Basm

Etymologia: Ex Awo Slav баснъ (samo maynen) per id Romune basm ("dongwa"); idpet ex id oraryo raudh *bheH2- = bah. 
Definition: Forme os narn bayna ia awsta, id "basmo" preter bayght id oral popules transmissionsliterature. "Mythos in miniature" sekwent Levi-Strauss, id udleit id mund os miegve revelend-ye profunda structures nosters collective inconscient. 
Vladimir Propp (Владимир Пропп, 1895-1970) buit un Russian-sovietsk muallim, philolog ed folklorist, qui hassilit tienxia maschouria ob sien methode os relative typologia in folkloristique; muassir structuralistes content V.Propp ka oin iren representers. 
 
== Un codifiet jor==
Traditional basm est un narrative texte skipen med clar-ye identificable episodes qua antplehce un action explicit-ye lyehgend in fiction. Id structural analyse iom dongwas, duct ab iom Russian folkloriste V.Propp (1928) prehpeiht un certaino numer om shangsus, kam id startformule "... sme in un piern land..." quod placet id basm in daumosta tid ed loc, exter id real. Tod daumost, bohnden ad supernatural, wehrct pro quel ei ijapt sem credibilitat : el magvis credeiht in i persons im basmen, sympathiset de ir beurt. 
Bayna ti persons wehse adams (ops magvi), supernatural sesi (fees, ogres, yasas...), bahmon animals auti magic items : sems habsient ka bungos hehlpe el heroy, alya sient kyimtres au combate el. 
Ia aventures sehkwnt uno meg schematic progression : el heroy, confrontet uni crise situation (abandon, rejecen, traur...) dehlct tehre multiple ordeils ye quom termin prehpsiet id happy end, mohlden ab id endfomule : "Gwiveer noroct ed gohneer maung purts".
 Ies braters Grimm eent ies linguistes (besonters in germanistique) ed folkloristes Jakob Grimm (1785-1863; dexi ep id pineg) ed Wilhelm (1786-1859) ops compublieer, mathalan ir tienxia maschour Kinder- und Hausmärchen.
==Oral tradition ed moderne transcription==
Pon Mediev, basmo se hat transmiss oral-ye ex generation do generation, sekwent un druv ceremonial : el nackal in Europe, kam el griot in Africa, altiet ep un prepagen canvass, id pregent med sien wi style, cheust ids rythme ed tonalitat. Quando Perrault, inter 1694 ed 1697, ardhemt ed redact - yando in stiches - "anua basma", is pangt do scriben vasya variantes ios oral tradition. In-kap id XIXt secule, ies braters Grimm, in Deutschland, college id "kuzd" iom basmen, joinend id gwayto ios folkloriste ed philosoph Herder qui paursct, in ta popules productions qua sont basma ed songvs, ia profund origins iom deutsch atmen ed nation (Volksgeist). Sam-ye, unte dwoter dwidel ios XIXt secule, Andersen publiet ia dansk basma is hat aurt magvat, ed invent sema novs.
 Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875) buit un dansk poet ed scriptor, maschour tienxia ob sien basma. Is eet gnohn ob sien bouquets ed bohrdt papiers, ed habiet inventen id dansko "kwelkerd" (Dansk : julehjerte), taiper un traditional decoration pro Natal drus. Est oin im major persons ios Danskios golden aiwios.
==Id interpretation iom basmen==
Basm anact id narn uns initiation : el principal person subeiht qualificant ordeils, qua wehrgent kam tanta talimats os gwit. Id norocto denoument preuft id reiken om aurdhen ed harmonia, pos id inkapcrise, ia peripetias ed incontret obstacles. Est significant od id final wehden as Sneigvalba con ays Prince-Charmanto ne est describen, ne meis quem ir ghamgwit : id basmo kaurt tik de ia constitutive elements ios initiatic upergumt, tos transformation inter id crise ed ids resolution. Also maght id basmo bihe list ka un exemplar aventure, bestohmen ad doce, symbolic-ye, menscexistence idsims yun kleustrers.
Ia constitutive elements ios real mund sont aisic-ye repertible in id basmo : id familia (pater, mater, stepmater), id dom (castell, humil dakhdom), id "vast mund". Ia pands ios storia sont traur, separation, wehden, kamyab; idsa sutwrnts sont aventure, beurt, bohnden ad chance ed fortune. Yando ia virtuts (beauteit, loyaltat, sinceritat, vertat) triumphe, yando tik dexia biht celebret (Le Chat Botté). 
