Latin

Latin (lingua latina; latinum) est un italic bahsa bayghend id famila iom Hindeuropay linguas, quod buit bahn in id Antique Rome dind unte Mediev ed Renaissance, hatta tiel id Muassir zaman, se manteinus ka scientific bahsa tiel id XIX° secule. Ids nam gwehmt ex un geographic zone ios Italian peninsule quer wehst Rome, Latium. 
Hassilit uno megil importance med id expansion os Roman, ed buit officialo lingua ios Roman Imperium unte mier parts om Europe, Nord Africa ed Prokweust, con Hellen. Kam pleist hindeuropay bahsas, Latin est id atav iom Romanc bahsas kam, mathalan Espaniol ed Franceois. Eti hat influencen ia werds iom moderne bahsas ob unte mult secules, pos id pehden ios Roman Imperium, continuit ses nuden unte hol Europe ka lingua franca pro sciences ed politique, quasi exclusive-ye tiel minst-ye id XVIIt secule.
Id Catholic Kyrk neudt id ka liturgic bahsa, ed biht uset pro ia scientific nams im animals ed vegetals, os sanschan, ed pro diksformules ed mottos. Sigwra oin tridel ios werdskaut os Sambahsa est commun con Latin, eti meis quem id dwidel sei includmos vasya Romanc linguas.
== Archayic Latin ==
Oin iom teuts in Latium, ambh ia Alban clins, eent i Latins, qui vibihr dominant in Central Italia poskwo trans id. 
Ia presta skedhen inscriptional etiloikwa prehpent ye id senst quardel ios VIIim secule pre JC; inscriptions bihnti nisbatan pohltost bad ye id trit secule pre JC, kunschi inkapt id preserven Latin literature. Ia aussta survivevs literara fragments gwehme ud Livius Andronicus (circum 284 pre JC); esti traditional-ye ayn is prest qui adaptit id Latin bahsa do Hellen metrique. Takriban dwo generations serter gwehmt is comic dramaturg Plautus (? 254-184 pre JC), is prest autor quom wehrgs survive in muhim wakel; eysa pieces sont sohkwn ab ta os Terence (circum 195-159 pre JC). Yaschi important pro tod zaman sont poets kam Ennius, Accius ed Lucilius; ex ir wehrgs xeihms way tik singule lignes au cort passages udwekwnen ab serter scriptors. Id latin prose inkapt con Caton iom Veuter (234-149 pre JC) quos buk de agriculture, De Agri Cultura, est os immense wirto pro historians om Latin bahsa, culture ed religion.
Eni id branche iom Italic linguas, Latin eet prokwst-ye gendel faliski. Ia Sabellic bahsas (yando kalt Osk-Umber ab mualims) skip alter branche. Ia importantsta Sabellic linguas eent Osk, im weikers om Samnium ed Campania; Umber, id bahsa im weikers awios Umbrias; ed Sud Picente, id lingua ios folkios quod wik ia sudst parts os Picenum ana id Adriatic. Alya members tos familia sonti gnoht, bet tik in pauk inscriptions. 
== Classic Latin ==
Id prist os Classic Latin esti traditional-ye dividen do ia Golden ed Argwrnt Aiwa. Id Golden Aiwo, durend tiel id mohrt ios poet Ovid in 17, vis mathalan ia logsa ed alya wehrgs os Cicero, ia militar commentes os Caesar, ia historias os Titus-Livus, ed id poesis om Lucretius, Catullus, Horace ed Vergilius. Id Argwrnt Aiwo, tarikhend tiel id mohrt os cesar Marcus-Aurelius in 180, mathmounti mathalan ka literature ia tragedias ed philosophic scripts os Seneca, id roman Satyricon os Petronius; id Historia Naturalis os Plinius iom Veuter; ia satires os Juvenal; ed ia storias om Tacitus ed Suetonius. Pos tod prist gwohm Sert Latin, unte-yod un plaut wakel os aus Christian literature buit scriben, mathalan ab Saint Augustinus ed Saint Jerome.
Zaruri est udwekwne her is lexicograph Sextus Pompeius Festus, qui scripsit ed gwivit inter 100 ed 400. Eys De Significatione Verborum est un enorm-ye importanto dictionar om archayic werds ed formes, mathmounend un opnos os information deschi veuter Roman legal ed religieus praxis. Survivet tik in fragments, bet hams un bragvyet version ios hol wehrg kwohrn ab iom lombard historian ios VIIim secule Paul Diaken. 
Unte tod zaman, id colloquialo Latin baht unte id Imperium, gnohn ka Vulgar Latin, biantslohnk do ia different dialects qua bihr serter ia Romanc bahsas.
George Buchanan (Alban Gaelic : Seòras Bochanan; 1506 Killearn / 1582 Edinburg) buit un Alban historian ed humaniste alim. Eys tractato De Jure Regni apud Scotos, publien in 1579, discuss id doctrine od id surce quants politic waldh est id popule, ed od is roy est bohnden ab ta conditions, ed od est legal resiste, hatta punihes tyranns. Est ayt is autor qui beirst-ye mieyster Latin pon id pehden ios Roman Imperium. 
== Medieval ed Humaniste Latin ==
Pos id pehden ios Roman Imperium, Latin bihsit nudt unte secules ka wahid scriben lingua in ia territoria prevst-ye deila ios imperium. In ia cancellarias iom roys, in id Roman curia, in id liturgia ios Catholic Kyrk, pro id productiom om buks, id wahid bahsa eet Latin, yed un Latin stets meis influencen ab id bahn lingua. Ja unte id imperial era hieb Vulgar Latin inkapt se enderkwites do different dialects. 
