1991 Japanese Grand Prix

The  was the penultimate round of the 1991 Formula One Championship, held at a circuit which had played a crucial role in the Championship numerous times in the past. Suzuka had seen Ayrton Senna claim his both of his World Championships, and it was the Brazilian who was favourite to repeat the feat once again, leading Nigel Mansell by 16 points, with only 20 left to fight for.
Indeed, it was to be Senna's day, as Mansell (who needed to win both of the remaining races to stand any chance of taking the title) retired early on, while Senna and team mate Gerhard Berger streaked ahead. Senna allowed Berger to take the victory, a thank you for the work that Berger had done to aid him over the previous two seasons, with Riccardo Patrese fighting his way onto the podium.
==Background==
With the end of the season fast approaching, most of the focus was on the Championship battle, although Ayrton Senna was the outright favourite. His lead of 16 meant that Nigel Mansell, the only man who could mathematically defeat him, would have to win both of the remaining races outright, with Senna finishing fifth or lower in both. Form, however, was no guide to how the Championship could go, as Mansell was arguably driving to the best of his ability, but luck had not been on his side through most of 1991.
The Constructors' Championship could also be decided in Japan, although the likelihood of it being so was remote. lead the title battle by a single point from , and would win the Championship if Mansell and Riccardo Patrese claimed a one-two, and the two McLarens of Senna and Gerhard Berger retired. Once again, form was no help in pointing to one team or the other, as the Williams FW14 was superior to the McLaren MP4/6, but was decidedly more delicate through its semi-automatic gearbox.
Away from the title battle, most of the news focused on preparations for the 1992 Championship. One team who looked destined not to make it were , who could not afford to send their two cars to Japan, leaving Fabrizio Barbazza and Olivier Grouillard on the sidelines. Elsewhere, finally ended the speculation surrounding their return to by announcing a new engine partnership with , who would provide them with V10 engines for the 1992 season, race prepared by Mugen.
While also made an announcement concerning their switch from to power for 1992, attention was focused on another new face to the Championship. Karl Wendlinger joined after the arrest of Akira Akagi, their principle investor, with the team dropping Ivan Capelli for Wendlinger's sponsorship money. Another change came at , where Johnny Herbert once again returned to his seat, leaving Michael Bartels on the sidelines.
Familiar faces also returned to the paddock in Japan, with signing up a pay driver, Naoki Hattori to race at his home Grand Prix, with the team having missed the 1991 Spanish Grand Prix. Also spotted was Bertrand Gachot, who hoped to return to his seat having served his two month prison sentence. Eddie Jordan, however, was relatively happy with the money and talent of Alex Zanardi and Andrea de Cesaris, and so Gachot did not return to action in Japan.
==Entry List==
The full entry list for the is outlined below:
No. 	Driver 	Entrant 	Constructor 	Chassis 	Engine 	Model 	Tyre
1 	Ayrton Senna 	Honda Marlboro McLaren 	 	MP4/6 	 	RA121E 3.5 V12 	
2 	Gerhard Berger 	Honda Marlboro McLaren 	 	MP4/6 	 	RA121E 3.5 V12 	
3 	Satoru Nakajima 	Braun Tyrrell Honda 	 	020 	 	RA101E 3.5 V10 	
