Debate between sheep and grain

The Debate between sheep and grain or Myth of cattle and grain is a Sumerian creation myth, written on clay tablets in the mid to late 3rd millennium BC. It may be seen as a record of the first range war between herders and planters.
==Disputations==
Seven "debate" topics are known from the Sumerian literature, falling in the category of 'disputations'; some examples are: the Debate between Winter and Summer; the Debate between bird and fish; the Tree and the Reed; and The Dispute between Silver and Copper. These topics came some centuries after writing was established in Sumerian Mesopotamia. The debates are philosophical and address humanity's place in the world. Some of the debates may be from 2100 BC.Sumerian literature
==Compilation==
The first sixty-one lines of the myth were discovered on the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology catalogue of the Babylonian section, tablet number 14,005 from their excavations at the temple library at Nippur. This was translated by George Aaron Barton in 1918 and first published as "Sumerian religious texts" in "Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions", number eight, entitled "A New Creation Myth". The tablet is at its thickest point. Barton describes the text as an "elaborate statement of the non-existence of many things once upon a time" and considered it a "statement that mankind was brought into existence through the physical union of a god and a goddess."
Another tablet from the same collection, number 6893 (part of which was destroyed) was translated by Edward Chiera in 1924 increasing the text to seventy lines in "Sumerian religious texts". Chiera compiled his translation using further tablets translated by Hugo Radau published in "Miscellaneous Sumerian Texts" in 1909. Stephen Langdon also translated further parts of the text and discusses the myth saying, "One of the most remarkable tablets in the Museum is number 14005, a didactic poem in 61 lines on the period of pre-culture and institution of paradise by the earth god and the water god in Dilmun".Langdon, Stephen., Bablyoniaca, Volume 3, Librarie Orientaliste, 1908. It was then increased to two hundred lines and the myth called cattle and grain by Samuel Noah Kramer in 1959; he called it the "second myth significant for the Sumerian concept of the creation of man". He added the translation of a tablet by Hermann HilprechtHermann Vollrat Hilprecht, The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania: Researches and treatises, Volume 31, Number 15, University of Pennsylvania and included translations of museum tablet numbers 7344, 7916, 15161 and 29.15.973. He also included translations from tablets in the Nippur collection of the Museum of the Ancient Orient in Istanbul, catalogue numbers 2308, 4036 and 4094. Other translations were taken from Edward Chiera's "Sumerian Epics and Myths" numbers 38, 54, 55, 56 and 57. In total, seventeen pieces were found by Kramer to belong to the myth. Later work has added to this and modern translation has removed the deification of Lahar and Anshar, naming them simply "grain" and "sheep" (also known as cattle).Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Fluckiger-Hawker, E, Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G., The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford 1998- .
==Story==
The story opens with a location "the hill of heaven and earth" which is discussed by Chiera as "not a poetical name for the earth, but the dwelling place of the gods, situated at the point where the heavens rest upon the earth. It is there that mankind had their first habitat, and there the Babylonian Garden of Eden is to be placed." The Sumerian word Edin, means "steppe" or "plain", so modern scholarship has abandoned the use of the phrase "Babylonian Garden of Eden" as it has become clear the "Garden of Eden" was a later concept. Jeremy Black suggests this area was restricted for gods, noting that field plans from the Third dynasty of Ur use the word hill or "hursag" to describe the hilly parts of fields that are hard to cultivate due to the presence of prehistoric tell mounds (ruined habitations). Kramer discusses the story of the god An creating the cattle-goddess, Lahar, and the grain goddess, Ashnan, to feed and clothe the Annanuki, who in turn made man. Lahar and Ashnan are created in the "duku" or "pure place" and the story further describes how the Annanuki create a sheepfold with plants and herbs for Lahar and a house, plough and yoke for Anshar, describing the introduction of animal husbandry and agriculture. The story continues with a quarrel between the two goddesses over their gifts which eventually resolves with Enki and Enlil intervening to declare Ashnan the victor.
==Discussion==
Samuel Noah Kramer has noted the parallels and variations between the story and the later one of Cain and Abel in the Bible Book of Genesis (). Ewa Wasilewska mentions, "this text is not very clear, allowing for the interpretation that mankind was already present before Lahar and Ashnan were created and it was the Annanuki, who were not able to provide for themselves and for the deities until they were given divine 'breath'. However it seems that Kramer's translation is more appropriate concerning the Sumerian realm in which each and every creation must have had its clearly described purpose". Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat noted the use of measuring rods in the tale as being linked to the history of writing, which developed in order to keep count of animals and produce. Jeremy Black suggests that the victory of grain perhaps implies that man can live without domestic animals, but cannot survive without bread. He goes on to point out that the debates on both sides are roughly equal.
==Quotes==
The introduction to the myth reads:
The benefits that grain and sheep bring to the habitation are also described:
The final merits of grain are emphasized in a proverb at the end of the myth:
==See also==
* Barton Cylinder
* Debate between Winter and Summer
* Debate between bird and fish
* Enlil and Ninlil
* Old Babylonian oracle
* Self-praise of Shulgi (Shulgi D)
* Hymn to Enlil
* Kesh temple hymn
* Lament for Ur
* Sumerian creation myth
* Sumerian religion
* Sumerian literature
==References==
==Further reading==
* Alster, Bendt, and Vanstiphout, Herman L.J., "Lahar and Ashnan. Presentation and Analysis of a Sumerian Disputation", Acta Sumerologica 9 (1987), 1-43: commentary, composite text, translation
* Vanstiphout, Herman L.J., "The Akkadian word for grain and Lahar and Ashnan", NABU (1989) No. 98: commentary
* Vanstiphout, Herman L.J., "The Mesopotamian Debate Poems. A General Presentation. Part II. The Subject", Acta Sumerologica 14 (1992), 339-367: commentary
==External links==
* Barton, George Aaron., Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptons, Yale University Press, 1918. Online Version
* Chirea, Edward., Sumerian Religious Texts, Constantinople. Musée impérial ottoman, 1924. Online Version
* Langdon, Stephen., Sumerian Liturgies and Psalms. Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, 1919. Online Version
* The debate between sheep and grain., Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G., The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford 1998-.
* ETCSLtransliteration : c.5.3.2
Category:Sumerian disputations
Category:Clay tablets
Category:Mesopotamian mythology
Category:Mythological mountains
 
Category:Mythological cosmologies
Category:Comparative mythology