Marx

Gnahn in Trier in 1818, Karl Marx oistudyet ieus ed philosophia pre volge kye opposition journalisme, quo iom obliget ad se exile do Paris quer is ghat id franceoiso socialiste movment. Face senters mank om theoric bases, plant tunkye Marx servicihes science i proletars. Kathalika in Paris ghat is Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) : comscribent die deutsche Ideologie (1845-1846) ed, kay enover iro project os transforme id mund sekwent ia prabhils os dialectic materialisme, id Manifest der kommunistichen Partei (1848). 1848 est un revolutionen yar in Europe : Marx analyset tod quod, in France in Februar, vide id pehden os Ludvic-Philip ed id gnahsa ios Dwot Respublic (Die Klassenkämpfe in Frankreich, 1850), dind id collapse tos Respublic ed id adgumt ios Dwoter Empire (Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Napoleon, 1852). In 1848 exilet is se do London, quer is fineihsiet sien gwit. 
Aunmalal vaht Marx orbate pro sieno megil project uns critique os politic Economia, aun ghehde druve-ye akape id. Tod effort adduct eys megil wehrg, das Kapital - quos subtitule, in id tienjien edition, est Kritik der politischen Ökonomie. Bet sei Buk I (1867) ios Kapital est un parakapen menghia, publien ed tarjen do plur bahsas unte id jumiung siens autor, Buks II ed III sessient elaboren tik part-ye ed publien ab Engels, bad pos id mohrt os Marx. 
Tod intense theoric wehrg ne hat alnos diswohrten Marx ex politic action. Is act meg pro id creation ios international association im orbatern, - sayct "Prest Internationale" -, creet in 1864 in London. Ka secretar ios general concil ios association redact is der Bürgerkrieg in Frankreich (1871), analyse ios Commune os Paris. Bet eyso stets akster rivalitat con Bakunin (1814-1876) ed Anarchisme vaht slaberihes id personal action os Marx in id association, dissolven in 1876. Marx mehrt in 1883, ye id sam yar quem kun in Geneve, oik emigrants seule id grupp Освобождение труда, id prest Russiano marxiste organisation. 
 
Id men os Marx ghehdt bihe explieno med id samghat om tri trends : 
- id deutsch philosophia samt, hois, id dayi os voluntarisme sekwent quod el mensc est un subjectis quel ghehdt sib dahe sien wi loys, in id moral (Kant), dind politic (Fichte) xeimens; ed ciois tod, witer, uns Historia quod desployt sekwent sien wi rationalitat (Hegel). 
- id franceois Socialisme ghaten unte eys prest mukam in Paris in 1844. 
- id britisch politic economia quod eiskwt analyse yeun objective vidpoint ia phenomens om Production ed exchange tem quem ia surces os opnos. 
 