4 	Stefano Modena 	Braun Tyrrell Honda 	 	020 	 	RA101E 3.5 V10 	
5 	Nigel Mansell 	Canon Williams Team 	 	FW14 	 	RS3 3.5 V10 	
6 	Riccardo Patrese 	Canon Williams Team 	 	FW14 	 	RS3 3.5 V10 	
7 	Martin Brundle 	Motor Racing Developments Ltd. 	 	BT60Y 	 	OX99 3.5 V12 	
8 	Mark Blundell 	Motor Racing Developments Ltd. 	 	BT60Y 	 	OX99 3.5 V12 	
9 	Michele Alboreto 	Footwork Grand Prix International 	 	FA12C 	 	DFR 3.5 V8 	
10 	Alex Caffi 	Footwork Grand Prix International 	 	FA12C 	 	DFR 3.5 V8 	
11 	Mika Häkkinen 	Team Lotus 	 	102B 	 	EV 3.5 V8 	
12 	Johnny Herbert 	Team Lotus 	 	102B 	 	EV 3.5 V8 	
14 	Gabriele Tarquini 	Fondmetal F1 	 	F1 	 	DFR 3.5 V8 	
15 	Maurício Gugelmin 	Leyton House Racing 	 	CG901 	 	2175A 3.5 V10 	
16 	Karl Wendlinger 	Leyton House Racing 	 	CG901 	 	2175A 3.5 V10 	
18 	Fabrizio Barbazza 	Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives 	 	JH27 	 	DFR 3.5 V8 	
19 	Michael Schumacher 	Camel Benetton Ford 	 	B191 	 	HB 3.5 V8 	
20 	Nelson Piquet 	Camel Benetton Ford 	 	B191 	 	HB 3.5 V8 	
21 	Emanuele Pirro 	BMS Scuderia Italia 	 	F191 	 	GV 3.5 V10 	
22 	JJ Lehto 	BMS Scuderia Italia 	 	F191 	 	GV 3.5 V10 	
23 	Pierluigi Martini 	Minardi F1 Team 	 	M191 	 	037 3.5 V12 	
24 	Gianni Morbidelli 	Minardi F1 Team 	 	M191 	 	037 3.5 V12 	
25 	Thierry Boutsen 	Equipe Ligier Gitanes 	 	JS35B 	 	3512 3.5 V12 	
26 	Érik Comas 	Equipe Ligier Gitanes 	 	JS35B 	 	3512 3.5 V12 	
27 	Alain Prost 	Scuderia Ferrari SpA SEFAC 	 	643 	 	037 3.5 V12 	
28 	Jean Alesi 	Scuderia Ferrari SpA SEFAC 	 	643 	 	037 3.5 V12 	
29 	Éric Bernard 	Larrousse F1 	 	LC91 	 	DFR 3.5 V8 	
30 	Aguri Suzuki 	Larrousse F1 	 	LC91 	 	DFR 3.5 V8 	
31 	Naoki Hattori 	Coloni Racing 	 	C4 	 	DFR 3.5 V8 	
32 	Alex Zanardi 	Team 7Up Jordan 	 	191 	 	HB 3.5 V8 	
33 	Andrea de Cesaris 	Team 7Up Jordan 	 	191 	 	HB 3.5 V8 	
34 	Nicola Larini 	Modena Team SpA 	 	291 	 	3512 3.5 V12 	
35 	Eric van de Poele 	Modena Team SpA 	 	291 	 	3512 3.5 V12 	
Source:'Japan 1991: Entrants', statsf1.com, (Stats F1), https://www.statsf1.com/en/1991/japon/engages.aspx, (Accessed 26/02/2020)	Source:'Japan 1991: Entrants', statsf1.com, (Stats F1), https://www.statsf1.com/en/1991/japon/engages.aspx, (Accessed 26/02/2020)	Source:'Japan 1991: Entrants', statsf1.com, (Stats F1), https://www.statsf1.com/en/1991/japon/engages.aspx, (Accessed 26/02/2020)	Source:'Japan 1991: Entrants', statsf1.com, (Stats F1), https://www.statsf1.com/en/1991/japon/engages.aspx, (Accessed 26/02/2020)	Source:'Japan 1991: Entrants', statsf1.com, (Stats F1), https://www.statsf1.com/en/1991/japon/engages.aspx, (Accessed 26/02/2020)	Source:'Japan 1991: Entrants', statsf1.com, (Stats F1), https://www.statsf1.com/en/1991/japon/engages.aspx, (Accessed 26/02/2020)	Source:'Japan 1991: Entrants', statsf1.com, (Stats F1), https://www.statsf1.com/en/1991/japon/engages.aspx, (Accessed 26/02/2020)	Source:'Japan 1991: Entrants', statsf1.com, (Stats F1), https://www.statsf1.com/en/1991/japon/engages.aspx, (Accessed 26/02/2020)
==Practice Overview==
Practice saw several drivers exploring the limits of the circuit, and was heavily affected by an early rain shower. Pierluigi Martini smashed his up badly enough to bring out a red flag early on, before Gabriele Tarquini managed to write off his new just moments after the restart. But the biggest accident in practice was also the scariest, as Éric Bernard in his crashed heavily after 130R, breaking his leg in the process. Bernard was helicoptered to hospital, leaving Larousse with only one car for the weekend.
