Big-data

Etymologia: Ex Englisch big data, big = "baygh, mier", ed data ex Latin, idswo ex oraryo *dH3teH2 = Sambahsa "da(h)ta". Est yinjier un plural nomen, bet bihtschi nudt ka un singular. 
Definition: Data ye un baygh plaut maschtab, tem quem ia ghehde bihe sammeln we beorbaten tik med computers, besonters in reference iri potential os permitte nov sehnds au ghaben in un specific camp os studye. 
==Qua sont big-data ?==
Id lexis hat est in neud pon ia 1990tias, sems dahnd credit ad John Mashey de popularisevs id. Ia big-data biadet include datenmenghias om meges trans id imkan om commun-ye nuden sotware alats kay kape, aurdhnes, manage ed beorbate data unte un tolerable dohnen wakt. Big-data philosophia ambghehrdt non-structuret, semi-structuret ed structuret data, lakin id major focus esti dayir non-structuret data. Big-data "mege" est un dayim-ye movend tarja; in 2012 inter oik douzens terabayten do maung zettabayts daten. Big-data naudhe uno menghia om techniques ed technologias samt nova formes os integration kay revele dyehrcmens ex datenmenghias qua sonti divers, complexe ed unios massive scal. 
Un 2016 definition udwekwnt od "Big-data represente ia information wakels kwiten ab un solg hog volume, syrat ed varietat pro naudhe specific technologia ed analytic methodes kay bihe transformen do wirt". Lakin, Kaplan ed Haenlein defineihnt big-data ka "datenmenghias kwiten ab large mikdars (volume) om frequent-ye ubkladen data in variat formats, kam digital, textual au kwiters/videos (varietat)". Eti, hakikia biht addihn ab sem organisations kay describe id, un revision challenget ab sem industrie autoritats. Ta preter tri kweits hant bihn poskwo extenden alyims complementar kweits om big-data : 
- machine-talimat : big-data ne daume sontern detege mer-ye prabhils. 
- digital print : big-data sont ops un gratis subproduct os digital interaction. 
Un 2018 definition udwekwnt "Big-data sont quer parallel informatic alats sont naudht kay beorbate data", ed kaut "to skeipt un distinct ed clar-ye definihto change in id nuden informatique, via parallel programmationstheorias, ed leusa om sems iom garantien ed imkans kwohrt ab id relational model os Codds. 
Id crehscend maturitat ios model ambhgrancet samt meis gwis id difference inter "big-data" ed "decisionhehlp informatique". 
- Decisionshehlp informatique neudti descriptive statistique samt hog informationsdensitat kay mides ject, detege trends, etc. 
- Big-data neude inductive statistique ed concepts ex non-linear systeme identification kay infere loys (regressions, non-linear sibias ed causal effects) ex large menghias daten samt ghem informationsdensitat kay revele sibias ed dependences, we tyices presaygens om hassiles ed sulouks.
==Big-daten kweits==
Big-data ghehde bihe describen med ia sehkwnd kweits : 
Volume: - id quantitat om gohnen ed skladen data. Id mege iom daten bestehmt id wirt ed id poptential ijmal, ed kweter id poitt bihe ayt big-data we ne. 
Varietat: - id type ed id buhsa iom daten. To hehlpt leuds qui analyse id ed effective-ye nudes id resultend ijmal. Big-data orgwehme ex texte, kwiters, audio, video; eti, completet ia mankend pieces per datenfusion. 
Velocitat: - in tod contexte, id syrat ye-yod ia data bihnti gohnt ed beorbat kay satisface ia naudhs ed challenges lyehgend ep id agmo kye crosct ed antslehnken. Big-data sont ops-ye behandet in real wakt. Comparet ad "smulk data", big-data bihnt producen mussalsaler. Dwo gensa os velocitat yugen ad big-data sont id frequence os generation ed id frequence om ghesoren, recorden ed publication. 
Hakikia: - est id extens definition pro big-data, quod refert-se ei datenqualitat ed ei datenwirt. Id datenqualitat iom kwahn daten maght meg varye, affectend id accurat analyse.
