Qarmik Khanate

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The Qarmik or Karmik Khanate was a nomadic empire in the eastern Great Steppe that existed between 900 and 1093, when it's last khan Lemurkäg was defeated in battle against the Tai of Chunkua. The khanate arose in the post-Orgut period after Talek Khan united the Qarmiks and led them to victory against the other major steppe clans.
==Before the Liao==
===Unification And Talek Khan===
Main article: Eastern Steppe Anarchy#Qarmik Reunification
Following the collapse of the Orgut Khanate in the 840s, the Qarmiks adopted a policy of non-intervention in the continuing warring of the different steppe tribes. This continued until the 880s, when the Yatui under Tobumeg Ran invaded the Qarmiks, looting many villages and massacring thousands. In response the surviving Qarmiks allied with the Oturks and attacked the Yatui. Tobumeg was defeated and fled to the Tai Dynasty, which, experiencing internal problems, didn't assist him in anyway. Failing to the divide the lands of the defeated Yatui, the Qarmiks and Oturks became hostile. According to Chunkuaren sources, in 896, the Qarmiks defeated the Oturks in battle at Atugginnor and overan the western Oturks, who were then forced to join the growing Qarmik confederation. It is at this point that Talek Khan, the first recorded khan of the unified Qarmiks, emerged as a major leader of the tribe when he inherited rule over the Jalta Qarmiks. Talek Khan would shortly after lead campaigns to integrate the Darginn to the north and the Oluu Oturks. Due to these successful conquests, Talek was crowned Khan of the Qarmiks sometime around 900.
Having unified the Qarmiks, Talek Khan looked to expand further. In around 906 he invaded the remnnants of the Oturks and forcefully integrated them into the tribal confederation. He then vassalized the Rorand and Magadui to the north of the Qarmiks and lead campaigns into [Kazakhstan], establishing control over the Jetisu region. In 911 Talek sent a delegation of the Qarmiks to the Tai Emperor asking for official recognition of Tai tributary status over the Qarmik, which the emperor granted. A year later Talek attacked the steppe tribes east of him in hopes of subjugating them, but was defeated at the battle of Bayan and forced to turn back. The rest of Talek's reign following his defeat at Bayan is shrouded in mystery. It is believed that he may have lead campaigns to secure Jetisu and against the Western Yila and other western tribes/clans. While we aren't certain of when Talek died, it was most likely sometime around 920, as by 924 Tai records reference Goytan Khan as the ruler of the Qarmiks.
===Conflict with the Western Yila===
Tai records speak of a war between the Qarmiks and the Western Yila in 925, which started when Goytan Khan attacked the Western Yila ally of the Mengus. The war lasted two years and ended in a stalemate, though it resulted in the Mengus joining the Western Yila. In 929 Goytan campaigned in the Jetisu against the Qara-Khanids, succcesfully defeating them in multiple battles but being forced to retreat due to eastern developments. A year ealier the khan of the Western Yila had went to the Tai emperor, gaining his recognition as a tributary and an army to assist him in future conflicts. Thus in 930, while Goytan was busy, the Western Yila launched an invasion of the Oturk boundary. Goytan swiftly returned to defend the boundary but was defeated and captured in battle and forced to pay a large ransom. In 933 Goytan invaded the lands of the Tatars but turned back after threats from the Western Yila. In 935, after the death of the Western Yila khan, Goytan invaded them and destroyed their armies at the battle of Galgin Qold, freeing the involved Tai soldiers and sending a mission to Chunkua. When Goytan learned that the mission had failed to secure Tai approval of Qarmik hegemony over the Jurchen-Shiwei, he lead an expedition into northwestern Chunkua, raiding the Tatars along the way. The invasion failed to secure any meaningful results and only convinced the Tai to further support the Western Yila.
