Psychologia

Etymologia: Skipen ye id XVIt secule ab ia hellen werds ψυχή ("atmen", "kabus") ed "λόγος" ("logos"). 
Definition: Id familiar usage os psychologia ops refert-se uni intuition ed uni tacti qua sont nel-ye scientific : in sien relations con alters, ielganghen maght also bevide we aue psychologia. Id de savant lexis psychologia hat preter kyust id part os philosophia dayir atmen, ids facultats ed ids operations, pre bihe mutalben ab un science quod eiskwt ses emancipen ed autonom, yed quos wi ziel remant difficil bestehmtu precis-ye. 
 Ivan Pavlov staht nieb oin im kwauns is nud pro sien experiments, her in 1913 in id Imperial Academia os Weirmedicin. Ива́н Петро́вич Па́влов (1849-1936) buit un Russiano mualim, is prest Russian algver unios Nobelpris, physiolog, dehtor ios science de id activitat iom superior nerves, uns physiologic scol; isghi ielgv id 1904 Medicin Nobelpris "pro sien orbats de id physiologia os digestion. 
==Ziels, methodes ed theoria in psychologia==
Sei un science defineihnt idsa ziel ed method, tun ubfallent id skehden iom ziels ios saygen "scientific" psychologia, ed bilhassa id diversitat iom methodes qua swekwehrnskwnt ei idso status os science. Taghi gwehme ender incompatible theorias, belast med philosophic schengkjiens. 
Un important deilligne dividt psychologs de id notion sulouk. Startend ex id prabhil od un suloukfact est semper un reaction (wa "response") uni extos wakya (uni "stimule"), sems aynt ir science dehlct se grance med panges ia loys sekwent-ya ta reactions mutte, rejecend-ye, mae luses sien objectivitat, cada hypothese de inner "conscience stands". Akster-ye influet ab ia wehrgs os Pavlov de id condition reflexe bi Animals, theoriset in-kap id XXt secule ab Watson (1878-1958), radicaliset bfuxiong-ye in id wehrg os Skinner (1904-1990), tod "aunatmen psychologia" dact id nam "behaviorisme" (ex US Englisch behavior = "sulouk"). Perfect-ye samstehmend con id empirisme quod dominet id anglicisanto men, id postulet od id experimental methode dehlct habe, in psychologia, id sam status quem in ia exact sciences : leit de cree un situation ed controle ids quant factors varyend-ye tik eino ielgs, kay studye ia relative variations iom responsen mustathna id menghia. 
In id nam ios irreductible sonterkweitu iom menscensciencen, alyi psychologs punor sigwrnt od sulouk, dalg ud ses tik uno menghia responsen ad stimules, est id global expression os un sense, ed od psychologia khact neglege tod sense, sonst ignoriet sien wi ziel. Tod recognition ios "atmen" gehnt diversa theorias, petis pregen ab id continental philosophia, besonters ab phenomenologia. Ye id methodologic nivell, pussiret ad mehne od ia sokzariyas al psycholog (tests, questionars) skeipe neid experimental methode identic tei iom sciencen ios Nature : minter bezielent panges generala loys quem diu studye un individual sulouk in idso sensewent situation. 
In id studye iom diversen psychic functions (kwahsa, intelligence, memoria....), scientific psychologia est deilneut inkaptos inter id trend os decompones do elements ed id sok po global maynens. Id "associationiste" scol, mathalan, ayt od kwahsa resultet ex un talimat assocyend elementar sensations; id "gastaltiste" scol diweidt tod these deikend-ye od kwahsa est oistructuren inkaptos, ghabend sem formes qua ne se reduce ei summ iren elements. Muassir "cognitive" psychologia tentet udlites tod genos om diweidens, integrend-ye ia do unum unitar theoria.
