The North

Disclaimer: This article is not going over the region as a whole at the end of A Song of Ice and Fire, but rather the Kingdom of the North. For those articles click: Riverlands, Far North
The north, or the North, or the winterlands is one of the constituent regions of Westeros and was a sovereign nation ruled by the Kings of Winter before Aegon's Conquest, and before that, other Kings such as the Barrow Kings and the Red Kings. The largest region of the Seven Kingdoms, the dominion of House Stark extended from the border of the New Gift, which is controlled by the Night's Watch, to the southern edge of the Neck far to the south. However, following the end of A Song of Ice and Fire, the North now extends as far south as Atranta in the Riverlands, and as far north as the Thenn, and is now once again a sovereign nation ruled by the Kings in the North.
The north has been ruled by the Starks for thousands of years from the castle known as Winterfell. The only city in the region is White Harbor, while the most prominent northern towns are Winter Town and Barrowton. Notable bannermen of the original region include Glover, Hornwood, Karstark, Manderly, Mormont, Reed, Ryswell, Tallhart, and Umber. Extinct Houses that used to be included are Bolton, Cerwyn, Flint, and Dustin. Notable bannermen from the Riverlands and Trident include Tully, Blackwood, Bracken, Mallister, Piper, and Vance. It should be noted that many Houses in the Riverlands that would be sworn to the North went extinct due to the Battle for the Dawn. The only known Houses to be created for the Far North as of the end of the series are Rayder, Thenn, Hornfoot, Giantsbane, and Whitetree. Bastards of noble origin raised in the North are given the surname Snow, in the Riverlands it's Rivers, and in the Far North it's established as Winter. 
== Geography ==
For main article view: Locations in the North
The North is based off of Scotland. While some say the vast north is nearly as large as the rest of the Seven Kingdoms combined, in actuality it is roughly a third of the landmass controlled by the Iron Throne. The region is sparsely populated, with vast wilderness, rising moorlands, high plains, forests, pine-covered hills and snow-capped mountains, speckled with tiny villages and holdfasts. The cold north is much less fertile than provinces in southern Westeros, however even at just the end of the A Song of Ice and Fire, it's lessening thanks to the destruction of the White Walkers. Its harsh climate is deadly in winter and occasionally it will snow even in summer. The north had two major land barriers, the Wall to the north and the Neck to the south. However, the Wall is now destroyed, and territories on both ends have expanded. The North now rules all the land in the Far North, as well as the majority of the land in the Riverlands. The north is bound on each side by major seas, the Shivering Sea to the east and the Sunset Sea to the west.
Winterfell, the ancestral seat of House Stark, is a large castle at the center of the north. Just outside its walls is Winter Town. The vast Wolfswood, the largest forest of the Seven Kingdoms, extends northwest to the Bay of Ice and Sea Dragon Point. Deepwood Motte, the seat of House Glover, lies in the western wolfswood. House Mormont rules Bear Island in the Bay of Ice. The Northern Mountains extend from the wolfswood to what was the Wall, now known as the Old Wall and are inhabited by the Northern Mountain Clans. 
South of the wolfswood is hilly terrain with several large lakes. Torrhen's Square, seat of House Tallhart, is by the largest of these lakes. Farther west along the Sunset Sea is the Stony Shore, which contains fishing villages. Southeast of the Stony Shore and north of Blazewater Bay is the Rills, plains which are ruled by House Ryswell. East of the Rills and south of Winterfell are the Barrowlands, hilly plains dotted with the barrows of the First Men. House Dustin ruled the large town of Barrowton before their extinction in the War for the Dawn. There are unnamed rivers which flow south from Barrowton and near Torrhen's Square into the Saltspear, while another unnamed river divides the Stony Shore from the Rills. King Jon II Stark claimed to be intending to name them at the end of A Song of Ice and Fire. 
South of the barrowlands is the Neck, an isthmus forming the border with the riverlands to the south. A vast swamp and the source of the Green Fork, the Neck is home to the Crannogmen; House Reed rules from the moving castle Greywater Watch. The ruined castle of Moat Cailin, on the causeway near the Fever River, controls access to the north from the Neck. Here the Kings of Winter held off southron invasions.
A large peninsula is west of the Neck and south of the Saltspear and Blazewater Bay. Flint's Finger, home of the extinct House Flint of Flint's Finger, is on its north shore, and Cape Kraken and the Flint Cliffs are along its western and southern shores. South of the peninsula are Ironman's Bay and the Iron Islands. It is unknown who rules it following the end of the series. 
