Army of Northern Virginia

The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was most often arrayed against the Union Army of the Potomac. Three districts were created under the Department of Northern Virginia:
*Aquia District 
**First commander: Maj. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes
**Period of existence: October 22, 1861, to April 18, 1862
*Potomac District
**First commander: Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard
**Period of existence: October 22, 1861, to January 29, 1862
*Valley District
**First commander: Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson
**Period of existence: October 22, 1861, to April 9, 1865
While the Aquia and Potomac Districts ceased to exist by the spring of 1862, the need remained for military organization in the Valley throughout the remainder of the war, and the Valley District remained in place for the duration of the war.
==Origin==
The name Army of Northern Virginia referred to its primary area of operation, as did most Confederate States Army names at the time. The Army originated as the (Confederate) Army of the Potomac, which was organized on June 20, 1861, from all operational forces in northern Virginia. On July 20 and July 21, the Army of the Shenandoah and forces from the District of Harpers Ferry were added. Units from the Army of the Northwest were merged into the Army of the Potomac between March 14 and May 17, 1862. The Army of the Potomac was renamed Army of Northern Virginia on March 14. The Army of the Peninsula was merged in April 12, 1862.Eicher, pp. 889-90.
Robert E. Lee's biographer, Douglas S. Freeman, asserts that the army received its final name from Lee when he issued orders assuming command on June 1, 1862.Freeman, Vol. II, p. 78 and footnote 6. However, Freeman does admit that Lee corresponded with Joseph E. Johnston, his predecessor in army command, prior to that date and referred to Johnston's command as the Army of Northern Virginia. Part of the confusion results from the fact that Johnston commanded the Department of Northern Virginia (as of October 22, 1861) and the name Army of Northern Virginia can be seen as an informal consequence of its parent department's name. Jefferson Davis and Johnston did not adopt the name, but it is clear that the organization of units as of March 14 was the same organization that Lee received on June 1, and thus it is generally referred to today as the Army of Northern Virginia, even if that is correct only in retrospect.
In addition to Virginians, it included regiments from all over the Confederacy, even those as far away as Texas and Arkansas. Of those, one of the most well known was the Texas Brigade, made up of the 1st, 4th, and 5th Texas, and the 3rd Arkansas, which distinguished themselves in numerous battles, perhaps most notably during their fight for the Devil's Den at the Battle of Gettysburg. Militiamen from the New Mexico and Arizona territories also served among its members.
==Command under Brigadier General P. G. T. Beauregard==
The first commander of the Army of Northern Virginia was General P.G.T. Beauregard (under its previous name, Army of the Potomac) from June 20 to July 20, 1861. His forces consisted of six brigades, with various militia and artillery from the former Department of Alexandria. During his command, Gen. Beauregard is noted for creating the battle flag of the army, which came to be the primary battle flag for all corps and forces under the Army of Northern Virginia. The flag was designed due to confusion during battle between the Confederate "Stars and Bars" flag and the flag of the United States. Beauregard continued commanding these troops as the new First Corps under Gen. J. E. Johnston as it was joined by the Army of the Shenandoah on July 20, 1861, when command was relinquished to General J. E. Johnston. The following day this army fought its first major engagement in the First Battle of Manassas.
==Command under General J. E. Johnston==
With the merging of the Army of the Shenandoah, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston took command from July 20, 1861, until May 31, 1862.
===Corps organization under Johnston===
* First Corps - commanded by Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard
* Second Corps - commanded by Maj. Gen. G. W. Smith
Under the command of Johnston, the Army immediately entered into the First Battle of Manassas. On October 22, 1861, the Department of Northern Virginia was officially created, officially ending the Army of the Potomac. The Department comprised three districts: Aquia District, Potomac District, and the Valley District. In April 1862 the Department was expanded to include the Departments of Norfolk and the Peninsula (of Virginia). Gen. Johnston was eventually forced into maneuvering the Army southward to the defenses of Richmond during the opening of the Peninsula Campaign, where it conducted delay and defend tactics until Johnston was severely wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines.
==Temporary command under Major General G. W. Smith==
The army was very briefly commanded by Maj. Gen. Gustavus Woodson Smith on May 31, 1862, following the wounding of Gen. J. E. Johnston, while President Jefferson Davis drafted orders to place Gen. Robert E. Lee in command the following day.
