Kinich Ahau

Kinich Ahau (K'inich Ajaw) is the 16th-century Yucatec name of the Maya sun god, designated as God G when referring to the codices. In the Classic period, God G is depicted as a middle-aged man with an aquiline nose, large square eyes, cross-eyed, and a filed incisor in the upper row of teeth. Usually, there is a k'in 'sun'-infix, sometimes in the very eyes. Among the southern Lacandons, Kinich Ahau continued to play a role in narrative well into the second half of the twentieth century.
==Names==
Kinich Ahau is the Yucatec and Lacandon name of the sun god. The element k'inich, usually assumed to mean 'sun-eyed', appears to have been in general use as a royal title during the Classic Period. Kinich Ahau should not be confused with Ah K'in or Ah K'in Chob. Ah K'in is Yucatec for 'someone who deals with the day(s)', the word for 'day' and 'sun' being the same. The term refers to Yucatec calendar priests and to priests in general. As to Ah K'in Chob, J.E.S. Thompson suggested that this Lacandon deity name (alternating with Can Chob and Chi Chac Chob) could refer to the sun deity,Thompson 1970: 241 but the mythology of Ah K'in Chob does not bear this out.see Boremanse 1986: 113-118, 186-187, 196-197 Although the element chob has been translated as 'squint-eyed', which is an iconographic feature of the Classic sun deity, the only source for this translation is a single statement by Tozzer.Tozzer 1907: 95n.1
==16th-century Yucatan==
Kinich Ahau was the patron of one of the four years of the 52-year cycle (Landa). In the rituals introducing this year, war dances were executed.Landa, in Tozzer 1941: 144 Kinich Ahau was apparently considered an aspect of the upper god, Itzamna. He may conceivably be related to the patron deity of Izamal, Kinich Kakmo 'Fire Parrot', who was reported to descend to earth while the sun was standing in the zenith in order to consume offerings (Cogolludo).
==Classic period==
God G's appearances in Classic Maya art are, perhaps, best known from large stucco masks adorning pyramids. Compared to the deities connected to agricultural fertility, however, God G occurs rather infrequently in other media than stucco, and is rarely part of narrative events. It may be noted that the Hero Twins, Hunahpu and Xbalanque, although stated to have changed into Sun and Moon, are never shown assimilated to God G.
===Land of the Sunrise: Eastern Paradise===
The Sun God is associated with an aquatic eastern paradise,Taube 2004: 78ff where he can assume the shape of a chimerical water bird,Hellmuth 1987: figs. 354D, 359 or be shown as a young man, paddling a canoe.Hellmuth 1987: fig. 167 Such imagery could suggest lyric religious poetry comparable to the Aztec evocations of a 'flower paradise' (Taube).
===Ancestral solar kings===
The sun deity can be shown as a king (ajaw) seated high on a throne cushion (as on the famous, narrative 'Rabbit Vase' from Naranjo), or as a ruler carrying the bicephalic 'ceremonial bar'. Inversely, the Maya king is repeatedly assimilated to the sun deity. The emblematic double-bird of the early Copan king, Yax K'uk' Mo' 'Great Quetzal-Parrot', shows the head of the sun deity within its beaks. Ancestral Maya kings assimilated to the sun deity were sometimes depicted while vertically descending from the zenith (as on Takalik Abaj stela 2 and Tikal stela 31). Particularly in Yaxchilan, the ancestral king is seated within a solar cartouche, his wife in a lunar crescent. The solar aspect of a king often seems to imply apotheosis and {{Afterlife|life after death]].
===Calendar===
Hieroglyphically, the sun god is the patron of the day-unit (k'in 'day, sun'), the month of Yaxk'in 'Dry season', and the number Four (in parallel with the day Ahau).
===Connections with other deities===
Several other deities evince a large eye, such as God D (Itzamna), Chaak, and various jaguar gods. Attribute sharing (including the k'in infix) occurs chiefly with the so-called Jaguar God of the Underworld and a human-faced ocean deity with shell ears, fins beside the mouth, and a sacrificial awl set in the mouth.Hellmuth 1987: 283-286, 292-296 The 'Jaguar God of the Underworld' is traditionally referred to by scholars as the 'Night Sun', i.e., the form supposedly taken by the sun during his subterranean journey from West to East. It has been suggested that the three just-mentioned deities involved in the sharing of attributes could, perhaps, represent various stages of the sun's daily cycle.e.g., Hellmuth 1987: 284
==Mythology and ritual==
Recent Maya mythology is mainly concerned with Sun's childhood and the conflicts leading up to his actual solar transformation. Although specific imagery is used for the path of the sun (for example, the sun being carried through the underworld on the shoulders of its lord),Thompson 1970: 240 there are hardly any histories concerning the mature sun deity, save for the southern Lacandons. According to them, Kinich Ahau, the elder brother of the upper god, will put an end to this world by descending from the sky and have his jaguars devour mankind.Boremanse 1986: 279-280 Little is also known about specific solar rituals, although it is noteworthy that Kinich Ahau regularly occurs in the Dresden Codex, which is largely concerned with ritual matters.
==References==
==Bibliography==
*Boremanse, Contes et mythologie des indiens lacandons. 1986.
*Hellmuth, Monster und Menschen in der Maya-Kunst. 1987.
*Landa, see Tozzer
*Milbrath, Star Gods of the Maya.
*Stuart and Stuart, Palenque, Eternal City of the Maya. Thames and Hudson 2008.
*Taube, Flower Mountain. Res 45 (2004): 69-98.
*Taube and Miller, The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya.
*Thompson, Maya History and Religion. 1970.
*Tozzer, A Comparative Study of the Mayas and the Lacandones. New York 1907.
*Tozzer, Landa's Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán. 1941.
Category:Maya mythology and religion
Category:Deities