Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany or the Third Reich (German: Drittes Reich) was the period in the history of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP). Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist totalitarian state which controlled nearly all aspects of life. Nazi Germany ceased to exist after the Allied Forcesdefeated Germany in May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.
Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery and Presidency. A national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer (leader) of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitler's hands, and his word became above all laws. The government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitler's favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahns (high speed highways). The return to economic stability boosted the regime's popularity.
Racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples (the Nordic race) were considered the purest of the Aryan race, and were therefore the master race. Millions of Jews and others deemed undesirable were persecuted and murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitler's rule was ruthlessly suppressed. Members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned. Education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed. Recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, and Hitler's hypnotising oratory to control public opinion. The government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others.
Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands, threatening war if they were not met. It seized Austria andCzechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939, launching World War II in Europe. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940 and threatened Great Britain. Reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned and murdered in Nazi concentration camps andextermination camps. The implementation of the regime's racial policies culminated in the mass murder of Jews and other minorities in the Holocaust. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide turned against the Third Reich, and it suffered major military defeats in 1943. Large-scale bombing of Germany escalated in 1944, and the Nazis retreated from Eastern and Southern Europe. Following the Allied invasion of France, Germany was conquered by the Soviets from the east and the other Allied powers from the west and surrendered within a year. Hitler's refusal to admit defeat led to massive destruction of German infrastructure and additional war-related deaths in the closing months of the war. The victorious Allies initiated a policy ofdenazification and put many of the surviving Nazi leadership on trial for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials.
Capital 	Capital 	Berlin 	 	
Languages 	Languages 	German 	 	
Government 	Government 	
* Nazi single-party state
* Totalitarian dictatorship	 	
President / Führer	President / Führer 	 	 	
 -  	1933–1934 	Paul von Hindenburg 	 	
 -  	1934–1945 	Adolf Hitler[b] 	 	
 -  	1945 	Karl Dönitz 	 	
Chancellor 	Chancellor 	 	 	
 -  	1933–1945 	Adolf Hitler 	 	
 -  	1945 	Joseph Goebbels 	 	
 -  	1945 (as leading minister)	Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk	 	
Legislature 	Legislature 	Reichstag 	 	
 -  	State council 	Reichsrat 	 	
Historical era 	Historical era 	Interwar period/World War II 	 	
 -  	Machtergreifung 	30 January 1933 	 	
 -  	Gleichschaltung 	27 February 1933 	 	
 -  	Anschluss 	12 March 1938 	 	
 -  	World War II 	1 September 1939 	 	
 -  	Death of Adolf Hitler 	30 April 1945 	 	
 -  	Surrender of Germany 	8 May 1945 	 	
Area 	Area 	Area 	 	
 -  	1939 [c] 	633,786 km²(244,706 sq mi) 	 	
Population 	Population 	Population 	 	
 -  	1939 est.[1] 	69,314,000  	 	
Density 	Density 	109.4 /km²  (283.3 /sq mi) 	 	
Currency 	Currency 	Reichsmark (ℛℳ) 	 	
{| 	
{| 	
{| 	Preceded by	Succeeded by
{| 	 	Weimar Republic 	 	
Category:Nations
Category:Real Nations
Category:Nations in Europe
Category:Past Empires
Category:Past Nations
Category:Reichs
Category:Former Country
Category:Countries
Category:Countries in Europe