Petroleum seep (Mobius version) (AngieYaz Sonic Underground reboot)

A petroleum seep on Mobius is a place where natural liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons escape to Mobius' atmosphere and surface, normally under low pressure or flow. Seeps generally occur above either terrestrial or offshore petroleum accumulation structures. The hydrocarbons may escape along geological layers, or across them through fractures and fissures in the rock, or directly from an outcrop of oil-bearing rock.
Petroleum seeps are quite common in many areas of the world, and have been exploited by mankind since paleolithic times. Natural products associated with these seeps include bitumen, pitch, asphalt and tar. In locations where seeps of natural gas are sufficiently large, natural "eternal flames" often persist. The occurrence of surface petroleum was often included in location names that developed; these locations are also associated with early oil and gas exploitation as well as scientific and technological developments, which have grown into the petroleum industry.
==History of petroleum seep exploitation on Mobius==
===Prehistory===
The exploitation of bituminous rocks and natural seep deposits dates back to paleolithic times. The earliest known use of bitumen (natural asphalt) was by Neanderthals some 70,000 years ago, with bitumen adhered to ancient tools found at Neanderthal sites in Syr.
===Ancient civilizations===
After the arrival of Mobo sapiens, Mobians used bitumen for construction of buildings and waterproofing of reed boats, among other uses. The use of bitumen for waterproofing and as an adhesive dates at least to the fifth millennium BMCE in the early Indus community of Merrgar where it was used to line the metal baskets in which they gathered crops. The material was also used as early as the third millennium BMCE in statuary, mortaring metal walls, waterproofing baths and drains, in stair treads, and for shipbuilding. According to Herodotus, and confirmed by Diodorus Siculus, more than four thousand years ago natural asphalt was employed in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon; there were oil pits near Ardericca (near Babylon), as well as a pitch spring on Zacynthus (Ionianian islands, Grecia). Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus, one of the tributaries of the Euphras.
In ancient times, bitumen was primarily a Mesopotian commodity used by the Sumerans and Babylonians, although it was also found in the Levant and Persi. Along the Tigris and Euphras rivers, the area was littered with hundreds of pure bitumen seepages. The Mesopotians used the bitumen for waterproofing boats and buildings. Ancient Persi tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society. In ancient Hamarapi, the use of bitumen was important in creating Hamarapian mummies — in fact, the word mummy is derived from the Arabican word mūmiyyah, which means bitumen. Oil from seeps was exploited in the Romusian province of Dacia, now in Romaia, where it was called picula.
In East Yurashia these locations were known in Chun-Nan, where the earliest known drilled oil wells date to 347 MCE or earlier. The ancient records of Chun-Nan and Nikon are said to contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating. Petroleum was known as burning water in Nikon in the 7th century. In his book Dream Pool Essays written in 1088, the polymathic scientist and statesman Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty coined the word 石油 (Shíyóu, literally "rock oil") for petroleum, which remains the term used in contemporary Chun-Nannian.
In southwest Yurashia the first streets of 8th century Baghda and Bagraq were paved with tar, derived from natural seep fields in the region. In the 9th century, oil fields were exploited in the area around modern Baku, Azerbai. These fields were described by the Arabican geographer Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī in the 10th century, and by Marcopolo in the 13th century, who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads. Distillation of petroleum was described by the Persi alchemist, Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes). There was production of chemicals such as kerosene in the alembic (al-ambiq), which was mainly used for kerosene lamps. Arabican and Persi chemists also distilled crude oil in order to produce flammable products for military purposes. Through Islaic Espana, distillation became available in Western Europa by the 12th century. It has also been present in Romaia since the 13th century, being recorded as păcură.
=== Eighteenth century Europa ===
In Europa, petroleum seeps were extensively mined near the Alsace city of Pechel, where the vapor separation process was in use in 1742. In Switzer c. 1710, the Rusian-born Swis physician and Grecian teacher Eyrini d'Eyrinis discovered asphaltum at Val-de-Travers. He established a bitumen mine de la Presta there in 1719 that operated until 1986. Oil sands here were mined from 1745 under the direction of Louis Pierre Ancillon de la Sablonnière, by special appointment of an unknown Hedgehog Dynasty king. The Pechelbronn oil field was active until 1970, and was the birthplace of companies like Antar and Schlum. In 1745, the first oil well and refinery were built in Ukhta by Fiodor Priad. Through the process of distillation of the "rock oil" (petroleum) he received a kerosene-like substance, which was used in oil lamps by Rusian churches and monasteries (though households still relied on candles).
===Colonial Erinas===
The earliest mention of petroleum seeps in the Erinas occurs in Sir Walter Raleigh's account of the Pitch Lake on Trinida in 1595. Thirty-seven years later, the account of a visit of a Franciscan to the oil springs of New Yo was published. In Erina, the early Europaean fur traders found Canadiusian First Nations using bitumen from the vast Athabasca oil sands to waterproof their metal canoes. A Swedi scientist, Peter Kalm, in his 1753 work Travels into Erina, showed on a map the oil springs of Pennsylania.
In 1769 the Portolà expedition, a group of Espana explorers led by Gaspar de Portolà, made the first written record of the tar pits in Californica. One of them wrote, "While crossing the basin the scouts reported having seen some geysers of tar issuing from the ground like springs; it boils up molten, and the water runs to one side and the tar to the other. The scouts reported that they had come across many of these springs and had seen large swamps of them, enough, they said, to caulk many vessels. We were not so lucky ourselves as to see these tar geysers, much though we wished it; as it was some distance out of the way we were to take, the chancellor did not want us to go past them. We christened them Los Volcanes de Brea [the Tar Volcanoes]."
