Tohil

Tohil (also spelt Tojil) was a god of the K'iche' Maya in the Late Postclassic period of Mesoamerica. At the time of the Spanish Conquest, Tohil was the patron god of the K'iche'.Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.170. Tohil's principal function was that of a fire deity and he was also both a sun god and the god of rain.Christenson 2003, 2007, p.79.n.152. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.718. Orellana 1981, p.160. Tohil was also associated with mountains and he was a god of war, sacrifice and sustenance.Carmack 2001a, p.358. Carmack 2001b, p.124. Sachse & Christenson 2005, p.15. In the K'iche' epic Popol Vuh, after the first people were created, they gathered at the mythical Tollan, the Place of the Seven Caves, to receive their language and their gods. The K'iche', and others, there received Tohil.Read & González 2000, p.90. Tohil demanded blood sacrifice from the K'iche' and so they offered their own blood and also that of sacrificed captives taken in battle. In the Popol Vuh this consumption of blood by Tohil is likened to the suckling of an infant by its mother.Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.170.
Tohil may originally have been the same god as Q'uq'umatz, and shared the attributes of the feathered serpent with that deity,Fox 1987, 2008, p.60. but they later diverged and each deity came to have a separate priesthood.Orellana 1981, p.159. Sculptures of a human face emerging between the jaws of a serpent were common from the end of the Classic Period through to the Late Postclassic and may represent Q'uq'umatz in the act of carrying Hunahpu, the youthful avatar of the sun god Tohil, across the sky.Fox 1987, 2008, pp.60, 249. The god's association with human sacrifice meant that Tohil was one of the first deities that the Spanish clergy tried to eradicate after the Conquest.Orellana 1981, p.173.
==Attributes==
There is disagreement over the meaning of the name of the deity. It has been interpreted as meaning "obsidian",Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.170. as deriving from the word toh ("rain")Recinos et al 1954, p.132. and as meaning "tribute" or "payment".Sachse & Christenson 2005, p.15.n.11. Tohil was one of a trinity of gods worshipped by the K'iche' elite, together with Awilix and Jacawitz. The concept of a triad of deities was ancient in Maya religion, dating as far back as the Late Preclassic.Christenson 2003, 2007, p.61.n.65. The triad of K'iche' gods were sometimes referred to collectively as Tohil.Christenson 2003, 2007, p.228.n.646. Tohil has been equated with the Classic Period God K.Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.170. The deity also possesses attributes that suggest a link with Mixcoatl, a hunting god of the Aztecs.Van Akkeren 1999, p.285.
Tohil was the patron deity of the Kaweq lineage of the K'iche'.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.718. He was associated with a sacred deerskin bundle that was said to embody him, and one of his titles was Qajawal Kej ("Our Lord Deer").Christenson 2003, 2007, pp.220, 239.n.680. Sachse & Christenson 2005, p.15. The deity was associated with thunder, lightning and the sunrise.Fox 1989, p.660.
==Worship==
The Kaweq lineage of the K'iche' built a temple to Tohil at their first capital Jacawitz, identified as the archaeological site of Chitinamit. Jacawitz was overlooked by a shrine to the god placed on a neighbouring peak, this shrine was known as Pa Tohil.Fox 1989, pp.663-664. Later the K'iche' built their main temple to Tohil at Q'umarkaj, their new capital. They made him offerings on the day Toh, one of the days of their 20-day calendar cycle.Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.170. The K'iche' performed the Great Dance of Tohil in honour of the deity in the month of Tz'ikin Q'ij, prior to the maize harvest (which takes place in November).Christenson 2003, 2007, p.220.n.620. This dance took place at Q'umarkaj and involved a gathering of all the principal lineages subject to the K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj, and as is described in the K'iche' chronicle Título de Totonicapán,Christenson 2003, 2007, p.260.n.775. they were expected to bring tribute, slaves and sacrifices.Orellana 1981, p.160.
The priests of Tohil were known as Aj Tohil and were selected from the ruling Kaweq lineage of Q'umarkaj. During their ceremonies to Tohil, the K'iche' would offer quetzal feathers to the god.Orellana 1981, pp.162-163. Writing at the end of the 17th century, Francisco Ximénez described the tradition that upon the temple human sacrifices were tied before the representation of Tohil, where the priest would open the victim's chest and cut out his heart.Carmack 2001a, pp.356-357. After sacrifice, the victim's body was probably hurled down the front stairway of the temple where his head would be severed to be placed on a skull rack that was located in front of the temple.Carmack 2001a, p.360.
Equivalents to Tohil were worshipped by other groups closely related to the K'iche'. These included Belehe Toh of the Kaqchikels and Hun Toh of the Rabinal,Recinos 1998, p.46. this last name meaning "One Rain", a calendrical date.Recinos et al 1954, p.132. The Kaqchikel and the Rabinal did not merely think their own patrons were equivalent to Tohil, they claimed that they were the same deity under a different name.Fox 1989, p.665. The K'iche' themselves claimed in the Popol Vuh that their patron Tohil was the same as Quetzalcoatl of the Aztecs.Christenson 2003, 2007, pp.19, 217.
===Temple of Tohil===
The Temple of Tohil at Q'umarkaj was the tallest structure in the city. The rubble core of the building still stands but the stone facing has been looted. The temple was originally a pyramid with stairways on all four sides, the summit shrine faced towards the rising sun in the east. This form of radial pyramid temple was built by the Maya since the Late Preclassic with examples at many archaeological sites such as Tikal, Copán and Chichen Itza, among others. According to John Lloyd Stephens, who visited the site in the 1830s, the temple base measured square and it stood high. At that time the radial stairways were more-or-less intact. The temple was originally covered in painted stucco, with the decoration including the painted image of a jaguar.Christenson 2003, 2007, pp.268-269.n.821.
==Modern worship==
Deerskins, the symbol of Tohil, are to this day venerated in many highland Maya communities and are used in dances.Christenson 2003, 2007, p.244.n.698. In the modern village of Santiago Atitlán in the Guatemalan highlands, a traditional Maya priesthood performs rites to a powerful deity addressed as "King Martin, Lord of the Three Levels, Lord of Rain, Lord of Maize, and Lord of all the Mountains".Christenson 2003, 2007, p.220.n.620. This priest blesses deerskins prior them being worn, with head and antlers attached, during the Dance of Martin on November 11 prior to the maize harvest. King Martin is probably a blend of Tohil and his deerskin bundle with the Roman Catholic Saint Martin of Tours, whose feast falls on the same day.Christenson 2003, 2007, p.220.n.620. In Rabinal, Tohil was merged with Saint Paul while still retaining many of his characteristics.Van Akkeren 1999, p.288.
==Notes==
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Category:Maya mythology and religion
Category:Deities