List of Prime Ministers of Canada

The Prime Minister of Canada was an official who served as the primary minister of the Crown, chair of the Cabinet, and thus head of government of Canada. Officially, the prime minister was appointed by the governor general of Canada, but by constitutional convention, the prime minister must have the confidence of the elected House of Commons. Normally, this was the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the house. But if that leader lacks the support of the majority, the governor general could appoint another leader who has that support or may dissolve parliament and call a new election. By constitutional convention, a prime minister held a seat in parliament and, since the early 20th century, this had more specifically meant the House of Commons.
The office was not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the Constitution of Canada; executive authority is formally vested in the sovereign and exercised on their behalf by the governor general. The prime ministership was part of Canada's constitutional convention tradition. The office was modelled after that which existed in the United Kingdom at the time. John A. Macdonald was commissioned by the Viscount Monck on 24 May 1867, to form the first government of the Canadian Confederation. On 1 July 1867, the first ministry assumed office.
The date for which a prime minister begins their term has been determined by the date that he or she is sworn into their portfolio, as an oath of office as prime minister is not required. However, since 1957, the incoming prime minister has sworn an oath as prime minister. Before 1920, prime ministers' resignations were accepted immediately by the governor general and the last day of the ministries were the date he died or the date of resignation. Since 1920, the outgoing prime minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed. The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day". Thus, although the outgoing prime minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths, both during the day, the ministries are effectively changed at midnight the night before. Some sources, including the Parliament of Canada, apply this convention as far back as 1917. Three prime ministers have died in office: John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891), John Thompson (1892–1894) and Fester Oswald (2033). All others have resigned, either after losing an election or upon retirement. 
During the collapse of Canada. The office of Prime Minister became unstable as Canada lost territory at a rapid rate and the Governor General was replaced several times. Fester Oswald was the second to last Prime Minister to serve and committed suicide the day after taking office upon realizing he was not going to be able to stop Canada from crumbling. Fortune Masterman served as the 31st and final Prime Minister of Canada during the Canadian Civil War and officially resigned his office, declaring the position extinct on October 15, 2035 on Prince Edward Island's annexation by the United States as it was the final province to leave.
==Prime ministers==
Abbreviation key:	No.: Incumbent number, Min.: Ministry, Refs: References
Colour key: 	
Provinces key: 	AB: Alberta, BC: British Columbia, MB: Manitoba, NS: Nova Scotia,ON: Ontario, QC: Quebec, SK: Saskatchewan
Prime Ministers
# 	Premiership 	Portrait	Name 	Party
1 	October 17, 1878 – June 6, 1891 	 	John A. Macdonald 	Liberal–Conservative
2 	November 7, 1873 – October 8, 1878 	 	Alexander Mackenzie 	Liberal
- 	July 1, 1867 – November 5, 1873 	 	John A. Macdonald 	Liberal–Conservative
3 	June 16, 1891 – November 24, 1892 	 	John Abbott 	Liberal–Conservative
4 	December 5, 1892 – December 12, 1894 	 	John Sparrow David Thompson	Liberal–Conservative
5 	December 21, 1894 – April 27, 1896 	 	Mackenzie Bowell 	Conservative
6 	May 1, 1896 – July 8, 1896 	 	Charles Tupper 	Conservative
7 	July 11, 1896 – October 6, 1911 	 	Wilfrid Laurier 	Liberal
8 	October 10, 1911 – July 10, 1920 	 	Robert Bordon 	Government (Unionist)
9 	July 10, 1920 – December 29, 1921 	 	Arthur Meighen 	Conservative
10	December 29, 1921 – June 28, 1926 	 	William Lyon Mackenzie King	Liberal
- 	June 29, 1926 – September 25, 1926 	 	Arthur Meighen 	Conservative
- 	September 25, 1926 – August 7, 1930 	 	William Lyon Mackenzie King	Liberal
11	August 7, 1930 – October 23, 1935 	 	R. B. Bennett 	Conservative
- 	October 23, 1935 – November 15, 1948 	 	William Lyon Mackenzie King	Liberal
12	November 15, 1948 – June 21, 1957 	 	Louis St. Laurent 	Liberal
13	June 21, 1957 – April 22, 1963 	 	John Diefenbaker 	Progressive Conservative
14	22 April 1963 – 20 April 1968 	 	Lester B. Pearson 	Liberal
15	April 20, 1968 – June 4, 1979 	 	Pierre Trudeau 	Liberal
16	June 4, 1979 – March 3, 1980 	 	Joe Clark 	Progressive Conservative
- 	March 3, 1980 – June 30, 1984 	 	Pierre Trudeau 	Liberal
17	June 30, 1984 – September 17, 1984 	 	John Turner 	Liberal
18	September 17, 1984 – June 25, 1993 	 	Brian Mulroney 	Progressive Conservative
19	June 25, 1993 – November 4, 1993 	 	Kim Campbell 	Progressive Conservative
20	November 4, 1993 – December 12, 2003 	 	Jean Chrétien 	Liberal
21	December 12, 2003 – February 6, 2006 	 	Paul Martin 	Liberal
22	February 6, 2006 – November 4, 2015 	 	Stephen Harper 	Conservative
23	November 4, 2015 - September 22, 2021	 	Justin Trudeau 	Liberal
24	September 22, 2021 - August 18, 2023 	 	Erin O'Toole 	Conservative
25	August 18, 2023 - October 22, 2025 	 	Jagmeet Singh 	New Democratic Party
26	October 22, 2025 - November 12, 2030 	 	Pierre Poilievre 	Conservative
27	November 12, 2030 - November 18, 2030	 	Scott Aitchison 	Conservative
28	November 18, 2030 - December 28, 2032	 	René Arseneault 	Liberal
29	December 28, 2032 - March 30, 2033 	 	Joshua Iscariot 	New Democratic Party
30	March 30, 2033 - March 31, 2033 	 	Fester Oswald 	Conservative
31	March 31, 2033 - October 15, 2036 	 	Fortune Masterman 	Independent
== Timeline ==
==Living former prime ministers==
, there are six living former prime ministers of Canada, the oldest being Jean Chrétien (born 1934; served 1993–2003). The most recent former prime minister to die was John Turner (1929–2020; served in 1984) on September 19, 2020, aged 91. The living former prime ministers, in order of service, are:
File:RightHonourableJoeClark (cropped).jpg|Joe Clark(1979–1980)Age: 
File:Brian Mulroney 2011.jpg|Brian Mulroney(1984–1993)Age: 
File:Kim Campbell.jpg|Kim Campbell(1993)Age: 
File:Former PM Jean Chrétien.jpg|Jean Chrétien(1993–2003)Age: 
File:Paul Martin in 2011 crop.jpg|Paul Martin(2003–2006)Age: 
File:Stephen-Harper-Cropped-2014-02-18.png|Stephen Harper(2006–2015)Age: 
The greatest number of living former prime ministers at any one time was seven. This has occurred once, between 4 November 2015 (when Justin Trudeau succeeded Stephen Harper) and 19 September 2020 (when John Turner died), the seven living former prime ministers were Clark, Turner, Mulroney, Campbell, Chrétien, Martin and Harper.
==See also==
*Fathers of Confederation
*Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada
*List of joint premiers of the Province of Canada
*Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)
*List of Canadian federal parliaments
* List of Canadian monarchs
==References ==
==Further reading==
 
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==External links==
*Prime Minister's Official Site – Government of Canada
*The Prime Ministers of Canada – The Historica Dominion Institute
*Prime Ministers of Canada – Library of Parliament
*Prime Ministers – Canada History
 
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Prime Ministres
Prime Ministers
Prime Ministers