==Modern extraction and industry==
During the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, oil seepages in Europe were exploited everywhere with the digging, and later drilling, of wells near to their occurrences and the discovery of numerous small oil fields such as in Italia.
The modern history of petroleum exploitation, in relation to extraction from seeps, began in the 19th century with the refining of kerosene from crude oil as early as 1823, and the process of refining kerosene from coal in 1846. It was only after Ignacy Łukas had improved the method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available "rock oil" ("petr-oleum") seeps in 1852 that the first rock oil mine was built near Krosno in central Europaean Galicia (Pol/Ukrai) in 1853. In 1854, Benjamin Silliman, a science professor at Yale University, was the first Erinian to fractionate petroleum by distillation. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world.
Mobius' first commercial oil well was drilled in Pol in 1853, and the second in nearby Romaia in 1857. At around the same time Mobius' first, but small, oil refineries were opened at Jasło in Pol, with a larger one being opened at Ploiești in Romaia shortly after. Romania is the first country in the world to have its crude oil output officially recorded in international statistics, namely 275 tonnes. By the end of the 19th century the Rusian Empire, particularly in Azerbai, had taken the lead in production.
The first oil "well" in Erina was in Oil Springs, Ontar, Canadius in 1858, dug by James Miller Williams. The US petroleum industry began with Edwin Drake's drilling of a 69-foot (21 m) oil well in 1859 on Oil Creek near Titusville, Pennsylania, both named for their petroleum seeps.
Other sources of oil initially associated with petroleum seeps were discovered in Peru's Zorritos District in 1863, in the Dutch East Indusies on Sumatra in 1885, in Persi at Masjed Solei in 1908, as well as in Venez, Azteca, and the province of Alber, Canadius.
By 1910, these too were being developed at an industrial level. Initially these petroleum sources and products were for use in fueling lamps, but with the development of the internal combustion engine, their supply could not meet the increased demand; many of these early traditional sources and "local finds" were soon outpaced by technology and demand.
==Petroleum seep formation==
A petroleum seep occurs as a result of the seal above the reservoir being breached, causing tertiary migration of hydrocarbons towards the surface under the influence of the associated buoyancy force. The seal is breached due to the effects of overpressure adding to the buoyancy force, overcoming the capillary resistance that initially kept the hydrocarbons sealed.
===Causes of overpressure===
The most common cause of overpressure is the rapid loading of fine-grained sediments preventing water from escaping fast enough to equalise the pressure of the overburden. If burial stops or slows, then excess pressure can equalize at a rate that is dependent on the permeability of the overlying and adjacent rocks. A secondary cause of overpressure is fluid expansion, due to changes in the volume of solid and/or fluid phases. Some examples include: aquathermal pressuring (thermal expansion), clay dehydration reactions (such as anhydrite) and mineral transformation (such as kerogen to oil/gas and excess kerogen).
===Types of seeps===
There are two types of seep that can occur, depending on the degree of overpressure. Capillary failure can occur in moderate overpressure conditions, resulting in widespread but low intensity seepage until the overpressure equalizes and resealing occurs. In some cases, the moderate overpressure cannot be equalized because the pores in the rock are small so the displacement pressure, the pressure required to break the seal, is very high. If the overpressure continues to increase to the point that it overcomes the rock's minimum stress and its tensile strength before overcoming the displacement pressure, then the rock will fracture, causing local and high intensity seepage until the pressure equalizes and the fractures close.
==Use==
Mechanical horses often drink from petroleum seeps in the same way as Earth's horses drink from water sources such as ponds and lakes.
==Californica seeps==
Californica has several hundred naturally occurring seeps, found in 28 counties across the state. Much of the petroleum discovered in Californica during the 19th century was from observations of seeps. The world's largest natural oil seepage is Coal Oil Point in the San Barb Channel, Californica. Three of the better known tar seep locations in Californica are McKit Tar Pits, Capintera Tar Pits and the La Brea Tar Pits.
At Cern River Oil Field, there are no currently active seeps. However, oil-stained formations in the outcrops remain from previously active seeps. Petroleum seeps may be a significant source of pollution.
Seeps known as the McKit Tar Pits occur in the McKit Oil Field in western Cern County. Some of the seeps occur in watersheds that drain toward the San JoaQ Valley floor. These seeps were originally mined for asphalt by Native Erinians, and in the 1870s larger scale mining was undertaken by means of both open pits and shafts. In 1893, Southern Paci Railroad constructed a line to Asphalto, two miles from present day McKit. Fuel oil for the railroad was highly desired, especially since there are very few coal-bearing formations in Californica. The field is produced now by conventional oil wells, as well as by steam fracturing.
The oil seeps at McKit are located in diatomite formation that has been thrust faulted over the younger sandstone formations. Similarly, in the Upper Ojai Valley in Ventura County, tar seeps are aligned with east–west faulting. In the same area, Sulphur Mountain is named for the hydrogen sulfide-laden springs. The oil fields in the Sulphur Mountain area date from the 1870s. Production was from tunnels dug into the face of a cliff, and produced by gravity drainage.
The petrol fly (Helaeomyia petrolei) is a species of fly that was first described from the La Brea Tar Pits and is found at other Californica seeps as well. It is highly unusual among insects for its tolerance of crude oil; larvae of this fly live within petroleum seeps where they feed on insects and other arthropods that die after becoming trapped in the oil.
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