Velen

Velen (ve'.ðɛn) is a language with a rich culture in the nation of Lefavdrïn, a country named in the language. It is a direct descendent of Semhudi, which in itself is a descendent of the Amaniti language of Valondor. Velen was deemed to be a seperate language than Semhudi after multiple decades of spelling and sound changes caused by the Great Snow of Deparja. 
== Evolution ==
Over many years, Velen distinguished itself from its older counterpart, Semhudi, through various sound changes. These sound changes were overall due to the slurring of mouth movements in the unbearably cold climates. Expression, especially through speech and writing became less of a necessity that must be perfected and more of a fluid skill. Standardizations of spelling in Felesia stopped controlling the official spellings of words, leaving it up to Felesians to create a slurred version of Semhudi, Velen.
* o -> o̜ (less rounded o)
* u -> u̜ (less rounded u)
* ɛ -> e (except for final “e”)
* ɔ/ɔ̃ -> o̜ (less rounded o)
** (Šorn -> Śo)
* f -> ɸ
** Sometimes in unstressed syllables or if it is the final letter, p -> ɸ
* v -> β
** Sometimes in unstressed syllables or if it is the final letter, b -> β
* Sometimes in unstressed syllables or if it is the final later, g -> ɣ
* Sometimes in unstressed syllables or if it is the final later, k -> x
* h -> ħ when before vowels a, à, ï, o, ò, resulting in them becoming nasalized
** (/hä/, /hɔ/, /hæ/, /ho/ -> /ħä̃/, /ħɔ̃/, /ħæ̃/, /ħõ̹/)
* /ð/ -> l
** (Mòtheoviri -> Mòleovri)
** (Veths -> Velz)
* Stressed rl/dl/zd(r) -> /ɗ/ (Zdrezon -> Ḍezo)
** Unstressed rl -> th (Izerli ->Zely)
** Unstressed zdr -> zḍ.
** Unstressed d_t, d_z, or t_d -> ḍ (Dodut -> Doḍ)
*** Because /do̜ɗ/ is difficult to say, it is pronounced as /ɗo̜ɗ/ (/dodut/ -> /do̜ɗ/ -> /ɗo̜ɗ/)
** At the end of a word, nd/dn -> n
*** (Haund -> Hàn)
** Stressed consonant clusters with l or n following a consonant other than v except for dn -> ḍ (Gleu -> Ḍeu) (Zneg -> Ḍeg)
*** Bl at the end of a sentence becomes b
*** Dl at end of a sentence becomes d
*** Gl at the end of a sentence becomes g (pronounced as ɣ)
** Stressed consonant clusters with l following a consonant other than v at the end of a sentence just remove the l
*** (Ebl -> Eb)
* /äʊ/ -> /ɑ/ (Thau -> Là)
* /äɪ/ -> /æː/ (Amii -> Amï)
* If sm/nm are in the same syllable at the end of a word, the vowels before them will take a circumflex accent
** (Osm -> Ôm)
** (Sinm -> Sîm)
* Sometimes, consonants can double up after vowels being removed (Enčanten -> Enćan’n -> Enćann -> Enćân )
* Other examples:
** (Ekonòmi -> Ekonmi)
** (Amidari -> Amdary)
** (Faširi -> Faśry)
** (Kamiri -> Kamry)
* Somes cases of an “i” before a vowel are replaced by a “j”
** (Čios -> Ćjos)
* Mouth movements are slurred
** (Elixiriri -> E’xriry -> Exriry)
** (Blunderiri -> Ḍundriry)
* Unstressed /i/ at the beginning of a word is removed (Irebi -> Reby)
* Unstressed /i/ -> y at the end of a word (Česi -> Ćesy)
** Unstressed /i/ at the end of a word after a voiced consonant is not pronounced while the consonant is lengthened (Izerli -> Zely /zːɛðɪ/)
** Unstressed ò removed
*** (Ekonòmi -> Ekonmi)
* Vowels in between any consonant and a fluid consonant are removed (Milišjii -> Mliśjï)
* Middle kr -> gr (/ɣr/)
* Final er -> e
== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
 	Bilabial	Lab. Den.	Dental	Alveolar	P. Alv. 	Palatal	Velar	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal 	m 	 	 	n 	 	 	 	 	
Plosive 	p, b 	 	 	t, d 	 	 	k, g 	 	
Plosive 	b (ḅ) 	 	 	ɗ (ḍ) 	 	 	ɠ (g̣)	 	
Sib. Aff. 	 	 	 	 	tʃ (ć) 	 	 	 	
Sib. Fric. 	 	 	 	s,z 	ʃ (ś), ʒ (ź)	 	 	 	
N-sib. Fric.	ɸ, β 	f, v 	ð (l) 	ð̠ 	 	 	x, ɣ 	ħ 	h
Approx. 	 	 	 	 	 	j 	 	 	
Tap 	 	 	 	ɾ (r) 	 	 	 	 	
=== Vowels ===
 	Front 	Central	Back
Close 	i 	 	u
Near Close	ɪ (y) 	 	
Close Mid 	e 	 	o
Mid 	 	 	o̞ː (à)
Near Open 	æː (ï)	 	
Open 	 	a 	
== Grammar ==
=== Nouns ===
ANIMATE NOUNS 	ANIMATE NOUNS 	ANIMATE NOUNS 	ANIMATE NOUNS 	ANIMATE NOUNS
EXHALTED NOUNS: PEOPLE, DIETIES, RELIGIOUS/CULTURAL	EXHALTED NOUNS: PEOPLE, DIETIES, RELIGIOUS/CULTURAL	EXHALTED NOUNS: PEOPLE, DIETIES, RELIGIOUS/CULTURAL	EXHALTED NOUNS: PEOPLE, DIETIES, RELIGIOUS/CULTURAL	EXHALTED NOUNS: PEOPLE, DIETIES, RELIGIOUS/CULTURAL
 	Singular (Base) 	Dual 	Plural 	Superplural
Nom. 	 	-is 	-as 	-us
Dat. 	 	 	 	
