Transports in id Europay Union

Id constanto mecanisation iom trehcwassilas ye ia XIXt ed XXt secules hat haben ka corollar id antplehcen om transportnetwehrgs, preter in ia lands os West Europe, poskwo tadrijan in ia central imperia. Id creation in 1801, in id suburb os London, ios prest public railvia, quod dar neudt animal traction, preceddt prokwtos id association inter railvia ed steumlocomotive ed id prest longdistance railvia (Stockton - Darlington) biht ghyant in 1825. Takriban oin pwolsecule, id Orient-Express yunct Paris ad Constantinople ed symboliset id entren do un nov era ios europay longdistance transport. Urban transports ne bihnt myohrst : ye id waurmen ios 1900 Tienxia Exposition, Paris inauguret id prest metropolitan ligne. London hieb ja udprogredden id franceois nagoro 37 yars auser ed Berlin vahsit sehkwe tod exempel dwo yars serter. Parallel-ye, id dwot Industrial Revolution, keihnd ep naft ed id tawrlienen ios gaspistonmotor, dreibht id prehpen unios nov type os vehicule, appellet ad revolutione id transport : automobil. In 1900, id wogh namdehn la Jamais Contente upersyrat ia 100km/h, ed takriban 1500 automobils andhe ja ia franceoisa strads. Oin secule ed dwo mund weirs serter, ia public maghs hant vighaben id significance uns coherent ed wassic transportnetwehrg. Os un strategic militar dimension ghaben yant id id Roman Imperium, id question iom transports hat biht un economic pand. Nundiens, id transportsiyassa in Europe est bequadern ab ia institutions ios Europay Union. 
==Un grwozduet Europe==
Id Europay Union behandt transportinfrastructures bayna ia denssta tienxia. Yed, ta infrastructures sont pau interconnex. Iaghi transports sont pre quant organisen ye uno national nivell ed ne EU-wayt, quo est logic sei mehnmos in un historic dimension - Mund Weir Dwo ens tik 70 yars prever - bet id prospect est punor stauneihnd sei nos refermos ibs economic pretensions ios Europay Union.
Id prest kweitu iom transportmodus est id fragmentation iom rewsen, quetos id comparation os Europe uni archipelegev, meis quem uni continent. 
Id dwot kweitu iom europay transports est ir saturation : trans id sonterphenomen os stradencongestion ambh ed in ia major agglomerations, besonters ob ia pendelitners, tehrpt bihe daumto de id saturation iom major autostraden netwehrgs exter feriaprista. Also, mathalan, France gnoht un congestion sienios netwehrgios prokwem ia Alpes ed ia Pyreneis : smad precide id est id saulo land quod ne xiseyt id trafic, nekam i Schweizers qui hant diu pagen do 28 tonnes id cargolimite uns onwogh (contra 40 nundiens), ed nekam i Osterreichers qui hant obtenen un quotengrance iom numer perigumten onwoghen; France ghi kwaht logic-ye id trafic...
Id trit kweitu est id important place ios transportsector in id economia ios Europay Union : skeipt 7% od ids brutto inlandsproduct (BIP) ed 5% ios employennumers.
 Rotterdam (Nederland) est Europes mierst port ed industriecomplexe. Est nundiens tienxia septim mierst port pos Schanghay, Singapura, Guangzhou, Qingdao, Port Hedland ed Tianjin.
==Un lent-ye enplacet europay cooperation==
Quayque id transportensiyassa est un explicit-ye betolct point in id Rome Traiteit (25 Marto 1957), tehrpt bihe kaun preter od est restrict ei stradensector, excludend-ye ia air ed maritim transports. Dind, dwodem yars tik pos Mund Weir Dwo, id strategic kweit os strad est dar-ye pregnant :assocyet ei souverainitat iom Stats, id waldh uper ia stradentransports expliet id reticence iom Stats ad homologhe ambh un commun siyassa tem quem un forwehrgen os cada cooperation in tod xeimen. 
