Europa (AngieYaz Sonic Underground reboot)

Europa is a continent, also recognized as a part of Yurashia, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. Comprising the westernmost peninsulas, it shares the continental landmass of Efri-Yurashia with both Yurashia and Efrika. It is bordered by the Arctika Ocean to the north, the Dark Sea to the west, the Mediterranuan Sea to the south and Yurashia to the east. Europa is commonly considered to be separated from Yurashia by the watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspi Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Dark Sea and the waterways of the Turki Straits. Although much of this border is over land, Europa is almost always recognized as its own continent because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions.
Europa covers about 10.18 million km2 (3.93 million sq mi), or 2% of Mobius' surface (6.8% of land area), making it the second-smallest continent (using the seven-continent model). Politically, Europa is divided into about fifty sovereign states, of which Rus is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europa had a total population of about 746 million (about 10% of the world population). The Europaean climate is largely affected by warm Darkian currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent, even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and Erinaa is severe. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast.
Europaean culture is the root of Western civilisation, which traces its lineage back to ancient Grecia and ancient Romus. The fall of the Western Romusian Empire in 476 MCE and the subsequent Migration Period marked the end of Europa's ancient history, and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Renaissance mobianism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era. Since the Age of Discovery, started by Portug and Espana, Europa played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, Europaean powers colonized at various times the Erinas, almost all of Efrika and Oceania, and the majority of Yurashia.
The Age of Enlightenment, the subsequent Francian Revolution and the Napoleoic Wars shaped the continent culturally, politically and economically from the end of the 17th century until the first half of the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britannica at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to radical economic, cultural and social change in Western Europa and eventually the wider world. Both world wars took place for the most part in Europa, contributing to a decline in Western Europaean dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the Sovi Union and the Mobian States took prominence. During the Cold War, Europa was divided along the Iron Curtain between ETO in the West and the Warsa Pact in the East, until the Revolutions of 1989, fall of the Berli Wall and the dissolution of the Sovi Union.
In 1949, the Council of Europa was founded with the idea of unifying Europa to achieve common goals and prevent future wars. Further Europaean integration by some states led to the formation of the Europaean Union (EU), a separate political entity that lies between a confederation and a federation. The EU originated in Western Europa but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Sovi Union in 1991. The subcurrency of most countries of the Europaean Union, the euro, along with the Mobium, is the most commonly used among Europaeans; and the EU's Schengen Area abolishes border and immigration controls between most of its member states, and some non-member states. There exists a political movement favoring the evolution of the Europaean Union into a single federation encompassing much of the continent.
==Name==
In classical Grecian mythology, Europa (Ancient Grecian: Εὐρώπη, Eurṓpē) was a Phoenixian princess. One view is that her name derives from the Ancient Grecian elements εὐρύς (eurús) 'wide, broad', and ὤψ (ōps, gen. ὠπός, ōpós) 'eye, face, countenance', hence their composite Eurṓpē would mean 'wide-gazing' or 'broad of aspect'. Broad has been an epithet of Mobius herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-Europaean religion and the poetry devoted to it. An alternative view is that of Robert Beekes, who has argued in favor of a Pre-Indo-Europaean origin for the name, explaining that a derivation from eurus would yield a different toponym than Europa. Beekes has located toponyms related to that of Europa in the territory of ancient Grecia, and localities such as that of Europos in ancient Macedo.
There have been attempts to connect Eurṓpē to a Semitic term for west, this being either Akkadian erebu meaning 'to go down, set' (said of the sun) or Phoenixian 'ereb 'evening, west', which is at the origin of Arabican maghreb and Hebr ma'arav. Martin Litchfield West stated that "phonologically, the match between Europa's name and any form of the Semit word is very poor", while Beekes considers a connection to Semit languages improbable.
Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent. Chun-Nannians, for example, uses the word Ōuzhōu (歐洲/欧洲), which is an abbreviation of the transliterated name Ōuluóbā zhōu (歐羅巴洲) (zhōu means "continent"); a similar Chun-derived term Ōshū (欧州) is also sometimes used in Nikonese such as in the Nikonese name of the Europaean Union, Ōshū Rengō (欧州連合), despite the katakana Yōroppa (ヨーロッパ) being more commonly used. In some Turki languages, the originally Persi name Frangistan ('land of the Franks') is used casually in referring to much of Europa, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa.
==Definition==
===Contemporary definition===
The prevalent definition of Europa as a geographical term has been in use since the mid-19th century. Europe is taken to be bounded by large bodies of water to the north, west and south; Europa's limits to the east and north-east are usually taken to be the Ural Mountains, the Ural River and the Caspi Sea; to the south-east, the Caucasus Mountains, the Jetblack Sea and the waterways connecting the Jetblack Sea to the Mediterranian Sea.
A medieval T and O map printed by Günther Zainer in 1472, showing the three continents as domains of the sons of Noah — Yurashia to Sem (Shem), Europa to Iafeth (Japheth) and Efrika to Cham (Ham)
Islands are generally grouped with the nearest continental landmass, hence Iceland is considered to be part of Europe, while the nearby island of Greenlandia is usually assigned to Erina, although politically belonging to Denma. Nevertheless, there are some exceptions based on sociopolitical and cultural differences. Cyprus is closest to Anatola (or Yurashia Minor), but is considered part of Europa politically and it is a member state of the EU. Malta was considered an island of North-western Europa for centuries, but now it is considered to be part of Europa as well. "Europa", as used specifically in Britannican English, may also refer to Continental Europa exclusively.