==Command under General R. E. Lee==
On June 1, 1862, its most famous, and final, leader, General Robert E. Lee, took command after Johnston was wounded, and Smith suffered what may have been a nervous breakdown, at the Battle of Seven Pines. In the first year of his command, Lee had two principal subordinate commanders. The "right wing" of the army was under the command of Lt. Gen. James Longstreet and the left wing under Lt. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. These wings were redesignated as the First Corps (Longstreet) and Second Corps (Jackson) on November 6, 1862. Following Jackson's death after the Battle of Chancellorsville, Lee reorganized the army into three corps on May 30, 1863, under Longstreet, Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, and Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill. A Fourth Corps, under Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson, was organized on October 19, 1864; on April 8, 1865, it was merged into the Second Corps. The commanders of the first three corps changed frequently in 1864 and 1865. The Cavalry Corps was led by Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart. It was established on August 17, 1862, and abolished on May 11, 1864 (the day Stuart was mortally wounded), with cavalry units being assigned to the headquarters of the Army. The Reserve Artillery was commanded by Brig. Gen. William N. Pendleton.
===Corps organization under Lee===
Although the Army of Northern Virginia swelled and shrank over time, its units of organization consisted primarily of the following corps, sometimes referred to as "wings" or "commands": 
* First Corps
* Second Corps
* Third Corps
* Fourth Corps, often styled Anderson's Corps
* Cavalry Corps
==Campaigns and battles==
The Army fought in a number of campaigns and battles, including:
Campaign 	Year 	Army strength at the beginning of campaign	Major Battles
Peninsula Campaign 	1862 	55,633 	Seven Pines (Fair Oaks)
Seven Days Battles 	1862 	aprox. 92,000 	Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill
Northern Virginia Campaign 	1862 	aprox. 54,000 	Second Bull Run (Second Manassas)
Maryland Campaign 	1862 	aprox. 60,000 	Antietam (Sharpsburg)
Fredericksburg Campaign 	1862 	aprox. 75,000 	Fredericksburg
Chancellorsville Campaign 	1863 	aprox. 75,000 	Chancellorsville
Gettysburg Campaign 	1863 	75,054 	Gettysburg
Bristoe Campaign 	1863 	55,221 	 
Mine Run Campaign 	1863 	  	
Overland Campaign 	1864 	62,230 	Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor
Richmond-Petersburg Campaign	1864–65	82,633 	Siege of Petersburg, including the Battle of the Crater
Appomattox Campaign 	1865 	around 50,000 	Five Forks
On April 9, 1865, the Army of Northern Virginia surrendered to the Army of the Potomac at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the Civil War, with General Lee signing the papers of surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant. The day after his surrender, Lee issued his Farewell Address to the Army of Northern Virginia.
== History of the army ==
=== Organization October 22, 1861 ===
The Military district of Northern Virginia was embattled on Oktober 22, 1861.The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band V, S. 913f: General Orders No. 15 The commander was General Joseph E. Johnston. The military district consisted of three defence districts. The following regiments were alledged to it.
Defence district	Division 	Brigade 	Commander/Officers in charge
Potomac 	 	 	General P.G.T. Beauregard
 	1. Division	 	Major general Earl Van Dorn
 	2. Division	 	Major general Gustavus W. Smith
 	3. Division	 	Major general James Longstreet
 	4. Division	 	Major general Edmund Kirby Smith
Aquia 	 	 	Major general Theophilus H. Holmes
 	 	French's Brigade 	Brigadier general Samuel Gibbs French
 	 	2. Brigade 	Brigadier general John G. Walker
Valley 	 	 	Major general Thomas J. Jackson
 	 	Garnett's Brigade	Brigadier general Richard B. Garnett
 	 	Ashby's Cavalry 	Colonel Turner Ashby
On Februar 28, 1862 47.617 soldiers were answerable to the military district The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band V, S. 1086: Tagesdienststärke and ever-present. The Cavalry brigade was outsourced from the Potomac's military district and under direct control from the Defense district. The cannonry formed an Artillery corps with 109 cannons.