-il 	-al 	-uril 	 	
Acc. 	 	 	 	
-iln 	-aln 	-ûm 	 	
INANIMATE NOUNS 	INANIMATE NOUNS 	INANIMATE NOUNS 	INANIMATE NOUNS 	INANIMATE NOUNS
OTHER NOUNS: OBJECTS, ANIMALS, ABSTRACTIONS	OTHER NOUNS: OBJECTS, ANIMALS, ABSTRACTIONS	OTHER NOUNS: OBJECTS, ANIMALS, ABSTRACTIONS	OTHER NOUNS: OBJECTS, ANIMALS, ABSTRACTIONS	OTHER NOUNS: OBJECTS, ANIMALS, ABSTRACTIONS
 	Singular 	Dual 	Plural (Base) 	Superplural
Nom. 	-ap 	-ra 	 	
-mi 	 	 	 	
Dat. 	-ilb 	-rel 	 	
-mil 	 	 	 	
Acc. 	-ilep 	-relni 	 	
-mul 	 	 	 	
=== Verbs ===
TRANSITIVE 	TRANSITIVE	TRANSITIVE	TRANSITIVE	TRANSITIVE
 	Singular 	Dual 	Plural 	Superplural
Present 	 	(i)ps 	(i)v 	me
Past 	o 	(o)tò 	žo 	žo
Remote Past 	oval 	odval 	žval 	žval
Future 	ti 	di 	di 	di
Remote Future 	ćfal 	dival 	dival 	dival
Imperfect 	ol 	ol 	žol 	žol
Pluperfect 	lo 	oḍò 	žožo 	žožo
Future Perfect	teo 	ḍò 	džo 	džo
INTRANSITIVE 	INTRANSITIVE	INTRANSITIVE	INTRANSITIVE	INTRANSITIVE
 	Singular 	Dual 	Plural 	Superplural
Present 	t 	(i)ps 	(i)vd 	met
Past 	ot 	(o)tòt 	žot 	žot
Remote Past 	oval 	odval 	žval 	žval
Future 	tit 	dit 	dit 	dit
Remote Future 	ćfal 	dval 	dval 	dval
Imperfect 	ol 	ol 	žol 	žol
Pluperfect 	lot 	oḍòt 	žožot 	žožot
Future Perfect	teot 	ḍòt 	džot 	džot
=== Irregular Verbs ===
TE (to be) 	TE (to be)	TE (to be)	TE (to be)	TE (to be)
 	Singular 	Dual 	Plural 	Superplural
Present 	te 	teps 	tev 	teme
Past 	teo 	teot 	tež 	tež
Remote Past 	teoval 	teodval 	težval 	težval
Future 	teti 	tedi 	tedi 	tedi
Remote Future 	tećfal 	tedival 	tedival 	tedival
Imperfect 	teol 	teol 	težol 	težol
Pluperfect 	telo 	teoḍ 	težož 	težož
Future Perfect	teteo 	teḍ 	tedž 	tedž
AVAX (to perform/do)	AVAX (to perform/do)	AVAX (to perform/do)	AVAX (to perform/do)	AVAX (to perform/do)
 	Singular 	Dual 	Plural 	Superplural
Present 	avax 	avaxips 	avaxiv 	avasme
Past 	avaxo 	avastò 	avažo 	avažo
Remote Past 	avaxoval 	avastfal 	avažval 	avažval
Future 	avaxti 	avaxti 	avaxti 	avaxti
Remote Future 	avaśfal 	avaśtival 	avaśtival 	avaśtival
Imperfect 	avaxol 	avaxol 	avažol 	avažol
Pluperfect 	avaźlo 	avaxoḍò 	avažožo 	avažožo
Future Perfect 	avasteo 	avaḍò 	avažo 	avažo
=== Pronouns ===
==== Animate Pronouns ====
NOMINITIVE	NOMINITIVE	NOMINITIVE	NOMINITIVE	NOMINITIVE
 	Singular 	Dual 	Plural 	Superplural
1st masc. 	ôm 	om 	kôm 	gôm
1st fem. 	kim 	om 	kôm 	gôm
2nd 	sim 	im 	îm 	îm
3rd 	y 	ćim 	sîm 	zim
Dummy 	y 	y 	y 	y
DATIVE 	DATIVE 	DATIVE	DATIVE	DATIVE
 	Singular	Dual 	Plural	Superplural
1st masc.	ômro 	oml 	kôml 	gômil
1st fem. 	kimro 	oml 	kôml 	gômil
2nd 	simro 	iml 	îml 	îmil
3rd 	yro 	ćiml 	sîml 	ziml
Dummy 	yro 	yro 	yro 	yro
ACCUSATIVE	ACCUSATIVE	ACCUSATIVE	ACCUSATIVE	ACCUSATIVE
 	Singular 	Dual 	Plural 	Superplural
1st masc. 	ôm 	oml 	kôml 	gômm
1st fem. 	kim 	oml 	kôml 	gômm
2nd 	sim 	iml 	îml 	îmm
3rd 	yn 	ćiml 	sîml 	zimm
Dummy 	yn 	yn 	yn 	yn
==== Inanimate Pronouns ====
WIP
=== Possession ===
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS	POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS	POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS	POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS	POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