==Qualifying==
As with the majority of the 1991 season, the saw the use of pre-qualifying to satisfy the FIA's latest safety drive. The maximum limit for cars on any circuit at any time had been set at 30, meaning that 3 cars had to be removed from the weekend running. Seven drivers were therefore made to battle it out for four spots in the full qualifying session, based on their performance from the previous half season. Brabham, Coloni, Fondmetal, and were the entrants who made up the session after the 1991 German Grand Prix, with AGS out for the foreseeable future.
===Pre-Qualifying===
With Brabham once again favourites to top the session, there was little surprise when Martin Brundle topped the times from the session, beating the two Footworks by over a second. But, there was a shock for the British team, as Mark Blundell failed to qualify after struggling to set his car up to a level of parity with Brundle. He joined debutante Naoki Hattori on the sidelines for the rest of the weekend, with the Japanese journalist well off the pace.
====Pre-Qualifying Results====
The full pre-qualifying results for the are outlined below:
Pos.	No.	Driver 	Constructor	Time 	Gap
1 	7 	Martin Brundle 	 	1:41.289 	—
2 	10 	Alex Caffi 	 	1:42.383 	+1.094s
3 	9 	Michele Alboreto 	 	1:42.479 	+1.190s
4 	14 	Gabriele Tarquini	 	1:43.025 	+1.736s
DNPQ	8 	Mark Blundell 	 	1:44.004 	+2.715s
DNPQ	31 	Naoki Hattori 	 	2:00.035 	+18.746s
WD 	18 	Fabrizio Barbazza	 	Withdrawn	Withdrawn
===Report===
Like practice, the two qualifying sessions were littered with accidents, with two heavy crashes denting the chances of two drivers. The first hit youngser Michael Schumacher, who was able to walk away from his Benetton after losing the rear end into the complex and hitting the barrier backwards. Then, it was Jean Alesi's turn, as he mirrored Schumacher's accident through the complex, destroying the rear of the Ferrari and his hopes of a podium. Fortunately for both, they could use the spare cars, and eventually ended up ninth and sixth respectively.
Away from the carnage, and Ayrton Senna had almost the perfect result from the session, as his team mate Gerhard Berger claimed pole. Doubtless, the Brazilian would have wanted the position himself, but he did take second, which meant he could control Nigel Mansell from the start, with the Brit taking third. Alain Prost managed to beat the second Williams of Riccardo Patrese to fourth, with Pierluigi Martini, Gianni Morbidelli and Nelson Piquet all in the top ten.
Best of the pre-qualifiers was Brundle, although he was down in seventeenth, with Alex Caffi joining him on the grid, although he was down in 26th, with Tarquini splitting them in 24th. THe latter two were outqualified by F1 newbie Karl Wendlinger, who claimed 22nd, as Michele Alboreto, Nicola Larini and Eric van de Poele all failed to make it through. , of course, would take no further part in the weekend after his accident.