=== Organization April 30, 1862 ===
The military district of Northern Virginia was never renamed into Army of Northern Virginia in its existance. This denomination was forced through General Lee taking supreme command. The name was mentioned for the first time in the order for the Defence districts of Virginia Peninsula and Norfolk on April 12, 1862 about the diversification of command.The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band V, S. 438: Special Order No. 6On April 30, 1862 the army was structured as follows:The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XI, Part III, S. 479 - 484: Gliederung am 30. April 1862
Wing of the army	Division 	Brigade 	Commander/Officers in charge
Left wing 	 	 	Major general John B. Magruder
 	McLaw's Division	 	Brigadegeneral Lafayette McLaws
 	Toombs' Division	 	Brigadier general Robert A. Toombs
 	 	Ewell's Brigade 	Colonel B. S. Ewell
Center 	 	 	Major general James Longstreet
 	 	A.P. Hill's Brigade 	Brigadier general Ambrose P. Hill
 	 	Anderson's Brigade 	Brigadier general Richard H. Anderson
 	 	Colston's Brigade 	Brigadier general Raleigh E. Colston
 	 	Pickett's Brigade 	Brigadier general George E. Pickett
 	 	Wilcox's Brigade 	Brigadier general Cadmus M. Wilcox
 	 	Pryor's Brigade 	Colonel G. A. Winston
Left Emplacement	 	 	Major general Daniel H. Hill
 	Early's Division	 	Brigadier general Jubal A. Early
 	 	Early's Brigade 	Brigadier general Jubal A. Early
 	 	Rode's Brigade 	Brigadier general Robert E. Rodes
 	Rain's Division 	 	Brigadier general Gabriel J. Rains
 	 	Rain's Brigade 	Brigadier general Gabriel J. Rains
 	 	Featherston's Brigade 	Brigadier general Winfield S. Featherston
 	 	Gloucester Point 	Colonel Crump
Reserve 	 	 	Major general Gustavus W. Smith
 	 	Whiting's Brigade 	Brigadier general W. H. C. Whiting
 	 	Hood's Brigade 	Brigadier general John B. Hood
 	 	Colston's Brigade 	Brigadier general Raleigh E. Colston
 	 	Hampton's Brigade 	Colonel Wade Hampton
 	 	Anderson's Brigade 	Brigadier general Samuel R. Anderson
 	 	Pettigrew's Brigade 	Brigadier general James J. Pettigrew
 	Cavalry brigade 	Brigadier general J. E. B. Stuart	
At the begin of the Peninsula Campaign the Army of Northern Virginia had more than 55.633 soldiers. The cannonry was assigned to the brigades, additionally there was the Reserve's artillery. Nominally also Jackson's Corps in Shenandoah Valley belonged to the army. Since Jackson lead his own campaign at the time of the Peninsula Campaign and was not under Lee's direct command the overview does not include his three divisions.
The armys organizaion of cammand soon prooved inept in the course of the Peninsula Campaign. The corps like structure was rearragned before the Seven Days Battel to align better with the requirements of actual command. In the battle the army featured two corps, Jacksons and Magruders with four an three divisions, and directly with three divisions with five to six brigades. The defense district of North Carolina also answered directly to the army as well as the Reserve artillery with six batallions and the cavalry with six regiments.The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XI, Part II, S. 483ff: Gliederung zu Beginn der Sieben-Tage-Schlacht The army's complete strength was about 90.000 soldiers. The excact strength cannot be determined, because only a few notes for actual provisionings survived. The determined strengths result, if not explicitly noted, from in-battle dispatches.