 	Singular 	Dual 	Plural 	Superplural
1st masc. 	ôm 	om 	okôm 	ogôm
1st fem. 	okim 	om 	okôm 	ogôm
2nd 	osim 	oim 	oîm 	oîm
3rd 	oy 	oćm 	osîm 	ozim
Dummy 	oy 	oy 	oy 	oy
POSSESSIVE PREFIXES	POSSESSIVE PREFIXES	POSSESSIVE PREFIXES	POSSESSIVE PREFIXES	POSSESSIVE PREFIXES
 	Singular 	Dual 	Plural 	Superplural
1st masc. 	ôm- 	om- 	ok(ô)m- 	og(ô)m-
1st fem. 	ok- 	om- 	ok(ô)m- 	og(ô)m-
2nd 	os- 	oi- 	o(î)m- 	o(î)m-
3rd 	oy- 	oć- 	os(î)m- 	oz-
Dummy 	oy- 	oy- 	oy- 	oy-
=== Nominalization ===
Nominalization is like turning action words (verbs) or describing words (adjectives) into things or objects (nouns). It helps us talk about actions, qualities, or ideas as if they are stuff we can see or touch. So, instead of saying "being cool is great," you can say "coolness is great," treating "cool" like a noun. In Velen, nominalization is expressed by the word "ḍa" before the verb that is being nominalized.
Pe- to be great/good
Ḍape- goodness
=== Denominalization ===
Denominalization is the opposite of nominalization. It is the process of turning nouns into verbs or adjectives. Instead of saying something like "I become a flat object because a car ran me over," you can say "I flatten because a car ran me over." The same process in Velen happens with denominalization, meaning the noun in question takes the suffix "-en."
T'Dvizi- the bird
T'Dvizi dvizen- the bird flies (or literally, "the bird birds")
=== Evidentiality ===
Evidentiality is present in Velen, and is often used conversations. There are two types of evidentiality in Velen. Note that evidentiality may not be useful or make sense, but evidentiality is very important in conversations.
==== Visual Evidentiality ====
Visual evidentiality in Velen is used to prove a point that you saw first hand. To prove a point, add "čib" to the end of a verb.
T'ful fašotćib- (I saw) the boy was fighting.
==== Auditory Evidentiality ====
Auditory evidentiality is in Velen is used to add that you witnessed the thing your are describing second hand. This is the same that as if someone where to say "I heard that.." Although you are providing information to someone, you did not experience it first-hand. To describe that you heard something second-hand, as "-iv" to the end of a verb.
T'fulò fašotiv (Apparently/I heard) the boy was fighting.
=== Articles ===
Articles are present in Semhudi. Instead of being their own words, it is the prefix "t’"- . T’ is the only article, used definitely and indefinitely. Before a vowel, like in T’Eḍï, is pronounced like the ejective alveolar stop, like in Georgian. Before a consonant, like the T’Fina, is pronounced te. Unlike in English where you would state the before the adjective and the noun, it is just before the noun, like in T'Hàn.
== Links ==
* Dictionary: https://docs.google.com/document/d/11sgcH8g4kgIi4c6ONYCf1QzHSZy_siXtGs-_kJgoex0/edit?usp=sharing
* Sheets: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1njbI-iq26v_-GXBh_SWU0b_OieFX32VEMODxclsJNlE/edit?usp=sharing
Category:Languages
Category:Abexilas
Category:Luke's Languages