Modern Standard Vandiino Swadesh List

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971. This is a Swadesh list of Modern Standard Vandiino.
№ 	English 	Modern Standard Vandiino
1 	I (1 SG) 	ce
2 	you (2 SG) 	kje
3 	he, she, it (3 SG) 	ner, fer, dat
4 	we (1 PL) 	yyr
5 	you (2 PL) 	kja
6 	they (3 PL) 	fon
7 	this 	denn
8 	that 	dat
9 	here 	haar, liit
10 	there 	xaari, liin
11 	who 	dola, ferda, qe
12 	what 	
13 	where 	
14 	when 	
15 	how 	
16 	not 	nict
17 	all 	alles
18 	many 	monga
19 	some 	nooi, ruxxen
20 	few 	
21 	other 	nuu
22 	one 	lem
23 	two 	lam
24 	three 	lym
25 	four 	skoe
26 	five 	lom
27 	big 	grande
28 	long 	long
29 	wide 	lai
30 	thick 	
31 	heavy 	
32 	small 	klain
33 	short 	
34 	narrow 	
35 	thin 	slank
36 	woman 	kvena
37 	man (adult human male)	borra
38 	man (human being) 	
39 	child 	linta
40 	wife 	kvena
41 	husband 	borra
42 	mother 	uumanil
43 	father 	paater
44 	animal 	juur
45 	fish 	shtishk
46 	bird 	naasin
47 	dog 	farpi
48 	louse 	
49 	snake 	
50 	worm 	
51 	tree 	ripe
52 	forest 	tram*
53 	stick 	ritv
54 	fruit 	cobst
55 	seed 	meeg
56 	leaf 	laf
57 	root 	xoot
58 	bark 	
59 	flower 	blum
60 	grass 	murdu
61 	rope 	
62 	skin 	
63 	meat 	prantu
64 	blood 	
65 	bone 	luu
66 	fat 	
67 	egg 	muuna
68 	horn 	
69 	tail 	
70 	feather 	fulg
71 	hair 	
72 	head 	
73 	ear 	
74 	eye 	
75 	nose 	
76 	mouth 	
77 	tooth 	
78 	tongue (organ) 	tsung
79 	fingernail 	
80 	foot 	nogo
81 	leg 	jalg
82 	knee 	
83 	hand 	kasi
84 	wing 	
85 	belly 	
86 	guts 	
87 	neck 	
88 	back 	
89 	breast 	
90 	heart 	
91 	liver 	
92 	to drink 	drakni
93 	to eat 	aate
94 	to bite 	
95 	to suck 	
96 	to spit 	
97 	to vomit 	
98 	to blow 	
99 	to breathe 	
100	to laugh 	zanne
101	to see 	zen
102	to hear 	ruula
103	to know 	wisse
104	to think 	aane, denki, glaube
105	to smell 	
106	to fear 	hirm
107	to sleep 	shlaafe
108	to live 	leebi
109	to die 	toote
110	to kill 	toete
111	to fight 	perles
112	to hunt 	
113	to hit 	
114	to cut 	karto
115	to split 	
116	to stab 	
117	to scratch 	
118	to dig 	
119	to swim 	
120	to fly 	kuntre
121	to walk 	gaal
122	to come 	kurku
123	to lie (as in bed) 	
124	to sit 	bjend
125	to stand 	shtaa
126	to turn 	
127	to fall 	rooven
128	to give 	kila
129	to hold 	drolda*
130	to squeeze 	druki*
131	to rub 	
132	to wash 	lain*
133	to wipe 	lain*
134	to pull 	
135	to push 	
136	to throw 	
137	to tie 	
138	to sew 	
139	to count 	
140	to say 	zaage
141	to sing 	
142	to play 	miine
143	to float 	
144	to flow 	
145	to freeze 	
146	to swell 	
147	sun 	ojun
148	moon 	
149	star 	
150	water 	mul
151	rain 	sailo
152	river 	riio
153	lake 	toor
154	sea 	meer
155	salt 	
156	stone 	shtain
157	sand 	arxas
158	dust 	stoev
159	earth 	mustus, qord
160	cloud 	pilf
161	fog 	
162	sky 	giiro
163	wind 	
164	snow 	bereedo
165	ice 	iis
166	smoke 	
167	fire 	leeki
168	ash 	
169	to burn 	
170	road 	shtrais
171	mountain 	margein
172	red 	raut
173	green 	verd
174	yellow 	grejo
175	white 	viss
176	black 	sarat
177	night 	oe
178	day 	vaag
179	year 	jeer
180	warm 	zesto
181	cold 	toxt
182	full 	tais
183	new 	myy
184	old 	alte
185	good 	sic
186	bad 	qenk
187	rotten 	jazy
188	dirty 	
189	straight 	
190	round 	met*
191	sharp (as a knife) 	
192	dull (as a knife) 	
193	smooth 	siile
194	wet 	forp
195	dry 	
196	correct 	oege
197	near 	
198	far 	kavga
199	right 	oeiga
200	left 	iskerda
201	at 	paa
202	in 	imm
203	with 	-app*, -lapp*, nel
204	and 	zim
205	if 	um
206	because 	hogrunda
207	name 	jovna
*Disambiguation:
* *tram also means wood
* *drolda is closer to "to keep" or "to hold on"
* *druki is closer to "to put pressure"
* *lain is closer to "to clean"
* *met is closer to "a ball"