Nespekent mult proposens, besonters ta suggest in id memorandum yisen ab id Europay Commission in 1961 quod previdt concurrence, transparence ed harmonisation in id stradensector, neid notable perodhia gwehmt do luce. Iter med id EU-ieus - kam buit dayir non-discrimination, fiscal harmonisation au leudher kwehlen im orbatern... - vaht id transportensiyassa bihe relancen medsu ia 1980tias. Idghi EU Parlament sudyet ob neagus id Europay Concil bi-sabab neglegus dostringes id Rome Traiteito de tod transportsquestion : id huckem ios 22 Mai 1985 sigwrt tun od "id international transport em anghens ed wares dehlct ses ghyant vasyims entreprises ios Communitat". Id Europayo Wahid Act, signen oino yar serter, bringht tun ep sien roig un notable contribution, appliend-ye pleistims decisions de id transportensector id reul ios qualifiet majoritat, quod tayt yinjier id reul os unanimitato tun in gwis. Id Maastricht Traiteit (1992) parakapt tod process beuwnd-ye ia transportsiyassas oino iom sulzariyas kay realise ia objectives ios Europay Union. Nundiens, pleist projects de transport sont rect ab id codecisionsproceddure per-yod est necessar id joint samstehmen ios Europay Parlament ed ios Concil ios Europay Union. 
Pon id end iom 1970tias, tehrpt bihe kaun un crehscend cooperation inter ia members ios EEC dind ios Europay Union dayir id ghyanen ios mercat ibs transportentreprises.
 Maltas vecelflag est id importantst ios EU, ed tienxia penkt au sixt, yed ghehldt ops ka "swodohbro flag", tem quem tod os Cypros, id dwot vecelflag in id EU. Tod photo skaut id humanitair NGO nav Aquarius apo il-Port il Kbir, Malta quer (kam in Italia) ei buit banen plues ob id transportit illegal migrants id hiebit bohrgen ex id Mediomar.
==Strad==
Tri obstacles hant diu vyict uper europay cooperation : prest-ye, ia ja udwekwnt regalia prerogatives; dwot-ye, ia resistences im professionals ios transportensector, hostile ei adgumti noven concurrents; senst-ye id cost iom austostradenprojects, besonters ye un zaman (ex 1945 do 1960) kun ia europay lands consecrent prioritat-ye ir efforts ei reconstruction iom productionalats sauct unte Mund Weir Dwo. Sekwos id Maastricht Traiteit ed id directive ios 29 Aprile 1996, id sector iom stradtransports est kongcio leudher-ye accessible ab cada transporter, eger el correspond criteria om honorabilitat ed capacitat. Pon 1998 est cabotage autorisen (yani id fact pro un transporter os oiswekwehre un levern inter dwo locs lyehgend in alyo Memberstat, witerom id classic transport consistend abwehghe ex id Originstat al transporter kay gwahe alyo Stat). Nespekent un vol os retula dia alter transportsmodus, strad remant id privileget transportsmodus in Europe : 75% iom wares dar-ye transeihnt per strad in 2016.
==Railvia==
Id commun railvia siyassa hat gnohn sem perodhia per tolks qua hant adducen ad series om decisions ed projects, ambghohrden sub id lexis "package". Also, un prest "package" establiet in 2001 id prabhil os ghyanen ios international frect ad concurrence. Un dwot "railvia package" in 2002 pont id prabhil ios ghyanen ad concurrence ios inner transport waren. Id "trit railvia package" widen dien 5 December 2005 previs id ghyanen ad concurrence proid international mercat im mussafers ab dien 1st Januar 2010. Tod liberalisation remant sammel bequadert ed theoric. Bequadert ob id tik-ye concernt ia internationala lignes; theoric ob in ia facts ia national compagnies conserve un quasi de facto monopol. Albatta sont ta monopols ja prabhil-ye menacen iaghi operators qua offerte international itners pon 2010 sont autorisen ad empraxise "cabotage", yani ia poitte instighihes passagers unte stops in ia tohrn lands (id prabhil est edvas samilk pro stradtransport). 
Bet id EU hat limiten tod menace protegend-ye ia historic operators, ops actual au prever public services : cabotage poitt bihe arct sei id obkwehct incompatible con id economic tula iom public servicen os transport. Concret-ye, id EU stambht taiper ibs privat operators cabotage tik unte meg rentable lignes, linkwnd id deficit iom minter rentable lignen ibs public operators. Eti, sem Stats proe-ghyane ir international lignes bad ab 2012 eger biht demonstren id international trafic passagern skeipt meis quem id dwidel ios turnover iren railvia entreprisen.
