button - "Tugma") click holati amalga oshishi mumkin, ya’ni
foydalanuvchi tugmani bosishi mumkin. Buning uchun INPUT konteyneri atributi
click holatni - onClick holatiga kengaytirgan. Ushbu atribut qiymati sifatida
HTML hujjat muallifi tomonidan JavaScript da tuzilgan holatni qayta ishlovchi
dastur ko’rsatiladi:
bir bor bosing');">
Holatlarni qayta ishlash jarayonlari ularning holatlari bilan bog’liq
konteynerlarda ko’rsatiladi. Masalan, BODY konteyneri butun hujjatning
xususiyatini aniqlaydi, shuning uchun butun hujjatni yopishni qayta ishlovchi holat
onLoad atributining qiymati sifatida BODY konteyneri ichida beriladi.
Izoh .
Qat’iy aytish mumkinki, har bir brauzur, Internet Explorer,
Netscape Navigator yoki Opera da bo’lganidek, uzining obyektli modeliga ega.
Turli brauzerlar obyektli modellari (hatto bittasining turli versiyalari) bir biridan
farqlanadi, lekin mantiqiy tarkibi bir hilda bo’ladi.
HTML-hujjatga kodni joylashtirish

18
Endi Java S ning 1.1 versiyasidan boshlab ishlash mumkin bo’lgan Image
ob’ektini ko’rib chiqamiz. (ya’ni netscape navigator 3.0 bilan). Image ob’ekti
yordamida siz Web saxifangizga grafik obrazlar bilan o’zgartirishlar kiritishingiz
mumkin. Bu bizga qisman multiplikatstiya yaratish imkonini beradi. Shuni
eslatamizki, foydalanuvchilar brauzerlarning eski versiyalari orkali ushbu qismda
keltirilgan skriptlarda foydalana olmaydi. (Netscape Navigator yoki Internet
Exproler 3.0 kabi). Yoki yaxshi holatda ham ulardan to’la effekt olib bo’lmaydi.
Keling dastlab Java S da Web saxifaga tasvirni qanday qilib joylashtirishni
ko’rib chiqamiz. Biz ko’rayotgan tilda tasvir massiv ko’rinishda beriladi. Massiv
bu image deb nomlanadi va document ob’ektining asoslaridan biri xisoblanadi.
Web saxifadagi xar bir tasvir tartib raqamiga ega: 1-tasvir 0 raqamini, 2-esa 1 va x
k kabi raqamlarni oladi. Shu tariqa 1-tasvirga biz document.image[0] deb murojaat
qilishimiz mumkin. Html dokumentdagi har bir tasvir Image ob’ekti o’zining aniq
bir xususiyatiga egaki, qaysiki Java S tilidan unga murojaat qilish mumkin.
Masalan, siz uning xususiyatlaridan width va height lar orqali tasvirning
o’lchamini aniqlashingiz mumkin. Ya’ni document.image[0].width yozuv orqali
Web saxifadagi tasvirning kengligini aniqlashingiz mumkin(nuktalarda). Baxtga
qarshi, barcha tasvirning indekslarini o’zgartirib turish qiyin kechadi, ayniqsa agar
bir saxifangizda ular yetarli ko’p bo’lsa. Ushbu muammo tasvirlarga o’zining
shaxsiy nomini belgilash orqali ham bo’ladi. Demak, agar siz tasvirni ushbu teg
orqali
kiritsangiz
u
holda
siz
unga
document.myimage
yoki
document.images[“myimage”] deb yozish bilan murojaat qilishingiz mumkin.
Kodni HTML-sahifaga joylashtirish