East of the barrowlands is the White Knife, a major river of the north which has its source at Long Lake northeast of Winterfell. Castle Cerwyn, the seat of the extinct House Cerwyn, is near a tributary south of Winterfell. The White Knife runs south to White Harbor, one of the major cities of the Seven Kingdoms and the main port of the north. Southeast of White Harbor is Oldcastle, the seat of House Locke, while farther east are Ramsgate and the Broken Branch, which has its source in the Sheepshead Hills northeast of White Harbor. Widow's Watch, the castle of the now extinct cadet branch of House Flint, is built on an isolated peninsula east of Ramsgate in the Shivering Sea. The Bite separates the southeastern North, much of which is influenced by House Manderly of White Harbor, from the Vale.
Hornwood, the seat of House Hornwood, is in the Hornwood Forest north of White Harbor and south of the Dreadfort, the former seat of the extinct House Bolton. The Dreadfort lies near the Weeping Water, which flows east to the Shivering Sea. Northeast of the Dreadfort are the forested lands of House Karstark. East of their castle, Karhold, are the Grey Cliffs. In the Bay of Seals are several islands, including Skagos and uninhabited Skane. The largest, Skagos, is inhabited by cannibals and unicorns who worshipped the dead dragon carcass of Cannibal, and was only nominally controlled by the North. However, the island is now completely uninhabited due to the Skagoski Massacre at the hands of the Night King Euron Greyjoy. King Jon II Stark intends to create a fort and harbor there, intending to also create a possible Prince of Skagos title. 
North of Winterfell and the Dreadfort and northwest of Karhold are the lands of House Umber, whose castle of Last Hearth is in a forest. The Umbers control the Lonely Hills and land along the Bay of Seals. Beginning near Last Hearth, the Last River flows southeast between Karhold and the Dreadfort.
The Wall, or now known as the Old Wall, was a colossal fortification that protected the North from threats Beyond the Wall, such as Wildlings. It was separated from the northern lands owing allegiance to Winterfell by the Gift, which were lands of the Night's Watch north of the Umbers' lands. However, all of such land has been reclaimed following the end of the White Walkers and the War for the Dawn. The Old Wall is now the remnant of the giant wall that collapsed, and now forms what is known as the Old Wall, resembling glacier hills due to the ice. They can be traversed, but King Jon II Stark begins having tunnels dug through them at the end of the series. 
Winterfell and Moat Cailin are along the Kingsroad, which connects Castle Black at the Old Wall with the riverlands to the south. There are farms, holdfasts, inns, and villages along the road.
The North wasn't ever seen as valuable by many south of the Neck until the War of the Five Kings and the War for the Dawn. It is now one of three independent kingdoms in Westeros. 
== Seasons ==
The north is strongly affected during the long winters, with thousands of people killed and famine a common occurrence due to poor harvests before winter or the inability to raise crops during the longer winters that last for years on end. Some greater lords maintain greenhouses at their castles, such as the glass gardens of Winterfell.
Once autumn is declared by the Citadel, the lords of the north store away a part of the grain they have harvested. How much is a matter of choice; between one fifth and one fourth seems prudent, however. Additionally food is smoked, salted, and otherwise preserved ahead of winter. Coastal communities depend on fish and inland ice fishing is common on the rivers and Long Lake. Poor harvests before winter will mean famine, however.
In winter, snows can fall forty feet deep. Rain falls cold and hard, and sometimes turns into ice that can send men running for cover and ruin crops. Even during summer, snowfalls are not unusual but tend to be brief and not particularly damaging to agriculture.
However, following the end of the series, it is believed that winter will now be a rare occurrence, and that even the lands in the Far North will thaw, rarely seeing snow ever again. 
== People ==
For main articles on Northern cultures: Northmen, Crannogmen, Northern Mountain Clans, Skagosi
Most Northmen are descended from the First Men, although there have been centuries of intermarriage with the Andals who conquered south of the Neck. The Old Tongue spoken by the First Men of antiquity has been replaced in the North by the Common Tongue, with the earlier language now only spoken in the Far North. Northern accents can be considered "frosted".
Many Northmen, including Karstarks and Umbers, are large in stature and have thick beards, long hair, and heavy cloaks of wool or fur. During the Dance of the Dragons, for instance, Mushroom compared the host of Lord Cregan Stark to armored bears. Northern warriors can ride shaggy horses.