 Flag ios Central Commission pro id Rhensnavigation (Franceois : Commission centrale pour la navigation du Rhin), un international organisation jamiyend penk lands quos function est garantie leudher navigation ep id Rhen. Sulen in 1815, est tienxia veutst active international organisation. Seddneut in Strasbourg, France, pon 1920.
==Sreumentransports==
Quayque ia sreumentransports buir ia presta qua buir object uns convergence inter ia Stats, yant id XIXt secule (creation in 1815 ios Central Commission pro id Rhensnavigation, favorisend id liberalisation iom transports ep id fluv), quo est alnos logic, chunke ye tod zaman eet id saul wehghmodus pro gwaur onsa. Id directive ios 19 December 1996 hat permiss id complete instauration ios liberalisation ios transport ab dien 1sto Januar 2000.
==Airtransports==
Con stradtransport, sont object uns vigilant attention ab Stats kaurnda de ir souverainita: id Chicago Convention ios 7 December 1944 reservet ibs Stats un exclusive souverainitat ios atmospheric rewos uper ir territorium. Bet id "disxiseyeihsa" ios airsector in ia Uniet Stats os America ye id end iom 1970tias hat haben un repercussion in Europe : endemurt ad se adapte, is Europay Union, per id reglament ios 23 Jul 1992, precidt id liberalisation ios rects tem quem ia airtariffs.
 Orbits iom satellites ios Galileo positionensysteme.
==Ia objectives ed id interfacit==
Ye id end iom 1980tias, ia members ios Europay Communitat spreuve id naudh os "relance" id startproject ios communios mercat : quayque ia successive plauterascens om 1981 ed 1986 hieb dict id attractivitat ios EEC, id marasmus iom westeuropay economias ne biht dverapen ab tod communo mercat ex quod tanto dynamisme eet exspectet. Oika yars serter, oino iom aspects tos relance est id ambitieus transportsiyassa : leit de cree Transeuropay Transport Netwehrgs (TE(T)N). Id commun EU-siyassa os transport nacskwt tun plur objectives, expost in id Albho Buk de id EU transportsiyassa publien ab id EU Commission in 2001 : 
- id antslehnken unios netwehrgios quod permitt id effective exchange iom wares ed im anghens, alyum objective iom EU traiteits.
- id promotion ios securitat iom transports, kaur expresst yant id Rome Traiteit. Ielg yar in id EU, takriban 26 000 leuds nehce sekwos stradaccidents. 
- id promotion uns "posdaril transport", yani muadeb bilkull dia ambient ed id necessaro preservation iom natural ressurcen. Tod kaur est inscriben in id Amsterdam traiteit. 
- Id promotion uns concurrential transport. Kemti ia objectives uns concurrential wahid mercat, ia EU autoritats kerd dehnt ad enplace un liberaliset transportsector, in-yod concurrence dehlgient logic-ye brunges quanti med un sehnken iom porms ed uns emulation in id paursken po id qualitat iom moinis.
- Id cooperation iom Memberstats ambh scientific paurskens bezielend kayjine ia transportstechniques, bayna qua Galileo est un exempel (satellite navigationshehlp)
Gwehmus id kixien, id facit est miht : 
- Id antslehnken unios netwehrgios quod permitt id effective exchange im persons ed wares remant un prospect : ia marautostrads ne sont effective ed id interoperabilitat iom railvia transports kathalika leloip est gwehmtur. 
- De securitat, ed rehissabend-ye id startsituation (2001) chunke pon tod tarikhe, id EU hat plauterascen, eent rawt 54000 nehcs in 2001 in id Europe iom 27 (40 000 in id Europe iom 15) face lyt minter quem 31000 in 2011. Id objective os minter quem 18 000 ne buit naken albatta, yed biht kaut in relative wirt uno meincen unte oin dwidel ios numer om nehcs. Id facit, quayque ne bad satisfacend, skaut znaycs os kayjin. 
- Id promotion uns "posdaril transport" neschi est naken : ulter id preponderant gweupen ios stradtransport (yani, ios polluantst), tehrpt bihe prikaut ye id international nivell id deuysen ios Copenhaghen conference in 2009. Bila tienxia emulation, id EU hat neid sonterinteresse ad ses virtuteuser, id cost unios non-polluantios transport beuwndo dar minter competitive id. 