Un reaction jinkdout circum anno 800 med id "Caroling Renaissance", quando Charlemagne samghiet ambh se iens megst alims os sien zaman, kam iom lombard Paul Diaken ed iom englisch Alcuin os York, quibs is dahsit id task os reorganise culture ed talim ep id territorium siens imperium. Tod operation sienk definitive-ye ids kweit os mohrt bahsa. Ne kjiawxieng buit script lyt serter ye id prest ker in un romanc lingua, id awo franceoiso ios Strasbourg Oit os 842. 
Pos anno 1000 gnahr ia universitats ed id talim, ab leuds quoy iendh hol Europe (clerici vagantes) eet strict-ye in latin, un latin quod, kam normal pron un bahsa, hieb semquayt varyet pon id zaman om Ciceron ed Horace. Ies alims iom universitats elaboreer un "sonterlatin", id scolastic latin, adapten ad expremes ia abstracta concepts ios philosophia tos zaman. 
Ye id XIV secule in Italia prohp un cultural trend quod, parallel-ye ei raunstehgen ed ei ubweirten ios classic ed paganios mund, favorisit un udnoven interesse dia antique latin : tod emsit id nam os Humanisme. Inkapen con Petrarca, continuit con Poggio Bracciolini, Lorenzo Valla, Marsilio Ficino ed Coluccio Salutati. Id classic lingua bihsit object os profundo studye quodghi gohn id ilm kalen "classic philologia". 
Ab id Renaissance, latin buit dar nuden ka bahsa om philosophia ed science, kweter eni au exter Italia (Thomas More, Erasmus os Rotterdam, Thomas Hobbes, Christophe de Longueil, etc) edschi in latin scripseer i prest mualims kam Coppernic, Gauss ed Newton (Galileo usit auter latin au italian sekwent id public quei id wehrg eet bestohmt), tiel ausst-ye id XVIIIt secule, quan in todschi rolo latin buit tayno med ia divers nationala linguas (franceois, englisch, deutsch, etc)
Itak id major part iom ducuments (buks, kawus, etc...) producen in latino ne tarikhe tsay do id classic prist (ta textes mikdarient circa 600 unitats) sontern do successive zamans, kam Mediev ed Renaissance. Recenta studyes hant revelen id existence uns literar mirath quod contiet meis quem 18 000 yakin textes, ex qua pleista remane inedihn.
Dwoter page ios 1689 Nerchinsk Traiteit (Latin : Pactum Nertschiae, Rusk : Нерчинский договор, Manju :ᠨᡳᠪᠴᡠ ‍ᡳᠪᠣᠵᡳ ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ ) buit id prest boidos signen inter China ed Russia, ed buit id prest instrument os moderne international ieus behndend Giungkwok. Buit redact, kam vidmos, in Latin, samt in bundo tos page ia sgills iom Russians ed id Imperial Chinese tamkha. Is russian representer eet Grafo Fiodor Golovin ed so ios Qing Stat is minister Songgotu (pinyin : Suǒ'étú). Id grance inter bo imperia buit pact engwn id rivier Argun ed id Stanovoi gabehrg tiel id ripa ios Okhotsk mar. 
== Moderne neud ==
Exter id latin literar mund, tod bahsa hat remanen nudt in meg specific technic xeimens (kam biologia), bet se limitet ad nomenclature. In alya xeimens (anatomia, ieus), quer latin buit historic-ye meg plaut-ye nuden, hat surviven in technic phrases ed terminologia. 
Latin hat remanto taiptro id vernacular lingua ios Catholic Kyrk, in tod lingua bihnti mathalan promulgen ia Pontifical Bullas. Ye tod titule est id officialo lingua ios Iser Seddos. 
Ye id XIX secule eet Latin yando nuden kay kulkes certain bukpassages mae bihient lisen ab magvens, leuds iom popular classen au gwens. Talg passages prehpe in orbats de folklore, anthropologia, psychologia, mathalan in Psychopathia sexualis ab Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1886). 
Id "gwiv Latin" est un effort kay gwinwes Latin ka bahn lingua ed ka yana pro muassir communication ed publication, kweter leitti de uno mer hobby we de serieuser projects kay restaure ids prever rol os international hehlpbahsa. Mathalan, Olivier Simon, inventor os Sambahsa, hat tarjen ed adapten do Latin ia textes ios symphonia ios canadian compositor Alexandre Choinière keind ep id videoleik Legend of Zelda.
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== Id latin alphabet ==
Id latin (wa roman) est un scribsysteme nudto tienxia ab id mierst numer om bahsas, bayna-ya Sambahsa. Consistti 26 buksteivs. Tienjien-ye, i Romans useer tik 23 buksteivs, ne gnohnd id W os anglo-saxon origin, menxu U ed J apparihr unte id Renaissance. Id gnahsit ye id VIIIim secule pre JC, ab id etrusk, idswo derivet ex id archayic hellen alphabet os Chalcis. Id compris in-kap tik majuscules; bad unte id Mediev apparihr ia minuscules, derivet ex id cursive khat. 
Successive-ye, ob ia europay expeditions do America ed Oceania, id latin alphabet se diffus tienxia, widt in ia territoria krigen ab i Britisch, Franceois, Espaniols, Portugheschens ed Nederlanders. Mathalan, Vietnam wid tod alphabet unte id franceois colonisation, quer id tiey ia Chinese khanjis. Id latin alphabet est yaschi official in ia Philippines, Indonesia ed maung alya Stats ios Pacific Ocean. In 1928, ob ia diversa reformes enterpriden ab Kemal Atatürk, yaschi Tyrkia tiey id arab alphabet med ia latin buksteivs. In 1991, pos id collapse ios Soviet Union, iaschi Stats samt bahsas gendel ad Tyrk (Aserbaydjan, Usbeckistan ed Turkmenistan) tiey Kirilitsa med id Latin systeme.