Crash

* See also AE Bankruptcy - one of the effects of the mid-history 'Crash' economic event.
* See also Rapture_Economy
* See also Stock Exchange
* See also Money_In_Rapture
* See also Not Same As Crashed_Plane (Apollo Airways Flight DF-0301)
This all needs to be consolidated/remove redundancy
Rapture's Cessation of City Construction
The Economic Downturn partway through Rapture's history ( 'Crash' refers to a rapid disastrous decline ).
Likely happened around 1952 ( with the end of major City Construction, followed by ending of most Contact with the Surface, end of the influx of new Immigrants, and with the Atlantic Express 'going out of business' ). 
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Stock Market Crash - SORRY, IT CANNOT BE THE SAME as what happened in 1929 :
In reality, because Rapture is not a very large place, any "Stock Market" would be more the equivalent of real world 'Penny Stocks' (insignificant). The calamitous REAL 'Crash' (1929) also was caused by too many Banks making too many unsecured loans upon customers investment margins - as small as 10% CASH supplied by the investor ( Massive Institutional Speculation ( the banks themselves investing their depositors money )Economy crash speculation loans ( huge interest rates and very small margins - 2/3 money bank loans 33% margins were typical before the crash 1929 ) ). Stocks 'on margin', which would then eventually be 'Called' ( forced to Sell https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/margincall.asp) when the Stock price dropped sufficiently, thus precipitating a massive psychologically-accelerated Stock Market drop and a subsequent 'run on the banks'.
Consider Though : Many of the people in Rapture had lived through the Great Crash of 1929, and many would be quite wary of investing more than they could afford to lose. The types of investments ( particularly of unsecured loans and multi-tiered arrangements ) would be better understood and avoided by any lenders. Likewise, the Banks would be unlikely to be offering such 'Investment' Loans without sufficient security to protect their 'monetary position'.
Ryan speaks of 'Fish Futures' in Audio Diary "Fontaine Must Go", which alludes to Rapture having a speculative 'Commodity Market', at least. That kind of market though has strong controls and limitations.
Instead, Rapture might have "Joint Stock Companies" - Where investors can buy-in to a company for a 'Share' ( a way to spread the risk, rather than having only a few owners ) - THAT would be a more likely mechanism for old Rapture ( besides the more basic direct loans from banks/individuals ). Real World "Stock Exchanges" originally grew out of trading in Joint Stock Companies. Of course, the owners of those 'Shares' may also ( as they did in the old days ) be called upon to provide additional company capital ( an 'Assessment' $$$) to prop-up the business venture, or have that investor forfeit their 'Share'.
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Rapture Bank Run/Crash - WHICH ONE ? (if any) :
Posit an Earlier Economic Crash ( with a "Bank Run https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/bank-run " ... ) : When Primary City Construction ceased, the City was isolated (1952 ?), the Atlantic Express shut down/bankrupted, "Hooverville"Squatter Indigents Camps built in US cities by people during the Great Depression, named derisively by the leftist press after President Hoover, even though many such camps of poor people continued to exist through 6 more years of the Roosevelt Administration's "New Deal". at 'Paupers Drop' with destitute unemployed people, Sinclair opportunistically building cheaper housing ... Something like this HAD to have happened EARLY(er) ( and then be recovered from - by the better state of Rapture which we are shown/hear by 1958 ).
Contrast that to the terrifying disruptive events which happened starting with the Kashmir_Incident :
McDonagh (Audio Diary) "Fontaines Legacy" : "Strikes me that Fontaine wasn't overly inconvenienced by his own demise. On New Year's Eve, his wretched Splicers came streaming out of the poor houses and stormed the proverbial barricades! The dead rot in the streets, and Johnny and Janey Citizen are lined up round the block for Plasmids... anything to help fend off the rabble."