==Id marxiste theoria os historia==
Est un theoria quod eiskwt ses scientific ed mehnt od trehft un total explication os historia in id antslehnken os economia ed correlative-ye ios classenjidal. 
Historic materialisme biht construct witerom id idealisme os Hegel (1770-1831) pro quom id sense os historia est id Progress ios recognition os leudhert. Sei Marx remant derv ei Hegelian dayi sekwent-yod historia est un immanent-ye desploynd process, is hat "redehskwto dialectiques peds ghomtro". Marx abveict kathalika ud iens "burgese materialistens" ios XVIIIt secule au ud Feuerbach : el mensc est minter uno machine quem un ses quelswo product sien existence conditions med sien orbat. 
In id preface ei Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (1859) presentet Marx ia prabhils os historic materialisme : in id social production irs existence, entrent i mensci sem necessar sibias sonter ir vol; ia productionsibias corresponde un degree os antslehnken iren materialen opost forcen. Id menghia tom productionsibias oiskeipe id economic structure os societat, id concrete base ep quod oistaht un juridic ed politic superstructure correspons ab bestohmt forms os social conscience. Also iage conditions os material gwit causent ia social, politic ed intellectual forms ios mensccondition. 
Bet ye sem stadium irs antslehnken entrent ia material opost forces os socient un contradiction con ia existent productionsibias, au, quo est neid meis quem ir dikswekwos, ia vetatsibias eni-ya ta hieb moto tuntro. It ghyaht un zaman os social revolution. Bet tehrbent ses enderkwiten id material taraghen iom - objective-ye constatable - conditions os economic production ud ia juridic, politic, religieus, artistic au philosophic, yani ideologic formes sub-ya i mensci insafe tod conflict. 
Id sutwrnt os historia est id classenjidal - notion quod Marx launt ex Ricardo (1772-1823) - her definihn ka sibias os domination au exploitation. Ia megil moments ios classenjidal bestehme ia megil etapes os tienxia historia.
==Id theoria os wirt==
Marx hat emto tsay ex iens classic economistens (Smith, Ricardo) id prabhil os objective determination ios wirt iom wares med id orbatswakt necessar iri production. Bet is denuncet quo is ayt ka un rhalt quod consist reduce id wirt os cada ware ad salair ed profit (variable capital) ed ne vide id rol iom material productionzariyas (constant capital). 
Pro Marx, tik id variable capital, yani menscorbat, product uperwirt : itak previdt is quo is kalt un trendsehnken ios profitratio. Esdi id capital bfuyi auct id salairpledveh, id didehlct modernise ia productionsalats (machines, technic Innovations) ed id trendt nevergible-ye minces id importance ios gwiv orbat, surce os profit. Id tehrpt yinjier plauterihes ed intensifie id exploitation. It se exacerbet id classenjidal : est tanken os capital ed generaliset pauperascen. 
Marxisme ghi est uno mix om catastrophisme - capitalisme trehct kye sien fat ob ia-pet loys os sien functionment - ed optimism - tod process vaht duce ei senst revolution : ei proletarian revolution quod, aboleihndo ia sociala classes, siet suppremes ia causes os conflict inter menscens.
==Civil societat ed Stat==
Marx critiquet Hegels philosophia os ieus pro quom id Stat dehlct ghehde panges ia contradictions ed ia conflicts ios civil societat, task incumbhend qualifiet kwehrants, recruten sekwent ir competences ed ir conscience ios general interesse : id universalo classe. 
Pro Marx, id Stat est tod ios dominant classe. Id marxiste critique heiht bureaucratia yedschi deict id trend os cada representative magh ad esnafihes, ad bihe "un caste samt un wi interesse os classe quod est ids wi posdaren ios magh". Also, id social classe quod dohlg defende id general interesse mutaskeipt do un swobod classe. Est kheptenn remarkable od tod aspect ios wehrg os Marx buit censuret ab Stalin (1878-1953)
 Friedrich Engels (1820, Barmen, preussisch Rhenland / 1895, London) buit un deutsch philosoph, sociolog, historian, journaliste ed communiste revolutionar. Is buit eti un successwent entrepreneur in id textil industrie. Is antplohcit con Marx id social ed economic theoria kwiten nundiens ka marxisme.
==Ia ambiguitats ios marxiste heritage==
"Quanto woidim est od ne som marxiste" iey Marx de seswo in 1879. Idghi lexis marxiste se dividt do lohrs qua drehde mutu, quo permitt ghabe sammel ir opnos edschi ia possible contradictions. Naduret ka scientific methode. Is prever secretar os Engels, E.Bernstein, constatend od id evolution os capitalisme ne leit do id sense iom revolutionaren previsions os Marx, eiskwt ses derv ibs scientific naudhs os Marx - analyse quo est -, edghi tyehgvt id dayi revolution. Advoquet reformisme ed ia kayjins bright ei orbaterclasse. In historia, id école des Annales ghyant historic paursken kye economia; is megil historian Braudel saycsiet also : "Wey quanti smos marxistes". 
Alyo stand ois marxisme consist antruses id necessar jinkdousa os historia kam, in Religion, quietistes antreuse id divin providence. Sei capitalism est disparibund, est inutil intervene ob todswo succumbhsiet sien wi contradictions : Karl Kautsky (1854-1938), lider ios deutsch social-democratia, diweidsiet it id voluntarisme os Lenin (1870-1924). 
Witeromghi wehst id dayi voluntarisme. Tod hat ghohden duce do revolutionar romantisme, kam tod as Rosa Luxemburg, deutsch activistin os spartakisme, assassinen in 1919, pro quam id revolution est "sublime" ed biht sien wi objective. 
Voluntarisme duct kathalika ad leninisme wa "revolution contra id Capital", chunke tod adgwehmt in Russia, land industrial-ye minter antplohct quem id West Europe quer Marx presieyg id. Id adjunction ad marxisme uns explicit theoria ios communiste partise ed ios proletarian Stat est Lenins wehrg, ed brunct id prestige dulgen ei prest wanak uns effective marxiste revolution. Bet id kathalika uperneiht ex id dictature ios proletariat, quod Marx iey ka intermedio phase inter id pehden os capitalisme ed id adgumt os communisme, do id dictature ios wahid partise poskwo do id totalitarisme quod vrehsiet sien vafat in Stalins despotisme.
==Critiques os marxisme==
Concernent preter ids economisme ed id bestehmend vyige iom material structuren. 
Buit besonters kaun od marxisme khiek bayane ia drifts nu-ya id hat muttihn: id abolition os vetat quod sollit duce do id marsen ios Stat product bilax un totalitair forme os politic magh. 
Eti est discussible vide in economia unum universal ed totalisanto motivation. Marx habiet extrapolen do hol historia ia wirts ios capitaliste productionsmodus. "Sigwre od quantum i mensci hant kwohrskwn eet neid meis quem un enderrissem ios fabricsysteme est kam remane victim iom categorias os capitalisme". (Castoriadis, L'institution imaginaire de la société, 1975). 
Sema meis technic tolks betrehve id these quod bestehmt id revolutionar wehlpen, idnu trendsehnken os profitratio quod exacerbet id classenjidal. 
Radicaler-ye, id scientisme os Marx esiet bertor ios illusion uns waldh al mensc uper vasya aspects elsen social existence ed historia, ducend do totalitarisme. Tod dayi est antplohct af H.Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism (1952), Cl.Lefort in L'Invention démocratique (1981) au A.Glucksmann in La Cuisinière et le mangeur d'hommes (1975). Marx esiet tun oin tim "menmaysters" ducend do ia tragic drifts ios XXt secule. Fin-ye, marxisme kwehct leughayt ab idpet historia os capitalism : tod productionsmodus hat duct neter uni generalisen pauperisation, ni ei polarisation os societato do dwo classes. Sei Marx suadescript id prest industrial capitalism, is kwenchaut neter id upergumto do un financial capitalism, ni id fact od capitalisme ghehdt se adapte, ar est sul-ye neid doctrine sontern un praxis.
Category:Philosophia