The situation in the steppe changed drastically after the Liao emperor Taizong revoked the rights of the Western Yila khans in 939. The Western Yila khan, enraged, lead a revolt against Taizong, but was soundly defeated and forced to retreat. Goytan immediately took advantage of the situation and invaded the Western Yila with full Liao support, burning down their major yurt settlements and capturing the khan, sending him to Taizong. Following this the Liao emperor agreed to recognise the conquests of the Qarmiks if they in turn recognised the authority of the Liao khans, which Goytan agreed to. The status of Liao dominance over the steppe was reaffirmed the next year by the Tai emperor [name]. But this also wouldn't last long, as in 943 the Tatars, wanting more autonomy, also rebelled against Taizong. They were soon joined by the Shiwei, Western Yila and Jurchens, whose combined armies bested and killed Taizong in battle. Witnessing this, Goytan proclaimed himself emperor of the Khitans and lead a two year long campaign against the rebels. Though victorious in many battles, Goytan was eventually forced to negotiate and accepted the rebel demands of greater autonomy in exchange for recognition of him as emperor. Goytan would reign as Liao emperor from 946 until 948, when he was assassinated by Khitan nobles who disliked a non-Khitan on the throne of the Liao. After this the Liao throne would return to the Eastern Yila line of rulers while the khanship of the Qarmiks would be taken up by Mogu Khan.
==Under the Liao Empire==
===Mogu Khan===
Upon taking over, Mogu Khan affirmed his loyalty to the new Liao emperor and relinquished all claims on the imperial throne. Starting three years later in 953 Mogu Khan lead multiple campaigns into Jetisu against the Qara-Khanids, which in total would last up until 959, though actual gains were marginal. In 962 Mogu Khan was given command of a Liao expedition into Buryatia, which he successfully commanded to victory near the north of Lake Baikal, forcing the Buryats to pay a yearly tribute to the Liao emperor. Tai records also mention a campaign into Jetisu in 964, though what it resulted in is uncertain. In 965 Mogu Khan's son Teijin Khan was made co-ruler of the Qarmiks together with Mogu Khan, probably as a measure to reduce familial infighting after Mogu Khan's passing. In 969 Mogu Khan lead one last campaign into Jetisu, defeating the Qara-Khanids in battle but once more failing to make major gains. It is believed that he passed away a few years later, making Teijin Khan the sole Qarmik khan.
===Teijin Khan and the Civil War===
Far less is known of Teijin Khan's reign, though it is belived he also lead multiple campaigns agains the Qara-Khanids. From Tai and Liao records it has been speculated that Teijin Khan may have been killed by agents of the Liao emperor for unknown reasons. Whatever the case, the next khan of the Qarmiks, Termug Khan, was chosen personally by Liao emperor Riaxong and changed his name to Liao Khan to symbolise his subservience to him. However when the new khan entered the Qarmik lands, he was captured by a Qarmik army headed by Urgü, ruler of the Qarmik Oturks. Liao Khan successfully escaped and went to Shangjing, requesting aid against the rebels from Riaxong. Riaxong personally lead the attack against the Qarmiks, who had elected Urgü's brother Bogdamir Khan as their new ruler. While the Khitans successfully defeated the rebels in multiple major battles, they were forced to agree to a truce after demands from the Tai to cease fighting. After this Riaxong went to negotiate with the Tai emperor, but was almost assassinated by Tai spies during the journey and in retaliation for the attempted murder declared war against the Tai. This allowed Bogdamir and Urgü to temporarily solidify their hold over the Qarmik Khanate, though the possibility of further Liao attacks once the larger war ended still loomed over them.
In 975 Riaxong returned with Liao Khan from his war against the Tai and immediately attacked the Qarmiks. Having prepared for this, the Oturks ambushed the Liao army multiple times, but unexpectedly failed to defeat them. Due to this the Qarmik army had to retreat further back while being constantly harassed by Riaxong's forces. After occupying the east of the Qarmik heartland, Riaxong handed the army over to Liao Khan and returned to Shangjing. Meanwhile Urgü had been killed by disgruntled Oturk soldiers, thus leaving Bogdamir as the sole person in command of the Qarmik army. In 977 Liao Khan lead a campaign against Bogdamir, but had his army routed and was forced to turn back. Sporadic fighting would continue for another year, no side making major progress. Then suddenly in late 978 Liao Khan was assassinated, leaving the Liao army in the Qarmik Khanate in disarray. This was exploited by Bogdamir, who retook the Qarmik heartland and then entered Oturk lands. Riaxong, tired of the war, invited Bogdamir for talks and in the end agreed to recognise him as khan in exchange for a heavily increased tribute. But Bogdamir wouldn't remain khan for long either, as he died of his wounds from a failed military expedition in Jetisu. He was succeeded by his son Noya Khan.
