Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)

Amadiya was a diocese of the Chaldean Church for most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The diocese was named for the hilltop city of Amadiya in northern Iraq, and in 1913 included Amadiya itself and sixteen villages in the Tigris plain near the town of Dohuk and in the Sapna and Gomel river valleys.
== Background ==
There were three main concentrations of East Syrian villages in the Amadiya region: in the Sapna valley to the west of Amadiya, in the Tigris plain around Dohuk, and in the Shemkan district, around the valley of the Gomel river. Before the fourteenth century the Sapna valley was part of the diocese of Dasen and Beth Ture ('the mountains'), which lay to the north of Marga and also covered the Berwari region and the Zibar and Lower Tiyari districts. The villages in the Dohuk district were included in the East Syrian diocese of Beth Nuhadra, whose bishops resided in the small town of Tel Hesh near Alqosh, and those in the Gomel valley in the diocese of Marga, centred on the Aqra region. The last-known bishops of Beth Nuhadra and Dasen, Ishoyahb and Mattai, were present at the consecrations of Makkikha II in 1257 and Yahballaha III in 1281 respectively, and it is unclear when either diocese came to an end.
No bishops of the Amadiya region are known from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. After the schism of 1552 the region remained loyal to the Nestorian patriarch Shemon VII Ishoyahb, and his opponent Yohannan Sulaqa, the first Chaldean patriarch, was martyred in 1554 after an attempt to win over Amadiya's East Syrian community. Thereafter the region seems to have been claimed by both patriarchates for some decades. A metropolitan Abdisho of 'Koma', probably the Sapna village of Komane with its recently revived monastery of Mar Abdisho of Kom, was among the signatories of a letter of 1580 from Shemon IX Denha to pope Gregory XIII, and the Dasen district was claimed by the Qochanes patriarch Shemon XI in 1653. On the other hand, a bishop Abraham of Beth Ture ('the mountains') is mentioned among the hierarchy of Eliya VIII in the report of 1610. Given its proximity to Alqosh, it would be surprising to find the region under the influence of the Qudshanis patriarchs, and the surviving manuscripts copied for the Dohuk, Sapna and Shemkan villages (some originating from Gazarta but the majority from Alqosh) invariably mention patriarchs of the Eliya line. By the end of the eighteenth century the Mosul patriarchate had a diocese of Amadiya for the region. 
The patriarch Eliya XIII Ishoyahb consecrated his nephew Hnanisho metropolitan of Amadiya in September 1784 after his withdrawal to Amadiya, with the intention of preserving the patriarchal succession within his family. Hnanisho made a Catholic profession of faith in 1795, but was felt by the Latin missionaries to be insincere. In 1801 the Vatican informed them that he could not be received as a bishop in the Catholic Church without 'manifest signs of penitence'. Shortly afterwards in the same year Hnanisho openly defied the Vatican, consecrating the priest Peter Shawriz metropolitan of Seert. 
Hnanisho seems to have become reconciled with Yohannan Hormizd after the death of Eliya XIII Ishoyahb in 1804, as in 1808 he was living in his household in Alqosh. He was 'senior to Yohannan, and governed the diocese of Amadiya, but all the same could do nothing without the approval of the metropolitan Yohannan'. Although he sympathised with Gabriel Dambo's monastic order, his dependence on Yohannan Hormizd occasionally forced him to act against his better judgement. In 1808 he asserted himself by delivering the monastery of Rabban Hormizd to Gabriel Dambo in defiance of Yohannan Hormizd's wishes. In 1811, however, on Yohannan Hormizd's instructions, he 'became a Nestorian at Amadiya' and expelled Dambo and his monks from the monastery with the assistance of the civil authorities. In 1813 he fell mortally ill, and made amends for his harsh treatment of the monks on his deathbed by returning the keys of the monastery to them. He died shortly afterwards and was buried in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd, 'among the tombs of the patriarchs of the Nestorians'.
== Chaldean bishops of Amadiya ==
Some years earlier a Catholic diocese had been established in the region with the consecration by Yohannan Hormizd of his nephew Mattai Shemon for Amadiya on 5 May 1790. Shemon, originally named Yohannan, was the son of Yohannan's brother the priest Giwargis, and appears to have been consecrated on the suggestion of the missionary Maurizio Cherzoni. There is no need to doubt the sincerity of Yohannan Hormizd's commitment to the Catholic faith at this period, but the appointment was of course also directed against his rival Eliya XIII Ishoyahb. After his consecration Shemon made a determined effort to convert a number of villages in the Sapna plain and the Zibar district to Catholicism.Badger, Nestorians, i. 153–5 He was killed by brigands not far from the Great Zab in 1811. 
 
Basil Asmar of Telkepe, a monk of the monastery of Rabban Hormizd, was consecrated for Amadiya at Amid by the patriarchal administrator Augustine Hindi in April 1824, but seems to have had no contact with his diocese. He resided in his home village of Telkepe until 1827, apparently in fear of the governor of Amadiya, known to be a friend of Yohannan Hormizd, and in 1827 fled to Amid, becoming its metropolitan in 1828. 