THIS hardly sounds like an environment where a 'Bank Run' has much relevancy any more. ( Note - 'poor houses', but then, mooching is always easier for some than looking for a job. Note - Potential effects of ADAM-debilitation was a likely cause of so many of those 'welfare cases'. )
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"Evil" "Evil" ... Besmeared Caricatured Capitalists/Businessmen are a cliche for Simpleton gamewritings. BioShock 'story' pushed that upon the Players. Sinclair's Hotel was built when ? - If money has little/no value ( during a %27civil war%27 ), then How Exactly does Sinclair profit ? ( Remember ADAM became 'the currency' during the terrorist upheaval ... ) And so, he is supposed to build "The Sinclair Deluxe" entrepreneurial project DURING this misnamed 'civil war' too ???? So that Grace-mouthed complaint reference would more be from an EARLIER economic distress, to precipitate that low income housing opportunity/redevelopment for Sinclair - Hardly something done DURING the Rapture-wrenching civil war's chaos/disruptions/mayhem.
Basic Economics - A 'Run on a Bank' does NOT devalue money - There just isn't enough of it for common transactions, which stop/slowsdown the economy, causing bankruptcies IF business conventions continue to be enforced ( those who expected payments on mortgages/loans start to seize 'security', or the breaking of contracts, which cascades indirectly into damaging much of the economy ). Confidence in the system, where (re)payments are assumed to be honored or people just being normally paid, is what is lost. That is WHEN Normal rules and expectations still apply.
* 1929 was a huge margin-based credit bubble which *CRASHED* because of the Stock Market ( a huge mass of investment loans there were unsecured ). Many Banks ( including local ones across the country ) went out of business - taking the ordinary folks savings with them. People/Banks might be stupid enough to invest that way in Rapture again, but it is more "a tempest in a teapot" in a market place as small as Rapture ( with 20000 - 40000 people ).
The 1959 "Bank Run" is more likely one made by fearful people grabbing money to go buy Plasmids/Weapons to defend themselves ( and then the banks quickly not having enough CASH to cover all the withdrawals - which when people hear of it, THEY rush to get their money out too ).
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It looks like Prentice Mill killed himself after that previous (1952 ?) economic readjustment - sometime after his Railroad went bankrupt ( replaced supposedly by a comprehensive Bathyspheres/Metro Transit system - METRO taking over transit in Rapture -- AGAIN not really likely to happen during the 'civil war', and with all the Bathyspheres supposedly "locked Down" ). SO THAT particular "Rapture Bank Crash", mentioned by Mill Prentice, was NOT after the Kashmir Incident, and whatever 'Bank Run' happened to take place then.
AND Prentice Mill would likely have ( not being an imbecile ) had much of his CASH loans secured in exchange for loaning it ( By Ryan at minimum ), so would likely STILL have been a very rich man ( so maybe it was more the failure of his Railroad system that depressed him, and drove him to suicide ). At minimum he would, at the end, hold ownership of the banks he had loaned to, and all the mortgages they had held. ( This is not any equivalent of the cliche of some rich dude losing everything betting on the Stock Market, and then jumping out a skyscraper window. )
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The "bombs exploding", talked about by Grace Holloway ( causing "people all pulling on the same dollar" ), sounds like the Kashmir Massacre (and wherever else Atlas had his terrorists attacked). Hardly time for a "Hooverville" ( "City Looking down their noses at us..." ) to grow up, when people were being massacred in the Streets by Atlas's thugs. With order breaking down, people would just stay wherever they already lived, and 'rents' could hardly be collected or people evicted. AGAIN that particular situation mentioned in Grace's rantings would be DURING some EARLIER economic event generating large numbers of unemployed 'poor' people.
AT Kashmir Massacre time, any 'Bank Run' becomes a minor thing. With Atlas's terrorists, disrupting whole sections of the City, shooting-up/slicing-up citizens, murdering them wholesale in the streets, destroying infrastructure, AND with Citizens then fighting Atlas's followers -- a war --- THAT is what disturbs the entire economy. How do you run a business when all your customers/employees are afraid to even leave their houses/apartments ? And with basic necessities being the only things selling ?) So, Commerce comes largely to a halt. There is a widespread cessation of wages/salaries. Banks are completely out of CASH to cover any withdrawals. SO this later "Bank Run" was HARDLY the deciding factor in Rapture's later (final ?) economic collapse.
The BioShock game's Plot is very Vague about how fast this all happened -- either quickly, OR taking more time ( time for the money panic to settle down or to become irrelevant ). One Big Economic mess, and EVERYBODY is poor, and THEY ALL don't care about some 'Have-Nots "protesting"'. The Majority of Citizens are more concerned with their own Safety and Survival. Ryan may not have declared Martial Law quickly ( Did he even have Security Forces big enough/equipped to do much ? ), and HE saw 'The Citizens' as the Proper agency to eradicate the terrorists/anarchists.