===Peak Expanse===
Noya Khan's first decision as ruler was to attack the Qara-Khoja. Qarmik armies defeated the Qara-Khoja at the Battle of Jiaohe and forced them to rout, soon after capturing their idiquit. The Qara-Khoja lost most of Kunling and were nominally made to swear fealty and pay tribute to the Liao khagan, though this was purely a symbolic move in practice. In 983 Noya lead an expedition into Jetisu, establishing multiple new forts at Isfijab, Samarkand and Jizzax after defeating the Qara-Khanids in multiple large battles. Near the end of the campaign the Qara-Khanid khan suddenly died, causing the khanate to split into multiple warlord states. Noya Khan meanwhile returned to the Qarmik heartland through Kunling and shortly after traveled north. There he firstly reconfirmed Qarmik overlordship of Rorand and Magadui and afterwards attacked the Yenisei Kyrgyz, also defeating them in battle and forcing them to swear fealty to Riaxong.
For the rest of the 980s Noya Khan would campaign in the Jetisu and the newly conquered Kunling to secure the boundaries and establish true Qarmik control over these regions. Meanwhile Liao emperor Riaxong died in 987, causing a short rebellion of the Western Yila and Tatars which was quickly crushed by the new emperor Taozong. In 991, reunified under Telmür Khan, the Qara-Khanids invaded the Qarmik Khanate and captured the outposts at Isfijab and Samarkand while laying siege to Jizzax. In response, Noya Khan marched his armies west and met Telmür's army at Talas, where he soundly defeated them and then drove them from Isfijab. Following multiple more Qarmik victories, Telmür's control over the disunified Qara-Khanid army began to crumble, forcing him to sue for peace with Noya. In 994, having stabilised his position within the Qara-Khanids, Telmür once more occupied Samarkand but failed to make it past Jizzax, being forced into another lengthy siege. After a year of sieging and reports of a coming Qarmik army, Telmür abandoned the siege and soon after agreed to pay a bi-yearly tribute to the Noya Khan.
In 996 Noya Khan lead an expedition far west into the Kimeks, who he defeated at the Battle of the Irytsh, and the Oghuz Il, who he engaged in multiple battles with, eventually culminating in the Battle of Yangikent, which ended in a draw. Then the Qarmik army went southwards and defeat Telmür Khan at Merv and Amu, obtaining the agreed upon bi-yearly tribute. After this Noya Khan once again attacked the Kimeks, forcing them to give him tribute as well. In 998 and 999 Noya lead expeditions against the Yenisei Kyrgyz and Qara-Khoja, extracting extra tribute and securing the frontiers. After twenty years of successful rule, Noya Khan died in May 1000 and was succeeded by his son Riaxong Khan.
Upon being affirmed by the clan leaders as Qarmik khan, Riaxong lead an expedition to [Samarkand] and engaged the Qara-Khanids at multiple locations. On his way back Riaxong also met with the idiquit of the Qara-Khoja to reaffirm Qarmik hegemony over Kunling and the yearly tribute, though this was for now still simply symbolic. In 1005 Riaxong participated in a campaign by Liao khagan Taarong against the Tai Dynasty which ended in the capture of Gaifeng and the Tai emperor. Riaxong, for his part in the campaign, was given command of the campaign against the Guiyi Circuit and surrounding polities. He lead the Liao armies to success in 1007, occupying the circuit and defeating the Ganzhou Uygurs and Luigu. Riaxong partook in two more Liao campaigns against the Tai in 1010 and 1012, both of which resulted in minor border readjustments and Tai recognisition of Liao control over Guiyi. Following attacks from the Qara-Khanids, Riaxong lead a campaign against them, crushing their armies brutally at Buqara. Qara-Khanid khan Telmür would finally die shortly after, resulting in the collapse of the khanate into anarchy once more. Meanwhile Riaxong died a year after returning home from the campaign and was succeeded by his grandson Taozong Khan.