- Id promotion uns concurrential transport gwehmt ender un economic debate difficil tehmtu. Idmen ghyanen do concurrence pro ia railvia passagertransports hat intervenen bad dien 1st Januar 2010, pior de sert est kehnse ids facit. Pro railvia frect, buit zaruri intizare tiel 2005, yani dwo yars pos id ghyanen ad concurrence (marto 2003) pre un presto train os privat frecto kwohl ep franceois railvias. In 2016, plur entreprises concurrent ei SNCF, kam Colas un filiale os Bouygues, opereer in France, occupend un 27% mercatsmyehr. 
Idmen ghyanen buit bruct ab sem entreprises kam id Deutsche Bahn, po de social sacrifices : in 1993,id Deutsche Bahn cumulit 33 milliards om euros dulgen ye tod yar con 8 milliards os deficit. Id decision ye id sehkwnd yar os ghyane ad concurrence hat haben repercussions ye longo meiwrnt : 15 yars serter, id entreprise hassilet 2,5 milliards benefice (2015) ed hat kwitert sien dulgs. Id dwidel idsios turnover gwehmt ex frectopos. Ta resultats buir hassilen po id meincen unte oin penkdel ios effective. Todghi question vaht divide liberals ed interventionistens : kwe id liberalisation ed id ghyanen ad concurrence hant bright un dlehnt opos we ia resultats os DB sont tik id consequence unios mierios rentabilisation ed uns precursor positionen, udsyratend ceter gwehmtur concurrents ? 
Id de cooperation iom Memberstats ambh scientific paurskens obkwehct baygh decepend. Id difficultat os definihes id origin ios (privat au public) financen, rivalitats inter Stats explient un certain chitay in id antplehcen ios project. Buit yinjier zaruri intizare tiel 2008 pre id Parlament karrier vote id alnos public financen os Galileo. Id programme dehlgiet ses operational circum 2020. 
Idghi interfacit in 2010 obkwehct neter catastrophic ni euphoric : id suaskaut id difficultat uns Europe samt 28 Memberstats. Un certain bureaucratic aspect, id complexitat iom proceddures, id divergence iom interessen, id difference iom integrationsrythmen ed schowi os liberalisationsdegree dreibhe un divers Europe in-yod meis wakto quem plant est tohrpt kay parakape ia objectives. 
Senters remane eti nechangen. Also, in ciffers, id Transeuropay Transport Netwehrg sollsiet comprindes in 2020 : 
- 89 500 km straden
- 94 000 km om railvias ex qua 20 000 pro hogsyrat (yani meis quem 200 km/h);
- 11 250 km om sreumenvias;
- 210 sreumenports; 
- 366 airports. 
Esdi id quasitotalitat iom vias ja exist, ia udwekwnt objectives lakin proe-naudhe id construction om 4800 km straden, 12 500 km om railvias kay yunges inter mutu ia actual europay infrastructures. Eti, takriban 3500 km straden, 12 300 km om railvias ed 1740 km om sreumenvias proe-bihnt modernisen. 
Id TEN siet tun permitte : 
- un bragvereihsa iom itnerwakts. Also, dank id TGV-eust ligne, Strasbourg est 2h20 dalg ud Paris (vice 4 hors prever), ed nun Frankfurt est minter quem 4h dalg (contra 6h15), Luxembourg 2h15 dalg (vice 3h35); 
- un expedisation iom vias; 
- un sparen vohrten do 8 milliards om euros pro yar (tyicto dank id expedisation, idghi waktsparen).
 Id Brenner Passe (Deutsch : Brennerpass, Italian : Passo del Brennero) est un grance passe iom Eustalpes inter id osterreichisch federat lando Tyrol ed id Italian autonom province Bozen-Bolzano - Sudtyrol. Tod 1370 m hog passe est con id Saint-Gotthard, id Simplon ed id Mont Cenis oino iom quar importantst routes ios Alpentransit, hatta id nudenst pro stradtrafic.
==Id financen==
Id cost ios EU transportsiyassa correspondt ia ambitions : baygh alt. Idghi global cost est vohrtto do 1500 milliards pro id 2010-2030 prist. Idsmee akapen iom 30 proritar axen pre 2020 est vohrtto do 225 milliards €. Pro id 2007-2013, 140 milliards € buir affecten tei sector. 
Id financen est oiswekwohrt ab : 
- Id Europay Fund pro Regional Antslehnken (EFRA); 
- Id cohensionsfund. Id dwidel idsen ressurcen est also affectet ei xeimen os transport. 