===Full Qualifying Results===
The final result for the is outlined below:
Pos.	No.	Driver 	Constructor	Time'1991 Japanese Grand Prix', wikipedia.org, (WikiMedia, 13/08/2015), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Japanese_Grand_Prix, (Accessed 15/08/2015)	Time'1991 Japanese Grand Prix', wikipedia.org, (WikiMedia, 13/08/2015), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Japanese_Grand_Prix, (Accessed 15/08/2015)	Gap
Pos.	No.	Driver 	Constructor	Q1 	Q2 	Gap
1 	2 	Gerhard Berger 	 	1:36.458 	1:34.700 	
2 	1 	Ayrton Senna 	 	1:36.490 	1:34.898 	+0.198s
3 	5 	Nigel Mansell 	 	1:36.529 	1:34.922 	+0.222s
4 	27 	Alain Prost 	 	1:37.565 	1:36.670 	+1.970s
5 	6 	Riccardo Patrese 	 	1:37.874 	1:36.882 	+2.182s
6 	28 	Jean Alesi 	 	1:37.718 	1:37.140 	+2.740s
7 	23 	Pierluigi Martini 	 	1:40.176 	1:38.154 	+3.454s
8 	24 	Gianni Morbidelli 	 	1:41.088 	1:38.248 	+3.548s
9 	19 	Michael Schumacher	 	1:39.742 	1:38.363 	+3.663s
10 	20 	Nelson Piquet 	 	1:40.557 	1:38.614 	+3.914s
11 	33 	Andrea de Cesaris 	 	1:40.407 	1:38.842 	+4.142s
12 	22 	JJ Lehto 	 	1:40.191 	1:38.911 	+4.211s
13 	32 	Alex Zanardi 	 	1:39.051 	1:38.923 	+4.223s
14 	4 	Stefano Modena 	 	1:39.245 	1:38.926 	+4.226s
15 	3 	Satoru Nakajima 	 	1:40.100 	1:39.118 	+4.418s
16 	21 	Emanuele Pirro 	 	1:41.246 	1:39.238 	+4.538s
17 	25 	Thierry Boutsen 	 	1:39.946 	1:39.499 	+4.799s
18 	15 	Maurício Gugelmin 	 	1:40.714 	1:39.518 	+4.818s
19 	7 	Martin Brundle 	 	1:40.867 	1:39.697 	+4.997s
20 	26 	 	 	1:41.251 	1:39.820 	+5.120s
21 	11 	 	 	1:41.484 	1:40.024 	+5.324s
22 	16 	Karl Wendlinger 	 	1:41.639 	1:40.092 	+5.392s
23 	12 	Johnny Herbert 	 	1:40.512 	1:40.170 	+5.470s
24 	14 	Gabriele Tarquini 	 	1:42.835 	1:40.184 	+5.484s
25 	30 	Aguri Suzuki 	 	1:41.528 	1:40.255 	+5.555s
26 	10 	Alex Caffi 	 	1:40.517 	1:40.402 	+5.702s
DNQ 	9 	Michele Alboreto 	 	1:41.536 	1:40.844 	+6.144s
DNQ 	34 	Nicola Larini 	 	1:43.057 	1:42.492 	+7.792s
DNQ 	35 	Eric van de Poele 	 	1:46.641 	1:42.724 	+8.024s
DNQ 	29 	 	 	No Time 	No Time 	
DNPQ	8 	Mark Blundell 	 	1:44.025 	1:44.025 	1:44.025
DNPQ	31 	Naoki Hattori 	 	2:00.035 	2:00.035 	2:00.035
===Grid===
The full starting grid for the is shown below: 
==Race==
Despite the rain during the earlier part of the weekend, Sunday was dry and warm, just what Nigel Mansell needed to be able to defeat the two McLarens, after the Williams struggled in the wet in Spain.PhantomSMA, 'Formula 1 Grand Prix: 1991 Season Review - Part 15 - Race Fifteen: Japan', youtube.com, (YouTube, 14/04/2013), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aohke_tnwgU, (Accessed 17/08/2015) All Ayrton Senna needed to do was to keep ahead of Mansell, and, with the Brazilian starting behind team mate Gerhard Berger, he could allow the Austrian to build a big lead, meaning Mansell would have to push hard to win, even if he got past Senna. Reliability would doubtless play a factor, although that ball was firmly in Senna's court, with his McLaren MP4/6 one of the most reliable cars on the grid.
===Report===
Off the line, it was formation flying from the two McLarens, who managed to box Mansell on the outside of the track, as Berger swept into the lead from Senna. Riccardo Patrese beat Alain Prost off the grid to take fourth, with the Frenchman just able to keep team mate Jean Alesi at bay through turn one. Alesi, however, would only complete a third of the opening lap, however, as he suffered an engine failure in the first part of the complex. Back with the leaders, and Senna was already backing off from Berger to hold up Mansell, while the Austrian began to build a lead at the front.