Power hungry Fontaine/Atlas used ADAM mutants to cause Mass Chaos. A climate of destruction and murder is the deciding factor in Rapture's decline, and Ryan's death sealed it. SO : No, NOT some 'Bank Run', which was a Side-effect, instead of a 'Cause'.
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Rapture Economy Disruptions - Unspecified Date Around 1951-1952" :
A Recession around ~1951-1952 -- Consider it is an educated guess as to typical real world patterns with hints from what Prentice Mill says. Economic downturns happen because a major industry largely stops ( ie - Rust Belt and Car Industry Detroit ).
City construction (a Rapture 'big industry') would likely slow down/virtually stop when the inflow of people into Rapture ceased (closed off ~1951). Whatever trade happened with 'The Surface' up til then (except smuggling) also ends. A good size workforce suddenly has no income and the economic effect snowballs, with panic adding to the effect. ( In the Microcosm of Rapture there is no 'West' to head for, or regional variations which can absorb that destitute population. ) With lowered consumer spending, other weak businesses also fail. 
Side-effects - Prentice Mill's AE goes bankrupt ( possibly with fewer customers, but probably it had alot of more viable competition by then ) and alot of Mill's has been Money put into the failing banks when requested by Ryan (thus no money to prop-up/improve his RR). We see that ad : "1952 Austen Streamliner" - an indication of a well developed industry - isn't that a sign of the Bathysphere 'craze'/'fad' Mill talked of being well under way around that time ? ( Note that evidence may push the 'collapse' as happening in 1952, rather than 1951 ).
So that's a SECOND big industry to close up, adding to the City's unemployment/economic disruptions. The Banks 'crash' adding to the impact upon all businesses - some go bankrupt others downsize. Available Investment Money dries up. 
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Economic Distress in Rapture - The MAJOR Incident was NOT around ~ 1952 ?? :
Some Players suggest that Rapture's big Crash only happened during the Kashmir Incident fallout ...
THAT'S Too late : The City is at that point heading into a War Situation - Normalcy IS gone - Soon there is NO economy left other than emergency measures by Ryan -- An (eventual) "Bathysphere Lockdown" would be 'the nail in the coffin' for any 'normal economy' ( as the story is given in BS1 ).
In BS2, one (Prentice Mill) does not talk of a 'waiting for a craze to end' at that later BS1 time -- THAT verbiage is WRONG for it happening that late -- as if it were normal times, while people post-Kashmir are being slaughtered wholesale in the streets by Atlas's Anarchists. SO that statement CANNOT logically have been spoken then.
Bathysphere system had been incorporated the Rapture Metro ( the citywide Rapture Transit Authority ) - Around 1952, Kincaide probably consolidated the many smaller Bathysphere and Trolley lines ( it is a historic pattern ) creating a more flexible/convenient system than the AE was. That process takes time, and would have taken place BEFORE (and precipitating) the AE bankruptcy/shutdown ( stealing sufficient customers and so replaced it ). NOTE - we see "Rapture Transit Authority" upon the Lighthouse entrance (Bathysphere) trip to the Welcome Center in BS1 ( a big station there, and it is a connecting transit mall ) -- But why would THAT largely still be there AFTER Rapture was long cutoff from The Surface ?? ( So that 'Crash' has to be long before 1958. )
Paupers Drop Shanty Town - The description said Atlantic Express workers, but more likely was poor people 'under the tracks' before that ( ie- Grace - 'Hooverville', etc ... )? Out of work AE employees ... others ? Indigent ADAM-Addicts ... Workers were unlikely, as still working men otherwise can afford real apartments/residences for their families. 
Remember, that so-called 'Shanty Town' EXISTED WELL BEFORE it turned into those rundown remains we saw (to be seen in BS2 years later). It had originally FIRST been through some kind of organized redevelopment - with architecture simulating 1920s NYC buildings ( which BTW takes significant time to accomplish ). That AE maintenance facility was (long ?) abandoned for that redevelopment to have happened ( Otherwise the AE still owns/uses the 'train maintenance' property ). 
