Menscgenos

Menscgenos, (mensc ex oraryo *men = "mehn" au *dhghmon-isk = "ghomen"), besonters pon id theoria os evolution os Darwin (1809-1882), est ayneun ka bayghend id Animal regne. Lakin cid se enderkweit radical-ye ud tod, bariem med id sonterkweitu siens kers quod ei daht linguistic ed cognitive functions qua nel primate sagviet nake. 
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Paleontologia tarikhet ye nisbatan sert-ye - circum 200 000 yars prever - el "genetic adam", id sapiens spece ois-yod smos. Quayque nadure ia debats inter i tarafdars unios monogenesis ios spece - quod descendeiht vasyens hominidas ex id sam grupp - ed ti uns polygenesis - quod identifiet different emergence locs ios spece -, punor, biht kongcio samstohmto de id question ios egalitat in decos kam in, bariem intellectual, imkans, vasyen formes os menscgenos. Iaghi actual menscentypes neti bihnt enderkwiten ud mutu med id idee "race", sertst-ye pon id aunstehgen ios desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ed genetique deict od talimats sonti meis important quem id "genetic capital" pro id antslehnken om Individual imkans. Bet de quod biht baht quando biht nuden id wekwos menscgenos ? 
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==Oino menscgenos ?==
Humanisme, essential surce ios Occidental civilisation, suppont id moral wirt ios spece : id recognition ios irreductible decos al "person", kweter tod notion sia os roman origin - ob els diksmassoulia - au os Christian origin - ob el mensc buit creen ye id samkwehkia os ed ab Div. I philosophs iom Lumens hant profunderihn id image oinios menscgenos, wehrgend pro id riawdals uns universal Historia : ia differences, esdi sont identifien ei particular "genie" iom folks, sont pro i tik superficial. 
Tod cred ne est oismyohrt ab quantens. Ia Contrarevolutionar movments diweide id universal ideal os 1789; bilax ne concepent el mensc aun els raudhs, kam definihn ab iom Deutsch Herder (1744-1803) : identitat se construct sekwent i per aserng ed swol, est inseparable ud ia local sonterkweits, hatta ud ia national schengkjiens. Is autor iom Déracinés (1897), is Franceois Barrès, qui representet id nationaliste dexter ios interweir zaman, sehkwt tod men : bayghe un samo nation qui hant in commun un antique cimetière. Id Nation est la terre et les morts. 
Tod sensibilitat gwehmt ender Romantisme : id amet pictoresk, aunsam ed, kam manifestet mathalan ab ia scripts os Barbey d'Aurévilly (1808-1889), nett-ye antidemocratic. 
Ethnologia hat deht un fin ei men uns unifiet historia, ei cred in quo Lévi-Strauss (1908-2009) denuncet ka un "fals evolutionisme". Etileikwt od globalisation hat oistopt id realitat om separen antslehnkens iom folks. 
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==Historias iom fikers del mensc==
Iaghi fikers al mensc induce norms, hatta normative proposens qua concernent ne tik-ye quo el mensc poitt ed dehlct kwehre in id mund sontern quoschi el poitt ed dehlct kwehre altri mensc.
Id prest organiset ed historic-ye outurnt fiker al mensc est hellen. Aristoteles (384-322 pre JC) defineiht el ka un aumwentem ζωον : beghapt med λόγος. El mensc bayght un hierarchisen natural aurdhen, el appareiht inter el, aunaum ed incivic, biest, ed iom nemerti Div. Els essence, proaiwo pact, bestehmt el ei politic ed dyeiawent gwit - yani quo kaliemos nundiens ei scientific gnohsa.
Descartes (1596-1650), philosoph os modernitat, el skapeiht id Nature : ob el mensc est unis "mehnend subject", cognibund ed transformabund id mund, beghapt med un vol tem aunfin quem tod os Div qui digh el yeji sien samkwehkia, els essence est metaphysic. Esdi els corpos bayght id mund ios "extensios materia", ed quayque el poitt bihe analyset ab Medicin, el ne sagviet ses, ka "atmen angh-ye uniet uni corpos", ses objecto tik om moral kaurs, ed ne os scientific gnohsa. Cartesiano men excludt dastur-ye human sciences. 
Yed ta human sciences vahnt antslehnke inter ia XVIIIt ed XIXt secules. Integrent id menscconscience do id scientific objectivitat. Bet se consecrend-ye ad explie ia menscen sulouks, ghyahnt kye perspectives qua ghehde ses tik juxtaposen, naiw unifien. Antplehcent heterogene causalitats : ta om physiologia, sociologia, psychologia - dind om psychanalyse au linguistique - khakent bihe comunifiet. Ir commun point est aunstehge quo, in el mensc, permittsiet mox ischbate el ne est el mayster uper sien fikers. Preparent id abolition ios dayi conscience. 
Toyghi quens kalmos iens philosophs os suspecen (Marx, Nietzsche ed Freud) beirsient, ye id fin ios XIXt secule, un decisive cutt ei figure al subject in majestat quel pretendt ses leur de gnohe id mund, de gnohe seswo ed de struge unum universal aurdhen - Foucault sehkwt tod itner, besonters med sien essai Les Mots et les Choses (1966). 
Todschi vision es un sujet assujetti - sekwent id wekwos ios franceois philosophios F.Wolff (2010) - kwehrt id unitat ios structuraliste generation. Is linguiste de Saussure (1857-1931) enderkweit bahmen, universal imkan recogniht vasyims menscims, ed wekwos, individual imkan, ud bahsa, quos structures oiskape conscience, quayque bestehment id men. Lévi-Strauss deict quosmed id gwenen exchange est prescriben ab ia "elementara structures os kerabat", aun od i actors conscient to. 
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==Id reiken os naturalisme in id fiker al mensc==
Prispehcmos id reintegration iom human sciencen do ia "natural sciences", ir biologisation. Neurosciences, cognitivisme, hatta sociobiologia analyse ia neurophysiologic wakyas qua bestehme ia stands ios kers qua rege ia menscen kwahsas, kehnsens ed actions. Tod menos schiawkient ia grances inter animal ed mensc, kam inter el mensc ed id machine beorbatend informations : id ment est assimilet ei kers. 
Anti-essentialiste, kneigvend ep evolutionisme, ta sciences ghehde bihe ayt ka pos-humaniste. Inducent ghi aisic-ye vasya sogna os transhumanisme. Idpet notion menscgenos biht rencauset ab ta. Tod neti biht definiht ka wirtensurce, ka bezielend un politic ideal os ieustet. Mensci appareihnt ne meis quem "populations" definiht ab id unitat os reproduction, ed qua ghehde bihe administren, ses object uns Ecologia. Moralitat biht tun tayn ab solicitude au kaur (care).