The Shibboleth of Fëanor

The Shibboleth of Fëanor is the eleventh chapter of Christopher Tolkien's The Peoples of Middle-earth, which is the twelfth and most recently compiled volume of The History of Middle-earth.
"Shibboleth" is a rare word defined as a custom, principle, or belief distinguishing a particular class or group of people, esp. a long-standing one regarded as outmoded or no longer important.
The chapter that follows is "The Problem of Ros".
==Synopsis==
This chapter covers the titular essay by J.R.R. Tolkien which explains the shift from the monograph (letter) þ (as in English 'thing') to s in the spoken 'Exilic' Elven dialect of Quenya, and how this phonological change became connected to broader circumstances. Also included, however, are lengthy 'excursuses' from this essay regarding Elven 'mother-names', the parentage of Gil-galad, the westward migration of the Edain, and the names of various prominent Ñoldor. There is additionally a portion of the main body of the chapter that tells of Galadriel. 
The premise of the discussion in this chapter is the 'anomolous' use of s: Tolkien reasons that, since in Sindarin (the vernacular tongue of the Noldor after their exile) þ was common, the change þ > s must have become widespread before the Noldor left Valinor. And on the basis of the presence of þ in Vanyarin Quenya and Telerin, and its retention in written Exilic Quenya the Noldor must have been able to produce this sound. It is thus concluded that the shift from þ to s was "conscious and deliberate".
With that established, Tolkien explains the adoption of this linguistic change by the majority of Ñoldor and its historical context within the Middle-earth canon. Originally, he explains, the lingual change was criticised by loremasters "who pointed out that the damage this merging would do in confusing stems and their derivatives that had been distinct in sound and sense had not yet been sufficiently considered". Chief among these 'reactionaries' was Fëanor, who opposed the shift from þ to s because of his attachment to the þ sound, which was due to its presence in the mother-name of his mother Míriel, Þerindë (Quenya for 'Needlewoman'). Following the death of Míriel and the antagonism this led to between Fëanor and Finwë's children by Indis, this formerly scholarly debate became, surprisingly, politicised. The use of þ by Fëanor and his followers became entrenched, and he saw the growing adoption of s by the Ñoldor, and especially now by Finwë and Indis themselves, as a deliberate insult to his mother and a plot by the Valar to weaken his influence amongst the Ñoldor. In this way Fëanor made þ > s a political shibboleth; he would name himself the 'Son of the Þerindë', and he once said to his children, "We speak as is right, and as King Finwë himself did before he was led astray. We are his heirs by right and the elder house. Let them sá-sí, if they can speak no better." 
==Note on the text==
The text comprising this chapter was drawn from a single unfinished typescript of Tolkien's, that included handwritten notes, composed sometime after 1968. According to Christopher Tolkien, it would be typical of his father's latest work on the Middle-earth mythology in that the production of new material resulted largely from discursive attempts to explain anomalies and unanswered questions in his earlier work, usually concerning philology, which often resulted in a wide variety of subjects being addressed. The History of Middle-earth, Vol. XII: The Peoples of Middle-earth, Introduction to Part 2: Late Writings 
==Translations==
Foreign Language 	Translated name
Arabic 	شيبولت من فيانور
Armenian 	Ֆըանորի Շիբբոլեթ
Chinese 	費諾的示播列
Czech 	Fëanorje šibolet
Danish 	Fëanors sjibbolet
Dutch 	De Sjibbolet van Fëanor
Esperanto 	La Ŝiboleto de Fëanor
Finnish 	Fëanorin šibbolet
French 	Le Schibboleth de Fëanor
Georgian 	ფეანორი-ს შიბბოლეთი
German 	Die Schibboleth von Fëanor
Greek 	Ο Σύνθημα γνώρισμα του Φέανορ
Hebrew 	שיבולת של פיינור
Icelandic 	Fëanors sjibbólet
Irish Gaelic 	An Teagasc seanchaite de Fëanor
Italian 	Il Shibboleth di Fëanor
Japanese 	フェアノールのシボレス
Korean 	페아노르의 쉽볼렛
Kyrgyz Cyrillic 	Фэанорын шибболет
Norwegian 	Fëanors sjibbolet
Polish 	Szybolet z Fëanor
Portuguese 	A Xibolete do Fëanor
Romanian 	Șibolet de Fëanor
Russian 	Шибболет Феанора
Slovak 	Fëanoršov šibolet
Slovenian 	Fëanorjev šibolet
Spanish 	La Shibboleth de Fëanor
Swedish 	Fëanors schibbolet
Ukrainian Cyrillic	Шібболет Феанора
==References==
ru:Шибболет Феанора
Category:Chapters of The Peoples of Middle-earth
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