=== Organization at the Begin of the North-Virginia-Campaign ===
The implimentation of the Seven Days Battle still suffered from insufficient organization of command. General Lee subdivided the army anew, but this time again only with single commands. He introduced a corps like structure of command as an intermediate army management he named the left and right wing. The army subdivided itself on August 28, 1862 as follows.The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XII, Part II, S. 546ff: Gliederung zu Beginn des Nord-Virginia-Feldzuges
Wing of the Army/Army troops	Division 	Brigade/Combat support 	Commander/Officers in charge
Right Wing 	 	3 ArtBtl 	Major general James Longstreet
 	Anderson's Division 	3 Brig 	Major general Richard H. Anderson
 	Jones's Division 	3 Brig 	Brigadier general David Rumph Jones
 	Wilcox's Division 	3 Brig / 2 ArtBttr 	Brigadier general Cadmus M. Wilcox
 	Hood's Division 	2 Brig / 1 ArtBtl 	Brigadier general John B. Hood
 	Kemper's Division 	3 Brig 	Brigadier general James L. Kemper
 	 	Evan's Brigade / 1 ArtBttr	Brigadier general Nathan George Evans
Left Wing 	 	 	Major general Thomas J. Jackson
 	Jackso'ns Division 	4 Brig / 1 ArtRgt 	Brigadier general William B. Taliaferro
 	Hill's Light Division	6 Brig / 1 ArtRgt 	Major general Ambrose P. Hill
 	Ewell's Division 	4 Brig / 1 ArtRgt 	Major general Richard S. Ewell
Cavalry Division 	 	3 Brig / 1 ArtBttr 	Major general J. E. B. Stuart
The army's reserve artillery consisted out of one regiment and two batallions. The stayed in the area of Richmond in the course of the whole North Virginia Campaign and only returned on September 3, 1862 the the army. Major general Hill's division also remained in the eastern parts of Richmond with the order, to bind McClellan's attention as long as possible.The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XII, Part II, S. 176: Hills Auftrag As it became predictable that the Army of the Potomac would soon be retransfered and support Pope, Lee ordered the Division north.The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XII, Part II, S. 553: Hills Verbleib Hill never entered battle in the campaign. A total of about 54.000 soldiers saw action throughout the campaign.
=== Organization at the begin of the Maryland Campaign ===
The Army's losses before and following Manassas needed to be refplaced before the Maryland Campaign. Basically changes in the army's command were not necessary. General Lee only exchanged divisions and brigades or added additional strength to some. The wings of the army were now oficially called corps. In the Maryland Campaign the army was subdivided as follows.The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XIX, Part I, S. 803ff: Gliederung während des Maryland-Feldzuges
Corps / Army group	Division 	Brigade/Combat support 	Commander/Officers in charge
Longstreet's corps	 	2 ArtBtl 	Major general James Longstreet
 	Anderson's Division 	6 Brig / 1 ArtBtl 	Major general Richard H. Anderson
 	Jones's Division 	6 Brig / 4 Bttr 	Brigadier general David Rumph Jones
 	McLaws's Division 	4 Brig / 1 ArtBtl 	Major general Lafayette McLaws
 	Hood's Division 	2 Brig / 1 ArtBtl 	Brigadier general John B. Hood
 	Walker's Division 	2 Brig / 2 Bttr 	Brigadier general John G. Walker
 	 	Evans's Brigade / 1 ArtBttr	Brigadier general Nathan George Evans
Jackson's corps 	 	 	Generalmajor Thomas J. Jackson
 	Jackson's Division 	4 Brig / 1 ArtRgt 	Brigadier general John R. Jones
 	Hill's Light Division	6 Brig / 1 ArtRgt 	Major general Ambrose P. Hill
 	Hill's Division 	5 Brig / 1 ArtBtl 	Major general Daniel H. Hill
 	Ewell's Division 	4 Brig / 1 ArtRgt 	Brigadier general Alexander R. Lawton
Cavalry division 	 	3 Brig / 3 ArtBttr 	Major general J. E. B. Stuart
Reserve artillery 	 	4 Btl / 5 Bttr 	Brigadier general William N. Pendleton
The organization of the corps was found to be reliable. The corps subdivision into four or five divisions hampered command on this level. General Lee already considered before the Battle of Antitam to slim down the overall structure. But at first there came no changes in leadership. Though congress acknowledged the corps. The president affirmed the assignment of the commanders and promoted the Major generals Longstreet and Jackson to Lieutnant-generals. General Lee announced this in special order 234 on November 6, 1862.The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XIX, Part II, S. 698f: Ernennung zu Kommandierenden Generalen About 60.000 soldiers served at the Maryland Campaign.