Data dehlge bihe beorbat med avancet alats (analytiques ed algorithms) kay revele maynenwent information. Mathalan, kay manage un fabric, anghen dehlct bespehce bo visible ed invisible problemes con divers components. Information generation algorithmes dehlgent detege ed kaure de invisible problemes kam machine degradation, component trehen...
thumb|left|335 px
==Historia iom big-daten==
Ia evolutions qua kweitent ia big-data ed ir algorithmes, tem quem ta os datenscience, sont part-ye kohlt (eni ia intelligence services iom major Stats) ed tem oku ed tem potential-ye deub quem pauki prospectivistes venture presayge ids bihsa ye medium au longo meiwrnt, men pleist observers vident ter sem major challenges pro future, tant in giokien om torgwaurmens quem de sociopolitic ed askari taraghens, samt besonters id risk os vide emerge ubiquiste, Orwellian ed totalitair systemes qua ghehde akster-ye controle, surveille ed/we influence individus ed grupps. Ia driftriska ab gouvernements au entreprises buir bilhassa preter descript ab Orwell ye id fin os Mund Weir Dwo, dind ops ab science fiction. Samt id apparition om mier datenbanks unte ia 1970tias (ed unte id hol Srig Weirprist), mult autors oisweurghe de ia incurren riska dayir id protection os privatia, besonters Arthur Miller quod udwekwnt id exempel ios crosct iom stockten daten de id physic ed psychic sieune im individus. 
In 2000, Froomkin, in un article paruen in id revue Stanford Law Review, daumt an privatia ne hat ja dauten, bet nu-hant bilhassa ia revelations os Edward Snowden (2013) suwen un nov insaf ed importanta movments os civic protest. Ia quar rects ed basic stands os privatia kam daftarn ab Westin in 1962 (rect ad khalwa, ad intimitat, ad anonymitat in id menghia, ed ad sirr) sont menacet in un crehscend numer om situations, tem quem id mathmoun iom blixbrevs quod est part ios rect ad privatia.
 Pos sib udkeupus ud Facebook ia meis quem 1000 pages om personal data de iom qua senter behans, Maximilian Schrems (gnahn in 1987 in Salzburg, Osterreich), ieurgh un collective sudye ant id EU Curt os Justice quo dehsit un fin ei Safe Harbor Playct inter id EU ed ia Uniet Stats os America.
==Volume iom big-daten==
Est un relative dimension : ia big-data, kam kaun ab Lev Manovitch in 2011, definih prevst "ia datenmenghias kafi mier kay naudhe supercomputers", bet hat jaldi bihn possible nudes standard softwares ep desktops kay analyse we comanalyse vasta datenmenghias. 
Id volume iom stocken daten plen-ye exspandt : ia digital data creen tienxia habient uperliten ex 1,2 zettaoctet pro yar in 2010 do 1,8 zettaoctet in 2011, poskwo 2,8 zettaoctets in 2012 ed mikdarsient do 40 zettaoctets in 2020. Per exempel, Twitter managit in Januar 2013 7a teraoctets daten cadadien ed Facebook 10 teraoctets. In 2014, Facebook Hive gohn To daten cadadien. Nu-producient ia technic-scientific installations (meteorologia, etc) ia meista data. Mult projects os pharaohi dimension sonti tyehcend. Radiotelescope Square Kilometre Array mathalan producsiet 50 teraoctets om analysen data cadadien dughen ye un tempo om 7000 teraoctets pro secunde.
E-Bay neudti dwo datenempors om 7,5 petabayts ed 40 pB tem quem un 40 pB Hadoop computernetwehrgo pro sok, consummern recommandations ed merchandising. 
Amazon.com ghesort millions om back-end operations cadadien, tem quem soks ex meis quem oin pwolmillion em tert pehrnern. Id central technologia quod wehrgeiht Amazon keiht ep Linux ed in 2005 hiebeer tienxia trit plautst Linux database, samt imkans om 7,8 tB, 18,5 tB ed 24,7 tB. 
Facebook ghesort 50 millions om photographias ex sieno neuderbase. In Jun 2017, Facebook niek 2 milliards em munt-ye active neuders. 
Google ghesorit takriban 100 milliards om soks per munt in Augusto 2012. 
Ia alats nuden in-kap ia 2010ens ne sont adequat ibs datenvolumes gohnt in id exploration iom big-daten. Est necessar concepe instruments qua permitte meis oismauter, analyse ed daftare ia datenmenghias kay mehghe un paurskeiskwen niht ab datum. Id big-daten paursken hat just inkapt. 
Id datenquantitat evolvt meg meis-ye jaldi quem noster gnohsas in tod xeimen. The God Lab site previdt od nient ses kafi datenmualims.