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==Psychologia'l magv ed education==
Id studye os mental crosct ed iom conducts al magv wehst bayna ia skaunst kamyabs os scientific psychologia. Est illustren ab dwo francophone autors : Wallon (1879-1962) ed Piaget (1896-1980). Id attention tom dwo autors focust ep ia stadia wa etapes ios intellectual antslehnken al magv. Menxu Wallon, in id spirit ios dialectic materialisme im Marxisten, insist id rhayr-mussalsalia tom stadyen, tem quem id conflictual kweitu iom crisen qua nischane id upergumt ex oin stadium do alyo, Piaget de kyunggiawt id functional unitat ios process quod socialiset tadrijan uno menos preter mutamarrid dia adaptation. 
Tod genetic vidpoint expliet sem privilegen moments ios evolution al magv, besonters id ghaben, circum 7at, os quod est un "permanent object". Badghi ye tod oumer sagvt unis magv recognihes, dank un "decentration", od sem object remant identic sibswo quando tod subeiht reversible transformations (desplacements, mutaformens...). Yeghi tod oumer ghehdt id magvmenos tyices, ep ia-pet objects, sem "concret operations" qua prefigure ia futur abstract operations os arithmetique (addition, substraction....)
Trans psychologia, ta aysas permitte sules un genetic epistemologia. Ia psychologic theorias de id antslehnken al magv porge aweis un pedagogic interesse. Wallon hat daht sieno nam ei Langevin-Wallon plan pro id reforme os talim in France (1947); ye id sam zaman, Piaget direxit id Education section ios Uniet Nations Education, Science ed Culture Organisation (UNESCO). Ia acquisihna gnohsas de ia stadia os magvintelligence kwecto dehlge incite id scol uni megil pedagogic tadbir : doce neid quod est prematur binisbat id stadium el magv hat effective-ye nact. Yed ne tehrpt bihe myohrst id paradoxal werdiskwt ab iom philosoph Alain (1868-1951), her prokwem id positivisme : an zaruri gnohe el magvem kay bedarse el, we bilax bedarse el kay gnohe el ?
 Paul Diel (Vienna, 1893 - Paris, 1972) est besonters gnoht ob seulus id psychologia os motivation, ed maung orbiet de id symbolisme in hellen mythologia ed biblic textes, edschi education. 
==Psychanalyse ed psychologia==
In 1895, kun wardht psychanalyse, Freud redact id Entwurf einer Psychologie. Ponend gwaukan-ye sien paursken in id xeimen iom sciencen os nature, iswert keiht ep sem samzaman wehrgs de physiologia ios kers. Tod reference ad Biologia remant yed kam rhayir ei druv mathmoun os eys wehrg : tod kwecto zielt wahid-ye id tolken om sensewent psychic acts (swofaylens, drehms, symptomes), ed hat naiwo dribhen id lytst important aunstehgen dayir ia physiologic causes tom acts. Eti, id systematic kweitu ios freudskios theoria, ids prension os explie id hol menscenexperience, pati xeimens lyehgend exter psychologia stricto sensu (totemisme, Religions), nos bane aye id un psychologic theoria bayna alya. 
Consideren ka psychologic method, psychanalyse vergeiht id danger uns "prestzamihr" psychologia, quod keiht tik ep id fragil base os introspection, tem quem id witer perile uns "tritzamihr" psychologia, quod reduct el mensc ei stand os object. Instauret un "dwotzamihr" psychologia : id druve al subject, yani id druve os els vansch, prehpt tik in els wekwos pro els analyste, menxu id dehlct ses perbohrgen alswo temquem ad cada extos observer. 
Tetos gwehmt id importance tos crucial moment quod psychanalystes kale id "transference". Sekwent iom psychanalyste Lacan (1901-1981), el analyste ne est pro sien patient "alyis", un alter ego samlik tim claus qui el subject semptos act, ed qui al yeisent tsay id image in-yod el se recogneiht, id image elsios plen ed riawdalst "Ego". Id relation con el analyste destruct bilax tod imaginar plenitude, elghi analyste occupet ter "Alters loc", revelend al subject els division ed irremediable ghyahsa. Id subvert sammel cada psychologia.