Skepticisme

Skepticisme (ex id hellen verb σκεπτεσθαι = "spehce, dyies") kyeust un philosophic attitude consistend chehxe aun kehnse. In id historia os philosophia, skepticisme diweidt dogmatisme, rencausend it ia maghs os raison. Est tod gwayto tant-ye alnos negative ? 
==Noroc med aumkeungen==
Antique skepticisme, personifien khaliban ab dwo philosophs iom IVt ed IIIt secules pre nies era, Pyrrhon os Elis (kwiter levi) edTimon os Phleious, est pre quant un practic methode kay nake norocto gwit med un critique os gnohsa. Noroco ghehdt bihe trohven tik in auntaraghia (αταραξία) quod suppont aunpayttia (απάθεια). 
Api nies passions sont sistehmmen ed gigwinwmen ab nies kehnsens ed creds, nies pretension de ja xihes id ver : idghi itner kye noroc leit unte aumkeungen (εποχή), quo ne maynt uno mer kehnstyehgven, sontern id mussalsal effort kay oppones mayns ad mutu, kay dare id atmen in tula ep cada topic, quo neutraliset passions. Ghaw-ye biht mambhen al skeptic od se deht in contradiction con se ob id mer fact od el gwivt, menxu gwit est kwohrto tik ex cheusa. Els maxim est : eme gwit ka non-philosophic guide. 
Elghi skeptic vergeiht, kam cadanghen, precipices, ed se stect quando srigeht, bet el bant sib sigwre we nege quodkwe de quoswo sont ia objects tom representations. Els aunbahtia (αφασία) ne est diya unios nekardehim paradox, sontern id difficil jidal protie cada logos quod riskiet rumpes id tula ios atmen. 
 Timon os Phleious eet un skeptic philosoph, qui gnahsit inter 320 ed 315 pre JC ed daut in 230 pre JC. Eet disciple os Stilpon, tem quem os Pyrrhon, dehtor os skepticisme. Timon wik in ia Dardanelles ed alyer, docend rhetorique ed philosophia. Pauk wehrgs ab iom etileikwnt, pleista esend comedias, drames ed epsa.
==Skeptic dwoi==
In Antiquitat, ies ulterior skeptics (Agrippa, Aynesidem, Sextus Empiricus) trendent transforme tod practic methode do druvo philosophia, med id invention os un sorte os logique inventarnd ia different arguments ("tropes" au "modus") retulatil aum, kun est tenten ab dogmatise : gairb ex quod sient hause vasyi mentors deicskwnd id frangilitat iom menscenmayns - noster senses nos dreughe, nies demonstrations keihnt ep indemonstrable postulats... Se strehnge ad defende skepticisme ud id accusation quod vyeict adversus id, ed quod est semper id sam : ses un inempraxisable nihilisme. Bet makar sigwrnt insistent-ye od skeptic dwoi betrehft idpet jecten realitat ed ne id weidos quosmed nos prehpent (ia phenomens), id misghaben quos bihnt victim est tem akster quem id se viintegret semkam do id meinyun ios-pet skepticisme. 
 Muassir kip os Nicolaus Cusanus ep id magn altar ios capelle ios St-Nikolaus-Hospital os Bernkastel-Kues, Deutschland. Nicolaus Cusanus wa de Cusa (deutsch : Nikolaus von Kues) gnahsit in 1401 in Kues ana id Mosel, ed mohr dien 11 August 1464 in Todi, Umbria) buit ja gwiv uno maschour deutsch philosoph, theolog ed mathematiquer samt universal Culture. Is buit oino iom presten deutschen humanisten ye id transitionszaman inter Mediev ed Renaissance. Is ieg un significant rol in id Kyrkspolitique, besonters dayir reformes. Unte id Basel Concil buit is in-kap bayna id majoritat quod kup un restriction iom pappal maghs. Serter uperlit is do id camp ios papp, quod bad uperwohnd. Is ambiegit gwis-ye pro ia pappal interesses, bevis diplomatic dexia ed brilliant-ye carrierit ka cardinal (yant 1448), pappalo legat, peurstepiskep os Brixen (Italian : Bressanone) ed Vicar-General in id Pontificstat.
==Skepticisme ka moment ios fid==
Tod integration transformet skepticisme, quod volit ses permanent paursken, do mero rlinji moment uns paursken : id negative moment, id desperation unte quod tehrpt bihe lit kay nake, dind, absolut yakinia. 
It reinterpreted Saint Augustinus id universal dwoi, in sien dialogos Contra academicos (386), kay id buwes id auxiliar ios christian fid, id arme destrugmon ia pretensions uns profane Science. Id ulterioro christiano men retrehfsiet, sub divers formes, tod dialectique om dwoi ed yakinia. Bi Cusanus (De doctia ignorantia, 1440) au Erasmus (Stultitiae Laus / Follia Lauden, 1509), pinwt un christian humanisme pro quod id talim iom skeptics confundt-se con tod os Socrates (469-399 pre JC): Woidim tik oin, od woidim neid.