Taozong Khan would embark on a westwards campaign in 1016, firstly reconfirming the Qarmik supremacy over the Qara-Khoja and then raiding the disunited Qara-Khanids, forcing the khan of Samarkand to pay a massive tribute. On his return to Taozong Khan picked out multiple sites at which permanent forts were then planned to be built. In 1021 Taozong Khan took part as a general in a short campaign against the Tai. Due to the ever increasing focus of the Liao khans on Chunkua, the lands north of the Liao river were transferred to Qarmik oversight upon the ascension of emperor Muzong in 1023. The former Liao capital of Shangjing was made into the permanent capital of the Qarmik Khanate by Taozong after the transfer, though in practice the Qarmik court would remain a moving one. Taozong would spend the next four years confirming his status as governor of the north with the Jurchen-Shiwei and the Tatars. The Tatars at first refused to recognise his authority and sent a delegation to the Liao emperor on the matter, but the delegation was kidnapped by Taozong's men, which lead to the Tatars waging war against the Qarmiks. The war lasted two years and ended with the capture of the khan of the Tatar Confederation by Qarmik armies, at which point the Tatars agreed to submit to Taozong's governorate.
In 1029 Taozong embarked south with the Liao emperor on a campaign into central Chunkua to capture everything up to the Yangtze. The campaign lasted until 1032 and ended inconclusively as the Liao failed to make major progress against the Tai army and were eventually forced to turn back due to a lack of supplies. Taozong would die in Shangjing on his way back to the Qarmik heartland, whereupon he was succeeded by his son Taarong Khan. Seeing this as a possible sign of weakness, the Tatars declared themselves free of Qarmik governance and send another delegation to the Liao emperor which this time made it to Zhongjing safely. Emperor Muzong, more focused on planning a new campaign into Chunkua, refused to decide on the matter. In the meantime, Taarong had crushed most Tatar resistance in a short campaign, thus forcing them to once more recognise Qarmik hegemony. A westwards campaign was undertaken by Taarong between 1035 and 1037, though this for the most part only reinforced the already existing Qarmik position in the region. After eight year of rule Taarong Khan died in 1040, leaving the position of Qarmik Khan to his son Noyagau Khan.
===Stagnation===
Upon the death of Taarong Khan the Tatars made another attempt at breaking free of Qarmik oversight. This lead to a three year long war as the Tatars were soon joined by the Jurches under the ambitious Yigunlai, who helped them win multiple battles against Noyagau Khan. Finally in 1043 Noyagau Khan would defeat the combined Jurchen-Tatar army in an ambush near Wulan lake. After the battle the Jurchens withdrew from the war in exchange for permission to forcably integrate the Shiwei into the Jurchen federation. Left without his ally, the Tatar khan sued for peace and agreed to recognise Noyagau Khan's authority. This war contributed to the continued growth of the Jurchen Khanate and the formation of a rivalry between them and the Qarmiks, which would come to dominate steppe politics for the next half century.
Noyagau Khan lead an expedition west to [Central Asia] in 1046, reaffirming Qara-Khoja's status and securing the border with the Qara-Khanids, who had begun to reunite. In 1048 Jurchen khan Yigunlai convinced the Tatars to again rebel with his support, fielding an army of 15 thousand to support them. This time the rebellion lasted only one year as, following a major defeat to the Jurchens, Noyagau khan agreed to let the Tatars go free along with approval for a Jurchen integration of the Western Yila. In 1051 Noyagau took part in a campaign into central Chunkua that lasted three years and ended inconclusively with major Liao losses. When the Western Yila revolted against Jurchen occupation in 1056, Noyagau Khan lead an attack on the Tatars, enforcing their loyalty, and then used his newly combined Qarmik-Tatar forces to defeat the Jurchen army, forcing the Western Yila to be restored. Noyagau died just a year later in 1057, possibly from a Jurchen spy.
He was succeeded by Huliyau Khan, who had to immediately face a Tatar uprising and Jurchen reoccupation of Western Yila. The Tatar forces, divided and disorganised, were mostly defeated and forced to rejoin the Qarmik army. But the war against the Jurchen turned into a stalemate, forcing a compromise in 1059 where the Jurchens got to take over the areas around Hulun lake but the Western Yila retained their freedom. Just the next year Huliyau made his way west to reinforce the practically meaningless Qara-Khoja's subject status and reinforce the borders against the Qara-Khanid khans, though this was also becoming more meaningless with time due to constant crossborder raids from them. 
In 1064 the khan of the Western Yila died, most likely assassinated by the Jurchens or Tatars. Due to him having no sons, the Tatar khan marched in with an army and forced the Yila chiefs to recognize him as their khan. Huliyau demanded the Tatar khan to leave Western Yila and, when he didn't, marched with an army to meet him in battle. After two victories against the Tatars the war stalemated as the Jurchens arrived to back up the Tatars. After a year of fighting Huliyau agreed to recognise the Tatar claim over the Western Yila in exchange for the Jurchens giving up Buir lake, which the khan agreed to. 