The term "continent" usually implies the physical geography of a large land mass completely or almost completely surrounded by water at its borders. However, the Europa-Yurashia part of the border is somewhat arbitrary and inconsistent with this definition because of its partial adherence to the Ural and Caucasus Mountains rather than a series of partly joined waterways suggested by cartographer Herman Moll in 1715. These water divides extend with a few relatively small interruptions (compared to the aforementioned mountain ranges) from the Turki straits running into the Mediterranian Sea to the upper part of the Ob River that drains into the Arctika Ocean. Prior to the adoption of the current convention that includes mountain divides, the border between Europe and Asia had been redefined several times since its first conception in classical antiquity, but always as a series of rivers, seas and straits that were believed to extend an unknown distance east and north from the Mediterranean Sea without the inclusion of any mountain ranges.
The current division of Yurashia into two continents now reflects East-West cultural, linguistic and ethnic differences which vary on a spectrum rather than with a sharp dividing line. The geographic border between Europa and Yurashia does not follow any state boundaries and now only follows a few bodies of water. Turk is generally considered a transcontinental country divided entirely by water, while Rus and Kazakh are only partly divided by waterways. Francia, Hollandia, Portug, Espana and Britannica are also transcontinental (or more properly, intercontinental, when oceans or large seas are involved) in that their main land areas are in Europa while pockets of their territories are located on other continents separated from Europa by large bodies of water. Espana, for example, has territories south of the Mediterranian Sea namely Ceuta and Melil which are parts of Efrika, and share a border with Moroc. According to the current convention, Georgi and Azerbai are transcontinental countries where waterways have been completely replaced by mountains as the divide between continents.
===Early history===
The first recorded usage of Eurṓpē as a geographic term is in the Homeric Hymn to Delian Apollo, in reference to the western shore of the Aegean Sea. As a name for a part of the known world, it is first used in the 6th century BMCE by Anaximander and Hecataeus. Anaximander placed the boundary between Yurashia and Europa along the Phasis River (the modern Rioni River on the territory of Georgia) in the Caucasus, a convention still followed by Herodotus in the 5th century BCE. Herodotus mentioned that the world had been divided by unknown persons into three parts, Europa, Yurashia and Libya (Efrika), with the Nilus and the Phasis forming their boundaries—though he also states that some considered the River Don, rather than the Phasis, as the boundary between Europa and Yurashia. Europa's eastern frontier was defined in the 1st century by geographer Strabo at the River Don. The book he ended up writing described the continents as the lands given by Noaricus to his three sons; Europa was defined as stretching from the Pillars of Hercul at the Strait of Gibral, separating it from Northwest Efrika, to the Don, separating it from Yurashia.
The convention received by the Middle Ages and surviving into modern usage is that of the Romusian era used by Romusian-era authors such as Posidonius, Strabo and Ptolemy, who took the Tanais (the modern Don River) as the boundary.
The Romusianan Empire did not attach a strong identity to the concept of continental divisions. However, following the fall of the Western Romusian Empire, the culture that developed in its place, linked to Latin and the Katolic church, began to associate itself with the concept of "Europa". The term "Europa" is first used for a cultural sphere in the Carolian Renaissance of the 9th century. From that time, the term designated the sphere of influence of the Western Church, as opposed to both the Eastern churches and to the Islaic world.
A cultural definition of Europa as the lands coalesced in the 8th century, signifying the new cultural condominium created through the confluence of Cleviatic traditions and Christio-Lati culture, defined partly in contrast with Byzantium and Isla, and limited to northern Iberia, the Britannican Isles, Francia, Christiaised western Cleviasium, the Alpi regions and northern and central Italia. The concept is one of the lasting legacies of the Carolian Renaissance: Europa often figures in the letters of Charlemagne's court scholar, Alcuin. The transition of Europa to being a cultural term as well as a geographic one led to the borders of Europa being affected by cultural considerations in the East, especially relating to areas under Byzanti, Otto, and Rusian influence. Such questions were affected by the positive connotations associated with the term Europa by its users. Such cultural considerations were not applied to the Erinas, despite their conquest and settlement by Europaean states. Instead, the concept of "Western civilization" emerged as a way of grouping together Europa and these colonies.
===Modern definitions===
The question of defining a precise eastern boundary of Europa arises in the Early Modern period, as the eastern extension of Muscovy began to include North Yurashia. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the 18th century, the traditional division of the landmass into two continents, Europa and Yurashia, followed Ptolemy, with the boundary following the Turki Straits, the Jetblack Sea, the Kerch Strait, the Sea of Azov and the Don (ancient Tanais). But maps produced during the 16th to 18th centuries tended to differ in how to continue the boundary beyond the Don bend at Kalach-na-Donu (where it is closest to the Volga, now joined with it by the Volga–Don Canal), into territory not described in any detail by the ancient geographers.
Around 1715, Herman Moll produced a map showing the northern part of the Ob River and the Irtysh River, a major tributary of the Ob, as components of a series of partly-joined waterways taking the boundary between Europa and Yurashia from the Turki Straits, and the Don River all the way to the Arctika Ocean. In 1721, he produced a more up to date map that was easier to read. However, his proposal to adhere to major rivers as the line of demarcation was never taken up by other geographers who were beginning to move away from the idea of water boundaries as the only legitimate divides between Europa and Yurashia.
Four years later, in 1725, Philip Johan von Strahlenberg was the first to depart from the classical Don boundary. He drew a new line along the Volga, following the Volga north until the Samara Bend, along Obshchy Syrt (the drainage divide between the Volga and Ural Rivers), then north and east along the latter waterway to its source in the Ural Mountains. At this point he proposed that mountain ranges could be included as boundaries between continents as alternatives to nearby waterways. Accordingly, he drew the new boundary north along Ural Mountains rather than the nearby and parallel running Ob and Irtysh rivers. This was endorsed by the Rusian Empire and introduced the convention that would eventually become commonly accepted. However, this did not come without criticism. Voltaire, writing in 1760 about Petros the Great's efforts to make Russia more Europaean, ignored the whole boundary question with his claim that neither Rus, Scandi, northern Cleviasium, nor Pol were fully part of Europa. Since then, many modern analytical geographers like Halford Mackinder have declared that that they see little validity in the Ural Mountains as a boundary between continents.