- Id Europay Investionsbank (id lelieynit 50 milliards € pon 10 yars ed bihsiet budt uni sam summ unte ia dec gwehmtur yars); 
- ia-pet Memberstats direct-ye, qua remane ia mierst contributors (vohrt do 200 milliards pro id 2007-2013 prist); 
- id privat-public partnerspect (PPP): tod est neti un privatisation ios sector ni uno nationalisation, sontern un cooperation quod permitt daye ia riska ed minces ia launcosta (it est id fall pro id project os hogsyratstrain inter London, Amsterdam, Cologne, Bruxelles ed Paris; sam-ye biht un PPP nuden pro id Munich-Verona bichoun via id Brenner Passe. 
Ye longo meiwrnt, alya financensvias bihnt oistudyet, besonters un wahid electromaut service, quod consist schowbeye id vehicule med un transponder quod deicsiet id nudt communicationsvia ed id payghtu mikdar... Id europay electromaut permittiet also vergihes ia impedisations ant ia mautschlagbaums, ed skeipiet un surce os stable revenue pro id construction ed id posdehrjen ios netwehrg.
==Id technic harmonisation==
Id commun siyassa leitunte un technic harmonisation. Plaut-ye inkapt in air ed sreumen sbei xeimens, remant dar tyeictu pro railvia : mathalan, id railenghehngen ne est id sam quantloc (Espania, Suomi, Erin ed Portugal ne neudent id commun norme). Existent eti penk different electrificationsystemes iom vias ed sixdem different znaycossystemes... Itak, pon un directive ios 26 Jul 1996, ia Stats dehlge enplace id "interoperabilitat" inter ia different technic systemes. 
To est quasi kekwehrmen pon 2009. Idghi Europay Commission hat widto dien 22 Jul 2009 id enover ios EU systeme om znaycos ed management ios railtraffic saygen ERTMS (European Rail Traffic Management System). Tod plan previdt khaliban id installation unios managementsysteme ios railtraffic quod "beuwt ia netwehrgs ed schowbeys compatible ed interoperable". Oino iom exspectet consequencen tos systeme est kathalika id meincen iom functionmentscosten. In 2020, 40 000 km om vias sollient yinjier ses schowbeyt med id ERTMS. 
==Id reequilibern iom transportsmodus==
Id insaf de un impedisation iom stradnetwehrgs ed de id predominance os stradfrect hant isnaht ia EU autoritats ad favorise un reequilibern iom transportsmodus. Strad swekwehrt nndiens 44% ios frecttransport ed 79% ios passagertransport. Also, plur siyassas bihnt enovern kay reduce id stradtraffic : 
- Id lancen ios "Marco Polo" (poskwo nundiens "Marco Polo II") programme quod bezielt oistehme finance-ye id mutaplatformen ios stradfrectios do alya transportsmodus (rail, mar au sreumen sbei vias). 
- Id lancen iom "marautostrads" kay expedise ia stradnetwehrgs. Un prest licitation buit oistarten in 2005. In 2008 hat un prest experimentation inkapt inter id franceoiso chinchu Louis-Dreyfus ed id italian Grimaldi. Bo operators hant creet un perbehnden inter ia ports Toulon ed Civitavecchia, suder quem Rome. Idmen objective correspondt perfect-ye tod iom marautostrads idghi spart un inutil itner, yani un vohrtto 30% waktsgain binisbat id duren ios transport per strad, i de puristes aynt lakin od bi-sabab id limitet numer iom gwahsa-reikens, est difficil tolke her de uno "marautostrad" quod pressupont uno minimal traffic. Eti, ia chinchus Louis-Dreyfus (GLD Lines) ed Acciona-Transmediterranea hant conclus in 2009 un boidos de dwo projects om marautostrads : preter yungend id franceois port Saint-Nazaire tei os Gijòn in Espania; dwoter ligne perbehndsiet Nantes ed Le Havre con Vigo (in Nordwest Espania), dind con Algesiras. 
