Informatique

Informatique est id Science ios automatic ed rational beorbaten os information. Idpet werd - compangen om information ed automatic - hat est creet in 1957 ab iom deutsch ingenieur K.Steinbuch. 
Id lexis informatique ghehdiet bihe ayt un portmanteau werd, dat id mier numer campen id covehrt : id science iom computers (ex id fabrication do ir makhen), id antslehnken om softwares ed iom programmationslurhats, id theoric informatique (un branche os applieno Mathematique), ia mensc-machine interfaces, ia Technologias om information ed communication...
 Id "Pascaline", inkap-ye namdeht "arithmetic machine" dind "pascaline rot", est uno mecanic calculator inventen ab Blaise Pascal, ayn iom inventor ios hissabmachine. In 1642, nevdemat, concepit is tod idee, rehmskwnd id task os sien pater qui hieb just bihe taukilen superintendant os Uber Normandie ab iom cardinal de Richelieu ed qui dohlg renaurdhnes ia fiscal recetts tos province; id permiss addihes ed subtrage dwo numers direct-ye ed kwehre multiplications ed divisions per repetitions. 
==Id computer==
Quayque idso definition hat flauasct in id druna os wakt, informatique sohkw auwal-ye un precis itner : tyices automatic-ye sem hissabs pior complexe ghesorkwehrtu. Esdi maghe bihe ayt embryos os computer ia automats qua, yant id IIIt secule pre nies era, in China ed Awo Hellad, hant daughto kay mides wakt (wedsaats ed horloges), likes schakh we hissabe - in 1642, Pascal inventit id Pascaline, id prest "calculator" -, ye id end ios XIXt secule ed dank electromecanic machines druve-ye appareiht id automatic daten beorbaten. Med uno machine tos type, is US American H.Hollerith tyeict id keulen in 1890 ios ardhem ios population iom Uniet Stats os America - eys compagnie bihsiet IBM in 1924. 
Serter, ta "calculators" bestehmsient id implantation iom surveillance radars ambh id Uniet Roydem (1938) we acceleresient ia strehlhissabs - instar, in 1944, id Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC), prest alnos electronic computer. In 1945, inspirend-se ex id functionment ios mensckers - quod memoriset informations, poskwo beorbat ia -, is mathematiquer J. Von Neumann invent idpet concept computer, yani uno machine quod enovert un programme recordet in uno memoria quer sont kathalika stocken ia data. Tod concepto gehnsiet id antslehnken iom programmationslurhats (Cobol, C++ ed alya moderne Java au Flash)
In 1947, id computer, os electromecanic technologia tuntro, entret id era ios electronic transistor. Un effrenat spehrd do stieure ed miniaturisation start qua adducsiet ia prest computers pohrnen ye plaut maschtab (id HP-2116, ab id Hewlett Packard compagnie in 1966), id apparition iom microprocessors in 1971 ed bilhassa id personal computer (id Apple II in 1977, id IBM PC in 1981), dind id laptop (1981), id smartphone (IBM Simon, 1992), ed id pianji computer (iPad os Apple in 2010, prest apparat tos type pro wiswens), tant Innovations qua vahnt profund-ye modifie societat.
 Steve Jobs (1955-2011), comdehtor ed director-general os Apple Inc., presentet id iPad in 2010 (photo ab Matt Buchanan). iPad est un serie om pianji computers disaynt, antplohct ed enmercat ab Apple Inc., qua wehrge med id iOS mobil operationsysteme. Ids neuder interface est oistrugen ambh id multitouchecran ios apparat, includend un virtual claviature. Vasya iPads ghehde se connecte via Wi-Fi; sema models hant yaschi cellular connectivitat.
In Januar 2015, Apple hiebit pohrnen meis quem 250 millions om iPads; est nun id second popularsto genos os pianji computer, pehrn-ye, pos ia types basen ep Android. 
Un iPad ghehdt eme videos ed Photographias, ed tyices Internet functions kam web-browsing ed yises blixbrevs. Alya functions - leiks, reference wehrgs, GPS navigation, social netwehrgen, etc. - ghehde bihe enovern nikladend-ye ed installend-ye applications. Ye Marto 2016, id App Store hieb meis quem oino million om applications pro id iPad ab Apple ed terts.