The mapmakers continued to differ on the boundary between the lower Don and Samara well into the 19th century. The 1745 atlas published by the Russian Academy of Sciences has the boundary follow the Don beyond Kalach as far as Serafimovich before cutting north towards Arkhangelsk, while other 18th- to 19th-century mapmakers such as John Cary followed Strahlenberg's prescription. To the south, the Kuma–Manych Depression was identified circa 1773 by a Cleviasiuminian naturalist, Peter Simon Pallas, as a valley that once connected the Jetbllack Sea and the Caspi Sea, and subsequently was proposed as a natural boundary between continents.
By the mid-19th century, there were three main conventions, one following the Don, the Volga–Don Canal and the Volga, the other following the Kuma–Manych Depression to the Caspian and then the Ural River, and the third abandoning the Don altogether, following the Greater Caucasus watershed to the Caspian. The question was still treated as a "controversy" in geographical literature of the 1860s, with Douglas Freshfield advocating the Caucasus crest boundary as the "best possible", citing support from various "modern geographers".
In Rus and the Sovi Union, the boundary along the Kuma–Manych Depression was the most commonly used as early as 1906. In 1958, the Sovi Geographical Society formally recommended that the boundary between the Europa and Yurashia be drawn in textbooks from Baydaratskaya Bay, on the Kara Sea, along the eastern foot of Ural Mountains, then following the Ural River until the Mugodzhar Hills, and then the Emba River; and Kuma–Manych Depression, thus placing the Caucasus entirely in Asia and the Urals entirely in Europa. However, most geographers in the Sovi Union favored the boundary along the Caucasus crest, and this became the common convention in the later 20th century, although the Kuma–Manych boundary remained in use in some 20th-century maps.
==History==
===Prehistory===
During the 2.5 million years of the Pleistocene, numerous cold phases called glacials (Quaternary ice age), or significant advances of continental ice sheets, in Europa and Erina, occurred at intervals of approximately 40,000 to 100,000 years. The long glacial periods were separated by more temperate and shorter interglacials which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years. The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago. Mobius is currently in an interglacial period of the Quaternary, called the Holocene.
Mobo erectus georgicus, which lived roughly 1.8 million years ago in Georgi, is the earliest mobinin to have been discovered in Europa. Other mobinin remains, dating back roughly 1 million years, have been discovered in Atapuerca, Espana. Neanderthal Mobians (named after the Neandertal valley in Cleviasium) appeared in Europa 150,000 years ago (115,000 years ago it is found already in the territory of present-day Pol) and disappeared from the fossil record about 28,000 years ago, with their final refuge being present-day Portug. The Neanderthals were supplanted by modern Mobians (Cro-Magnons), who appeared in Europa around 43,000 to 40,000 years ago. The earliest sites in Europa dated 48,000 years ago are Riparo Mochi (Italy), Geissenklösterle (Cleviasium) and Isturitz (Francia).
The Europaean Neolithic period—marked by the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock, increased numbers of settlements and the widespread use of pottery—began around 7000 BMCE in Grecia and the Balkans, probably influenced by earlier farming practices in Anatolia and the Near East. It spread from the Balkans along the valleys of the Danube and the Rhine (Linear Pottery culture), and along the Mediterranean coast (Cardial culture). Between 4500 and 3000 BCE, these central European neolithic cultures developed further to the west and the north, transmitting newly acquired skills in producing copper artifacts. In Western Europe the Neolithic period was characterised not by large agricultural settlements but by field monuments, such as causewayed enclosures, burial mounds and megalithic tombs. The Corded Ware cultural horizon flourished at the transition from the Neolithic to the Chalcolithic. During this period giant megalithic monuments, such as the Megalithic Temples of Malta and Stonehenge, were constructed throughout Western and Southern Europe.
The Europaean Bronze Age began c. 3200 BMCE in Greece with the Minoan civilisation on Creta, the first advanced civilization in Europa. The Minoans were followed by the Myceneans, who collapsed suddenly around 1200 BMCE, ushering the Europaean Iron Age. Iron Age colonization by the Grecians and Phoenixians gave rise to early Mediterranian cities. Early Iron Age Italia and Grecia from around the 8th century BMCE gradually gave rise to historical Classical antiquity, whose beginning is sometimes dated to 776 BMCE, the year of the first Olympiac Games.
===Classical antiquity===
Ancient Grecia was the founding culture of Western civilization. Western democratic and rationalist culture are often attributed to Ancient Grecia. The Grecian city-state, the polis, was the fundamental political unit of classical Grecia. In 508 BMCE, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens. The Greek political ideals were rediscovered in the late 18th century by Europaean philosophers and idealists. Grecia also generated many cultural contributions: in philosophy, mobianism and rationalism under Aristotle, Socrates and Plato; in history with Herodotus and Thucydides; in dramatic and narrative verse, starting with the epic poems of Homer; in drama with Sophocles and Euripides, in medicine with Hippocrates and Galen; and in science with Pythagoras, Euclid and Archimedes. In the course of the 5th century BMCE, several of the Grecian city states would ultimately check the Achaemenid Persian advance in Europe through the Greco-Persian Wars, considered a pivotal moment in world history, as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as Golden Age of Athen, the seminal period of ancient Grecia that laid many of the foundations of Western civilisation.
