State Crown of Mary of Modena

The State Crown of Mary of Modena is the consort crown made in 1685 for Mary of Modena, queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. It was used by future queens, even by queens regnant until the end of the 18th century.
Originally set with hired diamonds, the crown is set with crystals for display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London.
Mary also had a diadem, also in the Jewel House, and a coronation crown, now owned by the Museum of London.
==Description==
The gold crown originally had 523 small diamonds, 38 large diamonds, and 129 large pearls. These have been replaced with quartz crystals. It is tall and weighs . The crown is decorated with crosses pattée and fleurs-de-lis and has four half-arches, surmounted with a monde and cross pattée.
==Origin==
Traditionally, when a king is married, his wife is crowned as queen at their coronation ceremony.Dixon-Smith, et al., p. 38. In 1649, the monarchy was abolished after a long civil war between Charles I and his Parliament, and the Crown Jewels were either sold or turned into coins by the Mint.Keay, p. 43. The coronation of Mary of Modena and her husband, James II and VII, marked the first time a queen was crowned after the restoration of the monarchy, Charles II having been unmarried when he took the throne in 1660.Mears, et al., p. 25.
Three pieces of headgear were made for the queen: a diadem to wear in procession to Westminster Abbey, a coronation crown for the crowning, and a state crown to wear upon leaving the abbey.Rose, pp. 36–37. Made by Richard de Beauvoir, the state crown was covered in diamonds valued at £35,000, and the bill for hiring them was £1,000.Olivia Fryman in Bird and Clayton, "Ceremony and Coronation", p. 100. She paid for the crowns and diadem out of her own pocket, and also commissioned two new sceptres and a coronation ring for the ceremony.Olivia Fryman in Bird and Clayton, "Ceremony and Coronation", p. 63.
Mary's diadem was set with 177 diamonds, 78 pearls, 1 sapphire, 1 emerald, and 1 ruby; it now contains artificial gemstones and cultured pearls, and is also on display at the Tower of London. It is tall and weighs .
Her empty coronation crown was acquired from a private dealer by the Museum of London in 1956. It had been sent to the Crown Jewellers, Rundell & Bridge, for maintenance work in the 19th century, but was never returned to the royal family. Originally, the crown weighed and was set with 419 diamonds, 46 large pearls, 7 rubies, 7 sapphires, and 2 emeralds.Twining, p. 158.
==Usage==
The crown was subsequently used by queens regnant Mary II and Anne; and by queens consort Caroline of AnsbachTwining, p. 169. and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. In 1831, the crown was judged to be too theatrical and in a poor state of repair, and so another crown was made for the new queen, Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen.Keay, p. 137. However, it is possible that Adelaide was crowned using one of Mary of Modena's crowns.
==Gallery==
File:Mary of Modena Kneller.jpg|Mary of Modena with the crown, 1687
File:School of Kneller - Mary of Modena - Torrington Town Hall Office.png|Mary of Moderna, 17th century
File:William and Mary cropped.jpg|Queen Mary in the Mary of Moderna's state crown, with William III in the State Crown of Charles II
File:William III and Mary II.jpg|Queen Mary in the Mary of Moderna's state crown
File:Queen Caroline Kneller.jpg|Queen Caroline, 17th century
File:Seeman - Caroline of Ansbach - RCIN 406182.png|Queen Caroline, 17th century, circa 1730
File:Style of Michael Dahl - Queen Caroline - Warwick Shire Hall.jpg|Queen Caroline, 17th century, circa 1730
File:Carlota, Reina de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda.jpg|Queen Charlotte with the crown, 1773
==See also==
*Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
*Crown of Queen Mary
*Crown of Queen Alexandra
*Crown of Queen Adelaide
==References==
==Bibliography==
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==External links==
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Category:1685 works
Category:Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom
Mary of Modena
Category:Mary of Modena