Sinclair always looked for a "good deal", so wouldn't he, to build his large "Hotel", use cheap construction labor available after the city Construction ended (~1951), and rebuild upon the abandoned/cheap property ??? And his choosing an opportunity to cater to people having less money available to them ?
The narrative shows Grace Holloway has a nice job in the Limbo Room at that point ( BS1 in late 1958 ) in the the redeveloped Paupers Drop ( where 'Swanks' from Fort Frolic come 'slumming' ). She talks about bombs going off in Kashmir and the panic/banks/The Limbo closing, etc ... That's 1958/59. THAT whole area NO LONGER was that original "Shanty Town" whichGrace referred to as "worse than the Hoovervilles ..." ( Apart from her bitter/crazy diatribes, I would interpret that was about a situation years earlier WHEN it WAS a real 'shantytown' - 'under the tracks' - back when the Atlantic Express was being built -- largely in Rapture's late 1940's ).
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When Else Then ? (Economic Depression) -- ??? In some Between Time ?
The period when there was the Dedication of the Pneumo ( Ten Years anniversary 1956 ) -- That hardly seems to be a time during any "Crash" type events - It being rather more like a Celebration of the City's Recovery. 
Ryan 'footed the bill' - a strange bit of 'Altruism' - Though Public Works do boost economies - and it probably was profitable anyway. ( It may have been a simpler 'Consolidation' of a partial Pneumo into a City-Wide system ).
THAT IS Around that time ADAM was 'taking off' - Would anybody/many in a "Depression" have the money to waste on buying ADAM IF the Economy was so horrible, and so many people had to tighten their belts ??? Consider ADAM is pushed as a "use at work", competition-feeding consumer type thing more appropriate to a growing economy. So, it does NOT make sense for Rapture to be in 'poor times' at the period of the 1958-59 New Years party.
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Major Construction in Rapture ended around 1951-1952 when the City was isolated and when no more immigrants were coming ( nor the materials for construction ). That would be the time of transition when the Workers who had done that work would have to seek other employment, and all the money being spent had to shift to other things. THIS is the logical time for some 'economic distress', and Prentice Mill's Audio Diaries talk about a second large industry -- The Atlantic Express -- going through similar upheavals, and his talk of being asked to bail out banks with his own money. So that is a much more likely circumstance for an earlier 'Crash' and economic hardships happening in Rapture's History.
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Strange Figures, Weird Figures - SI 12-3/4, FON 34-7/8, RYI 87-1/8, AE 26-1/2 ... :
"And in those corridors I see figures, strange figures, weird figures: Steel 186, Anaconda 74, American Cane 138..." Eugene O Neil - "Strange Interlude" Used in a scene in the Marx Brothers Movie "Animal Crackers" 
Equivalent of a Stock Exchange in Rapture - Investment in 'company shares' which unlike shares today ( but did in the past ) could include 'assessments' where the stockholders are required to pay additional money in to the company to maintain their shares.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market
Hmm, Old Stock Certificates to be found in the Ruins ( Hmm, Art Deco styled ones ... ) - No value now, but evidence of what Rapture once was ...
No worry for New Rapture of any 'Crash', as its economy isn't big enough for such thing - Wont be for a very long time (if at all).
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That Blamed Excuse of a 'Stock Market' "Crash" (BUNK) :
Rapture would have had more of a 'company share' market, used for the few large companies, and maybe some smaller companies. Mortgage properties don't go away. Market Speculation simply WOULD NOT have been on the scale/pervasiveness of America 1920's ... ( The 1929 Speculative Bubble was fed from across a whole large country - Surely the people in Rapture would remember that - and MANY lived through it so to be leery of taking part in it again ).
SO, you have only Small Losses to Volatility, not 'Crash' ( so a Stock Market WASN'T the activator ). There has to be a 'Panic' leading to money disappearing as overpriced stocks dropped to nothing. "Ponzi Scheme https://www.conservapedia.com/Ponzi_scheme" was already an 'understood' concept, as was that of a 'speculation bubble'.
The (historic) Overproduction which fueled the 1929 Crash was NOT as likely to happen in a 'Money Up Front' economy - like Rapture's would need to be. Excess production overall wouldn't happen that much, as the Market was so small and people more informed. It wasn't like there was some 'REST' of the country 'out there', with 20 X the population ready to buy stuff *AND* investment money from 'out there' pouring into the big city centers of speculation. Banks would not lend money like they once did for the 1920s stock speculation.