The second lap saw a four car pile up on the spot where Alesi blew his engine, as the oil laid down from the former Ferrari engine caught out Andrea de Cesaris.'GRAND PRIX RESULTS: JAPANESE GP, 1991', grandprix.com, (Inside F1 Inc., 1999), http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr515.html, (Accessed 17/08/2015) He spun on the oil, leading JJ Lehto, running just behind him, to slam on the brakes to take avoiding action. The sudden momentum change caught out Lehto's team mate Emanuele Pirro, who slammed into the back of his team mate's Dallara, putting both out of the race. Then, as de Cesaris rejoined, he was collected by the débutante Karl Wendlinger, with the pair both ending up in the gravel trap next two the two Dallaras, all four out.
Mansell, meanwhile, was crawling all over the back of Senna, who was now putting up a stubborn, and time consuming defence. Mansell began to make increasingly riskier moves to try to get past, opting to brake later and later into turn one. This would ultimately prove to be his down fall, when, on lap 10, Mansell carried too much speed through turn one and caught the grass. Momentum carried him into the gravel, with the Brit then thrown into a spin, then ended with the Williams beached and Mansell out of the title fight.
Berger slowed afterwards, with the two McLarens trying some formation flying after Berger waved Senna through, a perfect display for engine supplier at their home race. Although the title and the race seemed decided, however, the race was anything but tame further down. Martin Brundle had made a strong start in the powered Brabham, and was now battling Pierluigi Martini and Michael Schumacher for fifth. Unfortunately, reliability prevented the fight getting into full swing, as first Schumacher then Martini retired, promoting Brundle.
Ultimately though, the action was overshadowed by one last gesture by Senna, who pulled aside on the run out of the chicane on the last lap to allow Berger to take victory, a thank you for the work that Berger had done. Riccardo Patrese, meanwhile, had finished third after being unable to compete with McLaren's stunning pace, while Prost claimed fourth for Ferrari. Brundle collected his first points for Brabham in 1991 at 's home race, while Stefano Modena was promoted to sixth in the closing stages in the .
Controversy, however, was never too far away from Senna, and although he had won the title with only minor incidents throughout the season he let his words speak louder than his actions. In his post race interview, Senna highlighted the politics of the now former Jean-Marie Balestre era as having been detrimental to the Championship, and that 1991, which had seen Max Mosley elected as FIA president, was a good season for the Championship.
===Results===
The final results for the are shown below:
Pos. 	No. 	Driver 	Constructor	Laps 	Time/Retired 	Grid 	Points
1 	2 	Gerhard Berger 	 	53 	1:32:10.695 	1 	10
2 	1 	Ayrton Senna 	 	53 	+0.344s 	2 	6
3 	6 	Riccardo Patrese 	 	53 	+56.731s 	5 	4
4 	27 	Alain Prost 	 	53 	+1:20.761 	4 	3
5 	7 	Martin Brundle 	 	52 	+1 lap 	19 	2
6 	4 	Stefano Modena 	 	52 	+1 lap 	14 	1
7 	20 	Nelson Piquet 	 	52 	+1 lap 	10 	
8 	15 	Maurício Gugelmin 	 	52 	+1 lap 	18 	