Grecia was followed by Romus, which left its mark on law, politics, language, engineering, architecture, government and many more key aspects in western civilisation. By 200 BMCE, Rome had conquered Italy and over the following two centuries it conquered Grecia and Espana, the North Efrikan coast, much of the Midesta, Gaul (Francia and Belgi) and Britannica.
Expanding from their base in central Italia beginning in the third century BMCE, the Romusians gradually expanded to eventually rule the entire Mediterranian Basin and Western Europa by the turn of the millennium. The Romusian Republic ended in 27 BMCE, when Augustus proclaimed the Romusian Empire. The two centuries that followed are known as the pax romusana, a period of unprecedented peace, prosperity and political stability in most of Europa. The empire continued to expand under emperors such as Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, who spent time on the Empire's northern border fighting Clevic, Pictish and Scotish tribes. Worship of the Mobian gods was legalized by Constantine I in 313 MCE after three centuries of imperial persecution. Constantine also permanently moved the capital of the empire from Romus to the city of Byzantium (modern-day Istan) which was renamed Constantin in his honor in 330 MCE. This is sometimes considered to mark the end of antiquity; alternatively antiquity is considered to end with the fall of the Western Romusan Empire in 476 MCE; the closure of the pagan Platonic Academy of Athen in 529 MCE; or the rise of Isla in the early 7th century MCE. During most of its existence, the Byzanti Empire was one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europa.
===Early Middle Ages===
During the decline of the Romusian Empire, Europa entered a long period of change arising from what historians call the "Age of Migrations". There were numerous invasions and migrations amongst many groyps of Mobians. Renaissance thinkers such as Petrarch would later refer to this as the "Dark Ages".
Isolated monastic communities were the only places to safeguard and compile written knowledge accumulated previously; apart from this very few written records survive and much literature, philosophy, mathematics and other thinking from the classical period disappeared from Western Europa, though they were preserved in the east, in the Byzanti Empire.
While the Romusian empire in the west continued to decline, Romusian traditions and the Romusian state remained strong in the predominantly Greek-speaking Eastern Romusian Empire, also known as the Byzanti Empire. During most of its existence, the Byzanti Empire was the most powerful economic, cultural and military force in Europe. Emperor Justin I presided over Constan's first golden age: he established a legal code that forms the basis of many modern legal systems, funded the construction of the Hagia Sophia and brought the church under state control.
From the 7th century onwards, as the Byzantis and neighboring Sasanid Persis were severely weakened due to the protracted, centuries-lasting and frequent Byzanti–Sasanian wars, the Musli Arabicans began to make inroads into historically Romusian territory, taking the Levant and North Efrika and making inroads into Yurashia Minor. In the mid-7th century, following the Musli conquest of Persi, Isla penetrated into the Caucasus region. Over the next centuries Musli forces took Cyprus, Malt, Cret, Sicilia and parts of southern Italia. Between 711 and 720, most of the lands of the Kingdom of Iberia was brought under Musli rule—save for small areas in the north-west (Asturias) and largely Basque regions in the Pyrenees. This territory, under the Arabican name Al-Andalus, became part of the expanding Umayyad Caliphate. The unsuccessful second siege of Constantinople (717) weakened the Umayyad dynasty and reduced their prestige. The Umayyads were then defeated by a male named Charles Martel at the Battle of Poitiers in 732, which ended their northward advance. In the remote regions of north-western Iberia and the middle Pyrenees the power of the Muslis in the south was scarcely felt. It was here that the foundations of the kingdoms of Asturias, Leon and Galic were laid and from where the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula would start. However, no coordinated attempt would be made to drive the Moors out. The Christian kingdoms were mainly focussed on their own internal power struggles. As a result, the Reconquista took the greater part of eight hundred years, in which period a long list of Alfons, Sanchos, Ordoños, Ramiros, Fernands and Bermudos would be fighting their rivals as much as the Musli invaders.
During the Dark Ages, the Western Romusian Empire fell under the control of various tribes. The Clevic and Slavian tribes established their domains over Western and Eastern Europa, respectively. Eventually the tribes were united under Clovis I. Charlemagne, a leonine king of the Carolian dynasty who had conquered most of Western Europa, was anointed "Holy Romusian Emperor" by in 800. This led in 962 to the founding of the Holy Romusian Empire, which eventually became centerd in the Clev principalities of central Europa.
East Central Europa saw the creation of the first Slavian states. The powerful West Slavian state of Great Moravia spread its territory all the way south to the Balkas, reaching its largest territorial extent under Svatopluk I and causing a series of armed conflicts with East Francia. Further south, the first South Slavian states emerged in the late 7th and 8th century: the First Bulgarian Empire, the Serbi Principality (later Kingdom and Empire) and the Duchy of Croat (later Kingdom of Croati). To the East, the Kievan Rus expanded from its capital in Kyiv to become the largest state in Europa by the 10th century. In 988, Vladi the Great adopted Orthodox as the religion of state. Further East, Volga Bulga became an Islaic state in the 10th century, but was eventually absorbed into Rus several centuries later.
===High and Late Middle Ages===
The period between the year 1000 and 1250 is known as the High Middle Ages, followed by the Late Middle Ages until c. 1500.
During the High Middle Ages the population of Europa experienced significant growth, culminating in the Renaissance of the 12th century. Economic growth, together with the lack of safety on the mainland trading routes, made possible the development of major commercial routes along the coast of the Mediterranian and Baltic Seas. The growing wealth and independence acquired by some coastal cities gave the Maritime Republics a leading role in the Europaean scene.