- id modification iom mautstariffs kay encourage id neud om kiest vehicules ed un fluider kwehlen unte ia picsaats; parallel-ye, sem "upermauts" sont kwenchaun pro ia nudenst vias, kay finance nov infrastructures (mathalan id Lyon-Turin ligne)
Eti, ia privat operators hant kathalika insafen ia "intermodal" transportsmodus. Intermodalitat kyeust hol mer-ye id neud pluren transportsmodus : est id classic fall ios container kladen ep nav, dind ep rail ed bad ep onwogh. Id akhir albho buk ios EU Commission (2011) assignet ad intermodalitat un ambitieus objective : 30% ios stradtrafic waren unte distances longer quem 300 km dehlcsient tyehce per alya modus (rail/sreumentransport) pre 2030, ed 50% pre 2050. Bilhassa est plant connecte ia major europay airports ei hogsyrat railvia netwehrg.
==Id resultat : id future transportenmap==
Id transportensiyassa redinght ia communications ios Union ed beghapt idsa Stats med interconnexions.
===Id railvia map===
Id reequilibern iom transportsmodus daht id lionspart ad railvia. Id commun siyassa se articulet ambh 15 prioritara railviaprojects samt schematic-ye : 
- Ia netwehrgs yungend id peripheria ios Union idsi centre : also, ia Palermo-Rome-Berlin, Lisboa-Madrid-Paris hogsyratlignes; sam-ye id Athenas-Sofia-Budapest hogsyrat ligne. 
- Ia netwehrgs yungend id historic kerd ios Europay Union : also ia London-Cologne-Amsterdam-Bruxelles-Paris lignes. 
Ia netwehrgs yungend ia lands nuper entrevs id Union ibs historic Memberstats : also id TGV-Eust ligne ex Paris do Strasbourg, naleitend-ye serter do Deutschland, Osterreich, Slovakia ed Magyaria; sam-ye id Lyon-Turin ligne per ia Alpes, quod leitseit tiel Trieste, Ljubljana ed Budapest. Id 2011 albho buk previdt od in 2030, id longe iom hogsyrat railvias habsient triplet binisbat 2010 ed id dwidel ios passagertransport ye medyo distance tyehcsiet per rail. 
===Id autostradenmap===
Ep ia 89 500 km straden ad enservice, minter quem 5% ne existeer in 2005. Nekam alter transportsmodus, id strad est quod naudht minsto technic harmonisation ed buit object moisten investions ab ia Stats pre id EU relancen, ielgo consciend ids interesse ye un zaman kun naft eet minter dorgv. Id predominance os strad, ka transportsmodus, ed id vol os reequilibern explient also od ia prioritar autostradenprojects sont minoritar, tik tri sont lancen : 
- id Patras-Athenas-Sofia-Budapest axe
- id Erin-Uniet Roydem-Belgia axe
- id Gdansk-Bratislava-Vienna axe
===Id mar ed sreumen sbei map===
Stradenimpedisation relancet ambitieus idees. Tri prioritara programmes : 
- id Seine-Nordeurope canal;
- id comyungen iom canals inter Rhen, Maas ed Danube;
- ia marautostrads yungend Portugal ed Espania ei Nord Mar; betschi yungend Mediomarfrance ad Italia ed Espania.
==Ia "multimodal" projects==
Nieb ia infrastructures interveneihnda tik oin transportsmodus, ia EU institutions oistehme penk projects mixend plur locomotionsmodalitats. Bayna ta programmes, maght bihe udwekwnen ia railvia ed strad sbei ligne inter Cork, Dublin ed Belfast.
Pro wiswa EU-Unions, id commun transportensiyassa biht kathalika uperwohrt per : 
- id Galileo project, navigationsysteme per satellites, quos ziel est spehrde con id actual navigationsysteme managen ab ia Uniet Stats. Circa 30 satellites sessient orbitisihn; permittsient determine un position (os nav, vehicule...) ed un radioneihsa. Pos id definitionsphase (1999-2001), id project buit validet ed antplohct (2001 do 2005), pre gnohe un desploymento diuter quem plant. Id enservicen volt pro 2008 buit hoanto do 2020, dind part-ye retropacto do 2016. Id cost ios project exceddt plaut-ye ia startvehrtens. Id investion quantenprest vohrtto do oino millard om euros buit poskwo tulcto do 3,4 milliards € in 2013, ed un nov upercost om 1,9 milliards est taiper exspectet, dehbht-yei addiht un exploitationscost unte 800 millions pro yar. 
- id Sesar project, quos ziel est id modernisation ios aircontrol. Id cost ios project proe-nact 2,2 milliards €. 
- id harmonisation ios railviaznaycos in id Union, dank id nov ERTMS forme. 