9 	25 	Thierry Boutsen 	 	52 	+1 lap 	17 	
10 	10 	Alex Caffi 	 	51 	+2 laps 	26 	
11 	14 	Gabriele Tarquini 	 	50 	+3 laps 	24 	
Ret 	26 	 	 	41 	Alternator 	20 	
Ret 	23 	Pierluigi Martini 	 	39 	Clutch 	7 	
Ret 	19 	Michael Schumacher	 	34 	Engine 	9 	
Ret 	12 	Johnny Herbert 	 	31 	Engine 	23 	
Ret 	3 	Satoru Nakajima 	 	30 	Spin 	15 	
Ret 	30 	Aguri Suzuki 	 	26 	Engine 	25 	
Ret 	24 	Gianni Morbidelli 	 	15 	Wheel bearing	8 	
Ret 	5 	Nigel Mansell 	 	9 	Spin 	3 	
Ret 	32 	Alex Zanardi 	 	7 	Gearbox 	13 	
Ret 	11 	 	 	4 	Engine 	21 	
Ret 	33 	Andrea de Cesaris 	 	1 	Accident 	11 	
Ret 	22 	JJ Lehto 	 	1 	Accident 	12 	
Ret 	21 	Emanuele Pirro 	 	1 	Accident 	16 	
Ret 	16 	Karl Wendlinger 	 	1 	Accident 	22 	
Ret 	28 	Jean Alesi 	 	0 	Engine 	6 	
DNQ 	9 	Michele Alboreto 	 	 	 	 	
DNQ 	34 	Nicola Larini 	 	 	 	 	
DNQ 	35 	Eric van de Poele 	 	 	 	 	
DNQ 	29 	 	 	 	 	 	
DNPQ 	8 	Mark Blundell 	 	 	 	 	
DNPQ 	31 	Naoki Hattori 	 	 	 	 	
Source	Source	Source 	Source 	Source	Source 	Source	Source
==Milestones==
*Début for Karl Wendlinger.
*Ayrton Senna claimed his third World Championship.
*65th race win for a Honda engine.
==Standings==
Ayrton Senna therefore claimed his third World Championship, with a 26 point advantage over Nigel Mansell, and only 10 available in Adelaide, the final race of the season. Mansell would therefore have to be content with second, in a season where misfortune had cost him another chance at a first title, with Riccardo Patrese confirmed as taking third. Gerhard Berger claimed fourth from Alain Prost, although he remained under threat from the Frenchman, who could still finish in the top four if he won in Australia.
The Constructors' Championship duel between and was set to go down to the final race, although it was weighed heavily in the former's favour. They overturned Williams' one point lead coming into Japan, leaving with an eleven point advantage over their native rivals. Ferrari, meanwhile, were confirmed in third, after a poor season that looked set to end without a win to their name, with Benetton secure in fourth. Jordan Grand Prix, meanwhile, had a fight on their hands to keep their fifth place status, as Tyrrell slowly closed the gap.  
Drivers' World Championship	Drivers' World Championship	Drivers' World Championship	Drivers' World Championship
Pos. 	Driver 	Pts 	+/-
1 	Ayrton Senna 	91 	
2 	Nigel Mansell 	69 	
3 	Riccardo Patrese 	52 	
4 	Gerhard Berger 	41 	1
5 	Alain Prost 	34 	1
6 	Nelson Piquet 	25 	
7 	Jean Alesi 	21 	
8 	Stefano Modena 	10 	
9 	Andrea de Cesaris 	9 	
10 	Roberto Moreno 	8 	
11 	Pierluigi Martini 	6 	
12 	JJ Lehto 	4 	
13 	Bertrand Gachot 	4 	
14 	Michael Schumacher 	4 	
15 	Satoru Nakajima 	2 	
16 	 	2 	
17 	Martin Brundle 	2 	6
18 	Emanuele Pirro 	1 	1
19 	Mark Blundell 	1 	1
20 	Ivan Capelli 	1 	1
21 	 	1 	1
22 	Aguri Suzuki 	1 	1
23 	Julian Bailey 	1 	1
Constructors' World Championship	Constructors' World Championship	Constructors' World Championship	Constructors' World Championship
Pos. 	Team 	Pts 	+/-
1 	 	132 	1
2 	 	121 	1
3 	 	55 	
4 	 	37 	
5 	 	13 	
6 	 	12 	
7 	 	6 	
8 	 	5 	
9 	 	3 	
10 	 	3 	2
11 	 	2 	1
12 	 	1 	1
==References==
Videos and Images:
*
References:
Category:1991 Grands Prix
Category:Japanese Grand Prix
Category:Formula One races in Japan