Aristoteles

Aristoteles gnaht in 384 pre JC in Stagheiros, Makedonia. Kun eys pater, liek ios roy os Makedonia, mohr, is pieg in Athenas ed bihsit, unte dwogimtia yaren, oino iom disciplen os Platon (427-347 pre JC) in id Academia pre rumpes con iens platonistens ed ghyane sien wi scol. Politic radher os tyrann Hermias os Atarneus yant -347, iom maimourih poskwo roy Philipp os Makedonia med id education os sien son, iom future Alexander iom Megil. Pos id thronadgumt siens almen, reict Athenas kay sules ter id maschour scol Lyceium, namen yaschi peripatetic scol (ex hellen περίπατος = "ravan") ob is mayster doct ravanend-ye con sien almens. Kun Alexander mehrt in -323, Aristoteles dehlct fuges Athenas ob id antimakedon reaction : redwoind subihes id fat os Socrates (469-399 pre JC), is oisgwehmt do Chalcis, ep id insule Evvia, kaywert spare "im Athenays un nov skeulos protie philosophia". Is mehrt in Chalcis in -322. 
Eys magna wehrgs sont ia Ἀναλυτικὰ / Analytics, id Φυσικὴ ἀκρόασις / Physique, ia τὰ μετὰ τὰ φυσικά / Metaphysics, Ἠθικὰ Νικομάχεια ed Πολιτικά / Politics, bayna pelu alya qua bevide id maxam os Aristoteles : skipes sien philosophia ka un encyclopedia iom weidas os sieno zaman. 
 Bust os Aristoteles yeji un aysen orkip ab Lysip.
==Un encyclopedic wehrg==
Id wehrg os Aristoteles oiskeipt un druv summ iom menscenweidas, quo expliet idso serter erkwen in Mediev. Aristoteles enderkweit ia gnohsas qua gwehme ender id theoric, ed quer weida biht paursken pro se (metaphysique, physique) ed qua gwehme ender id practice, yani id action (ethique, politique, esthetique). Bad, se consecret ad quo kalmos nundiens logique ed quod is namt analytique, ei studye iom raisonens. 
Bayna ia magna wehrgs os Aristoteles wehse iamen Ἀναλυτικὰ / Analytics quer is construct id theoria iom demonstrative raisonens. Pro iom, id saul rigorous est id syllogisme quer un conclusion biht sbright ex dwo premissa ed quod ghehdt bihe formalisenit : cada A est B, X est A schowi X est B. Mathalan, vasyi mensci sont merti, Socrates est mensc, schowi Socrates est merti. Id syllogisme est demonstrative tik sei ids premissa sont ver. 
Eys de Φυσικὴ ἀκρόασις / Physique est un theoria ios mov iom terran corpsen. Aristoteles construct un ijmal ios cosmos, cluden, finihn, heterogene mund quer dwo separen iklimes tehrbent bihe enderkwiten : id sublunar mund, noster, imperfect ed corruptible mund, ed id supralunar mund, tod iom asters, quom movs sont circular, perfecta ghi. Metaphysique est un studye ios ses ka solg, quo kalmos ontologia : idghi bfwendwant ia different acceptions ios lexis ses, men id comprindt kathalika un theologia, yani un theoria im perfectsten sesen ed, besonters, tos quom ghehdt ses ayn ka premier wastah ios real, ies medieval commenters saycsient Div. 
Id moralitat os Aristoteles biht antplohcen in eys Ἠθικὰ Νικομάχεια : is philosoph mehnt ter de ia conditions os noroc. In ia Πολιτικά / Politics, is deict quosmed el mensc, politic animal, ghehdt comnake noroc. Id ποιητική / Poetique est un theoria os tragedia - id wehrg quod sollit oistudye comedia buit lust. 
Fin-ye, tehrpt ses kaun id immense ghigda concreten gnohsas quod se expremt, in id xeimen ios gwiv, med zoologic collections ed observations kam tod ios evolution ios oiv ed, in id politic xeimen, med id recension iom different Constitutions iom hellen citads ed ex qua nos etileikwt tik id maschour Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία / Athenayen Constitution.
 (clickte ep id kwiter kay crehsct) Id Scol os Athenas / Scuola di Atene est un affresco ab Raphael, quod tarikhet ex 1509-1511 ed wehst in id "Stanza della Segnatura", oino iom quar "Raphael kamers" eni id Apostolic Palat. Skeipt oino iom skaunst pinegwehrgs ios Stat ios Citad ios Vatican, visitable eni ia Museia ios Vatican.
==Aristoteles ed Platon==
Raphaels affresco id Scol os Athenas daht un clar kwiter, esdi est lyt simpliste, ios diweiden inter bo hellen megil philosophs. Tod pineg deict penkgimtia em antique-dun persons, samghaten in un vestibule. Medsu gwehmt Platon perodh, pfehrstend waurntro; nieb iom, Aristoteles rect sien hand ghomtro. Tod pineg keipt id idee od bo wirs paurske id sam, bet ne samtro. Pro ambo, id task al philosoph est ghabe id mund kam id prehpt, med alya werds id sensible mund, ed intellectiblihes id. Bet menxu pro Platon ia dasturs tos intellectibilitat wehse exter id sensible mund, eni de tod entreprindt Aristoteles paurske ia. 
 Id scol os Aristoteles eet pagen prokwem id temple os Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία, itak sien nam "Lyceium".