==Theoric reflexions==
Sammel quem id conception iom prest computers, sem mathematiquers (A. Turing, J. Von Neumann, C. Shannon) hant daumen de ia intrinsec limites om talg machines : ghehde ia tyices cada type os hissab ? Kam hog est ir beorbatsyrat - med alya werds, quayt bereulens ed elementar operations tehrpt un probleme pre bihe solwt - ? Ta suldaumens hant gohnt un nov branche os applieno mathematique : theoric informatique, quod peract xeimens quem id theoria os calculabilitat - quod kreihskwt bayna id aunfinia om imaginable functions ta qua ghehde bihe hissaben med numers -, id theoria os complexitat- quod vehrtskwt id numer om mathematic operations necessar ei solution uns probleme - auti id theoria os information - quod decomponskwt signals, kam ia swonwands unios musicschtuk, do elementar unitats. Tod senst est un ilm dar gwiv nundiens, oino iom werds id eiskwt est eti oino iom septa problemes ios millennium mizdios ios mathematique institut Clay.
 Microsoft Windows est un grupp om plura graphic operationsystemes, quanta antplohcen, enmercaten ed pohrnen ab Microsoft. Id introduxit un operationsambiento namen Windows dien 20 November 1985, buit-yod vinuden in 90% om tienxia personal computers. In 2014, Android bihsit meis nuden quem Windows, yed senter remant dominant pro personal computers, menxu Android wehrct pro smartphones. 
==Id diversification iom applications==
Ulter uno megil scientific aventure, informatique hat bilhassa aurghen un nov Industrial Revolution, prokwem ob ids amplor ta ios XIXt secule. Id informatisation os societato tetyohcit ab ia 1960tias. Id hat preter betrohft id management sector (major companies ed Statsadministrations) - in 1962, IBM instehlt un buksysteme om plavtiquets, prest application ad bayeats -, pre strehce do industria (chemia, cement fabrics, srovgehns...) - quer id hat daughto kay styre robots we automatise certain taska - ed do ia major servicencompagnies (Banks ed sicurances).
Informatisation hat poskwo meg acceleren unte ia 1980tias dank id invention ios personal computer, id antslehnken os dalgtos-informatique (netwehrgs, datenbanks) ed id elaboration om interactive softwares (Windows, 1985). Id apparition os Internet (exacter-ye ios WiswenWeb) in-kap ia 1990tias hat amplifien id introduction ios computer do id servicensector. Nundiens, informatique betrehft vasya opsensectors.
Kwe id informatic beorbaten om personal data ed id informatisation os societat skeipt un risk pro democratia ? Buit nuper revelen od id Britisch firma Cambridge Analytica hieb collecto data ep Facebook con idso samstehmen bet poskwo nudt ia kay pussire leuds ad vote pro D.Trump quando so candadiet kay bihe US President. Dien 11 Aprile 2018, Facebooks comdehtor ed director-general M.Zuckerberg hat dohlct public-ye tolke ant id US Senat. Dien 22 Mai 2018, is hat dohlcto kwehre id sam ant id Europay Parlament. 
==Problemes==
Id oku informatisation os societat ne hat tyohcen aun heurts. Ibs diksproblemes qua id tanken om data pont (protection om privatia ed lures, securitat iom informatics systemes) hant-se addihta difficultats om economic (modification ios productivitat iom entreprisen), social (nov orbatstehxen ed conditions, wan os formation...), cultural (inegal access ad weida, "digital grov") auti medical problemes (visual strieke, muscular-skeletic troubles qua dominant in ia antslohnct lands). 
Mathalan, in 2010, id social netwehrg Facebook introduxit automatic ligenrecognition pro ia photos publiet ab i internauts ep ir personal pages. Dwo yars serter, sub id pressem iom associations os defense iom Individualen lures, id US compagnie hat suspenden tod service in id Europay Union, to skeipus-pet un gigantesk biometric datenbank.