Id Europay Union hat kardwnen ia securitatsnaudhs, besonters de maritim transport : 
- creation uns europay agence pro maritim securitat;
- elimination iom oinscrock nafttankers; 
- publication ios daftar iom navs quom access do EU ports est bant; 
- efficienter buychaunken im victims om maritim accidents ed pollution. 
Id transportsitassa inkapt ses sislew, sporadic-ye encouragen ab ia ecologic dasturs. Yed, trans ia resultats ad intizare diu, ids consequences maghe suwes debat.
==Ia ambiental ed social impacts==
Id antplehcen os stradtransport ne est aun danger : idsmee transportsector est massoul pro 28% iom rejects os carbongas do id atmosphere, smyehrnd it id formation ios woenschiceffect. Id part os stradtransport skeipt meis quem 80%, menxu airtransport skeipt lyt minter quem 15%. Nu-beibeuwnt ia nov stradinfrastructures graver id reject os carbongas. Ex tod vidpoint, id ziel ios transportsiyassa khact ses compatible con ambiento nib id reequilibern biht kyunggiawen. 
Takriban dec yars pos id albho buk iom transports ios Europay Commission, id absence os social ed fiscal harmonisation dar tehrpt bihe regreten. Ponghi id integration iom eustlands pro stradtransport ed pon id commercial offensive iom ghemcost airentreprisen (eirean pro Ryan Air, slovak pro Skyeurope, hellen pro Easyjet), un social dumping tetyohcit. Ia orbatsconditions im salariats iom transportentreprisen se degradent meis quem se kayjinent. Idghi personel iom transportentreprisen est submitten ei orbatslegislation iren Seddstats : api ta ne sehkwnt ia protectorst legislations. Maght yinjier existe un paradoxal spehrdsdistorsion, chunke id hol transportsiyassa est supposen kihes ep un EU basic prabhil, nu un "leudher ed prabho spehrd". Biht also retrohft ye id EU nivell quo biht denuncet dia ia Chinese productions, un ghem costo dank social dumping. 
Id social debat continuet ye un fiscal nivell. Fiscalitat ne est id sam dayir ia fiulls iom different transportsmodus ed bilhassa taxation in ia Memberstats : id reequilibern prehpt ka difficil. Fin-ye, kam pro ia social questions, exist un risk os fiscal dumping ob id localisation iom transportentreprisen (khaliban stradentransport) in ia lands samt privilegen fiscalitat. Terschi est un surce os distorsion os concurrence ed os fiscal lucrum-cessans pro ia Stats qua vide se offshore we disparihes ira transportentreprises. Id euctu lection est id wan uns fiscal ed social harmonisation.
==Id adequation ios transportnetwehrg ei demande==
Id actual EU-netwehrg est ja saturet, quo expliet ia enderghens reformes. Api est kwecto urgence : id crosct ios volume iom waren ne stopt. Sei tengiet ses logic laude it id anticipation im EU-deciders, neschi est banen ses iconoclaste ni kyunggiawe id fatalitat ios fark inter id realisation os un siyassa ed id inkapemziel quod bohr id. In tod matier, dehbht bihe daumt an id realisation iom TENs ne vaht ubgwehme skept. Bohrn ghi ab uno mer-ye economic vision, i initiators ios project ne bespehce mult parameters : id possibilitat uns inflexion os crosct ed yinjier iom exchangen, bo in id EU quem tienxia (Chinese recession mathalan...). In 2013, France entrit recession, sehkwnd pelu lands hiht ab id dulgencrise, Hellad, Portugal, Espania. Ploisko Deutschland, pleist EU lands gnohnt un economic crise, austeritatsmeids, un sehnken ios kaupmagh. In to obkwehct aundwoi id EU transportensiyassa farkwent. 