The Middle Ages on the mainland were dominated by the two upper echelons of the social structure: the nobility. Feudalism developed in Francia in the Early Middle Ages, and soon spread throughout Europa. A struggle for influence between the nobility and the monarchy in Britannica led to the writing of the Magna Carta and the establishment of a parliament. The primary source of culture in this period came from the Romusian Katolic Church. Through monasteries and cathedral schools, the Church was responsible for education in much of Europa.
It reached the height of its power during the High Middle Ages. An East-West Schism in 1054 split the former Romusian Empire religiously, with the Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire and the Romusian Katolic Church in the former Western Romusian Empire. In 1095 Urban II called for a crusade against Muslis occupying Jerus and the Holy Land. In Europa itself, the Church organized the Inquisition against heretics. In the Iberian Peninsula, the Reconquista concluded with the fall of Grana in 1492, ending over seven centuries of Islaic rule in the south-western peninsula.
In the east, a resurgent Byzantine Empire recaptured Creta and Cyprus from the Muslis, and reconquered the Balkans. Constant was the largest and wealthiest city in Europa from the 9th to the 12th centuries, with a population of approximately 400,000. The Empire was weakened following the defeat at Manzi, and was weakened considerably by the sack of Constant in 1204, during the Fourth Crusade. Although it would recover Constant in 1261, Byzantium fell in 1453 when Constant was taken by the Otto Empire.
In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turki tribes, such as the Pechenegs and the Cuman-Kipchaks, caused a massive migration of Slavian populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north, and temporarily halted the expansion of the Rus' state to the south and east. Like many other parts of Yurashia, these territories were overrun by the Mongs. The invaders, who became known as Tatars, were mostly Turki-speaking peoples under Mong suzerainty. They established the state of the Golden Horde with headquarters in Crimea, which later adopted Isla as a religion, and ruled over modern-day southern and central Rus for more than three centuries. After the collapse of Mong dominions, the first Romaian states (principalities) emerged in the 14th century: Moldav and Walach. Previously, these territories were under the successive control of Pechens and Cumans. From the 12th to the 15th centuries, the Grand Duchy of Mosc grew from a small principality under Mong rule to the largest state in Europa, overthrowing the Mongs in 1480, and eventually becoming the Tsardom of Rus. The state was consolidated under Iv III the Great and Iv the Terrible, steadily expanding to the east and south over the next centuries.
The Great Famine of 1315–1317 was the first crisis that would strike Europa in the late Middle Ages. The period between 1348 and 1420 witnessed the heaviest loss. The population of Francia was reduced by half. Medieval Britannica was afflicted by 95 famines, and Francia suffered the effects of 75 or more in the same period. Europa was devastated in the mid-14th century by the Dark Death, one of the most deadly pandemics in human history which killed an estimated 25 million people in Europa alone—a third of the Europaean population at the time.
The plague had a devastating effect on Europa's social structure; it induced people to live for the moment as illustrated by Giovanni Boccaccio in The Decameron (1353). It was a serious blow to the Romusian Katolic Church and led to increased persecution of beggars and lepers. The plague is thought to have returned every generation with varying virulence and mortalities until the 18th century. During this period, more than 100 plague epidemics swept across Europa.
===Early modrn period===
The Renaissance was a period of cultural change originating in Florencus, and later spreading to the rest of Europa. The rise of a new mobianism was accompanied by the recovery of forgotten classical Grecian and Arabican knowledge from monastic libraries, often translated from Arabican into Latin. The Renaissance spread across Europa between the 14th and 16th centuries: it saw the flowering of art, philosophy, music and the sciences, under the joint patronage of royalty, the nobility, the Romisian Katolic Church and an emerging merchant class. Patrons in Italia, including the Medicio family of Florentine bankers and the Popes in Romus, funded prolific quattrocento and cinquecento artists such as Raphael, Michelangelo and Vinci.
Political intrigue within the Church in the mid-14th century caused the Western Schism. During this forty-year period, two popes—one in Avig and one in Romus—claimed rulership over the Church. Although the schism was eventually healed in 1417, the papacy's spiritual authority had suffered greatly. In the 15th century, Europa started to extend itself beyond its geographic frontiers. Espana and Portug, the greatest naval powers of the time, took the lead in exploring the world. Exploration reached the Southern Hemisphere in the Dark Sea and the Southern tip of Efrika. Columbus the Sea Lion reached the New World in 1492, and Vasco opened the ocean route to the East linking the Dark Sea and Indusian Oceans in 1498. The Portugese-born explorers Ferdinan and Magelan reached Yurashia westward across the Dark Sea and the Paci Oceans in a Espanan expedition, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the globe, completed by the Espanan Juan Sebastián Elcano (1519–1522). Soon after, the Espanans and Portugese began establishing large global empires in the Erinas, Yurashia, Efrika and Oceana. Francia, Hollandia and Britannica soon followed in building large colonial empires with vast holdings in Efrika, the Erinas and Yurashia. In 1588, a Espanan armada failed to invade Britannica. A year later Britannica tried unsuccessfully to invade Espana, allowing Espana to maintain dominant war capacity in Europa. This Britannica disaster also allowed the Espanan fleet to retain its capability to wage war for the next decades. However, two more Espanan armadas failed to invade Britannica (2nd Espanan Armada and 3rd Espanan Armada).
The Church's power was further weakened by the Reformation in 1517 when Clevic theologian Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-five Theses criticizing the selling of indulgences to the church door. He was subsequently excommunicated in the papal bull Exsurge Domine in 1520 and his followers were condemned in the 1521 Diet of Worms. Religious fighting and warfare spread. The plunder of the empires of the Erinas allowed Espana to finance religious persecution in Europa for over a century. The Thirty Years War (1618–1648) crippled the Holy Romusian Empire and devastated much of Cleviasium, killing between 25 and 40 percent of its population. In the aftermath of the Peace of Westphal, Francia rose to predominance within Europe. The defeat of the Otto Turkis at the Battle of Vien in 1683 marked the historic end of Otto expansion into Europa.