Id alliance om skepticisme ed fid kwehct ses kathalika id central theme ios paradoxal Apologie de Raymond Sebond (Essais, II, 12), entrepriden in 1576 ab Montaigne. Clever leiser os Sextus Empiricus, Montagne se yougyet lakin con uno meis authentic pyrrhonisme. Cadanghen dehlct serene-ye se limite ei exploration os quo al prehpt : Ioswo som id material miens buk, precidt id "Ischitar al leiser" iom Essais. 
Id skepticisme os desperation ka apologetic instrument reprehpt bi Pascal (1623-1662). Pro iom, dogmatisme biht refuten ab raison, kun preter tentet impones ka un evidence quo dehlgiet ses justifien; bet skepticisme biht refuten ab Nature, kun keupt sababs face ia evidences ios kerd. Fid kardeht id conflict om dogmatisme ed skepticisme. 
 Sextus Empiricus, qui gwivit ex id medium ios IIt secule do in-kap id IIIt, eet un philosoph ed liek, karug os skepticisme in philosphia ed os empirisme in medicine, gnohn khaliban dank sien buks is oiscripsit inter ia yars 180 ed 200.
==Skepticisme ka moment ios weida==
In sien paursken unios mutlak yakin fundament os weida, Descartes submitt menscenmayns uni tamhide dwoi. Id prest iom Meditationes de prima philosophia emt tsay sems iom traditional arguments os skepticisme (ia rhalts iom sensen, drehm, follia...). Lakin, id objective os Descartes ne est dubieusihes tod in quod credeihms, sontern abolihses quo est dubious presumpend-ye id ka fals : neghi leit de kunges nies kehnsen, sontern de inverte id rlinji-ye, hin un indubitable yakinia se dwingha nos : dwoie "oins pro quants", maeti sia zaruri dwoie. 
Kam bi Saint Augustinus au Pascal, id skeptic grund biht radicalisen do rlinji moment, kay biht meis-ye suakardehn poskwo; quo est nov est od tod dialectique om dwoi ed yakinia neti biht bruct ab fid, sontern ab science. Ye sien weidos, Hegel retrehfsiet tod idee in id Phänomenologie des Geistes (1807) : id "Introduction" tos wehrg defineiht id itner ios conscience kyid absolut weida ka "dwoyitner", au petis "via os desperation", "riawdals os skepticisme". 
 Id "Dwighto Gham" (Le Mariage Forcé) est un comedia-ballet ex oin act ed prose ab Molière ed Lully, samt presto tamsil in id Palat Louvre, wohlen ab Eys Majestato dien 29 Januar 1664, poskwo ei public in id Théâtre du Palais-Royal dien 15 Februar 1664 ab id troupe os Monsieur, wahid brater ios Roy. 
Is 52at social-ye alt Sganarelle wehdskwt iam yun Dorimène. Eys priento Geronimo ei disradht un talgo gham. Is galant sprehct quod maynt dwo philosophs, ex quens oiter sehkwt Aristoteles ed alter Platon, tem quem dwo kanend gipsys : ir antwehrds cicreisce id perplexitat ios prohg. Bet enod Dorimène stieupt perodh con sieno maaschouk Lycaste quei ia ne keunct sayge, aun woide od Sganarelle aurt iam, od ia ghamt tik po denars ed wehlpt bihe vidv pos six munts. Mutamaynus ob solga lafza, Sganarelle stracskwt sien prehscen bi sien swoker bet Alcidas, Dorimènes brater, endemeurt tun Sganarelle ad duele ed, dat senter refuset katue, biplagelt iom med un gazd.
==Aw ed moderne skepticismes==
Entrim, id historia os skepticisme hat gnohn un important wehndo med Humes wehrg. In id senst capitel siens Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748), so presentet sien empirisme ka un "legvo skepticisme" quod is oppont ei "kaurd skepticisme" iom pyrrhoneis. Ter biht recognihn id adic misghaben de un meno quod anghen kweit ka exaggeration kay meis-ye sua-integre id. 
Bet sei Hume, kam tant alyi, beuwt tod "kaurd skepticisme" uno necessar tamhide, to ne est kay kardehe dwoi in yakinia. Kun is expliet od nies dayi unios neccesar connexion inter cause ed effect est neid alyo quem id adet quod nos pussiret ad exspecte un wakya in alyes spectacle, Hume propont un "skeptic solution" ad quo se anacit ka dwoi. 
Dalg ud remane pact in un pur-ye problematic moment, skepticisme ghehdt it bringhes solutions ad sien wi problemes : sei ghabmos od tik id "staur magh os natural instinct", wehrgend in nies "cadadien reflexions", ghehdt lures nos ex ia pyrrhonei dwois, maghmos ses skeptic aun sehnke do uno negative ed steril attitude, assignend-ye ad philosophia un positive ziel, tod os kwehre methodic ta "cadadien reflexions". Ender tod methode skepticisme dar sigwrt gwehme B.Russell in sien wehrg Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy (1914).