==Gouvernance ed big-data==
Id naudht un constanto civic debate tem quem adapten modus om gouvernance ed uperwakht ar sem Stats, grupps au entreprises habend privileget access ibs big-datims ghehdent jaldi extrage uno mier numer "om diffuse personal data" qua, per meisgen ed analyse, permitte un stets preciser profiling, intrusive ed yando illegal (aynd fu id protection os privatia) im individus, grupps ed entreprisen, ed besonters os ir social, cultural, religious au professional status (exempel ios PRISM programme ios NSA), iren personal activitats, iren adets om trehc, kaup ed consumm, auti os ir sieune. Tod question direct-ye refert ei Tienxia Declaration Om Menscenrects quod deict, in Article 12, od Nimen sessiet submiss ad arbitrair immixtions in sien privatia, familia, baytel, correspondence, ni ad schinghays do sien honor ni kleumen. Cadanghen hat rect ei protection ab id loy contra solg immixtions au schinghays. Id augen om big-data bringht semschi megil responsibilitats. Besonters de sanitat, akster ethic pands existe. 
Ep id EU scene, un nov reglament buit enplacet unte anno 2015 : id EU General Reglamento de Datenprotection (GRDP). Leitti de un reglament quod modifiet id diksquader de id protection iom personal daten eni id Europay Union. Id GRDP mehmeiht od cada physic person dehlgiet ghehde controle data samt personal kweitu de se. Cada economic operation dehlct eti ses transparent, id reglament swekwehrt idso dikssecuritat (article 13). Fin-ye, id protection iom personal daten est garantiet ab tod reglament (article 17).
==Exempels om applications pro id planete ed id climat==
Tienxia big-data mathmounti data essential kay solve id climatic equation, ed besonters pro kayjine id energetic efficience iom urbs ed trebs, pro ia smartgrids, kay chehxe id application om xiseys qua jidalskwnt contra deforestation, uperpeisken, swolendegradation, pieutwazden we kay bilkull suamanage id zibel, eco-consumme we incite i investors ad cree smart urbs. 
Unte id COP 23 (Bonn, 2017), un parallel wakya os hog nivell organiset ab id "Forum de Posdaril Innovation" ed id Uniet Nations Antslehnken Programme hat samghaten managers om datencompagnies ios privat sector ed UN representers. Tod grupp hat appellen ad antplehce id "datenphilanthropia", yani ad smyehrihes en masse ed altruiste-ye ia data kay stimule efficience, innovation ed id stehmen ibs actions os protection os climat ed id resilience face climatchange. 
In 2017, id UNAP hehlpt meis quem 75 lands ad modernize ir systemes om weter ed climat surveillance. In ia itkalt emergent lands, etileikwt un effort kwehrtu pro id "senst kilometer"; mathalan ia "mobil operators" ghehdient meis suaprimes id weterinformation ed hehlpe pro un deilen iom daten de opsens ed via mobilphones iaswo retransliators ghehdient, in diemen con Big-data companies bihe platforms os jamiyen om data util ei elaboration om local ed nationala plans os adaptation ad climatchange, ed util ei elaboration om sectoral strategias os climatic resilience. Ia anonymisationsdifficultats ios privatios datios remane lakin un important kyehm ei efficienti smyehreihsa om massive data inter i decisors ed id pledveh. Id "datenphilanthropia" bezielt buwes ia public ed privat sectors do dwo egal partners. 
- In 2016, id UNAP hat organisen un innovationsernu (Climate Action Hackathon) quod hat tribuet sums ad 23 Webantplehcers kay cree mobil plorapplications in Africa, neudend ia climat ed weterdata. 
- In 2017, un ernu Data for Climate Action Challenge buit lancen in-kap 2017 ab Global Pulse (UNO) kay suwes innovation de open-data focust ep id exploitation iom Big-Daten ed id datenanalyse pro id service ios commun wesu.
==Prospects ed evolution==
Oino iom magnen panden os productivitat iom big-daten in ir evolution vaht betrehve id logistique os information, yani quosmed garantie kem id relevant information arriva ei gohdi steti ye id gohd moment. Leitti de uno microeconomic proschgumt. Ids efficience dependsiet it tod ios combination inter ia microeconomic ed macroeconomic proschgumts uns problem. 
Sekwent un IDC studye, ia digital data creen tienxia mikdarsient 40 zettaoctets in 2020. Comparation-ye, Facebook managit circa 10 teraoctets daten cadadien in-kap 2013. Id antplehcen ios en-masse herbehrgen daten kwehct esus acceleret sammel ab plur phenomens : id taxir darmdisken sekwos ia saylabs in Thayland in 2011, id boum ios mercat iom smartphones ed pianjis. Addihn ad to, id democratization ios alveycomputing, stets prokwer dank alats kam Dropbox, bringht ia big-data do id centre ios logistique os information.