A year later Huliyau took part in a Liao campaign against the Tai dynasty, which had in the past decade began to make gains against them. The campaign lasted just 7 months and ended in a decisive loss at Binzhou, forcing the Liao emperor to pay large war reperations and return north. This failure was followed by infighting between the generals of the Liao army, allowing the Jurchens to occupy Liaodong without much resistance. Huliyau Khan, caught up in the Liao power struggle, would be severely maimed at the Battle of Zhongjing, afterwards returning home and assuming co-khanship with his son Yaetu Khan. In 1068 Huliyau once more ventured west, leaving his son to manage the east. While Huliyau reconfirmed the Qara-Khoja's status and the border with the Qara-Khanids, Yaetu had to contend with a failed Jurchen attempt to retake Buir lake and a Tatar seizure of the Liaobei, which included Shangjing. When Huliyau returned in 1070 he offered to recognise the Tatar claim in exchange for the Tatars breaking their alliance with the Jurchens, which they eventually agreed to. He died just a year later, allowing Yaetu Khan to becoming the sole Khan of the Qarmiks.
Yaetu Khan immediately had to contend with a Jurchen attack on Buir, though thanks to the alliance with the Tatars he managed to defeat them easily and even take Hulun lake. The Jurchen khan's request for peace was accepted, with the area around Hulun lake being granted to a cousin of the former Yila khan, establishing the short lived Northern Yila khanate. In 1073 he lead a short expedition west but was forced to quickly return to assist the new Liao emperor in defending against a Tai campaign. The defense, while successfully holding the Tai off for two years, eventually collapsed, allowing the Tai to capture Xijin and Datong while also forcing staggering war reperations from the Liao khagan. After this defeat the khagan would lose his legitimacy in the eyes of the nobles, resulting in another Liao civil war that the Jurchens also got involved in. During this civil war the Qara-Khoja would also seize the Guiyi Circuit from the Liao and officially break ties with the empire, which Yaetu recognised out of disinterest for the area.
In 1075 the Tai lead another expedition against the Liao, successfully defeating both cliamants to the title of khagan in battle and enforcing their own candidate, Rinzong as the new emperor. The Jurchens refused to recognise Rinzong, once more throwing the empire into a state of war. Witnessing the chaos, Yaetu Khan began to prepare an anti-Tai and anti-Jurchen campaign, but he had to give up on the idea due to news of a massive Qara-Khanid invasion. He quickly raced west but by the time he arrived the Qara-Khanids had already captured Jizzax and Isfijab, instead facing off at Taraz. The battle ended in a costly Qarmik victory and further attempts to reclaim Jizzax failed due to constant harrasement by Qara-Khanid forces. Not wanting to remain in the west for too long, Yaetu eventually agrred to conceed Jizzax and everything west of the Iaxartes river.
Meanwhile the Liao civil war had escalated into a proxy war between the Tatars and Jurchen, during which the Hulun and Buir lakes had become a battleground between the two. Upon returning east in 1078 Yaetu Khan raised an army and met with the Tatar khan, agreeing to support the Tatar candidate to the Liao emperorship. The combined armies of the Qarmiks and Tatars faced off against the Jurchens in multiple battles that culminated in the Battle for Zhongjing, which saw 18 thousand face off against 20 thousand. The battle ended in a stalemate and the war ground to a halt by 1081 with both sides severely weakened. This would have major consequences as just a year later the Tai lead a massive campaign against the disunited Liao, catching both sides off by guard and decisively defeating the Qarmik-Tatar force near the Liao river. Soon after this defeat Yaetu Khan passed away from his wounds while both of his sons had died during the battle, leaving the Qarmik succession to his cousin Lemurkäg Khan.