Eti, id crehscend cost os fiull ed id rarefaction os naft sont-pet kathalika daumitil de id modernisation om circa 90 000 km straden... Id sulouk im EU-civs ne est neglectu : kaurnder de ambient, kad sient homologhe do un "prokwtatsiyassa" : sient refuse ia exotic products importet med much pollution (oin kg om kiwis ex Nov Zelando naudhtid consumm om penk liters kerosene), kaupsient ia strugmaterials irs dom prokwtos, minter neudsient plav pro tourisme ed sessient global-ye tem interesset ab ecologic logique quem ab id muzlim cost ios offertet product. Fin-ye, ia ambitieus transportensiyassas ios EU planta tiel 2020 kwecto aynt fu climat warmen. Id pessimistest hypothese est tod spohrt ab i defenders os ambient, tem quem nun sem economistens (also, id Stern report, ab iom prever chef ios economic service ios Mund Bank, vehrt id cost ios ecologic crise do 7,5 billions $ pre dec yars, sei neid real siyassa biht dostricto contra climat warmen) : id transportensiyassa habiet neideti nude face id economic recession dribhen ab id graverascen iom climatvierds. In id sislewst fall, id EU budget siet maule tadrijan stets meis ia transportencredits pro siyassas os Jidal protie climat warmen. Yinjier, id transportensiyassa risct jaldi neti ses adaptet ibs naudhs ios Union.
==Conclusion==
Prest-ye, prehpt clar-ye ex id studye iom transeuropay netwehrgs id vol os exterdiles ia Stats. Id commun transportensiyassa illustret id possibilitat uns concret politic ed economic siyassa, visible ab el civ : neti leit ter de ia invisible tolks de id Commun Agrent Siyassa ni de ia lytil weirs de id numer parlamentaren mutalben ab semo Memberstat, sontern druve-ye de un service visible ab el europay mussafer. Trans tod aspect, id commun siyassa proe-kwaht bringhes ia zariyas kay tyices alyo ziel ios Europay Union, grehvneut "in id marmor" iom traiteits pon Maastricht, nu id kwehlen im wesus ed anghens : aun un commun siyassa, todghi objective esiet longer parkwehrtu. Dehbht ghi bihe kaun, her, id coherence iom EU siyassas, pior ops gvaskaynen ab innerstat parlamentars, baygh masrour de trehve ter un facil skapbock face ir voters prompt ad reject quo ne gnohnt. 
Dwot-ye, id commun transportensiyassa kwecto beprabht iter oino iom defunct "Paters os Europe", Jean Monnet. Isghi magn inspirator ios Europay Communitat om Ghiul ed Stal (1951) ne fikrit kay struge Europe alyo via quem tod iom "lytil stieups", nu iom concret realisations, dalg ud cada supranational ideal tun incompatible con id recent haines em mutaharibs qui hieb just nilkwt ir armes. Tetos id modeste deursia os samghate ambh project-ons : fossil energia con id ECGS, atomic energia con EURATOM, ed id seinken iom tolltariffs con id communo mercat. Kwecto, quargim yars serter, od id relative success ios wahid mercat ed id EU commercial attraction hant aunaumiht i europay liders : vice nalites per humil ed practic vias, hant proposen un politic integration quod ne revelit sieno nam med id project os EU Constitution. Iter, kam in 1954 con id project os Europay Defense Communitat, un skarp deuysen hat deht un fin tei supranational initiative. Tehrpt bihe raunstohgen od id unitat uns continent, divis ye cada penkgimt yar ab un civil, grance au mund weir, khact bihe decreten in un Official Gazette ios Europay Union. Tod unitat biht construct ep concret realisations. Id transportensiyassa perfect-ye wardht eni in tod strategia stars ab Jean Monnet : est sammel stauneihnd od id buit tem diu miskohgnen, ed logic od id buit iter kulen, nundiens, pos id 2005 constitutional deuysen. 
Id Orient-Express fortrohc ex Paris in 1883 kay gwehme bilkull jaldi do Constantinople aun impones ad sien passagers uno mutatrainen : kwecto buit tohrben meis quem oin secule kay extende tod initiative unte id hol europay continent ed sparihes el mussafer pauk diuvhors. Tod muhim mutation om transports in Europe appellet sem proschgumt con politic stabilitat. Her gwehmmos tsay do Die Welt von Gestern : Erinnerungen eines Europäers ab Stefan Zweig, kun is kwit pre-Mund Weir Oin zaman ka "golden aiw os securitat", kun eys keiwi mohn od "ia grances iom divergencen inter nations ed agamas confundient-se lyt de lyt do un commun menscgenos". Bila tyices un fusion iom folks, ia harmoniset transports maghe bringhes sem geographic simili-unitat. Id transportensiyassa biht albatt it un stut ios europay aventure, yed kam cada technic xeimen, id dehlct naiwo ses sien wi ziel : id tehrpt semper service un politic project.