thumb|Battleflag made from wool, 1863
=== Organization from May 30, 1863 until April 9, 1865 ===
Lee took Jackson's death as an opportunity to subdivide the North Virginia Corps again. The President, Jefferson Davis, agreed to the subdivision and ordered Lee in his special order Nr. 146 to reorganize the army.The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XXV, Part II, S. 840: Special Orders No. 146
Corps/Army group 	Division 	Brigade/Combat support	Commander/Officers in charge
I. Corps 	 	 	Lieutnant-general James Longstreet
 	Pickett's Division 	3 Brig / 1 ArtBtl 	Major general George E. Pickett
 	McLaws's Division 	4 Brig / 1 ArtBtl 	Major general Lafayette McLaws
 	Hood's Division 	4 Brig / 1 ArtBtl 	Major general John B. Hood
II. Corps 	 	 	Lieutnant-general Richard S. Ewell
 	Early's Division 	4 Brig / 1 ArtBtl 	Major general Jubal A. Early
 	Johnson's Division 	4 Brig / 1 ArtBtl 	Major general Edward Johnson
 	Rode's Division 	5 Brig / 1 ArtBtl 	Major general Robert E. Rodes
III. Corps 	 	 	Lieutnant-general A.P. Hill
 	Anderson's Division	5 Brig / 1 ArtBtl 	Major general Richard H. Anderson
 	Heth's Division 	4 Brig / 1 ArtBtl 	Major general Henry Heth
 	Pender's Division 	4 Brig / 1 ArtBtl 	Major general William D. Pender
Cavalry division 	 	6 Brig / 1 ArtBtl 	Major general J. E. B. Stuart
Reserve artillery	 	6 Btl 	Major general William N. Pendleton
Imboden's Command	 	gem. Brig / 1 ArtBttr 	Brigadier general John D. Imboden
Lee ordered the artillery batallions of the reserve artillery to serve with the corps for the duration of the Gettysburgh Campaign. The Army of Northern Virginia now encompassed a total of 75,054 soldiers at the Battle of Gettysburg.National Park Service: Truppenstärke
The army disposed more than 241 cannons following the Battle of Gettysburgh.The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XXV, Part II, S. 355ff: Bestand an Artilleriegeschützen nach Gettysburg. The artillery batallions were merged into the artillery reserve again following the end of the campaign.
On September 9, General Lee had to dispatch the First corps to Braxton Braggs Army of Tennessee. Following this the army was subdivided anew. Changes were not significant; only the cavalry saw important changes.The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XXIX, Part I, S. 398ff: Gliederung am 30. September 1863
Corps / Army group 	Division 	Brigade/Combat support	Commander/Officers in charge
II. Corps 	 	5 ArtBtl 	Lieutnant-general Richard S. Ewell
 	Early's Division 	4 Brig 	Major general Jubal A. Early
 	Johnson's Division 	4 Brig 	Major general Edward Johnson
 	Rode's Division 	5 Brig 	Major general Robert E. Rodes
III. Corps 	 	5 ArtBtl 	Lieutnant-general A.P. Hill
 	Anderson's Division	5 Brig 	Major general Richard H. Anderson
 	Heth's Division 	4 Brig 	Major general Henry Heth
 	Wilcox's Division 	4 Brig 	Major general Cadmus M. Wilcox
Cavalry corps 	 	1 ArtBtl 	Major general J. E. B. Stuart
 	Hampton's Division 	2 Brig 	Major general Wade Hampton
 	Lee's Division 	3 Brig 	Major general Fitzhugh Lee
Reserve artillery 	 	2 Btl 	Major general William N. Pendleton
Defence district Shenandoah valley	 	gem. Brig / 1 ArtBttr 	Brigadier general John D. Imboden
Cooke's Brigade 	 	 	Brigadier general John R. Cooke
The army disposed 55,221 soldiers. The changes in command until December 31, 1863 were only minor. Cooke's brigade was assigned to serve with Herth's division, Hampton's division grew by a cavalry brigade and the Third Corps gained an additional artillery batallion. Imboden's command remained at Shenandoah Valley and was taken over by Major general Early as the Defense district of Shenandoah Valley. The strength of the army was 54,715 men on December 31.
The organization of command of the Northern Virginia Corps did not change until the end of the war. The army featured several corps, the corps featured several divisions, and regarding the situation the artillery was divided between the corps. The strength of the army grew in the first six months from about 46,380 to 62,230 soldiers. The army was assigned in July to the defense district of North Carolina and Richmond. In the course of the Richmond-Petersburgh Campaign the number of soldiers temporarily grew to a 82,633 while parts of the army were under the command by Lieutnant-general Early in Shenandoah Valley.