==Id enderkweiten inter wehrg ed potential==
In tod paursken ios dastur intellectibilitat ios sensible mund, Aristoteles exploitet vasya ressurces uns essential enderkweiten : tod inter wehrg / ενεργεια ed potential / δύναμις. Mathalan id statue est wehrgo kun el sculptor hat zawohrct, bet id eet potential in id tienjieno marmorblock. Is magv est potential-ye is wir is sessiet ka wehrg. Also, kun el magv biht adult, is realiset quo el eet ja virtual-ye. Idghi enderkweiten inter wehrg ed potential permitt ghabe quosmed un ses biht alyis quem quo el eet, aun od est contradiction in tod "bihsa". 
Aristoteles samstehmt con Platon kay enderkwites id "forme" os un ject, quo kwehrt od tod ject est quo id est, identic sibswo, namil ed gnohil, ud id "materia" ios ject, tod ex quod id est kwohrt, id element in quod wehst ids potential change. Bet tod enderkweiten ne maynt, sekwent iom, od id ject est composen ex uno material existend seni ed ex un forme impost extos. Id forme, est id jecto ka wehrg; id material, est id sam jecto ka potential. 
Ye tod weidos forme ed material se accorde in i natural sesens, witerom ia products ios menscart quod bezielt dinghes voluntary-ye un extos material. Neghi dehlgmos ghabe Nature ep id model ios artistic activitat ni exmehne sem creation ios mund. Sontern art skeult bilkull imite nature : tod these os Aristoteles, antplohcen in id Poetique, dominesiet classic esthetique tiel id XIXt secule. 
 Theophrest success Aristoteles ka chef ios Lyceium.
==Id meinyun os aristotelisme==
Pos id mohrt os Aristoteles, eysi successors ducend id Lyceium ne darsient semper eys doctrinal rigor; bayna quens Theophrest (371-287 pre JC) quos kitab Ἠθικοὶ χαρακτήρες / Ethic caracters ghehldsiet ka model pro La Bruyère ye id XVIIt secule. Ad Andronikos os Rhodes est dulgen, ye id Isto secule pre JC, id prest edition iom wehrgs os Aristoteles. 
Tod edition vaht isnahe pohltos commenten, besonters ab arab autors : Avicenna (ابن سينا) (980-1037), ed Averroes (ابن رشد) (1126-1198). Senter expont id problem ios diweiden inter fid ed weiden, ed ghyant id itner os leudher menos med sien explicit preference dia Science. Muassir os Averroes, Maimonides (1135-1204) est is magno yudi commenter os Aristoteles. 
Boethius (480-524) introduct Aristoteles do id latino Mediev. Tiel id XIIt secule, eys latin tarjem ios Organon, holen logique tractats ios hellen mentor est quasi id saul gnohn buk os awo philosophia. Un passage tos texte isnaht id probleme sayct "iom Universals" : kwe ia general nams qua kyeusent gensa corresponde realitats distinct ud ia particular jects, we kyeusent tik abstractions ? Scolastique, yani id talim daht in ia episcopal scols - vaht se passione pro tod probleme. Ies medieval philosophs dividsient-se inter "realistens" (platonistens), "nominalistens" ed "conceptualistens" (aristotelistens). Preter periode os scolastique trehft sien apotheose in Abelards (1079-1142) conceptualisme. Dwoter periode vidt, ye id XIIIt secule, id raunstehgen ios holios lohr os Aristoteles, dank id wehrg parkwohrt oik secules prever ab iens arab commenters. Albertus Magnus tentet id synthese inter ia concepts ios metaphysique os Aristoteles (wehrg ed potential, material ed forme...) ed christian theologia. Bi eys disciple Thomas os Aquin, tod synthese inter ia pagan ed christian spirits biht monumental : aristotelisme wehst alnos transmuten. Ex id XIVt secule tarikhet id decline os scolastique. Id men os Aristoteles vaht remane dar diu id akmenspetra os philosophic talim, bet ye stets formeller ed autoritairer weidos, kam un cluden systeme om ja parat antwehrds. Exter ia scols, eys influence collapt ye id XVIIt secule, ob Bacons critiques, qui propont in 1620 un Novum Organum, dind ob Galileo, qui gleituet in 1632 id physique os Aristoteles in sien Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo, ed bad ob Descartes qui, yant 1628, redagend-ye ia Regulae ad directionem ingenii, concept uno methode alnos witer ei theoria os science bi Aristoteles. 
Idghi nassib ios wehrg os Aristoteles buit esus ayn ka supreme autoritat : Aristoteles dixit mieyn "Est un indiscussible vertat. Also, eyso systeme buit preserven, studyen, commenten unte secules. Bet toschi expliet idso decline, in-kap id modern mund : cada weida eregen do dogme ghehdt bihe un obstacle ei paursken om nov itners. 
 Boethius (her con sien swoker Symmachus ep un picture uns kawu ios weiksbibliotheque os Bamberg, IXt secule) eet un sertantique roman alim, politic, neoplatoniste philosoph ed theolog active unte id regne ios Ostrogothen roy Theodericus, ab quom is bihsit maimourihno med hog bungsa. Vibihsit suspecto de favorise un conspiration direct ab partisans ios Rhomay Cesar contra i Ostrogothens. Itak bihsit arresten, makhkoumihn ob hogkhianat ed executen.
==Loikwn ios hellen men==
Ghehdt bihe mohnen, kam Alain (1868-1951), od id diweiden inter platonisme ed aristotelisme marct uno necessar alternance, vasyen zamans, inter dayi philosophia ed nature philosophia. Ta pulsations ios men, qua hant rythmen, sekwent Alain, id historia ios Kyrk (preter platoniste dind aristoteliste) au id historia os socialisme, rythment kathalika id historia os philosophia : itwert est Kants philosophia un platonisme menxu tod os Hegel est un aristotelisme.
Category:Philosophia
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