Basil Asmar was succeeded as metropolitan of Amadiya in 1830 by the energetic Joseph Audo, who was transferred from Mosul to the diocese of Amadiya under the settlement which confirmed Yohannan VIII Hormizd as patriarch and ended the schism in the Chaldean Church. During his metropolitanate Audo converted many of the villages of the Sapna valley to Catholicism. After he became patriarch in 1848 he was succeeded as metropolitan of Amadiya in 1851 by Abdisho Thomas Dirsho, a monk of the monastery of Rabban Hormizd, who died in 1859.
The future patriarch Abdisho Giwargis Khayyat became bishop of Amadiya in 1860. He was succeeded in 1874 by Mattai Paul Shamina, who exchanged dioceses in 1879 with Quriaqos Giwargis Goga, bishop of Zakho, who resigned in 1893. Eliya Joseph Khayyat was elected for Amadiya in 1893, but at the synod of Alqosh in 1894 the newly-elected patriarch Abdisho V Khayyat asked to retain him as his patriarchal vicar. As a result, the dioceses of Amadiya and Aqra were temporarily united under Yaqob Yohannan Sahhar, bishop of Aqra, who was responsible for the united diocese from 23 April 1895 until his death in 1909. 
He was succeeded as bishop of Amadiya by Francis David of Araden (the only nineteenth-century Chaldean bishop from the Amadiya region), who had been Sahhar's vicar-general for several years previously. He was consecrated for Amadiya on 15 August 1910, resided in the Sapna village of Araden, and remained bishop of Amadiya until his death in 1939.
Francis David's successors were Yohannan Qoryo (1942–6), Raphael Rabban (1947–57), Raphael Bidawid (1957–66), Andrew Sana (1966–7), Quriaqos Musa (1967–8), and Yohannan Qello (1973–2001).Fiey, POCN, 93
In December 2001 the elderly bishop Yohannan Qello of Amadiya, who died on 7 September 2002, was succeeded by Rabban Al-Qas. Rabban Al-Qas is also apostolic administrator of the Chaldean archdiocese of Erbil, vacant since the death of Yaqob Denha Scher in 2005.
== Population statistics ==
In 1850 the diocese of Amadiya included the towns of Dohuk and Amadiya and fourteen villages, all but one either around Dohuk or in the Gomel and Sapna valleys, and contained 466 Chaldean families, with 8 priests and 14 churches (Badger). The diocese also included at this period the Catholic communities in Herpa and Barzane, and probably other villages in the Aqra region.
In the 1850s Dohuk and several villages in the Dohuk district and Aqra region were transferred to the new dioceses of Zakho and Aqra. The reduced diocese of Amadiya contained 6,020 Chaldeans, with 10 priests, in 1867 (Martin); and 3,000 Chaldeans, with 13 priests and 16 churches, in 1896 (Chabot). In 1913 the diocese included Amadiya and sixteen villages, most of them in the Sapna and Gomel valleys, and contained 4,970 Chaldeans, with 19 priests and 10 churches (Tfinkdji). 
A recently published book by Youel Baaba has supplied the Syriac names of the villages in the diocese of Amadiya.Baaba, The Assyrian Homeland, 69 (Syriac section) 
Chaldean communities in the diocese of Amadiya, 1913
Name of VillageName in SyriacNumber of BelieversNumber of PriestsNumber of ChurchesName of VillageName in SyriacNumber of BelieversNumber of PriestsNumber of Churches
Amadiyaܥܡܝܕܝܐ40020Mezeܡܝܙܐ100</td>11 
Aradenܐܪܥܕܢ65021Beboziܒܒܘܙܐ12000
Mengesheܡܢܓܝܫܐ1,10041Adehܐܕܚ30010</td>
Daudiyaܕܘܘܕܝܐ30011Harmasheܗܪܡܫܐ31011
Tinehܬܢܐ45021Tellaܬܠܐ34011
Inishkܐܝܢܫܟܐ25011Birtaܒܝܪܬܐ6000
Hamziyyaܗܡܙܝܐ20011Dizziܕܙܐ8000
Komaneܟܘܡܢܐ6000Tel Heshܬܠ ܗܝܫ10011
Beth Ainathaܒܝܬ ܥܝܢܬܐ15010Total4,9701910 
Tfinkdji mentioned that the diocese contained about 4,000 'Nestorians' in 1913, a figure not much smaller than its Chaldean population. This is a remarkably high figure for the Sapna and Shemkan villages, exposed to Catholic influence for over a century; and as Chabot did not mention a substantial traditionalist population in the diocese in 1896, it probably included the population of the East Syrian villages in the Berwari region, perhaps considered nominally part of the diocese of Amadiya after the conversion of the traditionalist bishop Ishoyahb of Berwari in 1903.
==Notes==
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Category:Assyrian geography
Category:Bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East
Category:Chaldean bishops
Category:Chaldean Catholic Church