7
- vstavka (SCRIPT konteyneri).
JavaScript bo’yicha qo’llanmalarda JavaScript ni qo’llanilishi SCRIPT
konteyneri orqali beriladi. Ammo dasturlash nuqtainazari bo’yicha bu to’la to’g’ri
emas, ushbu tartib quyidagi savolga javob bermaydi: JavaScript-kod boshqaruvni
qanday qo’lga kiritadi? Ya’ni JavaScriptda yozilgan va HTML hujjatga
joylashtirilgan dastur qanday bajariladi.
HTML hujjat muallifining malakasi va bilim darajasiga qarab JavaScript
ning bir nechta usullaridan foydalanishi mumkin.
JavaScript ning URL-sxemasi
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) sxemasi - bu Web-texnologiyaning asosiy
elementlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Web da har bir axborot resursi o’zining unikal
URLiga ega. URL A konteynerning HREF atributida, IMG konteynerning SRC
atributida, FORM konteynerining ACTION atributida va boshqalarda beriladi.
Barcha URL muloqot protokoli turiga qarab turli qismlarga bo’linadi, masalan,
FTP-arxivga bog’lanish uchun ftp sxema qo’llaniladi, Gopher-arxivga bog’lanish
uchun - gopher sxemadan foydalaniladi, elektron pochtani jo’natish uchun - smtp
sxemadan foydalaniladi. Sxema turi URL ning birinchi komponentasi orqali
aniqlanadi:
http://intuit.ru/directory/page.html
Ushbu holda URL http - bilan boshlanadi va ruxsat sxemasini (http sxema).
Gipermatnli tizimli dasturlash tilining asosiy vazifasi gipermatnli o’tishlarni
dasturlashdir. Bu shuni anglatadiki, u yoki bu gipermatnli murojaatning bosilishi
gipermatnli o’tishni amalga oshiruvchi dasturni ishga tushuradi. Web-texnologiada
shunga o’xshash standart dasturlar sahifani yuklash dasturlari hisoblanadi.
JavaScript shu standart dasturlarni foydalanuvchi dasturiga aylantiradi. HTTP
protokol bo’yicha standart o’tishlardan farqlanish maqsadida JavaScript da alohida
URL sxema joriy etilgan:
HREF="JavaScript:JavaScript
kod">...
SRC="JavaScript:JavaScript kod">
8
Ushbu holda "JavaScript _ kod" matni JavaScript dagi gipermurojaat
bosilganda qayta ishlash dasturi hisoblanadi va keyingi holda rasimni yuklash
chog’ida qo’llanilishi keltirilgan.
Masalan, Vnimanie!!! nomli gipermatnli murojaat bosilganda ogohlantirish
oynasining
ochilishi
quyidagicha
amalga
oshiriladi:
(ochish)
HREF="JavaScript:alert(' Vnimanie!!!');"> Vnimanie!!!
submit tipidagi tugmani bosish orqali formadagi matn obyekti to’ldirilishi
quyidagicha amalga oshiriladi:
NAME=f
METHOD=post
ACTION="JavaScript:window.document.f.i.VALUE='Siz
Click tugmasini bosdingiz';void(0);">
URL da murakkab dasturlarni joylashtirish va funksiyalarni chaqirish mumkin.
SHuni
unutmaslik kerakki JavaScript ning bu sxemasi barcha brauzerlarda ham
ishlayvermaydi,
Netscape Navigator tipidagi va Internet Explorer ning to’rtinchi versiyasidan
boshlab ishlaydi.
Asinxron reaksiya - Organik kimyo

Asinxron reaksiya
Asinxron reaksiya deb, oraliq mahsulot hosil bo‘lishi bilan ikki yoki undan ortiq bosqichda boradigan reaksiyaga aytiladi:
RX + Y RY + X
reaksiya ma’lum bir aniq oraliq
mahsulot hosil bo‘lishi orqali ham borishi mumkin. Bu oraliq mahsulot Y - reagent bilan reaksiyaga kirishib oxirgi mahsulot - R-Y ni hosil qiladi. Shunday qilib yuqoridagi sxemada keltirilgan reaksiya ikki bosqichda ketishi mumkin:
I bosqich:
II bosqich:
Almashinish reaksiyasining bu ko‘rinishi amalda ikkita mustaqil reaksiyadan iborat, ularning har biri o‘zlarining boshlang‘ich va oxirgi holatlariga ega.
A
O‘tish holati nazariyasiga binoan reaksiya I bosqichidagi R-X ning dissotsiatsiyasiga ma’lum faollanish energiyasi E`A talab qilinadi va bu reaksiya B1 nuqta bilan ifodalangan o‘tish holati orqali boradi (2 rasmga qarang). Bu o‘tish holat xuddi sinxron reaksiya vaqtidagi o‘tish holat singari vujudga keladi. Erituvchi molekulasi R-X molekulasiga X gu- ruhning qarama-qarshi tomonidan hujum qiladi va dissotsiatsiyani oson- lashtiradi. Bunda erituvchi oxirgi mahsulot hosil qiladigan reaksiyaning bevosita qatnashchisi bo‘lmaydi. U energiyaga boy va elektrostatik ta’sirga oson uchrovchi karbokationni solvatlaydi, xolos. Erituvchi tomonidan solvatlatgan karbokation qarorligining kichik yoki katta bo‘- lishi va u aniq birikma (oraliq modda) vazifasini bajarib I bosqichning oxirgi mahsuloti C1 bo‘lishi mumkin. C1 oraliq moddaning (karbo- kationning) energiyasi etarli darajada katta bo‘lgani uchun u keyingi reaksiya uchun dastlabki modda vazifasini bajarishi mumkin (masalan, reaksiyaning II-bosqichi uchun). Bu reaksiya ham E2 faollanish energiyasiga ega bo‘lgan V2 oraliq holatdan o‘tishi kerak. Bu oraliq holat Y- reagentning yaqinlashib kelishi va shu bilan birga solvatlovchi erituvchi molekulasining siqib chiqarilishini xarakterlaydi.
2-Rasm. Assinxron reaksiya diagrammasi
Bu reaksiya uchun Xemmondning umumiy prinsipini quyidagicha ta’riflash mumkin:
“Agar reaksiya energiyalari deyarli teng bo‘lgan ham oraliq holat, ham oraliq mahsulot hosil bo‘lishi bilan borsa ularning bir-biriga ayla- nishi strukturaning kam o‘zgarishi bilan sodir bo‘ladi. Agar substratlar energiyasi katta bo‘lsa (ekzotermik reaksiyalar) oraliq holat strukturasi dastlabki moddalar strukturasiga, energiyalar kam bo‘lsa (endotermik reaksiyalar) oxirgi moddalar strukturasiga yaqin bo‘ladi”.
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Misollar - Organik kimyo