In 1864 the Army of Northern Virginia fought against the more than twice as strong Potomac-, James- and Shenandoah Army in Grant's Overland Campaign, with Early's Raid against the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, all inbetween the Richmond-Petersburgh Campaign and Shenandoah Campaign in Shenandoah Valley. Exemplary for this part of the war is the Army's outline on January 31, 1865The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XLVI, Part II, S. 1170ff: Gliederung am 31 January 1865 bacause 69,659 soldiers were fit for battle, but a minimum of 4.500 had no rifles.The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XLVI, Part I, S. 384ff: Stärke am 31. Januar 1865
Corps / Army group 	Division 	Brigade/Combat support	Commander/Officers in charge
I. Corps 	 	6 ArtBtl 	Lieutnant-general James Longstreet
 	Pickett's Division 	4 Brig 	Major general George E. Pickett
 	Field's Division 	5 Brig 	Major general Charles W. Field
 	Kershaw's Division 	4 Brig 	Major general Joseph B. Kershaw
II. Corps 	 	4 ArtBtl 	Major general John B. Gordon
 	Early's Division 	3 Brig 	Brigadier general John Pegram
 	Gordon's Division 	3 Brig 	Brigadier general Clement A. Evans
 	Rode's Division 	4 Brig 	Brigadier general Bryan Grimes
III. Korps 	 	7 ArtBtl 	Lieutnant-general A.P. Hill
 	Mahone's Division 	5 Brig 	Major general William Mahone
 	Heth's Division 	4 Brig 	Major general Henry Heth
 	Wilcox's Division 	4 Brig 	Major general Cadmus M. Wilcox
Andersons Korps 	 	4 ArtBtl 	Lieutnant-general Richard H. Anderson
 	Johnson's Division 	4 Brig 	Major general Bushrod Rust Johnson
Defense district Shenandoah Valley	 	6 ArtBtl 	Lieutnant-general Jubal A. Early
 	Wharton's Division 	3 Inf / 1 KavBrig 	Brigadier general John A. Wharton
Cavalry corps 	 	3 ArtBtl 	Major general Wade Hampton
 	Fitzhugh Lee's Division	3 Brig 	Major general Fitzhugh Lee
 	Lee's Division 	3 Brig 	Major general William H. F. Lee
Following Lieutnant-general A.P. Hill's death on April 2, 1865 the Third Corps was assigned to the First Corps. On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered. One day later he thanked his men and his officers for their bravery and sturdiness and announced the dismissal of all troops on word of honor.The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XLVI, Part I, S. 1267: Verabschiedung The listings of the Army of Norhern Virgina say that 28,231 soldiers were dismissed on their word of honor on April 10, 1865.The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XLVI, Part I, S. 1277ff: Entlassen auf Ehrenwort
==Characteristics==
The army was noted for its aggressiveness and audacityFreeman, Vol II, Chap. XXXIV, p. 538; Vol III, Chapter 6, Title., almost always pitted in battle against an opponent superior in numbersFreeman, Vol IV, p. 175., sometimes (such as at Sharpsburg and Chancellorsville) more than two-to-one.
==See also==
* Gettysburg Confederate order of battle (detailed command organization at the Battle of Gettysburg, 1863)
* Virginia Units in the Civil War
==References==
* Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
* Freeman, Douglas S., R. E. Lee, A Biography (4 volumes), Scribners, 1934.
* United States. War Dept.: The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Govt. Print. Off., Washington 1880–1901, online here.
* Douglas S. Freeman: R. E. Lee. A Biography. 4. Bde., Charles Scribner's Sons, New York und London 1934f. online here 
* Douglas S. Freeman: Lee's Lieutenants. A Study in Command. 3 Bde., Scribners, New York 1942–1944.
* Katcher, Philip R. N. & Youens, Michael: The Army of Northern Virginia - Osprey Verlag 1975 Men at Arms Series Book Nr. 37 - ISBN 0-85045-210-4
* Katcher, Philip R. N. & Volstad Ron: American Civil War Armies 1 - Confederate Troops - Osprey Verlag 1986 Men at Arms Series Book Nr. 170 - ISBN 0-85045-679-7
* Katcher, Philip R. N. & Volstad Ron: American Civil War Armies 3 - Specialist Troops - Osprey Verlag 1987 Men at Arms Series Book Nr. 179 - ISBN 0-85045-722-X
Northern Virginia
==Notes==
Northern Virginia
Category:Virginia in the American Civil War
Category:Maryland in the American Civil War
Category:Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
da:Army of Northern Virginia
de:Army of Northern Virginia
fr:Armée de Virginie du Nord
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