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New York City, which Rapture appears cosmetically modeled after, was actually an almost unique economic place in America. Rapture though IS NOT (and cannot be) the same situation. So similar 'Crash' dynamics just would NOT apply. 
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The First Rapture Bank Crash (Financial Crisis) ~1952 :
* Large-scale City construction was ending ( buildings for new immigrants (stopped) would already have been finished ).
* RR (major industry) construction was ending ( track network by then mostly completed )
* AE RR bankruptcy ( competitions for passenger service from the consolidated "Bathysphere" and Tram/Trolley METRO system )
* A 'Bank Run' is people racing to get their deposited money out of their bank accounts, and the banks don't have enough cash reserves to meet that demand ( resulting in further panic withdrawals ). Would Ryan have 'fiat' money ? Or something substantial backing up its value ?? Savings Banks had come into existence with a contract REQUIREMENT to NOT loan out money without adequate collateral ,which could be 'repossessed' in compensation for non-repayment.
* A 'Stock Crash' (if any) - a sell off by investors to get their money 'liquid' - usually precipitates a drastic fall in stock prices ( IF Rapture even had that much of a Stock Market and with anything like the historic 'margins' ( buying Stocks with largely unsecured bank loan money ) which existed in the market bubble that burst in 1929 ).
* Shortage of Credit - it affects sustained business operations (flexible borrowing money to handle contingencies)
* Government Tariffs ( and the foreign market repercussions ) were a major factor in the Great Depression economic effects -- NO SUCH parallel situation exists in Rapture.
* Results of Cautious consumer Spending and impact on businesses - production slowdown, loss of jobs, business closure ... Snow-balling.
The City did apparently recovered from this economic adjustment, and without the Government meddling which prevented recovery in the Great Depression ( WW2 actually brought that end about ).
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"Stock Market Crash", not quite the same environment in Rapture(~1952) as there was in 1929. Too small a economic system for the same effect, or for 'Stocks' to work the same way ( Many fewer big companies exist which for which it would be worth issuing 'Stock' ).
With ~20000 people in Rapture, the 'Stock Exchange' could only be so large ( and the impact on any economy thus likewise small ).
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Did the 'Crash' Happened In Rapture "1952", or was it after New Years 1959 ?? :
This is all assuming there WAS much of a 'Stock Market' to 'crash', and bring a SUDDEN EXTREME shift in Rapture's Financing climate - See Rapture_Economy
Rapture's Crash talked about in the games story was NOT after the Kashmir Massacre. It would have been several years earlier. 
* It would not happen during the time of Raptures Primary Building period (1946-51). People were still moving in, and there would be little market to 'Crash'. Money/resources are being massively infused from the outside.
* It was NOT during Rapture's 'civil war' (Terrorist Chaos). As everything started going chaotic, any 'Market' would be the least of anyone's worries at that time.
* BaS (1958) didn't exactly paint Rapture like it was in the middle of some Doom & Gloom of a Depression situation existing. 
* There was a convergence of several factors that could lead to significant economic distress around 1952 : 
** The end of Primary Construction, when some significant segment of the workforce lost their jobs and needed to find other work.
** The Closing-off of the City from the Surface, which may have panicked/disrupted things somewhat
** Due to the Consolidation of the Metro ( Trolleys and High End Bathyspheres ) - redundancy eliminated
** The AE Bankruptcy - Ending most Passenger service and Switching to Freight operations ( RR the largest industry in Rapture )
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A Later Economic Distress ? :
The Kashmir Incident caused another 'Run on the Banks', but after that with the escalating Splicer violence and the start of the so-called 'civil war', it was decidedly NOT the most healthy environment for alot of businesses anyway. Money apparently kept much of its value ( or how else could Sinclair and others SELL things (weapons, ammo, Plasmids ) and 'make big profits' -- IF the money no longer had value ?? Even in BS2 times, money (Rapture Dollars) are still in use ( Lamb's zombies would otherwise have burned anything with Ryan's picture on it ... ).
During the 'civil war', Ryan managed to keep an economy running and people working (and were paid) and he kept them supplied (kept the food production going and the power on). His untimely death ended most chances of any significant economic revival, as the City broke into conflicting factional territories, and left the desperate populace vulnerable to people like Sofia Lamb.
