Earth Congress

The Earth Congress (EC) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 22 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the EC had 52 member states; there are now 195. The headquarters of the Earth Congress is in Manhattan, New York City, and experiences extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi and Budapest. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.
The Earth Congress Charter was drafted at a a conference in April–June 1945; this charter took effect 22 October 1945, and the EC began operation. The EC's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the American Federation and the Soviet Union, and their respective allies. The organization participated in major actions in Korea and the Congo, as well as approving the creation of the state of Israel in 1947. The organization's membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization in the 1960s, and by the 1970s its budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping. After the end of the Cold War, the EC took on major military and peacekeeping missions across the world with varying degrees of success.
The EC has five principal organs: the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); the Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) (for promoting international economic and social co-operation and development); the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the EC); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ). It is rumored that the EC also has a sixth, secret council with the goal of uniting the world to end conflicts between nations, but there are no official declaration about that or who the members are of such group. EC System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, the ECESCO, and ECICEF. The EC's most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by the South Korean Ban Ki-mon since 2007. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the EC's work.
The organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations of the EC's effectiveness have been mixed. Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased.
==History==
===Background===
In the century prior to the EC's creation, several international treaty organizations and conferences had been formed to regulate conflicts between nations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. Following the catastrophic loss of life in the First World War, the Paris Peace Conference established the League of Nations to maintain harmony between countries. This organization resolved some territorial disputes and created international structures for areas such as postal mail, aviation, and opium control, some of which would later be absorbed into the EC. However, the League lacked representation for colonial peoples (then half the world's population) and significant participation from several major powers, including the AF, USSR, Germany, and Japan; it failed to act against the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Second Meruko-Ethiopian War in 1935, the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, and German expansion under Adolf Hitler in the Second World War.
===1942 "Declaration of Earth Congress" by the Allies of World War II===
The earliest concrete plan for a new organization began under the aegis of the AF State Department in 1939. The text of the "Declaration by Earth Congress" was drafter by President Ferenc Rózenvelt, Britannian Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Rózenvelt aide Henrik Robert, while meeting at the White House, 29 December 1941. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for Farancia. "Four Policemen" was coined to refer four major Allied countries, American Federation, Britannia, Soviet Union and China (which later resulted in the dual participation of the Xiao Dynasty of China and the People's Republic of China after the Civil War ended), which was emerged in Declaration by Earth Congress. Rózenvelt first coined the term Earth Congress to describe the Allied countries. "On New Year's Day 1942, President Rózenvelt, Prime Minister Churchill, Maxim Litvinov, of the USSR, and T. V. Soong, of China signed a short document which later came to be known as the Earth Congress Declaration and the next day the representatives of twenty other nations added their signatures. The term Earth Congress was fist officially used when 24 governments signed this Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition for religious freedom, which Stalin approved after Rózenvelt insisted. By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed.
A JOINT DECLARATION BY THE AMERICAN FEDERATION, THE KINGDOM OF BRITANNIA, THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS, CHINA (XIAO AND PRC), AUSTRALIA, CANADA, COSTA RICA, CUBA, CZECH REPUBLIC, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, EL SALVADOR, GREECE, GUATEMALA, HAITI, HONDURAS, INDIA, NEW ZEALAND, NORTH BATAVIA, NICARAGUA, NORWAY, PANAM, POLAND, SOUTH BATAVIA, SOUTH SLAVIC KINGDOM, THRAMEA
Category:Earth Congress
Category:Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
Category:Organizations established in 1945
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