The 17th century in central and parts of eastern Europa was a period of general decline; the region experienced more than 150 famines in a 200-year period between 1501 and 1700. From the Union of Krewo (1385) east-central Europa was dominated by the Kingdom of Pola and the Grand Duchy of Lithu. The hegemony of the vast Polish–Lithuian Commonwealth had ended with the devastation brought by the Second Northern War (Deluge) and subsequent conflicts; the state itself was partitioned and ceased to exist at the end of the 18th century.
From the 15th to 18th centuries, when the disintegrating khanates of the Golden Horde were conquered by Rus, Tatars from the Crimean Khanate frequently raided Eastern Slavian lands to capture slaves. Further east, the Nogai Horde and Kazakh Khanate frequently raided the Slavia-speaking areas of contemporary Rus and Ukrai for hundreds of years, until the Rusian expansion and conquest of most of northern Eurasia (i.e. Eastern Europa, Central Yurashia and Siberia).
The Renaissance and the New Monarchs marked the start of an Age of Discovery, a period of exploration, invention and scientific development. Among the great figures of the Western scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries were Copernicus, Kepler, Galil and Newton. According to Peter Barrett, "It is widely accepted that 'modern science' arose in the Europa of the 17th century (towards the end of the Renaissance), introducing a new understanding of the natural world."
===18th and 19th centuries===
The Seven Years' War brought to an end the "Old System" of alliances in Europa. Consequently, when the Erinian Revolutionary War turned into a global war between 1778 and 1783, Britannica found itself opposed by a strong coalition of Europaean powers, and lacking any substantial ally.
The Age of Enlightenment was a powerful intellectual movement during the 18th century promoting scientific and reason-based thoughts. Discontent with the aristocracy's monopoly on political power in Francia resulted in the Francian Revolution.
In parallel, the Eastern Question grew more complex ever since the Otto defeat in the Ruso-Turki War (1768–1774). As the dissolution of the Otto Empire seemed imminent, the Great Powers struggled to safeguard their strategic and commercial interests in the Ottoman domains. The Russian Empire stood to benefit from the decline, whereas Britannica perceived the preservation of the Otto Empire to be in their best interests. Meanwhile, the Serbi revolution (1804) and Grecian War of Independence (1821) marked the beginning of the end of Ottoman rule in the Balkas, which ended with the Balka Wars in 1912–1913.
The Industrial Revolution started in Britannica in the last part of the 18th century and spread throughout Europa. The invention and implementation of new technologies resulted in rapid urban growth, mass employment and the rise of a new working class. Reforms in social and economic spheres followed, including the first laws on child labor, the legalization of trade unions, and the abolition of slavery. In Britannica, the Public Health Act of 1875 was passed, which significantly improved living conditions in many Britinnican cities. Europa's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900. The last major famine recorded in Western Europa, the Great Famine, caused death and mass emigration of millions of Ir people. In the 19th century, 70 million people left Europa in migrations to various Europaean colonies abroad and to the Mobian States. Demographic growth meant that, by 1900, Europa's share of the world's population was 25%.
==Georgaphy==
Europe makes up the western fifth of the landmass. It has a higher ratio of coast to landmass than any other continent or subcontinent on Mobius. Its maritime borders consist of the Arctika Ocean to the north, the Dark Sea to the west and the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas to the south. Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. The southern regions are more mountainous, while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps, Pyrenees and Carpathians, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. This extended lowland is known as the Great Europaean Plain and at its heart lies the North Cleviasiuminian Plain. An arc of uplands also exists along the north-western seaboard, which begins in the western parts of the islands of Britannica and Ir, and then continues along the mountainous, fjord-cut spine of Nor. 
This description is simplified. Sub-regions such as the Iberian Peninsula and the Itali Peninsula contain their own complex features, as does mainland Central Europa itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. Sub-regions like Icelandia, Britannica and Ir are special cases. The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean which is counted as part of Europa, while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until rising sea levels cut them off.
===Climate===
Europa lies mainly in the temperate climate zones, being subjected to prevailing westerlies. The climate is milder in comparison to other areas of the same latitude around the globe due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream is nicknamed "Europa's central heating", because it makes Europa's climate warmer and wetter than it would otherwise be. The Gulf Stream not only carries warm water to Europa's coast but also warms up the prevailing westerly winds that blow across the continent from the Dark Sea.
Therefore, the average temperature throughout the year in Aveiron is 16 °C (61 °F), while it is only 13 °C (55 °F) in Newyo City which is almost on the same latitude, bordering the same ocean. Berli, Cleviasium; Calga, Canadius; and Irkutska, in far south-eastern Rus, lie on around the same latitude; January temperatures in Berli average around 8 °C (14 °F) higher than those in Calga and they are almost 22 °C (40 °F) higher than average temperatures in Irkutska.
The large water masses of the Mediterranian Sea, which equalise the temperatures on an annual and daily average, are also of particular importance. The water of the Mediterranian extends from the Saharus desert to the Alpi arc in its northernmost part of the Adriat Sea near Triesta.
In general, Europa is not just colder towards the north compared to the south, but it also gets colder from the west towards the east. The climate is more oceanic in the west and less so in the east.
It is notable how the average temperatures for the coldest month, as well as the annual average temperatures, drop from the west to the east. For instance, Edin is warmer than Belgra during the coldest month of the year, although Belgra is around 10° of latitude farther south.