===Destruction of the Liao===
Upon his ascension Lemurkäg Khan immediately had to face a Tai incursion into Tatar lands which he successfully defeated at Shangjing but at high cost. Afterwards the Tai refocused on fighting the Jurchens, allowing the Qarmik-Tatar coalition to regain it's strength. But just a few months later they were suddenly attacked by the Buryats and Yenisei Kyrgyz, forcing the combined army to rush west and defeat them near lake Khövsgöl. Following this a period of peace would follow until 1085 during which the Qarmik army was rebuilt and reconsolidated in preparation for renewed Tai attacks. But unexpectedly the first attack in 1085 came in the west where the Qara-Khanids crossed the Iaxartes and occupied Isfijab, Taraz and Balasagun by the time the news reached Lemurkäg Khan. He rushed west and caught the Qara-Khanid armies at the Ili river, but the ensuing battle ended in stalemate and Lemurkäg failed to make any gains. Eventually, hearing news of Jurchen surrender in the east, he agreed to a settlement were the Qara-Khanids gained every west of the Ili.
Returning east, Lemurkäg decised to negotiate with the weakened Jurchens to end the Liao civil war. The end settlement appointed a compromise candidate as the new emperor of the Liao and designated a new borders between the Qarmiks and Jurchens as well as made plans for future succession of the Liao emperorship to prevent further conflict. After this peace treaty the two khanates began rebuilding their armies and preparing for a probable future invasion by the Tai dynasty, which was looking to completely crush the steppe khanates. In 1089 the Tai once more invaded the Liao empire, crossing the Liao river and sieging Shangjing. After a year of sieging and constant harrasement by Qarmik and Tatar forces the Tai decided to abandon the siege and instead began preparing for a larger campaign into central Menngu and Nurgan.
In 1091 the Tai launched their final campaign against the Liao empire. It began with a massive offensive against the Jurchens, capturing Weizhou, Jizhou and Huining by the end of the year. At the same time, the Qarmiks and Tatars had made multiple incursions into the Tai, raiding Zhongjing and Xijin. In response, the Tai sent a second army to fight them, engaging Lemurkäg's forces near Datong and defeating them. Lemurkäg would engage the Tai multiple more times while retreating to Shangjing, facing a large defeat at the Liao river. The Battle of Shangjing itself ended in a stalemate, allowing Lemurkäg's forces to bunker down in the city while the Tai began a three month siege of it. The siege ended in a Tai victory, killing four thousand Qarmik troops in the process and forcing Lemurkäg to retreat further north. Lemurkäg would set up camp south of the Kherlen river while the Tai army would stay at Shangjing.
The Jurchens suffered a major defeat against the Tai in early 1092 at the Heilong river which forced them to retreat furter north and destroyed the reputation of their khan. Not wanting the Jurchen to surrender to the Tai, Lemurkäg went east with half of his army to reinforce them. Just a week after he arrived at the Jurchen camp south of the Xinngun river the Tai made a surprise attack which the combined Liao army failed to hold off, retreating over the river. With many of the Jurchen nobles unwilling to fight on, Lemurkäg's army and those still loyal to the Jurchen khan travelled west and joined with the army near the Kherlen river. Meanwhile most of the Jurchen nobility sided with the Tai and joined their units with the Chunkuaren army.
The Tai would spend the rest of the year establishing basic military rule over Nurgan to consolidate their hold over it. Finally in early 1093 the Tai army from Nurgan unified with the one stationed in Shangjing and marched north to challenge the remnant Liao army. In the resulting Battle of the Kherlen River, over twelve thousand troops were killed or drowned in the river, including Lemurkäg himself, which allowed the Tai to win the battle. In the aftermath the Liao army completely disintegrated as most of the surviving Qarmik troops fled west under the brother of Lemurkäg, Tulmegey, while Jurchen khan Denugu tried to keep control of the remaining Tatar and Jurchen forces but failed. This would lead Denugu to surrender to the Tai, who at first considered keeping him as the Khan of the Jurchens but decided against it after protest from the Jurchen nobles.
Meanwhile Tulmegey would keep control of the Qarmiks until 1095, maintaining any semblence of central rule that remained after the defeat at Kherlen. He was eventually assassinated by Lemurkäg's son Noyagau who wanted to become the Qarmik khan, but he failed to secure the loyalty of all the Qarmik tribes and was himself assassinated just a year later. This left the Qarmiks in a state of chaos they would not recover from as the leaders of the different tribes began fighting eachother for the position of khan. Eventually two men, Suyi Khan and Goyan Khan would come to rule in the east and west of the khanate respectively, beginning the Eastern Qarmik and Western Qarmik Khanates respectively.