The constant cold and the iron grip of winter set apart the Northerners from the people of the kingdoms south of the Neck. The North's terrain and climate do not easily yield the necessities of daily life. Northmen place less of an emphasis on courtly ritual and culture, and instead prefer hunting and brawling. Many Northmen disapprove of tourneys and gambling. Northern competitions rarely feature jousting, preferring instead dangerous melees, and Northmen also make up their own rules for tourneys.
Guest Right is treasured in the North. Northmen have long memories, and a Lord who does not seek his rightful vengeance threatens to have his own men turn on him. A northern custom is that when someone is condemned to death, he who passes that sentence should swing the sword.
Some Northmen live in remote, distant areas where they act as little more than clans and tribes. These remote folk, such as the Crannogmen, the Northern Mountain Clans, and the Skagosi, are still vassals of the Starks, however, and are allowed to maintain their own ways and traditions as long as they remain loyal to Winterfell. Some Maesters believe the blood of Cape Kraken's people is closer to that of Ironborn than Northmen.
Most of the North's people still follow the Old Gods and their heart trees, and have little inclination for newer religions. There are only a few houses who follow the Faith of the Seven, with House Manderly the most prominent. Due to its religious aspect, most Northmen refuse to take holy orders and thus cannot become knights, although some northern cavalry are knights who still follow the Old Gods instead of the Seven. Most knights of the North live in the region's southern lands, such as White Harbor and the Barrowlands. Heraldry in the North is simpler than that in southern Westeros, showing the lesser influence that chivalry has had there.
The Northmen held the Night's Watch in high regard, and many Lords sent annual gifts to support the black brothers. However, with the Night's Watch no more, many northern Lords agree to aid build up the areas of the Old Wall and Far North. 
The first night was allowed in the North until Queen Alysanne Targaryen convinced King Jaehaerys I Targaryen to abolish it. Some northern lords still discretely practice it, however.
During harsh winters, many farmers and younger Northmen would seek refuge in Winter Town or at the castles of Lords. To preserve resources for the younger generations, many older Northmen leave their home to hunt during winter, with most not surviving until spring. Men who are old, childless, homeless, or younger sons also traditionally joined winter armies which marched for adventure and plunder with no expectation of survival.
Northmen were often considered savage, wild, and fierce by southrons. Northmen are sometimes referred to as "wolves" by Ironborn and southerners. Since most Northmen pray before heart trees instead of following the Seven in septs, some southrons consider them to be godless or tree worshipers.
== Economy ==
As the north is largely uncultivated, there are few roads of import there. Most of the inland trade passes by either the Kingsroad or the rivers. Trade items from the north include wool, hides, and timber. White Harbor, the main port town of the North, contains silversmiths and the Old Mint. Food can be shipped from the south through the Narrow Sea to the northern city.
King Jon II Stark plans to increase trade and create more roads in the North. He plans to spend much money to improve the infrastructure of the North as it rebuilds better than it was. 
== Military Strength ==
For all military strength numbers, go to: Military Strength
Jack Zimmerman has said that the North can muster forty-five thousand soldiers. However, it takes the North a long time to gather men due to the sparseness of the population. Nearly twenty thousand can be raised on short notice near the start of autumn, while thousands more might be raised from more distant houses, such as the Mountain Clans, if more time is allowed. However, at full capacity, including the Far North and the Riverlands, the North could raise a force of a hundred-fifty thousand men, combing their three kingdoms. 
Jack Zimmerman placed the infantry-to-cavalry ratio at four to one. House Manderly, of southron origins, is known to command the most heavy horse north of the Neck. Mail is the most common armor found in the North. As knighthood is associated with the Faith of the Seven, and the majority of the Northmen holds to the Old Gods, knighthood is rare in the North.
The North has had no strength at sea since Brandon the Burner set fire to the remaining fleet of his father, Brandon the Shipwright. At the end of the series, though, King Jon II Stark has Lord Wylis Manderly continue his father's, Wyman Manderly, orders from King Robb Stark to build a fleet for the North. He also orders Lord Patrek Mallister to build more ships, as well as intending to build new harbors at Stony Shore, Skagos, and later, Hardhome. 
== History ==
=== Dawn Age ===
=== Kings of Winter ===
=== Targaryens ===
=== Robert's Rebellion ===
=== Baratheons ===
=== War of the Five Kings ===
=== The War for the Dawn ===
=== Kings in the North ===