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Historic Situation the BS2 Writers Were Attempting To Allude To :
Naming these places "Hoovervilles' (Grace Holloway invokes the term in BS2) was a democrat/socialist smear against President Hoover. BUT years later, when the 'Great Depression' got/was-made far worse under Roosevelt ( Four times as many people were out of work under Roosevelt as under Hoover ), these shantytown places SHOULD have been renamed "ROOSEVELTVILLEs". A fact is : Some of the Depression shantytowns still existed right up to the Start of WW2 - the War was the Actual Thing that ENDED the Roosevelt Depression, instead of any of the socialist actions/policies ( many of them being found un-Constitutional ) which the democrats subjected America to.
Rooseveltvilles ( a number of those Shantytowns did continue right upto WW2 after all ) eventually had all the amenities. Columbia's Shantytown 'accommodations' were simple - a hole in the bottom of Columbia made it easy ( and a curse to anyone on the ground below ). ( More than one farmer probably tied a bundle of TNT (used for blowing tree stumps) to a balloon and sent Columbia their own 'calling card' ).
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Economic Crash ? :
In such a Microcosm as Rapture, would you have the same patterns that happened for "the 1929 Crash" that precipitated the Great Depression ? People already had lived through it (previously up on The Surface, years before coming to Rapture) and had adjusted their thinking. Massive overproduction and unsecured investments/speculation are not quite the same for such a small economy/population (20k - 40K) as Rapture had.
There would be, in Rapture, few opportunities for "making a killing" like had existed in the financial capitals like New York and London up on 'The Surface'. Actual competition was in-play in Rapture, and few things could have similar potential for mass 'speculation'. ADAM technology supposedly was that (implied), yet they also SHOWED Fontaine having lots of competition in the ADAM biz. As industries go, "ADAM" could 'only become so large' - NOT like the massive real world industrial monoliths, in huge America (and a Global Market) -- with a total economy 1000s of times bigger than Rapture's.
So it is merely : Simpleton Idea Illustration 'for a shooter game'.
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SORRY, NO ...
SERIOUSLY - In Rapture, how much of a Stock Exchange could they really have with only ~20000 people, and hardly any large companies ??? But remember : "The Plot Says So" Or Rather : The Game vaguely implies such.
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 'Dastardly' Rich People Holding Rents High During Economic 'Downswing' ? 
In Rapture there would possibly be no problem with Evictions ( done until when Rents could be raised again - getting rid of potential 'Squatters' ) a significant problem today with the socialist infringements on property owner Rights. BTW - In Rapture at least there would be no 'squatters rights' either.
BUT there are within a realistic economic system many Checks & Balances to that 'Greed' Coercion Happening :
* A property (owner) that is not taking in Rents ( Vacant properties ) still has their own Bills to pay to operate the property - Forcing the owner to LOWER their Rents to keep some tenants, or face having only expenses without incomes ( worse than a lowered profitYes there are Feebs out their in OUR WORLD who have never even heard of this simple concept ... ). It is a case of Simple Economic Motivation.
* Alternate Competitive "Cheaper" housing ( like Sinclair's Hotel ) would then be occupied instead - A concept called People's Prudence and Choice. People CAN put up with a Downsized Lifestyle when they have to.
* Relatives/Friends will be putting people in the spare bedroom ( Crowding is acceptable, versus being 'On the Streets' ) ... Simpleton Story plots can ignore REAL People's adaptability, and very old logical Ways things are done/handled in the real world.
* Many people in Rapture might OWN their own residences ( So only their upkeep bills/expenses would be affecting them ).
* Many People in Rapture still have their Jobs. What percentage of employees would be losing their livelihoods in this 'Crash' ? ( Note- This is assuming there could even be any 'Big' Speculative Crash in Rapture ).
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How Can You Have BANKS If There Are No Laws ? :
Consider that Banks (and Stock Markets) have to have Rules and the Force of Law to back those rules up - to be able to operate and have the Trust of their customers. That goes for both those 'Saving' their money, as well as those 'Borrowing' money.
So when you hear someone saying "There Were No Laws In Rapture", just laugh in their face and call them an idiot for being so ignorant.
Yes, Capitalism was based on the investment of Money indirectly, and it DOES NOT operate under Anarchy.
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