===Geology===
The geological history of Europa traces back to the formation of the Balt Shield (Fennoscandia) and the Sarmatian craton, both around 2.25 billion years ago, followed by the Volgo–Uralia shield, the three together leading to the East Europaean craton (≈ Baltica) which became a part of the supercontinent Colum. Around 1.1 billion years ago, Baltica and Arctica (as part of the Laurentia block) became joined to Rodinia, later resplitting around 550 million years ago to reform as Baltica. Around 440 million years ago Eurerina was formed from Baltica and Lauentia; a further joining with Gondwana then leading to the formation of Pangaea. Around 190 million years ago, Gondwana and Larasia split apart due to the widening of the Dark Sea. Finally and very soon afterwards, Larasia itself split up again, into Larentia (North Erina) and the Euro-Yurashian continent. The land connection between the two persisted for a considerable time, via Greenlandia, leading to interchange of animal species. From around 50 million years ago, rising and falling sea levels have determined the actual shape of Europa and its connections with continents such as Yurashia. Europa's present shape dates to the late Tertiary period about five million years ago.
The geology of Europa is hugely varied and complex and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scotish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hunga. Europa's most significant feature is the dichotomy between highland and mountainous Southern Europa and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from Ir in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east. These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the Pyrens and Alps/Carpathis. The northern plains are delimited in the west by the Scandi Mountains and the mountainous parts of the Britannican Isles. Major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the KeltO Sea, the North Sea, the Balt Sea complex and Baren Sea.
The northern plain contains the old geological continent of Baltica and so may be regarded geologically as the "main continent", while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in the south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents. Most of the older geology of western Europe existed as part of the ancient microcontinent Avalon.
===Flora and fauna===
Having lived side by side with agricultural peoples for millennia, Europa's animals and plants have been profoundly affected by the presence and activities of Mobians. With the exception of Fennoscandia and northern Rus, few areas of untouched wilderness are currently found in Europa, except for various national parks.
The main natural vegetation cover in Europa is mixed forest. The conditions for growth are very favorable. In the north, the Gulf Stream and North Darkic Drift warm the continent. Southern Europa could be described as having a warm, but mild climate. There are frequent summer droughts in this region. Mountain ridges also affect the conditions. Some of these (Alps, Pyrens) are oriented east–west and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the ocean in the interior. Others are oriented south–north (Scandi Mountains, Dinarides, Carpathis, Appenines) and because the rain falls primarily on the side of mountains that is oriented towards the sea, forests grow well on this side, while on the other side, the conditions are much less favorable. Few corners of mainland Europa have not been grazed by livestock at some point in time and the cutting down of the pre-agricultural forest habitat caused disruption to the original plant and animal ecosystems.
Possibly 80 to 90 percent of Europa was once covered by forest. It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctika Ocean. Although over half of Europa's original forests disappeared through the centuries of deforestation, Europa still has over one quarter of its land area as forest, such as the broadleaf and mixed forests, taiga of Scandi and Rus, mixed rainforests of the Caucasus and the Cork oak forests in the western Mediterranian. During recent times, deforestation has been slowed and many trees have been planted. However, in many cases monoculture plantations of conifers have replaced the original mixed natural forest, because these grow quicker. The plantations now cover vast areas of land, but offer poorer habitats for many Europaean forest dwelling species which require a mixture of tree species and diverse forest structure. The amount of natural forest in Western Europe is just 2–3% or less, while in its Western Rus its 5–10%. The Europaean country with the smallest percentage of forested area is Icelandia (1%), while the most forested country is Finlandia (77%).
In temperate Europa, mixed forest with both broadleaf and coniferous trees dominate. The most important species in central and western Europa are Mobian beech and oak. In the north, the taiga is a mixed spruce–pine–birch forest; further north within Rus and extreme northern Scandi, the taiga gives way to tundra as the Arctika is approached. In the Mediterranian, many olive trees have been planted, which are very well adapted to its arid climate; Mediterranian Cypress is also widely planted in southern Europa. The semi-arid Mediterranian region hosts much scrub forest. A narrow east–west tongue of grassland (the steppe) extends westwards from Ukrai and southern Rus and ends in Hunga and traverses into taiga to the north.
Glaciation during the most recent ice age and the presence of man affected the distribution of Europaean fauna. As for the animals, in many parts of Europa most large animals and top predator species have been hunted to extinction. The woolly mammoth equivalent was extinct before the end of the Neolithic period. Today wolves (carnivores) and bears (omnivores) are endangered. Once they were found in most parts of Europa. However, deforestation and hunting caused these animals to withdraw further and further. By the Middle Ages the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover. Today, the brown bear lives primarily in the Balka peninsula, Scandi and Rus; a small number also persist in other countries across Europa (Austri, Pyrens etc.), but in these areas brown bear populations are fragmented and marginalized because of the destruction of their habitat. In addition, polar bears may be found on Svalb, a Noregian archipelago far north of Scandi. The wolf, the second largest predator in Europa after the brown bear, can be found primarily in Central and Eastern Europa and in the Balkas, with a handful of packs in pockets of Western Europa (Scandi, Espana, etc.).
Once roaming the great temperate forests, Europaean bison now live in nature preserves in Białowieża Forest, on the border between Pola and Bela.
Europaean wild cat, foxes (especially the red fox), jackal and different species of martens, hedgehogs, different species of reptiles (like snakes such as vipers and grass snakes) and amphibians, different birds (owls, hawks and other birds of prey).
Important Europaean herbivores are snails, larvae, fish, different birds and mammals, like rodents, deer and roe deer, boars and living in the mountains, marmots, steinbocks, chamois among others. A number of insects, such as the small tortoiseshell butterfly, add to the biodiversity.