Basma sont yaschi interwohbht med symbols : also id forest, in quod erret el heroy, skeipt id mund os danger, quetos tehrpsiet salge auter med hila, au dank un prientstieure, kay retrehve id mund om luce ed pace. Ta symbols corresponde cultural referents : also el wolf in Europe sessiet tayn, sub alya latitudes, ab el urx au el tigher. In ia Gheslum Oina Nocts, kitab om parsi ed arab basma tarjen ab A.Galland inter 1704 ed 1712, i persons, ia locs ed items (kam id maschour pleukend tapit) yeisent tsay ei cultural universe ios islam ios Xt secule. 
Psychanalyse hat exploret quaytlibt id material iom basmen : id wehrg ab B.Bettelheim, The Uses of Enchantment (1976), exclaret, yando summar-ye, ia maynens iom basmen. In id jungsk tradition, M.-L. von Franz sigwrt el magv structuret sien personalitat med id basmo : tod permitt id integration do id adultenmund, ob id instauret ia "sularchetypes" ios collective inconscient. 
 Giovanni Boccaccio (Certaldo, 1313-1375; her ep un affresco in Florence) buit oin im importantsten rjienbwutsen ios europay literar panorama ios XIVt secule. Oika studyes iom defineihnt ka iom major europay narrator os eyso zaman, un versatil scriptor qui amalgamit divers literara trends ed jors comtyehceihnd-ye ia do original wehrgs, dank un opos buct sub id signe os experimentalisme.
==Basm ex Antiquitato do id XVIIt secule==
Yant Antiquitat, sont basma, instar Metamorphoseon libri XI wa Asinus aureus (IIt secule pos JC) ios latin scriptor Apuleius, quod est leistu kam un initiatic romab. Medievi, basma keule id realiste au satiric dimension, kam id Decameron (1350-1354) ios Italian Boccaccio au ia Canterbury Tales (1388-1400) ab iom Englisch Chaucer. Leudherwerd, besonters dayir sexualitat, id basma, notable-ye id Heptaméron (1559) ab Marguerite de Navarre, est meg prihn ye id Renaissance. Ia Contes (1665) ab La Fontaine, quod scol, ob ir serbesia, hat neglegen ye id brungos iom Fables, gwehme ender, ye id classic zaman, tod sam tradition. 
 Geoffrey Chaucer (circum 1343 - 1400; her portrait ab Thomas Hoccleve, qui maghses ghiet Chaucer in person), gnohn ka is Pater os Englisch Literature, est plaut-ye ayt is megst Englisch poet os Mediev.
==Id philosophic basm ye id XVIIIt secule==
Id philosophic basm, dominen ab Voltaire med Zadig (1747) au Candide (1759), est revelator ios menos iom Lumens; conservend-ye sem constitutive elements ios jor, is ananct un philosophic these. Also eiskwt Zadig id werd os "beurt" ed Candide tos os "optimisme", kam deike ir complete titules.
Basmo permitt fantasia, id satiric ed ironic scriben : zaruri est al leiser, nihn ab el philosoph-nackal, uces ex ia aventures al eponym heroy. Id periple os Candide - nayive yuwen qui fortrehct ad aunstehge id vast mund - inkapt med "sme" ed endt med uno mensdehlection : "Tehrbmos kules nies garden". Neter wolf ni yasa bihsient incontret ab iom heroy, bet so sessiet confrontet ibs majorims problemes os menscgenos (Weir, sclaverie, religieus fanatisme...)
 Caudpage ios Sambahsa edition os Alice in Daumsenland, publien ab Evertype. Lewis Carroll eet id autornam os Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, mathematique docent in Christ Church, Oxford. Eys maschourst narno gnahsit unte un eremsayr ep id Tems in Oxford dien 4 Jul 1862. Dodgson eet hamrahn unte tod excursion ab Reverend Robinson Duckworth ed tri yun piegs: Alice Liddell, iam decatu dugter ios Decan os Christ Church, ed Alices dwo swesters, Lorina ed Edith, quas eent tridemat ed octat. Kam deict id introductor poem, ias tri piegs iskweer un storia ud Dodgson, quige iabs binarrit, preter protievol-ye, un auwal version ios storia quod vahsit bihe Ia Aventures as Alice in Daumsenland. Itak sont pelu pwolkohlen references ad i penkwe naukmussafers eni idpet texte ios buk, quod buit vipublien in 1865.