Misollar:
Quyida keltirilgan karboanionlar hosil bo‘lish reaksiyalari:
C6H5 CH2 CH3 + B KH C6H5 CH CH3 + BH
C6H5 CHD CH3 + B
KD
C 6H 5 CH CH 3
+ BD
C6H5 CD CH3 + BH
H
uchun tezlik konstantalarining ushbu nisbatlari topilgan: KH >> KD va KH > K1 . Bu nisbatlardan foydalanib quyidagi moddalarni ularning kislotaliligi kamayib borish qatoriga joylashtiring:
C6H5CH2COOH, C6H5CH2COOD, C6H5CHDCOOH, C6H5CHDCOOD
II BOB. O‘TISH HOLATI NAZARIYASI
Bir modda ikkinchisi bilan reaksiyaga kirishib, moddalar boshlan- g‘ich holatdan oxirgi holatga (mahsulotga) o‘tish jarayonida oraliq mahsulotlar, zarrachalar, komplekslar va h.k.lar hosil bo‘ladi. Bunday oraliq zarrachalarning hosil bo‘lishini o‘rganish ma’lum darajada reaksiyaning mexanizmini o‘rganishdir.
Masalan, quyidagi sxema bo‘yicha boruvchi nukleofil almashinish reaksiyasini ko‘rib chiqaylik:
R X + Y
Y R X
YR + X
Sxemada tasvirlangan reaksiya oraliq mahsulot hosil bo‘lmaydigan sinxron reaksiya deb ataladi.
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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar

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Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar
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bet | 10/10 | Sana | 22.12.2023 | Hajmi | 0,88 Mb. | | #126751 |
Bog'liq KURS ISHI Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
A.Abdusamatov "Organik kimyo" Toshkent "Talqin" 2005 yil.
Z. Sobirov "Organik kimyo" Toshkent "Aloqachi" 2005 yil.
Petrov A. A., Balyan H. V., Troshenko A . T. «Organicheskaya ximiya» M., 1981
Neyland O. N. «Organicheskaya ximiya» M. , 1990.
Shoymardonov R. A. «Organik kimyodan savol, masala va mashqlar» Toshkent 1996y.
R. A. Shoymardonov, B. F. Muhiddinov «Organik kimyodan testlar» Navoiy 1999y
K.N.Axmedov, X. Y.Yo`ldoshev "Organik kimyo usullari" Toshkent "Universitet" 1998 yil.
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Sinxron reaksiya - Organik kimyo

Bu jarayon bilan bir vaqtda R va X guruhlar orasidagi masofa ham ortadi. Natijada kompleksning potensial energiyasi ham ortadi. R bilan Y va R bilan X guruhlar orasidagi masofalar teng bo‘lganda (B nuqta, 1- rasmga qarang) bu energiyaning qiymati eng katta bo‘ladi. Bu nuqtada beqaror muvozanat mavjud bo‘lib, u bir xil ehtimollik bilan chapga yoki o‘nga siljishi mumkin.
Shuning uchun B nuqtani, sistemaning bu holatini o‘tish holati yoki faol (aktiv) kompleksi deyiladi.
1-Rasm.
Sinxron reaksiya diagrammasi
Reaksiya davomida sistema oxirgi holatga (C-nuqtaga) o‘tadi. Bu holatning energiyasi dastlabki holat energiyasi (A-nuqta)dan
ham kichik, ammo dastlabki holatdan oxirgi holatga kelish uchun sistema “energetik tog‘”ni (B-nuqtani) oshib o‘tishi kerak.
Yuqoridagi rasmda keltirilgan “reaksiya koordinatasi” tushunchasi dastlabki moddaning eng kam energiya sarf qilib oxirgi moddaga (mahsulotga) aylanadigan reaksiyaning eng qisqa yo‘lini bildiradi.