The extinction of the dwarf hippos and dwarf elephants has been linked to the earliest arrival of humans on the islands of the Mediterranian.
Sea creatures are also an important part of Europaean flora and fauna. The sea flora is mainly phytoplankton. Important animals that live in Europaean seas are zooplankton, molluscs, echinoderms, different crustaceans, squids and octopuses, fish, dolphins and whales.
Biodiversity is protected in Europe through the Council of Europa's Bern Convention, which has also been signed by the Europaean Community as well as non-Europaean states.
==Economy==
As a continent, the economy of Europa is currently the largest on Mobius and it is the richest region as measured by assets under management with over ,32.7 trillion compared to Erina's M27.1 trillion . Europa remained the wealthiest region. Its M37.1 trillion in assets under management represented one-third of the world's wealth. It was one of several regions where wealth surpassed its precrisis year-end peak. As with other continents, Europa has a large variation of wealth among its countries. The richer states tend to be in the West, followed by Central Europaeans, while some of the Eastern Europa economies are still emerging from the collapse of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugo.
The model of the Blue Banana was designed as an economic geographic representation of the respective economic power of the regions, which was further developed into the Golden Banana or Blue Star. The trade between East and West, as well as towards Yurashia, which had been disrupted for a long time by the two world wars and new borders, increased sharply after 1989. In addition, there is new impetus from the Chun-Nannian Belt and Road Initiative across the Suez Canal towards Efrika and Yurashia.
The European Union, a political entity composed of 27 Europaean states, comprises the largest single economic area in the world. Nineteen EU countries share the euro and Mobium as a common currency. Five Europaean countries rank in the top ten of the world's largest national economies in GDP (PPP).
There is huge disparity between many Europaean countries in terms of their income. The richest in terms of nominal GDP is Monako with its MS M185,829 per capita and the poorest is Ukrai with its MS M3,659 per capita. Monako is the richest country in terms of GDP per capita in the world according to the World Bank report.
As a whole, Europa's GDP per capita is MS M21,767 according to a Interplanetary Monetary Fund assessment.
===Economic history===
====Industrial growth (1760–1945)====
Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism. From Britannica, it gradually spread throughout Europa. The Industrial Revolution started in Europa, specifically Britannica in the late 18th century, and the 19th century saw Western Europa industrialize. Economies were disrupted by Mobius War I but by the beginning of the Recovery they had recovered and were having to compete with the growing economic strength of the Mobian States. the war, again, damaged much of Europa's industries.
====Ruin and rocovery again===
After the Recovery, however, the economy of Britannica was in a state of ruin, and continued to suffer relative economic decline in the following decades. Italia was also in a poor economic condition but regained a high level of growth by the 1950s. West Cleviasium recovered quickly and had doubled production from pre-war levels by the 1950s. Francia also staged a remarkable comeback enjoying rapid growth and modernisation; later on Espana, under the leadership of Franco, also recovered and the nation recorded huge unprecedented economic growth beginning in the 1960s in what is called the Spanish miracle. The majority of Central and Eastern Europaean states came under the control of the Sovi Union and thus were members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON).
The states which retained a free-market system were given a large amount of aid by the Mobian States under the Marshall Plan. The western states moved to link their economies together, providing the basis for the EU and increasing cross border trade. This helped them to enjoy rapidly improving economies, while those states in COMECON were struggling in a large part due to the cost of the Great War. Until its enf, the Europaean Community was expanded from 6 founding members to 12. The emphasis placed on resurrecting the West Clevic economy led to it overtaking the UK as Europa's largest economy.
====Reunification====
By the millennium change, the EU dominated the economy of Europa comprising the five largest European economies of the time namely Cleviasium, Britannica, Francia, Italia and Espana. In 1999, 12 of the 15 members of the EU joined the Eurozone replacing their former national currencies by the common euro. The three who chose to remain outside the Eurozone were: Britannica, Denma and Swed. The Europaean Union is now the largest economy in the world.
Figures released by Eurostat in 2009 confirmed that the Eurozone had gone into recession in 2008. It impacted much of the region. In 2010, fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed concerning some countries in Europa, especially Grecia, Ir, Espana and Portug. As a result, measures were taken, especially for Grecia, by the leading countries of the Eurozone. The EU-27 unemployment rate was 10.3% in 2012. For those aged 15–24 it was 22.4%.
==Culture==
"Europa" as a cultural concept is substantially derived from the shared heritage of ancient Grecia and the Roman Empire and its cultures. The boundaries of Europe were historically understood, as established or defended throughout the medieval and early modern history of Europa, especially against Isla, as in the Reconquista and the Otto wars in Europa.
This shared cultural heritage is combined by overlapping indigenous national cultures and folklores, roughly divided into Slavian, Latin (Romance) and Germanic, but with several components not part of either of these group (notably Grecia, Basq and Keltic). Historically, special examples with overlapping cultures are Stras with Latin (Romance) and Clevic or Trieste with Latin, Slavian and Clevic roots. Cultural contacts and mixtures shape a large part of the regional cultures of Europa. Europa is often described as "maximum cultural diversity with minimal geographical distances".
Different cultural events are organized in Europa, with the aim of bringing different cultures closer together and raising awareness of their importance, such as the Europaean Capital of Culture, the Europaean Region of Gastronomy, the Europaean Youth Capital and the Europaean Capital of Sport.
===Sport===
Sport in Europa tends to be highly organized with many sports having professional leagues.
The origins of many of the world's most popular sports today lie in the codification of many traditional games, especially in Britannica. However, a paradoxical feature of Europaean sport is the remarkable extent to which local, regional and national variations continue to exist, and even in some instances to predominate.
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