==Fantastic basm ed realiste basm ye id XIXt secule==
Ye id XIXt secule dominet id fantastic basm, bilhassa representet in Deutschland af Hoffmann. Ies US-Americans Poe ed Hawthorne, is Russian Gogol, ies Franceois Nodier, Gautier ed Mérimée (La Vénus d'Ille, 1837) surregeihnt, ye bfuxiong weidos, occult forces in id kerd ios real : ir basma leike med id stragn ed id onirisme. Maupassant, in Le Horla (1887), confrontet follia ad supernatural. Alice in Wonderland ("Alice in Daumsenland"; 1865) ab iom Englisch Lewis Carroll yunct id magvisk imaginarium ad fantasia ed ei absurd.
Parallel-ye, Flaubert (Un Coeur simple, Un simple kerd, 1877) antplehct id realiste basmo, initiatic narn quod descript realitat aun daumost elements. Eys disciple, Maupassant, redact mult kitabs, bayna qua ia Contes de la bécasse (1883).
 Ilajen pro un weirvurnos in New York, in 1943, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry publiet Le Petit Prince ("Is Lytil Prince; kip ab iomswo autor). Tod fantastic basmo pro magvens depinct un lytil bonem, pleno med nayivitat ed innocence, qui spasseret ex planete do planete, incontret meg different leuds. Ielgs, is Lytil Prince euct prihes quo is vidt in ielg tim persons, ir sell ed khiter gons. "Som ex mieno miegve kam anghen est ex un vatan", script "Saint-Ex", mehmend sien noroct miegve. Is aviator-scriptor, ye tod moment, est ja uno mythos. Eysa kyudsa pro id Aéropostale inter bo mund weirs appareihnt besonters in Vol de Nuit, ed eys katus in Pilote de Guerre. Bet is est ja enderminet ab tod profund aytan quod ei inspiret uno mund aun poesis, aun humanitat, aun speh. Le Petit Prince prehpt ka un warnen pro i balirhs, prect ab bittert.
==Id basm ye id XXt secule==
Ye id XXt secule, id forme os basmo naattract scriptors, kam Barrie - creator os Peter Pan in 1904 -, Kipling, Aymé, Calvino, Buzzati ed Saint-Exupéry - qui sehlt uno muhim success med Le Petit Prince (1943). Is argentin scriptor Borges placet sien wehrg sub id signe ios labyrinth : eys Ficciones (1944) sont sammel un variation ed uno meditation de id basmo. 
Iaschi prevstic basma, publien do gep colections, bihnt modifiet, ubnuwt ed ops-ye parodyet. Menxu T.Avery hieb emen tsay, samt verve, sem persons ex Perraults basma, ia Disney studios hant transposen ia do popular cartouns (kam Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, samt tienxia success pon 1937) ed do motifs pro parks om attractions. Ye id tid os massenlaab, id aw europay folklore vreht uno newohlpt forlongen, plaut-ye faderiht, in ta productions a la US, qua ops khanye id culture quetos iswehrnt swowert.
 Excerpt ios Sambahsa tarjem ios Conan aventure The Tower of the Elephant. Is Texan Robert E. Howard (1906-1936) creit in 1932 iom person Conan iom Barbar, qui inspirit serter, pos Howards nehc, alyens autors, ed quos rol buit agen in cinema ab Arnold Schwarzenegger.
==Heroic fantasy==
Id universe os basmo biht nuntos prect ab id tradition ios heroic fantasy. Gnaht in ia "pulp" rissalas popular in ia Uniet Stats os America, sammel quem id vogh im superheroys - Conan is Barbar paruet ye id sam zaman quem Superman - ka un response ei civilisationscrise iom 1930tias. In un imaginar - prehistoric, protomedieval au alnos mythic (ops pre- au poscataclysmic), sem heroys, "elects", incarne ia wirts ios human ed, ops samt un aptergrund om rigs in conflict, combate agents os Khitert. 
Tod nov jor est piwen ab id men de id occidental "decline" formulet ab iom deutsch philosoph Spengler (1880-1930) - ed present ye id sam zaman bei US scriptor Lovecraft - we tentet sbudes uno manichaeiste men quod christianisme hat disprehpiht in Occident. It yougyent-se con Viking culture - kam id Thorgal cycle in ia comics ab Van Hamme ed Rosinski - we bihnt reaffirmen ia celtic traditions quommed au protie qua wierdh id wehrg os Chrétien de Troyes - mathalan in id Excalibur adaptet do cinema ab Borman in 1981. Id tienxia success ios trilogia os Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings ("Is Ringenpoti") hat repopularisen elfs, dwerghs, dragons ed magic items qua befolkeer ia prechristian imaginaria.
Category:Literature